Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 8848 674859 516816 2026-07-10T06:32:15Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674859 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lois Auta, Disability Rights Activist & Founder, Cedar Seed Foundation.jpg|thumb|Lois Auta]] '''Lois Auta''' (pronunciationⓘ) (amụrụ 29 Eprel 1980) bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi ọrụ na Cedar Seed Foundation, otu na-akwalite ntinye aka nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ na mmepe dabere na ikike mmadụ na Naijiria. Ọ na-elekwasị anya na iwu gụnyere maka ndị nwere nkwarụ<ref>{{Cite web|title=President Buhari to host tech's brightest minds at Aso Rock|url=http://www.nigeriannewspapers.today/2016/08/04/president-buhari-to-host-techs-brightest-minds-at-aso-rock/|publisher=Nigerian Newspaper Toda|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Auta gbara ọsọ maka oche AMAC (Abuja Municipal Area Council) /Bwari National Assembly nke Federal Capital Territory, n'afọ 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2022-07-04|title=Road to 2023: Why APC'll win 2023 poll –Lois Auta, founder of Cedar Seed Foundation|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/road-to-2023-why-apcll-win-2023-poll-lois-auta-founder-of-cedar-seed-foundation/|accessdate=2023-02-16|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-us}}</ref> ọ gbara akwụkwọ maka oche ụlọ omebe iwu Kaduna steeti ịnọchite anya mpaghara Kaura n'okpuru ikpo okwu All Progressives Congress (APC) mana ọ meriri na praịmarị Nehemiah Uka O chere ịkpa ókè ihu dị ka nwanyị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme mgba ahụ."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ukwu|first=Jerrywright|date=2019-02-10|title=Meet Lois Auta, a physically-challenged woman running for office in Abuja|url=https://www.legit.ng/1220931-election-2019-my-major-agenda-inclusive-legislation-lois-auta.html|accessdate=2021-03-13|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811161213/https://www.legit.ng/1220931-election-2019-my-major-agenda-inclusive-legislation-lois-auta.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=From where I stand: "Disability will not stop me from achieving my dreams."|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/2/from-where-i-stand-lois-auta|accessdate=2021-03-13|work=UN Women|date=6 February 2019|language=en}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Auta na [[Jos Plateau]], Plateau State, Naijiria, na 29 Eprel 1980 n'ime ezinụlọ Auta Akok nke Kukum Gida Kagoro, <ref name="ore">{{Cite news|author=Ore|first=Dorcas Omolade|title=Auta: Disability is blessing in disguise|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/auta-disability-is-blessing-in-disguise/|accessdate=11 March 2019|publisher=Guardian Newspapers|date=14 August 2016}}</ref> == Mmụta == Dị ka nwatakịrị, Auta butere Ọrịa polio ma nọrọ n'oche nkwagharị. O nwere diplọma na nzere bachelọ na nchịkwa ọha na eze na Mahadum Abuja, Naijiria. Ọ gụrụ nchịkwa azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ na [[Nexford University|Mahadum Nexford]], nke dị na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. N'afọ 2014, o sonyere na Young African Leaders Initiative ma họrọ ya dị ka onye otu Mandela Washington <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographies-of-the-2014-mandela-washington-fellows|url=http://opportunitiesforafricans.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Biographies-of-the-2014-mandela-washington-fellows/|publisher=YALI|accessdate=13 September 2022}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f7weiaqjtex41iu8ej1t7v7grmio1yf 0 10548 674609 644121 2026-07-09T17:41:42Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ola Orekunrin 2.png|thumb|Ola Brown]] '''Olamide Brown''', née '''Orekunrin''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1986), bụ dọkịta na-ahụ maka ahụike na Britain, onye ọchụnta ego ahụike, na onye guzobere Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Group na onye nduzi nke Greentree Investment Company . <ref name="guard">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/sep/12/nigeria-air-ambulance-firm-healthcare|work=The Guardian|title=Nigeria's air ambulance firm is a leap forward for healthcare|author=Renni Edo-Lodge|date=September 12, 2014|accessdate=2 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/lioness-ola-orekunrin|title=DR. OLA OREKUNRIN Africa's high-flying doctor|work=Lionesses of Africa|date=19 January 2020}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greentreeinvestmentcompany.com/#team|title=Our Team|work=Greentree Investment Company}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://nairametrics.com/2018/07/16/greentree-investment-company-is-set-to-fund-promising-nigerian-startups/|title=VC Firm, GreenTree holds Pitch Day for over 20 promising Startups|work=Nairametrics|date=16 July 2018}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Brown na London, England. Ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na Hull York Medical School, mmemme jikọrọ aka nke Mahadum Hull na Mahadum York. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọgwụ siri ike na UK wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta agụmakwụkwọ MEXT nke Japan, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/highered/title02/detail02/sdetail02/1373897.htm|title=MEXT : STUDY in JAPAN|work=www.mext.go.jp}}</ref> bụ́ nke nyere ya ohere ịga n’ihu n’ihe ọmụmụ ya na Tokyo. Mkpakọrịta ahụ lekwasịrị anya na nyocha dabere na ụlọ nyocha nwere mkpụrụ ndụ sel pluripotent butere. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nzere Masters na ego na amụma akụ na ụba na Mahadum London, ma nweekwa asambodo na amụma akụ na ụba sitere na IE Business School, Spain. Na mgbakwunye, o nwere asambodo na ndekọ ego maka ime mkpebi site na Mahadum Michigan dị na United States. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Olamide|first=Orekunrin|title=Fixing Health Care in Nigeria|year=2018|location=Lagos|pages=5}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahụike == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Brown rụrụ ọrụ obere oge na Ọrụ Ahụike Mba UK. Site n'ọzụzụ ya n'ịgwọ ọrịa ụgbọ elu, ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mberede mbụ nke West Africa na-arụ na Lagos, Nigeria; Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Flying Doctors Nigeria Ltd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/flying-doctors-boss-writes-book-on-fixing-healthcare-in-nigeria/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|title=Flying doctors boss writes book on fixing healthcare in Nigeria|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu American College of Emergency Physicians, ma depụta ya n'etiti ndị isi 2013 Young Global site na World Economic Forum . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.younggloballeaders.org/community|work=World Economic Forum|title=Ola Orekunrin;Managing Director:The Flying Doctors}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/personalities/how-i-became-a-doctor-at-21-ola-orekunrin/|title=How I became a doctor at 21-Ola Orekunrin|accessdate=10 May 2014|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ndị dọkịta Na-efe efe == Brown malitere ndị dọkịta na-efe efe mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọnwụ nwanne ya nwanyị ma kwuo na ọ chọrọ ịkwalite ọrụ ahụike na Nigeria;<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/08/world/africa/ola-orekunrin-flying-doctors-nigeria/index.html|title=Flying doctor take to the skies to save lives|author=Teo Kermeliotis, for|work=CNN|date=8 April 2013|accessdate=2017-07-01}}</ref> o guzobere Flying Doctores na Lagos na 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.konnectafrica.net/flying-doctors-founder-ola-orekunrin-just-keeps-soaring/|title=Flying doctors founder Ola Orekunrin just keeps soaring|work=Konnect Africa|date=28 March 2013|accessdate=10 May 2014|archivedate=23 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523130323/https://www.konnectafrica.net/flying-doctors-founder-ola-orekunrin-just-keeps-soaring/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.knowledgefountain.co.uk/flying-doctors-nigeria-interview-with-dr-ola-orekunrin/|author=Sember Azzez Harris|work=Knowledge Fountain|title=Flying Doctors Nigeria-Interview with Doctor Ola Orekunrin}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ezinụlọ nke onye ọrịa nwụrụ anwụ Nabil Hanga guzobere ikpe nleghara anya megide Flying Doctors na Brown, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Family of the late Nabil Hanga alleges negligence, seeks justice in court {{!}} The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World NewsNigeria — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News|url=https://guardian.ng/news/family-of-the-late-nabil-hanga-alleges-negligence-seeks-justice-in-court/|accessdate=7 November 2020|date=12 October 2020}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ mechara wepụ ikpe a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barristerng.com/family-withdraws-suit-against-flying-doctors/|title=Family Withdraws Suit against Flying Doctors|work=Barristerng|date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Flying Doctors na-ekwusi ike na Brown na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara nke atụmatụ, ahịa na itinye ego.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/10/29/flying-doctors-bags-iag-accreditation/|title=Flying Doctors bags IAG Accreditation|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> == Ntinye ego na ego == N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2018, Brown, Olabode Agusto na [[Abasiama Idaresit]] guzobere ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego na-akpọ Greentree Investment Company, nke na-enye ndị na-amalite teknụzụ n'Afrịka ego.<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto1" /> In 2019, she founded The Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Company,  which operates air ambulance services and logistics. It is involved in hospital construction, diagnostics and equipment, health facility management, and pharmaceutical retail. It is involved with Koniku, a biotechnology firm and a drug manufacturing company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1808040/nigeria-pharmacy-starup-lifestores-raises-1-million-seed-round/|title=Investors are backing a Nigerian pharmacy tech startup aiming to disrupt primary healthcare|first=Yomi|author=Kazeem|work=Quartz|date=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://disrupt-africa.com/2020/05/07/nigerian-startup-helium-health-secures-10m-series-a-round-to-expand-into-new-markets/|title=Nigerian startup Helium Health secures $10m Series A round to expand into new markets|date=May 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/igorbosilkovski/2020/05/07/meet-the-nigerian-entrepreneurs-who-just-raised-10-million-to-transform-africas-healthcare/|title=Meet The Nigerian Entrepreneurs Who Just Raised $10 Million To Transform Africa's Healthcare|first=Igor|author=Bosilkovski|work=Forbes}}</ref> N'oge oke ọrịa COVID-19 na Naịjirịa, Brown na ndị otu HealthCa ya malitere ụlọ nyocha COVID-19, nke belatara mkpa maka ihe nchebe onwe onye. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://live-mit-legatum.pantheonsite.io/resources/how-a-startup-born-at-mit-built-a-covid-19-mass-testing-site-in-nigeria/|title=The Legatum Center at MIT - How A Startup Born At MIT Built A COVID-19 Mass Testing Site In Nigeria|accessdate=11 October 2021|archivedate=29 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029111126/https://live-mit-legatum.pantheonsite.io/resources/how-a-startup-born-at-mit-built-a-covid-19-mass-testing-site-in-nigeria/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/features/health/ogun-state-brings-innovation-to-the-fight-against-covid-19/|title=Ogun State brings innovation to the fight against COVID-19|date=April 24, 2020|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/06/09/flying-doctors-unveils-west-africas-first-isolation-pod/|title=Flying Doctors Unveils West Africa's First Isolation Pod|date=June 8, 2020|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/african-innovators-join-fight-against-covid-19|title=African innovators join the fight against COVID-19|work=WHO &#124; Regional Office for Africa|date=22 May 2023}}</ref> == Ọdịdị na mbipụta == She is a global speaker who has spoken in fora such as the World Economic Forum,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/authors/ola-brown/|title=Feature: Agenda Contributor – Ola Brown|work=WeForum}}</ref> TED Global Conference,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p79YuWmvoxA/|title=Speed of Life - Ola Orekunrin|work=TEDGlobal Fellows 2012|date=26 February 2018}}</ref> the Social Media Week Lagos, the European Union, the Swiss Economic Forum, the [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UN]], the World Bank, the World Economic Forum, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge University and the Aspen Ideas Festival. Brown and her work have been featured on various media platforms. She is also an editor of the ''International Journal of Emergency Services'' and has published three books – ''EMQ's in Paediatrics'', ''Pre-Hospital Care for Africa'' and ''Fixing Healthcare in Nigeria;''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drolaorekunrinbrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Fixing-Nigeria-2.pdf|title=Fixing Nigeria Health care|work=Dr Ola Orekunrin Brown|accessdate=15 August 2020|archivedate=15 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215170820/http://www.drolaorekunrinbrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Fixing-Nigeria-2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr Ola New book{{!}}Fixing Nigeria Health care|work=Bella Naija|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/10/dr-ola-browns-new-book-is-a-must-read-for-every-nigerian-it-is-free-fixing-healthcare-in-nigeria/}}</ref> ''a Guide to Public Healthcare Policy''. She has written articles in the ''British Medical Journal:'' the ''Journal of Emergency Medical Services'', the ''Niger Delta Medical Journal'', ''The New York Times'' and ''The Huffington Post.'' <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nsọpụrụ == * World Economic Forum (WEF) Young Global Leader.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Young African leaders|url=https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2013/03/world/young-african-leaders/|work=CNN|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-30}}</ref> * Forbes 20 Young Power Women In Africa 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2013/12/04/the-20-young-power-women-in-africa-2013/|title=The 20 Young Power Women In Africa 2013|first=Mfonobong|author=Nsehe|work=Forbes}}</ref> * Forbes Africa's 30 Under 30 maka 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2015/06/12/africas-most-promising-young-entrepreneurs-forbes-africas-30-under-30-for-2015/#41f55c761de6|title=Fixing Nigeria Health care|work=Dr Ola Orekunrin Brown}}</ref> * YWomen - YNaija 100 Ndị inyom Kasị Mmetụta na Naijiria 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/03/100-most-influential-women-in-nigeria-ywomen/|title=100 Most Influential Women In Nigeria – #YWomen}}</ref> * Silverbird Group Extraordinary Business Achievement Award, 2018 na Lagos, onye kachasị nta meriri ihe nrite a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/dr-ola-orekunrin-brown-receives-silverbird-award.html|title=Dr. Ola Orekunrin-Brown receives Silverbird award|date=Feb 24, 2018|author=Opeyemi Kehinde|accessdate=June 20, 2018|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> * [[YNaija]] Business Power List 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ynaija.com/dr-ola-brown-iyin-aboyeji-abubakar-sadiq-falalu-see-the-ynaijapowerlist2020-for-business/|title=Dr. Ola Brown, Iyin Aboyeji, Abubakar Sadiq Falalu...See the #YNaijaPowerList2020 for Business » YNaija|first=Omoleye|author=Omoruyi|date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> * Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]] nyere ya nsọpụrụ mba - Onye otu Order of the Federal Republic (MFR). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-10-12|title=5 Nation-building requires sacrifice, Buhari tells 450 honourees|url=https://punchng.com/nation-building-requires-sacrifice-buhari-tells-450-honourees/|language=en|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> * Ndị Ntọala Africa Folder Ị Kwesịrị Ịmara na 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=15 African Female Founders You Should Know In 2023|url=https://africanfolder.com/15-african-female-founders-2023/|work=African Folder|date=10 March 2023|accessdate=12 March 2023}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mfisu9xc58lev0i4of7q5kfg1050vkw 0 11591 674688 638095 2026-07-09T20:37:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:IfeomaAjunwa2014.jpg|thumb|Ifeoma Yvonne Ajunwa]] '''Ifeoma Yvonne Ajunwa''' bu onye (amụrụ 26 Ọktoba 1980) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.martindale.com/ithaca/new-york/ifeoma-yvonne-ajunwa-168941488-a/|title=Ifeoma Yvonne Ajunwa Profile {{!}} Ithaca, NY Lawyer {{!}} Martindale.com}} </ref> bụ onye odee akwukwo na Naijiria na onye prọfesọ nke iwu na Mahadum North Carolina Scool of law na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carolina Law Expands Outstanding Faculty With Two New Hires|url=https://law.unc.edu/news/2020/09/carolina-law-expands-outstanding-faculty-with-two-new-hires/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=UNC School of Law|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi ntọala nke Mmemme Mkpebi Nchoputa AI (AI-DR) na Iwu UNC. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa|url=https://law.unc.edu/people/ifeoma-ajunwa/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=UNC School of Law|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204620/https://law.unc.edu/people/ifeoma-ajunwa/}}</ref> Ọ bụ bu onye enyemaka Prọfesọ nke iwu ọrụ na ọrụ na Mahadum Cornell site na 2017-2020, na-enweta ọrụ ebe ahụ na 2020. <ref name="ilr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/people/ifeoma-ajunwa|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gXDBC9oAAAAJ|title=Google Scholar - Ifeoma Ajunwa|publisher=Google Scholar|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye mmekọ ngalaba na Berkman Klein Center na Harvard Law School kemgbe 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa {{!}} Berkman Klein Center|url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/iajunwa|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=cyber.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Ajunwa nwetara BA na Mahadum California, Davis na 2003, JD ya na Mahadum San Francisco School of Law na 2007, na MPhil na PhD na Sociology na Mahadum Columbia na 2012 na 2017, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="lawschool">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/faculty/bio.cfm?id=864|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> <ref name="datasociety">{{Cite web|url=https://datasociety.net/people/ajunwa-ifeoma/|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa|accessdate=2019-04-13|archivedate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414005924/https://datasociety.net/people/ajunwa-ifeoma/}}</ref> Ajunwa bụ onye Ọkammụta McNair dị ka nwa akwụkwọ ohuru na mahadum, natara AAUW nhọrọ Profeson mgbakọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu, ma bụrụ Paul F. Lazersfeld Fellow dị ka nwa akwụkwọ PhD. <ref name="datasociety" /> Josh Whitford nyere ndụmọdụ maka mmụta PhD Ajunwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sociology.columbia.edu/content/josh-whitford|title=Josh Whitford|accessdate=2019-10-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1602900|title=Award Abstract #1602900 - Doctoral Dissertation Research: Re-entry organizations and the formally incarcerated|accessdate=2019-10-24}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ajunwa bụ onye ode akwụkwọ mara mma na onye prọfesọ na-ahụ maka iwu na Mahadum North Carolina School of Law ebe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ntọala nke Mmemme Mkpebi Nchoputa AI (AI-DR). <ref name=":0"/> Tupu nke ahụ, Ajunwa bụ prọfesọ na Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations <ref name="ilr"/> na onye otu ngalaba na Cornell Law School . <ref name="lawschool"/> Ọ bụ onye otu ngalaba na Berkman Klein Center for Internet &amp;amp; Society na Harvard University, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-24|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa {{!}} Berkman Klein Center|url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/iajunwa|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=cyber.harvard.edu|language=en}}</ref> ebe ọ bụbu onye otu sitere na 2016-2017 na onye nkuzi na Harvard Law School ,. <ref name="lawschool" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/iajunwa|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka [[Nyocha Microsoft|Microsoft Research]] Nyocha NYC Intern na 2015. <ref name="datasociety"/> Mmasị nyocha nke Ajunwa dị na njikọ nke iwu na teknụzụ na-nlekwasi anya na njikwa ụkpụrụ omume nke teknụzụ ebe ọrụ, agbụrụ na teknụzụ, ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ, na nha anya ahụike na nzuzo. Nchọcha ya lekwasịrị anya n'ụdị dị iche iche na nsonye n'ahịa ọrụ na ebe ọrụ. <ref name="lawschool"/> Ọ ga-ebipụta akwụkwọ - "The Quantified Worker" - na Press ụlọ akwụkwọ ụkwụ Cambridge <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/events/2017/luncheon/05/Ajunwa|title=The Quantified Worker|publisher=Berkman Klein Center|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> <ref name="ifeomaajunwa">{{Cite web|url=http://ifeomaajunwa.com|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa, J.D., Ph.D.|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> Mahadum Cornell nyere Ajunwa ikike na Mee 22, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cornell University ILR School|url=https://www.facebook.com/ILRSchool/posts/3200246816664479|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 5, 2020, Ajunwa gbara akaebe na Kọmitii Ndị Nnọchiteanya US na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ na- ege ntị na "Ọdịnihu nke Ọrụ: Chebe ikike obodo nke ndị ọrụ na Digital Age". Ọ tụlere ọgụgụ isi na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ike ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ịkwa ọrụ wee kwado maka iwu na-echekwa nzuzo data nkeonwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ebe ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2020/02/ajunwa-congress-help-stop-employers-ai-fueled-bias|title=Ajunwa to Congress: Help stop employers' AI-fueled bias|publisher=[[Cornell Chronicle]]|date=February 11, 2020|accessdate=2020-05-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edlabor.house.gov/imo/media/doc/AjunwaTestimony02052020.pdf|title=Hearing on The Future of Work: Protecting Workers' Civil Rights in the Digital Age - Prepared Testimony of Professor Ifeoma Ajunwa, J.D., Ph.D.|publisher=[[United States House of Representatives]] [[United States House Committee on Education and Labor|Committee on Education and Labor]], Joint Hearing of Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Human Services|date=February 5, 2020|accessdate=2020-05-18|archivedate=2020-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727194915/https://edlabor.house.gov/imo/media/doc/AjunwaTestimony02052020.pdf}}</ref> Na Mee 6, 2018, Ajunwa bụ onye na- [https://web.archive.org/web/20220222234806/https://www.tedxcornell.com/ ekwu okwu TEDx na Mahadum Cornell] ebe o gosipụtara okwu gbasara esemokwu nke ụkpụrụ omume na teknụzụ na ebe ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-26|title=TEDxCornell to Host 'Eclectic' Fourth Conference|url=https://cornellsun.com/2018/04/26/tedxcornell-to-host-eclectic-fourth-conference/|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=The Cornell Daily Sun|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Cornell, Ajunwa jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche na ọtụtụ bọọdụ ndụmọdụ, gụnyere maka Institute for Africa Development <ref>{{Cite web|title=People {{!}} Institute for African Development {{!}} Einaudi Center|url=https://einaudi.cornell.edu/programs/institute-african-development/people|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=einaudi.cornell.edu}}</ref> na Cornell Prison Education Programme (CPEP). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our People {{!}} Cornell Prison Education Program|url=https://cpep.cornell.edu/about-us/advisory-board/|accessdate=2020-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Na nso nso a, Ajunwa nwetara Fulbright ka ọ mụọ gbasara iwu gbasara mmalite teknụzụ na Naijiria. <ref name="law.unc.edu">{{Cite web|title=Ajunwa Selected for Nigeria Fulbright Scholar Award|url=https://law.unc.edu/news/2021/05/ajunwa-nigeria-fulbright-scholar-award/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=UNC School of Law|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu Ajunwa gụnyere: * 2006: AAUW Selected Professions Fellowship * 2010: Paul F. Lazersfeld Fellow, Columbia University * 2018: Derrick A. Bell Award from the Association of American Law Schools<ref name="ilr"/><ref name="ifeomaajunwa"/> * 2018-2019: Keeton House Fellow, Cornell University<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://williamkeetonhouse.cornell.edu/people/House-Fellows.cfm|title=William Keeton House - House Fellows|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * 2019: NSF CAREER Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/news/national-science-foundation-research-award-received-ajunwa|title=National Science Foundation research award received by Ajunwa|accessdate=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1848213|title=Award Abstract #1848213 - CAREER: The Development, Design, and Ethical Issues of Algorithmic Hiring Tools|accessdate=2019-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.cornell.edu/research/using-artificial-intelligence-select-job-candidates|title=Using Artificial Intelligence to Select Job Candidates|date=14 November 2019|publisher=Cornell Research|accessdate=2019-11-26}}</ref> * 2020: Faculty Champion Award, Cornell University <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Graduate Diversity & Inclusion Awardees : Graduate School|url=https://gradschool.cornell.edu/diversity-inclusion/graduate-diversity-inclusion-awards/graduate-diversity-inclusion-awardees-2020/|accessdate=2020-07-07|work=gradschool.cornell.edu}}</ref> * 2021-2022: Fulbright Scholar (host country: Nigeria)<ref name="law.unc.edu"/> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == Edemede mmụta Ajunwa gụnyere: Maka nyocha iwu: <ref name="Publications – Ifeoma Ajunwa">{{Cite web|title=Publications – Ifeoma Ajunwa|url=http://ifeomaajunwa.com/?page_id=11|accessdate=2020-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref> # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3437631 Ihe dị mkpa nleba anya maka sistemụ nnye ọrụ akpaaka], 34 Harv. JL & Teknụzụ. 1 (2021). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2746078 Paradox nke akpaaka dị ka Mgbochi-Ahụhụanya Intervention], 41 Cardozo. L. Mkpu.1671(2020). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3142979 Ịkpa oke afọ site na Platform], 40 Berkeley J. Emp. & Ụlọ nyocha. L.1 (2019). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3247286 Algorithms na-arụ ọrụ: Ngwa nlekota oru na teknụzụ Wearable], 63 St. Louis ULJ 21 (2019). Ife # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3192617 Ịlụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'ahịa ọrụ], 112 Nw. UL Mkpu. 1385 (2018). (ya na Prọfesọ Angela Onwuachi-Willig ). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2746211 Onyunyo] ndị ọrụ enweghị oke, 105 Cal. L. Rev. 736 (2017) (ya na Prọfesọ Jason Schultz na Kate Crawford ). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2460897 Data Genetic na ikike obodo], 51 Harv. CR-CLL Mkpu. 75 (2016). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2460898 Akwụkwọ ozi uhie uhie nke oge a], 83 Fordham L. Mkpu. 2999 (2015). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2460891 Nnwale mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ezute nnukwu data: Mkpagbu na Iwu nkwekọrịta], 75 Ohio St. LJ 1225 (2014). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2460859 Ogwe ọjọọ: Nyocha dabere na nhazi nke mmetọ ndị ruuru mmadụ n'ime sistemu Carceral America], 17 U. PA. JL & Soc. Mgbanwe 75 (2014). Maka nyocha ndị ọgbọ na mbipụta ndị ọzọ: <ref name="Publications – Ifeoma Ajunwa"/> # "Ọsọ, Ọrụ, na Ọdịnihu nke Ọrụ," Oxford Handbook of Race and Law na United States, Eds. Devon Carbado, Emily Houh, na Kharara Bridges (ntụnye aka akpọrọ) (2020 na-abịa) # " Igbe ojii na-arụ ọrụ "Nke Pụrụ Iche nke Big Data na Society, Eds. Frank Pasquale na Benedetta Brevini (ntụnye aka akpọrọ) (2020 na-abịa) # [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229044 Ịgbanwe echiche ọha na eze na uru DNA mmadụ nwere na atụmanya maka ọchịchị nchekwa data genomic: Nsonaazụ sitere na nyocha mba] Briscoe F, Ajunwa I, Gaddis A, McCormick J (2020) PLOS ONE 15(3): e0229044. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229044</nowiki> # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3248675 "Ngwaọrụ na-arụ ọrụ: Platform na-akwụ ụgwọ na-akpaghị aka na ndị ọzọ na-emekọrịta ihe na nhazi nke ebe ọrụ."] (ya na Daniel Greene) Na Ọrụ na Ọrụ na Digital Age. Nnyocha na Sociology nke Ọrụ. Ebipụtara na ntanetị: 14 Jun 2019; 61-91. # Ajunwa, I. & Caplan, R. (2018). Teknụzụ DNA. SAGE Encyclopedia nke onyunyo, nchekwa na nzuzo. (ntụnye a kpọrọ). # [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2837797 "Akụkọ ahụike na nnukwu data: Usoro ụkpụrụ omume maka mkpokọta ozi ahụike site na mmemme ahụike ụlọ ọrụ"], Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 44 (2016): 474-480 (ya na Kate Crawford na Joel Ford). Edemede mgbasa ozi ọha nke Ajunwa gụnyere: <ref name="Publications – Ifeoma Ajunwa"/> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "Can We Trust Corporate Commitments to Racial Equity?", Forbes, February 23, 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ifeomaajunwa/2021/02/23/can-we-trust-corporate-commitments-to-racial-equity/|title=Can We Trust Corporate Commitments to Racial Equity?|work=[[Forbes]]|date=February 23, 2021|accessdate=2021-08-06}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, Forrest Briscoe, "The Answer to a COVID-19 Vaccine May Lie in Our Genes, But ...", Scientific American, May 13, 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-answer-to-a-covid-19-vaccine-may-lie-in-our-genes-but/|title=The Answer to a COVID-19 Vaccine May Lie in Our Genes, But ...|publisher=[[Scientific American]]|date=May 13, 2020|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "Beware of Automated Hiring", The New York Times, October 8, 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/opinion/ai-hiring-discrimination.html|title=Beware of Automated Hiring|work=The New York Times|date=8 October 2019|accessdate=2019-10-11|author=Ajunwa|first=Ifeoma}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "The Rise of Platform Authoritarianism", ACLU, April 10, 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/issues/privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/rise-platform-authoritarianism|title=The Rise of Platform Authoritarianism|publisher=ACLU|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "Facebook users aren’t the reason Facebook is in trouble now", Washington Post, March 23, 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2018/03/23/facebook-users-arent-the-reason-facebook-is-in-trouble-now|title=Facebook users aren't the reason Facebook is in trouble now|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "Corporate Surveillance Is Turning Human Workers Into Fungible Cogs", The Atlantic, May 19, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/05/corporate-surveillance-is-turning-human-workers-into-fungible-cogs/524961/|title=Corporate Surveillance Is Turning Human Workers Into Fungible Cogs|date=19 May 2017|publisher=The Atlantic|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "Workplace Wellness Programs Could Be Putting Your Health Data at Risk", Harvard Business Review, January 19, 2017<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://hbr.org/2017/01/workplace-wellness-programs-could-be-putting-your-health-data-at-risk|title=Workplace Wellness Programs Could Be Putting Your Health Data at Risk|journal=Harvard Business Review|date=19 January 2017|accessdate=2019-04-13|author=Ajunwa|first=Ifeoma}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "A call to 'ban the box' on college applications", Washington Examiner, November 10, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/a-call-to-ban-the-box-on-college-applications|title=A call to 'ban the box' on college applications|date=10 November 2015|publisher=Washington Examiner|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "The other big US Supreme Court decision we should be celebrating is one no one’s talking about", Quartz, June 29, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/438704/the-other-big-supreme-court-decision-we-should-be-celebrating-is-one-no-ones-talking-about/|title=The other big US Supreme Court decision we should be celebrating is one no one's talking about|publisher=Quartz|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "There’s No Guarantee of Anonymity", The New York Times, March 4, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/03/02/23andme-and-the-promise-of-anonymous-genetic-testing-10/theres-no-guarantee-of-anonymity|title=There's No Guarantee of Anonymity|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "Do You Know Where Your Health Data Is?", Huffington Post, February 13, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/do-you-know-where-your-he_b_6673304|title=Do You Know Where Your Health Data Is?|date=13 February 2015|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "For Ebola Response - Think Infrastructure, Not Donations", Huffington Post, November 30, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/for-ebola-response-think_b_6244344|title=For Ebola Response - Think Infrastructure, Not Donations|date=30 November 2014|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * Ifeoma Ajunwa, "West Africa Does Not Need Your Donations to Fight Ebola", Huffington Post, November 13, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/west-africa-does-not-need_b_6152094|title=West Africa Does Not Need Your Donations to Fight Ebola|date=13 November 2014|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> == Mkpuchi mgbasa ozi == * "Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-atụgharị na Teknụzụ Nchọgharị iji hụ na emepegharịghị nke ọma", NPR echerela ihe niile, Mee 7, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/07/852319535/some-companies-are-turning-to-tracking-technologies-to-ensure-safe-reopening|title=Some Companies Are Turning To Tracking Technologies To Ensure Safe Reopening|publisher=[[NPR]], [[All Things Considered]]|date=May 7, 2020|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref> * "Ị na-arụ ọrụ site n'ụlọ, mana ụlọ ọrụ gị ka na-ekiri gị", akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street, Eprel 18, 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/youre-working-from-home-but-your-company-is-still-watching-you-11587202201|title=You're Working From Home, but Your Company Is Still Watching You|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=April 18, 2020|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref> * "Uru dị ugbu a: Ifeoma Ajunwa nke ILR na nsogbu ịma aka nke teknụzụ na ebe ọrụ", Cornell SC Johnson College of Business, July 25, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://business.cornell.edu/hub/2019/07/25/ifeoma-ajunwa-challenges-technology-workplace/|title=Present Value: ILR's Ifeoma Ajunwa on the ethical challenges of technology in the workplace|date=25 July 2019|publisher=Cornell SC Johnson College of Business|accessdate=2019-10-11}}</ref> * "Ihe ịma aka omume na teknụzụ dị n'ebe ọrụ", Pọdkastị bara uru dị ugbu a, Julaị 8, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presentvaluepodcast.com/podcast/episode/947c0241/ethical-challenges-with-technology-in-the-workplace-or-ifeoma-ajunwa|title=Ethical Challenges with Technology in the Workplace|publisher=Present Value Podcast|accessdate=2019-10-11}}</ref> * "The Quantified Worker and Worker Surveillance with Ifeoma Ajunwa", Yale Podcast Network, Eprel 9, 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/yaleuniversity/the-quantified-worker-with-ifeoma-ajunwa|title=The Quantified Worker and Worker Surveillance with Ifeoma Ajunwa|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * "Cornell Prọfesọ Ifeoma Ajunwa na-akparịtara ọgụgụ isi Artificial ejiri n'ọrụ", NPR, Eprel 8, 2019 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/08/711169802/cornell-professor-ifeoma-ajunwa-discusses-artificial-intelligence-used-in-hiring|title=Cornell Professor Ifeoma Ajunwa Discusses Artificial Intelligence Used In Hiring|work=NPR.org|publisher=NPR|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * "Mgbagwoju anya nke ụkpụrụ omume na teknụzụ na ebe ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ", Okwu TEDx, Disemba 3, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5WXSK_wm6s|publisher=TEDx Talks Cornell University|title=Controversies of Ethics & Technology in Modern Workplace, Ifeoma Ajunwa|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> * "Ụzọ anyị si arụ ọrụ: kedu ka anyị ga-esi chebe nzuzo data?" , Humanyze, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/user-280828937/episode-3-how-can-we-protect-data-privacy|title=The Way We Work: How can we protect data privacy?|publisher=Humanyze|accessdate=2019-04-13}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ifeoma Ajunwa publications indexed by Google Scholar * {{Cite web|url=https://ifeomaajunwa.com|title=Ifeoma Ajunwa – Writer, Professor|accessdate=2020-06-18}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/advancedSearchResult?PIId=&PIFirstName=ifeoma&PILastName=ajunwa&IncludeCoPI=true&BooleanElement=All&BooleanRef=All&ActiveAwards=true&ExpiredAwards=true|title=NSF Award Search: Advanced Search Results - Ifeoma Ajunwa|publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]|accessdate=2020-06-18}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] buycblk18yw9lpf8hx031tfbbn9irju 0 12360 674700 91930 2026-07-09T21:13:17Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joelle Kayembe Hagen''' (amuru 31 Mee 1983) bu onye na eme ihe nlereanya na ihe nkiri nke Congo. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Kayembe na Lubumbashi, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], ada nke onye ọchụnta ego Congo bara ọgaranya bụ Kalonji Kayembe . <ref name="huisman">{{Cite news|author=Huisman|first=Bienne|title='I want R10m to end divorce fight'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-27-i-want-r10m-to-end-divorce-fight/|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Love child causes big drama|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Love-child-causes-big-drama-20150429|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=News 24|date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Na afo 1994, ọ kwagara South Africa. <ref name="study">{{Cite news|title=Model Joelle helps provide study material|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[Daily Sun]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Kayembe malitere ịbu onye nanny ụmụaka ya asaa. Ọ chọrọ ịmụ gbasara akparamàgwà mmadụ, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe nlereanya mgbe a hụchara ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. Ọ malitere site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ ruo mgbe ọ na-ekesa kalenda na ''FHM SA'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}</ref> Kayembe ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwetara ihe mkpuchi nke Egwuregwu gosiputara Okwu uwe igwu mmiri. Ọ pụtakwara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dịka ''Cosmopolitan'' na ''Elle'' yana mgbasa ozi Sprite Zero. Kayembe bụkwa onye na-ese ihe maka ndị ahịa ahọpụtara. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na vidiyo Ludacris maka "Pimpin' n'ụwa niile". <ref name="huisman" /> Kayembe bụ onye ikpeazụ na asọmpi International Supermodel 2005 emere na China. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Joelle Kayembe slams cheating dad with protection order!|url=https://www.all4women.co.za/222687/entertainment/joelle-kayembe-slams-cheating-dad-with-protection-order|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=All4Women|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Ọ jerela ụzọ ụgbọ elu na SA Ejiji izu na Johannesburg Ejiji izu. <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatuntuta2017">Matuntuta, Simamkele (22 November 2017). [https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322 "Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible"]. ''[[GQ]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na Septemba 27, 2008, Kayembe lụrụ onye ukwu Platfields Ltd. Bongani Mbindwane na emume ọdịnala. Di na nwunye ahụ emekọrịtala ma kwụsị ihe dị ka afọ anọ. E yigharịrị emume obodo mgbe a chọpụtara na Kayembe dị ime nakwa n'ihi na ha nwere nsogbu. Mgbe o kpebiri ịwepu ime ya, ọ kpọrọ ya ogbu mmadụ. Kayembe hibere usoro ịgba alụkwaghịm na Ọktoba 2009, mana Mbendwane jụrụ na ha alụbeghị di na nwunye n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHawkey2009">Hawkey, Kim (8 November 2009). [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643 "Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married"]. ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'April 2010, ọ tụpụtara R10-million dị ka mmezi, na-edozi mkpesa gụnyere ebubo nke mbuso agha megide Mbendwane. <ref name="huisman">{{Cite news|author=Huisman|first=Bienne|title='I want R10m to end divorce fight'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-27-i-want-r10m-to-end-divorce-fight/|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=27 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuisman2010">Huisman, Bienne (27 June 2010). [https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-27-i-want-r10m-to-end-divorce-fight/ "'I want R10m to end divorce fight'"]. ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọikpe nyere Kayembe iwu ka ọ pụọ n'ụlọ ha site na Jenụwarị 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chelemu|first=Khethiwe|title=Top model thrown out of R5m house|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2010-11-19-top-model-thrown-out-of-r5m-house/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Sowetan Live|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> Kayembe gbara egwu dị ka Zina na ihe nkiri 2013 nke Jérôme Salle ''Zulu'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatuntuta2017">Matuntuta, Simamkele (22 November 2017). [https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322 "Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible"]. ''[[GQ]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2015, Kayembe so Trace Foundation rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ihe mmụta. <ref name="study">{{Cite news|title=Model Joelle helps provide study material|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[Daily Sun]]|date=7 August 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807 "Model Joelle helps provide study material"]. ''[[Anyanwụ kwa ụbọchị|Daily Sun]]''. 7 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na November 2016, ọ lụrụ di na Cape Town . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tshiqi|first=Bongiwe|title=Congrats to Joelle Kayembe who recently tied the knot|url=https://www.bona.co.za/congrats-joelle-kayembe-recently-tied-knot/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Bona|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 2013: ''Zulu'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 62bge7lzivhh3wf08e0fe7vvq92kwp1 674702 674700 2026-07-09T21:14:06Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joelle Kayembe Hagen''' (amuru 31 Mee 1983) bu onye na eme ihe nlereanya na ihe nkiri nke Congo. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Kayembe na Lubumbashi, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], ada nke onye ọchụnta ego Congo bara ọgaranya bụ Kalonji Kayembe . <ref name="huisman">{{Cite news|author=Huisman|first=Bienne|title='I want R10m to end divorce fight'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-27-i-want-r10m-to-end-divorce-fight/|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Love child causes big drama|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Love-child-causes-big-drama-20150429|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=News 24|date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Na afo 1994, ọ kwagara South Africa. <ref name="study">{{Cite news|title=Model Joelle helps provide study material|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[Daily Sun]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Kayembe malitere ịbu onye nanny ụmụaka ya asaa. Ọ chọrọ ịmụ gbasara akparamàgwà mmadụ, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe nlereanya mgbe a hụchara ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. Ọ malitere site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ ruo mgbe ọ na-ekesa kalenda na ''FHM SA'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}</ref> Kayembe ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwetara ihe mkpuchi nke Egwuregwu gosiputara Okwu uwe igwu mmiri. Ọ pụtakwara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dịka ''Cosmopolitan'' na ''Elle'' yana mgbasa ozi Sprite Zero. Kayembe bụkwa onye na-ese ihe maka ndị ahịa ahọpụtara. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na vidiyo Ludacris maka "Pimpin' n'ụwa niile". <ref name="huisman" /> Kayembe bụ onye ikpeazụ na asọmpi International Supermodel 2005 emere na China. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Joelle Kayembe slams cheating dad with protection order!|url=https://www.all4women.co.za/222687/entertainment/joelle-kayembe-slams-cheating-dad-with-protection-order|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=All4Women|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Ọ jerela ụzọ ụgbọ elu na SA Ejiji izu na Johannesburg Ejiji izu. <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatuntuta2017">Matuntuta, Simamkele (22 November 2017). [https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322 "Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible"]. ''[[GQ]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na Septemba 27, 2008, Kayembe lụrụ onye ukwu Platfields Ltd. Bongani Mbindwane na emume ọdịnala. Di na nwunye ahụ emekọrịtala ma kwụsị ihe dị ka afọ anọ. E yigharịrị emume obodo mgbe a chọpụtara na Kayembe dị ime nakwa n'ihi na ha nwere nsogbu. Mgbe o kpebiri ịwepu ime ya, ọ kpọrọ ya ogbu mmadụ. Kayembe hibere usoro ịgba alụkwaghịm na Ọktoba 2009, mana Mbendwane jụrụ na ha alụbeghị di na nwunye n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHawkey2009">Hawkey, Kim (8 November 2009). [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643 "Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married"]. ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'April 2010, ọ tụpụtara R10-million dị ka mmezi, na-edozi mkpesa gụnyere ebubo nke mbuso agha megide Mbendwane. <ref name="huisman" /> N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọikpe nyere Kayembe iwu ka ọ pụọ n'ụlọ ha site na Jenụwarị 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chelemu|first=Khethiwe|title=Top model thrown out of R5m house|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2010-11-19-top-model-thrown-out-of-r5m-house/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Sowetan Live|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> Kayembe gbara egwu dị ka Zina na ihe nkiri 2013 nke Jérôme Salle ''Zulu'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatuntuta2017">Matuntuta, Simamkele (22 November 2017). [https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322 "Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible"]. ''[[GQ]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2015, Kayembe so Trace Foundation rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ihe mmụta. <ref name="study">{{Cite news|title=Model Joelle helps provide study material|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[Daily Sun]]|date=7 August 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807 "Model Joelle helps provide study material"]. ''[[Anyanwụ kwa ụbọchị|Daily Sun]]''. 7 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na November 2016, ọ lụrụ di na Cape Town . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tshiqi|first=Bongiwe|title=Congrats to Joelle Kayembe who recently tied the knot|url=https://www.bona.co.za/congrats-joelle-kayembe-recently-tied-knot/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Bona|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 2013: ''Zulu'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] eu5m3zj6fvhyzpubzxhjg0pora9riq3 674703 674702 2026-07-09T21:14:53Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joelle Kayembe Hagen''' (amuru 31 Mee 1983) bu onye na eme ihe nlereanya na ihe nkiri nke Congo. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Kayembe na Lubumbashi, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], ada nke onye ọchụnta ego Congo bara ọgaranya bụ Kalonji Kayembe . <ref name="huisman">{{Cite news|author=Huisman|first=Bienne|title='I want R10m to end divorce fight'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-27-i-want-r10m-to-end-divorce-fight/|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Love child causes big drama|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Love-child-causes-big-drama-20150429|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=News 24|date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Na afo 1994, ọ kwagara South Africa. <ref name="study">{{Cite news|title=Model Joelle helps provide study material|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[Daily Sun]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Kayembe malitere ịbu onye nanny ụmụaka ya asaa. Ọ chọrọ ịmụ gbasara akparamàgwà mmadụ, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe nlereanya mgbe a hụchara ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. Ọ malitere site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ ruo mgbe ọ na-ekesa kalenda na ''FHM SA'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}</ref> Kayembe ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwetara ihe mkpuchi nke Egwuregwu gosiputara Okwu uwe igwu mmiri. Ọ pụtakwara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dịka ''Cosmopolitan'' na ''Elle'' yana mgbasa ozi Sprite Zero. Kayembe bụkwa onye na-ese ihe maka ndị ahịa ahọpụtara. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na vidiyo Ludacris maka "Pimpin' n'ụwa niile". <ref name="huisman" /> Kayembe bụ onye ikpeazụ na asọmpi International Supermodel 2005 emere na China. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Joelle Kayembe slams cheating dad with protection order!|url=https://www.all4women.co.za/222687/entertainment/joelle-kayembe-slams-cheating-dad-with-protection-order|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=All4Women|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Ọ jerela ụzọ ụgbọ elu na SA Ejiji izu na Johannesburg Ejiji izu. <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatuntuta2017">Matuntuta, Simamkele (22 November 2017). [https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322 "Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible"]. ''[[GQ]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na Septemba 27, 2008, Kayembe lụrụ onye ukwu Platfields Ltd. Bongani Mbindwane na emume ọdịnala. Di na nwunye ahụ emekọrịtala ma kwụsị ihe dị ka afọ anọ. E yigharịrị emume obodo mgbe a chọpụtara na Kayembe dị ime nakwa n'ihi na ha nwere nsogbu. Mgbe o kpebiri ịwepu ime ya, ọ kpọrọ ya ogbu mmadụ. Kayembe hibere usoro ịgba alụkwaghịm na Ọktoba 2009, mana Mbendwane jụrụ na ha alụbeghị di na nwunye n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHawkey2009">Hawkey, Kim (8 November 2009). [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643 "Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married"]. ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'April 2010, ọ tụpụtara R10-million dị ka mmezi, na-edozi mkpesa gụnyere ebubo nke mbuso agha megide Mbendwane. <ref name="huisman" /> N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọikpe nyere Kayembe iwu ka ọ pụọ n'ụlọ ha site na Jenụwarị 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chelemu|first=Khethiwe|title=Top model thrown out of R5m house|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2010-11-19-top-model-thrown-out-of-r5m-house/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Sowetan Live|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> Kayembe gbara egwu dị ka Zina na ihe nkiri 2013 nke Jérôme Salle ''Zulu'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatuntuta2017">Matuntuta, Simamkele (22 November 2017). [https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322 "Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible"]. ''[[GQ]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2015, Kayembe so Trace Foundation rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ihe mmụta. <ref name="study" /> Na November 2016, ọ lụrụ di na Cape Town . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tshiqi|first=Bongiwe|title=Congrats to Joelle Kayembe who recently tied the knot|url=https://www.bona.co.za/congrats-joelle-kayembe-recently-tied-knot/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Bona|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 2013: ''Zulu'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b5jpygd3wbf2fm8139of6efjjscd7h8 674705 674703 2026-07-09T21:15:40Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joelle Kayembe Hagen''' (amuru 31 Mee 1983) bu onye na eme ihe nlereanya na ihe nkiri nke Congo. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Kayembe na Lubumbashi, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], ada nke onye ọchụnta ego Congo bara ọgaranya bụ Kalonji Kayembe . <ref name="huisman">{{Cite news|author=Huisman|first=Bienne|title='I want R10m to end divorce fight'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-27-i-want-r10m-to-end-divorce-fight/|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Love child causes big drama|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Love-child-causes-big-drama-20150429|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=News 24|date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Na afo 1994, ọ kwagara South Africa. <ref name="study">{{Cite news|title=Model Joelle helps provide study material|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[Daily Sun]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Kayembe malitere ịbu onye nanny ụmụaka ya asaa. Ọ chọrọ ịmụ gbasara akparamàgwà mmadụ, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe nlereanya mgbe a hụchara ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. Ọ malitere site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ ruo mgbe ọ na-ekesa kalenda na ''FHM SA'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}</ref> Kayembe ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwetara ihe mkpuchi nke Egwuregwu gosiputara Okwu uwe igwu mmiri. Ọ pụtakwara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dịka ''Cosmopolitan'' na ''Elle'' yana mgbasa ozi Sprite Zero. Kayembe bụkwa onye na-ese ihe maka ndị ahịa ahọpụtara. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na vidiyo Ludacris maka "Pimpin' n'ụwa niile". <ref name="huisman" /> Kayembe bụ onye ikpeazụ na asọmpi International Supermodel 2005 emere na China. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Joelle Kayembe slams cheating dad with protection order!|url=https://www.all4women.co.za/222687/entertainment/joelle-kayembe-slams-cheating-dad-with-protection-order|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=All4Women|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Ọ jerela ụzọ ụgbọ elu na SA Ejiji izu na Johannesburg Ejiji izu. <ref name="matuntuta" /> Na Septemba 27, 2008, Kayembe lụrụ onye ukwu Platfields Ltd. Bongani Mbindwane na emume ọdịnala. Di na nwunye ahụ emekọrịtala ma kwụsị ihe dị ka afọ anọ. E yigharịrị emume obodo mgbe a chọpụtara na Kayembe dị ime nakwa n'ihi na ha nwere nsogbu. Mgbe o kpebiri ịwepu ime ya, ọ kpọrọ ya ogbu mmadụ. Kayembe hibere usoro ịgba alụkwaghịm na Ọktoba 2009, mana Mbendwane jụrụ na ha alụbeghị di na nwunye n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHawkey2009">Hawkey, Kim (8 November 2009). [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643 "Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married"]. ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'April 2010, ọ tụpụtara R10-million dị ka mmezi, na-edozi mkpesa gụnyere ebubo nke mbuso agha megide Mbendwane. <ref name="huisman" /> N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọikpe nyere Kayembe iwu ka ọ pụọ n'ụlọ ha site na Jenụwarị 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chelemu|first=Khethiwe|title=Top model thrown out of R5m house|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2010-11-19-top-model-thrown-out-of-r5m-house/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Sowetan Live|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> Kayembe gbara egwu dị ka Zina na ihe nkiri 2013 nke Jérôme Salle ''Zulu'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatuntuta2017">Matuntuta, Simamkele (22 November 2017). [https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322 "Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible"]. ''[[GQ]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2015, Kayembe so Trace Foundation rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ihe mmụta. <ref name="study" /> Na November 2016, ọ lụrụ di na Cape Town . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tshiqi|first=Bongiwe|title=Congrats to Joelle Kayembe who recently tied the knot|url=https://www.bona.co.za/congrats-joelle-kayembe-recently-tied-knot/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Bona|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 2013: ''Zulu'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sggg582sfgdot0a916f8y6ekf17oc6q 674707 674705 2026-07-09T21:16:35Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joelle Kayembe Hagen''' (amuru 31 Mee 1983) bu onye na eme ihe nlereanya na ihe nkiri nke Congo. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Kayembe na Lubumbashi, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], ada nke onye ọchụnta ego Congo bara ọgaranya bụ Kalonji Kayembe . <ref name="huisman">{{Cite news|author=Huisman|first=Bienne|title='I want R10m to end divorce fight'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-27-i-want-r10m-to-end-divorce-fight/|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Love child causes big drama|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Love-child-causes-big-drama-20150429|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=News 24|date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Na afo 1994, ọ kwagara South Africa. <ref name="study">{{Cite news|title=Model Joelle helps provide study material|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[Daily Sun]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Kayembe malitere ịbu onye nanny ụmụaka ya asaa. Ọ chọrọ ịmụ gbasara akparamàgwà mmadụ, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe nlereanya mgbe a hụchara ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. Ọ malitere site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ ruo mgbe ọ na-ekesa kalenda na ''FHM SA'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}</ref> Kayembe ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwetara ihe mkpuchi nke Egwuregwu gosiputara Okwu uwe igwu mmiri. Ọ pụtakwara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dịka ''Cosmopolitan'' na ''Elle'' yana mgbasa ozi Sprite Zero. Kayembe bụkwa onye na-ese ihe maka ndị ahịa ahọpụtara. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na vidiyo Ludacris maka "Pimpin' n'ụwa niile". <ref name="huisman" /> Kayembe bụ onye ikpeazụ na asọmpi International Supermodel 2005 emere na China. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Joelle Kayembe slams cheating dad with protection order!|url=https://www.all4women.co.za/222687/entertainment/joelle-kayembe-slams-cheating-dad-with-protection-order|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=All4Women|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Ọ jerela ụzọ ụgbọ elu na SA Ejiji izu na Johannesburg Ejiji izu. <ref name="matuntuta" /> Na Septemba 27, 2008, Kayembe lụrụ onye ukwu Platfields Ltd. Bongani Mbindwane na emume ọdịnala. Di na nwunye ahụ emekọrịtala ma kwụsị ihe dị ka afọ anọ. E yigharịrị emume obodo mgbe a chọpụtara na Kayembe dị ime nakwa n'ihi na ha nwere nsogbu. Mgbe o kpebiri ịwepu ime ya, ọ kpọrọ ya ogbu mmadụ. Kayembe hibere usoro ịgba alụkwaghịm na Ọktoba 2009, mana Mbendwane jụrụ na ha alụbeghị di na nwunye n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHawkey2009">Hawkey, Kim (8 November 2009). [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643 "Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married"]. ''[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'April 2010, ọ tụpụtara R10-million dị ka mmezi, na-edozi mkpesa gụnyere ebubo nke mbuso agha megide Mbendwane. <ref name="huisman" /> N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọikpe nyere Kayembe iwu ka ọ pụọ n'ụlọ ha site na Jenụwarị 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chelemu|first=Khethiwe|title=Top model thrown out of R5m house|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2010-11-19-top-model-thrown-out-of-r5m-house/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Sowetan Live|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> Kayembe gbara egwu dị ka Zina na ihe nkiri 2013 nke Jérôme Salle ''Zulu'' . <ref name="matuntuta" /> Na 2015, Kayembe so Trace Foundation rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ihe mmụta. <ref name="study" /> Na November 2016, ọ lụrụ di na Cape Town . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tshiqi|first=Bongiwe|title=Congrats to Joelle Kayembe who recently tied the knot|url=https://www.bona.co.za/congrats-joelle-kayembe-recently-tied-knot/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Bona|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 2013: ''Zulu'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1ao4wrkntkndikmq0em88txkdkqk7pu 674708 674707 2026-07-09T21:17:49Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joelle Kayembe Hagen''' (amuru 31 Mee 1983) bu onye na eme ihe nlereanya na ihe nkiri nke Congo. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Kayembe na Lubumbashi, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], ada nke onye ọchụnta ego Congo bara ọgaranya bụ Kalonji Kayembe . <ref name="huisman">{{Cite news|author=Huisman|first=Bienne|title='I want R10m to end divorce fight'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-27-i-want-r10m-to-end-divorce-fight/|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=27 June 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Love child causes big drama|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Archives/City-Press/Love-child-causes-big-drama-20150429|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=News 24|date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Na afo 1994, ọ kwagara South Africa. <ref name="study">{{Cite news|title=Model Joelle helps provide study material|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/Model-Joelle-helps-provide-study-material-20150807|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[Daily Sun]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Kayembe malitere ịbu onye nanny ụmụaka ya asaa. Ọ chọrọ ịmụ gbasara akparamàgwà mmadụ, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe nlereanya mgbe a hụchara ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. Ọ malitere site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ ruo mgbe ọ na-ekesa kalenda na ''FHM SA'' . <ref name="matuntuta">{{Cite news|author=Matuntuta|first=Simamkele|title=Joëlle Kayembe does everything believed to be impossible|url=https://www.gq.co.za/girls/models-celebrities/joelle-kayembe-does-everything-believed-to-be-impossible-16562322|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=[[GQ]]|date=22 November 2017}}</ref> Kayembe ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwetara ihe mkpuchi nke Egwuregwu gosiputara Okwu uwe igwu mmiri. Ọ pụtakwara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ dịka ''Cosmopolitan'' na ''Elle'' yana mgbasa ozi Sprite Zero. Kayembe bụkwa onye na-ese ihe maka ndị ahịa ahọpụtara. <ref name="hawkey">{{Cite news|author=Hawkey|first=Kim|title=Joelle Kayembe, one of South Africa's sexiest women, thought she was the luckiest woman on earth when businessman Bongani Mbindwane proposed. Now — just a year after their traditional wedding ceremony — Mbindwane wants her out of his life and denies they were married|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-times-1107/20091108/281556581903643|accessdate=October 13, 2020|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=8 November 2009}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na vidiyo Ludacris maka "Pimpin' n'ụwa niile". <ref name="huisman" /> Kayembe bụ onye ikpeazụ na asọmpi International Supermodel 2005 emere na China. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Joelle Kayembe slams cheating dad with protection order!|url=https://www.all4women.co.za/222687/entertainment/joelle-kayembe-slams-cheating-dad-with-protection-order|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=All4Women|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Ọ jerela ụzọ ụgbọ elu na SA Ejiji izu na Johannesburg Ejiji izu. <ref name="matuntuta" /> Na Septemba 27, 2008, Kayembe lụrụ onye ukwu Platfields Ltd. Bongani Mbindwane na emume ọdịnala. Di na nwunye ahụ emekọrịtala ma kwụsị ihe dị ka afọ anọ. E yigharịrị emume obodo mgbe a chọpụtara na Kayembe dị ime nakwa n'ihi na ha nwere nsogbu. Mgbe o kpebiri ịwepu ime ya, ọ kpọrọ ya ogbu mmadụ. Kayembe hibere usoro ịgba alụkwaghịm na Ọktoba 2009, mana Mbendwane jụrụ na ha alụbeghị di na nwunye n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. <ref name="hawkey" /> N'April 2010, ọ tụpụtara R10-million dị ka mmezi, na-edozi mkpesa gụnyere ebubo nke mbuso agha megide Mbendwane. <ref name="huisman" /> N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọikpe nyere Kayembe iwu ka ọ pụọ n'ụlọ ha site na Jenụwarị 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chelemu|first=Khethiwe|title=Top model thrown out of R5m house|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2010-11-19-top-model-thrown-out-of-r5m-house/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Sowetan Live|date=19 November 2010}}</ref> Kayembe gbara egwu dị ka Zina na ihe nkiri 2013 nke Jérôme Salle ''Zulu'' . <ref name="matuntuta" /> Na 2015, Kayembe so Trace Foundation rụkọrọ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ihe mmụta. <ref name="study" /> Na November 2016, ọ lụrụ di na Cape Town . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tshiqi|first=Bongiwe|title=Congrats to Joelle Kayembe who recently tied the knot|url=https://www.bona.co.za/congrats-joelle-kayembe-recently-tied-knot/|accessdate=13 October 2020|work=Bona|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 2013: ''Zulu'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c0nep6jkz9606u5b8tu4725pp5o16gc 0 12500 674516 123688 2026-07-09T12:17:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Gloria Gaither''' (amuru Maachị 4, 1942) bu onye na-agụ egwu nke [[Onye Kraịst|Kraist]] - onye na-ede egwu, onye ode akwukwo, onye nkwuputa, onye nzizi na ulo akwukwo . Ọ lụrụ Bill Gaither, ha abụọ edeela ihe karịrị egwu narị asaa. Ya na Bill Gaither Trio, emeela ihe ngosi egwu, mee njem ma gụọ egwu dị iche iche site na 1965 ruo 1991. Kemgbe 1991, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme egwu, onye na-ede abụ, onye na-ede egwú, na onye na-ede akụkọ maka usoro mgbasa ozi telivishọn Gaither Homecoming, mwepụta vidiyo na DVD, na ndekọ ọdịyo. == Afọ ndị mmalite == Amụrụ ya dika G'''loria Lee Sickal''' na 1942 na [[Michigan]], ọ bu ada pastọ Lee Sickal na Dorothy Sickal. Ọ nọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime oge nwata na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mpaghara Battle Creek nke Michigan, na-arụ ọrụ obere oge maka ụlọ ọrụ Kellogg . == Agụmakwụkwọ == Mgbe Gloria gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Clare High School na Clare, Michigan, ọ gara Mahadum Anderson na Anderson, Indiana . N'ebe ahụ, ọ guru akwụkwọ okpukpu atọ na Bekee, French na Sociology. Ihe omume ya na kọleji gụnyere isonye na otu na-eme ihe ngosi, Alpha Chi National College Honor Society na otu Sigma Tau Delta honor society. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ malitere ọrụ na Alexandria Monroe High School dị ka onye nkụzi French. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Bill Gaither, bụ onye na-akụzi Bekee n'oge ahụ. Ọ lụrụ Gaither na 1962, ha malitere ide abụ ntụrụndụ. Na 1991, ọ gara Mahadum Ball State wee nweta nzere Master of Arts na Britain na American Literature . Ọ kụziri dị ka onye prọfesọ ọzọ na Mahadum Anderson na 1987–88 nakwa 1996–97.  == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Bill & Gloria Gaither, Sept. 2016.jpg|thumb]] Bill na Gloria Gaither malitere ide abụ n'afọ ndị 1960, na ọtụtụ abụ ndị ahụ (gụnyere "Because He Lives", "I Am Loved", "Something Beautiful") gara n'ihu ịghọ ụkpụrụ akwụkwọ abụ abụ ụka n'ofe North America na gburugburu ụwa. . Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị nke 1960s, Gloria, Bill na nwanne Bill Danny Gaither nọ na-eme njem n'esepụghị aka dị ka Bill Gaither Trio, na-abụ ma na-edekọ egwu Bill na Gloria dere. Mgbe ya na Bill Gaither Trio gachara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ, Gaither dọọrọ uche ya gaa na usoro Gaither Homecoming . Ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmepụta vidiyo ọ bụla. Na 1996, o butere ụzọ okike nke Gaither Family Resources <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaitherfamilyresources.net/|title=gaitherfamilyresources.net|publisher=gaitherfamilyresources.net|accessdate=2012-04-30|archivedate=2012-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421225809/http://www.gaitherfamilyresources.net/}}</ref> na Alexandria, Indiana, ma na-ejekwa ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nwe ya na onye isi njikwa. Na 2002, Gaither malitere Homecoming: Magazin, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magazine.homecomingmagazine.com/subscribe/default.aspx|title=Homecoming Magazine Subscription|publisher=Magazine.homecomingmagazine.com|accessdate=2012-04-30|archivedate=2012-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317062105/http://magazine.homecomingmagazine.com/subscribe/default.aspx}}</ref> nakwa ihe ọ na-eme ugbu a gunyere onye ode akwụkwọ, onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ. N'afọ 2000, a kpọrọ Bill na Gloria aha Christian Songwriters of the Century site n'aka American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), <ref>{{Cite news|title=Top Acts, Execs Gather in Nashville For Gospel Music Week|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ8EAAAAMBAJ&q=ASCAP+award+Gaither&pg=PA22|accessdate=8 March 2016|date=May 27, 2000|page=22}}</ref> ihe nrite dabere na ndị na-ede abụ bụ ndị nwegoro egwu kachasị na narị afọ gara aga. Gloria bụ onye natara nzere doctorate asaa, na ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ karịrị iri anọ nke gụnyere akwụkwọ ụmụaka iri abụọ. Ihe nrite nke Gloria Gaither ritere gụnyere ndị a: *[[Grammy Awards]] ([[National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences]]) **1973: Best Inspirational Performance, "Let's Just Praise The Lord", Bill Gaither Trio **1975: Best Inspirational Performance, "Jesus, We Just Want to Thank You", Bill Gaither Trio **1999: Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album: ''Kennedy Center Homecoming'' – Bill and Gloria Gaither and Their Homecoming Friends **2001: Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album: ''Bill & Gloria Gaither Present a Billy Graham Music Homecoming'' Bill & Gloria Gaither and the Homecoming Friends **2002: Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album, "A Billy Graham Music Homecoming", Bill and Gloria Gaither *[[GMA Dove Awards]] ([[Gospel Music Association]]) **1976: Inspirational Album of the Year, ''Jesus, We Just Want to Thank You'', Bill Gaither Trio **1978: Inspirational Album of the Year, ''Pilgrim's Progress'', Bill Gaither Trio **1980: Mixed Group of the Year, Bill Gaither Trio **1981: Gospel Album of the Year, Children's Music, ''The Very Best of the Very Best, For Kids'', Bill Gaither Trio **1982: Children's Music Album of the Year, ''Kids Under Construction'', Bill and Gloria Gaither, Ronn Huff and Joy MacKenzie **1985: Song of the Year: "Upon This Rock", Gloria Gaither and Dony McGuire **1986: Songwriter of the Year, Gloria Gaither **1988: Song of the Year: "In the Name of the Lord", Phil McHugh, Gloria Gaither and [[Sandi Patti Helvering]], River Oaks Music, Gaither Music, Sandi's Songs **1993: Southern Gospel Album: ''Reunion: A Gospel Homecoming Celebration,'' Bill Gaither, Gloria Gaither **1994: Lifetime Achievement Award, The Gaither Companies **1999: Induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame, Bill Gaither Trio **1999: Southern Gospel Recorded Song of the Year, "I Believe In A Hill Called Mount Calvary"; Gaither Vocal Band (performer); Bill and Gloria Gaither (writers) **2002: Induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame, in recognition of past and continuing efforts to promote the furtherance of quality gospel music in the world today **2007: Southern Gospel Recorded Song of the Year, "Give It Away", Gaither Vocal Band, music: Benjamin Gaither, lyrics: Gloria Gaither *Academic Awards **2002: Indiana Academy Induction, in recognition of outstanding individuals for service and accomplishments, Independent Colleges of Indiana Foundation **2002: [[Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters]] [[Indiana Wesleyan University]] recipient<ref>http://www.indwes.edu/news/2010/World-Changer-Convocation.htm {{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> **2010: [[Honorary Doctorate of Arts]], [[Taylor University]] **2011: [[Honorary Alumni Degree]], [[Olivet Nazarene University]] **2012: [[Honorary Doctorate of Music]], [[Nyack College]] *Other Awards & Honors **1997: Inducted into the GMA Hall of Fame **2002: Cherub Award, to honor those who have made outstanding contributions within the area of worship, International Worship Institute **2003: American Inspiration Award, Presidential Prayer Team **2005: Southern Gospel Music Hall of Fame Induction **2006: Living Legends Award, Indiana Historical Society **2008: ASCAP Award of Merit, Song of the Year Nominee to Bill and Gloria Gaither for "I Am Loved" **2008: Indiana Broadcasters Association & Indiana Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame Induction, Bill and Gloria Gaither **2008: Christian Music Publishers Association Founder's Award, presented for song, "Something Beautiful" **2008: Sachem Award: Indiana's highest honor, selected by the Indiana governor, awarded to Hoosiers for a lifetime of excellence and virtue that has brought honor to Indiana. **2010: Indiana Wesleyan University ''Society of World Changers'' inductee<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wesleyan.org/doc/news_article?id=773 | title = Indiana Wesleyan University to Honor Gaithers | publisher = [[The Wesleyan Church]] | date = March 16, 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727011435/http://www.wesleyan.org/doc/news_article?id=773 | archive-date = July 27, 2011 | accessdate = March 28, 2022 | archivedate = July 27, 2011 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727011435/http://www.wesleyan.org/doc/news_article?id=773 }}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4wklxrfxwbjraoo37sdimulf9yvpcnt 0 12582 674913 197874 2026-07-10T07:53:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Infobox person | name = Jessica Alba | image = Jessica Marie Alba, TechCrunch Disrupt NY 2016 - Day 3 (cropped).jpg | caption = Alba in May 2016 | birth_name = Jessica Marie Alba | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|4|28}} | birth_place = [[Pomona, California]], U.S. | occupation = * Actress * businesswoman | years_active = 1992–present | spouse = {{marriage|Cash Warren|2008}} | children = 3 }} '''Jessica Marie Alba''' / / ˈælbə / AL -bə ; amuru Eprel 28, 1981) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2021/04/28/UPI-Almanac-for-Wednesday-April-28-2021/4291619449969/|title=UPI Almanac for Wednesday, April 28, 2021|date=April 28, 2021|accessdate=May 24, 2021|publisher=[[United Press International]]|quote=... actor Jessica Alba in 1981 (age 40)...}}</ref> bu nwanyị America na-eme ihe nkiri na nwanyị na-azu ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=How Jessica Alba Built A $1 Billion Company, And $200 Million Fortune, Selling Parents Peace Of Mind|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2015/05/27/how-jessica-alba-built-a-1-billion-company-and-200-million-fortune-selling-parents-peace-of-mind/|accessdate=June 15, 2015|first=Clare|author=O'Connor}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jessica Alba Opens Up On Being A Successful Businesswoman|url=http://www.latintimes.com/jessica-alba-being-successful-businesswoman-people-pretty-much-expected-nothing-me-318367|accessdate=June 15, 2015|date=May 22, 2015|author=Roiz|first=Jessica Lucia|publisher=Latin Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Most Powerful Women Entrepreneurs|url=http://fortune.com/2012/09/27/10-most-powerful-women-entrepreneurs/|accessdate=June 15, 2015|date=September 27, 2012|publisher=Fortune|first=Colleen|author=Leahey}}</ref> Ọ malitere ihe ngosi telivishọn ya nakwa mputa ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ na ''Camp Nowhere'' na ''World Secret of Alex Mack'' (1994), wee bụrụ onye a ma ama mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn ''Dark Angel'' (2000-2002), nke o mere nke wetara ya nhọpụta Golden Globe. <ref name="cbs"/> <ref name="peoplebio"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/jessica-alba|title=Jessica Alba|work=www.goldenglobes.com|language=en|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> Nnukwu ihe ngosi ihuenyo ya bịara n'ihe ngosi a kpọrọ ''Honey'' (2003). N'oge na-adịghị anya, o guzobe onwe ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood, ma sonyekwa n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, nke gụnyere ''Fantastic Four'' (2005), ''Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer'' (2007), ''Good Luck Chuck'' (2007), ''Anya'' (2007). 2008), ''Ụbọchị Valentine'' (2010), ''Little Fockers'' (2010), na ''Mechanic: Mbilite n'ọnwụ'' (2016). <ref name="theage">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/film/look-at-me/2007/06/21/1182019240554.html|title=Look at me|accessdate=April 24, 2008|work=The Age|date=June 22, 2007}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ ugboro ugboro nke onye nduzi Robert Rodriguez, ma na-esonye na ''Sin City'' (2005), ''Machete'' (2010), ''Spy Kids: All Time in the World'' (2011), ''Machete Kills'' (2013), na ''Sin City: A Dame to Kill For'' (2014). Site na 2019 ruo 2020, Alba sonyere n'usoro ihe nkiri mpụ nke Spectrum a kpọrọ ''LA's Finest'' . Na 2011, Alba soro wee give ụlọọrụ The Honest Company, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ere ihe nwa, nke onwe na ngwaahịa ụlọ. <ref name="People">{{Cite web|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/01/19/jessica-alba-launches-the-honest-company/|title=Jessica Alba Launches The Honest Company|date=January 19, 2012|accessdate=March 20, 2012|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321125950/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/01/19/jessica-alba-launches-the-honest-company/|archivedate=March 21, 2012}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ gụnyere ''Men's Health'', ''Vanity Fair'' na ''FHM'' etinyela ya na ndepụta ha nke ụmụ nwanyị mara mma n'ụwa. == Mbido Ndụ == A mụrụ Jessica Marie Alba na Pomona, California <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jessica Alba Biography|work=Biography.com ([[FYI (TV network)|FYI]]/[[A&E Networks]])|accessdate=May 24, 2021|url=https://www.biography.com/actor/jessica-alba}}</ref> na Eprel 28, 1981, ọ bu ada Catherine Louisa ( ''née'' Jensen) na Mark David Alba. Nne ya nwere ndabere mkpọrọgwụ Danish, Welsh, German, English na French, ebe nne na nna nna ya, bụ ndị a mụrụ na California, bụ ụmụ abụọ nke ndị si Mexico kwabata. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hollywood Now: New Fall Previews – InterfaithFamily|url=http://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/Hollywood_Now_New_Fall_Previews.shtml|work=www.interfaithfamily.com|accessdate=June 15, 2015|date=August 29, 2014|author=Miller|first=Gerri}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke nke nta, Jọshụa. Nwa nwanne nna ya nke atọ, ewepụburu, bụ onye edemede Gustavo Arellano . <ref>{{Cite web|date=January 18, 2010|title=Gustavo Arellano Related to Jessica Alba!|url=http://blogs.ocweekly.com/navelgazing/2010/01/gustavo_related_to_jessica_alb.php|work=[[OC Weekly]]|accessdate=August 21, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229180853/http://blogs.ocweekly.com/navelgazing/2010/01/gustavo_related_to_jessica_alb.php|archivedate=December 29, 2014}}</ref> Ọrụ nna ya na Air Force were ezinụlọ gaa Biloxi, Mississippi, na Del Rio, Texas, tupu ya ebighachi na Claremont, California, mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. <ref name="peoplebio"/> <ref name="indalba">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/jessica-alba-she-wooed-hollywood-with-her-sultry-looks-ndash-but-now-shes-getting-serious-812464.html|title=Jessica Alba: She wooed Hollywood with her sultry looks – but now she's getting serious|author=Mottram|first=James|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=The Independent|date=April 21, 2008}}</ref> Alba akọwaala ezi na ụlọ ya dị ka "ezinaụlọ na+akwado ihe ka ọ si wee dị - ezinụlọ omenala, ezinụlọ Katọlik, na ezinụlọ Latin America" na onwe ya dị ka onye na-emesapụ aka; o kwuru na ya akọwapụtala onwe ya dị ka " nwaanyị " mgbe ọ dị afọ ise. <ref name="elle-changeling">{{Cite web|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|url=http://www.elle.com/Entertainment/Cover-Shoots/The-Changeling2/Jessica-Alba2|accessdate=June 23, 2009|title=The Changeling|first=Maggie|author=Bullock}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ọrịa anụ ahụ́ ka e ji mara Alba mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ riara ọrịa oyi ugboro anọ ma ọ bụ ise n'afọ ma na -adaba nke akpa ume ugboro abụọ nakwa appendix na cyst tonsillar gbawara agbawa . <ref name="peoplebio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/jessica_alba/biography|title=Jessica Alba: Biography|accessdate=April 24, 2008|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=Time Inc}}</ref> Ọ na-enwekwa asthma kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. <ref name="peoplebio" /> Alba nọpụrụ iche n'ebe ụmụaka ndị ọzọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nọ n'ihi na ọ na-anọkarị n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ọrịa ya nke na ọ dịghị onye maara ya nke ọma nke mere ka ya na ya bụrụ enyi. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[OK!]]|pages=34–39|date=October 3, 2005|title=OK!}}</ref> O kwuwo na nkwapu na nkwa ga ezinụlọ ya na-agakarị sokwa mee ka e kewapunya n'ebe ndị ọgbọ ya nọ. <ref name="elle-changeling"/> Alba gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Claremont High School mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii <ref>[http://www.contactmusic.com/info/jessica_alba "Jessica Alba – Contactmusic.com"]. ''contactmusic.com''. Retrieved August 1, 2010.</ref> wee gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Atlantic . <ref name="peoplealba">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/jessica_alba|title=Jessica Alba|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ ime ihe == === 1992–1999: Mmalite === [[Usòrò:Jessica_Alba_Cropped2.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Alba na 2007]] Alba gosipụtara mmasị ime ihe site na afọ ise. Na 1992, Alba onye dị afọ iri na otu rịọrọ nne ya ka ọ kpọga ya na asọmpi ime egwuregwu na Beverly Hills, ebe nnukwu ihe nrite bụ klas ime ihe n'efu. Alba nwetara nnukwu ihe nrite, ma were nkuzi izizi mbụ ya. Otu onye ọrụ were Alba n'ọrụ ka ọnwa itoolu gachara. <ref name="peoplebio"/> <ref name="peoplealba"/> Ngosipụta mbụ ya na ihe nkiri bụ obere ọrụ na njirimara 1994 ''Camp Nowhere'' dị ka Gail. Egoro ya na mbụ maka izu abụọ mana ọrụ ya ghọrọ ọrụ ọnwa abụọ mgbe otu onye n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ama ama kwụsịrị. <ref name="cbs"/> Alba pụtara na mgbasa ozi telivishọn abụọ maka Nintendo na JC Penney mgbe ọ bụ nwata. E mechara gosi ya n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri nọọrọ onwe ya . Ọ batara na telivishọn na 1994 na-arụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro dị ka Jessica efu na akụkụ atọ nke usoro ihe nkiri Nickelodeon ''The Secret World of Alex Mack'' . <ref name="peoplebio"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke Maya na oge abụọ nke mmalite nke usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn emere n'afọ 1995 a kpọrọ ''Flipper'' . <ref name="cbs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/28/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main683508.shtml|title=Jessica Alba Goes To 'Sin City'|accessdate=April 24, 2008|work=[[CBS]]|date=March 28, 2005}}</ref> <ref name="peoplebio" /> N'okpuru nduzi nke nne na-akuziri ya etu esị egwu mmiri, Alba mụtara igwu mmiri tupu ya enwee ike ịga ije, ọ bụkwa onye na-egwu mmiri, o nwekwara nzere nke PADI, nkà ndị a na-eji eme ihe na ihe ngosi, nke a na-ese na Australia. <ref name="peoplebio" /> <ref name="daily">{{Cite web|url=http://iworks.factiva.com/du/iworksarticledisplay.aspx?napc=v&acc=DAISTA0020051018e1ag0008j|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219185343/http://iworks.factiva.com/du/iworksarticledisplay.aspx?napc=v&acc=DAISTA0020051018e1ag0008j|archivedate=December 19, 2008|title=Water babe Jess in big screen splash|format=paid registration required|accessdate=April 24, 2008|work=Daily Star|date=October 16, 2005}}</ref> Na 1998, ọ pụtara dị ka Melissa Hauer na ihe omume nke mbụ nke ihe nkiri mpụ nke Steven Bochco a kpọrọ ''Brooklyn South'', dị ka Leanne na akụkụ abụọ nke ''Beverly Hills, 90210'', na dị ka Layla na ihe omume nke ''Love Boat: The Next Wave'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Love Boat: The Next Wave Episodes on UPN|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/love-boat-the-next-wave-1998/episode-2-season-1/remember/202782|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=August 7, 2013}}</ref> Na 1999, ọ pụtara n'ihe nkiri mkpa ọchị nke Randy Quaid a kpọrọ ''PUNKS'' . <ref name="cbs"/> Mgbe Alba gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ mụtara ime ihe ya na William H. Macy na nwunye ya, Felicity Huffman, n'ulọ ihe nkiri Atlantic, bụ nke Macy na onye nrite nke Pulitzer Prize mepụtara - onye na-eme egwuregwu na onye nduzi ihe nkiri, David Mamet . <ref name="peoplealba"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Featured alumni|url=https://atlanticactingschool.org/alumni/|work=atlanticactingschool.org|accessdate=June 15, 2015}}</ref> Alba ghọrọ onye a ma ama na Hollywood na 1999 mgbe ọ pụtara dị ka onye so n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na-ata onye editọ na-enweghị nchebe ahụhụ n'ihe nkiri ịhụnanya ''Never Been Kissed'', na-emegide Drew Barrymore, yana dịka onye isi nwanyị na ihe nkiri egwu egwu a na-ahughi anya nke oma Idl''e Hands, ya na'' Devon Sawa . <ref name="theage"/> === 2000–2006: Nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ === Nnukwu ihe itunanya ya bịara mgbe James Cameron họọrọ Alba site na nnọkọ ihe karịrị otu puku ndị na-aga ka e wee ha n'ime ihe nkiri nke onye agha akwadoro nke oma, Max Guevara, na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn FOX a kpọrọ ''Dark Angel'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Snierson|first=Dan|title=ARTICLE James Cameron's ''Dark Angel'' premieres tonight|url=https://ew.com/article/2000/10/03/james-camerons-dark-angel-premieres-tonight/|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=October 24, 2017}}</ref> Usoro bu ihe emepụtara maka oge abụọ ruo 2002, o wee nwetara Alba nhọpụta nkwanye ùgwù nke Golden Globe, Teen Choice Award for Choice Actress, na Saturn Award for Best Actress . <ref name="theage"/> <ref name="seattletimes">{{Cite web|author=Lawson|first=Terry|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2001805635_jessicaalba03.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605041855/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2001805635_jessicaalba03.html|archivedate=June 5, 2008|title=Look at me|accessdate=April 24, 2008|work=[[The Seattle Times]]|date=December 8, 2003}}</ref> A kọwawo ọrụ ya dị ka agwa nwanyị, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị . N'ịbụ onye na-ede ihe maka Mahadum Melbourne, Bronwen Auty weere Max dị ka "dike nwanyị nke oge a - nwa agbọghọ nke e nyere ikike iji ahụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji nweta ihe mweta", na-ekwu maka ọjụjụ Max jụrụ iji ngwa agha, ma kama iji nkà na ihe ọmụma dị ka ngwá agha iji wee na-enye aka na ọkwa a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahcca.unimelb.edu.au/Superheroes/abstracts-full-A-E.html#auty|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050618113318/http://www.ahcca.unimelb.edu.au/Superheroes/abstracts-full-A-E.html|archivedate=June 18, 2005|title=Dark Angel: Kicking Ass Without A Gun – Justification for Max Guevera as a Modern Feminist Superhero|author=Auty|first=Bronwen|work=[[University of Melbourne]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, a họọrọ Max dịka onye nke iri na asaa na ndepụta nke ''TV Guide'' gbasara "25 Greatest Sci-Fi Legends". <ref>{{Cite journal|date=August 1, 2004|title=25 Greatest Sci-Fi Legends|journal=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017135649/http://www.gamesradar.com/top-200-sexiest-characters-in-sci-fi/|archivedate=October 17, 2015|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/top-200-sexiest-characters-in-sci-fi/|title=Top 200 Sexiest Characters in Sci-Fi|author=Golder|first=Dave|date=March 27, 2012|work=[[Games Radar]]|accessdate=October 11, 2015}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na ''Dark Angel'' mere ka akụkụ dị ịrịba ama na fim, o nwere nnukwu ihe ngosi ihuenyo ya na 2003, mgbe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba egwú na ''Honey'' . <ref name="usatoday">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2003-11-30-alba-honey_x.htm|title=Jessica Alba flows like 'Honey'|accessdate=April 24, 2008|work=USA Today|date=November 30, 2003|first=James|author=Endrst}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta siri ike nke ihe nkiri Rotten Tomato bụ: "Jessica Alba mara mma nakwa ịgba egwu siri ike na-enye ụfọdụ ihe na-ebuli elu na ihe nkiri a". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/honey/|title=Honey|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Flixster]]|accessdate=August 2, 2016}} </ref> Emebere na ihe nkiri ahụ ga-enweta nde dọla iri na asatọ mana ihe nkiri ahụ, mechara nweta ihe karịrị nde dọla iri isii na abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=honey.htm|title=Honey (2003) - Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Alba sonyekwara n'ihe nkiri dika onye na-agba egwu Nancy Callahan, dị ka akụkụ nke ihe nkedo ogologo oge, na ihe nkiri mpụ ''Sin City'' (2005), nke Robert Rodriguez na Frank Miller dere, meputa ma duzie. Ọ dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise Miller nke nwere otu aha ahụ . <ref name="PM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/160872-american-pop-matters-ron-thompson-the-illustrated-man-unsung-2495833587.html|work=PopMatters.com|date=August 2, 2012|title='American Pop'... Matters: Ron Thompson, the Illustrated Man Unsung|author=J.C. Maçek III}}</ref> Ọ nụbeghị banyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ tupu itinye aka na fim ahụ, mana ọ na-agụsi ya agụụ ike isoro Rodriguez wee rụkọọ ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiofree.com/profiles/jessica_alba/interview01.shtml|title=Jessica Alba Interview: Sin City|work=www.radiofree.com}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a bụ nke a mara ama nke ọma nke mere ka o weta ihe karịrị nde dọla otu narị na iri ise na asatọ. Ọ nwetara ihe nrite ihe nkiri MTV maka ịrụ ọrụ kacha mma. <ref name="maxim">{{Cite web|url=http://www.maximonline.com/Girls/Jessicaalba/slideshow/1126/47.aspx?src=GM7070:MD|title=Maxim Top 100 for 2007|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605083030/http://www.maximonline.com/Girls/Jessicaalba/slideshow/1126/47.aspx?src=GM7070%3AMD|archivedate=June 5, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="askmenprofile">{{Cite web|url=http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/women/actress_60/61_jessica_alba.html|title=Jessica Alba|accessdate=April 24, 2008|work=[[AskMen.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901002329/http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/women/actress_60/61_jessica_alba.html|archivedate=September 1, 2008}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Jessica-Alba-The-Eye.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb| Alba na nyocha maka ''The Eye (2''008)]] Alba gosipụtara agwa Marvel Comics nke Invisible Woman na ''Fantastic Four'' (nakwa 2005), n'akụkụ Ioan Gruffudd, Chris Evans, Michael Chiklis, na Julian McMahon . <ref name="sfchronicle">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/07/08/DDGQ2DJSU21.DTL&type=movies|title=Fantastic Four Movie Review|accessdate=May 16, 2008|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=July 8, 2005|first=Mick|author=LaSalle}}</ref> ''The Guardian'', na nyocha ya maka ihe nkiri ahụ, kwuru, sị: "Ndị inyom na ndị na-abụghị ndị inyom ga-etinyerịrị ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ''Fantastic Four's'' kasị enye nsogbu: ebe a nabatara ya na akụkọ ahụ n'ihi ịma mma ya, ihe bu ike ukwuu nke Alba ga-abụ na-apughị ihụ ya anya". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2005/jul/22/2|title=Fantastic Four|first=Peter|author=Bradshaw|date=July 22, 2005}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a gara nke ọma n'ahịa n'agbanyeghị nyocha ndị na-adịghị mma, o butere ihe karịrị nde dọla narị atọ na iri atọ na ato n'ụwa nile. Na MTV Movie Awards nke afọ 2006, ọ nwetara nhọpụta maka Best Hero na Best On-Screen Team. Ihe nkiri ikpeazụ ya nke afọ 2005 bụ ihe na-akpali akpali ''Into the Blue'', bụ nke Alba gosipụtara, na-emegide Paul Walker, otu ọkara nke di na nwunye na-ahụ onwe ha na nsogbu nke onye na-azu ahịa ọgwụ mgbe ha zutere ihe ibu na-ezighị ezi nke ụgbọ elu dara ada. Ihe nkiri lọghachiri na ụlọọrụ ihe nkiri, wee bute ego karịrị nde dọla iri anọ na anọ n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=intotheblue.htm|title=Into the Blue (2005) - Box Office Mojo|work=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> Ọ kwadoro ihe nkiri nke MTV Movie Awards nke afọ 2006 wee mee ihe osise na-eme ihe nkiri ''King Kong'', ''Mission: Impossible III'' na ''The Da Vinci Code'' . <ref name="mtvmovie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/archive/year.jhtml?year=2006#summary|title=2006 MTV Movie Awards|accessdate=April 24, 2008|publisher=MTV|date=June 8, 2006|archivedate=January 7, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107045111/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/2007/#summary}}</ref> === 2007–2010: ihe nkiri ịhụnanya === Alba meghariri ọrụ ya na ''Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer'', nke ewepụtara na June 2007. Dị ka Alba si kwuo, ntụziaka Tim Story n'oge ọnọdụ mmetụta uche fọdụrụ ihe nta ka ọ kwụsị ime ihe. "[Ọ gwara m] 'Ọ dị ka ọ dị adị. Ọ na-adị oke na-egbu mgbu. Ị nwere ike ịma mma karịa mgbe ị na-ebe akwa? Bee akwa mara mma, Jessica.' O kwụrụ si, 'Ejila ihu gị eme ihe ahụ. Naanị mee ka ọ dị larịị. Anyị nwere ike ịrụpụta anya mmiri." Dị ka Alba si kwuo, ahụmahụ a mere ka ọ nwee obi abụọ: "Mgbe ahụ, ihe niile mere ka m chee: Ọ̀ bụ na m ezughị oke? Ọ bụ na mmuo m na mmetụta uche m adịghị mma nke ukwuu? Ndị mmadụ a na-akpọ ha asị nke ukwuu nke na ha achọghị ka m bụrụ mmadụ? Ọ bu na ha agaghị m ekwe ka m bụrụ mmadụ n'ọrụ m? Ya mere, m kwuru naanị, Achọghị m ịma maka azụmahịa a ọzọ.'" <ref name="2010-11-23 Vulture">{{Cite web|author=Buchanan|first=Kyle|url=https://www.vulture.com/2010/11/dont_ever_ask_jessica_alba_to.html|title=Don't Ever Ask Jessica Alba to 'Cry Pretty'|work=[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]|date=November 23, 2010|accessdate=August 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822022831/https://www.vulture.com/2010/11/dont_ever_ask_jessica_alba_to.html|archivedate=2021-08-22}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a wetara nde dọla narị abụọ na ịrị itoolu n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fantasticfour2.htm|title=Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007) - Box Office Mojo|work=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> Na ''Good Luck Chuck'' (nakwa 2007), Alba gosipụtara mmasị ịhụnanya nke dọkịta eze na-enwe mmasị nwanyi. Ọ pụtara n'otu akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri ''Good Luck Chuck'' ' na-egosipụta akwụkwọ mkpuchi nke ''Rolling Stone'' nke onye na-ese foto ama aha ya bu Annie Leibovitz sere nke gosipụtara John Lennon na Yoko Ono n'ụdị ihe ngosi yiri ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nkatọ tụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ n'anya nke ukwuu, ọ nwetara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dọla iri isii mgbe ewepụtara ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2007/GLUCH.php|title=Good Luck Chuck Box Office Data|work=The Numbers|publisher=Nash Information Services|accessdate=October 8, 2011|archivedate=September 20, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920220132/http://the-numbers.com/movies/2007/GLUCH.php}}</ref> Ụgbọ ihe ngosiputa nke atọ ya na 2007 bụ ihe na-akpali akpali nke mmụọ Awake, na-egosi enyi nwanyị nke nwoke nwere ego ruru nde kwuru nde nke na-achọ ịkpụgharị obi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jessica Alba & Hayden Christensen (Awake) Interview 2007|url=https://www.tribute.ca/interviews/jessica-alba-hayden-christensen-awake/star/27431/|publisher=Tribute.cu|accessdate=October 24, 2017}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a nwetara nlebanya ditu mma, mana Roger Ebert toro ọrụ ya, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/awake-2007|title=Awake Movie Review & Film Summary (2007) - Roger Ebert|first=Roger|author=Ebert|work=www.rogerebert.com}}</ref> na mmefu ego na ihe dị ka nde dọla asatọ, ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị nde dọla iri atọ na abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=awake.htm|title=Awake (2007) - Box Office Mojo|work=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> Na February 2008, ọ kwadoro Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ' Science and Technical Awards . <ref name="apkesq">{{Cite news|url=http://www.kesq.com/Global/story.asp?S=7850086&nav=menu191_2_1|title=Jessica Alba dazzles self-professed nerds as academy hands out science and tech Oscars|accessdate=April 23, 2008|publisher=Kesq.com|date=February 10, 2008}}</ref> Alba mere ka ọ na-eme mgbanwe na ụdị ihe egwu dị na ihe nkiri a kpọrọ ''The Eye'', nke bu ihe nkiri Hong Kong emeghariri, bụ nke ọ nwetara ọrụ nke onye na-akụ violin na-aga nke ọma nke nwetara mweghari anya ya nke nyere ya ohere ịhụ n'ime ụwa nke anya nkịtị na-apughị ihụ. <ref name="indalba"/> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nkatọ anabataghị ihe nkiri ahụ nke ọma, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/10008606-eye/|title=The Eye|accessdate=February 2, 2008|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|date=2008|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> arụmọrụ ya n'onwe ya nwetara nyocha dị iche iche. Ọ nwetara nhọpụta nke Teen Choice for Movie Actress: Horror–Thriller <ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the Winners: The 2008 Teen Choice Awards|url=https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/2008-Teen-Choice-Awards-Winners-1840099|publisher=Pop Sugar|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> na nhọpụta Razzie Award maka Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha njọ (nke ya na ''Love Guru'' kesara). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Herrera|first=Monica|title=Cameron Diaz, Jessica Alba and Eva Mendes Nominated for Razzie Awards|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/movies/cameron-diaz-jessica-alba-and-eva-mendes-nominated-razzie-awards}}</ref> Na 2008, ọ mere ihe nkiri dika nwata nwanyị na-ere ahịa n'ihe nkiri ihunanya ntochi a kpọrọ ''Meet Bill'', n'akụkụ Logan Lerman na Elizabeth Banks, nakwa n'ihe nkiri ''The Love Guru'', dị ka nwanyị nke ketara otu egwuregwu Toronto Maple Leafs hockey, megide Mike Myers na Justin Timberlake . . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rich|first=Joshua|title=Mike Myers, Jessica Alba introduce 'The Love Guru' at ShoWest|url=https://ew.com/article/2008/03/12/love-guru-3/|publisher=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Mick LaSalle, nke ''San Francisco Chronicle'', na-achọpụta na ọ bụ "nke a ma ama" na fim ahụ, chere na "n'ikpeazụ o yiri ka ọ dị jụụ na igwefoto". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Movie-review-Mike-Myers-as-The-Love-Guru-3280049.php|title=Movie review: Mike Myers as 'The Love Guru'|first=Mick|author=LaSalle|date=June 20, 2008|work=SFGate}}</ref> ''The Love Guru'' bụ ihe dị egwu n'azụmahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.25thframe.co.uk/charts/chart.php?chart=20080801|title=UK Weekend Cinema Box Office Chart 1st August 2008 - 25thframe|work=www.25thframe.co.uk|accessdate=2022-04-01|archivedate=2018-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619113332/https://www.25thframe.co.uk/charts/chart.php?chart=20080801}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Jessica_Alba_2010.jpg|thumb| Alba na 2010]] Ọ bụ ezie na Alba enweghị mwepụta ihe nkiri ọ bụla na 2009, ihe nkiri ise dị elu ewepụtara na 2010 gosipụtara ya n'ọrụ dị ịrịba ama. Ọrụ mbụ ya n'ime afọ bụ nke onye akwụna na ''The Killer Inside Me'', mmegharị nke akwụkwọ nke otu aha ahụ, megidere Kate Hudson na Casey Affleck, bụ nke malitere na Sundance Film Festival ka mmeghachi omume na-ezighị ezi sitere na ndị nkatọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/14372|title='Killer Inside Me' Finds New Director and Cast|work=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|date=November 17, 2008|accessdate=June 26, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i5c6f976cbed5f4a94581e2325dd5cb87|author=Borys|first=Kit|title=Simon Baker nabs 'Killer' role|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 11, 2009|accessdate=May 18, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themovieinsider.com/m4128/the-killer-inside-me/|title=The Killer Inside Me|work=The Movie Insider|accessdate=June 26, 2009|publisher=The Movie Insider LLC|archivedate=July 17, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102654/http://www.themovieinsider.com/m4128/the-killer-inside-me}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ya na-esote bụ ihe nkiri ịhụnanya ''ụbọchị Valentine'', ebe o mere ihe nkiri dika enyi nwanyị nke onye na-azu fulawa dịka ụfọdụ n'ime ọtụtụ ndị mere ihe nkiri nke gụnyere Jessica Biel, Bradley Cooper, Taylor Lautner na Julia Roberts, nakwa ndị ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị nyocha ndị na-adịghị mma, ihe nkiri ahụ bu nke gara nke ọma n'azụmahịa, o nwetara ego karịrị nde dọla narị abụọ na iri na isii. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=valentinesday.htm|title=Valentine's Day (2010)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|accessdate=July 26, 2010}}</ref> Na ihe nkiri ''Machete'', Alba na onye nduzi ihe nkiri jikọtara Robert Rodriguez, na-arụ ọrụ nke onye ọrụ mbata na ọpụpụ onye na-ahọrọ n'etiti ịkwado iwu na ime ihe na-ewu ewu n'anya ezinụlọ ya. ''Machete'' nwetara ihe karịrị nde dọla iri anọ na anọ n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=machete.htm|title=Machete (2010) - Box Office Mojo|work=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ a kpọrọ ''The Invisible Sign of My Own'', nke Alba soro mee na njedebe 2008, malitere na Hamptons Film Festival. N'ime ya, e gosipụtara ya dika otu nwa agbọghọ a dọpụrụ n'ụzọ na-egbu mgbu. <ref name="invisible">{{Cite news|author=Heath|first=Paul|url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117991811.html?categoryid=13&cs=1|title=Jessica Alba Turns 'Invisible'|work=Variety|date=September 8, 2008|accessdate=September 21, 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=HIFF 2010 Program Announced|url=http://hamptonsfilmfest.org/2010/09/2010hiffprogra/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924211810/http://hamptonsfilmfest.org/2010/09/2010hiffprogra/|archivedate=September 24, 2010|publisher=hamptonsfilmfest.org|accessdate=May 28, 2012|date=September 15, 2010}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110309092514/http://www.ifcfilms.com/films/an-invisible-sign "An Invisible Sign"]. ''IFC Entertainment''. Retrieved March 17, 2011.</ref> Ihe nkiri 2010 ikpeazụ ya bụ ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị ''Little Fockers'', bụ nke ọ bu onye nnọchiteanya ọgwụ, ya na Robert De Niro jikọtakwara bụ onye nọkwa na ''Machete'' . N'agbanyeghị nyocha ndị na-adịghị mma sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ, ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị nddọlaUnarị atọ na iri 0 n'ụwa nile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=meetthefockerssequel.htm|title=Little Fockers (2010) - Box Office Mojo|work=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> Maka ọrụ ya niile na 2010, ọ nwetara ihe nrite Razzie Award maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha njọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/golden-raspberry-awards-2010_n_828706|title='Sex And The City 2' Ladies Named Worst Actresses Of The Year!|date=February 27, 2011|work=HuffPost}}</ref> === 2011 wee ruo ugbu a: omume na mmepụta mgbasa ozi nọọrọ onwe ha === Na 2011, Alba na Robert Rodriguez rụrụ ọrụ nke ugboro atọ na ihe nkiri ''Spy Kids: All Time in the World'', na egosiputa onye nledo ezumike nká nke a na-akpọghachi n'ime ihe. Iji soro ụmụ di ya ọhụrụ na-akpakọrịta, ọ na-akpọ ha òkù ka ha bịa. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|title=Jessica Alba Interview SPY KIDS: ALL THE TIME IN THE WORLD|first=Christina|author=Radish|date=August 15, 2011|url=https://collider.com/jessica-alba-spy-kids-4-interview/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a achawapughi achawapu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe nkiri ndị gara aga, mana ọ ka gara nke ọma, o wetakwara ego ruru nde dọla iri asatọ na ise na gburugburu ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=spykids4.htm|title=Spy Kids: All the Time in the World (2011) - Box Office Mojo|work=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> Alba pụtakwara n'ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ ya na Adam Scott, Richard Jenkins, Jane Lynch, Mary Elizabeth Winstead, na Catherine O'Hara na ihe nkiri ''ACOD'' (2013), na-egosiputa ihe ''Washington Post'' kọwara dị ka "nwa nke ịgba alụkwaghịm", onye ya na àgwà Scott fọrọ nke nta ka ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-enwe mmekọ na-azu enyi ya nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/acod-movie-review/2013/10/09/1fc97046-2ba0-11e3-97a3-ff2758228523_story.html|title='A.C.O.D.' movie review|work=The Washington Post|date=October 10, 2013|accessdate=May 5, 2019}}</ref> Onye nkatọ ''ScreenRant'' Ben Kendrick dere, sị: "[Winstead] na [Alba] na-enyekwa onyinye ha - ọ bụ ezie na ha abụọ bụ ndị e mere ka ha bụrụ enyo maka Carter iji nyochaa ndụ ya na nhọrọ ya." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/acod-movie-reviews-2013/|title=A.C.O.D. Review|author=Ben Kendrick|work=Screen Rant}}</ref> ''ACOD'' nwetara obere ihe ngo n'ihe nkiri na North America. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=acod.htm|title=A.C.O.D. (2013) - Box Office Mojo|work=boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> Na 2013, Alba mekwara ka olu ya na-eme ihe mpụta mbụ na ihe nkiri ahụ a gara nke ọma a kpọrọ ''Escape From Planet Earth'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarah Jessica Parker, Jessica Alba Join 'Escape from Planet Earth'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/sarah-jessica-parker-jessica-alba-218117|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=May 28, 2012|date=August 2, 2011}}</ref> Alba na onye nduzi Rodriguez rụkwara ọrụ ọzọ maka usoro ihe nkiri abụọ. Ọ meghariri ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọrụ mbata na ọpụpụ, n'ọdịdị mputa na-enweghi nzere, na ''Machete Kills'' (2013), nke ndị nkatọ na ndị na-ege ntị katọrọ, <ref>{{Cite web|title='Machete Kills' Casting News|url=http://www.planetfury.com/content/machete-kills-casting|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022090507/http://www.planetfury.com/content/machete-kills-casting|archivedate=October 22, 2012|publisher=Planet Fury|accessdate=May 28, 2012|date=May 7, 2012}}</ref> na ọrụ ya ka ukwuu nke onye na-agba egwu n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Nancy Callahan, na-achọ ịbọ ọbọ onye nchekwa ya nwụrụ a{{As of|2014}}nwụ, na ''Sin City: A Dame to Kill For'', nke e wepụtara na August 2014, na 2D na 3D. <ref name="PressRelease">{{Cite web|url=https://collider.com/sin-city-2-release-date-jessica-alba/166990|title=Release Date Announced for SIN CITY: A DAME TO KILL FOR; Jessica Alba to Return; Film Will Be in 3D|author=Goldberg|first=Matt|date=May 17, 2012|publisher=Collider.com|accessdate=May 17, 2012|archivedate=May 20, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520030603/http://collider.com/sin-city-2-release-date-jessica-alba/166990}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/schedule/?view=changes&p=.htm|title=Theatrical Movie Schedule Additions and Changes|date=January 9, 2013|publisher=Boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=September 2, 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sincity-2.com/|title=Sin City 2: A Dame to Kill For|publisher=Weinstein Company|accessdate=February 18, 2014}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ihe nkiri mbụ ahụ, ''A Dame to Kill For'' bụ ihe nkiri na-emeghị nke ọma n'azụmahịa, na-eweta naanị nde dọla iri atọ na itoolu ebe e mefuru nde dọla iri isii na ise wee mee ya, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Sin City: A Dame to Kill For - The Numbers|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Sin-City-2#tab=summary|publisher=The Numbers|date=August 22, 2014|accessdate=September 4, 2014}}</ref> wee nweta nyocha dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ ihe nkiri. Ndị dị ''iche iche'' chere na ọ bụ "mgbalị oge na-adịghị anya iji gbanwee àgwà Alba site n'onye a na-erigbu emegbu ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-enye ike". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-sin-city-a-dame-to-kill-for-1201286847/|title=Film Review: 'Frank Miller's Sin City: A Dame to Kill For'|first=Justin|author=Chang|date=August 20, 2014}}</ref> O mechara rụọ ọrụ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri cabaret na ihe nkiri ''Dear Eleanor'' (2014), enyi nwanyị na-eme egwuregwu nke onye prọfesọ Bekee ihe na-agara nke ọma na nke a na-akwanyere ùgwù na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya ''Some Kind of Beautiful'' (2014), onye nnabata na ụlọ ọrụ limo na ''Stretch'' (nakwa 2014), onye na-azụ ahịa ngwa ọgụ na-adịghị ike nke mmetụta uche na mpụ ntochi ''Barely Lethal'' (2015), na nke onye na-ese ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri egwu egwu ''The Veil'' (2016); ewepụtara ihe nkiri niile maka ịhe ngosi pere mpe yana VOD. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/ci_29863052/boulder-county-gets-its-close-up-dear-eleanor|title=Boulder County gets its close-up with 'Dear Eleanor' debut|date=May 7, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2015/07/some-kind-of-beautiful-pierce-brosnan-romantic-comedy-1201479783/|title='Some Kind Of Beautiful' Trailer – Pierce Brosnan's Charming Mid Life Crisis|first=Ross A.|author=Lincoln|date=July 17, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1945906/stretch-trailer/|title=This 'Stretch' Trailer Is Headed To Crazy Town, And Patrick Wilson Is Driving|first=Katie|author=Calautti|work=MTV News|accessdate=2022-04-01|archivedate=2020-11-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111203850/http://www.mtv.com/news/1945906/stretch-trailer/}}</ref> N'ihe nkiri ''Mechanic: Mbilite n'ọnwụ'' (2016), n'akụkụ Jason Statham, Alba ka e gosipụtara dika enyi nwanyị nke onye ezumike nká. O mere Krav Maga ka o wee nwee ọdịdị maka ihe nkiri ahụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://extratv.com/2016/08/22/jessica-alba-reveals-how-she-stayed-in-shape-for-mechanic-resurrection-and-her-guilty-food-pleasures/|title=Jessica Alba Reveals How She Stayed in Shape for 'Mechanic: Resurrection,' and Her Guilty Food Pleasures - ExtraTV.com|work=Extra}}</ref> wee dọta ya na ike nke àgwà ya gosipụtara, na-ekwu, sị: "Echere m na maka ụdị ihe nkiri ndị a, ị naghị ahụkarị nwanyị ka ọ na-egosipụta ihe ngosi ịhụnanya. M pụtara, ọ na-abụkarị nwoke ahụ na-azọpụta ya, ya mere ọ dị mma na m ji obi siri ike na ezi obi wee gosipụta ya." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/mechanic-resurrection-interview-jessica-alba/|title=Jessica Alba Talks Mechanic: Resurrection Role & Jason Statham|date=August 28, 2016|work=ScreenRant}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a mere ihe karịrị nde dọla otu narị na iri abụọ na ise n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mechanic2.htm|title=Mechanic: Resurrection (2016) - Box Office Mojo|work=www.boxofficemojo.com}}</ref> Ọ ga-eme ihe nkiri wee mepụta usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ maka Disney + akpọrọ "Parenting Without Borders" (aha ọrụ) nke ga-elekwasị anya na ezinụlọ gburugburu ụwa nakwa nkwenkwe na omenala ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=2020-03-04|title=Jessica Alba To Star In 'Parenting Without Borders' Docu Series For Disney+|url=https://deadline.com/2020/03/jessica-alba-star-ep-parenting-without-borders-docu-series-disney-plus-1202873877/|accessdate=2021-01-14|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mgbalị ndị ọzọ == === The Honest Company === Na Jenụwarị 2012, Alba na onye ọchụnta ego Christopher Gavigan malitere Ụlọ Ọru a kpọrọ The Honest Company na-ere ihe nchịkọta nke ngwongwo ụlọ, ihe eji awachi nwa ike, na ngwaahịa nlekọta ahụ. <ref name="People"/> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gara nke ọma, ma bụrụ nke nwere ego na ngwaahịa ruru otu ijeri dọla dika n'afọ 2014 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lorenzetti|first=Laura|title=Jessica Alba startup The Honest Co. raises $70 million as it heads toward IPO|url=http://fortune.com/2014/08/26/jessica-alba-honest-co-ipo/|accessdate=March 10, 2015|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> Na mbido 2013, Alba wepụtara akwụkwọ ya, ''The Honest Life,'' nke dabere na ahụmịhe ya, ndụ na-adịghị egbu egbu maka ezinụlọ ya. Akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ ''New York Times'' Best Seller. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jessica Alba's First Book 'The Honest Life' Becomes New York Times Best Seller|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/04/jessica-albas-first-book-nytimes-bestseller_n_3015243.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20579896,00.html|title=Jessica Alba to Release Her First Book|date=March 19, 2012|accessdate=March 20, 2012|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Na 2015, e mere atụmatụ na Alba nwere pasent iri na ise ruo pasent iri abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Connor|first=Clare|title=How Jessica Alba Built A $1 Billion Company, And $200 Million Fortune, Selling Parents Peace Of Mind|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2015/05/27/how-jessica-alba-built-a-1-billion-company-and-200-million-fortune-selling-parents-peace-of-mind/|work=Forbes|accessdate=August 3, 2015}}</ref> N'October 2015, Alba malitere nchịkọta nlekọta anụ ahụ na ihe mara mma nke a na-akpọ Honest Beauty. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dawson|first=Alene|title=Actress-mogul Jessica Alba expands her Honest Company empire to include skin care and beauty products|url=https://www.latimes.com/fashion/alltherage/la-ar-jessica-alba-launches-honest-beauty-20151026-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Apatoff|first=Alex|title=Jessica Alba Launches Line of Beauty Products for The Honest Company|url=http://people.com/style/jessica-alba-launches-line-of-beauty-products-for-the-honest-company/|publisher=People|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> === Ọrụ ebere na mmemme === Alba pụtara maka mgbasa ozi nbipụta nke agbụ site na ihe mkpọsa akpọrọ "Declare Yourself" mkpọsa na-agba ume ndebanye aha ntuli aka n'etiti ndị ntorobịa maka ntuli aka onye isi ala United States 2008 . Mgbasa ozi ndị ahụ, nke Mark Liddell sere, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/marc_malkin/b28294_jessica_albas_kinky_photo_shoot.html|title=Jessica Alba's kinky photo shoot|author=Malkin|first=Marc|date=September 20, 2008|accessdate=December 28, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="people2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20224589,00.html|title=Jessica Alba's 'Shocking' Ad for Declare Yourself|date=September 10, 2008|work=People|accessdate=December 28, 2008}}</ref> gosipụtara Alba ka e kechiri na teepu ojii, ma dọta uche mgbasa ozi mba. <ref name="people2" /> Alba kwuru maka ime mgbasa ozi na "ọ naghị ewute m ma ọlị." Alba kwukwara, "Echere m na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị na-eto eto mara mkpa anyị nwere na obodo a iji mee ka ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. . . Ndị mmadụ na-anabata ihe ndị na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ." <ref name="people2" /> Alba kwadoro onye na-aputa maka ọkwa onye isi ala na pati nke Democratic [[Barack Obama]] n'oge izizi n'afọ 2008 . <ref name="topnews">{{Cite web|url=http://www.topnews.in/light/jessica-alba,-ryan-phillippe-support-obama-new-will.i.am-video-27376|title=Jessica Alba, Ryan Phillippe support Obama in new will.i.am video|accessdate=April 25, 2008|work=Top News Light Reading|date=March 1, 2008|archivedate=November 22, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122052638/http://www.topnews.in/light/jessica-alba,-ryan-phillippe-support-obama-new-will.i.am-video-27376}}</ref> Ọ kwadokwara mkpọsa Hillary Clinton maka onyeisi oche. <ref>Johnson, T. [https://variety.com/2015/biz/news/kim-kardashian-kanye-west-attend-hillary-clinton-fundraiser-in-l-a-1201558535/ Variety] August 6, 2015.</ref> [[Usòrò:Jessica_Alba_@_Declare_Yourself_Inauguration_Ball_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Alba na 2009]] Na June 2009, mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri ''The Killer Inside Me'' na Oklahoma City, Alba tinyere aka na esemokwu ya na ndị bi na ya mgbe ọ madoro akwụkwọ ozi nke nnukwu azụ 'shark' na gburugburu obodo. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jessica Alba 'sorry' for shark posters|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/jessica-alba-shark-posters-article-1.376281|accessdate=October 4, 2013|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=June 9, 2009}}</ref> Alba kwuru na ya na-agbalị ileba anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnukwu shark ọcha nke na-ebelata kwa ụbọchị. Ndị mgbasa ozi na-eche na a ga-achụ Alba ma bo ya ebubo imebi ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theinsider.com/news/2266701_Oklahoma_City_police_probe_Alba_link_to_vandalism|title=Oklahoma City Police Probe Alba Link to Vandalism|work=The Insider|accessdate=June 23, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613012452/http://www.theinsider.com/news/2266701_Oklahoma_City_police_probe_Alba_link_to_vandalism|archivedate=June 13, 2009}}</ref> Na June 16, 2009, ndị uwe ojii Oklahoma City kwuru na ha agaghị agbaso ebubo mpụ megide Alba, n'ihi na ọ nweghị onye nwe ụlọ chọrọ ịchụso ya. <ref name="vandalism">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20285362,00.html|title=Jessica Alba Won't Face Vandalism Charges for Her Shark Crusade|date=June 16, 2009|author=Meadows|first=Bob|work=People|accessdate=June 23, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theinsider.com/news/2265200_Jessica_Alba_Apologizes_for_Ill_Advised_Decision|title=Jessica Alba Apologizes for Ill Advised Decision|date=June 9, 2009|work=The Insider|accessdate=June 23, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614081320/http://www.theinsider.com/news/2265200_Jessica_Alba_Apologizes_for_Ill_Advised_Decision|archivedate=June 14, 2009}}</ref> Alba rịọrọ mgbaghara na nkwupụta ọ gwara magazin a kpọrọ <nowiki><i>People</i></nowiki> wee kwuo na ya kwara ụta maka omume ya. <ref name="vandalism" /> O mechara nye United Way ego a na-akọwaghị nke ọma (ihe karịrị dọla narị ise) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theinsider.com/news/2290507_Jessica_Alba_Donates_After_Shark_Controversy|title=Jessica Alba Donates After Controversy|date=June 18, 2009|work=The Insider|accessdate=June 23, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622081541/http://www.theinsider.com/news/2290507_Jessica_Alba_Donates_After_Shark_Controversy|archivedate=June 22, 2009}}</ref>, bụ́ nke o ji otu n'ime akwụkwọ mmado shark kpuchie bọọdụ mgbasa ozi ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b130063_jessica_alba_sends_check_uniteds_way.html|title=Jessica Alba Sends Checks United Way|work=E Online|accessdate=June 23, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.newsok.com/bamsblog/2009/06/20/jessica-alba-donates-to-united-way-of-central-oklahoma/|title=Jessica Alba Donates To United Way Of Central Oklahoma|date=June 20, 2009|work=NewsOk.com|accessdate=June 23, 2009|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120712122805/http://blog.newsok.com/bamsblog/2009/06/20/jessica-alba-donates-to-united-way-of-central-oklahoma/|archivedate=July 12, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/06/19/Alba-makes-donation-after-shark-incident/UPI-48391245440824/|title=Alba Makes Donation After Shark Incident|date=June 19, 2009|work=Entertainment News|accessdate=June 23, 2009}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Alba sonyeere na mbọ ịgbachitere ụbọchị abụọ na Washington DC na nkwado nke Iwu Nchekwa Kemịkalụ, ngbanwe nke Iwu nchịkwa ihe na -egbu egbu nke 1976 . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gavin|first=Patrick|title=Jessica Alba on the Hill|url=http://www.politico.com/click/stories/1105/jessica_alba_on_the_hill.html|work=Politico|date=May 24, 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sinha|first=Vidushi|title=Pediatricians, Child Advocates Call for Passage of Safe Chemicals Act|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/environment/Pediatricians-Child-Advocates-Call-for-Passage-of-Safe-Chemicals-Act-122612314.html|work=Voice of America|date=May 25, 2011|accessdate=May 26, 2011}}</ref> Alba laghachiri na Capitol Hill na 2015 ka ọ na-agbachitere ndị omebe iwu ka ha na-arụrịta ụka ọzọ maka nnọchi nke 1976 Substances Control Act. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Devaney|first=Tim|title=Jessica Alba lobbies Congress for stronger chemical protections|url=http://thehill.com/regulation/energy-environment/245437-jessica-alba-lobbying-congress-for-stronger-chemical|work=The Hill|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nkwado siri ike maka ikike ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na June 27, 2013, o gosipụtara obi ụtọ ya na mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ịkagbu DOMA n'akara Twitter ya. O tinyere ozi na Twitter "#equality #love". <ref>{{Cite web|title=39 celebs who are super psyched about marriage equality|url=http://www.glamour.com/weddings/blogs/save-the-date/2013/06/39-more-celebs-who-are-super-p.html|publisher=Glamour|accessdate=June 27, 2013|archivedate=July 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701075724/http://www.glamour.com/weddings/blogs/save-the-date/2013/06/39-more-celebs-who-are-super-p.html}}</ref> Ọrụ ebere Alba gụnyere itinye aka na Clothes Off Our Back, Habitat for Humanity, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, Project HOME, RADD, Revlon Run / Walk for Women, SOS Children's Villages, Soles4Souls, Step Up and Baby2Baby. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ambassadors|url=http://baby2baby.org|publisher=Baby2Baby|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/95-jessica-alba|title=Jessica Alba's Charity Work|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=Celebrity Charity|archivedate=January 23, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123142300/http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/jessica-alba}}</ref> Alba bụ onye nnọchi anya otu 1Goal iji nye ụmụaka Africa mmụta na ọzụzụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/alba-gets-sporty-in-south-africa_1135987|title=Jessica Alba on Motherhood, Turning 30, and Her Sex Symbol Status|date=March 18, 2010|accessdate=April 14, 2012}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Baby2Baby, na-enye onyinye ma na-enyere aka ikesa ihe dị ka diapers na uwe nye ezinụlọ nọ na Los Angeles. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pener|first=Degen|title=How Jessica Alba, Kate Hudson and More Stars Are Helping L.A. Moms|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-jessica-alba-kate-hudson-more-stars-are-helping-la-moms-1027551|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Na 2015, Alba na The Honest Company kwadoro ụlọ nyocha na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mount Sinai na New York City. Ekwuwapụtara ụlọ nyocha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ụlọ pụrụ iche emebere iji gbochie uzuzu na ụmụ irighiri ihe, ebe otu ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe ga-enyocha njikọ dị n'etiti kemịkalụ ezinụlọ na autism. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Clare|first=O'Connor|title=Jessica Alba's Honest Co. Funding Research On Chemical Link To Autism|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2015/06/02/jessica-albas-honest-co-funding-research-on-chemical-link-to-autism/|work=Forbes|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> == Oyiyi ọha == [[Usòrò:Jessica_Alba_at_Fantastic_Four-_Rise_London_Premiere_5.jpg|alt=Smiling young woman with wavy hair pulled up in a loose bun, wearing a gold low-cut dress and accompanied by a man. She is signing autographs.|thumb| Alba na 2007 na London premiere nke ''Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer'']] Jessica Alba anabatala nlebara anya maka ọdịdị ya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ e tinyekwala ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ememme kachasị maa mma n'oge ahụ. A gụnyere Alba na ndepụta nke Maxim Magazine's Hot 100 ebe edeputara ya ọtụtụ oge site na 2001 ruo 2014. <ref name="maxim"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maxim.com/Girls/34JessicaAlba/slideshow/24847/2463.aspx|title=2009 Hot 100|work=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]|accessdate=June 25, 2009|date=May 6, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110153355/http://www.maxim.com/Girls/34JessicaAlba/slideshow/24847/2463.aspx|archivedate=January 10, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maxim 2014 Hot 100|url=http://www.maxim.com/hot100/2014|journal=Maxim|accessdate=June 16, 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=2005 Hot 100 List|url=https://www.maxim.com/women/2005-hot-100-post|publisher=Maxim|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> N'okwu a, o kwuru, sị, "M ga-agbarịrị mbọ ụfọdụ iji ihem bu mee ihe maka ọdịmma m, ebe m na-eduzi ndị mmadụ ka ha na-eche echiche otú m chọrọ." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/jessica_alba/biography/0,,20005720_10,00.html|title=Jessica Alba Biography|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|accessdate=June 25, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310031506/http://www.people.com/people/jessica_alba/biography/0%2C%2C20005720_0%2C00.html|archivedate=March 10, 2008}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, a họpụtara Alba dika nwanyị nke ise kacha maa mma mmekọahụ na ntuli aka Hollywood.com. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hollywood's Sexiest Stars 2002 Poll Results|url=http://www.hollywood.com/general/hollywoods-sexiest-stars-2002-poll-results-57163442/|publisher=Hollywood.com|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Na 2005, a kpọrọ ya aha dị ka otu n'ime ''ndị mmadụ'' iri ise kasị mma nke magazin ndị mmadụ, <ref>{{Cite web|title=PEOPLE's 50 Most Beautiful People|url=http://people.com/tbd/peoples-50-most-beautiful-people/|publisher=People|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> ọ pụtakwara mgbe e mesịrị na ndepụta mmadu otu narị Kasị Mma nke magazin ahụ na 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Barrymore tops People '100 Most Beautiful' list|url=http://www.today.com/id/18316269/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/barrymore-tops-people-most-beautiful-list/|publisher=Today.com|accessdate=October 25, 2017|archivedate=November 15, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015330/http://www.today.com/id/18316269/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/barrymore-tops-people-most-beautiful-list/}}</ref> Ahukwara Alba dịka otu onye na ndepụta nke ''FHM nke ụmụ nwanyị kaacha'' maa mma ile anya. <ref name="FHM">{{Cite web|title=The 100 Sexiest Women In The World, 2016|url=http://www.fhm.com/posts/the-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-2016-122032/photos/jessica-alba-fhm-sexiest-2016-221948|publisher=FHM|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Akpọrọ Alba na ndekọ "25 Sexiest Celebrities" nke Playboy na 2006 wee pụta na mkpuchi nke magazin n'afọ ahụ. <ref name="CNN Allin">{{Cite news|author=Allin|first=Olivia|title=13 celebs who said 'no way' to Playboy|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/10/27/celebs.no.playboy.tf/index.html|publisher=CNN|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Alba tinyere aka na ịgba akwụkwọ megide ''Playboy'' maka iji ihe oyiyi ya mee ihe na mkpuchi a (site na mgbasa ozi maka Into the Blue ) na-enwetaghi ikike ua, nke ọ na-ekwu na-egosi na e gosipụtara ya dika ihe osise gba ọtọ na mbipụta ahụ". Otú ọ dị, o mesịrị kwụsị ikpe ahụ mgbe ọ natachara mgbaghara nke onye nwe ''Playboy'' Hugh Hefner, bụ onye kwetara inye onyinye maka ụlọ ọrụ ebere abụọ nke Alba kwadoro. <ref name="playboy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1180254,00.html|title=Playboy Apologizes to Jessica Alba|author=Silverman|first=Stephen M.|accessdate=September 21, 2010|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> Nakwa na 2006, ndị na-agụ AskMen.com turu Alba votu ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nke izizi na ihe ndepụta "ụmụ nwanyị iri itoolu na itoolu kasị maa mma". <ref name="askmenalba2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askmen.com/specials/2006_top_99/jessica-alba-1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203044438/http://www.askmen.com/specials/2006_top_99/jessica-alba-1.html|archivedate=February 3, 2006|title=Jessica Alba (profile)|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[AskMen.com]]|year=2006}}</ref> Na 2007, Alba bụrụ onye nke anọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Empire Magazine a kpọrọ "100 Sexiest Movie Stars". <ref name="Popcrunch">{{Cite web|author=Castina|title=Empire Magazine 100 Sexiest Movie Stars Ever; Angelina Jolie Named Sexiest Movie Star Ever|url=http://www.popcrunch.com/empire-magazine-100-sexiest-movie-stars-ever-angelina-jolie-named-sexiest-movie-star-ever/|publisher=Popcrunch|accessdate=October 25, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230809/http://www.popcrunch.com/empire-magazine-100-sexiest-movie-stars-ever-angelina-jolie-named-sexiest-movie-star-ever/|archivedate=September 25, 2017}}</ref> Ma GQ na In Style nwere Alba na mkpuchi June 2008 ha. <ref name="menstyle">{{Cite web|url=http://video.men.style.com/?fr_story=6d59b836ad0746f01d5e61f3986e4825313460a5&rf=bm|title=GQ: The Jessica Alba Video|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[Style.com]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415143206/http://video.men.style.com/?fr_story=6d59b836ad0746f01d5e61f3986e4825313460a5&rf=bm|archivedate=April 15, 2008}}</ref> <ref name="instyle">{{Cite web|url=http://www.instyle.com/instyle/products/productfinder/issue/0,,1625011,00.html|title=In Style June 2007|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[InStyle]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222193705/http://www.instyle.com/instyle/products/productfinder/issue/0%2C%2C1625011%2C00.html|archivedate=February 22, 2008}}</ref> Alba pụtara na kalenda Campari 2009 nke gosipụtara foto nke ihe ngosi ya. Campari bipụtara akwụkwọ kalenda 9,999. <ref name="Jessica Alba Bares Body After Baby for Calendar">{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20243751,00.html|title=Jessica Alba Bares Body After Baby For Calendar|accessdate=June 25, 2009|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref> <ref name="Campari Popsugar">{{Cite web|title=jessica alba 2009 Campari calendar|url=https://www.popsugar.com/celebrity/photo-gallery/3236746/image/3236753/jessica-alba-2009-Campari-calendar|publisher=Popsugar|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Na 2011, a kpọrọ ya otu n'ime "100 Best Women of All-time" site na Men's Health, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The 100 Hottest Women of All-Time|url=http://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/hottest-women-all-time|work=[[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]]|accessdate=January 3, 2012|year=2011}}</ref> na 2012 ''ndị mmadụ'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị "Kachasị Mma n'oge Ọ bụla". <ref>{{Cite web|title=2012 Most Beautiful at Every Age – Jessica Alba|url=http://www.people.com/people/package/gallery/0,,20360857_20360861,00.html#20612529|work=People|accessdate=April 25, 2012|author=Karen J. Quan|date=April 20, 2012}}</ref> Na 2010, akụkọ pụtara na otu nwa agbọghọ China dị afọ iri abụọ na otu na-achọ ịwa ahụ plastik ka ọ dị ka Alba iji nwetaghachi enyi ya nwoke; Alba kwuru okwu megide mkpa ọ dị ka ọ gbanwee ọdịdị ya maka ịhụnanya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalledger.com/ledgerpop/article_272630303.shtml|title=Jessica Alba Makeover (Photos) – Plastic Surgery to Look Like Actress|work=National Ledger|date=February 7, 2010|accessdate=February 10, 2010|archivedate=April 9, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409025241/http://www.nationalledger.com/ledgerpop/article_272630303.shtml}}</ref> <blockquote>Echere m na e nwere ụmụ agbọghọ nwere oke ọchịchọ ga-eme ihe ọ bụla iji bụrụ ndị a ma ama, ha na-eche na ndị ikom nọ na ụlọọrụ a amarala ụmụ nwanyị dika ndị n'eme ihe ahụ. N'adịghị ka mmetụta ndị mmadụ nwere, ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe m ji mmekọahụ eme ihe. Nke ahụ abụghị nnọọ maka m. Mgbe m nọ na nzukọ, achọrọ m ịgwa gị ihe mere m ji bụrụ ihe bara uru, ka m si bụrụ ngwa ahịa, otu m ga-esi tinye ike ndị mmadu na oche, ọ bụghị, 'E nwere ohere ị ga-enwe ike idina m' Nke ahụ abụbeghị nkwekọrịta m. - Alba na-ejighi ọnọdụ ịbụ nwanyị mara mma ya iji nweta ihe ọ chọrọ n'ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya, 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elle.com/Entertainment/Cover-Shoots/Don-t-Mess-With-Jess |title=Don't Mess With Jess |access-date=25 June 2009 |work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> </blockquote> Alba ekwuola maka egwu ọ na-atụ na a ga-edegharị ya dị ka nwa agbọghọ hụrụ mmekọahụ n'anya n'ihi n'ọtụtụ ihe àgwà e nyere ya n'ihe nkiri. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Alba kwuru na ọ chọrọ ka e were ya kpọrọ ihe dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri mana o kwenyere na ọ kwesịrị ime ihe nkiri na ọ gaghị enwe mmasị ịmalite ọrụ ya, na-ekwu na n'ikpeazụ ọ tụrụ anya na ọ ga-ahọrọ ọrụ na fim ya. <ref name="Stern Daily Beast">{{Cite web|author=Stern|first=Marlow|title=Jessica Alba on 'Sin City,' Typecasting, and How Homophobia Pushed Her Away From the Church|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jessica-alba-on-sin-city-typecasting-and-how-homophobia-pushed-her-away-from-the-church|publisher=Daily Beast|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="afwt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moono.com/news/news01099.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060112014520/http://www.moono.com/news/news01099.html|archivedate=January 12, 2006|title=Alba Fears Whore Typecast|accessdate=July 31, 2007|work=WEEN|publisher=Moono|date=November 9, 2005}}</ref> Ekwuru na Alba na-ekwu na ọ gaghị agba ọtọ n'ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya <ref name="Popsugar, Sorry Boys">{{Cite web|title=Sorry Boys, Jessica Alba Won't Get Naked|url=https://www.popsugar.com/celebrity/Sorry-Boys-Jessica-Alba-Wont-Get-Naked-46121|publisher=Popsugar|accessdate=October 25, 2017}}</ref> Enyere ya ohere ihọrọ igosi ịgba ọtọ na ''Sin City'' site na ndị nduzi ihe nkiri ahụ, Frank Miller na Robert Rodriguez, ma ọ jụrụ onyinye ahụ, na-ekwu, sị, "Anaghị m agba ọtọ. Anaghị m eme ya. Ma eleghị anya, nke ahụ na-eme ka m bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri ọjọọ. Ma eleghị anya, a gaghị ewe m n'ọrụ n'ihe ụfọdụ. Ma enwere m nchegbu nke ukwuu." <ref name="Elle2006">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elle.com/coverstory/9917/jessica-alba.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107104150/http://www.elle.com/coverstory/9917/jessica-alba.html|archivedate=November 7, 2006|title=Jessica Alba – ELLE|author=Itzkoff|first=Dave|publisher=Elle.com|accessdate=December 12, 2007}}</ref> O kwuru banyere oge ịse ihe nke ''GQ'' ebe ọ na-eyi obere uwe, "Ha achọghị ka m yie uwe ogologo ọkpa mana m kwuru, 'Ọ bụrụ na m ga-abụ onye na-eyighi akwa, achọrọ m iyi uwe ogoglogo ọkpa." <ref name="christian">{{Cite web|author=Gardetta|first=Dave|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/alba%20turns%20her%20back%20on%20christian%20pals%20who%20made%20her%20feel%20ashamed|title=Alba Turns Her Back on Christian Pals Who Made Her Feel Ashamed|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[GQ]]|publisher=[[Contactmusic.com]]|date=March 23, 2005|archivedate=June 20, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620004249/http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/mndwebpages/alba%20turns%20her%20back%20on%20christian%20pals%20who%20made%20her%20feel%20ashamed}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe ya == A zụlitere Alba dị ka onye Katọlik <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.msn.com/movies/article.aspx?news=458443&gt1=28101|title=Jessica Alba says she'll never do a nude scene|publisher=Movies.msn.com|date=February 14, 2010|accessdate=September 2, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BUN4wsAV?url=http://movies.msn.com/movies/article.aspx?news=458443&gt1=28101|archivedate=October 17, 2012}}</ref> n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gardetta|first=Dave|url=http://men.style.com/gq/features/full?id=content_847|title=The Sinner|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[GQ]]|publisher=[[Style.com]]|date=April 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416165610/http://men.style.com/gq/features/full?id=content_847|archivedate=April 16, 2008}}</ref> mana ọ hapụrụ ụka n'ihi na ọ chere na a na-ekpe ya ikpe maka ọdịdị ya, na-akọwa:<blockquote>Ndị okenye na-akụ m ihe, onye pastọ m na-eto eto kwuru na ọ bụ n’ihi na m na-eyi uwe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, mgbe m na-ejighị. O mere ka ọ dị m ka m bụ onye nwoke na-achọsi ike, ka ọ bụ m kpatara ya, ọ na-emekwa m ka m nwee ihere ahụ m na ịbụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 11, 2006|accessdate=May 14, 2009|title=Alba Alters Religious Beliefs|url=http://www.moono.com/news/news03203.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117110830/http://www.moono.com/news/news03203.html|archivedate=November 17, 2006|publisher=moono.com}}</ref></blockquote>Alba nwekwara ihe nkatọ megide ihe chọọchị ahụ kwụrụ maka mmekọahụ tupu alụmdi na nwunye na nwoke idina nwoke na ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka enweghị ụmụ nwanyị siri ike ndị nlereanya na Bible, na-akọwa si: "Echere m na ọ bụ ezigbo nduzi, ma ọ bụghị otú m ga-esi bie ndụ m." <ref name="Elle2006"/> "Okpukpe ya [malitere] ibelata" mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise mgbe o mere ihe nkiri dị ka onye ntorobịa nwere gonorrhea na akpịrị na ihe omume 1996 nke usoro telivishọn ''Chicago Hope'' . Ndị enyi ya nọ na chọọchị meghachiri omume n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma maka ọrụ ya, na-eme ka ọ kwụsị inwe okwukwe na chọọchị ahụ. <ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|author=Jessica Alba|url=http://www.people.com/people/jessica_alba/biography|title=Jessica Alba Biography|work=People|accessdate=September 2, 2009}}</ref> Ma, o kwuru na ya ka jisi okwukwe ya ike na Chineke n’agbanyeghị na ọ hapụrụ chọọchị ahụ. <ref name="new">{{Cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Sept_10/ai_78019584|title=Glamour's October Cover Girl – Dark Angel Jessica Alba Reveals Her Obsessions, Love, and God – p.256; October issue on newsstands Sept. 11, 2001|work=Glamour Magazine|accessdate=May 18, 2008|year=2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528000712/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2001_Sept_10/ai_78019584|archivedate=May 28, 2008}}</ref> Mgbe a na-emeputa ihe nkiri ''Angel Dark'' na January 2000, Alba malitere mmekọrịta afọ atọ ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Michael Weatherly . Weatherly gwara Alba ka ọ lụọ ya n'ụbọchị ncheta ọmụmụ nke iri abụọ ya, nke ọ nabatara. <ref name="indalba"/> N'August 2003, Alba na Weatherly kwupụtara na ha akwụsịla mmekọrịta ha. <ref name="peoplebio"/> Na July 2007, Alba kwuru banyere nkewa ahụ, na-ekwu, "Amaghị m [ihe mere m ji tinye aka]. Abụ m nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke. O ji afọ iri na abụọ wee tọọ m. Echere m na ọ maara nke ọma karị. Obi adịghị ndị mụrụ m ụtọ. Ha bụ ndị okpukpe n'ezie. Ha kwenyere na Chineke agaghị ekwe ka e dee Bible ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe ha kwesịrị ikwere. Adị m nnọọ iche." <ref name="starpulse">{{Cite web|url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/07/11/jessica_alba_s_parental_relationship_was/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713223603/http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/07/11/jessica_alba_s_parental_relationship_was|archivedate=July 13, 2007|title=Jessica Alba's Parental Relationship Was Strained By Engagement|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=Starpulse|date=July 11, 2007}}</ref> Alba zutere Cash Warren, nwa nwoke omee Michael Warren, mgbe ọ na-emeputa ihe nkiri ''Fantastic Four'' na 2004. <ref name="peopleengaged">{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/jessica-alba-engaged/|title=Jessica Alba Engaged!|author=Jordan|first=Julie|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=December 27, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="eonline">{{Cite web|author=Finn|first=Natalie|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=fd542a5d-6126-4059-ab62-9df839abe451&sid=fd-news|title=Jessica Alba Engaged!|accessdate=April 23, 2008|work=[[E!]] Online|date=December 27, 2007}}</ref> Di na nwunye a lụrụ na Los Angeles na Mee 2008. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://socialitelife.celebuzz.com/2008/05/20/breaking_jessica_alba_married.php|title=Jessica Alba Marries Cash Warren|work=A Socialite's Life|date=May 20, 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20201377,00.html|title=Jessica Alba Gets Married to Cash Warren!|author=Jordan|first=Julie|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=May 20, 2008}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ atọ: ụmụ nwanyị Honor Marie, a mụrụ na June 2008, <ref name="Jessica Alba Welcomes Baby Girl">{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/jessica-alba-gets-married-to-cash-warren/|title=Jessica Alba Welcomes a Baby Girl|accessdate=June 7, 2008|work=People|date=June 7, 2008}}</ref> na Haven Garner a mụrụ na August 2011, <ref>[http://www.usmagazine.com/momsbabies/news/jessica-alba-gives-birth-to-daughter-haven-garner-2011148 "Jessica Alba Gives Birth to Daughter Haven Garner!"] August 14, 2011 US Magazine</ref> na nwa nwoke, Hayes, a mụrụ na December 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://people.com/babies/jessica-alba-cash-warren-welcome-third-child-son-hayes/|work=People|title=Jessica Alba and Cash Warren Welcome Son Hayes Alba|author=Juneau, Jen|date=January 1, 2018|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref> Foto mbụ nke ada ya, bụ́ ndị dị na mbiputa nke ''OK!'' na Julaị 2008 ka a na-akọ na ọ wetaara Alba otu nde dọla na ọkara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/top-ten-most-expensive-baby-photos_gallery_1458/image_77021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723143059/http://www.accesshollywood.com/top-ten-most-expensive-baby-photos_gallery_1458/image_77021|archivedate=July 23, 2010|title=Top Ten Most Expensive Baby Photos|work=Access Hollywood|accessdate=September 2, 2009}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Alba pụtara na usoro oro ọmụmụ nke Henry Louis Gaa kpọrọ tes ''Ịchọta mgbọrọgwụ gị'', ''e kw''e''ru na u''be usoro ọmụmụ ya sitere na mmepeanya oge ochie nke Maya . <ref>{{Cite web|work=Mnn.com|url=http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/finding-your-roots-fills-the-gaps-of-the-family-tree|title='Finding Your Roots' fills the gaps of the family tree|first=Gerri|author=Miller|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> Nchọpụta ihe nkiri ahụ gosiri na aha nna ya eketaghị onye Spen, ebe ọ bụ na nna nna ya kpọmkwem (Y-DNA) bụ Haplogroup Q-M3, bụ onye amaala . Aheal nna ya ( mtDNA ) bụ onye [[Jew|Juu]] wee kpughee na onye ọka iwu Alan Dershowitz bụ onywu eta ya. Mgbakwụnye nke Alba zuru ụwa ọn:ụpasent iri asaa na atọ bu nke sị Yuropupeebe pasent iri iri abụọ na abụọ si obodo ọwụwa anyanwụ AsiaEsia na Ameicpasent abụọ,si 2% Sub-Saharan Africpasent00.1 si .3% Middle Eastern na North Afripasent00.1 sikwa .1% South Asiapasent2abụọ na ọkara nke ọzọ bu nke na-enweghi ebe a gụnyere ya gwu". <ref>''[[Finding Your Roots]]'', PBS, November 25, 2014</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |1994 |''Camp Nowhere'' |Gail |Film debut |- |1995 |''Venus Rising'' |Young Eve | |- | rowspan="3" |1999 |''P.U.N.K.S.'' |Samantha Swoboda | |- |''Never Been Kissed'' |Kirsten Liosis | |- |''Idle Hands'' |Molly | |- |2000 |''Paranoid'' |Chloe | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''The Sleeping Dictionary'' |Selima | |- |''Honey'' |Honey Daniels | |- | rowspan="3" |2005 |''Sin City'' |Nancy Callahan | |- |''Fantastic Four'' |Sue Storm / Invisible Woman | |- |''Into the Blue'' |Sam | |- | rowspan="6" |2007 |''The Ten'' |Liz Anne Blazer | |- |''Knocked Up'' |Herself |Uncredited cameo |- |''Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer'' |Sue Storm / Invisible Woman | |- |''Good Luck Chuck'' |Cam Wexler | |- |''Meet Bill'' |Lucy | |- |''Awake'' |Sam Lockwood | |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''The Eye'' |Sydney Wells | |- |''The Love Guru'' |Jane Bullard | |- | rowspan="6" |2010 |''The Killer Inside Me'' |Joyce Lakeland | |- |''Valentine's Day'' |Morley Clarkson | |- | rowspan="2" |''Machete'' |Special Agent Sartana Rivera | |- |Marissa Rivera |Deleted scene |- |''An Invisible Sign'' |Mona Gray | |- |''Little Fockers'' |Andi Garcia<ref>{{Cite news|title=Laura Dern at head of 'Fockers' class|first=Borys|author=Kit|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i41da967fff242c955e14838a6344870d|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[e5 Global Media]]|date=October 18, 2009|accessdate=August 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Jessica Alba becomes a 'Little Focker'|first=Steven|author=Zeitchik|url=http://riskybusiness.hollywoodreporter.com/2009/09/29/jessica-alba-little-fockers/|work=Risky Business at [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[e5 Global Media]]|date=September 29, 2009|accessdate=August 2, 2010}}</ref> | |- |2011 |''Spy Kids: All the Time in the World'' |Marissa Wilson | |- |2012 |''Martin Scorsese Eats a Cookie'' |Herself | |- | rowspan="3" |2013 |''A.C.O.D.'' |Michelle | |- |''Escape from Planet Earth'' |Lena (voice) | |- |''Machete Kills'' |Sartana |Uncredited cameo |- | rowspan="3" |2014 |''Sin City: A Dame to Kill For'' |Nancy Callahan | |- |''Stretch'' |Charlie | |- |''Some Kind of Beautiful'' |Kate | |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Barely Lethal'' |Victoria Knox | |- |''Entourage'' |Herself |Cameo |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''The Veil'' |Maggie Price | |- |''Dear Eleanor'' |Daisy | |- |''Mechanic: Resurrection'' |Gina | |- |2017 |''El Camino Christmas'' |Beth Flowers | |- |2019 |''Killers Anonymous'' |Jade | |- |2022 |''Trigger Warning'' |TBA | |} === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu |- | 1994 | ''Ụwa nzuzo nke Alex Mack'' | Jessica | Akụkụ 3 |- | 1995–1997 | ''Flipper'' | Maya Graham | Mgbe niile |- | rowspan="2" | 1996 | ''ABC Afterschool Special'' | Christy | Ihe omume: "N'oge na-adịghị anya maka Jeff" |- | ''Chicago Hope'' | Florie Hernandez | Ihe omume: "Mmekọahụ mmekọahụ na Chicago Hope" |- | rowspan="3" | 1998 | ''Brooklyn South'' | Melissa Hauer | Ihe omume: "Exposing Johnson" |- | ''Beverly Hills, 90210'' | Leanne | Akụkụ 2 |- | ''Ụgbọ mmiri ịhụnanya: Ebili na-abịa'' | Layla | Ihe omume: "Cheta?" |- | 2000-2002 | ''Angel gbara ọchịchịrị'' | Max Guevara / X5-452 | Ọrụ ndu (ngalaba 42) |- | 2003 | ''MADtv'' | Jessica Simpson | Ihe omume: "Mmemme #9.5" |- | 2004 | ''Ntugharị'' | rowspan="2" | Onwe ya | Ihe omume: "Nlebanya ahụ" |- | 2005 | ''Trippin''' | Akụkụ 2 |- | 2009 | ''Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ'' | Sophie | Ihe omume: " Enyemaka Nchegbu " |- | 2010 | ''Ụzọ ụgbọ elu Project'' | Onwe ya (onye ọka ikpe ọbịa) | Ihe omume: "Tinye nnukwu nrụgide" |- | 2013 | ''Egwuregwu egwu egwu!'' ''Bang!'' | Onwe ya | Ihe omume: "Jessica Alba yi uwe mwụda nwere nfuli akpụkpọ anụ patent" |- | 2014 | ''Ihe-nkwata nke Babilọn'' | Dixie Mellonworth | Ihe ngosi 4 |- | 2015 | ''Ọsọ Drag nke RuPaul'' | Onwe ya (onye ọka ikpe ọbịa) | Nkeji: "Egwu! (N'ebe ahụ)" |- | 2017 | ''Planet nke ngwa'' | rowspan="2" | Onwe ya | Onye ndu |- | 2018 | ''Enweghị mmemme'' | Ihe omume: "Onye na-eme ihe nkiri" |- | 2019-2020 | ''Ọnụahịa kasị elu nke LA'' | Nancy McKenna | Isi ọrụ |} === Vidio egwu === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Onye omenkà ! Ọrụ |- | 2008 | "Anyị bụ ndị" | aga.am | Onwe ya |- | 2010 | " M nwere mmekọahụ " | Lonely Island | Mmasị ịhụnanya nke Jorma Taccone |- | 2015 | " Ọbara ọjọọ " | Taylor Swift na-egosi Kendrick Lamar | Domino |- |} === Egwuregwu vidiyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu |- | 2002 | ''Angel gbara ọchịchịrị'' | Max Guevara <ref name="VGSource">{{Cite web|url=http://www.popsugar.com/tech/Jessica-Alba-Talks-About-Being-Video-Game-Character-319677#photo-319677|title=Jessica Alba Talks About Being A Video Game Character|author=TECH|date=June 18, 2007|accessdate=December 22, 2015}}</ref> | Dabere na usoro TV nke otu aha ahụ |- | 2005 | ''Fantastic anọ'' | Sue Storm / Nwanyị a na-adịghị ahụ anya <ref name="VGSource" /> | Dabere na ihe nkiri nke otu aha ahụ |} == Ihe nrite == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Ọrụ ahọpụtara ! Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="3" | 2001 | Ihe nrite ALMA <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latingossip.com/awards-shows/the-2011-alma-award-winners.html|title=The 2011 ALMA Award Winners|work=latingossip.com|date=September 12, 2011|accessdate=September 10, 2012|archivedate=April 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406082803/http://www.latingossip.com/awards-shows/the-2011-alma-award-winners.html}}</ref> | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke afọ | - | {{Won}} |- | Onyinye Nhọrọ Ndị Mmadụ | Onye na-eme ihe omume nwanyị ọkacha mmasị na usoro TV ọhụrụ | rowspan="3" | ''Angel gbara ọchịchịrị'' | rowspan=3 {{Nom}} |- | Golden Globe Awards | Ọrụ kacha mma nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na usoro ihe nkiri TV - Ihe nkiri |- | 2002 | Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards | Dike ihe omume nwanyị masịrị |- | 2005 | Ihe nrite Hollywood na-eto eto | Superstar nke Echi | - | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 | Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ọkacha mmasị | ''Fantastic anọ'' | rowspan=3 {{Nom}} |- | Golden Raspberry Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha njọ | ''Fantastic anọ'' / ''banye na-acha anụnụ anụnụ'' |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | Ihe nrite TV Land | Obere ihuenyo / nnukwu ihuenyo ihuenyo (ụmụ nwanyị) | rowspan="2" | - |- | Spike TV Guys Choice Awards | Jessica kacha mma | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="5" | 2008 | rowspan="2" | Golden Raspberry Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha njọ | ''Teta'' / ''Ọma Chuck'' / ''Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer'' |rowspan=4 {{Nom}} |- | Di na nwunye ihuenyo kacha njọ | Teta ''/'' Ọma Chuck / Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer ''( <small>nke ya na Hayden Christensen, Dane Cook na Ioan Gruffud kesara</small> )'' |- | rowspan="2" | Onyinye Nhọrọ Ndị Mmadụ | Kpakpando omume nwanyị ọkacha mmasị | rowspan="2" | - |- | Nwanyị ndu ọkacha mmasị |- | Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards | Kpakpando ihe nkiri nwanyị ọkacha mmasị | ''Fantastic 4: Bilie nke Surfer Silver'' | {{Won}} |- | 2009 | rowspan="2" | Golden Raspberry Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha njọ | ''The Anya'' / ''The Love Guru'' |{{Nom}} |- | 2011 | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado kacha njọ | ''Onye na-egbu egbu n'ime m'' / ''obere'' ndị na-egbu egbu / ''Machete'' / ''ụbọchị Valentine'' |{{Won}} |- | 2012 | Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards | Buttkicker ọkacha mmasị | ''Nledo ụmụaka: oge niile n'ụwa na 4D'' |rowspan=2 {{Nom}} |- | 2019 | Teen Choice Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV Choice Action | ''Ọnụahịa kasị elu nke LA'' |} == Ebensidee == == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|4695}} * Jessica Alba at AllMovie * Jessica Alba at People.com * Jessica Alba on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cy42hibs37ksz2ca669wm55tfg0w8zb 0 12829 674656 128505 2026-07-09T18:38:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mba [[Belgium]] bụ isi iyi, ebe a na-aga, na mba njem maka ụmụnwoke, ụmụnwanyị, na ụmụaka ndị a na-atụ na mgbere ahịa mmadụ, ọkachasị ọrụ mmanye na ịgba akwụna mmanye. Ndị a metụtara sitere na mba Eastern Europe, [[Eluàlà|Africa]], East Asia, yana [[Brazil]] na [[Ndia|India]]. A na-ebubata ụfọdụ ndị a metụtara site na mba Belgium gaa mba ndị ọzọ dị na mba Europe, ebe a na-amanye ha ịrụ ọrụ na ịgba akwụna. A na-amanye ụmụnwoke na mmegbu na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ mmanya, ụlọ ọrụ ọsụsọ, ebe a na-akọ ugbo, ugbo mkpụrụ osisi, ebe a na-ewu ụlọ, na ụlọ ahịa. E kwuru na e nwere ụmụnwanyị Belgium asaa a manyere ịgba akwụna na mba [[Luxembourg]] n'afọ 2009. Dị ka akụkọ ECPAT nke afọ 2009 si kwuo, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụaka a manyere ịgba akwụna na Belgium sitere na mba Balkan na CIS, Eastern Europe, Asia (Thailand, [[China]]) na West Africa (karịsịa Nigeria); a na-erigbu ụfọdụ ụmụnwoke si mba ọzọ na ịgba akwụna n'obodo ukwu dị na mba ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=SEX TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN IN BELGIUM|url=https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Factsheet_Belgium.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711171021/https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Factsheet_Belgium.pdf|archivedate=2021-07-11|accessdate=|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Trafficking is More Than a Number|url=https://oasisbe.com/blog/2018/7/24/human-trafficking-is-more-than-a-number|accessdate=2020-12-31|work=Oasis Belgium|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112025346/https://oasisbe.com/blog/2018/7/24/human-trafficking-is-more-than-a-number}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Trafficking, forced labour & slavery corporate accountability database|url=http://merckx.com/|accessdate=2020-12-31|work=Human Trafficking, forced labour & slavery corporate accountability database|language=en|archivedate=2011-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128220929/http://merckx.com/}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka obodo na-akọkwa na akụkụ buru ibu nke ụmụaka a na-azụ ahịa na mba Belgium bụ ndị na-enweghị onye na-eso ha, ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. Òtù ndị omempụ si mba Thailand na-eji ụlọ ịhịa aka n'ahụ mba Thai na Belgium, nke ndị njikwa Belgium na-elekọta, iji mebie ụmụagbọghọ Thai. Netwọk ndị a na-etinye aka na mbubata mmadụ na ịzụ ahịa iji mebie ndị metụtara akụ na ụba na mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=GJERDINGEN|first=ulf|date=2018-11-29|title=Belgium|url=https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/member-states/belgium_en|accessdate=2020-12-31|work=Together Against Trafficking in Human Beings - European Commission|language=en}}</ref> Mba Belgium abụghị naanị mba na-aga, kamakwa mba njem maka ụmụaka ka a ga-ebuga ha gaa mba Europe ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mbata Belgium si kwuo, gọọmentị chọpụtara ụmụaka asatọ n'etiti ọnwa Jenụwarị na Juun nke afọ 2009 dị ka ndị a na-azụ ahịa. Ndị ọrụ mba ọzọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na mba Belgium, ụfọdụ na-agụnye ndị otu mba ụwa na-arụ ọrụ na mba Belgium.<ref name="dos"/> Gọọmentị Belgium na-agbaso ụkpụrụ kacha nta maka iwepụ ịzụ ahịa. Gọọmentị gosipụtara ya n'ụzọ siri ike nyochaa, kpee ikpe, ma maa ndị omekome na-azụ ahịa ikpe. Ọ gara n'ihu na-akwado NGO iji nye nchebe zuru oke na enyemaka nye ndị a manyere ịgba akwụna na ọrụ mmanye n'afọ 2009.<ref name="dos"/> Ụlọ ọrụ US State Department na-enyocha ma na-alụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ tinyere mba ahụ na "Tier 1" n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archivedate=2017-06-28|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements|work=www.state.gov|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-01}}</ref> == Mkpesa == Mba Belgium machibidoro ụdị ịzụ ahịa ọ bụla site na mmezigharị nke afọ 2005 na Iwu ya nke afọ 1995 nke nwere ihe iji gbochie ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Dị ka emegharịrị, ntaramahụhụ kachasị elu nke iwu ahụ maka ụdị ịzụ ahịa niile - mkpọrọ afọ iri atọ - siri ike ma kwekọọ na ntaramahụhụ e nyere maka mpụ ndị ọzọ dị egwu, dị ka ndina n'ike. Gọọmentị kwuru na ha kpagburu mmadụ (narị atọ, iri asatọ na asaa (387) ndị a na-enyo enyo na-azụ ahịa n'afọ 2009 ma maa ndị omekome 151 ikpe n'afọ 2008; ikpe maka ndị na-azụ ahịa 146 a mara ikpe sitere na ihe na-erughị otu afọ ruo afọ 10 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Dị ka akụkọ UNO DC nke afọ 2009 si kwuo, gọọmentị Belgium chịkọtara data ndị mmanye iwu banyere ịzụ ahịa n'otu ntọala data nke na-ejikọta mbubata na mpụ ịzụ ahịa; gọọmentị, Otú ọ dị, kọrọ na a mara mmadụ 151 niile a mara ikpe na 2008 ikpe maka mpụ ịzụ ahịa. Gọọmentị agbanyeghị data a iji gosipụta mmadụ ole a mara ikpe maka ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ megide ọrụ mmanye. Ọzọkwa, ọdịda nke onye were mmadụ n'ọrụ iji mezuo ụgwọ ọrụ, awa, na ọnọdụ ọrụ dịka iwu ndị ọrụ na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ọnụ na-eme ka "mmegbu" n'okpuru iwu Belgium na-emegide ịzụ ahịa. Akụkọ nyocha nke EU Schengen nke e nyere na Disemba 2009, kwuru na ndị ọkàiwu na-emegide ịzụ ahịa na Belgium na-akọ ihe isi ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmegbu mmekọahụ dị ka nke a, na mmegbu mmekọahụ metụtara ịzụ ahịa; akụkọ a kwukwara ihe isi ike nke onye ọka iwu na ikewapụ onye na-azụ ahịa site na mmegbu akụ na ụba site na otu ọrụ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ọzọkwa, nyocha a kọrọ na n'agbanyeghị iwu zuru oke, gọọmentị mara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị omekome ikpe maka mmegbu mmekọahụ na akụ na ụba na-enweghị nkwekọrịta. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ahụ toro gọọmentị maka ụzọ dị iche iche o si ele ikpe ịzụ ahịa ma mee ka ọ pụta ìhè dị ka omume kachasị mma na Europe.<ref name="dos">"Belgium". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100617151358/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142759.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. [[U.S. Department of State]] (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> Gọọmentị kọrọ na mbụ na ọ boro ndị ezinụlọ asatọ nke ezinụlọ eze nke Abu Dhabi (UAE) ebubo ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'afọ 2008 maka ịmanye ụmụ agbọghọ iri na asaa n'ọrụ mmanye mgbe ha nọ na họtel Brussels. A kọrọ na gọọmentị emebeghị usoro ikpe maka ikpe a, ọ bụ ezie na ha ga-eme na mbido afọ 2010. Sheikha ahụ metụtara ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya asaa ndị ọzọ alaghachighị Belgium. Gọọmentị kọrọ ikpe ya n'afọ 2009 nke ndị ọrụ nnọchi anya Belgium abụọ e debere na [[Bulgaria]] n'afọ 1990 maka ịnye visa aghụghọ nye ndị na-azụ ahịa na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru mkpuchi nke ụlọ ọrụ njem. Gọọmentị tụrụ otu Mịnịstrị nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi na onye ọrụ nchekwa steeti mkpọrọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị nke afọ 2009 maka ịbụ onye a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-enyere mgbaaka aka na-amanye ụmụnwanyị Thai iri na asaa ịgba akwụna n'ụlọ ịhịa aka n'ahụ.<ref name="dos"/> == Nchedo == Gọọmentị gara n'ihu na mgbalị ya iji chebe ndị na-azụ ahịa; Otú ọ kọrọ mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-azụ ahịa a chọpụtara ma kpọọ maka nchebe n'afọ 2009. Gọọmentị gara n'ihu na-akwado NGO atọ iji nweta ebe obibi ma nye enyemaka zuru oke nye ndị na-azụ ahịa. NGO atọ a nyeere ndị 465 nwere ike ịzụ ahịa aka n'oge akụkọ ahụ; 158 n'ime ndị a bụ ntụgharị ọhụrụ, mbelata dị ukwuu site na ngụkọta 495 achọpụtara ma zoo aka na 2008. Gọọmentị kwuru na mmadụ 103 e metọrọ n'ụzọ mmekọahụ na akụ na ụba gbara akwụkwọ maka obibi nwa oge na Belgium n'afọ 2009, mana enyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ikike obibi nke e nyere. A kọrọ na gọọmentị jiri usoro dị irè chọpụta ndị na-azụ ahịa dabere na ntụziaka nke afọ 2008 banyere nhazi na enyemaka nye ndị na-azụ ahịa; nyocha nke EU Schengen nke December 2009 hotara ụkpụrụ nduzi maka njirimara ndị a na-azụ ahịa dị ka omume kachasị mma. Iwu Belgium na-enye ohere ịnye ọnọdụ obibi nwa oge na ọnọdụ obibi na-adịgide adịgide nye ndị metụtara ndị sonyere na nyocha na ikpe ịzụ ahịa. Enwere ike inye ebe obibi tupu emechaa nyocha n'uche ikpe; enwere ike inye ebe obibi ọbụna n'enweghị ikpe na-aga nke ọma. A kọrọ na e nyere ụmụaka ndị a na-azụ ahịa ọnwa atọ iji kpebie ma ha ga-agba akaebe megide ndị na-azụ ahịa ha. Dị ka akụkọ 2009 End Child Prostitution in Asia Tourism (ECPAT) si kwuo, ndị isi Belgium ga-amata mmadụ dị ka onye a na-azụ ahịa ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ akwụsịla mmekọrịta niile ya na ndị na-azụ ahịa ha, kwenye na ndụmọdụ na ụlọ ọrụ nnabata pụrụ iche, ma tinye mkpesa megide ndị na-azụ ahịa. Akụkọ ahụ kwuru na ọnọdụ ndị a maka enyemaka ndị metụtara dị oke elu maka ụmụaka ndị metụtara izute. Dị ka gọọmentị si kwuo, ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị erughị eru maka ọnọdụ onye ahụ, ha ka nwere ike iru eru maka nchebe n'okpuru iwu gọọmentị maka ụmụaka na-enweghị onye na-eso ha. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị akaebe nke ndị ọkàiwu n'ụlọ ikpe nwere ikike ịchọ ọrụ iwu n'oge usoro ikpe dị mkpa. Otu akụkọ nke gọọmentị wepụtara n'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2009 kwuru na ndị na-enweghị akwụkwọ nke mmegbu akụ na ụba na-ala azụ iso ndị mmanye iwu na-arụkọ ọrụ, na-atụ egwu ịchụpụ. Akụkọ ahụ kwukwara na ndị a na-emegbu akụ na ụba na-ejedebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba a jụrụ ajụ tupu a gwa ha n'ụlọ mgbaba. A naghị atụ ndị a chọpụtara mkpọrọ n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, kwụọ ha ụgwọ, ma ọ bụ nye ha ntaramahụhụ maka omume iwu na-akwadoghị mere n'ihi ịzụ ahịa. IOM kọrọ na ọ kpọghachiri mmadụ ise a na-azụ ahịa, ndị okenye atọ na ụmụaka abụọ na-enweghị onye na-eso ha, n'afọ 2009.<ref name="dos"/> == Mgbochi == Gọọmentị Belgium kwadoro ọganihu ya iji gbochie ịzụ ahịa na 2009. Gọọmentị gara n'ihu na-akwado usoro mgbochi "Stop Child Prostitution" na 2009. Ọ kọrọ na ndị ọchịchị Belgium malitere mkpọsa ozi iji mee ka njirimara na nchebe maka ndị Brazil na-arụ ọrụ mmanye. N'afọ 2009, gọọmentị nyere akwụkwọ ozi n'asụsụ iri abụọ na asaa maka ndị nwere ike ịzụ ahịa nke ndị uwe ojii kesara, ebe mgbaba, ma dị na ọdụ ụgbọelu na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. N'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ 2009, na mmekorita ya na otu NGO, gọọmentị nwere nnọkọ na Senate nke Belgium iji mee ka ndị omeiwu nwekwuo mmasị na nsogbu ịzụ ahịa. A kọrọ na Brussels, Antwerp, na Liege mere ihe iji belata ọchịchọ maka mmekọahụ azụmahịa n'oge akụkọ ahụ. N'ịgbaso ihe atụ nke Brussels na Antwerp, gọọmentị obodo Liege mechiri ụlọ akwụna iri ise na otu na Septemba 2008, na-egbochi ịgba akwụna na ụlọ mmanya ole na ole edebanyere aha. Iwu Belgium na-enye ohere maka ikpe ndị mba Belgium maka mpụ mmetọ ụmụaka emere na mba ofesi. Ndị ọchịchị Belgium chọpụtara njem mmekọahụ ụmụaka dị ka nnukwu nsogbu n'etiti ndị mba Belgium, mana ha ekwughị ikpe ọ bụla maka ọrụ dị otú ahụ. Gọọmentị nyere ndị agha Belgium ọzụzụ mgbochi ịzụ ahịa tupu e tinye ha na ọrụ udo mba ụwa.<ref name="dos"/> == Leekwa == * Ihe ruuru mmadụ na Belgium * Ịgba akwụna na Belgium == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} cnhjmzxjb1xn5xvx61gy5pn5o6n7z3p 0 14042 674550 90583 2026-07-09T13:26:20Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674550 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Mohammed Sanusi Daggash''' (a mụrụ n'abalị 22 n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1960) bụ onye Naijiria na-ewu ụlọ na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke a họpụtara dịka onye otu ụlọ omebeiwu na 1999, wee bụrụ Onye nnọchite anya maka Borno North ([[Ȯra Borno|Borno]] State) na 2003. Onye isi ala [[Umaru Yar'Adua]] họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka National Planning Commission of Nigeria na July 2007, ma wepụ ya n'ọkwa ya na October 2008. [[Goodluck Jonathan]] họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ọrụ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010. == Ezinụlọ ebe a mụrụ == A mụrụ Mohammed Sanusi Daggash na 22 Disemba 1960 na Kironewa, Marte Local Government Area, Borno State .<ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=http://sanusidaggash.org/cv.php|title=Senator Mohammed Sanusi Daggash - CV|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235833/http://sanusidaggash.org/cv.php|archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Capacity School, [[Kaduna]] (1966–1973) na King's College, Lagos (1973–1978). Ọ gara [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria na 1978, nweta MSc na Osisentọala na 1984. Daggash jere ozi n'okpuru atụmatụ NYSC (1984–1985) na Ministry of Works and Housing na Borno State. N'afọ 1985, ọ ghọrọ Commonwealth Scholar, na-aga University College, London ebe o nwetara M.Sc na Development Economics n'afọ 1986.<ref name="self">{{Cite web|url=http://sanusidaggash.org/brief.php|title=Senator Mohammed Sanusi Daggash|publisher=Mohammed Sanusi Daggash|accessdate=2009-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208033728/http://sanusidaggash.org/brief.php|archivedate=2010-12-08}}</ref> Ọ mekwara ọmụmụ agụsịaakwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard na 1988. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa n'afọ 1986, Daggash guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ (Mass Consult - Nigeria) na Kaduna. N'afọ 1989, a họpụtara ya na Nigeria Football Association Board maka afọ anọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche na ndụmọdụ na iwu ụlọ ruo mgbe ọ banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge [[Sani Abacha]]. N'afọ 1995, ọ malitere ịmụ maka Masters na Public Administration, e nyekwara ya ákàrà ugo mmụta na 1998. Ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ego nke United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP). Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ bụ onye guzobere [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) ma jee ozi na National Establishment Committee. A hoputara ya n'ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya na 1999 maka mpaghara Marte, Monguno, na Nganzi nke Borno Steeti.<ref name="self" /> == Ọrụ Senate == N'okpuru otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP), a họpụtara Daggash dị ka onye omeiwu na 5th (2003–2007) National Assembly na-anọchite anya Borno North Senatorial District.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200902270137.html|publisher=This Day|title=When Will Borno PDP Wake From Slumber?|author=Michael Olugbode|date=26 February 2009|accessdate=2009-12-25}}</ref> Onye ya na zọrọ ọkwa ya na ANPP, Hajia Fati Ibrahim Bulama rịọrọ arịrịọ maka nsonaazụ ahụ, ma na-esote arịrịọ dị iche iche, ntuli aka Daggash kagburu na Nọvemba 2003. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ikpe ahụ chọpụtakwara na Bulama erughị eru ịzọ ọkwa maka ntuli aka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/12/22/20031222pol05.html|title=Daggash: Going Back to Voters...|author=Funmi Peter-Omale|publisher=ThisDay|date=2003-12-22|accessdate=2009-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128163339/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/12/22/20031222pol05.html|archivedate=2005-11-28}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Juun afọ 2004, Independent National Electoral Commission ka haziri ntuli aka ọhụrụ maka oche ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/jun/01/0311.html|publisher=Daily Trust|date=June 1, 2004|title=INEC defies courts on Borno senatorial election|author=Isa Umar Gusau|accessdate=2009-12-25}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, Daggash nọgidere n'oche ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Kọmitii Sineti iri dị iche iche n'oge ọchịchị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nidocanada.org/ncconference/speakers.html|title=WE WELCOME OUR GUEST SPEAKERS TO THE NIGERIA-CANADA CONFERENCE 2008|publisher=NIDO Canada|accessdate=2009-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029071145/http://www.nidocanada.org/ncconference/speakers.html|archivedate=2009-10-29}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche, Kọmitii Senate na Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na I.D. Card, na onye otu Kọmitii Senate na FCT, Capital Market, Loans and Debt, Banking, Currency and Finance Parliamentary Network On World Bank (PNWB). Ọ bụkwa onye otu ndị isi nke Guinea Insurance Company. Ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa PDP maka Borno North na ntuli aka Senate nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, mana ọ hapụrụ asọmpi ahụ ụbọchị ole na ole na ntuli aka iji mee mkpesa maka nnukwu aghụghọ nke ANPP na-achị achị nke gosipụtara ntuli aka gọvanọ bu ụzọ. E mesịrị kwupụta na oche sineti bụ nke [[All Nigeria People's Party]] (ANPP) Maina Maaji Lawan meriri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionigeriaonline.com/spotlight/canlists/senate.pdf|title=INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION NOMINATED CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION TO THE SENATE 2007|publisher=Radio Nigeria|accessdate=2009-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531192324/http://www.radionigeriaonline.com/spotlight/canlists/senate.pdf|archivedate=2011-05-31}}</ref><ref name="nassnig">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=122|title=Sen. Maina Maaji Lawan|publisher=National Assembly of Nigeria|accessdate=2009-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222055406/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=122|archivedate=December 22, 2008}}</ref> == Ọrụ mgbe e mesịrị == A họpụtara Daggash ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka atụmatụ mba na ọnwa July afọ 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/site/Nigeria_YarAdua_names_cabinet/list_messages/10239|title=Yar'Adua names cabinet|date=27 July 2007|publisher=Africa News|accessdate=2009-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928064504/http://www.africanews.com/site/Nigeria_YarAdua_names_cabinet/list_messages/10239|archivedate=28 September 2011}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2008, o so na ndị nnọchi anya Naịjirịa nke Shamsudeen Usman, Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ego, nke gara [[China]]. Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, osote Mịnịsta Yu bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta abụọ ya na Daggash.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yuguangzhou2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/activity/200803/20080305408379.html|title=Vice Minister Yu Meets Delegation of Nigeria|date=2008-03-03|publisher=Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|accessdate=2009-12-25}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktọba afọ 2008, Daggash kwupụtara na Naịjirịa ebelatawo ọnụ ahịa mmanụ na mmefu ego nke afọ 2009 ruo $ 45 kwa paụnd n'ihi ọdịda dị ukwuu na ọnụ ahịa mmanụ ala ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLK34620220081020|title=Nigeria cuts benchmark oil price to $45 in '09 budget|date=Oct 20, 2008|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2009-12-25|author=Nick Tattersall}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, a napụrụ ya n'ọkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2008/oct/30/national-30-10-2008-001.htm|title=BOOTED OUT! ...20 Ministers sacked, as Yar'Adua reshuffles cabinet ...Aondoakaa, Diezani Allison-Madueke, Ojo Maduekwe survive ...Modibbo, Daggash dropped|author=Lucky Nwankere, Abuja|date=October 30, 2008|accessdate=2009-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817023828/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2008/oct/30/national-30-10-2008-001.htm|archivedate=August 17, 2010}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, Daggash ghọọrọ onye isi nke Effectivo Capital, ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye ego na njikwa akụ nke dị na [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://efectivocapital.com/about.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209021718/http://efectivocapital.com/about.php|archivedate=February 9, 2022|title=About Efectivo - Our People|publisher=Efectivo Capital|accessdate=2009-12-25}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2009, Daggash so na "ndị nlekọta" na Borno Steeti PDP bụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe megide ihe ndị isi otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ahụ mere ịmanye ndị isi oche na ndị isi na steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200911180165.html|publisher=Daily Trust (Abuja)|title=Daggash, Mustapha, Others Unite Against Ciroma|author=Muideen Olaniyi|date=18 November 2009|accessdate=2009-12-25}}</ref> A họpụtara Daggash ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ụlọ na 6 Eprel 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mobile.reuters.com/mobile/m/FullArticle/CTOP/ntopNews_uUSTRE6353VK20100406?src=RSS-TOP|title=Factbox: Nigeria's new cabinet ministers|date=Apr 6, 2010|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2010-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410175023/http://mobile.reuters.com/mobile/m/FullArticle/CTOP/ntopNews_uUSTRE6353VK20100406?src=RSS-TOP|archivedate=2010-04-10}}</ref> == Leekwa == * [[List of Nigerian architects]] == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] osszddo7b9x7jx5v688lyxg3uy6ledz 0 14365 674804 515133 2026-07-10T03:53:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Johnson Donatus Aihumekeokhai Ojeikere''' (1930 - 2 Febụwarị 2014), nke a maara dị ka J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere, bụ onye na-ese foto na Naijiria nke a maara maka ọrụ ya na ntutu isi pụrụ iche a na-ahụ na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=JD 'Okhai Ojeikere: Nigeria's top photographer dies|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-26035238|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|date=4 February 2014|accessdate=4 February 2014}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ojeikere n'ụbọchị nke ịrị n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 1930 na Ovbiomu-Emai, [[Owan East]], [[Ȯra Edo|Edo Steeti]], ime obodo dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Na mgbakwunye na olumba Emai, Ojeikere na-asụ Yoruba na Bekee. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ma biri na Ketu, Nigeria. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ, ọ malitere ịse foto, nke dị egwu na Naịjirịa, ọkachasị ndị nọ n'obodo ya. Igwefoto enweghị mkpa dị elu ma bụrụ nke ndị mmadụ na-achọghi n'ihi na a na-ewere ha dị ka okomoko. Otú ọ dị, na 1950 [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], Ojeikere zụtara igwefoto Brownie D na-enweghị ọkụ maka pound abụọ, ma mee ka enyi ya kụziere ya ihe ndị bụ isi gbasara ise foto.<ref name="caacart">{{Cite web|author=Pigozzi|first=Jean|title=J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere Biography|url=http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Ojeikere-J-D-Okhai&bio=en&m=59|accessdate=5 May 2013|archivedate=25 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325065054/http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Ojeikere-J-D-Okhai&bio=en&m=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ojeikere|first=J.D. Okhai|title=J.D. Okhai Ojeikere|year=2000|publisher=Scalo}}</ref> Ojeikere nwetara ozi gbasara Ministry for Information na [[Ibadan]] na 1951, nke ọ ga-edegara ha otu akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwa ụbọchị iri na ise ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Magnin|first=André|title=J.D. 'Ohkai Ojeikere / Photographs|year=2000|isbn=3-908247-30-6}}</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 1953, ha mechara zaghachi na ha natara arịrịọ Ojeikere, ọ dọtara uche ha.<ref name=":0" /> Ojeikere malitere dị ka onye enyemaka n'afọ 1954 na Ministry of Information na [[Ibadan]]. N'afọ 1959, ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Ibadan ma kpebie na oge eruola ịlụ nwanyị. Tupu Ojeikere ahapụ obodo Ogute-Emai, ọ họọrọ nwunye ya, Ikegbua. Ozugbo ọ tozuru afọ 1959, ha kwụrụ ụgwọ ahụ ma mee emume alụmdi na nwunye ọdịnala n'obodo ha. N'afọ sochirinụ, ha nabatara nwa ha nwoke mbụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ha gara n'ihu mụọ ụmụ ise ma bụrụ Ndị Kraịst Katọlik.<ref name=":0"/> Mgbe Naịjirịa nwetachara nnwere onwe ya n'afọ 1960, Ojeikere chụrụ ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese foto. N'afọ 1961, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese foto na studio, n'okpuru Steve Rhodes, maka Television House Ibadan . Site na 1963 ruo 1975 Ojeikere rụrụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi na West Africa Publicity na [[Lagos]]. N'afọ 1967, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ sonye na Nigerian Arts Council . N'afọ 1968, ọ malitere otu n'ime ọrụ ya kachasị ukwuu ka ọ na-edekọ ụdị ntutu isi Naịjirịa. Nke a bụ akara ngosi nke ọrụ ya ma o bipụtara ihe dị ka otu puku foto nke ntutu isi ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka dị iche iche.<ref name="caacart"/> N'afọ 1975, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ afọ iri na abụọ, ebe Ojeikere bụ onye isi na-ese foto azụmahịa, a kagburu ọrụ ya. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ọbá akwụkwọ ''foto'' magburu onwe ya nke ka a na-eji na-enye ya ohere ịhazi azụmahịa nke ya site n'enyemaka nke onye ọ bụla nọ na Lagos Island, na-emeghe ụlọ ọrụ akpọrọ “Foto Ojeikere.”<ref name=":0" /> Na mmemme mbụ nke Nigeria Photography Award (NIPHA), nke ụlọ ọrụ multimedia Fullhouse Entertainment chikọbara ma mee na Sọnde, 31 Julaị 2011, Ojeikere bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto ama ama na Naijiria, ya na Sunmi Smart-Cole, Don Barber, na Amos Olarenwaju Osidele, bụ ndị e nyere ihe nrite maka ndụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Martha G.|title=African Photographer J.A. Green: Reimagining the Indigenous and the Colonial (African Expressive Cultures)|year=2017|isbn=978-0253028952|pages=350}}</ref> E tinyere nnukwu nhọrọ nke ọrụ Ojeikere na ngalaba arsenale nke 55th Venice Biennale d'arte, "Il Palazzo Enciclopedia" nke Massimiliano Gioni haziri na 2013.<ref>Evelyne Politanoff, [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/evelyne-politanoff/lavish-hairstyles-by-jd-o_b_3461853.html "Lavish Hairstyles by J.D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere"], ''The Huffington Post'' Arts & Culture, 18 June 2013.</ref> Ojeikere nwụrụ na 2 Febụwarị 2014, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na atọ. Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri [[Tam Fiofori]] nke akpọrọ J. D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere: Master Photographer .<ref>Lauren Said-Moorhouse, [http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/13/world/africa/a-love-letter-to-nigeria-ojeikere/ "'A love letter to Nigeria': The master photographer who captured nation's life"], ''African Voices'', CNN, 13 October 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220524063956/http://www.africanartists.org/event/film-screening-jd-ojeikere-the-master-photographer "Film Screening: J.D Ojeikere, The Master Photographer"], African Artists' Foundation, March 2016.</ref> == Ihe Nketa == Mgbe Ojeikere nwụrụ, ọ hapụrụ ebe nchekwa nke ihe karịrị foto 10,000 nke obodo ya bụ Naịjirịa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Meier|first=Allison|date=September 11, 2014|title=Finding More than Fashion in the Legacy of Nigerian Photographer J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere|url=https://hyperallergic.com/147388/finding-more-than-fashion-in-the-legacy-of-nigerian-photographer-j-d-okhai-ojeikere/|work=Hyperallergic}}</ref> Ihe mkpuchi foto ya na-egosi otú e si ahụ ụdị ntutu isi dị ka nka, ọdịbendị, ihe onwunwe, na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke oge ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Afrịka. N'ikwu otú, na okwu a na-eji maka ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ntutu isi o dere bụ “Onile-Gogoro” okwu Yoruba nke pụtara “guzo ogologo” nke e ji na-ezo aka n’ụlọ ndị nwere ọtụtụ okpukpu na-epulite n’obodo ndị dị na Naijiria ma bụrụ ihe a ma ama site na egwu nke kọwara asụsụ na mmegharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke afọ 1960. Ọzọkwa, utu aha nke foto Ojeikere na-abụkarị ihe nkịtị.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Ntombela|first=Nontobeko|date=April 16, 2018|title=Untitled (Ife Bronze)|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/untitled-ife-bronze|work=Phillips Collection}}</ref> A maara Ojeikere nke ọma maka foto ojii na-acha ọcha nke ụdị ntutu isi Naịjirịa nke ọ malitere ịse foto na 1950s, nke e gosipụtara na 2013 Venice Biennale . N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, dị ka otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-ese foto na Naịjirịa, ebe ọ dịrị ndụ site na 1930 site na nnwere onwe nke mba ahụ na 1960, ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị agha, na ndụ obodo na obodo, echiche ya sara mbara karịa ejiji.<ref name=":2"/> Ojeikere nwetakwara profaịlụ mba ụwa n'oge ndụ ya, na foto ya ugbu a na nchịkọta site na Metropolitan Museum of Art ruo Tate Modern. Mgbe ọ nwụrụ, Giulia Paoletti na Ngalaba nka nke Africa, Oceania, na America na Metropolitan Museum of Art dere, sị: "A na-amata okwu ya ozugbo: enweghị azụ ma ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe, ụmụ nwanyị mara mma, coiffures mara mma, ọkụ dị nro, mbipụta ojii na-acha ọcha. N'aka Ojeikere, foto ghọrọ ụzọ isi dekọọ ihe okike na-agafe agafe nke gosipụtara ndụ mmekọrịta na ọdịbendị Naịjirịa. "<ref name=":1"/> Medina Dugger, onye na-ese foto na Lagos na onye na-enwe mmasị na ọrụ Ojeikere kwuru okwu a: "Tupu ọchịchị Britain, ụdị ntutu isi ọdịnala bụ ụkpụrụ ma dị iche iche dịka agbụrụ, ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye, na ihe omume pụrụ iche."  Dugger bu ụzọ gaa obodo kachasị ukwuu na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2011 site n'iwu nke otu nwa klas ya bụ onye guzobere ememme LagosPhoto. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ zutere foto Ojeikere - "Hairstyles" ya mere ka e mepụta Dugger's "Chroma: An Ode to J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere", usoro foto ndị nwere obi ike, nke nwere agba na-egosi mmelite ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke nwere ọtụtụ agba nke ụdị ntutu isi gosipụtara na ọrụ Ojeikere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fequiere|first=Roxanne|date=2019-10-27|title=The Enduring Influence of Photographer J.D. Okhai Ojeikere|url=https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/mbm43q/the-enduring-influence-of-photographer-jd-okhai-ojeikere|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=Garage|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113224554/https://garage.vice.com/en_us/article/mbm43q/the-enduring-influence-of-photographer-jd-okhai-ojeikere}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * J.D.'Okhai Ojeikere: Foto. Zürich: Scalo, 2000. Edited by Andre Magnin. . == Ndekọ == * Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL: 1 mbipụta (dị ka nke August 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2020-08-12|title=J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere|url=https://www.artic.edu/artists/114026/j-d-okhai-ojeikere|work=The Art Institute of Chicago}}</ref> * Museum of Modern Art, New York: 3 abụọ nke mbipụta (dị ka nke August 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2020-08-12|title=J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/44110|work=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York: mbipụta (dịka nke August 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2020-08-12|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search#!?q=J.D.%2520%27Okhai%2520Ojeikere&perPage=20&sortBy=Relevance&offset=0&pageSize=0|title=2 results for "J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere"|work=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> * Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas: mbipụta iri na atọ (dịka nke August 2020)<ref>[https://emuseum.mfah.org/people/23207/j-d-okhai-ojeikere/objects "J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere"], The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.</ref> == Ihe ngosi == === Ngosipụta o mere naanị ya === * 1995: Ihe ngosi mbụ nke Ojeikere na Naịjirịa yana ihe ngosi na Switzerland (ọrụ mbụ e gosipụtara na mpụga obodo ya) * 2000: J. D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere, Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain, Paris, France<ref>[http://www.fondationcartier.com/#/fr/art-contemporain/26/expositions/294/toutes-les-expositions/589/j-d-okhai-ojeikere/ Fondation Cartier]</ref> * 2001: J. D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere: Hairstyles 1968 - 1999, MAMCO Musée d'art moderne et contemporain, Geneva, Switzerland * 2005: ''Hairstyles'': JD ‘Okhai Ojeikere, Blaffer Art Museum nke Mahadum Houston, Texas, USA<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blafferartmuseum.org/past-exhibitions/ |title=Blaffer Art Museum |accessdate=2022-06-08 |archivedate=2020-05-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514161011/http://blafferartmuseum.org/past-exhibitions/ }}</ref> * 2009: Hairdos and Parties: African Typographies by J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere and Malick Sidibé, L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, New York<ref>[http://lparkerstephenson.nyc/exhibitions/2_ChecklistAfrican.pdf L. Parker Stephenson Photographs]</ref> * 2010: Sartorial Moments, Centre for Contemporary Art, Lagos, Nigeria<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211020173045/https://ccalagos.org/archive/2010-jd-okhai-ojeikere "JD 'Okhai Ojeikere: Sartorial Moments and the Nearness of Yesterday. 1st October – 30th November 2010"], CCA Lagos.</ref> * 2011: J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere: Moments of Beauty, Centre for Contemporary Art, Lagos, Nigeria<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120738/http://www.ccalagos.org/archive/2011-jd-okhai-ojeikere "JD 'Okhai Ojeikere: Moments of Beauty. 15th April – 27th November 2011"].CCA Lagos.</ref> * 2011: J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere: Moments of Beauty, Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art, Helsinki, Finland<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171021022123/http://www.kiasma.fi/kiasma-lehti/48.php?lang=en&id=6 "Moments of Beauty"], ''Kiasma Magazine'', No. 48, Vol. 14.</ref> * 2014: J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere: Hairstyles and Headdresses, Royal Festival Hall, Southbank, London, UK<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160418050607/http://www.nae.org.uk/uploads/pages-attachments/30/20140919093925-An%20Exhibition%20of%20Nigerian%20Hairstyles%20and%20Headdresses-%20JD%20Okhai%20Ojeiker.pdf "J.D. Okhai Ojeikere: Hairstyles and Headdresses"], Hayward Touring, Southbank Centre – New Art Exchange, Nottingham (27 September 2014 – 11 January 2015).</ref> === Ihe ngosi otu === * 2000: ''Africa'': Past-Present, Fifty-One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp<ref>[http://gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&offset=9 Gallery 51]</ref> * 2001: Face Off, Aeroplastics Contemporary, Brussels<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://previous.aeroplastics.net/2001_faceoff/faceof00.html |title=Aeroplastics Previous |accessdate=2022-06-08 |archivedate=2017-04-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422060804/http://previous.aeroplastics.net/2001_faceoff/faceof00.html }}</ref> * 2002: Collection in Context - Recent Photography Acquisitions, The Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, USA<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/7298 |title=Undo.net |accessdate=2022-06-08 |archivedate=2024-12-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226114306/http://1995-2015.undo.net/it/mostra/7298 }}</ref> * 2003: Ihe ndị pụtara ìhè site na nchịkọta nke Foundation Cartier pour l'art contemporain, Paris: William Eggleston, Beat Streuli, Bill Viola, Vik Muniz, J.D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere, Pierrick sorin, Bildmuseet Umea Universitett, Umea, Sweden * 2004: Joy of Life - ndị na-ese foto abụọ si Africa: Seydou Keita, JD ‘Okhai Ojeikere, Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, Japan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.haramuseum.or.jp/generalTop.html|title=Hara Museum|accessdate=19 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628173122/http://www.haramuseum.or.jp/generalTop.html|archivedate=28 June 2017}}</ref> * 2004: Nous Remontons de la "Calle" Toutes les Photographies!, Galerie du Jour Agnés B., Paris, France * 2004: ''La collection d'art contemporain d'Agnès b''. ''Je m'installe aux Abattoirs'', Les Abattoirs - Frac Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France<ref>[http://www.lesabattoirs.org/expositions/la-collection-dart-contemporain-dagnes-b-je-minstalle-aux-abattoirs "La collection d'art contemporain d'Agnès b. Je m'installe aux Abattoirs"], Les Abattoirs (9 April–13 June 2004).</ref> * 2005: Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection, MFAH Museum of Fine Arts Houston, Houston, TX, USA<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180323220050/http://prv.mfah.org/archives/search.asp?par1=3&showid=2195&extitle=African+Art+Now%3A+Masterpieces+from+the+Jean+Pigozzi+Collection&exartist=&syear=&eyear=&cPg=1 "African Art Now: Masterpieces from the Jean Pigozzi Collection"], MFAH Archives.</ref> * 2006: 100% Africa, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain<ref>[https://www.guggenheim-bilbao.eus/en/exhibitions/100-africa-2/ "100% AFRICA"], Guggenheim Bilbao (12 October 2006–February 2007).</ref> * 2006: About Africa Part One: Seydou Keita, Malick Sidbé, Jean-Dominque Burton, ''Jürgen Schadeberg'', J. D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere, Fifty-One Fine Art Photography, Antwerp, Belgium.<ref>[http://gallery51.com/index.php?navigatieid=236&exhibitionid=36 "About Africa : PART ONE. Malick Sidibe, Seydou Keita, J.D.Ojeikere, Jean Dominique Burton, Jurgen Schadeberg"], Gallery 51.</ref> * 2006: Some Tribes, Christophe Guye Galerie, Zurich, Switzerland<ref>[https://christopheguye.com/exhibitions/some-tribes/introduction "Some Tribes"], Christophe Guye Galerie (3 July 2006 – 31 August 2006).</ref> * 2008: Head Room, Mocca - Museum of Contemporary Canadian Art, Toronto, ON * 2009: Chance Encounters, Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai<ref>[http://www.sakshigallery.com/details?section=exhibition&id=128&ref=/exhibition Sakshi Gallery]</ref> * 2009: ''70s''. Photography and Everyday Life, Teatro Fernan Gomez, PHotoEspaña, Madrid, Spain (catalogue ) * 2009: ''70s''. Photography and Everyday Life, Museo D’Arte Provincia di Nuoro, Nuoro, Italy (catalogue ) * 2009: J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere na Malick Sidibe: Hairdos and Parties- African Typologies, L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, New York, USA * 2010: ''70s''. Photography and Everyday Life, Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporaneo, Seville, Spain (catalogue ) * 2010: ''70s''. Photography and Everyday Life, Nederlands Fotomuseum, Rotterdam, Netherlands (catalogue ) * 2010: ''A Midsummer Gallery Soirée'', Hagedorn Foundation Gallery, Atlanta, GA, USA * 2010: ''AIPAD -'' The Photography Show, L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, Park Avenue Armory, New York, USA<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155745/http://lparkerstephenson.nyc/exhibitions/6_AIPAD2010checklist.pdf "AIPAD – The Photography Show"], L. Parker Stephenson Photographs (17–21 March 2010).</ref> * 2010: National Black Arts Festival, Atlanta, GA, USA * 2011: Becoming: Photographs from the Wedge Collection, Tate Modern, London, England * 2012: Africa/Africa, Abbaya St. André, Centre d'art contemporain de Meymac, Meymac, France<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155317/http://www.centre-art-contemporain-meymac.com/spip.php?page=archives&id_rubrique=2&annee=2012 "Africa"], Centre d'art contemporain de Meymac (18 March–17 June 2012).</ref> * 2013: Voyage Retour - Federal Government Press, Broad Street, Lagos, Lagos Island, Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.museum-folkwang.de/en/exhibitions/future-exhibitions/voyage-retour.html |title=Museum Folkwang |accessdate=2022-06-08 |archivedate=2013-11-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122204103/http://www.museum-folkwang.de/en/exhibitions/future-exhibitions/voyage-retour.html }}</ref> * 2013: The Encyclopedic Palace nke Massimiliano Gioni haziri, The Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy<ref>[http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/archive/55th-exhibition/artists/ La Biennale di Venezia]</ref> * 2014: Back to Front, Mariane Ibrahim Gallery, Seattle, USA<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115102/http://marianeibrahim.com/back-to-front-j-d-okhai-ojeikere-and-malick-sidibe "Back to Front, J.D. 'Okhai Ojeikere and Malick Sidibe"], Mariane Ibrahim Gallery.</ref> * 2014: ''Ici l'Afrique'', Château de Penthes, Pregny-Chambésy, France<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202332/http://www.penthes.ch/portfolio/lafrique-contemporaine-vue-dans-le-regard-de-ses-artistes/ "Ici l'Afrique"], Château de Penthes (8 May–6 July 2014).</ref> * 2015: Making Africa - A Continent of Contemporary Design, Vitra Design Museum, Weil am Rhein, Germany<ref>[http://www.design-museum.de/de/ausstellungen/detailseiten/making-africa.html "Making Africa - A Continent of Contemporary Design"], Vitra Design Museum.</ref> * 2016: ''Banyere Africa'': Contemporary Art na Afro-Futurism, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv, Israel<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210112164322/http://www.africa-tamuseum.org.il/ "Regarding Africa: Contemporary Art and Afro-Futurism"], Tel Aviv Museum of Art.</ref> * 2020: Site na Lens Africa: Foto ndị dị n'okpuru Sahara site na Nchịkọta Museum, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|title=Through an African Lens: Sub-Saharan Photography from the Museum's Collection|url=https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston|archivedate=2020-06-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609030155/https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/through-african-lens-sub-saharan-photography-mfah-collection}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * J.D. Okhai Ojeikere na African American Visual Artists Database site na Internet Archive [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lbds39ww8234bgaa2okim4htyf9f6bv 0 14411 674559 631080 2026-07-09T14:13:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=HG2 Filmworks|image=File:HG2 Filmworksng.jpg|image_upright=1.3|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|othername=|birth_date=1 October 1989|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]]|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=[[Nigeria]]n-[[America]]n|alma_mater=*Ilupeju Secondary School *[[Los Angeles Film School]]|occupation=Filmmaker, [[music video director]], [[cinematographer]], entrepreneur|years_active=2011–present|known_for=founding HG2 Filmworks|spouse=|parents=|website={{URL|hg2filmworks.com/}}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Olaolu Akorede Olabode Folarin''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1, n'afọ 1989) nke a makwaara dị ka '''HG2 Filmworks''' bụ onye nduzi vidio egwu nke [[Naijiria]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|America]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri azụmahịa, onye na-emepụta ihe osise, onye ọchụnta ego na onye na-ese ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informationng.com/2021/01/sleeping-around-doesnt-automatically-make-you-rich-filmmaker-hg2-tells-ladies.html|title=‘Sleeping Around Doesn’t Automatically Make You Rich’ – Filmmaker Hg2 Tells Ladies|date=5 January 2021|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/davido-and-his-boys-used-baseball-bat-to-beat-me-till-i-was-in-pool-of-blood-hg2-discloses-screenshots/|title=Davido And His Boys Used Baseball Bat To Beat Me Till I Was In Pool Of Blood – HG2 Discloses (Screenshots)|date=6 October 2020|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184247/https://www.ghgossip.com/davido-and-his-boys-used-baseball-bat-to-beat-me-till-i-was-in-pool-of-blood-hg2-discloses-screenshots/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodtimes.com/2021/03/hg2-filmmaker-olabode-any-day-wizkid.html|title=Hg2 Filmmaker, Olabode – “Any day Wizkid follow me, I will follow back”|date=27 March 2021|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaltimesng.com/2020/11/18/music-video-director-hg2-film-works-reveals-he-is-made-in-lagos/|title=Music Video Director; HG2 Film Works Reveals He Is “Made In Lagos|date=18 November 2020|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008192746/https://globaltimesng.com/2020/11/18/music-video-director-hg2-film-works-reveals-he-is-made-in-lagos/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glamsquadmagazine.com/music-video-director-hg2-films-welcomes-his-first-baby/|title=Music Video Director HG2 Films Welcomes His First Baby|date=4 November 2016|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184238/https://glamsquadmagazine.com/music-video-director-hg2-films-welcomes-his-first-baby/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musicvibes.net/music-video-director-hg2-films-celebrate-10-years-remembrance-of-his-father-death/|title=Music Video Director, HG2 Films Celebrate 10 Years Remembrance Of His Father Death|date=6 June 2020|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008185740/https://musicvibes.net/music-video-director-hg2-films-celebrate-10-years-remembrance-of-his-father-death/}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na Ọktoba 1, 1989, na [[Lagos]], Nigeria mana o si na [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara Steeti]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naijabiography.com/olabode-akorede-biography-hg2-films-career-net-worth/|title=Olabode Akorede Biography ( HG2 Films, Career, Net Worth)|date=7 June 2020|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184235/https://naijabiography.com/olabode-akorede-biography-hg2-films-career-net-worth/}}</ref> Olabode malitere njem mmepụta ya dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe osise ma mesịa họrọ n'ime mmepụta vidio egwu n'ụjụ na 2010. N'afọ 2011, ọ tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ HG2 Film Works nke lekwasịrị anya na vidiyo egwu, ihe ngosi okike, na ịme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestnigeriannews.com/p/675773/hg2-films-biography-dir-videos-net-worth-age-facts.html|title=HG2 Films Biography: Dir. Videos, Net Worth, Age, Facts|date=30 June 2021|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> Ọ duziri vidiyo egwu maka ndị na-ese ihe dịka D'banj, [[Kizz Daniel|Kiss Daniel]], Dammy Krane, Reminisce, [[9ice]], na Skales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mp3bullet.ng/nigerian-film-maker-shares-experience-of-his-first-meeting-with-dbanj/|title=Nigerian Film Maker Shares Experience of His First Meeting with D’banj|date=6 May 2020|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijavibe.net/dbanj-everything-is-ok-video/|title=D’Banj – Everything Is Ok [ViDeo]|date=20 December 2019|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184238/https://www.naijavibe.net/dbanj-everything-is-ok-video/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitnaija.com/download-mp3/kiss-daniel-sin-city/|title=Kiss Daniel – Sin City|date=15 August 2017|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/01/new-video-dammy--m-m,mnfeat-shatta-wale-davido-gbetiti/|title=New Video: Dammy Krane Feat. Shatta Wale & Davido – Gbetiti|date=16 January 2017|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaolofofo.com/video-reminisce-ijoba-government-ft-olamide-endia-behind-the-scenes/|title=[Video]: Reminisce – IJOBA [Government] Ft. Olamide & Endia (Behind The Scenes)|date=22 July 2013|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.naijaolofofo.com/video-reminisce-ijoba-government-ft-olamide-endia-behind-the-scenes/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-9ice-lords-prayer|title=[Video] 9ice – Lord’s Prayer|date=30 June 2015|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184234/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-9ice-lords-prayer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/skales-davido-timaya-in-ajaga-video/|title=Skales, Davido, Timaya in Ajaga video|date=23 February 2017|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184234/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/skales-davido-timaya-in-ajaga-video/}}</ref> A họpụtara ọrụ vidio egwu ya maka onyinye na 2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards, na Soundcity MVP Awards Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/nigeria-entertainment-awards-nominees-2015/|title=The Nigeria Entertainment Awards Announce 2015 Nominees|date=15 June 2015|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/davido-olamide-others-perform-soundcity-mvp-awards|title=Davido, Olamide, others to perform at Soundcity MVP Awards|date=20 December 2016|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> === Vidio egwu ndi o mepụtara === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Onye na-ese ihe !Vidio !Ọrụ |- |2019 |CheekyChizzy ft [[Ice Prince]] |"Facility"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriansounds.com/video-cheekychizzy-facility-featuring-ice-prince-slimcase/|title=Video:- CheekyChizzy – Facility Featuring Ice Prince & Slimcase|date=11 December 2019|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125753/https://nigeriansounds.com/video-cheekychizzy-facility-featuring-ice-prince-slimcase/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2019 |D'banj |"Ihe niile dị mma"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/dbanj-everything-is-ok/|title=VIDEO: D’Banj – Everything Is Ok|date=22 December 2019|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/dbanj-everything-is-ok/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2019 |DJ Kamol ft Oritse Femi |"Gbese"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naijapopstar.net/dj-kamol-ft-oritse-femi-gbese/|title=MUSIC: DJ Kamol Ft. Oritse Femi – Gbese|date=6 June 2019|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125757/https://naijapopstar.net/dj-kamol-ft-oritse-femi-gbese/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2016 |[[9ice]] |"Aunty"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://topnaijamusic.com/download-video-9ice-aunty-dir-hg2-films/|title=DOWNLOAD VIDEO: 9ICE – AUNTY (DIR. HG2 FILMS)|date=12 April 2016|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2013 |[[9ice]] |"Life Drama"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-9ice-life-drama-2|title=[Video] 9ice – Life Drama|date=27 December 2013|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125800/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-9ice-life-drama-2}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2013 |[[9ice]] ft Vector (rapper) |"Pace Setter" |Onye isi |- |2015 |[[9ice]] ft 2face Idibia |"Ndụ mara mma"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://topnaijamusic.com/official-video-9ice-ft-2face-idibia-life-is-beautiful/|title=OFFICIAL VIDEO: 9ICE FT. 2FACE IDIBIA – LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL|date=6 April 2015|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2016 |[[Kizz Daniel|Kiss Daniel]] |"Sin City"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/official-video-kiss-daniel-sin-city/|title=OFFICIAL VIDEO: Kiss Daniel – Sin City|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184238/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/official-video-kiss-daniel-sin-city/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2017 |Dammy Krane ft. Shatta Wale & Davido |"Gbetiti"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/dammy-krane-gbetiti-ft-shatta-wale-davido-official-video/|title=Dammy Krane – Gbetiti ft Shatta Wale and Davido (Official Video)|date=25 January 2017|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.ghanamotion.com/dammy-krane-gbetiti-ft-shatta-wale-davido-official-video/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2013 |Reminisce ft. [[Olamide]] & Endia |"Ijoba [Gọọmenti]" |Onye isi |- |2014 |Qdot ft. [[Olamide]] |"Ibadan"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/video-qdot-feat-olamide-ibadan/|title=VIDEO: Qdot feat. Olamide – 'Ibadan'|date=15 December 2014|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2017 |Skales ft. Davido & [[Timaya]] |"Ajaga"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/skales-davido-timaya-in-ajaga-video/|title=Skales, Davido, Timaya in Ajaga video|date=25 February 2017|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184234/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/skales-davido-timaya-in-ajaga-video/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2015 |[[9ice]] |"Ekpere Onyenwe Anyị" |Onye isi |- |2015 |Lioness ft Lace |"Ka anyị gaa Party"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/dbanj-everything-is-ok/|title=VIDEO: D’Banj – Everything Is Ok|date=22 December 2019|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/dbanj-everything-is-ok/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2016 |Ọdụm nwanyị |"Low Low"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musicafric.com/video-lioness-low-low-dir-hg2films/|title=#Nigeria: Video: Lioness – Low Low (Dir by HG2Films)|date=14 November 2016|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125751/https://musicafric.com/video-lioness-low-low-dir-hg2films/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2018 |Skiibii |"Gara"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcity.tv/skiibii-shows-off-new-benz-in-gara-video-watch-here/|title=Skiibii Shows Off New Benz In “Gara” Video – Watch Here!|date=1 July 2018|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2015 |[[Kizz Daniel|Kiss Daniel]] ft. Sugar Boy |"Molue" |Onye isi |- |2017 |[[Dayo Amusa]] |“Blow My Mind”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/01/actress-dayo-amusa-is-out-with-a-new-song-listen-watch-the-video-for-blow-my-mind/|title=Actress Dayo Amusa is out with a New Song! Listen & Watch the Video for “Blow My Mind”|date=25 January 2017|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2017 |Yonda |"Las Vegas"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcity.tv/new-video-yonda-las-vegas/|title=New Video: Yonda – Las Vegas|date=29 January 2017|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2017 |[[Spinall|DJ Spinall]] ft. [[Ycee|YCEE]] |"On A Low"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okay.ng/dj-spinall-ft-ycee-on-a-low-download-video/|title=VIDEO: DJ Spinall ft. Ycee – On A Low|date=8 November 2017|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2016 |Lioness ft. [[Chidinma]] |"Hụ m n'anya Jeje"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informationng.com/2016/03/audio-video-lioness-love-me-jeje-ft-chidinma.html|title=AUDIO + VIDEO: Lioness – Love Me Jeje Ft. Chidinma|date=21 March 2016|accessdate=8 October 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2015 |DJ Real ft Dammy Krane, Skales, Jhybo, Tee Blaq, Small Doctor |“Mee Uche”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/adverts/jbvideo-dj-real-make-sense-featuring-dammy-krane-skales-jhybo-small-doctor-tee-blaq-2/|title=JBVIDEO: Dj Real – “Make Sense” featuring Dammy Krane, Skales, Jhybo, Small Doctor & Tee Blaq|date=7 November 2015|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125751/https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/adverts/jbvideo-dj-real-make-sense-featuring-dammy-krane-skales-jhybo-small-doctor-tee-blaq-2/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2017 |Omihanifa |"Halelluyah Meje Meje" |Onye isi |- |2015 |Lioness ft Emma Nyra |"Ihe ọ bụla maka ịhụnanya"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://okhype.com/video/video-lioness-ft-emma-nyra-anything-for-love/|title=VIDEO: Lioness ft. Emma Nyra – Anything For Love|date=22 March 2015|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125750/https://okhype.com/video/video-lioness-ft-emma-nyra-anything-for-love/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2015 |DJ Ikay ft Dammy Krane, Skales, [[Runtown]] |"Coco"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://confirmgist.com.ng/2015/02/music-dj-ikay-coco-ft-dammy-krane-runtown-skales/|title=MUSIC: DJ Ikay – Coco ft. Dammy Krane, Runtown & Skales|date=6 February 2015|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2016 |Oladips ft Reminisce |"Bounce"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotnaijamusic.com/download-video/video-oladips-bounce-ft-reminisce/|title=VIDEO: Oladips – Bounce ft Reminisce|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2015 |Oritse Femi ft. Ncheta |"Echi"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jaguda.com/music-mp3/video-oritse-femi-tomorrow-ft-reminisce/|title=VIDEO: Oritse Femi {{!}} Tomorrow Ft. Reminisce|date=6 July 2015|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184238/https://jaguda.com/music-mp3/video-oritse-femi-tomorrow-ft-reminisce/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2015 |Mtal Ft. Oritsefemi, Kalaski |"Baby To Luminati (Remix)"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-mtal-ft-oritsefemi-kalaski-baby-to-luminati-remix|title=[Video] Mtal Ft. Oritsefemi & Kalaski – Baby To Luminati (Remix)|date=20 November 2015|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125759/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/video/video-mtal-ft-oritsefemi-kalaski-baby-to-luminati-remix}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2016 |Rayce |"21 Ịhụnanya"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://musicafric.com/nigeria-video-rayce-21-love-dir-by-hg2-films/|title=#Nigeria: Video: Rayce – 21 Love (Dir By HG2 Films)|date=1 December 2016|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125751/https://musicafric.com/nigeria-video-rayce-21-love-dir-by-hg2-films/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2016 |[[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan]] ft Space Boi |"Odun Yi"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://songbaze.com.ng/video-zlatan-ibile-odun-yi-this-year-ft-space-boi/|title=VIDEO: Zlatan Ibile – “Odun Yi” (This Year) ft. Space Boi|date=23 July 2016|accessdate=8 November 2021|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125750/https://songbaze.com.ng/video-zlatan-ibile-odun-yi-this-year-ft-space-boi/}}</ref> |Onye isi |- |2021 |K Rollz |"Need Your Luv" |Onye isi |- |2016 |Rayce |"Wetin Dey"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akpraise.com.ng/official-video-rayce-wetin-dey-dir-hg2-films/|title=OFFICIAL VIDEO: Rayce – Wetin Dey (Dir. HG2 Films)|date=26 January 2016|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184236/https://www.akpraise.com.ng/official-video-rayce-wetin-dey-dir-hg2-films/}}</ref> |Onye isi |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Emume onyinye !Nkọwa onyinye !Nsonaazụ !Ref |- |2015 |2015 Nigeria Entertainment Awards |Vidio egwu kacha mma|| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Entertainment Awards Unveils 2015 Nominees List|url=https://tooxclusive.com/nigeria-entertainment-awards-unveils-2015-nominees-list/|publisher=Tooxclusive|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184237/https://tooxclusive.com/nigeria-entertainment-awards-unveils-2015-nominees-list/}}</ref> |- |2016 |Soundcity MVP Awards Festival |Vidio nke Afọ|| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=#SoundcityMVP2016 : Wizkid, Olamide Battle Each-Other for Soundcity MVP Award Festival 2016 + Full List of Nominees for Soundcity MVP Award Festival 2016|url=https://gyonlineng.com/soundcitymvp2016-wizkid-olamide-battle-soundcity-mvp-award-festival-2016-full-list-nominees-soundcity-mvp-award-festival-2016/|publisher=gyonlineng.com|accessdate=8 October 2021|archivedate=8 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008184237/https://gyonlineng.com/soundcitymvp2016-wizkid-olamide-battle-soundcity-mvp-award-festival-2016-full-list-nominees-soundcity-mvp-award-festival-2016/}}</ref> |} == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fep9e3ybbhnkbxhfdtgf4vrsy7tsjmb 0 14573 674816 92039 2026-07-10T04:58:43Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ */ 674816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''John Apea''' bụ [[Actor|onye]] [[Ghana]] na-eme ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2008, o ritere Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Screenplay maka ''ihe nkiri'' ''Run Baby Run'' nke o gosikwara dịka onye isi na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref name="nouse">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nouse.co.uk/2008/10/14/student%E2%80%99s-film-wins-four-african-oscars/|title=Student’s film wins four African Oscars|work=[[Nouse]]|publisher=[[Nouse]]|accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref> ''Run Baby Run'' nwetara nhọpụta asatọ ma merie ''ihe'' nrite anọ na Africa Movie Academy Awards n'afọ 2008, gụnyere onyinye maka Best Picture, Best Director na Best Screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/bob/bob09.htm|title=Abuja's Night Of Excellence|author=Ogbu|first=Rachel|date=5 May 2008|work=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)|Newswatch]]|accessdate=21 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?newsid=418&section=6|title=The new international movie from Revele Films: Run Baby Run|date=9 June 2006|work=The Statesman|accessdate=21 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200702160794.html|title='Run Baby Run' a Must-See Movie|author=Bondzi|first=Jacquiline Afua|date=16 February 2007|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|publisher=[[AllAfrica Global Media]]|accessdate=21 February 2011}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Apea gụrụ akwụkwọ na Achimota School na Sociology na Social Policy na Mahadum York nàkwà Mahadum Oxford .<ref>[http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=john+apea+linkedin&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 "Linkedin", John Apea, December 2,2013]</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-eme ihe nkiri na usoro telivishọn Ghana a ma ama ''Home Sweet Home'' .<ref name="nouse" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thestatesmanonline.com/pages/news_detail.php?section=6&newsid=523|title=Home Sweet Home...The show you can't get enough of|work=The Statesman|accessdate=21 February 2011}}</ref> Ugbu a, ọ bụ onye isi ndị isi oche (CEO) nke eTranzact Ghana, otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ na ọrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ. == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|4979362}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1x2q0zipd28wg1dyjmmyjkqumchegwg 0 15388 674793 91997 2026-07-10T03:37:23Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Johan Oldert''' (1912-1984) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na ónyé na-akpụ ihe na South Africa nke a maara màkà ihe osise mmanụ, ọkachasị ala, na ihe ọkpụkpụ: ọkachasị ihe osise ọla nchara.<ref name="crouse">{{Cite web|url=http://artdealers.co.za/johan-oldert/|title=Johan Oldert|accessdate=28 Feb 2017|work=Crouse Art Gallery website}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Johan Oldert na Rotterdam na 1912, nwa nwoke nke ónyé na-eme achịcha. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Royal Academy na Rotterdam n'okpuru Koos den Hartog, na London n'okpuru Harold Brownsword na Regent Street Polytechnic. Na South Africa ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Natal Technical College n'okpuru Merlyn Evans na Nils Anderson, na n'okpuru Eric Byrd na Witwatersrand Technical College. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara South Africa na 1935.<ref name="crouse" /> == Ọrụ == Johan Oldert rụrụ ọrụ na mbụ dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe osise na ónyé na-ere ahịa na Johannesburg. Mgbè ihe mberede nke ọ dara n'elu ihe na-ebuli elu n'ụlọ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ malitere ogologo ógè, ma mesịa kpebie ịhapụ ọrụ ya wee bụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe n'onwe ya. Oldert bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na-ewu ewu ma na-aga nke ọma na 1960s na 1970s.<ref name="smith">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artistjohnsmith.co.za/johan-oldert/|title=JOHAN OLDERT (1912-1984)|accessdate=3 March 2017|work=John Smith website}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 2000, ọrụ Oldert adaala n'ụdị ejiji; na 2009 Stephan Welz nke Sotheby kọwara ya dị ka " nka kalenda", ma kwuo na ahịa Oldert fọrọ nke nta ka ọ pụọ. == Ọrụ == E nyere ụlọ ọrụ Metzudat Ze'ev na ébé ngosi ihe mgbè ochie na Tel Aviv ihe oyiyi ọla nchara nkè Ze'ev Jabotinsky site na Oldert na 2008 ma kà ná-egosi.<ref name="begin">{{Cite web|url=http://begincenterdiary.blogspot.co.uk/2008/05/center-bulletin-vol-4-no-30.html|title=Center Bulletin, Volume 4, Issue 30 May 7, 2008|accessdate=3 March 2017|work=Menachim Begin Heritage Center website}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 0n8p9y6pyy07uqchkyk04vzlkkj2fjv 0 15497 675036 674410 2026-07-10T10:24:35Z Ebube Clara 43871 675036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Alexander''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1959) bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà a ma àmá na South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/interviews/jane-alexander-cam-houston/|title=Global Context: Q+A with Jane Alexander|author=Dent|first=Lisa|date=2012-08-03|work=Art in America|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":A">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/54963-top-15-south-african-artists.html|title=Top 15 South African Artists|author=Ceves|first=James|date=2020|publisher=South African News-website "Briefly.co.za"|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nkè a maara nke ọma màkà ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, The Butcher Boys . Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ, photomontages, foto na vidiyo. Alexander nwere mmasị n'omume mmadụ, esemokwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ncheta ọdịbendị nke mmegbu na enweghị ntinye aka zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artthrob.co.za/99july/artbio.htm|title=A feature on an artist in the public eye Jane Alexander|date=1999|work=Artthrob Contemporary Art in South Africa}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Bick|first=Tenley|date=Winter 2010|title=Horror Histories: Apartheid and the Abject Body in the Work of Jane Alexander|journal=African Arts|volume=43|issue=4|pages=30–41|doi=10.1162/afar.2010.43.4.30}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Subiros|first=Pep|date=Fall 2013|title=Jane Alexander: Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=92–99}}</ref> Ọrụ Alexander dị mkpà ma na ọnọdụ ọha na eze nke ugbu a na South Africa na mbá ofesi.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Jane Alexander Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|author=Subiros|first=Pep|publisher=Museum for African Art and Actar|year=2011|isbn=978-0-945802-57-0|location=New York|pages=11–181}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/jane-alexander-18870/who-is-jane-alexander|title=Who is Jane Alexander?|author=Tate|work=Tate|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jane-alexander|title=Jane Alexander|author=Anonymous|work=www.sahistory.org.za|accessdate=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Alexander na Johannesburg, South Africa, n'afọ 1959. Ọ tolitere n'oge oke agbụrụ South Africa na mbido afọ 1980.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ịbụ ónyé tolitere n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa, a chebere Alexander pụọ na ndị uwe ojii na ímè ihe ike n'okporo ámá n'oge ahụ rụọ mgbè ọ kwagara Braamfotein, South Africa iji nọrọ nso na mahadum ya. A na-akpọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'asụsụ Afrikaans nke pụtara ịkpa ókè - bụ usoro nke ịkpa ókè ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na South Africa nke dịruru site na 1948-1994. Iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mepụtara ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche dabere na ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ. A gụnyere ntụziaka nka na usoro mmụta màkà ndị ọcha, mana ọ bụghị màkà ndị isi ojii ma ọ bụ ndị India. N'afọ 1959, iwu nyere iwu na ọ bụ naanị ndị ọcha nwere ike ịnata ọzụzụ nka dị mma na mahadum ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ teknụzụ. Na ngwụcha afọ 1970, nka ga-ahọrọ ilekwasị anya n'ụdị karịa ọdịnaya ma ọ bụ lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ site na nka. Site na 1985-1989 n'oge Ọchịchị Mberede, ndị na-ese ihe na-acha ọcha dị ka Alexander nwéré nnwere onwé ka ukwuu iji maa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ aka ma mee ka ụwa ndị ọzọ màrà site na nka ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hill|first=Shannen|date=March 15, 2021|title=Art and apartheid|journal=Grove Art Online}}</ref> === Usoro onye na-ese ihe === N'ịbụ ndị ime ihe ike nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mebiri, ihe ndị Alexander na-enwekarị isiokwu ndị na-emegide onwé ha nke mmasị na iwe, mmadụ na anụmanụ na Grotesque ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị ike.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Mercer|first=Kobena|date=Fall 2013|title=Postcolonial Grotesque: Jane Alexander's Poetic Monsters|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=80–90}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Enwere ike ịhụ ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọrụ ya dị ka ọdịdị obi ọjọọ nke ọha mmadụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Peffer|first=John|date=2003|title=Animal Bodies/Absent Bodies: Disfigurement in Art After Soweto|journal=Third Text|volume=17|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/09528820309659}}</ref> Ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ Alexander n'etiti onye a na-emegbu na ndị na-emeso ya, ónyé mmegbu na ndị a na-emegide emegbu dọrọ anya.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Ụdị ngwakọta ya na-atụ aro ka a na-eme ka ihe ike dị égwù dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ikike nke ndị nkịtị ịghọ ndị na-eme ihe ike obi ọjọọ mgbè ha na-eme akụkụ nke otu nwere atụmatụ mmegbu na ime ihe ike.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /> Ihe omuma ndi a abughi ihe na-emenye anyị egwu n'ihi na ha abughi mmadu, kama, n'ihi ne ha bu mmadu.<ref name=":4" /> Ọrụ Alexander na-egosikwa ikike màkà ịnagide mmadụ, ike na ùgwù n'ihu ime ihe ike, ihe isi ike, na mmegbu, yana enweghị nchebe, na egwu nke ndị nọ n'ọkwá ike.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":7" /> Ụmụ mmadụ-anụmanụ ya na-eziga ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme ga-esi pụta ma gosipụta ọdịnihu nwere ike ime.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ọrụ ya na-egosi ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'emeghị ka ozi ya doo anya, ọ naghịkwa eji ihe ngosi dị ka ọkọlọtọ, mkpọsa ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi.<ref name=":7" /> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == === Ụmụ nwoke Ndị Na-egbu Egbu === N'oge ọ na-enweta nzere masta n'afọ 1985 na 1986, Alexander mepụtara otu n'ime ihe osise ya a ma ama; The Butcher Boys .<ref name=":6" /> The Butcher Boys bụ ihe a kpụrụ akpụ nke ''ụmụ nwoke'' atọ nwere ọdịdị dị egwu nke e ji plaster mee, ha niile nọ ọdụ n'elu bench. Akụkụ ahụ na-ekwu maka mmekọahụ anụmanụ na mmetụta na-emebi mmadụ nke ime ihe ike n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jane-alexander|title=Jane Alexander|author=Anonymous|work=www.sahistory.org.za|accessdate=2016-03-05}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAnonymous">Anonymous. </cite></ref><ref name=":7" /> N'otu edemede dị na New York Times, Holland Cotter kọwara na "ahụ ha, nke na-acha ọcha ma nwee uru ahụ, màrà mmá, mana ha nwèrè eriri na-aga site na nkwonkwo rụọ n'olu, na-enye nsogbụ". Ahịrị a nke Cotter na-akọwa bụ akara gbárá ọchịchịrị nke na-egosi na ewepụla akpịrị nke ga-eme ka ónyé ọ bụla ghara ikwu okwu.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Mercer|first=Kobena|date=Fall 2013|title=Postcolonial Grotesque: Jane Alexander's Poetic Monsters|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=80–90}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMercer2013">Mercer, Kobena (Fall 2013). </cite></ref> Akụkụ ahụ gụnyere ọkpụkpụ azụ a kpughere yana mpi dị iche iche na onyinyo ọ bụla, nke niile sitere na anụmanụ.<ref name=":4" /> Akụkụ ahụ nwèrè otu n'ime nkwanye ùgwù kachasị na South African National Gallery.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> === Ụmụ nwoke Bom === N'ịbụ nkè e kere na 1998, Bom Boys nwèrè ọtụtụ obere, guzo ọtọ, ndị nwéré akpụkpọ anụ na-acha ntụ ntụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Mercer|first=Kobena|date=Fall 2013|title=Postcolonial Grotesque: Jane Alexander's Poetic Monsters|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=80–90}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMercer2013">Mercer, Kobena (Fall 2013). </cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Mertens|first=Tristan|date=Autumn 2013|title=Jane Alexander, Security (Surveys- From the Cape of Good Hope)|journal=African Arts|volume=46|issue=3|pages=85–87|doi=10.1162/AFAR_r_00091}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-eyi uwe ụfọdụ na ndị ọzọ gba ọtọ, ónyé ọ bụla na-eyi ihe nkpuchi ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi anya.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" /> Ha niile na-ele anya n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-atụ aro ikewapụ onwé ha na ịgbahapụ.<ref name=":10" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị na mpempe akwụkwọ a na-ezo aka na adịghị ike nke ụmụaka ndị a chụpụrụ na Cape Town, nke ónyé na-ese ihe n'onwe ya hụrụ mgbè ọ bi n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":6" /> Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ bụ ndị na-eri anụ, ma ọ bụ ndị a na-eri.<ref name=":8" /> === Njem Africa === [[Usòrò:African_Adventure,_Tate_Modern,_November_2016_(01).JPG|thumb|African Adventure nke Jane Alexander, 1999-2002, Tate Modern, Bankside, London, England, November 2016]] === Nchebe na okporo ụzọ (nchịkwa mmụba) === [[Usòrò:Seguretat_amb_trànsit_(control_d'arribades)_de_Jane_Alexander_al_CCCB.jpg|thumb|Nchebe na okporo ụzọ (nchịkwa influx), ntinye site na Jane Alexander na CCCB, Barcelona 2007.]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e5eolcfy251gzepf5sevgh8kwirgmgq 675038 675036 2026-07-10T10:28:14Z Ebube Clara 43871 675038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jane Alexander''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1959) bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà a ma àmá na South Africa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/interviews/jane-alexander-cam-houston/|title=Global Context: Q+A with Jane Alexander|author=Dent|first=Lisa|date=2012-08-03|work=Art in America|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":A">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/54963-top-15-south-african-artists.html|title=Top 15 South African Artists|author=Ceves|first=James|date=2020|publisher=South African News-website "Briefly.co.za"|accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nkè a maara nke ọma màkà ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, The Butcher Boys . Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ, photomontages, foto na vidiyo. Alexander nwere mmasị n'omume mmadụ, esemokwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ncheta ọdịbendị nke mmegbu na enweghị ntinye aka zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artthrob.co.za/99july/artbio.htm|title=A feature on an artist in the public eye Jane Alexander|date=1999|work=Artthrob Contemporary Art in South Africa}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Bick|first=Tenley|date=Winter 2010|title=Horror Histories: Apartheid and the Abject Body in the Work of Jane Alexander|journal=African Arts|volume=43|issue=4|pages=30–41|doi=10.1162/afar.2010.43.4.30}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Subiros|first=Pep|date=Fall 2013|title=Jane Alexander: Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=92–99}}</ref> Ọrụ Alexander dị mkpà ma na ọnọdụ ọha na eze nke ugbu a na South Africa na mbá ofesi.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Jane Alexander Surveys (from the Cape of Good Hope)|author=Subiros|first=Pep|publisher=Museum for African Art and Actar|year=2011|isbn=978-0-945802-57-0|location=New York|pages=11–181}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/jane-alexander-18870/who-is-jane-alexander|title=Who is Jane Alexander?|author=Tate|work=Tate|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-11-06}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jane-alexander|title=Jane Alexander|author=Anonymous|work=www.sahistory.org.za|accessdate=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Alexander na Johannesburg, South Africa, n'afọ 1959. Ọ tolitere n'oge oke agbụrụ South Africa na mbido afọ 1980.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ịbụ ónyé tolitere n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa, a chebere Alexander pụọ na ndị uwe ojii na ímè ihe ike n'okporo ámá n'oge ahụ rụọ mgbè ọ kwagara Braamfotein, South Africa iji nọrọ nso na mahadum ya. A na-akpọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'asụsụ Afrikaans nke pụtara ịkpa ókè - bụ usoro nke ịkpa ókè ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na South Africa nke dịruru site na 1948-1994. Iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mepụtara ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche dabere na ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ mmadụ. A gụnyere ntụziaka nka na usoro mmụta màkà ndị ọcha, mana ọ bụghị màkà ndị isi ojii ma ọ bụ ndị India. N'afọ 1959, iwu nyere iwu na ọ bụ naanị ndị ọcha nwere ike ịnata ọzụzụ nka dị mma na mahadum ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ teknụzụ. Na ngwụcha afọ 1970, nka ga-ahọrọ ilekwasị anya n'ụdị karịa ọdịnaya ma ọ bụ lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ site na nka. Site na 1985-1989 n'oge Ọchịchị Mberede, ndị na-ese ihe na-acha ọcha dị ka Alexander nwéré nnwere onwé ka ukwuu iji maa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ aka ma mee ka ụwa ndị ọzọ màrà site na nka ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hill|first=Shannen|date=March 15, 2021|title=Art and apartheid|journal=Grove Art Online}}</ref> === Usoro onye na-ese ihe === N'ịbụ ndị ime ihe ike nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mebiri, ihe ndị Alexander na-enwekarị isiokwu ndị na-emegide onwé ha nke mmasị na iwe, mmadụ na anụmanụ na Grotesque ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị ike.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Mercer|first=Kobena|date=Fall 2013|title=Postcolonial Grotesque: Jane Alexander's Poetic Monsters|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Art|volume=33|pages=80–90}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Enwere ike ịhụ ụmụ mmadụ na ụmụ anụmanụ n'ọrụ ya dị ka ọdịdị obi ọjọọ nke ọha mmadụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Peffer|first=John|date=2003|title=Animal Bodies/Absent Bodies: Disfigurement in Art After Soweto|journal=Third Text|volume=17|issue=1|pages=71–83|doi=10.1080/09528820309659}}</ref> Ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ Alexander n'etiti onye a na-emegbu na ndị na-emeso ya, ónyé mmegbu na ndị a na-emegide emegbu dọrọ anya.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> Ụdị ngwakọta ya na-atụ aro ka a na-eme ka ihe ike dị égwù dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ikike nke ndị nkịtị ịghọ ndị na-eme ihe ike obi ọjọọ mgbè ha na-eme akụkụ nke otu nwere atụmatụ mmegbu na ime ihe ike.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /> Ihe omuma ndi a abughi ihe na-emenye anyị egwu n'ihi na ha abughi mmadu, kama, n'ihi ne ha bu mmadu.<ref name=":4" /> Ọrụ Alexander na-egosikwa ikike màkà ịnagide mmadụ, ike na ùgwù n'ihu ime ihe ike, ihe isi ike, na mmegbu, yana enweghị nchebe, na egwu nke ndị nọ n'ọkwá ike.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":7" /> Ụmụ mmadụ-anụmanụ ya na-eziga ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme ga-esi pụta ma gosipụta ọdịnihu nwere ike ime.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ọrụ ya na-egosi ndị na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'emeghị ka ozi ya doo anya, ọ naghịkwa eji ihe ngosi dị ka ọkọlọtọ, mkpọsa ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi.<ref name=":7" /> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == === Ụmụ nwoke Ndị Na-egbu Egbu === N'oge ọ na-enweta nzere masta n'afọ 1985 na 1986, Alexander mepụtara otu n'ime ihe osise ya a ma ama; The Butcher Boys .<ref name=":6" /> The Butcher Boys bụ ihe a kpụrụ akpụ nke ''ụmụ nwoke'' atọ nwere ọdịdị dị egwu nke e ji plaster mee, ha niile nọ ọdụ n'elu bench. Akụkụ ahụ na-ekwu maka mmekọahụ anụmanụ na mmetụta na-emebi mmadụ nke ime ihe ike n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> N'otu edemede dị na New York Times, Holland Cotter kọwara na "ahụ ha, nke na-acha ọcha ma nwee uru ahụ, màrà mmá, mana ha nwèrè eriri na-aga site na nkwonkwo rụọ n'olu, na-enye nsogbụ". Ahịrị a nke Cotter na-akọwa bụ akara gbárá ọchịchịrị nke na-egosi na ewepụla akpịrị nke ga-eme ka ónyé ọ bụla ghara ikwu okwu.<ref name=":8" /> Akụkụ ahụ gụnyere ọkpụkpụ azụ a kpughere yana mpi dị iche iche na onyinyo ọ bụla, nke niile sitere na anụmanụ.<ref name=":4" /> Akụkụ ahụ nwèrè otu n'ime nkwanye ùgwù kachasị na South African National Gallery.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /> === Ụmụ nwoke Bom === N'ịbụ nkè e kere na 1998, Bom Boys nwèrè ọtụtụ obere, guzo ọtọ, ndị nwéré akpụkpọ anụ na-acha ntụ ntụ.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Mertens|first=Tristan|date=Autumn 2013|title=Jane Alexander, Security (Surveys- From the Cape of Good Hope)|journal=African Arts|volume=46|issue=3|pages=85–87|doi=10.1162/AFAR_r_00091}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-eyi uwe ụfọdụ na ndị ọzọ gba ọtọ, ónyé ọ bụla na-eyi ihe nkpuchi ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi anya.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" /> Ha niile na-ele anya n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-atụ aro ikewapụ onwé ha na ịgbahapụ.<ref name=":10" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị na mpempe akwụkwọ a na-ezo aka na adịghị ike nke ụmụaka ndị a chụpụrụ na Cape Town, nke ónyé na-ese ihe n'onwe ya hụrụ mgbè ọ bi n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":6" /> Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ bụ ndị na-eri anụ, ma ọ bụ ndị a na-eri.<ref name=":8" /> === Njem Africa === [[Usòrò:African_Adventure,_Tate_Modern,_November_2016_(01).JPG|thumb|African Adventure nke Jane Alexander, 1999-2002, Tate Modern, Bankside, London, England, November 2016]] === Nchebe na okporo ụzọ (nchịkwa mmụba) === [[Usòrò:Seguretat_amb_trànsit_(control_d'arribades)_de_Jane_Alexander_al_CCCB.jpg|thumb|Nchebe na okporo ụzọ (nchịkwa influx), ntinye site na Jane Alexander na CCCB, Barcelona 2007.]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] eny8ndofytbjqj6eoiompw4z142szch 0 15955 674558 178410 2026-07-09T13:56:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Guy A. Sims bụ ónyé édémédé America amaara màkà usoro Brotherman nke akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị.<ref name="br">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brothermancomics.com/|title=Brotherman Comics|accessdate=8 April 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206083037/http://www.brothermancomics.com/}}</ref><ref name="Howard 2017">{{Cite book|author=Howard|first=Sheena|title=Encyclopedia of black comics|publisher=Fulcrum Publishing|year=2017|isbn=1-68275-168-6|oclc=1005885718}}</ref><ref>MCH. "Brotherman vs. Social Apathy," ''The Comics Journal'' #142 (June 1991), p. 18.</ref> Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na nwanne ya nwoke, ónyé na-ese ihe nkiri [[Dawud Anyabwile]].<ref name="Scottscope 2011">{{Cite web|title=For The People: An Interview with Artist and Illustrator Dawud Anyabwile, Co-Creator of ‘Brother Man: Dictator of Discipline’|work=Scottscope|date=2011-08-23|url=http://www.scottsmindfield.com/2011/08/for-people-interview-with-artist-and.html|accessdate=2019-04-08|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022738/http://www.scottsmindfield.com/2011/08/for-people-interview-with-artist-and.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ọ gbanwere akwụkwọ Walter Dean Myers bụ Monster ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Anyabwile sere.<ref name="HarperCollins Publishers">{{Cite web|title=Monster: A Graphic Novel - Walter Dean Myers|work=HarperCollins Publishers: World-Leading Book Publisher|date=2018-03-28|url=https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062275004/monster-a-graphic-novel|accessdate=2019-04-08}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ụmụnne ahụ na Mahadum Emory rụkọtara ọrụ iji mepụta Big City Map Project nké mepụtara ụwa nkè eziokwu (VR) màkà ederede nke usoro Brotherman.<ref name="Emory">{{Cite web|title=Inside Brotherman's Big City|work=Emory University|date=2017-08-30|url=http://news.emory.edu/features/2017/08/brotherman/|accessdate=2019-04-08|archivedate=2019-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409183714/http://news.emory.edu/features/2017/08/brotherman/}}</ref> A na-echekwa Brotherman Comics na ihe ncheta ndị metụtara ya na National Museum of African American History & Culture.<ref name="I Am Black Sci-Fi 2018">{{Cite web|title=BROTHERMAN COMICS INCLUDED IN SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY & CULTURE|work=I Am Black Sci-Fi|date=2018-01-03|url=https://blacksci-fi.com/brotherman-comics-included-smithsonian-national-museum-african-american-history-culture/|accessdate=2019-04-08|archivedate=2020-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523082240/https://blacksci-fi.com/brotherman-comics-included-smithsonian-national-museum-african-american-history-culture/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Sims na Philadelphia n'aka Edward Sims Jr., prọfesọ na-ahụ màkà mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibè ya na Deanna Jones-Sims, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze.<ref name="Emory"/> Ọ bi na Blacksburg, Virginia, ya na nwunye ya na ụmụ atọ.<ref name="Emory" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.guysims.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye] * [https://www.bigcitymap.com/ Ọrụ Map Obodo Ukwu] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 31rjlss76i42sc1gir4d64v3a890crd 0 16460 674544 167286 2026-07-09T13:12:42Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mohamed Abdel Wahab''' (Arabic), nke a na-akpọkwa ''Mohamed Abd El-Wahhab'' (March 13, 1902 May 4, 1991), bụ onye a ma ama na-agụ egwu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-ede egwu na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. A maara ya nke ọma maka abụ ịhụnanya na nke ndị Ijipt. A maara ya maka abụ mba Ijipt ya na nke mgbanwe dịka "Ya Masr tam El-Hanna" ([[Egypt|Oh]] Egypt, obi ụtọ dị ebe a), "Hay Ala El-Falah" (Ọkpụkpọ ọrụ), "El Watan El Akbar", "Masr Nadetna falbena El-nedaa" (Ijipt akpọwo anyị ma n'ezie anyị zara oku ahụ), "Oulo le Masr" (Kwuo Ijipt), "Hob El-watan Fard Alyi", "Sout-Gamaheer", "Ya Ness El-Horria'd", "Ya" (Sawe Men'Horria". O nyekwara aka ma dee abụ mba nke [[Tunisia]], "Humat al-Hima", United Arab Emirates, "Īsiy Bilādī", na "Libya" nke sitere n'afọ 1951 ruo 1969 na ọzọ kemgbe afọ 2011. [[Usòrò:Mohammed_Abel_Wahab_statue-_Bab_El-Sheariyia0.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye Egypt na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu Mohammed Abdel Wahab Ihe oyiyi na Bab El-Shariya square, Cairo]] A mụrụ Mohamed Abdel Wahab n'afọ 1902 na Cairo, Egypt, n'ógbè a na-akpọ Bab El-Sheriyah, ebe e nwere ihe oyiyi ya ugbu a.<ref name="egypttoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/70041/Abdel-Wahab-The-immortal-generations-musician|title=Abdel Wahab: The immortal generations musician|date=May 4, 2019|publisher=egypttoday.com|accessdate=May 4, 2019}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ịbụ abụ ya mgbe ọ dị obere ma mee ihe ngosi ihu ọha mbụ ya mgbe ọ gbara afọ asaa na mmepụta mpaghara. Ọ dị afọ iri na atọ mgbe o mere ndekọ mbụ ya. Mohamed Abdel Wahab bụ ezigbo enyi onye na-agụ egwu obodo ya bụ Abdel Halim Hafez. == Ọrụ ihe nkiri == [[Usòrò:غلاف ممنوع الحب (1942).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri Ijipt Mamnou'a el hub (1942).]] N'afọ 1933, Abdel Wahab malitere ide ụdị egwu egwu nke ya n'ihe nkiri Egypt mgbe ọ gachara Paris ma mara ihe nkiri egwu French.<ref name="Al Mashriq">{{Cite web|url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/egypt/700/780/abdel-wahab/abdel-wahab-bitton.html|title=Mohammad Abdel Wahab|publisher=Al Mashriq|accessdate=July 16, 2016}}</ref> O webatara ụdị ihe nkiri egwu na-atọ ụtọ na ọdịbendị Ijipt ma mechaa dee egwu asatọ n'etiti afọ 1933 na 1949. Ihe nkiri ya gosipụtara ndị isi obodo ọdịda anyanwụ ma tinye egwu nke sitere na ụda ọdịnala ndị Ijipt. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 1934 The White Flower nke mebiri ndekọ na ndị bịara ma ka na-eme ihe nkiri ugboro ugboro na ụlọ ihe nkiri Ijipt. N'afọ 1950, Abdel Wahab hapụrụ ihe nkiri iji lekwasị anya n'ịbụ onye na-agụ egwu. == Enyemaka na egwu ndị Ijipt na Arabic == Abdel Wahab dere ihe karịrị abụ 1820.<ref name="Al Mashriq">{{Cite web|url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/egypt/700/780/abdel-wahab/abdel-wahab-bitton.html|title=Mohammad Abdel Wahab|publisher=Al Mashriq|accessdate=July 16, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://almashriq.hiof.no/egypt/700/780/abdel-wahab/abdel-wahab-bitton.html "Mohammad Abdel Wahab"]. Al Mashriq<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A na-ewere Abdel Wahab dịka otu n'ime ndị egwu Ijipt kachasị ọhụrụ n'oge niile, na-atọ ntọala maka oge ọhụrụ nke egwu Ijipt site na iji ụda ndị na-abụghị nke obodo na egwu oud dị mma. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na Abdel Wahab dere ọtụtụ abụ na egwu egwu Arabic oge ochie, a katọrọ ya nke ọma maka ntụziaka ya na egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ezie, o webatara ụda ọdịda anyanwụ na abụ ndị Ijipt n'ụzọ dabara adaba na ụdị abụ ndị Ijipti a ma ama n'oge ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'afọ 1941, o webatara ụda waltz n'abụ ya "El Gandol," ma, n'ọnwa 1957, o webatara egwu rock na roll n'abụ Abdel Halim Hafez "Ya Albi Ya Khali". O dere ụfọdụ n'ime egwu kachasị mma nke Nagat El Saghira, gụnyere uri anọ nke Nizar Qabbani. Abdel Wahab na-akpọ oud n'ihu [[Ábu|onye]] Egypt a ma ama na-ede uri, Ahmed Shawqi, ma mee ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. O dere egwu iri maka Umm Kulthum. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwú Ijipt mbụ si n'oge na-adịghị ekwu okwu gaa n'ịbụ abụ. Abdel Wahab dekwara egwu maka ihe oyiyi Lebanọn Fairuz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-of-wahab-mohamed-abdel-mw0001150106|title=Songs of Wahab Mohamed Abdel - Fairuz &#124; Songs, Reviews, Credits|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=November 24, 2021}}</ref> onye ọ kpọrọ "Onye nnọchi anya anyị na kpakpando" ma kwuo n'afọ ndi 1950 na ọ bụ onye ndú nke klọb ndị na-akwado ya na Cairo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-lebanon-diva-idUSL2874028520080128|title=Lebanese diva arouses emotion, controversy in Syria|date=January 28, 2008|accessdate=November 24, 2021|work=Reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/32/99/393831/Folk/Special-Files/Beirut-and-Fairouz-A-path-of-gold-and-loss.aspx|title=Beirut and Fairouz: A path of gold and loss - Heritage special - Heritage|work=English.ahram.org.eg|accessdate=November 24, 2021}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Mohamed Abdel Wahab nwụrụ n'obodo ya bụ Cairo, Egypt site na ọrịa mkpọnwụ ahụ n'ọnwa Mee 4, 1991.<ref name="egypttoday" /> == Ezi Ihe ọ hapụrụ == Abdel Wahab bụ isi n'ịtọlite oge ọhụrụ nke egwu Ijipt n'ala nna ya na n'ofe ụwa ndị Arab. Ọ hapụkwara akara na ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ site n'ikpughe egwu ndị Ijipt na omenala ọdịda anyanwụ na ọdịnala ndị a ma ama. O dere abụ mba Tunisia (Humat al-Hima) na Libya (Libya, Libya, Libya).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/7145/Egyptian-artists-contribute-in-6-Arab-national-anthems|title=Egyptian artists contribute in 6 Arab national anthems|work=egypttoday.com|date=June 9, 2017}}</ref> == ugwu n'ọnwụ == Na Machị 13, 2012, Google mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 110 na Google Doodle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/mohammed-abdel-wahabs-110th-birthday|title=Mohammed Abdel Wahab's 110th Birthday|work=Google|date=March 13, 2012}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri : * ''White Rose'' (1933) * ''Doumou' el Hub'' (Ịhụnanya ''Anya mmiri'') (1936) * ''Yahya el Hub'' (Long Live Love) (1938) * ''Yawm Sa'id'' (Obi ''Ụbọchị Obi Ụtọ'') (1939) * ''Mamnou'a el Hub'' (1942) * ''Rossassa Fel Qalb'' (A Bullet in the Heart) (1944) * ''Lastu mallakan'' (Abụghị m mmụọ ozi) (1947) * ''Ghazal Al Banat'' (The Flirtation of Girls) (1949) === Nsọpụrụ mba Ijipt === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:80px;" |Ribbon bar !Nsọpụrụ |- | |Nnukwu Cordon nke Order of the Nile |- | |Onye isi nke Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt |- | |Grand Cross nke Order of Merit (Ijipt) |} === Nsọpụrụ mba ọzọ === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:80px;" |Ribbon bar !Mba !Nsọpụrụ |- | | Jordan |Grand Cordon nke Usoro Kasị Elu nke Renaissance |- | | Lebanon |Onye isi nke National Order of the Cedar |- | | Libya |Collar nke National Order of Libya |- | | Morocco |Nnukwu obe nke Order of Ouissam Alaouite |- | | Oman |Klas Mbụ nke Order of Oman |- | | Syria |Nnukwu Cordon nke Order of Civil Merit nke Syrian Arab Republic |- | | Tunisia |Grand Cordon nke Order nke Republic of [[Tunisia]] |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Egwú Mohammed 'Abd al-Wahhab ahọpụtara site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ YouTube: * Hayati on YouTube * Hadiyat Al Eid on YouTube * Al Khayyam on YouTube * National Anthem of the Kingdom of Libya on YouTube [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k897a1l050sdcl703h7lq033xk8rl48 674546 674544 2026-07-09T13:15:21Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mohamed Abdel Wahab''' (Arabic), nke a na-akpọkwa ''Mohamed Abd El-Wahhab'' (March 13, 1902 May 4, 1991), bụ onye a ma ama na-agụ egwu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-ede egwu na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. A maara ya nke ọma maka abụ ịhụnanya na nke ndị Ijipt. A maara ya maka abụ mba Ijipt ya na nke mgbanwe dịka "Ya Masr tam El-Hanna" ([[Egypt|Oh]] Egypt, obi ụtọ dị ebe a), "Hay Ala El-Falah" (Ọkpụkpọ ọrụ), "El Watan El Akbar", "Masr Nadetna falbena El-nedaa" (Ijipt akpọwo anyị ma n'ezie anyị zara oku ahụ), "Oulo le Masr" (Kwuo Ijipt), "Hob El-watan Fard Alyi", "Sout-Gamaheer", "Ya Ness El-Horria'd", "Ya" (Sawe Men'Horria". O nyekwara aka ma dee abụ mba nke [[Tunisia]], "Humat al-Hima", United Arab Emirates, "Īsiy Bilādī", na "Libya" nke sitere n'afọ 1951 ruo 1969 na ọzọ kemgbe afọ 2011. [[Usòrò:Mohammed_Abel_Wahab_statue-_Bab_El-Sheariyia0.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye Egypt na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu Mohammed Abdel Wahab Ihe oyiyi na Bab El-Shariya square, Cairo]] A mụrụ Mohamed Abdel Wahab n'afọ 1902 na Cairo, Egypt, n'ógbè a na-akpọ Bab El-Sheriyah, ebe e nwere ihe oyiyi ya ugbu a.<ref name="egypttoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/70041/Abdel-Wahab-The-immortal-generations-musician|title=Abdel Wahab: The immortal generations musician|date=May 4, 2019|publisher=egypttoday.com|accessdate=May 4, 2019}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ịbụ abụ ya mgbe ọ dị obere ma mee ihe ngosi ihu ọha mbụ ya mgbe ọ gbara afọ asaa na mmepụta mpaghara. Ọ dị afọ iri na atọ mgbe o mere ndekọ mbụ ya. Mohamed Abdel Wahab bụ ezigbo enyi onye na-agụ egwu obodo ya bụ Abdel Halim Hafez. == Ọrụ ihe nkiri == [[Usòrò:غلاف ممنوع الحب (1942).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri Ijipt Mamnou'a el hub (1942).]] N'afọ 1933, Abdel Wahab malitere ide ụdị egwu egwu nke ya n'ihe nkiri Egypt mgbe ọ gachara Paris ma mara ihe nkiri egwu French.<ref name="Al Mashriq">{{Cite web|url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/egypt/700/780/abdel-wahab/abdel-wahab-bitton.html|title=Mohammad Abdel Wahab|publisher=Al Mashriq|accessdate=July 16, 2016}}</ref> O webatara ụdị ihe nkiri egwu na-atọ ụtọ na ọdịbendị Ijipt ma mechaa dee egwu asatọ n'etiti afọ 1933 na 1949. Ihe nkiri ya gosipụtara ndị isi obodo ọdịda anyanwụ ma tinye egwu nke sitere na ụda ọdịnala ndị Ijipt. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 1934 The White Flower nke mebiri ndekọ na ndị bịara ma ka na-eme ihe nkiri ugboro ugboro na ụlọ ihe nkiri Ijipt. N'afọ 1950, Abdel Wahab hapụrụ ihe nkiri iji lekwasị anya n'ịbụ onye na-agụ egwu. == Enyemaka na egwu ndị Ijipt na Arabic == Abdel Wahab dere ihe karịrị abụ 1820.<ref name="Al Mashriq" />A na-ewere Abdel Wahab dịka otu n'ime ndị egwu Ijipt kachasị ọhụrụ n'oge niile, na-atọ ntọala maka oge ọhụrụ nke egwu Ijipt site na iji ụda ndị na-abụghị nke obodo na egwu oud dị mma. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na Abdel Wahab dere ọtụtụ abụ na egwu egwu Arabic oge ochie, a katọrọ ya nke ọma maka ntụziaka ya na egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ezie, o webatara ụda ọdịda anyanwụ na abụ ndị Ijipt n'ụzọ dabara adaba na ụdị abụ ndị Ijipti a ma ama n'oge ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'afọ 1941, o webatara ụda waltz n'abụ ya "El Gandol," ma, n'ọnwa 1957, o webatara egwu rock na roll n'abụ Abdel Halim Hafez "Ya Albi Ya Khali". O dere ụfọdụ n'ime egwu kachasị mma nke Nagat El Saghira, gụnyere uri anọ nke Nizar Qabbani. Abdel Wahab na-akpọ oud n'ihu [[Ábu|onye]] Egypt a ma ama na-ede uri, Ahmed Shawqi, ma mee ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. O dere egwu iri maka Umm Kulthum. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwú Ijipt mbụ si n'oge na-adịghị ekwu okwu gaa n'ịbụ abụ. Abdel Wahab dekwara egwu maka ihe oyiyi Lebanọn Fairuz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-of-wahab-mohamed-abdel-mw0001150106|title=Songs of Wahab Mohamed Abdel - Fairuz &#124; Songs, Reviews, Credits|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=November 24, 2021}}</ref> onye ọ kpọrọ "Onye nnọchi anya anyị na kpakpando" ma kwuo n'afọ ndi 1950 na ọ bụ onye ndú nke klọb ndị na-akwado ya na Cairo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-lebanon-diva-idUSL2874028520080128|title=Lebanese diva arouses emotion, controversy in Syria|date=January 28, 2008|accessdate=November 24, 2021|work=Reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/32/99/393831/Folk/Special-Files/Beirut-and-Fairouz-A-path-of-gold-and-loss.aspx|title=Beirut and Fairouz: A path of gold and loss - Heritage special - Heritage|work=English.ahram.org.eg|accessdate=November 24, 2021}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Mohamed Abdel Wahab nwụrụ n'obodo ya bụ Cairo, Egypt site na ọrịa mkpọnwụ ahụ n'ọnwa Mee 4, 1991.<ref name="egypttoday" /> == Ezi Ihe ọ hapụrụ == Abdel Wahab bụ isi n'ịtọlite oge ọhụrụ nke egwu Ijipt n'ala nna ya na n'ofe ụwa ndị Arab. Ọ hapụkwara akara na ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ site n'ikpughe egwu ndị Ijipt na omenala ọdịda anyanwụ na ọdịnala ndị a ma ama. O dere abụ mba Tunisia (Humat al-Hima) na Libya (Libya, Libya, Libya).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/7145/Egyptian-artists-contribute-in-6-Arab-national-anthems|title=Egyptian artists contribute in 6 Arab national anthems|work=egypttoday.com|date=June 9, 2017}}</ref> == ugwu n'ọnwụ == Na Machị 13, 2012, Google mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 110 na Google Doodle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/mohammed-abdel-wahabs-110th-birthday|title=Mohammed Abdel Wahab's 110th Birthday|work=Google|date=March 13, 2012}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri : * ''White Rose'' (1933) * ''Doumou' el Hub'' (Ịhụnanya ''Anya mmiri'') (1936) * ''Yahya el Hub'' (Long Live Love) (1938) * ''Yawm Sa'id'' (Obi ''Ụbọchị Obi Ụtọ'') (1939) * ''Mamnou'a el Hub'' (1942) * ''Rossassa Fel Qalb'' (A Bullet in the Heart) (1944) * ''Lastu mallakan'' (Abụghị m mmụọ ozi) (1947) * ''Ghazal Al Banat'' (The Flirtation of Girls) (1949) === Nsọpụrụ mba Ijipt === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:80px;" |Ribbon bar !Nsọpụrụ |- | |Nnukwu Cordon nke Order of the Nile |- | |Onye isi nke Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt |- | |Grand Cross nke Order of Merit (Ijipt) |} === Nsọpụrụ mba ọzọ === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:80px;" |Ribbon bar !Mba !Nsọpụrụ |- | | Jordan |Grand Cordon nke Usoro Kasị Elu nke Renaissance |- | | Lebanon |Onye isi nke National Order of the Cedar |- | | Libya |Collar nke National Order of Libya |- | | Morocco |Nnukwu obe nke Order of Ouissam Alaouite |- | | Oman |Klas Mbụ nke Order of Oman |- | | Syria |Nnukwu Cordon nke Order of Civil Merit nke Syrian Arab Republic |- | | Tunisia |Grand Cordon nke Order nke Republic of [[Tunisia]] |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Egwú Mohammed 'Abd al-Wahhab ahọpụtara site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ YouTube: * Hayati on YouTube * Hadiyat Al Eid on YouTube * Al Khayyam on YouTube * National Anthem of the Kingdom of Libya on YouTube [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gioym1qynocsjnxt71cwxn7zb00ndvx 674547 674546 2026-07-09T13:17:32Z Ceentia 24734 674547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mohamed Abdel Wahab''' (Arabic), nke a na-akpọkwa ''Mohamed Abd El-Wahhab'' (March 13, 1902 May 4, 1991), bụ onye a ma ama na-agụ egwu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-ede egwu na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. A maara ya nke ọma maka abụ ịhụnanya na nke ndị Ijipt. A maara ya maka abụ mba Ijipt ya na nke mgbanwe dịka "Ya Masr tam El-Hanna" ([[Egypt|Oh]] Egypt, obi ụtọ dị ebe a), "Hay Ala El-Falah" (Ọkpụkpọ ọrụ), "El Watan El Akbar", "Masr Nadetna falbena El-nedaa" (Ijipt akpọwo anyị ma n'ezie anyị zara oku ahụ), "Oulo le Masr" (Kwuo Ijipt), "Hob El-watan Fard Alyi", "Sout-Gamaheer", "Ya Ness El-Horria'd", "Ya" (Sawe ". O nyekwara aka ma dee abụ mba nke [[Tunisia]], "Humat al-Hima", United Arab Emirates, "Īsiy Bilādī", na "Libya" nke sitere n'afọ 1951 ruo 1969 na ọzọ kemgbe afọ 2011. [[Usòrò:Mohammed_Abel_Wahab_statue-_Bab_El-Sheariyia0.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye Egypt na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu Mohammed Abdel Wahab Ihe oyiyi na Bab El-Shariya square, Cairo]] A mụrụ Mohamed Abdel Wahab n'afọ 1902 na Cairo, Egypt, n'ógbè a na-akpọ Bab El-Sheriyah, ebe e nwere ihe oyiyi ya ugbu a.<ref name="egypttoday">{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/70041/Abdel-Wahab-The-immortal-generations-musician|title=Abdel Wahab: The immortal generations musician|date=May 4, 2019|publisher=egypttoday.com|accessdate=May 4, 2019}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ịbụ abụ ya mgbe ọ dị obere ma mee ihe ngosi ihu ọha mbụ ya mgbe ọ gbara afọ asaa na mmepụta mpaghara. Ọ dị afọ iri na atọ mgbe o mere ndekọ mbụ ya. Mohamed Abdel Wahab bụ ezigbo enyi onye na-agụ egwu obodo ya bụ Abdel Halim Hafez. == Ọrụ ihe nkiri == [[Usòrò:غلاف ممنوع الحب (1942).jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri Ijipt Mamnou'a el hub (1942).]] N'afọ 1933, Abdel Wahab malitere ide ụdị egwu egwu nke ya n'ihe nkiri Egypt mgbe ọ gachara Paris ma mara ihe nkiri egwu French.<ref name="Al Mashriq">{{Cite web|url=http://almashriq.hiof.no/egypt/700/780/abdel-wahab/abdel-wahab-bitton.html|title=Mohammad Abdel Wahab|publisher=Al Mashriq|accessdate=July 16, 2016}}</ref> O webatara ụdị ihe nkiri egwu na-atọ ụtọ na ọdịbendị Ijipt ma mechaa dee egwu asatọ n'etiti afọ 1933 na 1949. Ihe nkiri ya gosipụtara ndị isi obodo ọdịda anyanwụ ma tinye egwu nke sitere na ụda ọdịnala ndị Ijipt. Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 1934 The White Flower nke mebiri ndekọ na ndị bịara ma ka na-eme ihe nkiri ugboro ugboro na ụlọ ihe nkiri Ijipt. N'afọ 1950, Abdel Wahab hapụrụ ihe nkiri iji lekwasị anya n'ịbụ onye na-agụ egwu. == Enyemaka na egwu ndị Ijipt na Arabic == Abdel Wahab dere ihe karịrị abụ 1820.<ref name="Al Mashriq" />A na-ewere Abdel Wahab dịka otu n'ime ndị egwu Ijipt kachasị ọhụrụ n'oge niile, na-atọ ntọala maka oge ọhụrụ nke egwu Ijipt site na iji ụda ndị na-abụghị nke obodo na egwu oud dị mma. N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na Abdel Wahab dere ọtụtụ abụ na egwu egwu Arabic oge ochie, a katọrọ ya nke ọma maka ntụziaka ya na egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ezie, o webatara ụda ọdịda anyanwụ na abụ ndị Ijipt n'ụzọ dabara adaba na ụdị abụ ndị Ijipti a ma ama n'oge ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'afọ 1941, o webatara ụda waltz n'abụ ya "El Gandol," ma, n'ọnwa 1957, o webatara egwu rock na roll n'abụ Abdel Halim Hafez "Ya Albi Ya Khali". O dere ụfọdụ n'ime egwu kachasị mma nke Nagat El Saghira, gụnyere uri anọ nke Nizar Qabbani. Abdel Wahab na-akpọ oud n'ihu [[Ábu|onye]] Egypt a ma ama na-ede uri, Ahmed Shawqi, ma mee ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. O dere egwu iri maka Umm Kulthum. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwú Ijipt mbụ si n'oge na-adịghị ekwu okwu gaa n'ịbụ abụ. Abdel Wahab dekwara egwu maka ihe oyiyi Lebanọn Fairuz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/songs-of-wahab-mohamed-abdel-mw0001150106|title=Songs of Wahab Mohamed Abdel - Fairuz &#124; Songs, Reviews, Credits|work=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=November 24, 2021}}</ref> onye ọ kpọrọ "Onye nnọchi anya anyị na kpakpando" ma kwuo n'afọ ndi 1950 na ọ bụ onye ndú nke klọb ndị na-akwado ya na Cairo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-lebanon-diva-idUSL2874028520080128|title=Lebanese diva arouses emotion, controversy in Syria|date=January 28, 2008|accessdate=November 24, 2021|work=Reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/32/99/393831/Folk/Special-Files/Beirut-and-Fairouz-A-path-of-gold-and-loss.aspx|title=Beirut and Fairouz: A path of gold and loss - Heritage special - Heritage|work=English.ahram.org.eg|accessdate=November 24, 2021}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Mohamed Abdel Wahab nwụrụ n'obodo ya bụ Cairo, Egypt site na ọrịa mkpọnwụ ahụ n'ọnwa Mee 4, 1991.<ref name="egypttoday" /> == Ezi Ihe ọ hapụrụ == Abdel Wahab bụ isi n'ịtọlite oge ọhụrụ nke egwu Ijipt n'ala nna ya na n'ofe ụwa ndị Arab. Ọ hapụkwara akara na ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ site n'ikpughe egwu ndị Ijipt na omenala ọdịda anyanwụ na ọdịnala ndị a ma ama. O dere abụ mba Tunisia (Humat al-Hima) na Libya (Libya, Libya, Libya).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/7145/Egyptian-artists-contribute-in-6-Arab-national-anthems|title=Egyptian artists contribute in 6 Arab national anthems|work=egypttoday.com|date=June 9, 2017}}</ref> == ugwu n'ọnwụ == Na Machị 13, 2012, Google mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 110 na Google Doodle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/mohammed-abdel-wahabs-110th-birthday|title=Mohammed Abdel Wahab's 110th Birthday|work=Google|date=March 13, 2012}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri : * ''White Rose'' (1933) * ''Doumou' el Hub'' (Ịhụnanya ''Anya mmiri'') (1936) * ''Yahya el Hub'' (Long Live Love) (1938) * ''Yawm Sa'id'' (Obi ''Ụbọchị Obi Ụtọ'') (1939) * ''Mamnou'a el Hub'' (1942) * ''Rossassa Fel Qalb'' (A Bullet in the Heart) (1944) * ''Lastu mallakan'' (Abụghị m mmụọ ozi) (1947) * ''Ghazal Al Banat'' (The Flirtation of Girls) (1949) === Nsọpụrụ mba Ijipt === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:80px;" |Ribbon bar !Nsọpụrụ |- | |Nnukwu Cordon nke Order of the Nile |- | |Onye isi nke Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt |- | |Grand Cross nke Order of Merit (Ijipt) |} === Nsọpụrụ mba ọzọ === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:80px;" |Ribbon bar !Mba !Nsọpụrụ |- | | Jordan |Grand Cordon nke Usoro Kasị Elu nke Renaissance |- | | Lebanon |Onye isi nke National Order of the Cedar |- | | Libya |Collar nke National Order of Libya |- | | Morocco |Nnukwu obe nke Order of Ouissam Alaouite |- | | Oman |Klas Mbụ nke Order of Oman |- | | Syria |Nnukwu Cordon nke Order of Civil Merit nke Syrian Arab Republic |- | | Tunisia |Grand Cordon nke Order nke Republic of [[Tunisia]] |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Egwú Mohammed 'Abd al-Wahhab ahọpụtara site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ YouTube: * Hayati on YouTube * Hadiyat Al Eid on YouTube * Al Khayyam on YouTube * National Anthem of the Kingdom of Libya on YouTube [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s112i6y3fpgz1vjyzarmvu9f9tcg4xt 0 17309 674501 90730 2026-07-09T12:03:09Z 10kdollz 19775 674501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Moshoeshoe Chabeli''' (nwụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 30, 2013) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa.<ref name="eye">{{Cite web|title=MOSHOESHOE DESCRIBED AS 'GENTLEMAN'|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[Eyewitness News (South Africa)]]|url=https://ewn.co.za/2013/11/01/Moshoeshoe-described-as-gentleman|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="news">{{Cite web|author=Drum Digital|title=Legendary actor dies|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|url=https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/legendary-actor-dies-20170728|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> O gosipụtara Harold na ihe nkiri 2003, Stander na Thomas Jane.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCCkhsztnYgC&q=moshoeshoe+chabeli&pg=PA307|author=Willis|first=John|title=Screen World: 2005 Film Annual|year=2006|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=9781557836687}}page 307</ref> O gosikwara onye ụkọchukwu na ihe nkiri 2013, The Forgotten Kingdom .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston|first=Trevor|title=The Forgotten Kingdom|publisher=[[Radio Times]]|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/film/dhkknt/the-forgotten-kingdom/|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> Na telivishọn ọ pụtara na sitcom, ''Mponeng'', nke bụ South African adaptation nke British sitcom, Keeping Up Appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All eyes on Lillian|date=7 February 2005|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/joburg/all-eyes-on-lillian-926528|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa eze nke Moshoeshoe I. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2013 mgbe ọ lụsịrị ọrịa kansa.<ref name="news">{{Cite web|author=Drum Digital|title=Legendary actor dies|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|url=https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/legendary-actor-dies-20170728|accessdate=6 October 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDrum_Digital2013">Drum Digital (1 November 2013). [https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/legendary-actor-dies-20170728 "Legendary actor dies"]. [[News24 (ebe nrụọrụ weebụ)|News24]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="news" /> == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * Stander (2003) * ''Kụọ'' Drum (2003) * Ọrụ Nkatọ (2004) * ''Alaeze Echefuru echefu'' (2013) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0149266}} cxrlpq0fiqhwferdh5c8kt8np4kq8bi 674503 674501 2026-07-09T12:05:43Z 10kdollz 19775 674503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Moshoeshoe Chabeli''' (nwụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 30, 2013) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa.<ref name="eye">{{Cite web|title=MOSHOESHOE DESCRIBED AS 'GENTLEMAN'|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[Eyewitness News (South Africa)]]|url=https://ewn.co.za/2013/11/01/Moshoeshoe-described-as-gentleman|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="news">{{Cite web|author=Drum Digital|title=Legendary actor dies|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|url=https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/legendary-actor-dies-20170728|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> O gosipụtara Harold na ihe nkiri 2003, Stander na Thomas Jane.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCCkhsztnYgC&q=moshoeshoe+chabeli&pg=PA307|author=Willis|first=John|title=Screen World: 2005 Film Annual|year=2006|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=9781557836687}}page 307</ref> O gosikwara onye ụkọchukwu na ihe nkiri 2013, The Forgotten Kingdom .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston|first=Trevor|title=The Forgotten Kingdom|publisher=[[Radio Times]]|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/film/dhkknt/the-forgotten-kingdom/|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> Na telivishọn ọ pụtara na sitcom, ''Mponeng'', nke bụ South African adaptation nke British sitcom, Keeping Up Appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All eyes on Lillian|date=7 February 2005|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/joburg/all-eyes-on-lillian-926528|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa eze nke Moshoeshoe I. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2013 mgbe ọ lụsịrị ọrịa kansa.<ref name="news">{{Cite web|author=Drum Digital|title=Legendary actor dies|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|url=https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/legendary-actor-dies-20170728|accessdate=6 October 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDrum_Digital2013">Drum Digital (1 November 2013). [https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/legendary-actor-dies-20170728 "Legendary actor dies"]. [[News24 (ebe nrụọrụ weebụ)|News24]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * Stander (2003) * ''Kụọ'' Drum (2003) * Ọrụ Nkatọ (2004) * ''Alaeze Echefuru echefu'' (2013) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0149266}} i6xcvh5dozddv8zm7srvmgv5766mvfc 674504 674503 2026-07-09T12:06:25Z 10kdollz 19775 674504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Moshoeshoe Chabeli''' (nwụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 30, 2013) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na South Africa.<ref name="eye">{{Cite web|title=MOSHOESHOE DESCRIBED AS 'GENTLEMAN'|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[Eyewitness News (South Africa)]]|url=https://ewn.co.za/2013/11/01/Moshoeshoe-described-as-gentleman|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="news">{{Cite web|author=Drum Digital|title=Legendary actor dies|date=1 November 2013|publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|url=https://www.news24.com/Drum/Archive/legendary-actor-dies-20170728|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> O gosipụtara Harold na ihe nkiri 2003, Stander na Thomas Jane.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCCkhsztnYgC&q=moshoeshoe+chabeli&pg=PA307|author=Willis|first=John|title=Screen World: 2005 Film Annual|year=2006|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=9781557836687}}page 307</ref> O gosikwara onye ụkọchukwu na ihe nkiri 2013, The Forgotten Kingdom .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnston|first=Trevor|title=The Forgotten Kingdom|publisher=[[Radio Times]]|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/film/dhkknt/the-forgotten-kingdom/|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> Na telivishọn ọ pụtara na sitcom, ''Mponeng'', nke bụ South African adaptation nke British sitcom, Keeping Up Appearances.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All eyes on Lillian|date=7 February 2005|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)]]|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/whats-on/joburg/all-eyes-on-lillian-926528|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa eze nke Moshoeshoe I. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2013 mgbe ọ lụsịrị ọrịa kansa. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * Stander (2003) * ''Kụọ'' Drum (2003) * Ọrụ Nkatọ (2004) * ''Alaeze Echefuru echefu'' (2013) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0149266}} ch3wrel2h1enhpgxly8p3bleb00fpw2 0 17312 674593 246474 2026-07-09T16:57:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Henry (Hennie) Bosman bụ onye nkuzi karate nke [[South Africa]], onye mmeri karate n'uwa gbaa gburugburu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kwunion.com/news/kyokushin-kan-new-8th-dans/#more-11550|title=Kyokushin-kan: New 8th Dans|publisher=KWU|accessdate=25 June 2018|date=28 November 2017|author=KWUnion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-10-30-smit-europe-tour-can-set-tone-for-lions-series|title=Smit: Europe tour can set tone for Lions series|publisher=Mail and Guardian|accessdate=17 June 2018|date=30 October 2008|author=Gibbs,H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plainsman.co.za/sport/sensei-off-to-boot-camp-in-japan-5120188|title=Sensei off to boot camp in Japan|publisher=Plainsman Newspaper|date=20 April 2016|author=Bergemann,K.|accessdate=16 June 2018|archivedate=5 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805052635/https://www.plainsman.co.za/sport/sensei-off-to-boot-camp-in-japan-5120188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200603060930.html|title=Congo-Kinshasa: Karaté : le champion du monde Hennie Bosman pour la relance du karaté en RDC (translated : Congo-Kinshasa: Karate: the world champion Hennie Bosman for the revival of karate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)|date=6 March 2006|author=Tshibuabua,E|publisher=Le Potentiel|accessdate=6 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-278551827.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162810/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-278551827.html|archivedate=2 August 2018|title=Hard Man of Club Security Resurfaces in New Guise|publisher=Cape Times (South Africa)|date=30 January 2012|accessdate=6 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://westernsallitaliana.blogspot.com/2015/06/who-are-those-guys-henie-bosman.html|title=Who Are Those Guys? - Henie Bosman|accessdate=6 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/tygerburger/docs/tygerburgertd_20150204dville|title=Bosman has 50 year karate bash, page31|publisher=Tygerburger Durbanville|date=4 February 2015|accessdate=6 June 2018|author=Schoeman,S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kyokushinkan.org/en/?page_id=2063|title="Karate Training Begins at 50"|publisher=Kyokushin-kan international Honbu|accessdate=6 June 2018|archivedate=19 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519153701/http://www.kyokushinkan.org/en/?page_id=2063}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya Henie Bosman mgbe ụfọdụ. O nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ karate na Bellville, Western Cape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manythingsiam.org/karate-love/|title=Karate love|accessdate=16 June 2018|archivedate=12 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912165804/https://www.manythingsiam.org/karate-love/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Peoples-Post/its-crunch-time-for-western-province-karateka-juniors-its-crunch-time-for-western-province-karateka-juniors-its-crunch-time-for-local-karateka-juniors-its-crunch-time-for-local-karateka-juniors-20160711|title=Crunch time for Western Province Juniors|author=Schoeman, S.|publisher=People’s Post News Paper|date=12 July 2016|accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref> == Mgbọrọgwụ == A mụrụ Bosman na 24 Mee 1956 na Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://capeartists.co.za/find_actors_profile.php?ActorId=292&agePost=all&ActorId_max=137&ActorId_min=204&thisone=33&startAt=0|title=Hennie Bosman|accessdate=4 June 2018|archivedate=2 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802102109/http://capeartists.co.za/find_actors_profile.php?ActorId=292&agePost=all&ActorId_max=137&ActorId_min=204&thisone=33&startAt=0}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bellville High School. == Ọrụ karate == Ọ malitere ọzụzụ karate na 1965 mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. Ọ bụ onye mmeri mba na Kata na Kumite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kyokushinkan.eu/event/2007world2/|title=5th all japan open|accessdate=16 June 2018|archivedate=18 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918195104/http://www.kyokushinkan.eu/event/2007world2/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mmeri Karate nke ụwa n'afọ 2001. E mere nke ahụ na Osaka, [[Japan]]. Ruo ogologo oge ọ bụ Dan nke asaa; a na-akpọ Shihan (七段). Ọ nọ ugbu a n'ọkwa nke 8th Dan; a na-akpọ ya Hachidan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netwerk24.com/ZA/Tygerburger/Sport/hennie-makes-history-20171219-2|title=Hennie makes history|author=Schoeman,S.|date=29 December 2017|accessdate=4 June 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Kyokushin Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kyokushinsa.co.za/about-hennie/|title=About Hennie Bosman|accessdate=4 June 2018|archivedate=2 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802101850/http://www.kyokushinsa.co.za/about-hennie/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xn--bog-2na.eu/Nyhed.aspx?NID=63|title=(Danish)Shihan Hennie Bosman 7. Dan kommer til Bogø (Translated: Shihan Hennie Bosman 7th Dan comes to Bogø|publisher=Alt om Den Lysegrønne (translated: The green light is important)|date=9 September 2013|author=Storm,E.|accessdate=13 July 2018|archivedate=2 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802131914/http://xn--bog-2na.eu/Nyhed.aspx?NID=63}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Nna Bosmanz bụ onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na nne ya bụ onye na'egwuregwu discus. Tupu ọ mee karate na ntụziaka ya ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ọ bụ onye nchọpụta nke otu ndị uwe ojii South Africa. Ọ lụrụ Hayley Ruth Williams ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. O sonyere n'ịhazi nzukọ ndị omeiwu n'etiti Russia na [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/tygerburger/docs/tygerburger_durbanville_4_sept_2013/4|title=Hennie Bosman Statesman, Page4|date=4 September 2013|author=Schoeman,S.|accessdate=25 June 2018|publisher=Tygerburger Newspaper|archivedate=25 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625025232/https://issuu.com/tygerburger/docs/tygerburger_durbanville_4_sept_2013/4}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ọkwọ ụgbọala na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/motoring/motorsport/born-again-vette-racer-gets-600kw-v8-1874659|title=Born-again Vette racer gets 600kW V8 Motorsport /|date=22 June 2015|author=du Plessis,H.|accessdate=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-270936539.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802164457/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-270936539.html|archivedate=2 August 2018|title=Drama, Action Aplenty at Killarney|publisher=Cape Times (South Africa)|date=27 October 2011|accessdate=6 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wheels24.co.za/Motorsport/Killarneys-classic-car-battle-20111025|title=Killarney's classic car battle, veterans returned|publisher=Wheels24|date=26 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://48hours.co.za/2015/10/23/extreme-festival-racing-returns-to-killarney/|title=Extreme Festival Racing returns to Killarney|accessdate=17 June 2018|publisher=The next 24 hours|date=23 October 2015}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Mpụta Stuntman === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:" ! colspan="4" |Mpụta Stuntman<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://purschartistes.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Hennie-Bosman-CV.pdf|title=Hennie Bosman|accessdate=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/movies/invictus/cast/299491/|title=Invictus, under Clint Eastwood|accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/karate-ace-is-good-at-playing-bad-guys-239407|title=Karate ace is good at playing 'bad guys'|author=de Kock,C.|publisher=IOL|date=22 April 2005|accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc0ad6bdd|title=Hennie Bosman|accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/1587022/|title=Hennie Bosman|accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aveleyman.com/FilmCredit.aspx?FilmID=32236|title=Brothers Grimsby|accessdate=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/stunt-performers-set-stage-alight-for-charity-207391|title=Stunt performers set stage alight for charity|publisher=IOL|date=1 March 2004|accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref> |- ! style="white-space: nowrap;" |Afọ !Aha ya !Aha e nyere ya |- |2004 |''Mbilite n'Ọnwụ'' |Henry Bosman |- |2005 |''Onye Na-agba Aka'' |Henie Bosman |- |2006 |''Onye Mmegwara'' |Henie Bosman |- |2008 |''Akụkọ ifo nke Drona'' |Henie Bosman |- |2012 |''Ndị na-agagharị n'okporo ámá'' |Ihe abụọ a na-eme |} === Ọdịdị ndị na-eme ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:" ! colspan="4" |Egwuregwu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kinocheck.de/film/5ra/zulu-2013|title=Zulu|accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/cape-times/20120330/282196532919061|title=Cool suave calculating agent|publisher=Cape Times News Paper|date=30 March 2012|accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinemagazine.nl/death-race-2-2010-recensie/|title=Death Race 2|publisher=Cine Magazine|accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodmoviejerseys.com/invictus.html|title=Invictus|accessdate=17 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bc0ad6bdd|title=Hennie Bosman|accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/1587022/#!/genre/3/|title=Хени Босман|publisher=KnHonoHCK|accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minstrelofhorror.com/|title=Minstrel of Horror (Lost Boys –The thirst (2010))|accessdate=10 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aveleyman.com/FilmCredit.aspx?FilmID=32236|title=Brothers Grimsby|accessdate=10 July 2018|archivedate=2 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802102003/https://www.aveleyman.com/FilmCredit.aspx?FilmID=32236}}</ref> |- ! style="white-space: nowrap;" |Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1987 |''Onye lanarịrị'' |Onye Nchịkwa | |- |2008 |''Ụbọchị Ikpeazụ'' |Telamon (Onye Gladiator) | |- |2009 |''Invictus'' |Onye nkuzi Rugby | |- |2010 |''Ụmụ nwoke furu efu: Ndị akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ'' |Okik OʹDale (onye na-agba ọbara) | |- |2010 |''Agbụrụ Ọnwụ 2'' |Xander Grady | |- |2012 |''Onye Ọrụ Vinot'' |Onye ọchụnta ego | |- |2013 |''Zulu'' |Isi a kpụrụ akpụ | |- |2015 |''Onye Na-egbu Shark'' |Clambone | |- |2015 |''Ọganihu'' |Nwoke buru ibu | |- |2016 |''Grimsby'' |Joris Henchman | |- |2018 |''Samsin'' |Golian | |} == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rqbsvecfa3h2npwywfkr8zt1yo4fblt 0 17445 674807 92034 2026-07-10T04:22:30Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ndụ */ 674807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] John A. Lankford (Disemba 4, 1874 ̊̊̊̊̊̊̊̊ruo Julaị 2, 1946) bụ onye mbụ Afrịka Amerịka architect nwere ikikere na Virginia na 1922 na District of Columbia na 1924. A na-ewere ya dị ka "dean nke ụlọ ojii".<ref name="scdahsum">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/richland/S10817740031/index.htm|title=Chapelle Administration Building, Richland County (Allen University, 1530 Harden St., Columbia)|accessdate=2008-03-05|work=National Register Properties in South Carolina listing|publisher=South Carolina Department of Archives and History}}</ref> == Ndụ == [[Usòrò:1448_Q_Street,_N.W..JPG|thumb|203x203px|Ebe obibi mbụ Lankford na Logan Circle, Washington, D.C.]] A mụrụ John Lankford n'ugbo dị nso na Potosi, Missouri na Disemba 4, 1874. Ọ gara Lincoln Institute na Tuskegee Institute, kọleji ndị isi ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ gụrụ ihe osise na ihe osise igwe na International Correspondence School. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Mahadum Shaw dị na Raleigh, North Carolina na 1898. O nwetara nzere Master of Science na Morris Brown College na Mahadum Wilberforce. Ọ lụrụ Charlotte Josephine Upshaw na 1901. Ọ bụ nwa nwa Henry McNeal Turner, bishọp nke African Methodist Episcopal church, òtù ojii mbụ nwere onwe ya nke e hiwere na United States. N'afọ 1902, Lankford kwagara Washington, D.C. iji mechaa atụmatụ nke True Reformer Building. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu maka African Methodist Episcopal denomination. Ọ haziri ngalaba National Negro Business League na Washington, D.C. na 1905, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke National Technical Association site na 1941 ruo 1942.<ref name="Wilson">{{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Dreck Spurlock|title=African-American architects a biographical dictionary, 1865-1945|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana00wils|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1135956286|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericana00wils/page/n279 253]-257}}</ref> A na-ewere ụlọ Southern Aid Society ya dị na Richmond, Virginia dị ka "ụlọ ọrụ ọfịs mbụ nke ndị Afrịka Amerịka na mba ahụ, nke bụ nsonaazụ nke mmekorita n'etiti onye isi ojii, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, na onye ọrụ ngo. "<ref>''Built by Blacks: African American Architecture and Neighborhoods in Richmond'' by Selden Richardson, 2008.</ref> Ọ biri ma rụọ ọrụ na 1448 Q Street, NW, na Washington. Lankford nwụrụ na Julaị 2, 1946 na Washington, D.C. ma lie ya na Lincoln Memorial Cemetery na Suitland, Maryland.<ref name="Wilson" /> == Ụlọ == Ụlọ ndị o chepụtara gụnyere: * Arnett Hall, Mahadum Wilberforce * Big Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Atlanta, Georgia * Betel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Columbia, South Carolina * Chapelle Administration Building na Mahadum Allen, nke bụ National Historic Landmark * Haven African Methodist Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C. * St. John's African Methodist Episcopal Church, Norfolk, Virginia * Ụlọ Southern Aid Society, nke e wuru na 1908, guzo na 527 N. 2nd Street, Richmond, Virginia * True Reformer Building, Washington, D.C. <gallery caption="Architecture of John A. Lankford" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3"> Usòrò:Big Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Atlanta, Georgia).jpg|Big Bethel AME Church Atlanta, Georgia Usòrò:Chappelle Administration Building, Allen University (Columbia).jpg|[[Chappelle Administration Building|Ụlọ Nchịkwa Chappelle]] Usòrò:True Reformer Hall.jpg|Ezigbo Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Ntụziaka, Washington, D.C. </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} n8vj9ft4fyeb00qlkkaefmbcbwoh6m8 0 17518 674879 214676 2026-07-10T06:58:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jedidah C. Isler bụ [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|onye American]] astrophysicist, onye nkụzi, na onye na-akwado ịdị iche iche na [[STIM|STEM]]. Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị Africa America mbụ mezue PhD ya na astrophysics na Yale na 2014.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nke Astrophysics na Dartmouth College ugbu a.<ref name="physics.dartmouth.edu2">{{Cite web|title=Jedidah C. Isler {{!}} Department of Physics and Astronomy|url=https://physics.dartmouth.edu/people/jedidah-c-isler|accessdate=2019-02-23|work=physics.dartmouth.edu|archivedate=2020-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608041214/https://physics.dartmouth.edu/people/jedidah-c-isler}}</ref> Nnyocha ya na-enyocha physics nké blazars (oghere ojii na-arụ ọrụ) ma na-enyochaa iyi jet na-esi na ha apụta.<ref name="cutting">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/the-astrophysicist-at-the-cutting-edge-of-black-holes/71552|title=The Astrophysicist at the Cutting Edge of Black Holes|author=Mayol|first=Taylor|accessdate=2016-10-03|date=2016-09-09|archivedate=2016-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003111157/http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/the-astrophysicist-at-the-cutting-edge-of-black-holes/71552}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/31302/20151018/jedidah-isler-first-african-american-woman-to-receive-a-yale-phd-in-astrophysics.htm|title=Jedidah Isler First African-American Woman To Receive A Yale PhD In Astrophysics|work=Science World Report|date=2015-10-18|accessdate=2016-10-03}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2020, a kpọrọ Isler ónyé otu Joe Biden's presidential transition Agency Review Team iji kwado mbọ mgbanwe metụtara National Aeronautics and Space Administration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agency Review Teams|url=https://buildbackbetter.com/the-transition/agency-review-teams/|work=President-Elect Joe Biden|accessdate=10 November 2020|archivedate=28 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828180800/https://www.whitehouse.gov/}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere Isler na Niagara Falls, [[Nú Yọk|New York]] ma mesịa Virginia Beach, [[Végíníyà|Virginia]].<ref name="rising22">{{Cite web|author=Cook Jenkins|first=Elizabeth|date=2016-05-09|title=Rising Star|url=http://stories.vanderbilt.edu/rising-star|accessdate=2017-11-02|work=vanderbilt.edu|publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]]|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014545/http://stories.vanderbilt.edu/rising-star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=poc2|first=Author|date=2019-01-31|title=Dr. Jedidah Isler – Astrophysicist|url=https://poc2.co.uk/2019/01/31/dr-jedidah-isler-astrophysicist/|accessdate=2020-09-13|work=POC Squared|language=en|archivedate=2023-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029184651/https://poc2.co.uk/2019/01/31/dr-jedidah-isler-astrophysicist/}}</ref> Mmasị ya na nkà mmụta mbara igwe malitere mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na otu ma ọ bụ iri na abụọ.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|title=Getting to Know: Astrophysicist Jedidah Isler|url=https://news.syr.edu/blog/2014/03/25/getting-to-know-astrophysicist-jedidah-isler-74966/|accessdate=2020-09-13|work=SU News|language=en-US}}</ref> N'iji onyokomita nke nwanne ya nwanyị nyèrè ya màkà ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya, ọ malitere ile kpakpando anya ma na-amụsi ọrụ ike maka ọrụ ọkachamara na sayensị.<ref name=":62" /><ref name="long2">{{Cite web|date=2015-09-25|title=Meet Dr Jedidah Isler: The First Black Woman to Graduate from Yale with a PhD in Astrophysics|url=http://blackgirllonghair.com/2015/09/meet-dr-jedidah-isler-the-first-black-woman-to-graduate-from-yale-with-a-phd-in-astrophysics/|accessdate=2016-10-03|language=en-US|archivedate=2016-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906220332/http://blackgirllonghair.com/2015/09/meet-dr-jedidah-isler-the-first-black-woman-to-graduate-from-yale-with-a-phd-in-astrophysics/}}</ref> Obéré ógè tupu ọ gaa kọleji, nna Isler hapụrụ ezinụlọ ahụ na-akpata nsogbụ ego nke yiri egwu belata agụmakwụkwọ ya.<ref name="cutting2">{{Cite web|author=Mayol|first=Taylor|date=2016-09-09|title=The Astrophysicist at the Cutting Edge of Black Holes|url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/the-astrophysicist-at-the-cutting-edge-of-black-holes/71552|accessdate=2016-10-03|archivedate=2016-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003111157/http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/the-astrophysicist-at-the-cutting-edge-of-black-holes/71552}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == [[Usòrò:White_House_Astronomy_Night_on_October_19,_2015.jpg|thumb|Jedidah Isler na abalị nke abụọ nke White House Astronomy na ndị ọbịa Mythbusters Adam Savage na Jamie Hyneman, na onye nchịkwa NASA Charles Bolden na Mọnde, Ọktoba 19, 2015. ]] Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị PhD ya, Isler gàrà n'ihu na-eme nchọpụta ya site na ọtụtụ nhọpụta nyocha postdoctoral. Site na 2013 ruo 2015, o nwèrè afọ abụọ nke Chancellor's Faculty Fellowship na Mahadum Syracuse.<ref name="rising22"/> N'afọ 2014, e nyere Isler onyinye Future Faculty Leaders Postdoctoral Fellowship na Harvard São Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jedidah Isler, Ph.D. {{!}} Brief CV|url=http://jedidahislerphd.com/brief-cv/|accessdate=2019-02-23|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ meriri na 2015 National Science Foundation Astronomy & Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship na-akwado nyocha ya na Ngalaba Physics na Astronomy na Mahadum Vanderbilt.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-09|title=Rising Star|url=http://stories.vanderbilt.edu/rising-star|accessdate=2019-02-23|work=Atavist|language=en|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014545/http://stories.vanderbilt.edu/rising-star}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, e nyere Isler onyinye TED Fellowship.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-17|title=Meet the 2015 class of TED Fellows and Senior Fellows|url=https://blog.ted.com/meet-the-new-class-of-2015-ted-fellows-and-senior-fellows/|accessdate=2019-02-23|work=TED Blog|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ónyé 2016 National Geographic Emerging Explorer, na 2017 ọ ghọrọ ónyé TED Senior Fellow.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|author=Society|first=National Geographic|title=Learn more about Jedidah Isler|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/jedidah-cherie-isler|accessdate=2019-02-23|work=www.nationalgeographic.org|language=en|archivedate=2019-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224173511/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/find-explorers/jedidah-cherie-isler}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite web|date=2017-01-10|title=Meet the 2017 class of TED Fellows and Senior Fellows|url=https://blog.ted.com/meet-the-2017-class-of-ted-fellows-and-senior-fellows/|accessdate=2019-02-23|work=TED Blog|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwado na nkwurịta okwu STEM == N'afọ 2015, Isler guzobere Vanguard: Conversations with Women of Color na STEM (VanguardSTEM) dị ka mbinye ákà nkè STEM en Route to Change Foundation (SeRCH Foundation, Inc). VanguardSTEM bụ usoro weebụ nke gosipụtara ajụjụ ọnụ nke Isler kwadoro ma gosipụta ụmụ nwanyị na-acha uhie uhie na STEM, na-atụle ọrụ na omenala agụmakwụkwọ na nke ọkachamara yana ihe omume ndị dị ugbu a. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gosipụtara gụnyere Brittany Kamai, DeAndrea Salvador, na Naia Butler-Craig.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VanguardSTEM|url=https://medium.com/@VanguardSTEM|accessdate=2020-12-12|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref> Ebumnuche webinar a kọwara bụ "ịmepụta mkparịta ụka n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-acha uhie uhie na STEM, ebe anyị nwèrè ike ime emume na-akwado njirimara anyị na mmasị STEM n'ebe dị nchebe".<ref name="vanguardSTEM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardstem.com/about|title=About Us|work=VanguardSTEM|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-02-23}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == * Onye isi TED Fellow, 2017<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2017-01-10|title=Meet the 2017 class of TED Fellows and Senior Fellows|url=https://blog.ted.com/meet-the-2017-class-of-ted-fellows-and-senior-fellows/|accessdate=2019-02-23|work=TED Blog|language=en}}</ref> * Mgbọrọgwụ 100 Ndị Africa America kachasị nwee mmetụta, 2016<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-27|title=The Root 100 – 2016|url=https://onehundred.theroot.com/facewall/the-root-100-2016/|accessdate=2020-07-12|work=The Root|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103232130/https://onehundred.theroot.com/facewall/the-root-100-2016/}}</ref> * National Geographic Emerging Explorer, 2016<ref name=":42"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-23|title=Four TED Fellows named 2016 National Geographic Emerging Explorers|url=https://blog.ted.com/four-ted-fellows-named-2016-national-geographic-emerging-explorers/|accessdate=2020-07-12|work=TED Blog|language=en}}</ref> * Kavli Fellow Frontiers of Science Symposium, November 2015<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015 Kavli Fellows - News Release|url=http://www.nasonline.org/programs/kavli-frontiers-of-science/news/2015-kavli-fellows.html|accessdate=2020-09-13|work=www.nasonline.org}}</ref> * Nchịkọta na Onye Nlekọta TED Conference, Febụwarị 2016 * Onye na-elekọta TED@IBM, Ọktoba 2015 * TED Fellow, 2015<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-17|title=Meet the 2015 class of TED Fellows and Senior Fellows|url=https://blog.ted.com/meet-the-new-class-of-2015-ted-fellows-and-senior-fellows/|accessdate=2019-02-23|work=TED Blog|language=en}}</ref> * American Astronomical Society Roger Doxsey Dissertation Prize, Jenụwarị 2014 * Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellowship, August 2012<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ford Foundation Fellowships Scholar Award List 2012|url=http://nrc58.nas.edu/FordFellows20/ExtRpts/PressReleaseRoster.aspx?RptMode=AW&CompYr=2012&Layout=wwwLibs%2fUtil_Web%2fPageLayouts%2fApplPrintLayout|work=National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine|accessdate=10 December 2020|archivedate=22 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922111523/http://nrc58.nas.edu/FordFellows20/ExtRpts/PressReleaseRoster.aspx?RptMode=AW&CompYr=2012&Layout=wwwLibs%2FUtil_Web%2FPageLayouts%2FApplPrintLayout}}</ref> * Edward Bouchet Graduate Honor Society, March 2012 * National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, June 2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program Award Recipients, 2007 - Data.gov|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/nsf-graduate-research-fellowship-program-award-recipients-2007|work=catalog.data.gov|accessdate=10 December 2020|archivedate=30 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030212614/http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/nsf-graduate-research-fellowship-program-award-recipients-2007}}</ref> * NASA-Harriett G. Jenkins Pre-Doctoral Fellowship, June 2007 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.jedidahislerphd.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * Jedidah Isler at TED ** [https://www.ted.com/talks/jedidah_isler_how_i_fell_in_love_with_quasars_blazars_and_our_incredible_universe "How I fell in love with quasars, blazars and our incredible universe" (TED2015)] ** [https://www.ted.com/talks/jedidah_isler_the_untapped_genius_that_could_change_science_for_the_better "Onye ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ nke nwere ike ịgbanwe sayensị ka mma" (TED2015)] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rusj2oyqrr9zj09m3xqw69tojh1tpvh 0 18132 674792 91937 2026-07-10T03:36:05Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* ge ọ malitere */ 674792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joey Vercher''' (amụrụ n'August 3, 1991), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka aha egwu ya bụ '''Joey Fatts''' bụ ónyé America na-eti egwu, onye na-ede egwu na ónyé na-emepụta ihe ndekọ si Long Beach, [[California]]. Fatts bịanyere aka na ákàrá nke ya, Cutthroat Records. Ọ nwetara nkwado site na ịtọhapụ usoro ''Chipper Jones'' site n'enyemaka nke A$AP Yams nwụrụ anwụ, ónyé nyeere aka ịmalite ọrụ ya. Ọ gara n'ihu wepụta mixtapes ndị ọzọ, ''Ill Street Blues'' (2015) na I'll Call You Tomorrow (2016). == ge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Vercher na August 3, 1991 na Long Beach, [[California]]. Nné Vercher na nnà ya sitere na Compton, mana ha kwagara Long Beach n'ihi na ha chọrọ ndụ ka mma màkà Vercher na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Vercher malitere itinye aka n'ọrụ ndị òtù n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1999, mgbe ọ dị afọ 8. Nne Vercher bụ onye aṅụrụma ma ọ dịghị mgbè ọ leghaara ya anya.<ref name="Fatts">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiH5NLB9p1g|title=Joey Fatts Interview (Talks Growing Up in Gang Culture & Losing Friends)|work=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=2016-05-10}}</ref> Mgbè Vercher nọ na klas nke ise, nna ya gàrà mkpọrọ ma hapụ nne ya na nwanne ya nwanyị.<ref name="margrit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6221877/exclusive-joey-fatts-talks-collaborative-9th-wonder-album|title=Exclusive: Joey Fatts Talks Collaborative 9th Wonder Album|work=[[Billboard.com]]|date=2014-08-20|accessdate=2016-05-11|author=Grant|first=Kristen}}</ref> Vercher na nne ya kwagara San Fernando Valley nwa ógè. Mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na ise, ọ si n'ụlọ nne ya kwaga Los Angeles igwu bọọlụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ebe ọ ga-ebi n'ọbọdọ ahụ. Ọ na-ehi ụra ebe ọ bụla o nwere ike, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke enyi ya, ụlọ enyi ya nwanyị, azụ nke Camaro ya nke 1986, ka ọ na-achụ nrọ ya nke igwu egwu na kọleji.<ref name="Roof">{{Cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/2014/01/the-come-up-joey-fatts/|title=The Come Up: Joey Fatts|work=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]]|accessdate=2016-05-11|date=2014-01-07|author=Jackson|first=Reed}}</ref> Mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na isii, otu n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi ya nwụrụ site na ịgba égbè ma nwee ịda mbà n'obi ruo oge ụfọdụ. Ihe dị ka mmadụ isii n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi ya nwụrụ site na ịgba égbè mgbe ọ na-etolite.<ref name="Fatts" /> N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ hapụrụ nrọ ahụ mgbe ya na ndị enyi ya malitere ịkpa oke. Ka ọ na-erule klas nke iri na abụọ, e jidere ya màkà izu ohi ma kwụsị ịgba bọọlụ kpamkpam.<ref name="Roof" /> == Nkọwapụta == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke mixtapes na nkọwa ndị ahọpụtara ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Aha ya ! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Nkọwa nke abọm |- ! scope="row" |''Chipper Jones'' | * E wepụtara ya: August 15, 2012 * Akara: Cutthroat Records * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ |- ! scope="row" |''Chipper Jones Mpịakọta nke 2'' | * E wepụtara ya: May 29, 2013 * Akara: Yamborghini Records * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ |- ! scope="row" |''Chipper Jones Mpịakọta nke 3'' | * E wepụtara ya: August 3, 2014 * Akara: Cutthroat * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ |- ! scope="row" |''Ill Street Blues'' | * E wepụtara ya: February 17, 2015 * Akara: Cutthroat, Yamborghini * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ |- ! scope="row" |''Aga m akpọ gị echi'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: March 3, 2016 * Akara: Cutthroat * Ụdị: Nbudata dijitalụ |- |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị ọbịa na-abụghị otu, na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri, na-egosi afọ a tọhapụrụ na aha abọm ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe ! scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="row" |"187" | rowspan="2" |2012 |A$ton Matthews |''Versace Ragz'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ala Mpụ" |Vince Staples, SK La' Flare |{{n/a}} |- ! scope="row" |Iwu 3 | rowspan="2" |2013 |Mike G |''Amaokwu'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ndị na-eme ihe ike" |Vince Staples na Larry Fisherman |''Ndị Ntorobịa E Zuru Ezu'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ" | rowspan="3" |2014 |{{n/a}} |''Nchịkọta 2014'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ihe niile dị mma" |Egwú rap |''Jamla bụ ndị otu'' |- ! scope="row" |"Perico" |A$ton Matthews |''A$ton 3:16'' |- ! scope="row" |"Onye uwe ojii" | rowspan="3" |2015 |Vince Staples, Kilo Kish |''Oge okpomọkụ '06'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ụlọ jupụtara na G" |Snoop Dogg, Egwuregwu, Dee |''Ọ dị nro.FM 2'' |- ! scope="row" |"Lay Low" |D Ọhịa |''D Phoenix'' |- |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jjmkzzkdi1huuzv9gggo16tormz8o46 0 19194 674839 580192 2026-07-10T06:13:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:Jani Allan 2010.jpg|thumb|Jani Allan]] '''Jani Allan''' (amuru 11 Septemba {{Databox}} 1952) bu onye odeakụkọ South Africa, onye ode akwukwo, ode akwukwo na onye mgbasa ozi. Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị ama ama mgbasa ozi obodo mbụ na 1980 na 1990. <ref name="retmg" /> Na 1980, Allan ghọrọ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ centrist, ''Sunday Times'', akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị na South Africa na-ekesa kwa izu. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, na-ebipụta ogidi ndị dị ka ''Just Jani'', ''Jani Allan's Week'' na ''Face to Face'' . N'oge a ma ama ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nyere ọrụ nyocha Gallup na 1987 ka ọ chọta "onye a kacha nwee mmasị na South Afrika" ma bụrụ onye mbụ. <ref name="Abstracts">[http://www.faqs.org/abstracts/Retail-industry/Bauwens-had-nothing-to-be-ashamed-of-relationship-with-Mellor-misrepresented-in-press.html Abstracts] Weekly Mail.1992</ref> N'afọ 2015, Marianne Thamm nke ''Daily Maverick'' kọwara Allan dịka onye "onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha nwee mmetụta na mba ahụ". O mechara bụrụ isiokwu nke mmasị ndị nta akụkọ banyere ọdịdị mmekọrịta ya na isiokwu gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, Eugène Terre'Blanche . Allan gọnarịrị ebubo omume ahụ ma were iwu megide Terre'Blanche. Allan hapụrụ South Afrika mgbe ndị isi aka nri tụrụ bọmbụ n'ụlọ ya na afọ 1989. Allan gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọikpe wee nweta mmebi sitere na akwụkwọ Britain abụọ ndị kwughachiri ebubo okwu ahụ. Ọ gbara akwụkwọ nkwutọ megide Channel 4 maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Nick Broomfield, ''Onye Ndú, Onye Ọkwọ ụgbọala ya na Nwunye Ọkwọ ụgbọala'' . Broomfield gọrọ agọ ebubo iwelite okwu yana otu ndị akaebe si South Afrika butere iji kwado akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Allan tụfuru uwe ahụ, ọkàikpe jụrụ ikwu na onye ọ bụla ghaara ụgha n'ụlọ ikpe. Mgbe obere oge na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya dị na London, ọ malitere ide ogidi ndị nweere onwe ha maka mbipụta Britain wee bipụta kọlụm oge niile maka ''Scope'' . Ọ laghachiri South Afrika na 1996, na-ebipụta kọlụm webụ a na-akwado ma na-egosi ihe ngosi redio na Cape Talk . Mgbe ezumike gbatịchara, ọ laghachiri na mgbasa ozi South Afrika na 2013. Na 2014, o mere akụkọ gburugburu ụwa mgbe o bipụtasịrị akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na ebubo igbu ọchụ Oscar Pistorius . Jacana Media bipụtara ihe ncheta Allan, ''Jani Confidential'' na 16 Maachị 2015. Ọ malitere ide ọkara oge niile maka ''The Epoch Times'' site na 2018. Na South Afrika ọ na-aga n'ihu na-edepụta mpempe echiche nke onwe ya, na ọrụ ya na-apụtakarị na ''Daily Maverick'', ''Fair Lady'' na nso nso a na ''Rapport'' . Na 2020 Allan malitere ibipụta ogidi echiche maka RT (nke bụbu Russia Today), ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Russia. Allan ebiela na United States kemgbe 2001. <ref name="retmg"/> == Ndụ mbido == Otu di na nwunye bara ọgaranya nke Britain na South Africa, John Murray Allan na Janet Sophia Henning nabatara Allan mgbe ha dị otu ọnwa. Nna nkuchi Allan, onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke Johannesburg, ''The Star'' nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị ọnwa 18. Nne ya bụ onye na-ere ihe ochie nke nwere ụlọ ahịa dị na Randburg . Henning na Henning di nke abụọ, Walter Eric Monteith Fry zụlitere Allan. Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Randburg tupu ha akwaga Bryanston na Sandton. Allan gara Franklin D. Roosevelt Primari skọọl yana Blairgowrie Primari skọọl ebe otu n'ime ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ bụ onye edemede Rian Malan . O mechara gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ Roedean wee gụchaa na Greenside High School . <ref name="retmg">[http://mg.co.za/article/2013-10-04-00-the-return-of-jani-allan The return of Jani Allan] ''Mail and Guardian''. 4 October 2013</ref> Ọ bụ onye pianist oge ochie zụrụ azụ wee dekọọ egwu egwu piano televishọn mgbe ọ bụ nwata, <ref name="vv">Streak, Diana. "Victim or Vixen?" [interview], Fair Lady, 28 May 1997</ref> wee soro need egwu egwu Johannesburg mee mpụta mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 10. <ref name="retmg" /> <ref>Passmore, John. "The bitch, the neo-Nazi and a big white bottom". [[London Evening Standard]], 5 August 1992, p.15</ref> Ọ nwetakwara nzere BA Honors na Fine Art <ref name="wav">Wavell, Stuart. People: Jani Allan "Writer haunted by a hunk with blowtorch eyes" [Interview]. [[Sunday Times]]. 28 January 1990</ref> na Mahadum Witwatersrand ebe ọ nwetakwara nzere nkuzi nkuzi HED Post-grad. Allan nwetara nke mbụ maka eserese na imewe na onye nwe ụlọ gallery, Trevor Coleman kwere nkwa inye ya ihe ngosi otu nwanyị. Onye mgbasa ozi Britain bụ Michael de Morgan mepere ihe ngosi nke onye nkatọ nka na onye na-ese mmiri, Richard Cheales bịara. <ref>Allan, Jani. 2015. ''Jani Confidential'', Jacana. pp. 36</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ọ bụrụ onye nta akụkọ, Allan rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ngosi foto <ref>Allan, Jani. "Don't put your daughter on the ramp Mrs Worthington", Sunday Times Magazine, 11 January 1981</ref> na onye nkuzi Bekee na Art na Wynberg Boys High School, Bryanston High Skọọl na Sevenoaks Finishing Skọọl . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026041339/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/all-eyes-on-the-filmmaker-stars-fear-1258564.html All eyes on the film-maker stars fear] [[The Independent]]. 29 June 1997</ref> Ọrụ mbụ e bipụtara Allan bụ usoro nyocha egwu oge gboo maka ''The Citizen'' . === 1980–1989: ''Ụbọchị Sọnde'' === N'afọ 1980, onye nchịkọta akụkọ bụ Tertius Myburgh <ref name="wav">Wavell, Stuart. People: Jani Allan "Writer haunted by a hunk with blowtorch eyes" [Interview]. [[Sunday Times]]. 28 January 1990</ref> were Allan n'ọrụ ka ọ dee kọlụm maka ''Sunday Times'' wee bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu kacha na-ekesa mba. Mgbe e mesịrị, n'isi isi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Sunday Times'', ọ malitekwara ibipụta ''Radio Jani'', nyocha egwu ya. O nwekwara ebe akụkọ pop nke abalị na ihe nkiri David Gresham na Springbok Radio . Na 1986 ọ malitere ibipụta ''izu Jani Allan'' na akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ isi. Ọ ga-akọ akụkọ gbasara ọrụ ndị mara mma dị ka nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị a ma ama South Afrika na-eme ma na-agba ndị a ma ama ajụjụ ọnụ. Otu afọ ka e mesịrị Allan nọ na [[Mauritius]] na-ekpuchi azụ Marlin mgbe ụgbọ elu Helderberg South African Airways 295 dara n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ. Allan na onye ọrụ ibe ya Geoff Allan bụ ndị nta akụkọ mbụ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu. Akwụkwọ ''akụkọ Sunday Times'' bipụtara akụkọ nkwonkwo ha maka ihe mberede ahụ gburu onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ. <ref>Allan, Jani. 2015. ''Jani Confidential'', Jacana. pp. 55</ref> Ọhaneze siri ike gbasiri ike mgbe a họpụtara ya "onye a kacha amasị na South Afrika" na ntuli aka Gallup nke ''Sunday Times'' nyere na 1987. <ref name="Abstracts"/> Onye edemede ''Maverick Daily'' bụ Marianne Thamm na-akwado echiche a, na-akọwa Allan dị ka "otu oge onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha emetụta na mba ahụ." <ref name="thamm">[http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-04-06-book-review-jani-allan-white-south-africas-brittle-fall-girl-a-cautionary-tale/#.VSQ6MdyUeSq Book review: Jani Allan, white South Africa’s brittle fall girl – a cautionary tale] Daily Maverick. 6 April 2015</ref> N'afọ 1988, ndị isi ya dochie ''izu Jani Allan'' na "Face to Face", kọlụm profaịlụ nwere nnukwu mmasị na isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ka Saụt Afrịka bịara na-anọpụ iche na mba ụwa n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọ gbara ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka Eugène Terre'Blanche, Winnie Mandela, Denis Worrall, na Mangosuthu Buthelezi ajụjụ ọnụ . <ref name="wav">Wavell, Stuart. People: Jani Allan "Writer haunted by a hunk with blowtorch eyes" [Interview]. [[Sunday Times]]. 28 January 1990</ref> <ref name="jamb">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-met-1265666.html|title=How We Met – Jani Allan and Chief Buthelezi|work=[[The Independent]]|date=6 April 1997|first=Marcelle|author=Katz|accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> <ref name="cos">{{Cite book|first=Nadine|author=Dreyer|title=A Century of Sundays: 100 Years of Breaking News in the Sunday Times, 1906-2006|publisher=Zebra}}</ref> ==== Mgbalị igbu mmadụ na ọpụpụ ==== Mgbe a nwara igbu mmadụ na ndụ ya na 1989, ndị ọrụ nzuzo dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ pụọ na South Afrika. Ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ n’akwụkwọ akụkọ Johannesburg n’ụlọ ọrụ ha dị na Lọndọn. Na London, Allan weputara kọlụm ọhụrụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ aha ya bụ ''Jani na nnukwu'' akara mkpado ''Jani Allan - na-akọ akụkọ sitere na London'' . Mgbe ọ nọsịrị izu isii na Lọndọn, Allan laghachiri ịrụ ọrụ n’ọfis dị na Johannesburg. Mgbe otu izu laghachiri ọrụ, a gwara Allan ka ọ nyefee arụkwaghịm ya n'ihi na ọ "ghọọla akụkọ". Oge Allan nọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwụsịrị na Septemba 1989. === 1990–1996: London === Ka ọ na-erule 1990 Allan abụrụla onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe niile maka akwụkwọ akụkọ South Afrika kwa izu, ''Scope'', na-ewepụta kọlụm ''Jani Allan'' nke akpọrọ onwe ya site na ntọala ya na London. <ref>''Scope''. 30 November 1990. Volume 25, No. 24</ref> Na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ihe ịga nke ọma ya, ''Scope'' nwere mgbasa ozi kachasị ukwuu nke magazin Bekee ọ bụla na South Afrika. <ref name="age">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8tdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tJADAAAAIBAJ&pg=1804,4700503&dq=scope+magazine+south+africa&hl=en Censor Board Censured] The Age. 22 May 1972</ref> Otu akwụkwọ Allan dere na 5 October 1990, mpịakọta 25, nọmba 20 na magazin ahụ bụ onye MP Dries Bruwer gosipụtara n'ihu ụlọ omeiwu South Africa na 1991 iji kwado okwu iwu. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gIxCAQAAIAAJ&q=jani+allan+scope&dq=jani+allan+scope&source=bl&ots=D5lThM93-0&sig=SfGDWnU1XCYtsJe3tn-F23NUx5Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1zRPUPyuO66N0wXEqYCYCA&ved=0CE8Q6AEwCA Debates of Parliament] Hansard. 1991. Volume 9, Issues 19-22</ref> <ref>[https://archive.today/20130627151858/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/1991/05/30/17/10.html KP-boereleier en Jani Allan] Die Burger. 30 May 1991</ref> [[Usòrò:ZJuliet_with_Charlton_Heston_(cropped2).JPG|thumb| Allan na Charlton Heston na Hyde Park Hotel na 1990 maka ajụjụ ọnụ ''Sunday Times'' (UK)]] Na 1990, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ọha oge ụfọdụ <ref>Rayment, Tim. Princess Royal; Moscow? Just a date in Anne's quick-step. [[Sunday Times]], 27 May 1990</ref> maka London ''Sunday Times'' <ref>Allan, Jani. Men of the Year dinner: Pomp, circumstance and all the Right Stuff. [[Sunday Times]], 22 April 1990</ref> <ref>Allan, Jani. 142nd [[Royal Caledonian Ball]]: The dashing white princess. [[Sunday Times]], 27 May 1990</ref> wee gbaa ndị mmadụ ajụjụ ọnụ dịka Charlton Heston maka akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref>Allan, Jani. My Style-Charlton Heston: Great sport with a line of heroic role models. [[Sunday Times]], 17 June 1990</ref> wee bipụta mpempe echiche maka akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref>Allan, Jani. British determination to acquire a suntan; Is this the end of burning ambition?. [[Sunday Times]], 6 May 1990</ref> O mechara rụọ ọrụ maka onye mgbasa ozi SABC na onye nta akụkọ, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Cliff Saunders nke London wee gbaa ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Afrika na ndị Europe ajụjụ ọnụ dịka Jean-Marie Le Pen . The London ''Evening Standard'' bipụtara Allan ebe o bipụtara akụkọ banyere onye mbụ na-ajụ ajụjụ George Carman ọhụrụ ikpe, nke Carman na-agbachitere ''ndị mmadụ'' megide okwu nkwutọ Mona Bauwens weghaara. <ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/diary-1551528.html Diary-opinion] [[The Independent]]. 15 September 1992</ref> O dekwara akwụkwọ maka ''The Spectator'' ebe ọ kọwara Carman dị ka "obere ferret gbagọrọ agbagọ". <ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/jani-allan-bites-back-at-ferret-1541792.html Jani Allan bites back at 'ferret'] [[The Independent]]. 22 August 1992</ref> <ref>[http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/22nd-august-1992/13/a-ham-that-cant-be-cured A Ham that can't be Cured] The Spectator. 21 August 1992</ref> Allan bipụtara mpempe echiche na ''Daily Mail'' na British Conservative magazine ''The Salisbury Review'', ma mee nyocha maka ma nye aka na magazin mgbochi fascist ''Searchlight'' . Akwukwo nke etinyegoro n'esemokwu n'oge okwu nkwutọ n'ihi ọdịnaya ya bu aha ''White Sunset'' ma nwee ndi otu aka nri na South Afrika a dika isiokwu ya. Akpọrọ ya na 1988 n'oge mkpakọrịta ya na Terre'Blanche. N'afọ 1992, onye ọrụ ya kọwara ya na mgbasa ozi Britain dịka "nleba anya nke ukwuu na nkewa nke ọha ndị ọcha na South Afrika " nke gosipụtara "akụkọ na-efe efe na mgbidi". <ref name="tri" /> A hụla ọtụtụ isiakwụkwọ wee mepụta nka mkpuchi mana emechabeghị ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="indie"/> <ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/diary-1540054.html Diary] ''[[The Independent]]''. 13 August 1992</ref> Ọ mechakwara ''ụgbọ ala ngwa ngwa gaa Ventersdorp'', nlele anya satirical na ntinye aka ya na Terre'Blanche. E jiri ya tụnyere ụdị nke Tom Sharpe na n'okwu mmalite ọ kọwara na o dere ya n'ihi na "Achọrọ m ịhapụ ihe gara aga n'azụ m." <ref name="tri">Wavell, Stuart. "The trials of Jani Allan", ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', 9 August 1992. p.5/1</ref> Na 1995, o nyere SABC ajụjụ ọnụ oge mbụ. <ref name="ba">{{Cite web|url=http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1995/news0103|title=Jani Allan – Born Again Christian|publisher=[[South African Press Association|Sapa]]|date=2 January 1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173909/http://70.84.171.10/~etools/newsbrief/1995/news0103|archivedate=27 September 2007}}</ref> === 1996 &#x2013; 2001: laghachi na South Africa === Nlaghachi Allan na South Afrika na 1996 bụ mpụtara na mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Style'' na ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ malitere ọrụ dịka onye ọbịa na Cape Talk Radio, ihe ngosi redio nke Cape Town ma malite ihe ngosi ya ''Jani's World'', nke na-eme na mgbede Fraịde n'etiti elekere itoolu na etiti abalị. Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ntụrụndụ a ma ama pụtara na ihe ngosi ya gụnyere Constand Viljoen ., Rhodesian Premier Ian Smith na Faye Dunaway . <ref name="jw">[http://www.iol.co.za/?set_id=1&click_id=1663&art_id=ct20001024111011540J500401 Jani Allan fired - and she's the last to know] [[Cape Argus]]. 24 October 2000</ref> The ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' toro ụzọ nke ọdịnaya ""enweghị guts enweghị ebube" si emepụta nnọkọ na-enye ume ọhụrụ, nke mara mma. <ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/article/1997-10-23-stars-shine-on-cape-talk-radio Stars shine on Cape Talk Radio] ''Mail & Guardian''. 23 October 1997</ref> N'oge na-adịghị ka o guzobechara ihe ngosi redio na Cape Town, MWEB nyere ya nkwekọrịta ka ọ malite webụsaịtị "CyberJani" nke nwere kọlụm kwa izu, ibe akwụkwọ ozi na nkata ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaywalk.com/kev/design/Design3.htm|title=Jani Allan on Mweb|date=1 January 1998|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713092335/http://www.jaywalk.com/kev/design/Design3.htm|archivedate=13 July 2011}}</ref> Ozi ekwuru na kọlụm ahụ bụ inye "eziokwu niile na-adabaghị ibipụta ma kpasuokwa aka ekpe, aka nri na etiti". <ref name="mgcomeback">[http://www.mg.co.za/article/1998-02-13-charl-blignautcultural-sushi Charl Blignaut:Cultural sushi] ''Mail & Guardian''. 13 February 1998</ref> Allan lebara isiokwu dị iche iche anya dị ka ihe mmegide na ihe gbasara okike. <ref name="mgcomeback" /> O bipụtakwara akwụkwọ ndekọta ọha. <ref>"How High T'Moon". Noseweek. Issue #25, 1 December 1998.</ref> Na 1998, Allan pụtara na SABC ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, ''Red Jacket'' iji kwurịta onye na-ese ihe na South Africa dabeere na [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]], Vladimir Tretchikoff mara maka eserese ''[[Chinese Girl]]'' . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120222224716/http://www.ngsw.org/~afrmedia/php/showfilm.php?id=32516 Red jacket] African Media Program</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, o mere ihe ngosi ihuenyo ọzọ dị ka ihe nlereanya Parisian na ihe nkiri Pieter-Dirk Uys, ''Going Down Gorgeous'' . <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gTkzWrmWLqY Going Down Gorgeous EP11; The Class of 50-Something] YouTube. Retrieved on 28 October 2017</ref> Ihe ngosi redio nke Allan, ''Jani's World'' ghọrọ otu n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ elu kachasị ewu ewu, mana ọ dọtara esemokwu na Septemba 1999 mgbe Allan gbara onye America aka nri Keith Johnson nke Militia nke Montana ajụjụ ọnụ. Johnson kwuputara ọtụtụ arụmụka na mkparị. Allan wepụrụ onwe ya n'echiche Johnson wee rịọ mgbaghara maka mmejọ ndị Juu na-ege ntị. <ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JoxSn_9NLksJ:www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2000_11_SouthAfrica.pdf+jani+allan+filetype:pdf&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj1XUpIMrvM5h9hfkE6oon_pjW-jH1uoZddwx2dI0senk2bzF2KoqtLLnsRUqMmipvLxdkztIKiElFNpNtFQR79spzrE4bx_ui28P0ghSMB0Dhmpawlw0Zf5VeJ1cj-nrCItGyR&sig=AHIEtbQbnU-S7dZEuBY0VLB4lMc83Qbs9w AJA Archive] AJA. Retrieved 14 July 2010</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|first=David Singer|author=Lawrence Grossman|year=2000|title=American Jewish Year Book 2000|publisher=Amber Jewish Committee}}</ref> N'ihi mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị n'otu n'otu yana site na Kọmitii Ndị nnọchiteanya ndị Juu South Afrika <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=7&click_id=90&art_id=ct19991103203712988B212275|title=Station to apologise for Jani's gaffe|work=[[The Star (South Africa)|The Star]]|date=3 November 1999}}</ref> a gwara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ rịọ mgbaghara ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị. Allan hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ redio na October 2000. Na 2000 &#x2013; 2001, ọ bụ onye na-ede okwu maka Buthelezi. <ref name="retmg"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifp.org.za/|title=Inkatha Freedom Party}}</ref> === 2001–2012: United States === N'etiti 2004 na 2005, Allan dere n'efu maka aha ndị dị ka WorldNetDaily . Dị ka mmasị onwe onye, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na- agụ kpakpando e bipụtara . Na 2006, e bipụtara kọlụm Terre'Blanche nke Allan na-arụrịta ụka n'akwụkwọ ''A Century of Sundays: 100 Years of Breaking News in the Sunday Times'' . Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere nkọwa nke okwu nkwutọ na akụkọ akụkọ gbasara ikpe ahụ. <ref name="cos"/> [[Usòrò:Jani_Allan_phones_home.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mpempe akwụkwọ nkwado maka ajụjụ ọnụ M&G na Allan na Ọktoba 2013]] === 2013– dị ugbu a: ''Jani nzuzo'' na onye nweere onwe ya === Na 2013, a bịakwutere Allan dị ka isiokwu maka isiokwu magazin na-esote "akara ngosi mgbasa ozi ụnyaahụ". <ref>[http://themediaonline.co.za/2013/02/what-happened-to-yesterdays-media-icons/ What happened to yesterday’s media icons?] 18 February 2013</ref> Na nso nso a Allan abawanyela mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ya, na-esonye na Twitter <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/JaniAllan|title=Jani Allan (@JaniAllan) - Twitter}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-05-07-the-gupta-gollyword-glossary/#.UZ1ta0rujFI The Gupta Gollyword Glossary] Daily Maverick. 7 May 2013</ref> na-ebipụta blọgụ ọhụrụ akpọrọ ''My Grilling Life'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mygrillinglife.wordpress.com/|title=My Grilling Life - Jani Allan}}</ref> Ọ na-edekarị akwụkwọ satirical banyere ahụmahụ ya na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ebe ọ na-arụbu ọrụ. N'October 2013, ọ bụ isiokwu nke mpempe akwụkwọ profaịlụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' akpọrọ "Nlaghachi nke Jani Allan". Allan mara ọkwa na akwụkwọ akụkọ a ọhụrụ mgbasa ozi oru ngo, mmekọrịta biography oru ngo banyere ndụ ya na South Afrika. <ref name="retmg"/> Na njikọ ọ malitere ọhụrụ webụsaịtị aha onwe. Na 16 Ọktoba, Allan mere ngosi ihe omume redio ụtụtụ na ihe nkiri Redi Thlabi, na-agbasa na redio nke Johannesburg 702 na Cape Town Cape Talk . Na 27 October, a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na Allan bipụtara na ngalaba Business Times nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Sunday Times'' . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220614220241/http://www.bdlive.co.za/businesstimes/2013/10/27/a-tragic-figure-in-spite-of-high-life A tragic figure in spite of high life] Business Times. 27 October 2013</ref> Na Septemba 2014, ''Dekat'', magazin ndụ South Africa dị elu, nke e bipụtara n'asụsụ Bekee na Afrikaans gosipụtara kọlụm nke Allan. Ogidi Allan bụ akụkụ nke mbipụta magazin ahụ n'afọ 1980 ma bụrụ akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka Allan nye onwe ya na-eto eto. N'October 2014, ''Daily Maverick'' bipụtara kọlụm Allan nke akpọrọ "M na-ajụ ịbụ nwa akwụkwọ mmado nke slut-shaming" nke Allan na-ewepụta okwu nke onye nchịkọta akụkọ City Press Ferial Haffajee kwuru . <ref name="maverick">[http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2014-10-02-i-refuse-to-be-the-poster-child-of-slut-shaming/#.VC0ueWeSySr I refuse to be the poster child of slut-shaming] ''Daily Maverick''. 2 October 2014</ref> Onye nta akụkọ a na-akwanyere ùgwù na onye na-akwado mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, Charlene Smith kwadoro kọlụm Allan. Smith kọwara ya dị ka "ihe dị mkpa, dị oke egwu" ma zoo aka na ntụaka Haffajee dị ka "n'echeghị echiche na obi ọjọọ". Smith gara n'ihu ịkọwa Allan dị ka "otu n'ime ndị edemede ukwu South Africa, ma ugbu a dị ka otu n'ime ọgbọ South Africa nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere obi ike na-ekwu okwu n'olu dara ụda na n'ụzọ doro anya banyere mmerụ ahụ ha na-enweta." <ref name="maverick" /> Mgbe ọnwa ahụ gasịrị, akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrikaans, ''Rapport'' bipụtara ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Allan. <ref>[http://www.netwerk24.com/stemme/2014-10-26-staan-in-die-hoekie-oscar?vc=793f1a369cf60245e86a8ccca144d476 ‘Staan in die hoekie, Oscar’] Rapport. 26 October 2014</ref> Na 1 Jenụwarị 2015, onye ọrụ mbụ ya, ''Sunday Times'' bipụtara olile anya ya maka 2015 na njirimara nke na-elekwasị anya na South Afrika Twitterati, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi kachasị ewu ewu. <ref>[http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2015/01/01/talking-about-a-resolution-sa-s-twitterati-share-their-2015-hopes Talking about a resolution: SA's Twitterati share their hopes for 2015] Sunday Times. 1 January 2015</ref> Na June 2015, ''Daily Maverick'' bipụtara akwụkwọ op-ed Allan na mgbaghara. <ref>[http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2015-06-11-on-forgiveness/#.VZVuMROqqko On Forgiveness] Daily Maverick. 11 June 2015</ref> June hụkwara mbipụta nke kọlụm ndị ọbịa nke Allan na ''The Big Issue'' South Afrika nke a na-ere ahịa dị ka kọlụm Just Jani Allan n'ihu mkpuchi. Na Julaị 2015, Allan ghọrọ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe niile na ''BizNews'' . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150722180039/http://www.biznews.com/category/columnists/jani-allan/ Jani Allan: Hangover in New Jersey after my ever-so-exciting SA book tour] BizNews.com. 21 July 2015</ref> Na Nọvemba 2015, ''Daily Maverick'' bipụtara akwụkwọ op-ed Allan banyere nwanyị na omenala ewu ewu. Ọkammụta Cape Town, Rhoda Kadalie toro akụkụ "edemede nke ọma" "na nwanyị n'ihi na ọ bụ n'ezie arụmụka n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Jani na-akpakọrịta njikọ nke agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, akụ na ụba na ịma mma dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na nkatọ ya dị irè." <ref>[http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2015-11-05-women-are-still-commodities-beauty-still-skins-deep-and-push-up-bras-are-still-required/ Women are (stil) commodities, beauty (still) skins deep and push-up bras are (still) required] Daily Maverick. 5 November 2015</ref> E bipụtara kọlụm Allan maka mbipụta pụrụ iche kwa afọ nke ''Big Issue South Afrika'' na Disemba 2015. N'otu ọnwa ahụ Daily Maverick bipụtara kọlụm akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe nke Allan na-ekesa na onye nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ ya, Tertius Myburgh . Allan dere kọlụm na-eso mkpughe nke ọtụtụ ebubo nledo megide Myburgh. <ref>[http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2015-12-04-an-open-letter-to-daddy-dearest-tertius-myburgh/#.VmK1zTZOdrQ An open letter to Daddy dearest, Tertius Myburgh] Daily Maverick. 4 December 2015</ref> N'August 2018, o dere akụkọ mkpuchi maka mgbakwunye ''Weekliks'' nke ''Rapport'' wee kọwapụta ahụmịhe ya zutere Magnus Malan nwụrụ anwụ n'ihi asịrị nke Bird Island. <ref>[https://www.netwerk24.com/Stemme/Aktueel/ek-dag-dis-net-stories-van-n-dronkie-20180811 'Ek dag dis net stories van 'n dronkie'] Rapport. 12 August 2018</ref> N'October nke otu afọ ahụ, o dere akwụkwọ dị ogologo maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Fair Lady'' banyere alụmdi na nwunye ya nke abụọ. <ref>https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/fairlady/20181001/281771335078514 'The hell of an abused woman can never be written about enough'. Fair Lady. October 2018</ref> N'April 2019, ''Rapport'' bipụtara mpempe ọbịa nke Allan maka ntuli aka izugbe South Africa 2019 na-abịa. Na mpempe akwụkwọ, Allan kwupụtara nkwado maka Helen Zille na Mangosuthu Buthelezi . Na 2020, Allan ejirila oge niile dee akwụkwọ maka ''Rapport'' . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bipụtara mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ Allan maka Sol Kerzner na mpempe o dere gbasara COVID-19 na United States, akụkọ mkpuchi abụọ maka mgbakwunye ''Weekliks'' . O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ebubo mwakpo mmekọahụ Joe Biden na ngagharị iwe Black Lives Matter na United States. '''RT (Russia Taa)''' N'April 2020 Allan malitere ide ogidi echiche maka RT (nke bụbu Russia Today), netwọkụ TV Russia na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi. '''''Jani Confidential''''' N'ajụjụ ọnụ Allan na ihe si na ya memoirs, ''Jani Confidential'' e bipụtara na February 2015 mbipụta nke ''Fair Lady'', ihe iconic ụmụ nwanyị magazin na South Africa. Na ngwụcha izu nke 28–29 Maachị, ''The Weekend Argus'' na akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrikaans- ''Rapport'' mere Jani Confidential na 29 Maachị 2015. <ref>[http://www.netwerk24.com/stemme/2015-03-29-jani-allan-spoel-haar-mond-uit Jani Allan spoel haar mond uit] Rapport. 29 March 2015</ref> Ndị ''Sunday Tribune'' na ''Sunday Independent'' bipụtakwara serializations. Na 30 Maachị, ''The Star'' bipụtara ihe ewepụtara na akwụkwọ ahụ. <ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/the-star/jani-allan-book-extract-1.1838695#.VSAt0NyUeSp Jani Allan book extract] The Star. 30 March 2015</ref> Marika Sboros, onye bụbu onye nta akụkọ ''Rand Daily Mail'', na-edezi BizNews, enyochala ihe ncheta Allan nke ọma. "Edere ihe ncheta Allan nke ọma, na-ejikọta ya na ụdị njirimara ya: nkenke nke nta akụkọ gbasara ịwa ahụ, ịmepụta ihe, ịta ahụhụ, obi ụtọ, na ọchị ojii na-achọ onwe ya dị ka ndị ọzọ." Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu, sị: "Enwere eziokwu na-enweghị isi, na-egbu mgbu na nkwuwa okwu n'ụdị ihe omume ya na obere nkọwa ya, njikọ siri ike n'oge niile." Sboros na-aga n'ihu site n'ịja mma ọdịdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ihe ncheta ahụ, na-ekwu maka ịkwụwa aka ọtọ nke nzụlite ọcha ya nwere mmasị: "Ọ na-abịa dị ka ihe ọ bụ n'oge ahụ: ọ bụghị naanị nwa ọhụrụ, kama nwa ebu n'afọ n'ọhịa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke South Africa." <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150327150947/http://www.biznews.com/health/2015/03/23/jani-allan-a-memoir-on-the-psychology-of-sex-power-betrayal-and-slut-shaming/ Jani Allan memoir: the psychology of sex, power, betrayal and ‘slut shaming’] BizNews. 23 March 2015</ref> Onye nta akụkọ Redio 702, Jenny Crws-Williams nwekwara ịnụ ọkụ n'obi, na-ekwu na ọ "ga-abụrịrị onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma: edere nke ọma, na-akpali akpali, na-akpa ọchị & na-atụ egwu n'otu nnukwu cracker na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè." <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/129444503794039/photos/a.513793032025849.1073741825.129444503794039/854020028003146/?type=1 Jenny Crws-Williams update on Jani Confidential] Facebook. Retrieved on 4 April 2015</ref> Allan onye bụbu onye ọrụ ibe ''Sunday Times'' Gus Silber kọwara ihe ncheta ahụ dị ka “Ọhụụ-karmady nke oke egwu. Akụkọ banyere oge. Agwa ya nke ọma na nke ọma." <ref>[https://twitter.com/gussilber/status/583294234545008640 Gus Silber Twitter status] Twitter. Retrieved on 4 April 2015</ref> Rebecca Davis, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ dị elu na ''Daily Maverick'' kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "n'ezie, na-adọrọ mmasị n'ezie." <ref>[https://twitter.com/becsplanb/status/583762658161229824 Rebecca Davis Twitter status] Twitter. Retrieved on 4 April 2015</ref> N'ịde na ''Daily Maverick'' Marianne Thamm kwughachiri echiche Sboros na ebubo e boro Terre'Blanche abụghị eziokwu. Thamm na-akọwa N'ajụjụ ọnụ a na Terre'Blanche dị ka "aghọtahieghị", ngwá ọrụ na "njọ a rụpụtara." Ọ na-eto akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka "na-enyocha eziokwu ya na nghọta ya, ihe ọchị na enweghị mgbaghara." Thamm na-aga n'ihu, sị: "Ọ bụ ihe osise nke oge na ebe, na-adọrọ mmasị (na ọtụtụ mgbe) nke nwanyị jidere bụ onye na-anọgide na-abụ otu n'ime ndị edemede kachasị nkà na-apụta n'afọ iri ahụ." Thamm kwubiri na "Allan n'onwe ya bụ onye lanarịrịnụ, otu n'ime ndị ahụ, na-efunahụ ya niile, nwetara onwe ya na ndị ọzọ." <ref name="thamm"/> A nabatakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Allan nke ọma na akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrikaans. Nyocha akwụkwọ Herman Lategan pụtara na ''Volksblad'', ''Beeld'' na ''Die Burger'' . Lategan dere na "ndị enyi Judas" raara Allan n'ihi ekworo nakwa na "mgbasa mgbasa ozi ndị nna ochie na chauvinistic mesoro ya ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi". Ọ na-arụ ụka na Allan nyere mgboagha obodo ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe ka ọ bụ onye e lekwasịrị anya dị ka nwanyị "na-ekwu okwu" n'ọha ọha. Ọ dabara n'ụdị ụmụ nwanyị na-achọghị mgbanwe na South Africa dịka ọ bụ "ngwakọta ọnụ nke Sandton kugel, Mata Hari, Marlene Dietrich na Camilla Parker Bowles ". Lategan na-akọwa ihe ndekọ ahụ dị ka "akwụkwọ akụkọ aghụghọ, obi ọjọọ na enyo na obodo South Africa". <ref>[http://www.netwerk24.com/vermaak/2015-04-13-jani-confidential-briljante-joernaal-van-ontheemding Jani Confidential: Briljante joernaal van ontheemding] Beeld. 13 April 2015</ref> Len Ashton, Allan onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''LifeStyle'' na ''Sunday Times'' tụlere Jani Confidential maka akwụkwọ akụkọ South Africa, ''Noseweek'' . Ashton dere na ''Jani Confidential'' bụ "ihe ncheta na-atụgharị ibe. Ndị maara onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ime mmeri ya gara aga ga-ama jijiji site na akụkọ ntachi obi dị ịtụnanya. Na ihe ọchị." Ashton na-egosipụtakwa nyocha ndị ọzọ site n'imebi ebubo okwu ahụ megide "nwanyị na-adọrọ mmasị" [Allan] dị ka "ele PC na-enweghị ọchị." <ref>[http://www.noseweek.co.za/article/3449/Books-Comeback.-Second-helping Books: Comeback. Second helping] Noseweek. 1 May 2015</ref> ==== Oscar Pistorius ==== Na 14 Eprel 2014, Allan bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe nye Oscar Pistorius . <ref>[http://janiallan.com/2014/04/14/letter-oscar/ http://janiallan.com/2014/04/14/letter-oscar/ Letter to Oscar] janiallan.com. 14 April 2014</ref> Allan kọwara kpakpando egwuregwu ahụ dị ka "dike faux" ma tụọ aro na o meela nkuzi ime ihe n'ịkwadebe maka ọbịbịa ya n'ụlọikpe. Allan jirikwa Pistorius tụnyere Eugène Terre'Blanche, "E bepụ Terre'blanche n'otu akwa ahụ dị ka gị, Oscar." Allan gara n'ihu na-akatọ ụzọ ndụ Pistorius dị ka "ala tọgbọrọ chakoo nke jupụtara n'ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka dị oké ọnụ ahịa na omume recidivist." Kọlụm Allan gara malitere ịrịa ma ''Daily Maverick'', <ref>[http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2014-04-15-letter-to-oscar/#.U0z5EVWSySo Letter to Oscar] Daily Maverick. 15 April 2014</ref> ''The Citizen'', ''Biz News'', na weebụsaịtị webụsaịtị ndị ọzọ bipụtara ya. Aha mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ dịka ''Beeld'' kọkwara kọlụm a. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140417095717/http://www.beeld.com/nuus/2014-04-15-jani-allan-vergelyk-oscar-met-et-in-ope-brief Jani Allan vergelyk Oscar met ET in ope brief] Beeld. 15 April 2014</ref> ''Globe na Mail'' nke Canada kọkwara maka mmetụta nke kọlụm ahụ, na-ebipụta okwu na njikọ na ederede zuru ezu. <ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/public-growing-more-skeptical-as-pistorius-testimony-wraps-up/article18035377/ Public growing more skeptical as Pistorius testimony wraps up] The Globe and Mail. 16 April 2014</ref> Akụkọ ahụ adọtawokwa uche na United States, na akụkọ na-apụta na ''New York Post'', <ref>[https://nypost.com/2014/04/20/pistoris-took-acting-lessons-before-crying-on-stand/ Pistorius took ‘acting lessons’ before crying on stand] New York Post. 20 April 2014</ref> ''Time'', <ref name="time1">[http://time.com/71622/oscar-pistorius-denies-acting-lessons/ Oscar Pistorius Denies Taking Pre-Trial Acting Lessons] TIME. 22 April 2014</ref> UPI <ref>[http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2014/04/21/Report-Oscar-Pistorius-took-acting-lessons-for-his-days-in-court/6811398096140/ Report: Oscar Pistorius took acting lessons for his 'days in court'] UPI. 21 April 2014</ref> na na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Perez Hilton . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140424231152/http://perezhilton.com/fitperez/2014-04-21-oscar-pistorius-taking-acting-lessons-murder-trial Did Oscar Pistorius Take Acting Lessons Before His Court Date?! Read the Shocking Allegations Here!] Perez Hilton. 21 April 2014</ref> Na 21 Eprel 2014, Fox News kwusara ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Allan. Allan kwughachiri nkwenye ya na Pistorius ewerela nkuzi ime ihe ma gosipụta mmekọrịta ya na onye dị afọ 19 n'afọ ahụ. <ref>[http://video.foxnews.com/v/3492347894001/jani-allan-pistorius-took-acting-lessons-before-trial/#sp=show-clips Jani Allan: Pistorius took 'acting lessons' before trial] Fox News. 21 April 2014</ref> Onye na-ekwuchitere ezinaụlọ Pistorius agọnarị nzọrọ ahụ na Pistorius nwetara nkuzi ime ihe. Annelese Burgess, onye njikwa mgbasa ozi maka ezinụlọ Pistorius kwuru na nkwupụta a bụ "akụkọ ifo" na "enweghị eziokwu ọ bụla". <ref name="time1"/> Burgess gara n'ihu na "Anyị na-ajụ n'ụzọ siri ike ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ ozi ya gbasara onye ahịa anyị wee gọnarị na onye ahịa anyị enwetala nkuzi omume ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ụdị nkuzi mmụọ ọ bụla." <ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/oscar-pistorius-trial-athletes-family-denies-he-took-acting-lessons-before-taking-stand-9273625.html Oscar Pistorius trial: Athlete's family denies he took acting lessons before taking stand in court] The Independent. 22 April 2014</ref> A kọwo nkwupụta Allan na mba ụwa, na-apụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akwanyere ùgwù dị ka France's ''Le Figaro'', <ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2014/04/22/97001-20140422FILWWW00091-pistorius-n-a-pas-pris-de-cours-de-theatre.php Pistorius n'a pas pris de cours de théâtre] Le Fiagro. 22 April 2014</ref> ''El País'' nke Spain <ref>[http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/04/22/gente/1398164090_950027.html Pistorius niega haber recibido clases para fingir emociones] El País. 22 April 2014</ref> na ''La Stampa'' nke Ịtali. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113014501/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/04/22/esteri/pistorius-a-lezione-di-recitazione-per-il-processo-ma-la-famiglia-nega-xuO9WORJVDR0Cbez8wGDRP/pagina.html Pistorius "a lezione di recitazione per il processo", ma la famiglia nega] La Stampa. 22 April 2014</ref> Iberibe Allan metụtakwara usoro ikpe ahụ. Onye ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ Yvette van Schalkwyk kwuru na ya kpebiri ịgba akaebe na agbachitere Pistorius mgbe ọ gụchara ihe e kwuru banyere onye na-eme egwuregwu na mgbasa ozi. Van Schalwyk zoro aka na kọlụm Allan mgbe ọ kọwara ebumnobi ya: "Ihe kpasuru m iwe bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha kwuru na ọ nwere ọzụzụ ime ihe, na ọ na-eme ihe ngosi wee malite ịkwa ákwá mgbe ọ dị mkpa." ==== Nkwado ikike anụmanụ ==== Na soshal midia, Allan na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ anụmanụ". Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosipụtara nchegbu maka ihe gbasara ọdịmma anụmanụ. Na Nọvemba 2013 ọ lekwasịrị anya na foto esemokwu nke ụdị TV US na onye na-achụ nta iko Melissa Bachman, na-esepụta ya na ọdụm nwụrụ anwụ na South Africa. Allan kwuru okwu banyere foto a na mgbasa ozi ọha ma bipụta akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe nye Bachman. Ibe Allan wee malite viral, na-enweta ihe karịrị nde ibe peeji 1. <ref>[http://mygrillinglife.wordpress.com/2013/11/18/jani-writes-to-melissa-bachman/ Jani writes to Melissa Bachman] My Grilling Life. 18 November 2013</ref> Mgbe ọnwa ahụ gasịrị, ndị mgbasa ozi South Africa kọrọ banyere nkatọ Allan banyere Victor Matfield na Fourie du Preez ka ha abụọ bipụtachara foto zebra ha chụrụ. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220827073624/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/dead-lion-picture-stirs-negative-comments-victor-matfield Dead zebra picture stirs up negative comments for Victor Matfield] ENCA. 26 November 2013</ref> <ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/science/environment/boks-dragged-into-hunting-row-1.1612836 Boks dragged into hunting row] IOL. 27 November 2013</ref> Enwere ike ị nweta ntinye aka Allan na nkwado ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1990s mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eweta ''Cape Talk'' na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mweb'' . N'ikuku, ọ kwadoro ihe kpatara Lipizzan mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ uwe ime obodo chere mmechi. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka Group Rescue Animal Rescue. O wee kuziere ndị na-ege ya ntị banyere ihe egwu jọgburu onwe ya e mere megide ịnyịnya dịka akụkụ nke omume mmalite ndị otu na Western Cape. Ọ tụlekwara ọrụ nke Cape Horse Protection Society ma kpọọ ndị nnọchi anya na ihe ngosi ya. <ref name="ani">[http://mygrillinglife.wordpress.com/2013/06/15/germs-gross-and-abuse/ Germs, Gross and Abuse] My Grilling Life. 15 June 2013</ref> N'ime ihe ncheta Allan, ''Jani Confidential'' ọ na-enye ihe atụ maka otu anyị si emeso anụmanụ. Ọ na-akọwapụta obi ọjọọ nke ịkụ azụ Marlin - ebe ọ na-akọ banyere ihe omume ịkụ azụ Marlin maka ''Sunday Times'' . Ọ na-akatọkwa nke ịgba ehi na-akọ ahụmahụ ya nke ịbụ onye enyi nwoke mbụ kpọrọ ya na San Fermin na-agba ọsọ nke ememme ehi na Pamplona . <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXUj36AuaVY PRONTUIT: Polemiek – Jani Allan] Youtube. 23 April 2015</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 1973, Allan bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Witwatersrand mgbe ọ zutere di mbụ ya, onye isi ego na onye na-anakọta nkà, Gordon Schachat . Ha lụrụ na [[Mauritius]] na 1982 wee kee ụlọ na Linksfield Ridge, mpaghara ndị Juu gbagoro elu na mpaghara ugwu Johannesburg. Alụmdi na nwunye ha dị afọ abụọ kwụsịrị na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1984. Allan kwuru na ọrụ ya na-eto eto dị ka ihe kpatara ya: "Ọkụlụ m na-achọsi m ike. M bu n'obi ịbụ onye nta akụkọ kacha mma na mba ahụ." <ref name="Allan, Jani 2015 pp. 46">Allan, Jani. (2015). ''Jani Confidential''. Jacana. pp. 46</ref> Ha nọgidere bụrụ enyi na Schachat kwadoro akaebe Allan na uwe nkwutọ 1992 ọ wetara megide Channel 4 na [[London]] . <ref name="indie2"/> Allan gwara ụlọikpe London na afọ asatọ ka alụmdi na nwunye ha gbasasịrị, Schachat bụ ezigbo enyi ya ma kọwaa njikọ ha dị ka "ndị ziri ezi n'oge adịghị mma." <ref>The Jani Allan Trial. ''Sunday Times'' (South Africa). 26 July 1992</ref> Mgbe ha gbasịrị alụkwaghịm, Allan rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eri nri na New Jersey. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-10-04-00-the-return-of-jani-allan|first=Rowan|author=Philp|title=The return of Jani Allan|work=Mail & Guardian|date=4 October 2013}}</ref> Na Julaị 2017, Allan dere kọlụm na-ekesa nke ọma gbasara ọnọdụ ego ya na afọ ndụ ya n'ebe ọrụ. BizNews bigharịrị kọlụm ya ma kwupụtakwa ya nke ọma na ndị nta akụkọ South Africa. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170819151717/http://www.biznews.com/thought-leaders/2017/07/27/jani-allan-finding-jobless-new-jersey/ The life of Jani Allan: Now jobless in New Jersey] BizNews. 27 July 2017</ref> Allan pụtara na ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Sunday Times'' na ''Beeld'' . Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya tinyere peeji nke atọ maka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ha. N'August, Huisgenoot bipụtara profaịlụ na Allan. <ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2017-08-06-its-a-fresh-hell-jani-allen-opens-up-about-going-broke-and-getting-fired/ "It's a fresh hell": Jani Allen opens up about going broke and getting fired] Sunday Times. 6 August 2017</ref> <ref>[http://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/Algemeen/geld-ingesamel-vir-platsak-jani-van-et-faam-20170731 Geld ingesamel vir platsak Jani van ET-faam] Beeld. 31 July 2017</ref> Na nzaghachi, ndị Fans Allan gbakọtara gburugburu ya wee malite GoFundMe iji kwado Allan n'ụzọ ego, na-ebuli ihe karịrị US $ 4000 maka onye na-ede akwụkwọ. <ref>[https://www.sapeople.com/2017/07/29/fundraising-for-south-african-journalist-jani-allan/ Fans Raise Funds for Celebrated SA Journo Jani Allan: Now ‘Jobless in New Jersey’] SAPeople. 29 July 2017</ref> === Eugène Terre'Blanche na okwu nkwutọ === Na Disemba 1987, a gwara ya na nnọkọ nchịkọta akụkọ ka ọ "gaa rie tii" ya na onye ndu ndị agha na-akwado aka nri Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging Eugène Terre'Blanche . O mechara kweta, "Anụbeghị m banyere ya" n'ihi na ọ bụghị "onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" nakwa na ọ bụ isiokwu dị ịtụnanya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ọ kọwara dị ka "ebe etiti". <ref name="wav">Wavell, Stuart. People: Jani Allan "Writer haunted by a hunk with blowtorch eyes" [Interview]. [[Sunday Times]]. 28 January 1990</ref> Na 31 Jenụwarị 1988, ''Sunday Times'' bipụtara ajụjụ ọnụ Allan na Terre'Blanche maka kọlụm ''ihu na ihu'' Allan. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, Allan dere banyere mmasị ya na Terre'Blanche: "Ugbu a, aghaghị m ichetara onwe m ume iku ume . . . Akpọgidere m n'ọkụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke anya ịfụfụ ya." <ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE7DF1731F934A35753C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=5|title=Rumblings on the Right|work=[[New York Times]]|date=7 October 1990|first=Christopher S.|author=Wren|accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na-ekwu na ọ ghọrọ "dike nke ụlọ akụkọ" n'ihi eziokwu ya, o mesịrị gwa onye nta akụkọ ''Sunday Times'' Stuart Wavell na ọ kwara ụta na-akọwa Terre'Blanche n'okwu ndị a, n'aghọtaghị nkwanye ùgwù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ga-agụ n'ime ha. Ọ rụtụrụ aka na enweghị ihe ọmụma ọ nwere banyere òtù nzuzo Adolf Hitler : "Ọ na-ada ụda nke ọma, mana a na-akụziri anyị akụkọ ihe mere eme South Africa nanị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ." Ọ bụ ezie na Wavell chọpụtara na okwu ndị ahụ adịghị mkpa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ; "Ntụgharị nke ajụjụ ọnụ ya na-egosi mmasị maka asụsụ dị otú ahụ na-enweghị isi." <ref name="wav" /> Allan mechara gwa onye nta akụkọ na "Site na oge e bipụtara ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, ndụ m agwụla. O bibiri ọrụ m na South Africa." Ka ọ dịgodị, ọ so ndị AWB gaa ụfọdụ nzukọ ha ma kọọ akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'iwu nke onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya, Tertius Myburgh.<ref name="wav">Wavell, Stuart. People: Jani Allan "Writer haunted by a hunk with blowtorch eyes" [Interview]. [[Sunday Times]]. 28 January 1990</ref> Izu abụọ ka e bipụtachara ajụjụ ọnụ 31 Jenụwarị 1988, ọ gara nzukọ AWB. Ndị nta akụkọ ụwa na-agakarị nnọkọ ahụ. Ndị ọrụ telivishọn sochiri ya. Allan mechara kwupụta ihe omume ahụ pụtara: "Abụ m onye nta akụkọ nkịtị na-aga ihe omume na ndị nta akụkọ ụwa; olee otú ha nwere ihe nkiri nke m ma ọ bụrụ na e meghị m? Igwefoto nọ n'ahụ m oge niile. "<ref name="wav" /> Ọzọ, ọ gbara onye isi AWB ajụjụ ọnụ maka ''Sunday Times'' na Nọvemba 1988, na ajụjụ ọnụ nke Sunday bipụtara mgbe ogbugbu Wit Wolf (Barend Strydom) gasịrị na Pretoria.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Allan|first=Jani|title=Face to Face [interview]|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=20 November 1988}}</ref> E kwuputara okwu ya n'ajụjụ ọnụ nke Jenụwarị mgbe enwere ịkọ nkọ banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, mgbe e sere ha foto ọnụ na Paardekraal Monument na Krugersdorp na 27 Disemba 1988. Mgbe nzukọ ahụ gasịrị, a na-ekwu na Terre'Blanche kụrụ BMW ya n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá Paardekraal Monument.<ref name="nyt"/> Ihe mberede a mere ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị mgbasa ozi pụta, e sere Allan na Terre'Blanche foto ọnụ na steepụ ncheta Paardekraal. Na Sọnde mbụ nke afọ 1989, ''Sunday Times'' bipụtara isiokwu dị n'ihu nke Allan dere n'isi okwu ya bụ "The REAL story of me and ET and the SAP". N'isiokwu ahụ, ọ gọnahụrụ ebubo mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ma kwuo na ya na Terre'Blanche mere ndokwa izute ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ihe ncheta ahụ nakwa na e nyere ya ọrụ ime ihe ngosi na Paardekraal nke a tụgharịrị maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị na London. Terre'Blanche kwusiri ike na "Mmekọrịta mụ na ya bụ ọkachamara" ma nwee njikọ na mmekorita ya maka ọrụ akwụkwọ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Allan|first=Jani|title=The REAL story of me and ET and the SAP|work=[[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]]|date=2 January 1989|page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Beresford|first=David|title=Scandal shakes neo-Nazi leader|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 January 1989|page=6}}</ref> N'ihi esemokwu ahụ, Allan bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri SABC nke Pieter Cilliers mepụtara n'afọ 1988. Allan tụlere ndụ ya ma kwuo banyere ebubo ahụ n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''Carte Blanche'' co-presenter, Ruda Landman . A gbara ndị ọrụ ibe Allan dịka onye nkatọ ihe nkiri Barry Ronge ajụjụ ọnụ iji kwurịta ahụmịhe ha na Allan na-arụ ọrụ. Allan mechara kwuo banyere ihe omume Paardekraal n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na London ''Sunday Times'', na-ekwu na ọ dị ka "nhazi". Ọ kọwaara Stuart Wavell; "Ụgbọala ndị uwe ojii iri na ise pụtara ma amaghị m ndị uwe ojii ole. Ọ dị ka ihe nkiri. Agwara m ya, "M nọ na Candid Camera?".<ref name="wav">Wavell, Stuart. People: Jani Allan "Writer haunted by a hunk with blowtorch eyes" [Interview]. [[Sunday Times]]. 28 January 1990</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti di na nwunye ahụ jụrụ oyi ma agha kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ sochiri na ndị nta akụkọ, ebe Allan na-eme ihe iwu megide Terre'Blanche n'ihi mmekọrịta na-enye nsogbu ugboro ugboro.<ref>"Blonde bomshell rips into South Africa's neo-Nazis", ''Sunday Times'', 8 January 1989</ref> E debere ikpe nke ''crimen injuria'' megide Terre'Blanche na Machị 1989 metụtara ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị mebiri emebi, ebe a kpọrọ Allan dị ka onye akaebe ukwu maka steeti ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, a chọghị ka Allan gbaa akaebe, a tọhapụrụ Terre'Blanche. N'isi ụtụtụ nke 14 Julaị 1989, ebubo okwu na enyo na Allan bụ onye nledo duuru Cornelius Lottering, onye otu AWB otu Orde van die Dood, tinye bọmbụ n'èzí Jani Allan's Sandton . <ref>The Sunday Times (South Africa), 16 July 1989, p.1</ref> Bọmbụ ahụ gbawara n'ahụ́ mgbidi dị n'akụkụ ụlọ Allan ma mebie windo niile dị n'ime ụlọ ahụ ruo n'ala nke asaa mana ọ nweghị onye nwụrụ na mgbawa ahụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Allan kọrọ n'akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi n'ihu na mwakpo a bụ njedebe nke mkpọsa nke iyi egwu megide ya nke gụnyere ndị na-agba ọsọ n'èzí ụlọ ya na egwu ọnwụ telifon. E mechara mara Lottering ikpe maka igbu mmadụ ahụ. <ref name="nyt"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/pta/lotteri1.htm|title=Truth and Reconciliation Commission|publisher=South African government|date=23 March 1998}}</ref> <ref>A complex resident, Debbi Rozowsky would later publish the book, ''Surviving Crime'' an account of the post-traumatic stress she endured following the blast and the solutions she sought.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|first=Debbi|author=Rozowsky|year=2002|title=Surviving Crime|publisher=Anderson Publishers}}</ref> <ref>Beresford, David. Fates rise and fall on S African political see-saw. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 17 July 1989, p.10</ref> N'isiokwu nke ''Sunday Times'' bipụtara na 23 Julaị 1989, Allan chetara otu ihe omume dị ịrịba ama mgbe Terre'Blanche ji mmanya na-egbu ya n'ọnụ ụzọ ya dị larịị ma mesịa hie ụra n'ọnụ ụzọ nakwa na ọ ghaghị ịzọ ya n'ụtụtụ echi ya.<ref>Allan, Jani. ''Face to Face'', [[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]], 23 July 1989</ref> N'agbanyeghị mmegide ya, onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya, Myburgh, siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-ebipụta ozi igwe nzaghachi nke Terre'Blanche kwuru, ya na ịgọnahụ nke Allan na-ekwu maka ebubo ndị o kwuru megide ya. Allan kọrọ mkparịta ụka ya na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya "Mgbe bọmbụ ahụ gasịrị, ọ sịrị, 'N'ụzọ ziri ezi, anyị ga-ebipụta teepu.' Ekwuru m na echeghị m na nke ahụ ga-abụ ihe amamihe dị na ya, dịka ndị uwe ojii nchekwa gwara m na ndụ m ga-anọ n'ihe ize ndụ. O kwuru, sị, 'Anyị ga-afụ ha n'ime mmiri.' Ọ ka si n'ụzọ na-adọkpụ pụta maka azụ ya, e wee jiri ọnyá na-agba ọbara n'ihi nrụgide ahụ gbaga ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref name="wav">Wavell, Stuart. People: Jani Allan "Writer haunted by a hunk with blowtorch eyes" [Interview]. [[Sunday Times]]. 28 January 1990</ref><ref>Allan, Jani. [[Sunday Times (South Africa)|Sunday Times]], 30 July 1989</ref><ref>Terre Blanche scandal: "Darlinkie" phone plea claim. [[The Times]]. 31 July 1989</ref> Allan gbagara Britain maka ihe nchekwa n'otu izu ahụ e bipụtara ihe odide ndị ahụ.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/jani-allan-libel-case-shadow-of-violence-hung-over-trial-1538391.html Jani Allan Libel Case: Shadow of violence hung over trial] [[The Independent]]. 6 August 1992</ref> Teepu ndị ahụ bụ akụkọ ''Sunday Times'' nke e bipụtara na 30 Julaị 1989 na isi okwu ihu 'JANI: MY ET TAPES'.<ref>Brooks, Jeremy. 'JANI: MY ET TAPES'. ''Sunday Times'' (South Africa). 30 July 1989</ref> N'ileghachi anya, n'ajụjụ ọnụ nke London ''Sunday Times'' bipụtara n'afọ 1990, Allan jụrụ ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya, Tertius Myburgh haziri mmekọrịta ya na Terre'Blanche.<ref name="wav">Wavell, Stuart. People: Jani Allan "Writer haunted by a hunk with blowtorch eyes" [Interview]. [[Sunday Times]]. 28 January 1990</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ ghọrọ "nwa agbọghọ nwere anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ" ọ jụrụ ma Myburgh ejirila ya mee ihe dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ gọọmentị National Party iji kwatuo ndị aka nri.<ref name="wav" /> Ọtụtụ ndị nta akụkọ South Africa ekwuola na Myburgh na Bureau of State Security na 1970s na ụlọ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi ya na 1980s.<ref name="james">{{Cite book|first=James|author=Sanders|title=South Africa and the international media, 1972-1979|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name="sand">{{Cite book|first=James|author=Sanders|title=Apartheid's Friends: The Rise and Fall of South Africa's Secret Service|publisher=John Murray}}</ref> N'afọ 1992, Allan gbara Channel 4, ''onye'' mgbasa ozi Britain akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ, na-ekwu na n'ihe nkiri The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife nke Nick Broomfield mere, e gosipụtara ya dị ka "nwanyị nwere omume ọma dị mfe".<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/channel-4-sued-1534463.html Channel 4 sued] The Independent. 21 July 1992</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/culture/microsites/W/wtc4/history/timeline.html|title=History Timeline|publisher=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref> N'etiti ihe ngosi nke foto site na oge mbụ nke Allan dị ka onye na-ese foto na ''Sunday Times'' hotara Broomfield kwuru na Jani Allan na Terre'Blanche nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. Onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ na ndị ọrụ ya na-eso AWB na ọrụ ya maka ihe nkiri ahụ nke nde mmadụ 2.3 na-ekiri Channel 4 lere.<ref>"Victim dragged into TV film 'for sex angle'", ''[[The Guardian]]''. 4 August 1992. p.2</ref> N'oge ikpe ahụ, Channel 4 gọnahụrụ ebubo na ha tụrụ aro na Allan na Terre'Blanche nwere mmekọahụ. Tupu ikpe ahụ, e nyere Allan £ 40,000 na ikpe n'èzí ụlọ ikpe site na magazin ''Evening Standard'' na Options n'ihi okwu na-atụ aro banyere ọdịdị nke mkpakọrịta Allan na Terre'Blanche.<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/jani-allan-fights-on-despite-300000-pounds-libel-costs-1538409.html Jani Allan fights on despite 300,000 pounds libel costs]" ''[[The Independent]]'', 6 August 1992</ref> Peter Carter-Ruck nọchitere anya Allan na ikpe ahụ, George Carman nọchitere anya Channel 4.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07EFDE153AF93BA35752C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1|title=George Carman, Libel suit Whiz, dies|work=[[New York Times]]|date=8 January 2000|first=Warren|author=Hoge|accessdate=5 May 2010}}</ref> Carman kọwara ikpe ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ihi na ọ nwere "mmetụta mba ụwa, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị".<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/17/law.claredyer Judging history]" ''[[The Guardian]]'', 17 April 2000</ref> Ikpe ahụ kpalitere mmasị mgbasa ozi dị ukwuu na Britain na South Africa, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ikpe pụtara na ndị nta akụkọ. Allan gwara Carman n'ụzọ a ma ama, "Ihe ọ bụla a na-enye maka nkwutọ, ịbụ onye ị na-enyocha agaghị eme ka ọ bụrụ ego zuru ezu. "<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/courtroom-14-the-owl-has-landed-1535309.html Courtroom 14: the Owl has landed]", ''[[The Independent]]'', 25 July 1992</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị akaebe si South Africa bịa.<ref name="cos"/> Terre'Blanche nyefere nkwupụta iyi n'ụlọ ikpe London na-agọnahụ na ya na Allan nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, na-ekwu "A ga-ahụ mgbalị ndị a niile iji mee ka mmekọrịta mụ na Miss Allan gabiga ókè n'ikpeazụ maka ihe ha bụ - ụyọkọ ụgha. "<ref name="indie3">"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/neonazi-denies-having-affair-with-journalist-1537366.html Neo-Nazi denies having affair with journalist]", ''The Independent'', 1 August 1992</ref> Okwu nke onye ya na ya na ya bi n'ụlọ, Linda Shaw, onye na-agụ kpakpando na ''Sunday Times'', mere ka ikpe Allan dị egwu. Shaw gbara akaebe n'ụlọ ikpe na Allan gwara ya na ya hụrụ Terre'Blanche n'anya ma chọọ ịlụ ya. O kwetara na ọ maara banyere mmekọrịta ahụ n'oge na Allan kọwara Terre'Blanche dị ka "nnukwu onye na-edina, mana ọ dị ntakịrị arọ".<ref name="CB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.carteblanche.co.za/Display/Display.asp?Id=3021|title=Century of Sundays|publisher=[[Carte Blanche (TV series)|Carte Blanche]]|date=3 May 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927033714/http://www.carteblanche.co.za/Display/Display.asp?Id=3021|archivedate=27 September 2006}}</ref> Allan jụrụ ebubo ndị a n'ụlọ ikpe, na-akọwa ọdịdị ahụ Terre'Blanche n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma: "Echere m mgbe niile na ọ dị ka ezì na uwe njem."<ref name="indie2"/> Shaw kọwara otú o si si banye n'oghere mkpịsị ugodi ma hụ Allan n'ọnọdụ nkwekọrịta ya na nnukwu nwoke. QC nke Allan, Charles Gray kagburu akaebe Shaw "nke na-agaghị ekwe omume" ma mesie ike na ọ gaghị ekwe omume nke nkwupụta ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwupụta na ebe ọhụụ ya site na oghere mkpịsị ugodi agaghị ezu iji kwado nkwupụta ya.<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/jani-allan-jury-asked-to-identify-enemy-of-truth-1538089.html Jani Allan jury asked to identify 'enemy of truth']", ''[[The Independent]]'', 4 August 1992</ref> Shaw gbakwara akaebe na ọnwa anọ ka e mesịrị, na Septemba 1988, ya na Allan ṅụrụ mmanya ma soro ya gaa nzute ya na Terre'Blanche n'elekere otu nke ụtụtụ. O boro ebubo na ọ na-ele anya site na mgbidi ka di na nwunye ahụ susuru ọnụ, makụọ ma kụọ aka ruo ọkara awa n'azụ ụgbọala Allan.<ref name="indie2">"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/journalist-denies-sex-with-neonazi-1534674.html Journalist denies sex with neo-nazi]", ''The Independent'', 22 July 1992.</ref> Terre'Blanche gọnahụrụ na ya zutere Shaw.<ref name="indie3"/> Allan boro ebubo na Shaw nwere mkpali ọjọọ maka ịgba akaebe megide ya, na-ekwu "ọ gwara ndị mmadụ na ọ na-echegbu onwe ya banyere m na nke ahụ bụ naanị ụzọ ọ ga-esi chụpụ m. Ọ bụ onye na-edina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị n'ihu ọha. O kwetakwara na nkwupụta ahụ na Shaw bụ "onye ụgha na-abụkarị" ma gaa n'ihu "Enweghị m ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwoke ọ na-abanye n'ime ụlọ ihi ụra ya ma kwuo na ọ ga-enwe ntụgharị n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ihi ụra ya".<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/courtroom-14-the-owl-has-landed-1535309.html Courtroom 14: the Owl has landed]", ''The Independent'', 25 July 1992</ref> Andrew Broulidakis, enyi nwata nke Allan nke makwaara Shaw, mere ka a jụọ àgwà nke ikpeazụ ahụ na nkwupụta e nyere ụlọ ikpe.<ref name="indie"/><ref name="indie2" /> Sebastian Faulks kwuru na ''The Guardian'': "Gịnị bụ nke na-eme ka George Carman baa uru £ 10,000 kwa ụbọchị mgbe ndị na-agba akaebe Andrew Broulidakis nwere ike ịzọ ya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. "<ref>[[Sebastian Faulks|Faulks, Sebastian]]. "Cutting edge of the bewigged gladiators", ''The Guardian'', 10 August 1992</ref> Otu onye akaebe boro ebubo na Shaw zoro aka na Allan dị ka "nwanyị na-adịghị mma" ma ọ ga-abụ "eti mkpu" ka a kpọgide ya "nailed maka ndị Nazi na-eti ndị otu".<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/writer-in-love-after-meeting-neonazi-leader-1536575.html] ''The Independent'', 31 July 1992</ref> Shaw nwekwara ebubo na ọ kpachaara anya dị ime iji jide enyi nwoke.<ref>"[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=139&art_id=vn20100411085241117C417958 Jani betrayed]", ''Sunday Tribune'', 11 April 2010</ref> Odeakwụkwọ ego AWB bụ Kays Smit nyere akaebe ọzọ. Smit gbara akaebe na Allan kpọrọ ya n'ekwentị ka ọ bịa wepụ Terre'Blanche mmanya na-egbu n'ụlọ ya n'isi ụtụtụ n'otu ụtụtụ n'ihi na Allan na-atụ anya mmadụ ma na-echegbu onwe ya ịchụpụ ya. Smit gbara akaebe na ọ hụrụ Terre'Blanche n'elu ihe ndina Allan "na-agba ọtọ ma e wezụga jaket khaki n'ubu ya na uwe ime ya". Nkọwa ya banyere uwe ala Terre'Blanche na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke nwere oghere n'ime ha ghọrọ isi iyi nke ọtụtụ ịkwa emo na ndị nta akụkọ.<ref name="CB"/> Onye bụbu onye ọrụ ibe ya bụ Marlene Burger nyere akaebe ọzọ megide Allan, onye kwuru na Terre'Blanche tụrụ aro ka Allan na Eprel 1989. Dị ka Burger si kwuo, Allan nwere obi ụtọ ma rịọ Burger ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ ya. Gray zaghachiri na ebubo ndị ahụ "enweghị isi na ụgha na-abụghị eziokwu".<ref name="indie2"/> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ, e nyefere akwụkwọ akụkọ Allan n'afọ 1984 nye onye ndụmọdụ Carman ma jiri ya megide Allan na nyocha. Akwụkwọ edemede ahụ nwere nkọwa nke echiche mmekọahụ nke Allan banyere onye ọkwọ ụgbọ elu Italian lụrụ di na nwunye aha ya bụ Ricardo ma mee ka obi abụọ dị na ọ na-ekwupụta na ọ bụ nwunye. Allan gwara ụlọ ikpe na mmekọrịta ya na Ricardo gụnyere naanị "ogo nke egwuregwu mmekọahụ". Onye ọka ikpe ahụ kwuru na nchọpụta ọ bụla na Allan ghaara ụgha banyere oke mmekọrịta a apụtaghị na ya na Terre'Blanche nwere mmekọahụ, onye ọ kọwara dị ka "nwoke dị nnọọ iche".<ref>''Jani Allan jury warned on damages''. ''The Guardian''. 5 August 1992. pp. 3</ref> Ndị uwe ojii nyochara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ furu efu, mana achọpụtara na a hapụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'ụlọ otu di na nwunye Bekee ha na Allan bi na 1989.<ref name="indie">"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/four-dirty-tricks-they-played-during-the-jani-allan-case-nick-cohen-and-david-connett-in-london-and-chris-mcgreal-in-johannesburg-peer-into-the-murky-background-surrounding-last-weeks-jani-allan-libel-case-1539331.html Four dirty tricks they played during the Jani Allan case: Nick Cohen and David Connett in London and Chris McGreal in Johannesburg peer into the murky background surrounding last week's Jani Allan libel case]", ''[[The Independent]]'', 9 August 1992</ref> Allan kpughere: "Anọ m n'ọnọdụ nhụjuanya ma edere m egwu m kachasị njọ ma eleghị anya ọchịchọ m kachasị njọ," na-aga n'ihu "Ọ bụ ụzọ isi dozie nsogbu mmekọahụ m. [...] Akwụkwọ edemede a na-eme ihere nke ukwuu. Edere m ya mgbe m nọ n'okpuru nlekọta uche. '<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/journalist-recorded-sex-life-in-notebook-1534909.html] ''The Independent'', 23 July 1992</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, di ya mbụ bụ Gordon Schachat nyere ihe akaebe na-akwado nkwupụta Allan kwuru banyere enweghị mmasị ya na mmekọahụ ma na-ezo aka na ya dị ka ihe kpatara mmebi nke alụmdi na nwunye ha.<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/journalist-in-libel-case-celibate-1535054.html Journalist in libel case 'celibate']", ''The Independent'', 24 July 1992</ref> Schachat jụkwara echiche na mgbasa ozi banyere onyinyo ya: "ọdịdị ọha na eze ya na-emegiderịta onwe ya na ezigbo àgwà ya", na-aga n'ihu ịkọwa ya dị ka "onye ihere". O kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị onye aka nri ma ọ bụ onye na-emegide ndị Juu.<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/witness-had-sex-to-help-libel-action-by-friend-1535936.html Witness had sex 'to help libel action by friend']", ''The Independent'', 28 July 1992</ref> N'ụbọchị nke iri na otu nke ikpe ahụ, a mara Anthony Travers, onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya Britain nke AWB na onye na-ekiri ụlọ ikpe ahụ mma. Otu onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ikpe natara oku na-ekwu na a mara Peter Carter-Ruck, onye ọka iwu Allan, mma. Nke a sitere na ozi Travers nke dina n'okporo ụzọ. Ọ gwara onye na-agafe agafe 'gwa Carter-Ruck na a mara m mma'. Ọ gbasara ngwa ngwa na a mara Carter-Ruck mma, na-esote ịkọ nkọ na ọ bụ ya bu n'obi igbu.<ref name="indie"/><ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/man-stabbed-in-pub-near-jani-allan-court-hearing-1538082.html Man stabbed in pub near Jani Allan court hearing]", ''[[The Independent]]'', 4 August 1992</ref> N'oge ikpe ahụ, e zuru ụlọ Jani Allan na London. O kwuru na ọ natara iyi egwu ọnwụ na oku ekwentị n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ ikpe. A wakporo ụlọ nkwari akụ nke onye na-emepụta Channel 4, Stevie Godson.<ref name="indie" /> Allan mechara merie ikpe ahụ na 5 Ọgọstụ 1992. Onye ọka ikpe ahụ chọpụtara na ebubo Channel 4 ekwuteghị Allan, ọ bụ ezie na ọ chọpụtaghị ma enwere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.<ref name="CB"/> Ihe si na ya pụta nwetara nnukwu mgbasa ozi na South Africa na United Kingdom, na-apụta n'ihu peeji nke nnukwu akwụkwọ akụkọ asaa dịka ''The Times'', ''Daily Telegraph'', ''Independent'' na ''The Guardian'' . Akụkọ mechara pụta na Allan na-atụle ịrịọ arịrịọ nakwa na Terre'Blanche na-atụle ịgba onye mgbasa ozi ahụ akwụkwọ maka nkwutọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/allan-may-appeal-1538850.html|title=Allan may appeal|work=The Independent|date=7 August 1992}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/terreblanche-threatens-to-sue-channel-4-1539434.html|title=Terre-Blanche threatens to sue Channel 4|work=[[The Independent]]|date=10 August 1992}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ikpe ahụ, Allan kwughachiri nguzo ya "Anaghị m, ma ọ bụ mgbe m, na-etinye aka na Terre'Blanche".<ref>"[https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/quote-unquote-1539075.html Quote Unquote]", ''[[The Independent]]'', 8 August 1992</ref> Taki Theodoracopolous kwụrụ £ 5, 000 maka ndekọ ụlọ ikpe ma nye ha Allan dịka o kwenyere na "e jidere ya". N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ tụlere banyere ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ikpe ahụ. ''The Independent'' bipụtara nkọwa nke ihe ọ kpọrọ "aghụghọ rụrụ arụ" eji mee ihe n'oge ikpe nkwutọ ahụ. Allan tụrụ aro na ndị agha na-akwado gọọmentị na South Africa chọrọ ka ọ daa ikpe ahụ ka Terre'Blanche wee bụrụ "mebie n'ụzọ na-enweghị ngwọta" n'anya "ndị na-eso ụzọ Calvin na-atụ egwu Chineke". Nkọwa ọzọ bụ na AWB chọrọ izuru ihe odide nke akwụkwọ ọ na-ede banyere nzukọ ahụ. AWB megidere nkwupụta ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na Travers kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "dynamite".<ref name="indie"/> ''Akwụkwọ'' akụkọ azụmahịa nke South Africa bụ Financial Mail bipụtara akụkọ ndu na 6 Ọgọstụ na-akọwapụta echiche na F.W. de Klerk haziri ikpe nkwutọ ahụ iji kwatuo Terre'Blanche na ndị otu aka nri na South Africa.<ref>"Jani Allan libel case: Misunderstanding and comic relief", ''[[The Times]]'', 6 August 1992, p.3</ref> N'oge ikpe ikpe ahụ, Allan malitere ọrụ ekwentị, na mgbasa ozi na-ekwe nkwa nghọta onye nta akụkọ banyere ndụ na ndị akaebe na-agbachitere, Linda Shaw, Marlene Burger na Kays Smit. The South African ''Sunday Times'' rịọrọ ombudsman ka ọ kwụsị ọrụ £ 1 kwa nkeji.<ref>''Jani Allan seeks revenge on libel witnesses with telephone titillation''. The Guardian. 10 August 1992</ref> Na Machị 1993, ''Die Burger'' kọrọ na Allan na-akparịta ụka maka arịrịọ nke a na-atụ anya na a ga-anụ n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị. N'ikpeazụ, a chọghị nke a. N'afọ 1995, n'oge mkparịta ụka ya na Cliff Saunders nke SABC na-agbasa, o kwuru "Ihe ndị bụ eziokwu nke okwu ahụ bụ [na] emeghị m ihe ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị akaebe a kwụrụ ụgwọ boro m ebubo. "<ref name="ba"/> N'oge na-adịghị anya, [[Lin Sampson]] gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ maka ''Playboy'' ma mee ka nghọtahie ya na ndị akaebe na-agbachitere ya sikwuo ike. N'isiokwu ahụ dị mma, Sampson kọwara ọnụma megide Allan dị ka "ihe ngosi mbụ n'ihu ọha nke ihe ga-abụ ọrịa uche ọhụrụ nke South Africa". E kwuru na ndị akaebe na-agbachitere ''Sunday Times'' na-ewe iwe na onye na-ebipụta ha, Times Media, bipụtara isiokwu ahụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gara n'ihu bipụta akụkụ nke ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ iji kwalite ahịa magazin nwanne ya nwanyị.<ref>"Jani Who", Issue 11, ''[[Noseweek]]'', March 1995</ref> N'akụkọ ndu ya na ''Cape Times'' nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1996, o kwuru banyere Terre'Blanche; "Ọ bụ Tyrannosaurus Rex ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ... di nwere nkpecked nke ga-ewepụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya tupu e kwe ka ọ banye na kichin nwunye ya dị ọcha; onye na-echegbu onwe ya nke na-ebu akwa Fiesta hairspray n'akpa uwe njem ya ... ".<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/1997-12-23-the-complete-mg-list-of-the-best-and-worst-in The complete M&G list of the best and worst in culture for 1997] ''Mail & Guardian''. 23 December 1997</ref> Na ihe nkiri BBC nke afọ 2002 ''Get Carman'': ikpe nke George Carman QC, e mere ihe nkiri ikpe Allan na ọtụtụ ikpe Carmen ndị ọzọ dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200204080039|title=Judgement day|publisher=[[New Statesman]]|date=8 April 2002}}</ref> Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Bekee bụ Sarah Berger gosipụtara Allan na mmepụta nke David Suchet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/735454?view=cast|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010081620/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/735454?view=cast|archivedate=2012-10-10|title=Cast: Get Carman: The Trials of George Carman QC|publisher=BFI [[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' katọrọ olu Berger maka ọrụ ahụ dị ka "crude" na "caricature"-dị ka, n'adịghị ka nke Allan, nke a kọwara dị ka "nke a na-azụlite ma ọ bụghị nke siri ike nke South Africa".<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/10/law.socialsciences Suchet as Carman]", ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 April 2002</ref> N'afọ 2012, nwanyị Terre'Blanche di ya nwụrụ, Martie gọrọ ebubo nke mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti di ya nwụrụ anwụ na Allan.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/et-was-no-monster-says-wife-1.1224680 ET was no monster, says wife] IOL. 1 February 2012</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2014, Andile Mngxitama, onye na-eme ihe ike nke ndị isi ojii na Economic Freedom Fighters gwara Allan okwu na kọlụm nke Mail & Guardian bipụtara. Mngxitama dere, sị: "Ekwenyere m na a tara ya [Allan] ahụhụ dịka akụkụ nke uche ndị ọcha n'ozuzu ya nke e mere iji zere ibu ọrụ site n'ịchụ otu onye ọcha ma ọ bụ abụọ n'àjà iji wepụ ndị ọzọ na ụta. E ji mkpakọrịta Allan na Terre'Blanche mee ihe dị ka usoro iji kwuo na omume dị elu ka ewepụ nchịkọta akụkọ maka mmegbu nke ndị isi ojii. Ọ bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi onye a na-enyo enyo. "<ref>[http://mg.co.za/article/2014-03-20-soapbox-why-whites-must-vote-for-the-eff Soapbox: Why whites must vote for the EFF] ''Mail & Guardian''. 20 March 2014</ref> === Ebubo ndị nledo === N'afọ 2000, akụkọ pụtara na onye ọrụ Allan na London na onye nta akụkọ SABC, Cliff Saunders nọ na esemokwu ịkwụ ụgwọ na ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi nke South Africa maka ọrụ ndị e nyere n'oge gara aga. Dị ka akụkọ si kwuo, Saunders nwetakwara onye nta akụkọ ọzọ, nke e kpughere na ọ bụ Allan ka ọ leba anya na ọrụ nke Inkatha Freedom Party na 1995–1996.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cliff-saunders-denies-spy-allegations-1.28743#.UZ1gO0rujFI Cliff Saunders denies spy allegations] IOL. 19 February 2000</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/feb/17/chrismcgreal Expenses claim exposes agent] ''The Guardian''. 17 February 2000</ref> Allan zaghachiri ebubo ndị a na ide otu isiokwu maka ''The Sunday Independent'' ebe o kwetara na ọ bụ "onye nledo na-amaghị ama" na London.<ref name="jamb"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=ct20000227222234900S1258|title=Allan claims she was an 'unwitting' spy|publisher=[[Cape Times]]|date=27 February 2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hsf.org.za/publications/focus-issues/issues-11-20/issue-17/the-future-of-the-nia/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120802025354/http://www.hsf.org.za/publications/focus-issues/issues-11-20/issue-17/the-future-of-the-nia/|archivedate=2 August 2012|title=The future of the NIA: Clumsy spying operations and high-level corruption have undermined trust in the intelligence service.|publisher=[[Helen Suzman Foundation]]|date=17 March 2000}}</ref> Allan kpughere na ya kwenyere na ya na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha na onye nta akụkọ na Newslink International, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi. Kama ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Geofocus SA, ụlọ ọrụ n'ihu na-elekwasị anya na nledo. Allan malitere enyo enyo maka njikwa ego na maka itinye uche na nyocha ya banyere otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nku aka nri. Allan nwere ike ịbanye n'ime faịlụ kọmputa Saunders mgbe ọ naghị arụ ọrụ nwa oge ma ọ gbanweeghị koodu ahụ. Allan mere nnomi nke faịlụ ma nye ha dị ka ihe akaebe na ''akụkọ Sunday Independent'' ya. Faịlụ ndị ahụ gosipụtara na ọ chọrọ ịbanye na IFP site na enyi Allan na Mangosuthu Buthelezi . A na-atụkwa anya na Allan ga-azụlite mmekọrịta ya na onye isi ndụmọdụ Buthelezi, Mario Oriani-Ambrosini . Na mbipụta ọzọ, Saunders degaara ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi akwụkwọ; "N'ihe gbasara ya, ọ na-enyere m aka n'otu n'ime ọrụ ndụmọdụ m. Ozugbo ọ malitere ịnata ego ọ na-emebi ... na ọ ga-aga n'ihu. Usoro a bụ nke a ma ama nke unu kụziiri m." <ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/i-never-knew-i-was-being-used-to-spy-1.32716#.UZ1f10rujFI 'I never knew I was being used to spy'] IOL. 1 April 2000</ref> == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == * Face Value (Longstreet, 1983) * Jani Confidential (Jacana, 2015) == Ndemsibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://janiallan.com/ Webụsaịtị gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mq3sf5a0o651armeh64l6qibvs6d4k0 0 19283 674825 140819 2026-07-10T05:44:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Jamie Margolin|image=Jamie-Margolin.png|caption=Jamie Margolin's portrait - ink on paper|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2001|12|10}}|occupation=[[Climate justice]] activist|known_for=Organizing the Youth Climate Action March}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Jamie Margolin''' (amụrụ na Disemba 10, 2001) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ịhụ igwe.<ref name="NYTimes2020July21">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/21/magazine/teenage-activist-climate-change.html?action=click&module=Editors%20Picks&pgtype=Homepage|work=New York Times|date=21 Jul 2020|author=Brooke Jarvis|title=The Teenagers at the End of the World}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Zero Hour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/europe-climate-change-protests-teens|title=A Huge Climate Change Movement Led By Teenage Girls Is Sweeping Europe. And It's Coming To The US Next.|work=BuzzFeed News|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-27}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Margolin gara Holy Names Academy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Brunner|first=Jim|date=2019-09-17|title=Seattle's Jamie Margolin is 17 and a climate activist. On Wednesday she testifies before Congress.|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/seattles-jamie-margolin-is-17-and-a-climate-activist-on-wednesday-she-testifies-before-congress/|accessdate=2019-11-03|work=The Seattle Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-amụ ihe nkiri ugbu a na Mahadum New York Tisch School of the Arts .<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Beard|first=Laura|date=2021-09-21|title='A Costco food sample of climate justice': Tisch sophomore Jamie Margolin launches scholarship|url=https://nyunews.com/news/2021/09/21/jamie-margolin-climate-justice-scholarship/|accessdate=2022-05-18|work=Washington Square News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-06|title=Groundswell: Jamie Margolin on Shifting Culture|url=https://momentmag.com/groundswell-jamie-margolin-on-shifting-culture/|accessdate=2022-05-18|work=Moment Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ịgba mbọ == N'afọ 2017, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Margolin guzobere otu ndị ntorobịa na-ahụ maka ihu igwe nke a kpọrọ Zero Hour na Nadia Nazar, [[Zanagee Artis]], na ndị ntorobịa ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://progressive.org/api/content/91dd6f34-e1da-11e8-8345-120e7ad5cf50/|title=Five Questions For: Youth Climate Activist Jamie Margolin on #WalkoutToVote|author=Tempus|first=Alexandra|date=2018-11-06|work=Progressive.org|language=en-us|accessdate=2019-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grist.org/article/teens-jamie-margolin-built-climate-movement-zero-hour/|title=How to build a climate movement before your 17th birthday|date=2018-10-31|work=Grist|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref name="NYT 20210420">{{Cite web|author=Yoon-Hendricks|first=Alexandra|title=Meet the Teenagers Leading a Climate Change Movement|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/21/us/politics/zero-hour-climate-march.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=20 April 2021|date=21 July 2018}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke nzukọ ahụ ruo na Septemba 2020 mgbe ọ kwụsịrị. Onye guzobere ya na onye na-eme ihe ike maka ndị ntorobịa bụ Madelaine Tew nọchiri ya.<ref name="Sloat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/54846-jamie-margolin-climate-crisis-activist|title=This 17-Year Old Activist Is Changing the Way We Talk About the Climate Crisis|author=Sloat|first=Sarah|work=Inverse|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-27}}</ref> Margolin jikọtara aka guzobe Zero Hour na mmeghachi omume na nzaghachi ọ hụrụ mgbe Hurricane Maria na Puerto Rico na ahụmịhe onwe ya n'oge ọkụ ọhịa nke Washington na 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ultimatecivics.org/jamie-margolin-story/|title=Jamie Margolin, Youth Climate Activist|work=Ultimate Civics|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-27|archivedate=2021-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507231650/https://ultimatecivics.org/jamie-margolin-story/}}</ref><ref name="Sloat" /> Ọ nwetara ụfọdụ aha ọjọọ dị ka onye gbara akwụkwọ na Aji P. v. Ikpe Washington, na-ebo steeti Washington akwụkwọ maka emeghị ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe na ndabere nke ihu igwe kwụsiri ike ịbụ ikike mmadụ.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Margolin|first=Jamie|date=2018-10-06|title=I sued my state because I can't breathe there. They ignored me {{!}} Jamie Margolin|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/06/i-sued-the-state-of-washington-because-i-cant-breathe-there-they-ignored-me|accessdate=2019-05-27}}</ref> Na Septemba 2018, Margolin so n'òtù ndị ntorobịa gbara Gọvanọ Jay Inslee na [[Washington (nkeji obodo)|Steeti Washington]] akwụkwọ maka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na steeti ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe nke King County Superior Court jụrụ ikpe ahụ, onye kpebiri na ikpe ahụ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Gọvanọ na ndị omeiwu ga-edozi. Kemgbe ahụ, a rịọrọ ya ka ọ rịọ ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Washington.<ref name=":2"/> Na Septemba 2019, a gwara ya ka ọ gbaa akaebe na kọmitii a na-akpọ "Voices Leading the Next Generation on the Global Climate Crisis" n'akụkụ Greta Thunberg maka United States House of Representatives.<ref name=":2"/> N'afọ 2021, Margolin malitere agụmakwụkwọ ihu igwe.<ref name=":3"/> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == ''Ihe'' odide ya banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe apụtala n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere ''HuffPost'', Teen Ink na CNN. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Teen Voguez 21 Under 21 nke 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamie Margolin Isn't Intimidated by Climate Change-Denying Bullies|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/jamie-margolin-21-under-21-2018|accessdate=2019-05-26|work=Teen Vogue|date=5 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a kpọkwara ya otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ịrị abụọ na ise nke People Magazine na-agbanwe ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teenage Activists Take on Climate Change: 'I Have No Choice But To Be Hopeful'|url=https://people.com/human-interest/teenage-activists-take-climate-change-crisis/|accessdate=2019-05-26|work=PEOPLE.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet PEOPLE's 25 Women Changing the World of 2018|url=https://people.com/human-interest/25-women-changing-the-world-2018/|accessdate=2019-05-26|work=PEOPLE.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Margolin gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka onye Juu na Latinx. Ọ na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwanyị ma na-ekwu n'ihu ọha banyere ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye LGBT.<ref name="Forwsrd2020">{{Cite web|title=Jamie Margolin: The Teenager Who Would Be President|url=https://forward.com/culture/436657/jamie-margolin-the-teenager-who-would-be-president/|work=Forward|date=20 December 2019|accessdate=February 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Margolin bụ onye otu Junior State of America.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jamie Margolin {{!}} HuffPost|url=https://www.huffpost.com/author/jamie-sarai|accessdate=2019-05-27|work=www.huffpost.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == Margolin meriri MTV Europe Music Awards Generation Change award na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Romero|first=Ariana|date=November 2, 2019|title=MTV EMA Winner Jamie Margolin On How To Reclaim Your Identity & Save The Planet|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/11/8679097/jamie-margolin-mtv-emas-2019-climate-change-activist|accessdate=2021-04-20|work=[[Refinery29]]|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * Youth to Power: Your Voice and How to Use It (Hachette Books, 2020) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2001]] 08uh9wpq3q6irlhcipvs1bnsx2howej 0 19422 674802 115870 2026-07-10T03:46:02Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ ndị a ma ama */ 674802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Johfrim_logo_2(1).jpg|thumb|Johfrim Art and Design Studio]] '''Ụlọ ọrụ nka na mmewe Johfrim''' bụ ụlọ ngosi nka nke oge a n'Afrịka na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na Scotland. Ụlọ ngosi ahụ nwere ihe osise dị iche iche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dị pụkụ isii nke sitere n'aka ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka dịka [[Nike Davies-Okundaye]], ọ nwekwara nchịkọta nka nke atọ kachasị na Naịjirịa.<ref name="Get">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/nike-art-nimbus-red-door-johfrim-art-rele-top-galleries-in-nigeria/|title=Nike Art, Nimbus, Red Door, Johfrim Art, Rele top galleries in Nigeria|work=vanguardngr.com|date=3 July 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Far">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/african-arts-in-scotland/?amp=1|work=vanguardngr.com|title=African arts in Scotland|date=7 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/scottish-lottery-partners-kakofoni-group-to-promote-african-arts/|work=newtelegraphng.com|title=Scottish Lottery Partners Kakofoni Group To Promote African Arts|date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/kakofoni-group-promotes-african-culture-with-artworks/|work=independent.ng|title=Kakofoni Group Promotes African Culture With Artworks|first=Celestine|author=Amoke|date=14 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Johfrim malitere dị ka nchịkọta nka onwe onye ma bụrụ nke Chief [[Josephine Oboh Macleod]], nwanyị ojii mbụ nwere ebe nka na ọdịbendị nke Africa nke oge a na Scotland, guzobere na 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/how-josephine-oboh-macleod-wields-art-as-tool-to-reduce-racism-classism/?amp=1|work=vanguardngr.com|title=How Josephine Oboh-Macleod wields art as tool to reduce racism, classism|date=2 June 2021|accessdate=June 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/chief-josephine-oboh-macleod-art-creator-connoisseur-politician-activist/|work=vanguardngr.com|title=Chief Josephine Oboh-Macleod: Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist|date=30 May 2021|accessdate=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/why-i-joined-politics-in-the-uk-oboh-macleod/|work=independent.ng|title=Why I Joined Politics In The UK- Oboh-Macleod|first=Titilope|author=Joseph|date=1 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> Johfrim nwere ụfọdụ ihe osise Africa na nke mba ụwa na ebe ngosiputa nwere nchịkọta nke atọ kachasị ukwuu nke ihe osise Afrịka na Naịjirịa, yana ihe osise pụkụ isii na-agụnyeghị ihe ọkpụkpụ na eserese ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/jom-partners-johfrim-art-for-afro-celtic-textile-art-show/|work=guardian.ng|title=JOM partners Johfrim Art for Afro-Celtic Textile Art show|date=1 July 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ dị n'azụ Oyasaf nke nwere ọrụ nkà dị pụkụ asaa na [[Nike Art Gallery]] nke nwere ọrụ nka dị pụkụ asatọ. Johfrim na-akwado ihe omume ọdịbendị dị iche iche ma na-anọchite anya ọrụ nke ihe dị ka ndị omenkà ịrị ise dịka [[Lamidi Olonade Fakeye]], ihe dịka pasent ịrị asaa n'ime ha sitere na Africa. Johfrim bụ njikọ nke ọrụ ebere JOM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snackmag.co.uk/africa-day-african-art-in-scotland?cn-reloaded=1|work=snackmag.co.uk|title=Africa Day – African Art in Scotland|first=Jamie|author=Wills|date=23 May 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/uk-building-relationship-with-africa-through-art/|work=vanguardngr.com|title=UK building relationship with Africa through art|date=15 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/nigerian-artist-oboh-macleod-espouses-leadership-uniqueness-latest-works/|work=newtelegraphng.com|title=Nigerian Artist, Oboh MacLeod, Espouses Leadership, Uniqueness Latest Works|date=3 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Get">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/nike-art-nimbus-red-door-johfrim-art-rele-top-galleries-in-nigeria/|title=Nike Art, Nimbus, Red Door, Johfrim Art, Rele top galleries in Nigeria|work=vanguardngr.com|date=3 July 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/nigerian-artist-oboh-macleod-espouses-leadership-and-uniqueness-in-latest-works/|title=Nigerian Artist, Oboh MacLeod, Espouses Leadership And Uniqueness In Latest Works|work=independent.ng|date=4 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == * ''African Queen'', ihe osise nke Nelson Mandela Foundation rere<ref name="Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/chief-josephine-oboh-macleod-art-creator-connoisseur-politician-activist/|work=vanguardngr.com|title=Chief Josephine Oboh-Macleod: Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist|date=30 May 2021|accessdate=9 June 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/chief-josephine-oboh-macleod-art-creator-connoisseur-politician-activist/ "Chief Josephine Oboh-Macleod: Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist"]. ''vanguardngr.com''. 30 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * ''The Maiden'', ihe a tụrụ atụ nke [[Nike Art Gallery]]<ref name="Far" /> gosipụtara == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website h5h8y2nq4dun65gncqd3eu4azaldjju 674806 674802 2026-07-10T04:20:53Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ ndị a ma ama */ 674806 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Johfrim_logo_2(1).jpg|thumb|Johfrim Art and Design Studio]] '''Ụlọ ọrụ nka na mmewe Johfrim''' bụ ụlọ ngosi nka nke oge a n'Afrịka na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na Scotland. Ụlọ ngosi ahụ nwere ihe osise dị iche iche nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dị pụkụ isii nke sitere n'aka ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka dịka [[Nike Davies-Okundaye]], ọ nwekwara nchịkọta nka nke atọ kachasị na Naịjirịa.<ref name="Get">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/nike-art-nimbus-red-door-johfrim-art-rele-top-galleries-in-nigeria/|title=Nike Art, Nimbus, Red Door, Johfrim Art, Rele top galleries in Nigeria|work=vanguardngr.com|date=3 July 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Far">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/african-arts-in-scotland/?amp=1|work=vanguardngr.com|title=African arts in Scotland|date=7 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/scottish-lottery-partners-kakofoni-group-to-promote-african-arts/|work=newtelegraphng.com|title=Scottish Lottery Partners Kakofoni Group To Promote African Arts|date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/kakofoni-group-promotes-african-culture-with-artworks/|work=independent.ng|title=Kakofoni Group Promotes African Culture With Artworks|first=Celestine|author=Amoke|date=14 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Johfrim malitere dị ka nchịkọta nka onwe onye ma bụrụ nke Chief [[Josephine Oboh Macleod]], nwanyị ojii mbụ nwere ebe nka na ọdịbendị nke Africa nke oge a na Scotland, guzobere na 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/how-josephine-oboh-macleod-wields-art-as-tool-to-reduce-racism-classism/?amp=1|work=vanguardngr.com|title=How Josephine Oboh-Macleod wields art as tool to reduce racism, classism|date=2 June 2021|accessdate=June 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/05/chief-josephine-oboh-macleod-art-creator-connoisseur-politician-activist/|work=vanguardngr.com|title=Chief Josephine Oboh-Macleod: Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist|date=30 May 2021|accessdate=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/why-i-joined-politics-in-the-uk-oboh-macleod/|work=independent.ng|title=Why I Joined Politics In The UK- Oboh-Macleod|first=Titilope|author=Joseph|date=1 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> Johfrim nwere ụfọdụ ihe osise Africa na nke mba ụwa na ebe ngosiputa nwere nchịkọta nke atọ kachasị ukwuu nke ihe osise Afrịka na Naịjirịa, yana ihe osise pụkụ isii na-agụnyeghị ihe ọkpụkpụ na eserese ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/arts-2/jom-partners-johfrim-art-for-afro-celtic-textile-art-show/|work=guardian.ng|title=JOM partners Johfrim Art for Afro-Celtic Textile Art show|date=1 July 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ dị n'azụ Oyasaf nke nwere ọrụ nkà dị pụkụ asaa na [[Nike Art Gallery]] nke nwere ọrụ nka dị pụkụ asatọ. Johfrim na-akwado ihe omume ọdịbendị dị iche iche ma na-anọchite anya ọrụ nke ihe dị ka ndị omenkà ịrị ise dịka [[Lamidi Olonade Fakeye]], ihe dịka pasent ịrị asaa n'ime ha sitere na Africa. Johfrim bụ njikọ nke ọrụ ebere JOM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snackmag.co.uk/africa-day-african-art-in-scotland?cn-reloaded=1|work=snackmag.co.uk|title=Africa Day – African Art in Scotland|first=Jamie|author=Wills|date=23 May 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/uk-building-relationship-with-africa-through-art/|work=vanguardngr.com|title=UK building relationship with Africa through art|date=15 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/nigerian-artist-oboh-macleod-espouses-leadership-uniqueness-latest-works/|work=newtelegraphng.com|title=Nigerian Artist, Oboh MacLeod, Espouses Leadership, Uniqueness Latest Works|date=3 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Get">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/nike-art-nimbus-red-door-johfrim-art-rele-top-galleries-in-nigeria/|title=Nike Art, Nimbus, Red Door, Johfrim Art, Rele top galleries in Nigeria|work=vanguardngr.com|date=3 July 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/nigerian-artist-oboh-macleod-espouses-leadership-and-uniqueness-in-latest-works/|title=Nigerian Artist, Oboh MacLeod, Espouses Leadership And Uniqueness In Latest Works|work=independent.ng|date=4 June 2021|accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == * ''African Queen'', ihe osise nke Nelson Mandela Foundation rere<ref name="Art creator, connoisseur, politician, activist" /> * ''The Maiden'', ihe a tụrụ atụ nke [[Nike Art Gallery]]<ref name="Far" /> gosipụtara == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website e9bm9rb5go8qqbopx5kf3g9uoz3c34v 0 19555 674970 123191 2026-07-10T09:15:17Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Creek Hospital (bụbu Federal Staff Hospital, Lagos, nke a makwaara dị ka Hospitallọ Ọgwụ ndị agha, Lagos) bụ ụlọọgwụ dị na Onikan, [[Lagos Island]] == akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ụlọ ọgwụ creek bụ ụlọ ọgwụ Europe hiwere na 1880s iji gboo ahụike nke ndị si mba Europe na-achị Lagos<ref>{{Cite web|title=BUILDING THE LAGOS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/building-the-lagos-central-business-district/198358/|work=web.archive.org|date=2015-05-18|accessdate=2022-09-11|archivedate=2015-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085721/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/building-the-lagos-central-business-district/198358/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A Pioneer Doctor's Wife|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwIKAQAAMAAJ&q=Creek+Military+European+Hospital+Lagos|publisher=Vigoo International|date=2000|isbn=978-978-35001-7-4|language=en|author=Julie Fajemisin}}</ref>Dr. Grey na Atkins bụ ndị dọkịta na-arụ ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere aha ọma nke ọkachamara ahụike na Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nigerian Health Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUohAQAAMAAJ&q=Creek+Military+European+Hospital+Lagos|publisher=Health Reform Foundation of Nigeria|date=2007|isbn=978-978-085-357-0|language=en}}</ref>ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwetara aha ya ugbu a (Creek Hospital) na 1924, mgbe ọchịchị colonial weghaara ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. Na 1925, Dr. Grays' Creek Hospital gbanwere aha ụlọ ọgwụ Europe. Emechara kpọgharịa ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ ndị agha, Onikan, Lagos na 1947. Ụlọ ọgwụ creek (Federal Staff Hospital) na Awolowo Road, Ikoyi, Lagos gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Apo Legislative Quarters mgbe ndị ọrụ gọọmenti etiti si Lagos gaa Abuja. E kwalitere ụlọ ọgwụ creek site na ụlọ ahụike dị akwa 28 gaa na ụlọ ọgwụ 150-bed iji nye ndị Lagos ọrụ ahụike ọzọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Golden Era Of Nigerian Medicine and Sir Samuel Olayinka Ayodeji Manuwa (1903 TO 1976)‏ {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2014/03/04/golden-era-nigerian-medicine-and-sir-samuel-olayinka-ayodeji-manuwa-1903-1976%E2%80%8F|work=saharareporters.com|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> == ntụaka == 2jkza5f7b78lljv8j0ge22w54zea84n 0 20258 674946 97961 2026-07-10T08:58:01Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Izere''' bụ asụsụ na-aga n'ihu nke asụsụ Plateau na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Dị ka Blench si kwuo (2008), ọ bụ asụsụ anọ, ọ bụ ezie na Ethnologue anaghị eme ka ọdịiche dị na-etiti NW na NE Izere. A na-asụ ụdị Cen na Ganang naanị 2000 nke ọ bụla. Cen agbakwunyere prefixes nke Berom na consonant alternation na isi Izere. == Asụsụ == Blench (2019) edepụtago asụsụ Izere ndị a.<ref name="BlenchAtlas4">{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|author=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge|url=https://www.academia.edu/40463130}}</ref> * Fobur * Ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ (Federe) * Ndịda (Foron) * Ichèn * Faishang * Ganang == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Ndepụta ụdaume Izere gụnyere ụdaume 29 na ụdaume asaa ma na-eme ka ụdaolu atọ dị iche; ụda olu abụọ ọzọ na-apụta naani obere oge, na okwu ndị a gbazitere na n'ihi onomatopoeia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|title=Dictionary of the Izere language|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm}}</ref> === Mkpụrụ okwu === A na-egosi ụdaume nke Izere na tebụlu na-esonụ. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! !Akụkụ abụọ !Ọgwụ ezé !Alveolar !Ọkpụkpụ akpịrị !Palatal !Velar !Akpịrị ọnụ !Ọkụ |- !Kwụsị |{{IPA|p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|b}} | |{{IPA|t}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|d}} | |{{IPA|c}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|j}} |{{IPA|k}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ɡ}} |{{IPA|k͡p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ɡ͡b}} | |- !Ụgbọ imi | |{{IPA|m}} |{{IPA|n}} | |{{IPA|ɲ}} |{{IPA|ŋ}} |{{IPA|ŋ͡m}} | |- !Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | | |({{IPA|r}}) | | | | | |- !Ihe na-esiri ike | |{{IPA|f}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|v}} |{{IPA|s}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|z}} |{{IPA|ʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ʒ}} | | | |{{IPA|h}} |- !Africate | | |{{IPA|ts}} | | | | | |- !Ihe atụ | | | | |{{IPA|y}},&nbsp;{{IPA|ɥ}} | |{{IPA|w}} | |- !Akụkụ | | |{{IPA|l}} | | | | | |} === Mkpụrụedemede === A na-egosi ụdaume nke Izere na tebụl na-esonụ. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Ụda ụdaume ! !N'ihu !Nlaghachi |- !N'akụkụ |i |u |- !N'etiti etiti |e |o |- !Mepee n'etiti |ɛ | |- !Emeghe | colspan="2" |a |} === Ụda Akụrụngwa === E nwere ọkwa atọ (L, M & H) na abụọ contour tonemes (LM & HL) na Izere; abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ahụ naanị na okwu mgbazinye na onomatopoeia. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} * Blench (2008) Prospecting proto-Plateau. Ihe odide. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Izeric/IzOP.htm Roger Blench: Izere page] cidmd5edf0jd6sijlvtfrri004hq0yl 0 22124 674810 143299 2026-07-10T04:26:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674810 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Jacqueline Amongin''' (amụrụ na 26 June 1982) bụ onye omeiwu [[Uganda]]. Ọ bụ onye otu National Resistance Movement, onye e nyere ihe nrite Mandela Leadership Prize maka "ịkwalite ezi ọchịchị na mmepe n'Africa". == Ndụ == A mụrụ Amongin n'afọ 1982. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere na 2005 dị ka Bachelor of Environmental Management . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Pan African Movement dị ka onye ọrụ ǹkwukọrịta n'afọ sochirinụ ruo otu afọ, tupụ ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ mmemme Pan African Movment nke Global ruọ n'afọ 2010.<ref name="parle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=181|title=Parliament of Uganda|work=www.parliament.go.ug|accessdate=2020-02-28|archivedate=2021-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427105954/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=181}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ọ sonyeere ndị omeiwu nke Uganda ma n'afọ 2013 ọ sonyeera ndị omeiwu Pan African.<ref name="parle"/> Ọ na-anọchite anya Ngora District.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-rwanda-tensions-overshadow-debate-on-eac-integration/|title=Uganda- Rwanda tensions overshadow debate on EAC integration|date=2019-11-15|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-28}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ọzọ na 2016 ebe ya na ndị omeiwu Ugandan anọ ndị ọzọ Anifa Kawoya, Prọfesọ Ogenga Latigo, Felix Okot Ogong na Veronica Babirye Kadogo nọ n'oche ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://parliamentwatch.ug/five-pan-african-parliament-mps-sworn-in/|title=Five Pan African Parliament MPs Sworn In – Parliament Watch|work=parliamentwatch.ug|accessdate=2020-02-28}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara ya n'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 5,000 ka e nye ya otu n'ime mmadụ iri na asaa Mandela Leadership Prize. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka ọrụ ya na ndị omeiwụ Pan African "na-akwalite ezi ọchịchị na mmepe n'Africa". Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ Mandela Institute dị na Paris nyere onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/MP-Amongin-Mandela-Leadership-Prize-Paris/688334-4350516-7ulcuiz/index.html|title=MP Amongin awarded Mandela Leadership Prize|work=Daily Monitor|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-28}}</ref> Ihe nrite ahụ kwuru na o guzobere "Jacquline Amongin Development Foundation" (JADEF) ma too ihe ọ rụzuru na ndị omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/04/06/parliament-praises-mp-amongin-for-winning-mandela-prize/|title=Parliament praises MP Amongin for winning Mandela Prize – theinsider.ug|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-28|archivedate=2021-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625012414/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/04/06/parliament-praises-mp-amongin-for-winning-mandela-prize/}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 19st3j3x9bmlo29q0pch4bjggeel87g 0 22433 674887 124131 2026-07-10T07:08:38Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=File:J.P. Humphrey.jpg|caption=John Peters Humphrey|image caption=John Peters Humphrey}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''John Peters Humphrey''' OC (April 30, 1905 na March 14, 1995) bụ onye Canada na-amụ iwu, onye ọka iwu, na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye isi dere edemede nke mbụ nke Universal Declaration of Human Rights. == Nwatakịrị, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Humphrey na Frank Humphrey Na Nellie Peter na Eprel 30, n'afọ 1905, na Hampton, New Brunswick. Ọdachi dakwasịrị ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata: nne na nna ya nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa, na otu aka ya n'ihe mberede mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu na ọkụ. Humphrey gara ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi ebe ọ tachiri obi na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na-akwa emo; a na-azọrọ na nke a nwere mmetụta n'ịzụlite àgwà ya na ọmịiko.<ref name="humphreyhampton1">{{Cite web|url=http://humphreyhampton.org/biography.html|title=Biography|work=humphreyhampton.org|accessdate=2019-07-23|archivedate=2020-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126205806/http://www.humphreyhampton.org/biography.html}}</ref> John Humphrey tinyere akwụkwọ na Mahadum Mount Allison mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, site na Rothesay Collegiate School ma nabata ya. Ọ gara Mahadum McGill ma soro nwanne ya nwanyị Ruth onye bụ onye nkuzi na Montreal, Quebec biri. Humphrey gụsịrị akwụkwọ na McGill na 1925 ebe e nyere ya nzere Bachelor of Commerce site na School of Commerce, akụkụ nke Desautels Faculty of Management. O debanyere aha na Bachelor of Arts na Bachelor of Law na McGill, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1927 na 1929 n'otu n'otu. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyere Humphrey fellowship iji mụọ na Paris, na-esi Montreal na RMS <nowiki><i id="mwHw">Aurania</i></nowiki>. Ọ zutere onye njem ibe ya Jeanne Godreau mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ ma ha lụrụ na Paris obere oge ha rutere.<ref name="humphreyhampton1"/> Humphrey laghachiri Montreal mgbe ọ nwesịrị mkpakọrịta ka ọ rụọ ọrụ iwu ruo afọ ise tupu ọ nabata ọkwa nkuzi dị ka prọfesọ na McGill; ọ debanyere aha na mmemme Master of Law, ọkachamara na iwu mba ụwa. N'ime afọ ndị 1930 a na-ewere Humphrey dị ka nwoke Renaissance nwere ọtụtụ mmasị ya na agụmakwụkwọ, nka na ọdịmma mmadụ. Mgbe ọ na-akụzi na McGill na mbido afọ 1940, Humphrey zutere Henri Laugier, onye gbara ọsọ ndụ si France nke na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị Free [[France|French]]. N'afọ 1943, Laugier kwagara [[Algeria]] ịkụzi na Mahadum Algiers ma mesịa bụrụ osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations.<ref name="humphreyhampton1"/> Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum McGill, John Peters Humphrey guzobere McGill Debating Union, otu n'ime ndị na-eme nke ọma na ndị a ma ama n'ụwa. == Nkwupụta Ụwa Nile Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ == N'afọ 1946, osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations, Henri Laugier, họpụtara John Peters Humphrey dị ka onye nduzi mbụ nke United Nations Division of Human Rights, n'ime United Nations Secretariat. Humphrey bụ onye isi na-edepụta Universal Declaration of Human Rights .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geschichte-menschenrechte.de/schluesseltexte/william-h-fitzpatricks-editorials-on-human-rights-1949/|title=William H. Fitzpatrick's Editorials on Human Rights (1949)|author=Christopher N.J.Roberts|publisher=Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte|accessdate=November 4, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ya na ndị isi nke Commission, nke Eleanor Roosevelt bụ onye isi oche ya, kwurịtara, Prọfesọ Humphrey kwadebere mbido mbụ nke ihe ga-aghọ Universal Declaration of Human Rights. N'abalị Disemba 10, 1948, Nzukọ Ezumezu ji otu olu nabata nkwupụta ahụ, nke Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt dị ka "Magna Carta mba ụwa nke mmadụ niile". == Ọrụ na United Nations == Humphrey nọgidere na UN ruo afọ iri abụọ N'oge a, ọ lekọtara mmejuputa nke mgbakọ mba 67 na usoro iwu nke ọtụtụ mba. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mpaghara gụnyere nnwere onwe mgbasa ozi, ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị, na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'afọ 1988, n'ụbọchị ncheta afọ iri anọ nke nkwupụta ahụ, e nyere Prọfesọ Humphrey onyinye UN Human Rights. N'afọ 1963, ọ tụpụtara echiche nke Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara echiche ahụ nke ọma na mbụ, ọ bụ naanị mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ gasịrị, n'okpuru odeakwụkwọ ukwu Dr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, ka ọfịs ahụ ghọrọ ihe dị adị. == Ndụ o mesịrị == Humphrey lara ezumike nká na UN na 1966 iji maliteghachi ọrụ nkuzi ya na Mahadum McGill. Ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na Canada na mba ụwa maka ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke "International League for Human Rights" ; ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị Ka onye otu Royal Commission on the Status of Women; onye otu nke malitere isi Amnesty International na Canada; na, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya si Mahadum McGill, nyere aka n'ịmepụta Canadian Human Rights Foundation, nke a na-akpọzi [http://equitas.org/ Equitas - International Centre for Human Rights Education]. O sonyere n'ọtụtụ kọmitii nyocha mba ụwa, gụnyere ọrụ na Philippines na-enyocha mmebi ikike mmadụ n'okpuru [[Ferdinand Marcos]] na International Commission of Inquiry n'ime ụnwụ nri , 1932-33 na [[Yukrain|Ukraine]]. Na UN, ọ rịọrọ ụgwọ maka ụmụ nwanyị Korea a manyere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ohu mmekọahụ. O mekwara mkpọsa na War Amps maka nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka ndị agha Canada a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'okpuru ndị Japan. N'afọ 1974, o kwuru okwu megide Bill 22, Quebec Language Law. Ọ gbara akaebe na July 19, 1974 na Bekee bụkwa asụsụ gọọmentị na mpaghara ahụ, n'agbanyeghị iwu ahụ a tụrụ aro ya. Ya na Frank R. Scott, Irwin Cotler na ndị prọfesọ McGill anọ ndị ọzọ kwuru, sị:<ref>{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=William|title=English-speaking Quebecers must wake up and defend their rights|url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/editorial/story.html?id=9f05bde7-f404-4065-9d97-b1c68fdb264a&p=1|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=Montreal Gazette|date=31 August 2007}}</ref><blockquote>Akụkụ nke 1, nke na-enye na French bụ 'asụsụ gọọmentị nke mpaghara Quebec,' na-eduhie eduhie n'ihi na ọ na-atụ aro na Bekee abụghịkwa asụsụ gọọmentị na Quebec, nke ọ bụ site na Akụkụ nke 133 nke Iwu BNA na Iwu Asụsụ Ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti.... Enweghị iwu ọ bụla na National Assembly na-akpọsa French naanị asụsụ gọọmentị na mpaghara ahụ nwere ike imetụta mpaghara asụsụ abụọ ndị a nke Iwu BNA na-echebe.</blockquote>Afọ abụọ mgbe nwunye ya Jeanne nwụsịrị n'afọ 1979, Humphrey lụrụ dọkịta Montreal Margaret Kunstler, onye di ya nwụrụ. Humphrey nwụrụ na Montreal na March 14, 1995, mgbe ọ dị afọ 89. == Nsọpụrụ na mmata == N'etiti ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ ya, e mere Prọfesọ Humphrey, onye ọrụ nke Order of Canada na 1974, "n'ịghọta onyinye ya na agụ ma akwụkwọ iwu na aha ya zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ". N'afọ 1985, e mere ya onye isi nke Ordre nationale du Québec . A na-eme ''John Peters Humphrey'' Model United Nations iji sọpụrụ ya na Mee ọ bụla na Fredericton, New Brunswick.. Kemgbe afọ 1988, ngalaba iwu nke Mahadum McGill enweela John P. Humphrey Lectureship na Human Rights, nkuzi kwa afọ banyere ọrụ iwu mba ụwa na òtù na nchedo ụwa nke ikike mmadụ.<ref>McGill University, [https://www.mcgill.ca/humanrights/events/lectureships Lecture series in human rights]</ref> Na Septemba 1998, [[Nelson Mandela]] kpughere ihe ncheta Humphrey na Human Rights Monument, Ottawa, dị ka akụkụ nke ụtụ Canada na ncheta afọ iri isii nke nkwupụta ahụ. The John Humphrey Freedom Award, nke otu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Canada bụ Rights & Democracy, na-enye kwa afọ na òtù na ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa maka ihe ịga nke ọma pụrụ iche na ịkwalite ihe ndị ruere mmadụ na mmepe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dd-rd.ca/site/humphrey_award/index.php?subsection%3D%26lang%3Den|title=Rights & Democracy &#124; Humphrey Award|accessdate=2007-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230052/http://www.dd-rd.ca/site/humphrey_award/index.php?subsection=&lang=en|archivedate=2007-09-27}}</ref> Na June 2008, a kpughere ihe ncheta Dr. Humphrey n'obodo ya bụ Hampton, New Brunswick. Ihe ncheta ahụ, nke akpọrọ ihe ncheta CREDO bụ nke Hooper Studios kpụrụ ma Hampton John Peters Humphrey Foundation nyere ya iwu. Ọ dị naanị narị mita ole na ole site n'ụlọ ọ mụrụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata, nwere bench osisi UN nke nwere Humphrey na-eto eto na agadi nọ ọdụ. Ọtụtụ nduru ọla na-anọdụ na njedebe nke bench ahụ, nke na-an ọdụ n'akụkụ nkume abụọ dị elu, otu n'ime ha nwere ọtụtụ isiokwu sitere na Universal Declaration of Human Rights nke a tụrụ na ya na Bekee, French na Maliseet. Ihe ncheta ahụ dị n'ihu ahịhịa nke Hampton Town Hall, nke dị n'ụlọ Former County Court House n'etiti obodo ahụ. == Akwụkwọ == * Humphrey, John Peters, Human Rights and the United Nations: A Great Adventure (New York: Transnational Publishers, 1984) (akụkọ ndụ onwe onye) == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị isi ikike obodo * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo == Ndemsibia == <references /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == * ''On the Edge of Greatness'': the Diaries of John Humphrey, First Director of the United Nations Division of Human Rights, 4 mpịakọta. Ọ bụ A.J. Hobbins dezigharịrị ya ma bipụta ya dị ka Fontanus Monographs 4, 9, 12 na 13. Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press 1995-2001.  ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-7735-1458-9|0-7735-1458-9]], 0735-1356-2, 0 7735-1484-6, [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] . * Hobbins, A.J. na Steward, A. "Humphrey na ịchọ ịkwụ ụgwọ: Nkwupụta onwe onye megide Steeti na ịmepụta iwu mba ụwa ọhụrụ" ''Akwụkwọ Afọ nke Iwu Mba Nile nke Canada'', ''2003''. XLI (2004). peeji nke 18722. * Hobbins, A.J. "Humphrey na Kọmishọna Ukwu: Jenesis nke Ọfịs nke Kọmishọna Elu nke UN maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ. " ''Journal of the History of International Law''. III (2001), peeji nke 3874 * Hobbins, A.J. "Onye nkuzi na onye nchebe: mmekọrịta Percy Corbetz na John Peters Humphrey. " Akwụkwọ Afọ nke Iwu Mba Nile nke Canada, 1999. XXXVII (2000), peeji nke 3o56. * Hobbins, A.J. "René Cassin na nwa nwanyị nke oge: Ndepụta Mbụ nke nkwupụta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ikike mmadụ". Fontanus II (1989) peeji nke 7 26. * Hobbins, A.J. na Boyer, D. "Na-achọ Eziokwu Akụkọ: International Commission of Inquiry n'ime Ụnwụ 1932-33 na Ukraine. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Dalhousie Law Journal''. XXIV (2001), peeji nke 139-191 * Eze, J na Hobbins, A.J.. "Hammarskjöld na Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ: Deflation nke UN Human Rights Programme, 1953-1961." ''Journal of the History of International Law''. V (2003), peeji nke 337 Xia 386. == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o86yfftpbjtwy0lo5t5g3caumsaqasq 0 22499 674860 156494 2026-07-10T06:34:26Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674860 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Akello Judith Franca</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |17 August1978 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nationality | class="infobox-data category" |Ugandan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Citizenship | class="infobox-data category" |Ugandan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Education | class="infobox-data" |Lacek-Ocot Primary School, Atanga Senior Secondar School,Sacred Heart S.S. Gulu, Makerere University |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |Politician, Economist and Teacher |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Political party | class="infobox-data org" |Forum for Democratic Change |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Faịlụ:Akello Franka Judith.jpg|thumb|Akello Judith Franka ]] '''Akello Judith Franca''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na Uganda.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ nwanyị nnọchi anya Agago na nke asatọ, nke itoolu na nke iri nke Uganda.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Female MPs on a pregnancy watch as Golola visits Parliament|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/female-mps-on-a-pregnancy-watch-as-golola-visits-parliament-1843882|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke iri na otu, ọ guzoro maka Women MP maka Agago mana o ji vootu 26,840 merie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akello Judith Franca - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls|url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/akello-judith-franca-10106/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=visiblepolls.org|language=en}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Forum for Democratic Change na 10th Parliament.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon. Franca Judith Akello » Forum for Democratic Change|url=https://fdc.ug/team/hon-franca-akello/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=Forum for Democratic Change|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kiggundu|first=Edris|title=Besigye in crisis talks with FDC 'rebels'|url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18794:besigye-in-cris-talks-with-fdc-rebels|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016222645/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18794:besigye-in-cris-talks-with-fdc-rebels}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu National Resistance Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judith Franca Akello|url=https://theyworkforyou.github.io/uganda-parliament-watch/mp/2cec2ab5-bce3-4e0d-b496-03f1fac9c826/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=theyworkforyou.github.io}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == N'afọ 1993, ọ nọdụrụ maka ule Primary Leaving na Lacek-Ocot Primary School.<ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 1997, e nyere ya asambodo agụmakwụkwọ nke Uganda site na Atanga S.S. ma mesịa sonye na Sacred Heart S.S.- Gulu maka asambodo Uganda Advanced ya ma mechaa ya n'afọ 1999.<ref name=":0" /> O nwere nzere bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere ma nweta ya na 2004. E mechara nye ya nzere masta na Economic Policy Management na 2009 site na Mahadum Makerere .<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ ọrụ tupu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Site na afo 1998 ruo na afọ 2001, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka onye ọrụ na Uganda Red Cross Society. N'agbata afọ 1999 na afọ 2001, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Pajule S.S. Site n'afọ 2017 ruo taa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu na Uganda Parliamentary Forum on Children. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2005 site na Kisugu Secondary School, Muyenga .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=128|accessdate=29 March 2021|work=Parliament of Uganda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107101638/http://www.parliament.go.ug:80/mp_database/profile.php?mid=128|archivedate=2016-11-07}}</ref> == Njem ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Tupu ọ banye n'ụlọ omebe iwu nke Uganda dị ka onye omebe iwu site na afo 2006 ruo 2021, Judith rụkwara ọrụ na ụlọ omebe iwu ya nke Uganda n'ọtụtụ ọkwa. N'afọ 2006 ruo n'afọ 2011, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi mmegide na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda. Judith mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na egwuregwu site na 2011 ruo na afọ 2013. Site na afo 2013 ruo na afọ 2016, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu, Uganda Women Parliamentary Association.<ref name=":0"/> N'agbata afọ 2013 na afọ 2016, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Uganda na International Parliamentary Association ma mesịa bụrụ onye nnọchianya Uganda na Commonwealth Parliamentary Association site na afo 2016 ruo taa.<ref name=":0" /> Site na afo 2017 ruo taa, Judith jere ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche, Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na Ego Ọha na Nzukọ Ndị Isi nke Uganda.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == Ọ na-eje ozi na Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ego, atụmatụ na mmepe akụ na ụba na Kọmiti na-ahụkarị ego ọha na eze na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda ma e wezụga ịbụ onye otu Nzukọ Ndị Isi.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Judith Franca Akello Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/judith-franca-akello/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon. Akello Judith Franca|url=https://www.mpscanug.com/profile/hon-akello-judith-franca/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=MPScan Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018200605/https://www.mpscanug.com/profile/hon-akello-judith-franca/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di.<ref name=":0"/> Ihe ntụrụndụ ya bụ egwuregwu na ịgụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Beatrice Akello Akori * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke asatọ nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke itoolu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Onye omeiwu * Nzukọ omeiwu nke Uganda == Ebenside == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda] * https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/browser?id=fcaa6fb3-7e14-4599-a96d-ca18d9529ff6%3B1.0 * Akello Judith Franca on Facebook * Akello Judith Franca on Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1uoatrdmvlowlxj2emlw3854w18xh7j 0 22513 675076 142814 2026-07-10T11:43:36Z Ebube Clara 43871 675076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.<ref name="independent">{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.<ref name="afrik" /> Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.<ref name="afrik">{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị.<ref name="afrik" /> A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.<ref name="afrik" /> Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk.<ref name="afrik">{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNasri2008">Nasri, Khaled A. (2008-07-30). [https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi "Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi"]. ''[[Afrik.com]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422124709/https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi Archived] from the original on 2019-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.<ref name="kapitalis">{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.<ref name="ar">{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.<ref name="ar" /> Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.<ref name="ar">{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBarrouhi2012">Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ "Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale"]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.<ref name="ar">{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBarrouhi2012">Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ "Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale"]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] df6hywwcrzghemjacoz64ioom2ximpn 0 22931 674531 142761 2026-07-09T12:54:42Z 10kdollz 19775 674531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|children=2010}}{{Databox}} '''Motlalepula Ziphora Rosho''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa. Onye otu African National Congress, a họpụtara ya dịka osote onye isi oche nke North West Provincial Legislature na 2010. N'afọ 2012, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Executive Council (MEC) maka mmepe akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa na njem nleta na Gọọmentị North West Provincial. A chụpụrụ Rosho na kansụl ndị isi na 2014 wee jee ozi na ndị omeiwu mpaghara dị ka onye isi oche kọmitii ruo na Disemba 2018, mgbe ọ laghachiri na ndị isi dị ka MEC maka Gọọmentị Obodo na Nkwado Mmadụ. A họpụtara Rosho dị ka MEC maka ego mgbe ntuli aka 2019 gasịrị. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Rosho nwere nzere BA na nkwukọrịta, yana diplọma postgraduate na iwu ọha na eze na ọmụmụ Africa.<ref name="Stone">{{Cite web|author=Stone|first=Setumo|title=North West set for new Premier|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/politics/north-west-set-for-new-premier-20210703|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=Citypress|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 1989, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kansụl nnọchiteanya ụmụ akwụkwọ na Botoka Comprehension School. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Congress of South African Students na 1986 na African National Congress Youth League na 1992. N'afọ sochirinụ, Rosho sonyeere ndị ọrụ nzuzo na nchekwa nke ANC wee gaa ọzụzụ na sayensị nzuzo na nchekwa na Egypt na 1994. Ọ bụkwa onye nta akụkọ nyocha maka South African National Civic Organization n'etiti 1990 na 1994 na onye nhazi mgbasa ozi maka Western Transvaal na Northern Cape Provinces na onye otu kọmitii nke mmekọrịta mgbasa ozi na SANCO na ANC Western Transvael.<ref name="NWDC">{{Cite web|date=2013-04-25|title=Profile of MEC Motlalepula Rosho|url=https://nwdc.co.za/latest-news/profile-of-mec-motlalepula-rosho/|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=NWDC|language=en-GB}}</ref> Rosho ghọrọ onye otu njikwa atụmatụ iji jikọta nchịkwa Bophuthatswana na nchịkwa Cape Province na nchịkwa Transvaal Province mgbe ntuli aka 1994 gasịrị. N'afọ 1995, Rosho ghọrọ onye nchọpụta maka National Intelligence Agency. Ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ANC Western Transvaal nke Moelatlhoko na onye otu African Union for Journalists. Rosho ghọrọ ọnụ na-ekwuru MEC maka Ọrụ Ugbo, Nchekwa na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na 2004 wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi njikwa maka ọtụtụ ndị nduzi njikwa.<ref name="NWDC" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 2009, a họpụtara Rosho dị ka onye otu ANC nke North West Provincial Legislature.<ref name="NWDC" />A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Standing Committee on Public Accounts. N'afọ 2010, a họpụtara ya dị ka osote ọkà okwu nke ndị omeiwu mpaghara. A họpụtara Rosho na gọọmentị mpaghara dị ka onye otu Executive Council (MEC) maka ngalaba mpaghara nke Economic Development, Environment, Conservation and Tourism site n'aka onye isi ala Thandi Modise na Mee 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-14|title=North West Premier reshuffles provincial cabinet|url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/north-west-premier-reshuffles-provincial-cabinet|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=SAnews|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka mpaghara nke afọ 2014 gasịrị, a họpụtara Supra Mahumapelo dịka onye isi ala. A họpụtaghị Rosho ọzọ na kansụl ndị isi mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The new North West cabinet - Supra Mahumapelo - POLITICS {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/the-new-north-west-cabinet--supra-mahumapelo|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en}}</ref> A họpụtara Rosho ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio na Finance, Economy & Enterprise Development. N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio na Gọọmentị Obodo na Nkwado Mmadụ.Ọ laghachiri na kansụl ndị isi na Disemba 2018, mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka MEC maka Gọọmentị Obodo na Human Settlement site n'aka onye isi ala Job Mokgoro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=North West premier fires four MECs and recycles cabinet|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-12-06-north-west-premier-fires-four-mecs-and-recycles-cabinet/|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Singh|first=Kaveel|title=North West premier shakes up provincial cabinet|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/SouthAfrica/News/north-west-premier-shakes-up-provincial-cabinet-20181207|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka 2019 gasịrị, Mokgoro kpọgara ya na ngalaba ego nke kansụl ndị isi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stone|first=Setumo|title=Supra allies out as Mokgoro makes sweeping changes in North West|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/mokgoro-shuts-door-on-supra-allies-as-he-makes-sweeping-changes-in-north-west-20190528|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=Citypress|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2021, Rosho bụ otu n'ime mmadụ atọ kọmitii mpaghara nke ANC nyere Kọmitii Ọrụ Mba nke ANC iji dochie Mokgoro dị ka onye isi ala mgbe Mokgoro jụrụ ịhapụ ọrụ n'agbanyeghị na ndị otu ANC nke mpaghara na nke mba gwara ya ka o mee ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-30|title=National working committee instructs ANC North West to replace Mokgoro|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2021-06-30-national-working-committee-instructs-north-west-interim-leaders-to-replace-the-premier/|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name="Stone" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, a mara ọkwa Bushy Maape dị ka onye ANC họọrọ iji dochie Mokgoro dị ka onye isi ala.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Khumalo|first=Juniour|title=Bushy Maape announced as North West premier-elect|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/just-in-bushy-maape-announced-as-north-west-premier-elect-20210817|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Mokgoro gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka praịm n'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ ma ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jiri otu olu họpụta ya dị ka onye na-anọchite anya praịm.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=Motlalepula Rosho to act as North West Premier|url=https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/motlalepula-rosho-act-north-west-premier|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=SAnews|language=en}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe a họpụtara Maape ma ṅụọ iyi dị ka onye isi ala na 7 Septemba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ANC veteran Bushy Maape elected North West premier in easy victory over DA|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-veteran-bushy-maape-elected-north-west-premier-in-easy-victory-over-da-d2c89c28-b61d-42b8-82a0-53360517fea6|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2022, a mara ọkwa Rosho dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi oche mpaghara ANC. A ga-eme nzukọ ntuli aka nke mpaghara ahụ na ngwụcha Machị 2022. Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị na-achọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ANC gears up for provincial conference in North West|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-gears-up-for-provincial-conference-in-north-west-d3fa2117-de20-4aa9-9b8e-3259320cea2f|accessdate=2022-02-02|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}}{{Members of the North West Provincial Legislature|state=collapsed}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 63tos8fokhzz2u8zfhjvpsbd634awxy 0 23466 674791 116167 2026-07-10T03:35:20Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 674791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Joevana Charles.jpg|thumb|Joevana Charles ]] '''Joevana Charles''' (July 1955 na 17 Jenụwarị 2021) bụ onye otu National Assembly of Seychelles . Ọ bụ onye otu Seychelles People's Progressive Front, a họpụtakwara ya na Nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 1993. A mụrụ Charles n'ọnwa July 1955 dị ka nwa nke ise n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ka nne na nna ya abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ọzọ, Charles weere ọrụ nke ilekọta na ịkụziri ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị yana ijikwa agụmakwụkwọ ha. Nwanne ya nwoke, Flavien Joubert, kọwara ya dị ka "nwa agbọghọ na-eme oriri" nke na-eme ememme n'ebe dị iche iche na klọb Seychelles kwa Satọdee tupu ya alụọ di.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ernesta|first=Sharon|date=January 22, 2021|title=Seychelles' longest-serving woman parliamentarian dies; remembered as an adventurous patriot|url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/14215/Seychelles+longest-serving+woman+parliamentarian+dies%3B+remembered+as+an+adventurous+patriot|accessdate=2022-02-18|work=Seychelles News Agency}}</ref> Charles malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi. O mechara gaa National Teachers Training College wee gaa maka ịmụtakwu na mba ofesi na Moscow State Institute of International Relations .<ref name=":0" /> == Ebenside == 0rmkk8a40pjhc8rp5c2sqeo5e4j9pbv 0 23763 674895 196636 2026-07-10T07:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Jennifer Eliogu''' (amụrụ n'April 30, 1976) bụ onye Naijirịa na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agụ egwu nke a ma ama maka ịbụ onye na-eme egwuregwu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/quick-facts-about-jennifer-eliogu/|title=7 quick facts about Jennifer Eliogu at 43|date=2019-04-30|work=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Eliogu natara Special Recognition Award na City People Entertainment Awards maka onyinye ya na ụlọ ọrụ ''ihe'' nkiri Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ynaija.com/see-all-the-photos-from-the-city-people-entertainment-awards-in-lagos/|title=SEE all the photos from the City People Entertainment Awards in Lagos » YNaija|date=2014-06-23|work=YNaija|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/talent-not-nudity-guarantees-success-in-movie-industry-jenifer-eliogu/|title=Talent, not nudity guarantees success in movie industry –Jenifer Eliogu|work=Punch Newspapers|date=31 August 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> Eliogu, N'afọ 2014 maka ọrụ ya n'inye ụmụ nwanyị ike, e nyere ya ''onyinye maka ịdị mma'' na African Women Leadership Conference nke mere na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] of America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/awol-2014-jennifer-eliogu-bags-award-in-usa/82yn64x|title=Jennifer Eliogu Bags Award In USA|date=2014-09-04|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-05|archivedate=2019-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206004154/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/awol-2014-jennifer-eliogu-bags-award-in-usa/82yn64x}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Eliogu si [[Idemili North|Idemili]] na Anambra Steetị, mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Naijiria mana a zụlitere ya na [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|steeti]] Lagos, nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria. Eliogu nwetara diplọma na Mahadum Jos wee nweta nzere B.Sc. ya na Mahadim Lagos State .<ref name=":0"/> == Ọrụ == Eliogu na 1997 malitere n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Naijirịa na ihe nkiri akpọrọ House On Fire . Eliogu hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Naijirịa n'oge na-adịghị anya wee banye n'egwú n'ụzọ ọkachamara na 2012 wee wepụta ọrụ egwu mbụ ya akpọrọ ''Ifunanya'' nke a họpụtara maka onyinye n'otu afọ ahụ maka Best R&B Video na Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/jennifer-eliogu-glittering-on-screen-hugging-the-mic-so-well/|work=guardian.ng|accessdate=2019-12-05|title=Jennifer Eliogu: Glittering on screen, hugging the mic so well|date=June 2019|archivedate=2019-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205222817/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/jennifer-eliogu-glittering-on-screen-hugging-the-mic-so-well/}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ive-never-been-promiscuous-but-nollywood-star-jennifer-eliogu/|title=I've never been promiscuous, but...–Nollywood star, Jennifer Eliogu|date=2014-08-09|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> N'etiti ndị ọzọ ama ama [[Nollywood]] ya na ha rụkọtara ọrụ gụnyere, Rich Tanksley, Kenneth Okolie, Susan Peters, [[Bolanle Ninalowo]], [[Moyo Lawal]], [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Rukky Sanda]] na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Kodex">{{Cite web|author=Kodex|date=2021-04-25|title=Jennifer Eliogu Biography, Age, State, Movies, Awards, Everything About Her|url=https://basenaija.com/jennifer-eliogu-biography-age-state-movies-awards-everything-about-her/|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=BaseNaija|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427232513/https://basenaija.com/jennifer-eliogu-biography-age-state-movies-awards-everything-about-her/}}</ref> Ọ na-agba ndị na-eme ihe nkiri gị ume na nkà ga-eduga ha n'ebe dị anya ọ bụghị ịgba ọtọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-31|title=Talent, not nudity guarantees success in movie industry –Jenifer Eliogu|url=https://punchng.com/talent-not-nudity-guarantees-success-in-movie-industry-jenifer-eliogu/|accessdate=2022-07-23|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye na nhọpụta == === Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri === E nyere Eliogu onyinye pụrụ iche na ''City People Entertainment Awards'' n'afọ 2016.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/22788.html|title=Actress, Jennifer Eliogu Explains Why She Left Her Husband Abroad|author=Legit.ng|date=2013-02-06|work=www.legit.ng|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> O nwekwara onyinye maka ịdị mma na 2014 African Women Leadership Conference nke emere na United States Of America maka ọrụ ya n'inye ụmụ nwanyị ike.<ref name="Kodex"/> === Ọrụ egwu === A họpụtara ọrụ egwu Eliógu nke akpọrọ ''Ifunanya'' maka Best R&B ''Video'' na Nigeria Music Video Awards (NMVA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/i-always-knew-i-was-coming-back-to-music-jennifer-eliogu-actress/|title=I always knew I was coming back to music - Jennifer Eliogu, actress|author=David|first=Tokunbo|date=2018-10-13|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Eliogu lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/i-remembered-nigeria-when-i-tasted-suya-in-canada-jennifer-eliogu/|title=I remembered Nigeria when I tasted suya in Canada – Jennifer Eliogu|work=Punch Newspapers|date=5 November 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == ** ''A Little White Lie (2017)'' ** ''A Time To Heal (2017)'' ** ''Plane Crash (2008)'' ** ''Sisters Love (2008)'' ** ''Risky Affair (2004)'' ** ''Faces Of Beauty (2004)'' ** ''Love And Pride (2004)'' ** ''Moment Of Confession (2004)'' ** ''My Blood (2004)'' ** ''Schemers : Bad Babes (2004)'' == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1c8r6h2z8y8sx3lkkpkn0lq2a50sz3s 0 24874 674790 138302 2026-07-10T03:34:21Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Agụmakwụkwọ */ 674790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joeri Rogelj''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye obodo Belgium na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na-arụ ọrụ na ngwọta maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=IPCC|date=2021|title=IPCC Authors|url=https://apps.ipcc.ch/report/authors/authors.php?q=32&p=2}}</ref> Ọ na-enyocha otú ọha mmadụ nwere ike isi gbanwee gaa n'ọdịnihu na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="ImperialCollege">{{Cite web|author=|title=Dr Joeri Rogelj|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.rogelj|accessdate=26 November 2021|work=Imperial College London}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na sayensị na iwu ihu igwe (onye na-arụkọ ọrụ) na Centre for Environmental Policy (CEP) na onye ntuzi nyocha na Grantham Institute Climate Change and Environment, ma na Imperial College London.<ref name="ImperialCollege" /> Ọ na-esokwa International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.<ref name="ImperialCollege" /> Ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akụkọ ihu igwe site na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) na United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), yana onye otu European sayensi bọọdụ ndụmọdụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=UNEP|title=Emissions Gap Report 2021|date=25 October 2021|url=https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2021|accessdate=12 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=European Environment Agency|title=European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/about-us/climate-advisory-board/european-scientific-advisory-board-on|accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == rogelj dechara nzere injinia na kU Leuven (Belgium) na 2003, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta postgraduate na omenala na ọmụmụ mmepe n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2005.<ref name="ImperialCollege" /> Ọ gụsịrị PhD ya na physics ihu igwe na Swiss Federal Institute for Technology (ETH Zurich) na afọ 2013 n'okpuru nlekọta nke Prọfesọ. Reto Knutti na isiokwu nke ejighị n'aka na ọnọdụ ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8s7yzlybueyymft6h08zx6qgs8n9wxw 0 25026 674815 452162 2026-07-10T04:58:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jaklin Dencheva Zlatanova''' (Bulgarian: Жаклин Денчева Златанова, amụrụ na 25 Septemba 1988) bụ nwanyị Bulgaria na agba bọọlụ basketball na asọmpi ugbu a maka WBC Beroe na [[National Women's League (Bulgaria)|Njikọ]] Bulgaria. A na ewere Zlatanova dị ka otu n'ime ndị na eme egwuregwu kachasị nwee nkà na mba ahụ nke noge gara aga so na mba ndị kachasị nwee ọganihu na basketball ụmụ nwanyị Europe. A mụrụ Jaklin Zlatanova na 25 Septemba 1988 nisi obodo Sofia, ebe ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu noge ọ bụ nwata nezinụlọ nwere omenala basketball ogologo oge. Nne ya [[Krassimira Banova]] bụ onye na agba bọọlụ bọọlụ nke na aga nke ọma, ya na ndị otu Levski(Sofia) meriri asọmpi Euro league na 1984, iko Ronchetti na 1979 na onyinye ndị ọzọ tupu ọ laa ezumike nká. == Ndị otu mba: 2003-2021 == [[Usòrò:NationalTeamBulgaria.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Jaklin Zlatanova na ndị otu mba Bulgaria n'oge mkpọsa iru eru na Pravets, 2011]] Zlatanova bụ akụkụ nke ndị otu mba Bulgaria kemgbe afọ 2003 mgbe ya na ndị otu Cadettes na asọ mpi na nke mbụ ya na Agba nke asọmpi asọmpi European. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ gbara ihe karịrị 100 egwuregwu na ndị ntorobịa na ndị nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Bulgaria agbaghị bọọlụ na Asọmpi Europe ruo ihe karịrị afọ 20 nagbanyeghị mbọ nke ọgbọ atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na egwu basketball. Nihi nnukwu mmerụ ahụ atọ noge ahụ, 2012-2014 Zlatanova hapụrụ otu agba nke European Qualifications na 2014. Oge ikpeazụ ọ sonyere n'egwuregwu ndị ọrụ, n'oge mkpọsa EuroBasket na 2013, ọ bụ onye kacha gbaa goolu maka otu ya na nkezi nke 14.1 Points, 6.1 Rebounds na 1.5 Assist kwa egwuregwu. === Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu mba Bulgaria === {| class="wikitable" !Otu, asọmpi, afọ !Ihe ndị e nyere n'egwuregwu ọ bụla !Rebounds kwa egwuregwu !Enyemaka n'egwuregwu ọ bụla |- |European Championship for Cadettes - Challenge Round 2003 |12.5 |10.0 |1.6 |- |European Championship for U18 Women - Qualifying Round 2004 |2.8 |2.5 |0.5 |- |European Championship for U18 Women - Challenge Round 2004 |8.0 |4.3 |0.6 |- |European Championship for U18 Women - Final Round 2004 |5.0 |6.3 |1.1 |- |European Championship for U16 Women - Division A 2004 |12.1 |7.4 |0.9 |- |European Championship for U20 Women - Division B 2005 |11.4 |5.0 |0.2 |- |European Championship for U18 Women - Division A 2005 |16.3 |8.4 |3.4 |- |European Championship for U20 Women - Division A 2006 |11.7 |3.3 |1.8 |- |European Championship for U18 Women - Division A 2006 |14.8 |9.4 |2.1 |- |European Championship for U20 Women - Division A 2007 |20.6 |8.6 |2.6 |- |European Championship for U20 Women - Division A 2008 |11.3 |7.0 |1.2 |- |EuroBasket Women - Division A 2009 |0.0 |1.5 |0.0 |- |EuroBasket Women - Division A 2011 |14.0 |5.8 |1.5 |- |Eurobasket Women - Qualifiers 2013 |14.1 |6.1 |1.9 |- |EuroBasket Women - Qualifiers 2017 |5.5 |4.0 |0.5 |- |EuroBasket Women - Qualifiers 2020 | | | |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fibaeurope.com/cid_KNce8jInH7Qj1EsyH5rjn2.teamID_253.compID_FBoLIZ9eGMw1MS4DX8h1D2.season_2007.roundID_5417.playerID_41430.html|title=Jaklin Zlatanova &#124; U20 European Championship Women (2007) &#124; FIBA Europe}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb: 2005-2021 == [[Usòrò:ZlatanovaPlayoffs2011.JPG|thumb|N'oge egwuregwu egwuregwu na oge 2011-2012 na egwuregwu mba Bulgaria, Zlatanova so ndị otu Rilski Sportist gbaa egwuregwu abụọ ebe ọ gbara akara 37 na rebounds 11.]] Ihe ka ukwuu n'ọrụ ya Zlatanova anọwo na mba ofesi, ọkachasị na ndị otu French na Spanish. N'afọ 2005, ọ bụ akụkụ nke Tarbes GB na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ [[France]] ebe o mere nke mbụ ya na Europe na asọmpi Euroleague. Ebe ọ nọrọ afọ anọ na klọb ahụ (2005-2008), Zlatanova kpebiri ịkwaga Spain na ndị otu Extrugasa na mbido oge 2009. Ọ gbara na asọmpi EuroCup na nkezi nke 14.3, 2.8 nlọghachi azụ na 0.8 na-enyere aka kwa egwuregwu. N'afọ 2010-2011, ọ sonyeere ndị otu Grand Canaria. N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ, ndị otu ahụ sonyere na asọmpi Eurocup na Zlatanova bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mkpa na nkezi nke 11.2, 7.4 nlọghachi azụ na 1.4 na-enyere aka kwa egwuregwu. Ya na klọb na eto eto Mann Filter Zaragoza, ọ malitere oge nke asaa ya n'usoro na asọmpi Europe, n'ikpeazụ jiri nkezi nke 10.2, nlọghachi azụ isii na 1.4 nyere aka kwa egwuregwu. Ọzọkwa, nzọụkwụ kachasị mkpa n'ọrụ onye na eme egwuregwu bụ mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na Rival Ecopolis na 2013. N'ụzọ dị mwute, n'oge ọzụzụ, tupu mmalite nke oge ahụ, onye na eme egwuregwu ahụ nwere nkụchi Achilles nke bụ nke mbụ n'ime nnukwu mmerụ ahụ atọ. Mgbe ọnwa anọ nke ịgbake gasịrị, ọ nwere ike igwu naanị egwuregwu ole na ole tupu ntinye aka nke abụọ n'otu ụkwụ ahụ. N'ịbụ onye na efu oge niile, Jaklin Zlatanova kpebiri ịlaghachi Bulgaria, ebe ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na Dunav 8806 Ruse na 2013. Ọnwa abụọ mbụ nke mgbake gara nke ọma, ọbụnakwa o nwere ike ịsọ mpi na Eurocup ọzọ, na-aghọ onye egwuregwu kachasị mkpa na otu ahụ na nkezi nke 12.4, 6.2 nlọghachi azụ na 1.4 na enyere aka kwa egwuregwu. Ọgwụgwụ nke oge fọdụrụnụ agwụla mgbe o merụrụ ahụ n'ikpere aka ekpe ya wee gaa ahụ na Jenụwarị 2014. {| class="wikitable" !Ịsọ mpi !Ìgwè !Ihe ndị e nyere n'egwuregwu ọ bụla !Rebounds kwa egwuregwu !Enyemaka n'egwuregwu ọ bụla |- |FIBA EuroLeague Ụmụ nwanyị 2005 - 2006 |[[Tarbes Gespe Bigorre|Tarbes GB]] |1.7 |1.0 |0.4 |- |FIBA EuroCup Women 2006 - 2007 |[[Tarbes Gespe Bigorre|Tarbes GB]] |3.4 |2.9 |0.6 |- |FIBA EuroCup Women 2007 - 2008 |[[Tarbes Gespe Bigorre|Tarbes GB]] |8.0 |2.0 |0.9 |- |FIBA EuroCup Women 2008 - 2009 |[[Tarbes Gespe Bigorre|Tarbes GB]] |4.4 |2.6 |0.8 |- |FIBA EuroCup Women 2009 - 2010 |Extrugasa |14.3 |2.8 |0.8 |- |FIBA EuroCup Women 2010 - 2011 |[[Nnukwu Canaria|Gran Canaria]] |11.2 |7.4 |1.4 |- |FIBA EuroCup Women 2011 - 2012 |[[Mann Filter Zaragoza|Mann Filter]] |10.2 |6.0 |2.2 |- |FIBA EuroCup Women 2014 - 2015 |[[Dunav Rousse|Dunav 8806 Ruse]] |12.4 |6.2 |1.4 |- |WABA League 2019 - 2020 |[[WBC Beroe]] |8.8 |9 |2.5 |} === Oge 2013-2014 === Mgbe afọ iri gachara mba ọzọ, Zlatanova laghachiri n'ụlọ maka oge 2013-2014 na ndị otu Dunav 8806 Ruse. Klọb ahụ gosipụtara na ha sonyere na EuroCup, ọnụnọ Zlatanova nyere ha nnukwu olileanya maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ịdị adị nke klọb siri ike sitere na [[Turkéy|Turkey]] na Russia hapụrụ ndị otu Dunav 8806 na enweghị ahụmahụ na ala nke tebụl isi, ha ga elekwasịkwa anya na mbọ ha naanị na league mpaghara. N'ịbụ onye gbakere site na ịwa ahụ nke abụọ nke Achilles, Zlatanova fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mkpa na ndị otu ahụ mana ọ nweghị ihu ọma ọ merụrụ ikpere aka ekpe ya n'otu n'ime egwuregwu ikpeazụ tupu ezumike Krismas. Nnyocha ahụike gosipụtara nkwarụ nke nkwonkwo nke ikpere ya, ọ nwetakwara ihe ọhụrụ na mbido afọ 2014. Maka oge niile, 2013-2014 Jaklin Zlatanova sonyere na egwuregwu 11 na nkezi nke 12.4, 5.2 rebounds na 1.5 na-enyere aka kwa egwuregwu. Ka ọ dịgodị, Dunav 8806 Ruse gara n'ihu na-asọmpi na league, na anọ n'ọnọdụ maka nrite ọla edo. Na enweghị Zlatanova, ha jisiri ike merie ndị otu Levski Sofia siri ike ma bụrụ ndị mmeri nke ugboro anọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. {| class="wikitable" ! !Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme !Egwuregwu malitere !Minit kwa egwuregwu !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ egwuregwu 2-point % !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ egwuregwu 3-point % !Rebounds kwa egwuregwu !Enyemaka kwa egwuregwu !Ihe ndị e nyere n'egwuregwu ọ bụla |- |AVG |11 |5 |22.5 |52.1 pasent |18.5% |5.2 |1.5 |12.4 |- |Ngụkọta |11 |5 |22.5 |52.1% |18.5% |57 |17 |136 |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bgbasket.com/bg/player.php?id=2703&act=player_career|title=Жаклин Златанова}}</ref> === Oge 2014-2015 === Mgbe ogologo oge gbakere, nke were ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa itoolu, onye na eme egwuregwu ahụ dị njikere maka oge nke abụọ ya na Dunav 8806. Ọ gbara egwuregwu iri atọ na otu n'ime oge a na eme kwa afọ na egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa n'ime ha ọ malitere. Noge niile, Zlatanova nwetara nkezi nke 11.3, 7.4 rebounds, na 2.5 na enyere aka. Ọzọkwa, usoro ahụ sonyere na asọmpi iko mba Bulgaria ebe e wepụrụ ya na ọkara ikpeazụ, mana Zlatanova wusiri ọnọdụ ya siri ike site n'ịghọ otu n'ime ndị atọ kachasị elu na asọmpi ahụ. Otú ọ dị, nke a ezughị maka ndị otu ya, ndị na-asọmpi si Ruse meriri naanị ọla nchara. Naanị otu ọnwa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị egwuregwu basketball nwere ohere ịbọ ọbọ maka ọdịda ahụ, na usoro egwuregwu ikpeazụ megide Neftohimik Bourgas, ha mechara merie aha ahụ mgbe 3-0 na usoro ahụ. {| class="wikitable" ! !Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme !Egwuregwu malitere !Minit kwa egwuregwu !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ egwuregwu 2-point % !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ egwuregwu 3-point % !Rebounds kwa egwuregwu !Enyemaka kwa egwuregwu !Ihe ndị e nyere n'egwuregwu ọ bụla |- |AVG |31 |27 |26.7 |52.9 pasent |8.3% |7.4 |2.5 |11.3 |- |Ngụkọta |31 |31 |827.7 |52.9% |8.3% |229 |77.5 |350.3 |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bgbasket.com/bg/team.php?id=280&act=team_players|title=Дунав 8806}}</ref> === Oge 2015-2016 === {| class="wikitable" ! !Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme !Egwuregwu malitere !Minit kwa egwuregwu !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ egwuregwu 2-point % !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ egwuregwu 3-point % !Rebounds kwa egwuregwu !Enyemaka kwa egwuregwu !Ihe ndị e nyere n'egwuregwu ọ bụla |- |AVG |28 |26 |32.43 |pasentị 51 |22.2 pasent |8.6 |2.4 |12.1 |- |Ngụkọta |28 |26 |916.10 |pasentị 51 |22% |241 |67 |340 |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://competiciones.feb.es/estadisticas/Jugador.aspx?i=697699&c=2158636&med=0|title=Competiciones FEB}}</ref> === Oge 2017-2018 === Atọ ahụ na eme anwansi alaghachila ugbu a! Nịbụ onye furu oge 2016-2017 niile n'ihi ime ahụ, Zlatanova sonyeere Gaby Ocete na Pao Ferrari wee malite oge nke abụọ ya na jersey nke Mann Filer Stadium Casablanca. === Oge 2019-2020 === Na 2019 Jaklin bịanyere aka na WBC Beroe, nke na asọmpi na Otu egwuregwu bọọlụ basketball nke mba na Bulgaria. N'okpuru ebe a bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ya maka oge a. {| class="wikitable" ! !Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme !Egwuregwu malitere !Minit kwa egwuregwu !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ egwuregwu 2-point % !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ egwuregwu 3-point % !Rebounds kwa egwuregwu !Enyemaka kwa egwuregwu !Ihe ndị e nyere n'egwuregwu ọ bụla |- |AVG |25 |23 |21.1 |54.6% |23.1% |8.0 |2.2 |9.2 |- |Ngụkọta |25 |23 |528 |54.6% |23.1% |199 |55 |231 |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bgbasket.com/player.php?id=2703|title=Жаклин Златанова}}</ref> WBC Beroe na esokwa na WABA Njikọ nke bụ asọmpi basketball mpaghara, na egosi ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị si Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia na Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Slovenia, na [[Kroatia|Croatia]]. Maka oge 2019-2020, Zlatanova agbaala egwuregwu iri na abụọ na akara 8.8 kwa egwuregwu na nlọghachi azụ itoolu. Lee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'okpuru ebe a. {| class="wikitable" ! !Egwuregwu ndị a na-eme !Ihe ndị e nyere n'egwuregwu ọ bụla !Rebounds kwa egwuregwu !Enyemaka kwa egwuregwu !Ịrụ nke ọma !+/- |- |AVG |12 |8.8 |9.0 |2.5 |15.8 |7.8 |- |Ọnọdụ # | - |41 |3 |28 |13 |25 |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://waba-league.com/fiba/player/?playerId=6124891&seasonId=110073|title=FIBA - player}}</ref> === Oge 2020-2021 === Noge 2020-2021 ugbu a, Zlatanova megharịrị nkwekọrịta ya na ndị otu WBC Beroe. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, a kwụsịtụrụ asọmpi otu egwuregwu basketballụmụ nwanyị na Bulgaria. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Jaklin_Zlatanova/79564?Women=1 Profile] at eurobasket.com * [http://www.fibaeurope.com/euroleaguewomen/cid_-tmRPCfrIrYRSO2M5V49E1.playerID_41430.compID_jr6ZiXqeGhMBtfq1yxqV83.season_2013.roundID_9049.teamID_97018.html Profile] at fibaeurope.com * [http://www.dunav8806.com/%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80/%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2/ Roster Dunav 8806 2014-2015] at dunav8806.com * [http://www.fibaeurope.com/euroleaguewomen/cid_-tmRPCfrIrYRSO2M5V49E1.playerID_41430.compID_jr6ZiXqeGhMBtfq1yxqV83.season_2013.roundID_9049.teamID_97018.coid_xH8mtc6zHagQvowA9vqhg2.articleMode_on.html A bright year ahead Zlatanova] at fibaeurope.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040904/http://www.fiba.com/news/Zlatanova-lifts-lid-on-dealing-with-serious-injury-setbacks Zlatanova lifts lid on dealing with serious injury setbacks] at fiba.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160422093904/http://www.rivasactual.com/archives/9038 Jaklin Zlatanova será operada de nuevo y dice adiós a la temporada] at rivasactual.com * [http://www.fibaeurope.com/euroleaguewomen/coid_LkJ6MctKG5om,kIP4pEjK1.articleMode_on.html Injury knocks Zlatanova out of action] at fibaeurope.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191210234132/http://www.zonadostres.com/lesion-de-jaklin-zlatanova/ Lesión de Jaklin Zlatanova] at zonadostres.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522133858/http://lovewomensbasketball.com/2012/10/06/rivas-ecopolis-lose-jaklin-zlatanova-to-a-torn-achilles/ Rivas Ecopolis lose Jaklin Zlatanova to a torn Achilles] at lovewomenbasketball.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522134758/http://lovewomensbasketball.com/2013/04/08/another-achilles-surgery-for-jaklin-zlatanova-season-definitely-over/ Another Achilles surgery for Jaklin Zlatanova, season definitely over] at lovewomenbasketball.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522132255/http://lovewomensbasketball.com/2013/09/02/dunav-8806-adds-jaklin-zlatanova/ Dunav 8806 adds Jaklin Zlatanova] at lovewomenbasketball.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150522140139/http://lovewomensbasketball.com/2013/12/20/torn-acl-for-dunavs-jaklin-zlatanova/ Torn ACL for Dunav’s Jaklin Zlatanova] at lovewomenbasketball.com * [http://baloncesto.as.com/baloncesto/2012/05/07/mas_baloncesto/1336341610_850215.html El Rivas se refuerza con la búlgara Jaklin Zlatanova] at baloncesto.as.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220730/http://www.encancha.com/articulo/14507 Grave lesión de Zlatanova] at encancha.com * [http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/deportes/mann-filter-renueva-pivot-bulgara-jaklin-zlatanova_695702.html El Mann Filter renueva a la pívot búlgara Jaklin Zlatanova] at elperiodicodearagon.com * [http://www.paperblog.fr/5830368/espagne-jaklin-zlatanova-blessee/ Espagne : Jaklin ZLATANOVA blessée] at paperblog.fr * [http://www.paperblog.fr/6298139/espagne-fin-de-saison-pour-jaklin-zlatanova-rivas/ Espagne : Fin de saison pour Jaklin ZLATANOVA (Rivas)] at http://www.paperblog.fr * [http://www.thewangconnection.com/la-jugadora-del-rivas-ecopolis-jaklin-zlatanova-sera-operada-de-nuevo-de-su-tendon-de-aquiles/ La jugadora del Rivas Ecópolis, Jaklin Zlatanova, será operada de nuevo de su tendón de aquiles] at thewangconnection.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220730/http://www.encancha.com/articulo/14507 Grave lesión de Zlatanova] at encancha.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150525140518/http://lovewomensbasketball.com/2015/04/24/dunav-takes-2-0-lead-in-bulgarian-league-finals/ Dunav takes 2-0 lead in Bulgarian league finals] at https://web.archive.org/web/20150515112247/http://lovewomensbasketball.com/ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085230/http://www.stadiumcasablanca.com/repositorionoticias/8261/?back=1 La búlgara Jaklin Zlatanova firma por MANN-FILTER] at stadiumcasablanca.com * [http://lovewomensbasketball.com/2015/07/11/mann-filter-signs-bulgarian-power-forward-jaklin-zlatanova/ Mann Filter signs Bulgarian power forward Jaklin Zlatanova] at https://web.archive.org/web/20150515112247/http://lovewomensbasketball.com/ * [http://www.feb.es/2017/7/26/baloncesto/jacklin-zlatanova-vuelve-mann-filter/71352.aspx/ at http://www.feb.es] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003525/http://www.zonadostres.com/jaklin-zlatanova-vuelve-a-jugar-en-el-mann-filter/ at http://www.zonadostres.com] * [http://www.acb.com/redaccion.php?id=133561/ at http://www.acb.com] * [http://www.marca.com/baloncesto/basketfeb/2017/10/09/59db5c6fe2704e1e128b464a.html/ at http://www.marca.com] * [http://www.lebplata.es/2017/10/5/baloncesto/jaklin-zlatanova-primera-gran-exhibicion-bulgaro-mana/72377.aspx/ at http://www.lebplata.es] * [http://waba-league.com/beroe-doveo-jaklin-zlatanovu/ Beroe adds Jaklin Zlatanova at power forward] at waba-league.com == Mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta == * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Jaklin-Zlatanova/223444217707044?fref=ts Peeji] onwe onye na facebook.com == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m1xck8s9mle0bftul8rnsqucnptrij1 0 25380 674640 128501 2026-07-09T18:12:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ọkà mmụta '''Hossein Sadri''' bụ onye Iran na Azerbaijan, na onye ọkà mmụta Turkey, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye na-emepụta obodo na onye na-eme ihe iji ịhụ maka ikike ihe ruuru mmadụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na School of Art & Design na Mahadum Coventry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/persons/hossein-sadri|title=Hossein Sadri|accessdate=2023-04-17|archivedate=2022-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206074629/https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/persons/hossein-sadri}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2010 na 2021, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ zuru oke nke ihe owuwu na ime obodo na Mahadum Girne American ebe o nwere ọkwa onye isi nke Faculty of Architecture, Design & Fine Arts n'agbata oge 2012-2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://architecture.gau.edu.tr/en/985/about-the-faculty|title=Message of the Dean|publisher=[[Girne American University]]|work=Faculty of Architecture, Design & Fine Arts|accessdate=September 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064620/http://architecture.gau.edu.tr/en/985/about-the-faculty|archivedate=November 6, 2013}}</ref> O nwekwara ọkwa nkuzi na nyocha na Islamic Azad University of Tabriz na IRAN (2003-2005), National Academy of Sciences na AZERBAIJAN (2006), The American University in Canterbury - UK (2011), na The City University of New York na USA (2018). Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke Architecture, Philosophy, na Environmental Sciences and Policy na Islamic Azad University of Tabriz na IRAN (1997-2005), Gazi University (2006-2010), Hacettepe University (2007), na Yildiz Technical University (2007) na TURKEY, na Central European University na HUNGARY (2007 & 2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.formacivitatis.com/index.php/journal/about/editorialTeamBio/62|title=Editorial Team|work=www.formacivitatis.com|accessdate=2019-06-28}}</ref> Akwụkwọ edemede nzere Ph.D. ya nke akpọrọ Architecture and Human Rights bụ ọmụmụ nke ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/|title=Turkish News - Latest News from Turkey|work=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-28}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere AUMME (Architecture and Urbanism in the Mediterranean and the Middle East), netwọk agụmakwụkwọ na ọkachamara mpaghara na ngalaba nke [[AUMME|ihe]] owuwu na oche nke nzukọ nke abụọ ya na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aumme.org/about-us.html|title=About Us|accessdate=2015-08-26|archivedate=2015-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031020656/http://www.aumme.org/about-us.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aumme.org/caumme---.html|title=Caumme Ii|accessdate=2015-08-26|archivedate=2015-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180148/http://www.aumme.org/caumme---.html}}</ref> Dị ka onye isi oche nke CAUMME-Contemporary Architecture and Urbanism nke abụọ na Mediterranean na Middle-East International Conference, ọ meghere mkparịta ụka banyere njedebe nke oge ọkachamara na ihe owuwu site na iwebata okwu ahụ bụ Post-Professionalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://caumme.gau.edu.tr/en/2192/caumme-ii-scope|title=CAUMME II Scope|accessdate=2013-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109043439/http://caumme.gau.edu.tr/en/2192/caumme-ii-scope|archivedate=2014-01-09}}</ref> O sokwa wee dezie Cities without Capitalism, okwu mbido nke Peter Marcuse dere nke Routledge bipụtara n'afọ 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Cities-Without-Capitalism/Sadri-Zeybekoglu/p/book/9780367370602|title=Cities Without Capitalism}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-alụ ọgụ ịhụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ ọ bụ onye otu Amnesty International. Ọzọ kwa, kemgbe afọ 2006 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nhazi Ankara, onye nhazi mba nke ime ihe Ngwa ngwa na Turkey, onye nhazi nke Counter Terror na ikpe ziri ezi, onye nhazi Istanbul, onye mmekọrịta EU nke Amnesty International Turkey, onye otu International Relations Group na onye nhazi mba maka agụmakwụkwọ ikike ihe ruuru mmadụ na Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ccny1-cuny.academia.edu/HosseinSadri/CurriculumVitae|title=Hossein Sadri {{!}} The City College of New York - Academia.edu|work=ccny1-cuny.academia.edu|accessdate=2019-06-28|archivedate=2019-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219195805/http://ccny1-cuny.academia.edu/HosseinSadri/CurriculumVitae}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * [https://www.routledge.com/Cities-Without-Capitalism/Sadri-Zeybekoglu/p/book/9780367370602 Cities without Capitalism], Collaboratively with [[Senem Zeybekoğlu]], [[Routledge]], 2021 * [https://books.google.com/books?id=Td9YDwAAQBAJ&q=hossein+sadri Neo-Liberalism and the Architecture of the Post Professional Era], [[Springer Publishing|Springer]], 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-319-76266-1}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319762661|title=Neo-liberalism and the Architecture of the Post Professional Era|date=2018|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=9783319762661|editor-last=Sadri|editor-first=Hossein|series=The Urban Book Series|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-76267-8|s2cid=199491187|language=en}}</ref> * [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn3ctwEACAAJ&q=hossein+sadri Architectural and Urban Research, Education, and Practice in the Era of "post-professionalism"], [[Girne American University]], 2014. * [https://books.google.com/books?id=8L5NDwAAQBAJ&q=hossein+sadri Architecture, City and Human Rights], Collaboratively with [[Senem Zeybekoğlu]], Centre for Habitat Studies, 2018, {{ISBN|9781365953910}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8L5NDwAAQBAJ|title=Architecture, City and Human Rights|last1=Sadri|first1=Hossein|last2=Sadri|first2=Senem Zeybeko_lu|date=2018-02-23|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781365953910|language=en}}</ref> * [https://books.google.com/books?id=i-lHDwAAQBAJ&q=hossein+sadri Miniatecture: Transition Town Design], Collaboratively with [[Senem Zeybekoğlu]], Centre for Habitat Studies, 2018, {{ISBN|9781387488995}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-lHDwAAQBAJ|title=Miniatecture: Transition Town Design|last1=Sadri|first1=Hossein|last2=Sadri|first2=Senem Zeybekoglu|date=2018-01-18|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781387488995|language=en}}</ref> * [https://books.google.com/books?id=GvqsngEACAAJ&q=hossein+sadri Mimarlık, Mekan - Kent, Kentsel Dönüşüm ve İnsan Hakları], Collaboratively with Senem Zeybekoğlu Sadri, Antalya Chamber of Architects Publication, 2013, {{ISBN|9786050104448}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvqsngEACAAJ|title=Mimarlık, Mekan - Kent, Kentsel Dönüşüm ve İNSAN HAKLARI|last=Sadri|first=Hossein Sadri, Senem Zeybekoglu|publisher=Hossein Sadri|isbn=9786050104448|language=en}}</ref> * “Kent Hakkından Kentte İnsan Haklarına" (From the Right to the City to Human Rights in the City), chapter in the book entitled “[https://books.google.com/books?id=rvtJngEACAAJ&q=kentsel+donusum+ve+insan+haklari Kentsel Dönüşüm ve İnsan Hakları]”,Istanbul Bilgi University Publications, 2013, {{ISBN|9786053992745}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bilgiyay.com/p/714/kentsel-donusum-ve-insan-haklari |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2023-04-17 |archivedate=2018-11-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125925/http://www.bilgiyay.com/p/714/kentsel-donusum-ve-insan-haklari }}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Urbanization as Taxidermy: 'Man'hattanization of Mannahatta <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ARCH-01-2020-0006/full/html?skipTracking=true|doi = 10.1108/ARCH-01-2020-0006|title = Urbanization as taxidermy: "Man"hattanization of Mannahatta|year = 2021|last1 = Sadri|first1 = Hossein|journal = Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research|volume = 15|issue = 2|pages = 434–446|s2cid = 226336563}}</ref> * Miniature as a way of representation in design studio: a case study,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ARCH-02-2019-0037/full/html|doi = 10.1108/ARCH-02-2019-0037|title = Miniature as a way of representation in design studio: A case study|year = 2019|last1 = Zeybekoglu|first1 = Senem|last2 = Sadri|first2 = Hossein|journal = Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research|volume = 13|issue = 2|pages = 408–424|s2cid = 197455594}}</ref> * De-Urbanization and the Right to the De-Urbanized City,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/anduli/article/view/7258|doi = 10.12795/anduli.2018.i17.10|title = Deurbanization and the right to the deurbanizaed city|year = 2018|last1 = Sadri|first1 = Hossein|last2 = Zeybekoglu|first2 = Senem|journal = Anduli|issue = 17|pages = 205–219|doi-access = free}}</ref> * Urbanization: Planting Forests in Pots <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/64 |title=Urbanization: Planting Forests in Pots &#124; Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs |access-date=2018-03-22 |archive-date=2018-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143106/http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/64 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-04-17 |archivedate=2018-03-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322143106/http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/64 }}</ref> * Urban Cages and Domesticated Humans <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hariry|first=Zhino|date=2017-01-01|title=The Influence of Globalization on Distracting Traditional Aesthetic Values in Old Town of Erbil|url=http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/8|journal=International Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=56–66|doi=10.25034/1761.1(1)56-66|issn=2475-6156|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Profession vs Ethics <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zhang|first=Donia|date=2017-07-01|title=Courtyard Housing in China: Chinese Quest for Harmony|url=http://www.ijcua.com/index.php/ijcua/article/view/15|journal=International Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=38–56|doi=10.25034/ijcua.2017.3647|issn=2475-6156|doi-access=free}}</ref> * "Özgürleştirici Mimarlık Eğitimi" (Liberating Architectural Education),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://elestirelpedagoji.com/?pnum=45&pt=28.%20say%C4%B1 |title=Eleştirel Pedagoji |access-date=2013-09-01 |archive-date=2014-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811153529/http://elestirelpedagoji.com/?pnum=45&pt=28.%20say%C4%B1 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2023-04-17 |archivedate=2014-08-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811153529/http://elestirelpedagoji.com/?pnum=45&pt=28.%20say%C4%B1 }}</ref> Journal of Critical Pedagogy, 2013 * “Etik Bir Sorun Olarak Mimarlar İş-Galindeki Mimarlik" (Architecture Under the Occupation of Architects as an Ethical Problem),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sadri|first=Hossein|title=Etik Bir Sorun Olarak Mimarlar İş-Galindeki Mimarlik (Architecture Under the Occupation of Architects, an Ethical Problem)|url=https://www.academia.edu/3776109|journal=Serbest Mimar Journal of Architecture|date=March 2013|language=en}}</ref> Serbest Mimar Journal, 2013 * “Professional Ethics in Architecture and Responsibilities of Architects towards Humanity”,<ref>http://www.isahlakidergisi.com/pdf/en/af74c6fb6f6415b0e39e7d5c0c13d3b6driEN.pdf{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 2012 * “Mimarlık ve İnsan Hakları” (Architecture and Human Rights),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=379&RecID=2952|title=..{{!}} Mimarlık Dergisi {{!}}..|website=www.mimarlikdergisi.com|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref> Mimarlik Journal of Architecture, 2012 * “Şark Şehrinin Uyanışı: Nakş-I Cihan Meydanının İnşası ve Şehircilikte İfahan Okulu” (Revival of an Eastern City: Construction of Naqsh-e Jahan Square and Isfahan School of Urbanism),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=374&RecID=2717|title=..{{!}} Mimarlık Dergisi {{!}}..|website=www.mimarlikdergisi.com|access-date=2019-07-17}}</ref> Mimarlik Journal of Architecture,2011 * “Mekan ve İnsan Hakları” (Space and Human Rights),<ref>http://www.mimarlarodasiankara.org/dosya/dosya25.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> 2011 * “Kadınların Kent Hakkı” (Women's Right to the City),<ref>http://www.mimarlarodasiankara.org/dosya/bulten-87.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> 2011 == Onyinye == * - Ihe nrite mbụ na akwụkwọ ozi nsọpụrụ na ọmụmụ na nnyocha, Ministry of Education (Iran), 1994 * - Ihe nrite mbụ na akwụkwọ ozi ekele na ọmụmụ na nnyocha, Ministry of Education (Iran), 1996 * - Ihe nrite mbụ na akwụkwọ ozi ennele na ọmụmụ na nyocha, Ministry of Education (Iran), 1997 * - Ph.D. Fellowship, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey - TUBITAAK, 2006-2010 * - Ohere maka ọmụmụ, Dignity International, 2007 * - Summer School Fellowship, Mahadum Central European, 2007 * - Onyinye Nzukọ, European Science Foundation, 2008 * - Summer School Fellowship, UNDP Regional Office na Central European University, 2008<ref>http://architecture.gau.edu.tr/Userfiles/files/YOk%20CV%20Eng%202013%20March%20Hossein%20Sadri.pdf{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1979]] sfs2ugjmugi5dnsb8gdwfb0aduhg9cj 0 25734 674821 138288 2026-07-10T05:02:24Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 674821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Cain Carter''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1966 na San Antonio, [[Texas]]) bụ onye na-azụ ehi na onye na-echekwa ihe nke malitere otu nchekwa ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke Brazil, Aliança da Terra . Carter si [[Texas]] kwaga Brazil na 1996, ebe ya na nwunye ya na-elekọta ụlọ ehi dị hekta 8200 n'etiti Osimiri Xingu na Amazon na steeti Brazil nke Mato Grosso.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|author=The Economist|title=The Amazon's Texan Saviour|publisher=[[The Economist]]|date=2005-05-26|url=http://www.environnement-propriete.org/english/documentation/doc/The_Amazon_s_Texan_saviour.pdf|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ ngwa ngwa nke na-eme n'oké ọhịa Amazon, Carter malitere Aliança da Terra inye ihe mkpali akụ na ụba maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ anụ iji chekwaa ala ọhịa.ahụ. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4eqef6qdtqwhbl0jsp5ypwlu4vrh3no 0 25896 674920 186884 2026-07-10T08:27:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jimi Solanke''' {{Audio|Yo-Jimi Solanke.ogg|Audio}} Listen (amụrụ na Julaị 1942 - 5 Febụwarị 2024) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme egwuregwu, onye na'agụ egwú, onye na - na-ede abụ na onye na-ede egwuregwu.{{Audio|Yo-Jimi Solanke.ogg|Listen}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/04/night-of-poets-at-the-lagos-black-heritage-festival/|title=Night of Poets at the Lagos Black Heritage Festival|date=8 April 2012|accessdate=19 January 2015|first=Japhet|author=Alakam|work=vanguardngr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/arts-dome/tales-by-bedside-lamps/|title=Tales by bedside lamps|date=16 November 2014|accessdate=19 January 2015|work=punchng.com|first=Gbenga|author=Abeniji|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114054303/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/arts-dome/tales-by-bedside-lamps/|archivedate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/cultural-rebirth-at-lagos-black-heritage-festival/176587/|title=Cultural Rebirth At Lagos Black Heritage Festival|work=thisdaylive.com|date=20 April 2014|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204021219/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/cultural-rebirth-at-lagos-black-heritage-festival/176587|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Solanke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ibadan, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo nzere diplọma na ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/jimi-solanke-foremost-story-teller/|title=Jimi Solanke: Foremost story teller|first=Oladele|author=Dada|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=26 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218174503/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/jimi-solanke-foremost-story-teller/|archivedate=18 December 2014}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Solanke kwagara na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], ebe o mepụtara otu ihe nkiri a na-akpọ "The Africa Review", na-elekwasị anya na ọdịbendị Afrịka. Ndị otu a na-eyikarị uwe Africa, ọkachasị uwe [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]]. Ha rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii Afrika.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Meyer-Dinkgräfe|first=Daniel|date=20 May 2003|title=Who's Who in Contemporary World Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJSFAgAAQBAJ&q=Jimi+Solanke+story&pg=PA284|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134767862|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Solanke guzobere onwe ya na [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], ebe ọrụ ịkọ akụkọ ya malitere. CNN kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ" .<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/05/world/africa/jimi-solanke-storyteller-nigeria/|title=Master storyteller brings folk tales to life|work=CNN|accessdate=19 January 2015|first=Teo|author=Kermeliotis|date=6 January 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1986, ya na ndị otu Ndị Nyocha Afrịka atọ laghachiri [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] iji soro ndị Nigerian Television Authority rụọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/07/jimi-solanke-hats-off-for-a-veteran-at-70/|title=Jimi Solanke: Hats off for a veteran at 70|accessdate=19 January 2015|work=dailyindependentnig.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524010112/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/07/jimi-solanke-hats-off-for-a-veteran-at-70/|archivedate=24 May 2015}}</ref> Aha ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Ola Balogun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/life-times/we-shared-intelligence-wine-with-wole-soyinka-jimi-solanke/|first=Adeola|author=Balogun|title=We shared intelligence and wine with Wole Soyinka|accessdate=19 January 2015|work=www.punchng.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120014252/http://www.punchng.com/feature/life-times/we-shared-intelligence-wine-with-wole-soyinka-jimi-solanke/|archivedate=20 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu mere ''ihe'' nkiri nke" Kongi's Harvest" nke onye Nobel Laureate bụ Wole Soyinka.<ref>{{Cite web|author=NgFinders|date=2019-10-29|title=Jimi Solanke: Biography, Age, Career, Family And Movies|url=https://ngfinders.com/jimi-solanke-biography-age-career-family-and-movies/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=Ngfinders.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324025639/https://ngfinders.com/jimi-solanke-biography-age-career-family-and-movies/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ihe Owuwe Ihe ubi nke Kongi (ihe nkiri)'' * Sango (ihe nkiri) (1997) * Akụkụ onyinyo (2020) == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ocd6ccfkbhtljdf8cgv4czy505akbs7 0 26145 674979 192270 2026-07-10T09:21:39Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na ịdị ọcha (HRWS) bụ ụkpụrụ na-ekwupụta na mmiri ọñụñụ dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha bụ ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi mkpa ha dị ukwuu n'ịkwado ndụ onye ọ bụla. Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nabatara ya dị ka ikike mmadụ na 28 Julaị 2010. A nabatara HRWS na iwu mba ụwa site na nkwekọrịta ikike mmadụ, nkwupụta na ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-akọwa nkọwa etinyewo arụmụka maka ịdị adị nke ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mmiri na mgbakwasị ụkwụ na-adabere na mkpebi nke 2010 General Assembly, dị ka Nkeji edemede 11.1 nke International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); N'etiti ndị nkọwa ahụ, ndị nabatara ịdị adị nke mba ụwa ius cogens ma na-atụle ya na ọ gụnyere ihe ndị e nyere n'ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ kwadoro na ikike dị otú ahụ bụ ụkpụrụ na-ejikọta ụwa dum nke iwu mba ụwa. Nkwekọrịta ndị ọzọ na-amata nke ọma HRWS gụnyere Mgbakọ 1979 maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW) na 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Nkọwa doro anya nke ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri bụ nke Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na-ahụ maka Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in General Comment 15 depụtara na 2002. Ọ bụ nkọwa na-adịghị agwụ agwụ na ịnweta mmiri bụ ọnọdụ maka obi ụtọ nke mmiri. ikike inwe usoro obibi ndụ zuru oke, nke na-enweghị ike ịpụpụ na ikike nke oke ahụike kachasị elu, ya mere ikike mmadụ. O kwuru, sị: "Ikike mmadụ inwe mmiri na-enye onye ọ bụla ikike ịnweta mmiri zuru oke, nchekwa, nke a na-anakwere, nke a na-enweta n'anụ ahụ na nke dị ọnụ ala maka ojiji onwe ya na nke ụlọ." Mkpebi mbụ banyere HRWS bụ nke UN General Assembly na UN Human Rights Council mere na 2010. Ha kwuru na enwere ikike ịdị ọcha nke mmadụ jikọtara ya na ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri, ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ọcha na-ebelata ogo mmiri. n'okpuru ala, ya mere mkparịta ụka ndị sochirinụ gara n'ihu na-emesi ikike abụọ ahụ ike ọnụ. N'ọnwa Julaị 2010, Mkpebi Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UN) 64/292 kwadoro ikike mmadụ ịnata ọrụ mmiri na idebe ihe dị mma, dị ọnụ ala na dị ọcha. N'oge Nzukọ Ezumezu ahụ, o kwuru na maka ịghọta ihe ụtọ na ndụ na ikike mmadụ niile, a nakweere mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha yana ịdị ọcha dị ka ikike mmadụ. Mkpebi Mgbakọ General 64/292 maka ikike mmadụ nweere onwe ya ịnweta mmiri ọñụñụ dị ọcha yana ịdị ọcha na-ewelite okwu gbasara ikike gọọmentị ịchịkwa na ibu ọrụ maka ichekwa mmiri na ịdị ọcha ahụ. Mmemme mmepe nke United Nations ekwuola na nnabata sara mbara maka mkpa ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha na ọrụ idebe mmiri kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi ga-akwalite mgbasawanye nke mmezu nke ndụ ahụike na afọ ojuju. Mkpebi UN edegharịrị na 2015 mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ikike abụọ ahụ dị iche ma ha nhata. Ndị HRWS na-amanye gọọmentị ka ha hụ na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ mmiri na ịdị ọcha dị mma, dị, nke a na-anakwere, yana ọnụ ala. Ịkwado mmiri na-atụle ókè ego mmiri na-eri na-aghọ ihe mgbochi nke na ọ chọrọ ka onye ahụ chụọ àjà ịnweta ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. N'ozuzu, iwu isi mkpịsị aka maka ike ị nweta mmiri bụ na ọ gaghị agafe pasent 3-5 nke ego ezinụlọ. Ịnweta mmiri na-atụle oge a na-ewe, ịdị mma na iru ebe ahụ na ihe ize ndụ dị na ya mgbe ị na-erute isi iyi mmiri. Mmiri ga-enwerịrị nwa amaala ọ bụla, nke pụtara na mmiri ekwesịghị ịgafe 1,000 mita ma ọ bụ 3,280 ụkwụ ma ga-adị n'ime nkeji iri atọ. Ịnweta mmiri na-atụle ma ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mmiri a na-enweta ọ̀ dị n'ụzọ zuru ezu, nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na nke ga-adigide. Ogo nke mmiri na-atụle ma mmiri ọ dị mma maka oriri, gụnyere maka ịṅụ mmanya ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ. Maka nnabata mmiri, ọ gaghị enwe isi ma ghara ịgụnye agba ọ bụla. ICESCR chọrọ mba ndị debanyere aha ka ha jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ nweta ma kwanyere ikike mmadụ niile, gụnyere nke mmiri na ịdị ọcha. Ha kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa na nke ọma iji bulie ohere ma melite ọrụ. == Ọnọdụ mba ụwa == Otu WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation kọrọ na nde mmadụ 663 enweghị ike inweta mmiri ọñụñụ ka mma yana ihe karịrị ijeri mmadụ 2.4 enweghị ohere ịnweta ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha na 2015. Ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha bụ nnukwu nsogbu. maka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa. Ebe ndị a na-anakwere gụnyere "njikọ ezinụlọ, ọkpọkọ ọha, olulu mmiri, olulu mmiri echedoro, isi iyi echedoro na nchịkọta mmiri ozuzo." Ọ bụ ezie na pasent 9 nke ndị bi n'ụwa nile enweghị mmiri, e nwere "ógbè ndị na-egbu oge karịsịa, dị ka Sub-Saharan Africa". UN kwusiri ike na "ihe dị ka nde ụmụaka 1.5 na-erubeghị afọ ise na-anwụ kwa afọ yana ụbọchị akwụkwọ nde 443 na-efunahụ n'ihi ọrịa mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha." == Ntọala iwu na nkwenye == Ọgbụgba ndụ mba ụwa na ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala (ICESCR) nke 1966 kwadoro ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala dị n'ime Nkwupụta Ụwa Nile Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (UDHR) nke 1948. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akwụkwọ mbụ ndị a kwadoro nke ọma ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na mmiri. ịdị ọcha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ mgbakọ mba ụwa ka e mesịrị, nwere usoro ndị kwadoro ikike nke mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha. * Nkwekọrịta 1979 maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị (CEDAW) nwere Nkeji edemede 14.2 nke na-ekwu na "otu dị iche iche ga-eme ihe niile kwesịrị ekwesị iji wepụ ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ime obodo iji hụ na, na ndabere nke nha anya nwoke na nwanyị. na ha na-ekere òkè na irite uru na mmepe ime obodo na, karịsịa ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ikike:… (h) Inweta ọnọdụ obibi zuru oke, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ụlọ, idebe ihe ọcha, ọkụ eletrik na mmiri, ụgbọ njem na nzikọrịta ozi." * Nkwekọrịta nke 1989 maka ikike ụmụaka (CRC) nwere Nkeji edemede 24 nke na-enye na "ndị otu na-amata ikike nwatakịrị nwere ịnụ ụtọ nke ụkpụrụ ahụike kachasị elu na ụlọ ọrụ maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa na nhazigharị ahụike ... 2 Ndị otu steeti ga-agbaso n'ụzọ zuru oke nke ikike a na, ọkachasị, ga-eme usoro kwesịrị ekwesị... (c) Iji luso ọrịa ọgụ na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, gụnyere n'ime usoro nlekọta ahụike mbụ, site na, n'etiti ndị ọzọ… inye ezigbo nri na-edozi ahụ. nri na mmiri ọñụñụ dị ọcha..." * Nkwekọrịta 2006 maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ (CRPD) nwere Nkeji edemede 28 (2) (a) nke chọrọ ka "ndị otu na-amata ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ na nchedo ọha na eze na ịnụ ụtọ ikike ahụ n'enweghị ịkpa ókè na ndabere nke nkwarụ, ma ga-eme usoro kwesịrị ekwesị iji chekwaa na ịkwalite mmezu nke ikike a, gụnyere usoro iji hụ na ndị nwere nkwarụ na-enweta ohere nha anya maka ọrụ mmiri dị ọcha, na iji hụ na ịnweta ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị na ọnụ ahịa, ngwaọrụ na enyemaka ndị ọzọ maka nkwarụ. chọr "The International Bill of Human Rights"- nke nwere 1966: Ọgbụgba ndụ Mba Nile Maka ikike obodo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (ICCPR); 1966: Isiokwu 11 na 12 nke 1966 International Covenant of Economic, Social, and Cultural Right (ICES); na 1948: Nkeji edemede 25 nke Nkwupụta Ụwa Nile Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (UDHR) depụtara mgbanwe nke ikike mmadụ inwe mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha na ikike ndị ọzọ metụtara mmiri ka a nabata ya na iwu zuru ụwa ọnu. Ndị ọkà mmụta kpọbakwara nlebara anya na mkpa ọ dị n'ikike UN nwere ike mata ikike mmadụ maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Mgbalị abụọ mbụ iji kọwaa ikike mmadụ nwere n'ịnyịnya sitere n'aka prọfesọ iwu Stephen McCaffrey nke Mahadum Pacific na 1992 na Dr. Peter Gleick na 1999. McCaffrey kwuru na "Enwere ike ịnye ikike dị otú ahụ dị ka akụkụ na akụkụ nke ikike. nri ma ọ bụ ihe oriri, ikike ahụike, ma ọ bụ nke kachasị, ikike ndụ. Gleick gbakwụnyere: "na ịnweta mmiri bụ isi nke chọrọ bụ ikike mmadụ bụ isi n'ụzọ doro anya na nke iwu mba ụwa, nkwupụta, na omume obodo kwadoro." Kọmitii UN maka Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) nke na-ahụ maka nnabata ICESCR bịara na nkwubi okwu yiri nke ahụ dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta a nwere nkọwa zuru ezu nke 15 na 2002. Ọ chọpụtara na ikike ị nweta mmiri bụ akụkụ doro anya nke ikike nke ibi ndụ zuru oke na nke zuru oke. metụtara ikike maka ọkwa ahụike kachasị elu na ikike nke ụlọ zuru oke na nri zuru oke. Ọ na-akọwa na "Ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na-enye onye ọ bụla ikike ịnweta mmiri zuru oke, nchekwa, nke a na-anabata, nke a na-enweta n'anụ ahụ na nke dị ọnụ ala maka iji onwe ya na nke ụlọ. Ọnụ ego zuru oke nke mmiri dị mma dị mkpa iji gbochie ọnwụ site na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmiri. ọrịa metụtara yana inye maka oriri, nri, ihe ndị chọrọ ịdị ọcha nke onwe na nke ụlọ." Ọtụtụ mba kwetara ma kwenye n'ụzọ doro anya ikike ị nweta mmiri ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke ọrụ nkwekọrịta ha n'okpuru ICESCR (dịka, [[Jémanị|Germany]]; [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]; [[Netherlands]]) mgbe e bipụtachara nkọwa zuru ezu 15. E mere nzọụkwụ ọzọ na 2005 site na mbụ UN Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights nke nyere ụkpụrụ iji nyere gọọmentị aka iru na ịkwanyere ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na ịdị ọcha. Ntuziaka ndị a mere ka UN Human Rights Council kenye Catarina de Albuquerque dị ka onye ọkachamara nọọrọ onwe ya na okwu gbasara ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ metụtara ịnweta mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha na 2008. O dere nkọwa zuru ezu na 2009 nke gosipụtara ọrụ ruru mmadụ na ịdị ọcha. , na CESCR zara ya site n'ikwu na steeti niile kwesịrị ịma ịdị ọcha. N'ịgbaso mkparịta ụka siri ike, mba 122 kwadoro "ikike mmadụ nke mmiri na ịdị ọcha" na Mkpebi Nzuko 64/292 na 28 Julaị 2010. Ọ kwadoro ikike nke mmadụ ọ bụla ịnweta mmiri zuru oke maka ihe eji eme ihe na nke ụlọ (n'etiti n'etiti onwe ya). 50 na 100 lita mmiri kwa ụbọchị), nke ga-adị mma, nke a na-anabata ma dị ọnụ ala (ụgwọ mmiri ekwesịghị gafere 3% nke ego ezinụlọ), na ịnweta anụ ahụ (isi iyi mmiri kwesịrị ịdị n'ime 1,000 mita nke ụlọ na Oge nchịkọta ekwesịghị ịfe nkeji 30). ikike ị nweta mmiri na ịdị ọcha bụ akụkụ nke ikike inwe oke obibi ndụ zuru oke. Iwu nke Catarina de Albuquerque dị ka "Ọkachamara nọọrọ onwe ya n'okwu gbasara ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ metụtara ịnweta mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha" gbatịpụrụ wee degharịa aha ya dị ka "Onye Nkwukọrịta Pụrụ Iche maka ikike mmadụ inwe mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na ịdị ọcha" mgbe mkpebi ndị dị na ya gasịrị. 2010. Site na akụkọ ya nye Human Rights Council na UN General Assembly, ọ gara n'ihu na-akọwapụta oke na ọdịnaya nke ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na ịdị ọcha. Dị ka onye nta akụkọ pụrụ iche, o kwuru okwu ndị dị ka: Ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ metụtara inye ndị na-abụghị steeti ọrụ inye mmiri na ịdị ọcha (2010); Ego maka mmezu nke ikike maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha (2011); Ijikwa mmiri mkpofu na mmezu nke ikike nke mmiri na ịdị ọcha (2013); na nkwado na enweghị mgbagha na mmezu nke ikike nke mmiri na ịdị ọcha (2013). A họpụtara Léo Heller n'afọ 2014 ka ọ bụrụ onye nkwupụta pụrụiche nke abụọ maka ikike mmadụ maka ezigbo mmiri ọñụñụ na idebe ihe ọcha. Mkpebi ndị sochirinụ gbatịpụrụ ikike nke onye nta akụkọ pụrụ iche ma kọwaa ọrụ steeti ọ bụla na nkwanye ugwu nke ikike ndị a. Mkpebi Mgbakọ kachasị ọhụrụ 7/169 nke 2015 ka a na-akpọ nkwupụta nke "The Human Rights to Safe Drink Water and Sanitation. Ọ ghọtara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ikike mmiri na ikike ịdị ọcha. Emere mkpebi a n'ihi nchegbu. gbasara ikike idebe ọcha na-eleghara anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ikike mmiri. [[Òtù:Mmírí]] 9c3qea1u571tcpu24sp1v36os5uvpkx 0 26295 674698 588800 2026-07-09T21:12:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam|name=Steenbras Dam|image=2011-02-08 16-56-38 South Africa - Strand.jpg|image_caption=Steenbras Dam, seen wedged between the [[Hottentots-Holland]] and [[Kogelberg]] ranges (top), with [[False Bay]] below and right|name_official=Steenbras Lower Dam|dam_crosses=[[Steenbras River]]|res_name=Steenbras Dam|country=[[South Africa]]|location=[[Western Cape]], [[Gordon's Bay]]|owner=[[City of Cape Town]]|dam_length={{convert|412|m|abbr=on}}|dam_height={{convert|28|m|abbr=on}}|dam_type=AG|purpose=W|dam_width_base=|construction_began=|opening=1921 (renovated 1989)|cost=|res_capacity_total={{convert|36133|Ml|abbr=on}}|res_catchment={{convert|66.7|km2|abbr=on}}|res_surface={{convert|380|ha|abbr=on}}|coordinates={{coord|34|11|12.61|S|18|51|9.11|E|region:ZA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}|location_map=South Africa}} Dam nke Steen bras ("STEE-un bruss"), nke a na-akpọ ugbu a '''Steenbras Lower Dam''', bụ ụdị mmiri dị n'ugwu a na-akpọ Hottentots-Holland, n'elu Gordons Bay, nso Cape Town na Ndịda Afrịka Ọ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri isii mejupụtara nke a na akpọrọ Western Cape Water Supply System, na bekee. Ọ bụ obodo Cape Town nwe ya ma na-arụ ọrụ iji nye obodo ahụ mmiri. Mgbidi mmiri ahụ dị mita iri abụọ na asatọ (92 ft) n'ịdị elu na mita narị anọ na iri na abụọ (1,352 ) ogologo; ọ na-ejide ọdọ mmiri nke ọnụ Ọgụgụ ndịa; 36,133 megalitres (1,276.0×10^6 ) n"elu mpaghara nke hekta narị atọ na iri asatọ (narị itoolu na iri anọ acres) mgbe ọ jupụtara.<ref name="DSO">{{Cite web|title=List of Registered Dams|date=November 2019|publisher=Dam Safety Office, Department of Water and Sanitation|url=https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls|accessdate=12 August 2021|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624181009/https://www.dws.gov.za/DSO/Documents/Copy%20of%20List%20of%20Registered%20Dams%20November%202019.xls}}</ref> N'afọ 1916, a họpụtara ndị akpọrọ na bekee Board of Engineers, ka ha kọọ akụkọ banyere atụmatụ mmụba mmiri maka obodo Cape Town. Atụmatụ ha bụ atụmatụ Steenbras nke ga-agụnye ihe na-adọkpụ na oghere na Osimiri Steenbras. A ga-ejikọta mmiri a na ọdọ mmiri Molteno site na ọwa mmiri dị n'ugwu Hottentots Holland na paịpụ ígwè dị kilomita iri isii na anọ n'ogologo. Ọrụ malitere na atụmatụ ahụ na afọ 1918 ma wuchaa ya afọ atọ ka e mesịrị. Atụmatụ Steenbras nwere ike inye Cape Town ihe ruru nde lita mmiri iri anọ na abụọ kwa ụbọchị ọ bụ ezie na nkezi oriri dị na mpaghara nke nde lita iri abụọ na itoolu kwa ụbọchị. Otú ọ dị, oriri ahụ toro ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụghị ogologo oge tupu Cape Town enwee nsogbu mmiri ọzọ. Iji dozie mkpa maka mmiri ndị ọzọ, e welitere mgbidi Steenbras ma tinye paịpụ ọzọ n'ime obodo ahụ. A rụchara ọrụ a na afọ 1928. Maka ọtụtụ ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ọ bụ isi ọdọ mmiri maka Cape Town mana ugbu a ọ bụ naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmiri na-enye obodo ahụ. Enwere ike ime ihe ize ndụ nke Steenbras dị elu (3). [nkọwa dị mkpa]<ref name="DSO"/> [[Usòrò:Steenbras_Dam_catchment_map.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map nke Steenbras Dams na ebe ha na-ejupụta]] Dam ahụ dị na [[Steenbras River|Osimiri Steenbras]], nke, dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri dị na Western Cape, nwere obere ihe dị ala ma na-enye mmiri dị elu. A na-akpọ osimiri na mmiri ahụ aha steenbras, azụ dị na Ndịda Afrịka .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/electronic_journals/waterb/waterb_v12_n2_a13.pdf|title=Steenbras Dam – Faithful supplier of water & power}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/civil_engineering/Ninham_Shand_inherits_Stewart's_mantle.pdf|title=Ninham Shand inherits Stewart’s mantle}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Pipe Line Bridge across the Lorensford River.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Pipeline si Steenbras na-agafe Osimiri Lourensford na Somerset West]] N'afọ 1977, e wuru Steenbras Upper Dam kpọmkwem n'elu mmiri. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka atụmatụ ọkụ eletrik Steenbras nke na-echekwa mmiri nke na-akwado ọkụ eletrik nke Cape Town n'oge kachasị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dams|url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx|work=www.capetown.gov.za|accessdate=2015-09-27|archivedate=2015-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928214954/https://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Water/Pages/Dams.aspx}}</ref> Obodo Cape Town na-enyocha ike na ibuli mgbidi iji mụbaa ikike Steenbras Dam. [citation needed] == Ndemsibia ==  {{Reflist}}{{Western Cape Water Supply System}} 7cqyw5cv7vprhyoe927fgk8j8bacqde 0 26526 674845 128641 2026-07-10T06:18:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Japanese Women Don't Get Old Or Fat bụ akwụkwọ nke Naomi Moriyama na di ya bụ William Doyle dere. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa etu ọrịa oke ibu dị ugbu a si a gbasa n"ụwa niile, wee gosipụta eziokwu banyere oke oke buru ibu nke Japan, na otu ndị Japan si nwee oke oké ibu kachasị ala na mba ndị mepere emepe, ogologo ndụ nke mba ọ bụla nʼụwa, ya na oke ọrịa obi dị ala.<ref name="secret of eternal youth">{{Cite news|author=Whitworth|first=Melissa|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/3326968/The-secret-of-eternal-youth.html|title=The secret of eternal youth|publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=2005-12-02}}</ref><ref name="secret of eternal youth" /> Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akụzikwa ụdịri nri ụlọ ndị Japan, ma na'enye ozi gbasara ihe ndị dị mkpa a na-ahụ na ụlọ ndị Japan, ya na usoro nri ha. Naomi Moriyama kwukwara etu ụmụ nwanyị Japan si nwee n'ozuzu, echiche ahụ ike banyere nri. == Ihe ndekọ mbipụta == {{Cite book|title=Japanese Women Don't Get Old Or Fat|author=Moriyama|first=Naomi|year=2005|publisher=[[Delacorte Press]]|isbn=0-385-33997-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/japanesewomendon00naom/page/288 288]|url=https://archive.org/details/japanesewomendon00naom/page/288|accessdate=2010-04-22}} == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025340/http://www.japanesewomendontgetoldorfat.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Naomi Moriyama] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927023149/http://www.aarpmagazine.org/books/japanese_women.html Nnyocha akwụkwọ na AARP Magazine] * [https://archive.today/20130201220431/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2005/December/14/style/stories/02style.htm Nnyocha akwụkwọ na Santa Cruz Sentinel] [[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]] 085ffrggllehtfl0syfsvgv9niq238v 0 26721 674987 406815 2026-07-10T09:30:09Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi''' nke a na-akpọ '''Traditional ecological knowledge''' ('''TEK''') na-akọwa ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ nke ihe onwunwe mpaghara. Dị ka ngalaba ọmụmụ na Northern American anthropology, TEK na-ezo aka na "ihe ọmụma, nkwenye, na omume, nke na'agbakọta site na nchịkọta nke T EK ma nyefee site n'ọgbọ site mu abụ ọdịnala, akụkọ na nkwenkwe. Ọ na-emetụta mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ (gụnyere mmadụ) na ndị otu ọdịnala ha na gburugburu ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berkes|first=F.|date=1993|title=Weaving Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Biological Education: A Call to Action|journal=BioScience|volume=52|issue=5|pages=432}}</ref> Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala abụghị echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti ọha mmadụ dị iche iche, mana a na-ezo aka na usoro omenala ma ọ bụ omume nke na'ụzọ dị ukwuu na "ebe".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Madden|first=Brooke|date=June 2, 2015|title=Pedagogical pathways for Indigenous education with/in teacher education|journal=Teacher and Teacher Education|volume=51|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2015.05.005}}</ref> A na-eji ihe ọmụma dị otú ahụ eme ihe na njikwa ihe okike dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka data gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọnọdụ ebe e nwere obere data sayensị edere, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ijikọta usoro sayensi nke Western nke njirimara gburugburu.<ref>Freeman, M.M.R. 1992. The nature and utility of traditional ecological knowledge. ''Northern Perspectives'', 20(1):9-12</ref> Ntinye nke TEK n'ọhịa nke njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na sayensị ka na-ese okwu, dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ma na'anakọta ihe ọmụma ọ bụ ezie na ọ na - mgbe mgbe na a na, ụdị nyocha na nnwale, na ndị a ga-eji mepụta ma kwado ihe omuma sayensi nke gburugburu ụlọ site n"ụzọ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>McGregor, D. (2004). Coming full circle: indigenous knowledge, environment, and our future. ''American Indian Quarterly'', 28(3 & 4), 385-410</ref><ref>Becker, C. D., Ghimire, K. (2003). Synergy between traditional ecological knowledge and conservation science supports forest preservation in Ecuador. ''Conservation Ecology'', 8(1): 1</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-abụghị agbụrụ, dị ka US EPA, eguzobewo mmemme njikọta na ụfọdụ gọọmenti agbụọ iji tinye TEK na atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nsuso mgbanwe ihu igwe. E nwere arụmụka ma ndị obodo ahụ nwere ikike ọgụgụ isi n'elu ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na ma iji ihe ọmụmụ a chọrọ ikike na ikikere tupu oge eruo.<ref>Simeone, T. (2004). Indigenous traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights. Library of Parliament: PRB 03-38E. Parliamentary Research Branch Political and Social Affairs Division.</ref> Nke a dị mgbagwoju anya karịsịa n'ihi na a na-echekwa TEK ugboro ugboro dị ka ọdịnala a ma n"ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ghara inwe akwụkwọ doro anya. N'ihi nke a, otu ụzọ ndị nwere ike idozi nsogbu nke akwụkwọ iji mezuo ihe ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ chọrọ nwere ikike imebi ọdịdị nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. A na-eji ihe ọmụma ọdịnala eme ihe iji chekwaa ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection.htm |title=AAAS - Science and Human Rights Program. 2008. 10 February 2009 |accessdate=27 May 2023 |archivedate=9 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209125203/http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection.htm }}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na TEK n'onwe ya, na obodo ndị ejikọtara na ọdịnala ọnụ, nwere ike ịbụ ihe egwu n"ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, T EK na-egosi na ọ dị oke mkpa maka ịghọta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ndị ahụ nʼime usoro okike.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/tk/wg8j-05/information/wg8j-05-inf-18-en.doc|title=Highly vulnerable Indigenous and local communities, inter alia, of the Arctic, small island states and high altitudes, concerning the impacts of climate change and accelerated threats, such as pollution, drought and desertification, to traditional knowledge and practices with a focus of causes and solution|author=Henriksen|first=John|publisher=UNEP/Convention on Biological Diversity|year=2007|location=Montreal|pages=30}}</ref> TEK nwekwara ike izo aka na '''ihe ọmụma''' gburugburu ebe obibi ọdịnala nke na-emesi ihe dị iche iche na mmekọrịta nke gburugburu.<ref name="What is Traditional Knowledge">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_knowledge.html|title=What is Traditional Knowledge|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2021-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129022035/http://www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_knowledge.html}}</ref> == Ọganihu nke mmụta ahụ == A na-eme nnyocha mbụ nke TEK na anthropology. A na-amụ ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi site na oghere nke ethnoecology, "ụzọ na'elekwasị anya n'echiche nke mmekọrịta gburugburu ụlọ nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị nwere," n"ịghọta etu usoro ihe omuma si mepụta site n-enye ọdịnala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective|author=Berkes|first=Fikret|date=1993|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2018-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123164810/http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf}}</ref> Harold Colyer Conklin, onye American anthropologist onye butere ụzọ n'ịmụ ihe gbasara ethnoscience, buturu ụzọ na-edekọ ụzọ ụmụ amaala si aghọta ụwa okike. Conklin na ndị ọzọ dere otú ndị ọdịnala, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ubi na Philippines, si gosipụta ihe ọmụma dị ịrịba ama na nke zuru oke banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe ha bi. Ntinye aka n'ịnchịkọta, imepụta ngwaahịa site na, na iji osisi na anụmanụ dị n"ógbè ahụ mepụtara atụmatụ nke ụwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụwa ọdịbendị jikọtara ọnụ. N'ịkwado ọmụmụ nke usoro mgbanwe, nke na-ekwu na nzukọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'onwe ya bụ nzaghachi mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi site n"otu ìgwè na gburugburu ya, mmekọrịta ụmụ mmadụ-okike na usoro bara uru nke mmekọrịta na ọdịbendị ndị a dabere na ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/canadaresearchchair/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religion%20And%20Nature%20Traditional%20Ecological%20Knowledge.pdf|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge|author=Berkes|first=Fikret|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2020-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809113026/https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/canadaresearchchair/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religion%20And%20Nature%20Traditional%20Ecological%20Knowledge.pdf}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, akwụkwọ na'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ihe ọmụma ọdịnala gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dere ma ihe gbasara ebe nchekwa nke ndị obodo dị iche iche nwere na mmekọrịta gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ha.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Mmụba nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge a dugara na nkwenye mba ụwa maka ngwa ngwa ya na omume njikwa akụ na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Akụkọ 1987 nke World Commission on Environment and Development gosipụtara nkwekọrịta n'oge ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na ihe ịga nke ọma nke narị afọ nke 20 (ebelata ọnwụ ụmụaka, mmụba nke atụmanya ndụ, ịrị elu nke ịgụ na ide, na mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ) emeela ka ọnọdụ ndị kpatara mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi "n'ime ụwa na'etiti ihe onwunwe na na - na. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf|title=Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future|date=March 20, 1987}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, olileanya dị maka ụdị ndụ ọdịnala. Akụkọ ahụ kwupụtara na agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala nwere ụdị ndụ nke nwere ike inye ọha mmadụ nke oge a nkuzi na njikwa ihe onwunwe n'oké ọhịa, ugwu, na usoro okike dị mgbagwoju anya. === Ihe dị iche na sayensị === [[Usòrò:2005_Comparing_Traditional_Ecological_Knowledge_(TEK)_to_Western_Science_-_Fish_&_Wildlife_Service_chart_circa_2014.svg|thumb| Ntụnyere TEK na Western Science<ref name="FWS_BasicTEKinfo">{{Cite web|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge - Basic FWS Information / Comparing Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Western Science|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/traditional-knowledge.html|work=FWS.gov|publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330221507/https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/traditional-knowledge.html|archivedate=30 March 2014|date=2014}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150510173256/http://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-comparisons.pdf direct link to chart]) ● FWS credits {{Cite journal|author=Barnhardt|first=Ray|title=Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Alaska Native Ways of Knowing|journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly|date=March 2005|volume=36|issue=1|doi=10.1525/aeq.2005.36.1.008|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-barnhardt-kawagley.pdf|issn=0161-7761}}</ref> ]] Fulvio Mazzocchi nke Italian National Research Council's Institute of Atmospheric Pollution na-emegide ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na ihe ọmụmụ sayensị dị ka ndị a: <blockquote>Ọmụma ọdịnala ewepụtala echiche nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-emesi njirimara symbiotic nke mmadụ na okike ike. Ọ na-enye ụzọ maka mmepe mpaghara nke dabere na mmekorita ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana kwanyere ikike ibu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ugwu. Ihe ọmụma a gbadoro ụkwụ na nleba anya nhụsianya ogologo oge dabara na ọnọdụ mpaghara - na-eme ka ojiji dị mma na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-enyere ụmụ amaala aka ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi n'ụwa ụzọ bụ isi iji gboo mkpa ha bụ isi, na-etolitekwa ntọala maka mkpebi na atụmatụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ bara uru, gụnyere nkọwa nke ihe ịtụnanya meteorological, ọgwụgwọ ahụike, njikwa mmiri, imepụta uwe, ịnya ụgbọ mmiri. oru ugbo na ugbo, ichu nta na igbu azu, na usoro nhazi nke ndu.... Ewezuga uru ya doro anya maka ndi mmadu na-adabere na ihe omuma a, o nwere ike inye mmadu n'ozuzu ya ihe omuma ohuru na ndu; ọ nwere uru bara uru maka njikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike ma nwee ike ịba uru na agụmakwụkwọ nchekwa yana n'ime atụmatụ mmepe na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi ... Sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ bụ positivist na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya n'ụzọ dị iche na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, nke bụ ime mmụọ na ọ dịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti. empirical na dị nsọ. Sayensị Western bụ ebumnobi na ọnụọgụ dị iche na-emegide ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, nke bụ isi n'onwe ya na nka. Sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ gbadoro ụkwụ n'ọkwa mmụta na ịgụ akwụkwọ, ebe ndị okenye na-ebufekarị ihe ọmụma ọdịnala site n'otu ọgbọ gaa n'ọzọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mazzocchi|first=Fulvio|date=2006-05-01|title=Western science and traditional knowledge|journal=EMBO Reports|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=463–466|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400693|issn=1469-221X|pmc=1479546|pmid=16670675}}</ref> </blockquote> == Akụkụ nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala == Akụkụ nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ụdị dị iche iche n'otú e si eji ya ma ghọta ya. Ndị a bụ ezigbo ihe na-egosi etu esi eji ya eme ihe site n'echiche dị iche iche na otu esi ejikọta ha, na'inye nkwenye na "nchịkwa mmekorita iji chọpụta ebe dịgasị iche ma na - agbakọta mgbe ị na na<ref>Houde, N. (2007) Ecology and Society.</ref> === Ihe ndị e kwuru n'eziokwu === Houde na-akọwa ihu isii nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala.<ref name="Houde">{{Cite journal|author=Houde|first=Nicolas|date=2007-12-20|title=The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements|journal=Ecology and Society|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|doi=10.5751/ES-02270-120234|issn=1708-3087|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/2639/ES-2007-2270.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Akụkụ mbụ nke ihe ọmụma gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye eziokwu, nleba anya akọwapụtara site na nnabata, aha na nhazi nke akụkụ pụrụ iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Akụkụ a bụ maka ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị na gburugburu ha. Ọ bụkwa usoro nke ma nleba anya na ozi na-emesi akụkụ nke anụmanụ na omume ha, na ebe obibi, na njirimara anụ ahụ nke ụdị, na ụbara anụmanụ. Nke a kacha baa uru maka ntule na njikwa ihe egwu nke na-enye mba dị iche iche ohere imetụta njikwa akụrụngwa. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na mba emeghị ihe, mgbe ahụ steeti nwere ike ime ihe maka ọdịmma nke ya. Ụdị "ihe ọmụma pụtara ìhè bụ nke a na-eme nleba anya n'ozuzu ya nke a na-eme ogologo oge ma kwadoro site na akaụntụ nke ndị ọzọ na-ejide TEK.<ref>Usher, P.J. 2000. Traditional Ecological Knowledge in environmental assessment and management</ref> === Usoro nchịkwa === Ihu nke abụọ na-ezo aka n'iji ihe onwunwe eme ihe n"ụzọ ziri ezi na nke na'ụzọ na ya na usoro njikwa. A na-enweta nke a site na atụmatụ atụmatụ iji hụ na nchekwa akụ na ụba. Karịsịa ihu a na-agụnye ịnagide njikwa ahụhụ, ntụgharị ihe onwunwe, ọtụtụ usoro owuwe ihe ubi, na ụzọ maka ịtụle ọnọdụ ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>Berkes 1988, Gunn et al. 1988</ref> Ọ na-elekwasịkwa anya na njikwa akụ na otu o si emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Houde"/> === Ojiji e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a === Ihu nke atọ na-ezo aka na oge nke TEK, na'elekwasị anya n'iji gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe n"oge gara aga na nke ugbu a site na akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka iji ala eme ya, ebe a na ya bi, ma ọ bụ na owuwe ihe ubi.<ref>Usher 2000</ref> Karịsịa osisi na-agwọ ọrịa na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ nnukwu nchegbu.<ref name="Houde"/> A na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme eme iji nyefee ihe nketa ọdịbendị n'ọgbọ, ma na'enye aka n"echiche nke ezinụlọ na obodo. === Ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ === Ihu nke anọ na-ezo aka na nkwupụta uru na njikọ dị n'etiti usoro nkwenye na nhazi nke eziokwu. Banyere TEK ọ na-ezo aka na ụkpụrụ omume gburugburu ebe obibi nke na'ịnọgide na ikike mmegbu. Ihu a na-ezo aka na ngosipụta nke ụkpụrụ gbasara mmekọrịta ya na ebe obibi nke ụdị na gburugburu ha - gburugburu mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ. === Omenala na njirimara === [[Usòrò:Lithospermum_canescens.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-ejikọkarị na ihe ọmụma gbara osisi na akwụkwọ gburugburu.]] Ihu nke ise na-ezo aka na ọrụ nke asụsụ na ihe oyiyi nke oge gara aga na'enye ndụ na ọdịbendị.<ref>Houde 2007</ref> Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Aboriginals (ndị bi na mbụ) na gburugburu ha dị mkpa iji kwado ihe ọdịbendị na-akọwa ha. Ihu a na-egosipụta akụkọ, ụkpụrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke bi n'ebe dị ka ihe na'inye aka na ndụ, ọmụmụ, yana evolushọn nke ọdịbendị na njirimara. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na "uru e si eme ka ọdịbendị dị ka ebe a ga-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ".<ref>Lewis and Sheppard 2005</ref> === Ọdịdị mbara igwe === Ihu nke isii bụ cosmology dabeere na ọdịbendị nke bụ ntọala nke akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Cosmology bụ echiche nke otu ụwa si arụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ọdịbendị. Nke a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site n'otu ọdịbendị gaa na nke ọzọ. Na US dịka ọmụmaatụ, e nwere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 577 gọọmentị etiti nabatara nwere ọdịbendị, asụsụ na usoro nkwenkwe nke ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime agbụrụ ndị a na-aghọta onwe ha dị ka ndị jikọtara ọnụ na ala. Okwu 'cosmology' metụtara echiche na nkwenye banyere otu ihe si arụ ọrụ, ma kọwaa ụzọ ihe jikọtara, na-enye ụkpụrụ ndị na'ịchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ na ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ n'ụwa. Site n'echiche anthropological, cosmology na-anwa ịghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ na otu ndị a si emetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọrụ ndị otu obodo, na omume nchịkwa. N'akwụkwọ ya bụ ''A Yupiaq Worldview''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kawagley|first=A. Oscar|title=A Yupiaq worldview: a pathway to ecology and spirit|date=2006|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=1-57766-384-5|edition=2nd|location=Long Grove, IL|oclc=64668378}}</ref>: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit nke Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ, kwuru na "Nkwado nke okike, ma ọ bụ echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, dị oke mkpa nye Yupiiaqa. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie nke agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ụwa yiri ka ọ na-egosi otu usoro nkà ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi n"etiti ndị mmadụ niile, njikọ a doro anya na na'echiche nke njikọ nke ihe niile dị na mbara igwe. Ndị Yupiaq bụ, ma ka bụ ndị na-akwado echiche ụwa a, n'agbanyeghị adịghị ike nke echiche gburugburu ebe obibi site na intrusions nke oge a. Kawagley na-akọwawanye banyere TEK na echiche ụwa nke Yupiaq site n'ikwu na, "Ụzọ onye Yupiak gụnyere nyocha, ahụmịhe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ige ntị na mkparịta ụka na ajụjụ nke ụwa okike na nke ime mmụọ na uche. Onye ahụ bụ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe niile. " == Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Grass_tree_on_fire_during_controlled_burn.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke a bụ gọọmentị Australia na-enyeghachi ndị Aborigine ala iji mee omenala ha nke ọkụ ọkụ. Nke a mere ka ebe ndị ahụ dị iche iche ma belata egwu ọkụ ọhịa na oke ha.]] Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ụzọ dị iche iche na nke zuru oke maka njikwa akụ na ụba. Ọ na-agụnye ma sayensị na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala iji chịkọta data site na usoro ogologo oge nke sayensi na ọ gaghị enwe ike. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ha na ụmụ amaala na'etiti ha site na usoro mkpebi nkwekọrịta ka ha wee zute mkpa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke ọgbọ ndị dị ugbu a na nke ga-abịa n'ihu. Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala emeela ụzọ iji dozie mgbagwoju anya ebe sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere usoro na ngwaọrụ. Nke a bụ mmekọrịta dị mma inwe nke na-emepụta nsonaazụ ka mma maka akụkụ abụọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe ize ndụ nke ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ bụ na mba anaghị [[Abá|aba]] uru n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ malị. Ọtụtụ oge, a na-eji ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala eme ihe n'èzí mba ahụ n"enweghị nkwenye (nkwado ọdịbendị), nkwanye ùgwù, ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ. Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịkwado gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ nwere ikike ịbụ ihe ọmụma dị nsọ. === Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi === Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ omume nke iweghachi usoro gburugburu ụlọ site na ntinye aka mmadụ. E nwere ọtụtụ njikọ n'etiti mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi na omume nchịkwa gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ metụtara TEK, agbanyeghị na njikwa gburugburu obodo T EK dị omimi karịa site na mmekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Douterlungne|first=David|date=2010|title=Applying Indigenous Knowledge to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Rain Forest Clearings Dominated by Bracken Fern|journal=Restoration Ecology|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=322–329|doi=10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00459.x|issn=1526-100X}}</ref> N'ihi ike na-ahaghị nhata n'etiti ụmụ amaala na ndị na'abụghị ụmụ Amaala, ọ dị mkpa na mmekọrịta dị mma iji weghachite ikpe na nke a egosila na ọ ga-aga nke ọma mgbe ụmụ ụmụamaala duziri ọrụ mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Monique Mae|date=2021|title=Promoting social and environmental justice to support Indigenous partnerships in urban ecosystem restoration|journal=Restoration Ecology|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=e13305|doi=10.1111/rec.13305|issn=1526-100X}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na US Environmental Protection Agency == Ụlọ ọrụ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti mbụ mepụtara iwu iwu na-akọwapụta otu ọ ga-esi soro gọọmenti agbụrụ rụkọọ ọrụ ma kweta ọdịmma agbụọ n"ịmepụta mmemme ya "iji chebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/tribal/epa-policy-administration-environmental-programs-indian-reservations-1984-indian-policy|title=EPA Policy for the Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations (1984 Indian Policy)|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-12|date=2015-04-28}}</ref> N'ịghọta njikọ agbụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, EPA achọwo ịmepụta mmemme gburugburu Ebe obibi nke na-ejikọta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ime "sayensị gburugburu obodo, iwu, na usoro mkpebi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/500024668.pdf|title=Consideration of Tribal Treaty Rights and Traditional Ecological Knowledge|author=Woolford|first=James|date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị TEK ugbu a dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ n'ịmepụta mmemme nkà sayensi nke kwekọrọ na T EK ma na'akwalite afọ ojuju na mkpebi siri ike.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.epa.gov/region9/tribal/web/pdf/tribal-ecological-knowledge-env-sci-policy-dm.pdf|title=Integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Environmental Science, Policy and Decision-Making|date=June 2011}}</ref> Enweghị nkwenye maka ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịkọwa ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu gburugburu Ebe obibi na-anọchite anya ọchịchọ agbụrụ iji sayensị kpọrọ ihe karịa ụdị ọdịbendị. Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikọta sayensị na TEK ga-ekweta ụkpụrụ nke usoro nkuzi pụrụ iche iji jiri uru nke sayensi na tEK mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ US ga-amụta banyere TEK site na oghere nke ndị otu ụmụ amaala site n'ịrụ ọrụ n"akụkụ na ndị okenye ụmụ Amaala, na-anakọta data aka site ne ebe a na'okwu ahụ, ma tinye ụkpụrụ ụmụ amụrụ nʼime nyocha sayensị ha.<ref name=":0"/> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2000, Onye isi ala US Bill Clinton wepụtara Executive Order 13175, nke chọrọ ka ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-agwa gọọmenti agbụrụ India na mmepe nke iwu ndị ga-enwe mmetụta agbọrọ.<ref name=":12"/> EPA na-akọwa mmetụta agbụrụ dị ka inwe "mmetụta dị ukwuu na otu ma ọ bụ karịa agbamakwụkwọ ndị India, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gọọmentị etiti na agb agbụọ ndị Indian, maọ bụ na nkesa ike na ibu ọrụ n"etiti ọchịchị etiti etiti n "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-executive-order-13175-consultation-and-coordination-indian-tribal|title=Summary of Executive Order 13175 - Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-17|date=2013-02-22}}</ref> Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke gọọmenti US, achọrọ ka EPA guzobe ụkpụrụ maka usoro ndụmọdụ ahụ. Dị ka nzaghachi mbụ ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara ụkpụrụ nke ga-enye ohere maka nkwurịta okwu na nhazi bara uru n'etiti ụlọ Ọrụ na ndị isi agbụrụ tupu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ emee ihe ma ọ bụ mezuo mkpebi ndị nwere ike imetụta agbọrọ. Ụkpụrụ ahụ họpụtakwara kọntaktị ndụmọdụ EPA iji kwalite nkwekọrịta na nhazi nke usoro ndụmọdụ ahụ, ma guzobe nlekọta nchịkwa na ịkọ akụkọ iji hụ na ịza ajụjụ na nghọta. Otu ụdị ndụmọdụ bụ EPA Tribal Councils. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mmepe nke EPA guzobere Kansụl Sayensị Tribal nke ESA. Kansụl ahụ, nke ndị nnọchiteanya si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ mejupụtara, bụ iji nye usoro maka itinye aka agbụrụ na mbọ sayensị nke EPA, ma bụrụ ụgbọ ala nke ga-esi na EPA nwere ike inweta nghọta nke okwu sayensi nke kachasị mkpa maka agbọrọ na ọkwa mba. Kansụl ahụ na-enyekwa agbụrụ ohere imetụta atụmatụ sayensị nke EPA site n'ibuli okwu ndị a dị mkpa na otu EPA.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/ej-indigenous-policy.pdf|title=Policy on Environmental Justice for Working with Federally Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peoples|date=July 24, 2014|work=www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/}}</ref> Ihe dị mkpa maka ndị agbụrụ na nnọkọ mbụ nke Kansụl Sayensị Agbụrụ EPA bụ ọdịiche dị na ndụ ọdịnala agbọrọ na sayensụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Ụzọ ndụ ndị a gụnyere "mmekọrịta ime mmụọ, mmetụta uche, anụ ahụ, na nke uche na gburugburu ebe obibi; njikọ ndị dabeere na ụkpụrụ intrinsic, nke a na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ"; na nghọta na ihe onwunwe ụwa ga-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ.<ref name=":12"/> Otu ọ di, e bụ n'obi ka EPA's Tribal Science Council, rụọ ọrụ dị ka ebe nzukọ ebe otu abụọ ahụ nwere ike "ịkekọrịta ozi nwere ike inye aka na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị mmadụ niile na-enweghị omenala na-ahapụ njirimara ya." N'ịgbalị ichekwa TTL Kansụl ahụ chọpụtara n'ime ala dịka mpaghara dị oke mkpa maka nyocha. Council EPA-Tribal Science Council kọwara ndụ dị ka: "mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ụzọ ndụ. Nri na-agụnye njikọ ime mmụọ dị n'ime ụwa, na-agụnye nghọta na ihe onwunwe nke ụwa ga-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ. Ndị na-eri nri site n'ihe ndị bụ́ isi dị n'ụwa nọgidere na-ejikọta ha na ihe ndị ahụ, na-ebi ndụ n'ime gburugburu ndụ. N'ihi na TTL ma ọ bụ TEK bụ kpọmkwem ebe ma na-agụnye mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na anụmanụ, na mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwenye nke subsitement dị ka ihe kacha mkpa na-enye ohere ka e chebe ihe ọmụma na omume nke TTL. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka akụkụ nke ntụle aka ha gbasara ihe iri nri, Kansụl ahụ kwetara ịchọpụta mmetọ akụrụngwa dịka "okwu sayensị agbụrụ kachasị njọ n'oge a." N'ihi na ndị ebo na-ebi ndụ na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi maka usoro ọdịnala nke ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta. ịkụ azụ, oke ohia, na ọgwụ, na emume, mmetọ na-emetụta ndị agbụrụ na-adịghị mma ma na-etinye TTL ha n'ihe egwu. Dị ka EPA Council si kwuo, "ọnụego iri nri ebo na-adịkarị elu karịa nke ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ya, na-eme ka mmetụta mmetọ akụ na ụba na-enwe nchegbu ozugbo."<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-j-sepez.pdf|title=Traditional Environmental Knowledge in Federal Natural Resource Management Agencies|author=Sepez|first=Jennifer|date=Winter 2005|work=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}}</ref> Ka ụmụ amaala na-agbasi mbọ ike na akụ ndị emetọghị, kansụl ahụ enweela ọganihu n'ịchọpụta mmetụta ya. N'agbanyeghị mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ, a ka nwere ihe mgbochi maka ọganihu n'ime Kansụl Sayensị agbụrụ EPA. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ihe mgbochi bụ ọdịdị nke TTL. A na-enyefe ndụ ọdịnala agbụrụ site n'ọnụ, site na onye gaa na mmadụ, ọgbọ gaa n"ọgbọ, ebe sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na'okwu edere ede, na a na -ezipụ ya site mube akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":12"/> Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji jikọta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị agbụrụ egbochikwala site n'echiche nke ndị American Indian na a ga-etinye nyocha sayensi na " igbe ojii" ihe atụ nke na'imechi ntinye agbọrọ. N'agbanyeghi, EPA amatala ikike nke ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala iji kwalite nghọta sayensị ma nye ozi ọhụrụ na echiche ndị nwere ike ịba uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ. Njikọ nke TTL n'ime usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA bụ otu ihe atụ nke otu Kansụl Sayensị nke Ezinụlọ EPA si nwee ike ịme mgbanwe na omenala EPA. Usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ bụ "usoro nhazi maka nyocha sayensị nke ikike maka mmetụta na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ikpughe na mmetọ ma ọ bụ nrụgide gburugburu ụlọ ndị ọzọ". EPA ejirila nyocha ihe ize ndụ mee ihe iji guzobe "ọkwa dị ọcha na ebe mkpofu dị ize adị, ogo mmiri na ikuku, ndụmọdụ azụ, na mmachibido iwu ma ọ bụ mmachi maka ọgwụ ahụhụ na kemịkal ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu. "<ref name=":3"/> Otú ọ dị, ndị agbụrụ na-echegbu onwe ha na usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ ugbu a anaghị enye uru zuru oke na omenala agbamakwụkwọ, ụkpụrụ, na / ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndụ. Kansụl Sayensị Tribal na-achọ itinye TTL n'ime echiche ndị dị na ụdị nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ogologo oge maka Kansụl Sayensị Tribal nke EPA, Otú ọ dị, bụ mgbanwe zuru oke na nyocha mkpebi site n'ihe ize ndụ gaa n"ichekwa ndị nwere ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ndị agbụrụ anaghị anabata nkewa nke ọnọdụ mmadụ na nke gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ha na-akọwa ihe ize ndụ. Site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe, ogbako, na ọrụ ndị EPA malitere, agbụrụ enweela ike itinye aka na mkparịta ụka banyere njikọta nke Tribal Traditional Lifeways n'ime nyocha ihe ize ndụ na mkpebi nke EPA. Nke a emeela n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: itinye ọrụ ọdịbendị agbụrụ pụrụ iche dị ka nkata ala, mkpa salmon na azụ ndị ọzọ, ọgwụ osisi ala ahụ, iri nnukwu azụ na egwuregwu, na ụlọ ọsụsọ dị iche iche maka ịtụle ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ime maka ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ọrụ agbụrụ ndị a nwere ike itinye na nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA, ọ nweghị mmesi obi ike na a ga-etinye ha ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'otú e si etinye ha n"ọrụ na saịtị dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ.<ref name=":3" /> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, EPA kwupụtara "Nchịkwa ya maka ikpe ziri ezi maka gburugburu ebe obibi maka ịrụ ọrụ na agbụrụ na ndị obodo a ma ama," na-ewepụta ụkpụrụ ya iji "kwado mmejuputa iwu gburugburu obodo nke gọọmentị etiti, ma nye nchebe pụọ na mmetụta na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu. " N'etiti ụkpụrụ iri na asaa ahụ bụ # 3 ("EPA na-arụ ọrụ iji ghọta nkọwa nke ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site n'echiche nke agbụrụ gọọmentị etiti nabatara, ụmụ amaala niile na United States, na ndị ọzọ bi na mba India"); # 6 ("APA gbara ume, dịka o kwesịrị ma ruo n"ókè iwu nwere ike ime ma kwe ka ọ dị, njikọta nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala n-abanye na sayensị gburugburu, iwu, ihe ndị ọrụ mkpebi, iji ghọtakwuo ma dozie nchegbu gbasara mmejuputa usoro ihe omume, ozi ọdịbendị, dị nsọ"Ọpụpụ ọzọ Ọ bụ ezie na iwu a na-akọwa ntuziaka na usoro maka EPA n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi ka ha na agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala metụtara, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ha anaghị arụ ọrụ dịka iwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ. A pụghị itinye ha n'ọrụ na ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee maọbụ dochie iwu ọ bụla, ụkpụrụ, ma Ọ bụ ihe ọ ọzọ iwu chọrọ ma bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro.<ref name="Policy" /> == Mmetụta nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala == N'ebe ụfọdụ, mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka mbelata nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na obodo Aamjiwnaang nke Anishnaabe ndị mba mbụ dị na Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, ndị bi na ya na-ata ahụhụ site na "ebelata dị ịrịba ama nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ nwoke ..., nke ndị obodo na - na ha na ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical dị nso":<ref name="Hoover">{{Cite journal|author=Hoover|first=Elizabeth|year=2012|title=Indigenous Peoples of North America: Environmental Exposures and Reproductive Justice|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=120|issue=12|pages=1645–1649|doi=10.1289/ehp.1205422|pmid=22899635}}</ref> == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == [[Usòrò:Climate Change and the Health of Indigenous Populations (US EPA, 2016) (IA indigenous-health-climate-change).pdf|thumb|Ụmụ amaala na Mgbanwe ihu igwe: akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere mmetụta ahụike nke mgbanwe ihu ọha na ụmụ ama amaalaa]] Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na-enye ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ofe ọgbọ na ọdịdị ala nke ndị bi n"ógbè ahụ.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{Cite journal|author=Ignatowski|first=Jonathan Andrew|title=Identifying the exposure of two subsistence villages in Alaska to climate change using traditional ecological knowledge|journal=Climatic Change|volume=121|issue=2|pages=285–299|doi=10.1007/s10584-013-0883-4|year=2013}}</ref> Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emesi ike ma na'eme ka ozi gbasara ahụike na mmekọrịta nke ebe dị n'etiti ozi ọ na ya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Moffa|first=Anthony|title=Traditional Ecological Rulemaking|url=https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/moffa.pdf|accessdate=16 March 2017}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụdị njirimara ndị obodo na ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ ha. A na-enyefe ihe ọmụma ọdịnala site n'ọgbọ ruo n"ọzọ ma na'ihu taa. Ndị obodo ahụ na-adabere na omenala ndị a maka ndụ ha. Maka ọtụtụ oge owuwe ihe ubi, ụmụ amaala agbanweela ọrụ ha ọnwa ole na ole gara aga n'ihi mmetụta sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Okpomọkụ na-arị elu na'ihi na ọ na - emebi ndụ nke ụfọdụ osisi na ụdị osisi. Njikọ nke ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ na mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri ozuzo na-emetụta ebe osisi na'eto. Okpomọkụ ahụ na-emetụtakwa ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ site n'oge ụmụ ahụhụ na-apụta n"afọ niile na mgbanwe na ebe obibi nke ụmụ anụmanụ n-agbanwe oge.<ref name="nca2014.globalchange.gov"/> Ka okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkụ ọhịa na'ozuzu ya na ọ ga-abụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e weghachiri otu mba dị n'Australia ala ma na'ịgbanwe omume ọdịnala ha nke ịchịkwa ọkụ. Nke a emeela ka ọtụtụ dị iche iche dị ndụ na mbelata oke ọkụ ọhịa. Ọ bụghị naanị na akụkụ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta, kamakwa n'ozuzu, mgbanwe ihu igwe na'ahụ maka ahụike nke usoro okike, ya mere, ihe onwunwe gburugburu ụwa dị maka ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịgbanwe na ego dịnụ na ogo nke ihe ndị ahụ.<ref name="nca2014.globalchange.gov"/> Ka oke ice nke oké osimiri na-ebelata, ndị Alaska Native na na'ahụ mgbanwe na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị; ịkụ azụ, njem, akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke ndụ ya anaghị adịkarị mma.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=May 2016|title=Climate Change and the Health of Indigenous Populations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/indigenous-11x17.pdf|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Mgbasa nke ala emebiwo ụlọ na okporo ụzọ. Mmetọ mmiri na-akawanye njọ ka mmiri dị ọcha na'ebelata.<ref name="nca2014.globalchange.gov">{{Cite web|author=Bennet|first=T.M. Bull|date=2014|title=National Climate Assessment: Indigenous Peoples, Lands, and Resources|url=http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples|accessdate=13 March 2017|work=Global Change|publisher=US Global Change Research Program|archivedate=7 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507040148/http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ amaala n'ọtụtụ ọkwa. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụmụ amaala nwere mmekọrịta dịgasị iche iche dabere na mpaghara ala nke chọrọ mgbanwe dị iche na omume ibelata. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji dozie ọnọdụ ndị a ozugbo, ndị obodo ahụ na-agbanwe mgbe ha na'ewe ihe ubi na ihe ha nwetara ma na na a na - gbanwee ojiji ha ji akụ mee ihe. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịgbanwe izi ezi nke ozi nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. Ndị obodo ahụ adaberela n'ụzọ miri emi na ihe ngosi na okike iji hazie ihe omume na ọbụna maka amụma ihu igwe dị mkpirikpi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vinyeta|first=Kirsten|title=Exploring the role of traditional ecological knowledge in climate change initiative|url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo37896/pnw_gtr879.pdf|publisher=Portland, OR: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> N'ihi ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na nke na'ebe ọzọ, ndị obodo ahụ na -akwagharị iji chọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ ha ga-esi dịrị ndụ. N'ihi ya, enwere mfu nke njikọ ọdịbendị na ala ha biri na ya ma enwerekwa mghọm na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ha nwere na ụwa dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="nca2014.globalchange.gov"/> Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke a na-ahazighị nke ọma ma ọ bụ na'ọrụ nwere ike imerụ ikike ụmụ amaala ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Raygorodetsky|first=Gleb|title=Why Traditional Ecological Knowledge Holds the Key to Climate Change|url=https://unu.edu./publications/articles/why-traditional-knowledge-holds-the-key-to-climate-change.html|work=United Nations University|accessdate=16 March 2017|archivedate=13 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513155340/https://unu.edu/publications/articles/why-traditional-knowledge-holds-the-key-to-climate-change.html}}</ref> EPA ekwuola na ọ ga-ewere ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịhazi mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. National Resource Conservation Service nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States ejirila usoro nke ụmụ amaala lụso ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.<ref name="auto"/> === Nnyocha ikpe: Savoonga na Shaktoolik, Alaska === N'otu nnyocha, ndị obodo Savoonga na Shaktoolik, Alaska kọrọ na n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga nke ndụ ha, ihu igwe siri ike ịkọ, oge oyi adịla mkpụmkpụ, enwere ihe isi ike ibu amụma ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi dị maka owuwe ihe ubi, e nwere ọdịiche na mbata anụmanụ, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ọhụrụ karịa tupu, na ọrụ ịchụ nta na nchịkọta aghọwo ihe a pụrụ ịkọwapụta ma ọ bụ mee mgbe niile n"ihi obere nnweta ime ya. Ndị bi ebe ahụ hụrụ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ihu igwe ha nke metụtakwara ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ. Osisi na anụmanụ anaghị adaba na nnweta ha nke na-emetụta ịchụ nta na nchịkọta nke ndị bi ebe ahụ n'ihi na enweghị ọtụtụ ihe ịchụrụ ma ọ bụ chịkọta. Ọdịdị nke ụdị osisi na anụmanụ ọhụrụ bụkwa nchegbu anụ ahụ na nke nri na-edozi ahụ n'ihi na ha abụghị akụkụ nke ala.<ref name="link.springer.com"/> == Ihe Nlereanya Agbụrụ == === Karuk na Yurok Ọkụ === Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi Kirsten Vinyeta na onye nchọpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe agbụrụ Kathy Lynn si kwuo, "ebo Karuk nke California bi n'ala ndị Aborigine n"etiti osimiri Klamath na Salmon na Northern California. Ógbè ndị Aborigine nke agbụrụ ahụ gụnyere ihe dịka nde 1.38 n'ime Klamath River Basin. Omume ọkụ ọdịnala abụwo ihe dị oke egwu na Karuk kemgbe oge ochie. Maka agbụrụ ahụ, ọkụ na-eje ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa ala dị oke mkpa yana omume ime mmụọ. " Dị ka prọfesọ ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi Tony Marks-Block, onye na-eme nchọpụta gburugburu ụlọ Frank K. Lake na onye ọrụ ọhịa Lisa M. Curran si kwuo, "tupu iwu mgbochi ọkụ gbasaa, ndị India America na'ịgbasa ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọdịbendị iji bulie ihe onwunwe dị mkpa maka ndụ ha na omenala ha. Iji weghachite ihe onwunwe ọdịbendị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-agwụ site na ọtụtụ iri afọ nke iwepụ ọkụ na iji belata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ ọhịa, agbụrụ Karuk na Yurok nke Northwest California na'ihu na mgbalị mmekorita mpaghara iji gbasaa ọkụ mgbasa ozi na ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ na ala ọha na eze, nke onwe, na nke agbú na mpaghara nna ha. "<ref name="Frank K 2019">{{Cite journal|author=Marks-Block|first=Tony|date=2019-10-15|title=Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=450|pages=117517|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117517|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake na Lisa M. Curran kwukwara na "n'ókèala Karuk, gọọmentị etiti emeghị ebe nchekwa, na-ahapụ naanị 3.83 square kilomita nke ala ntụkwasị obi Karik n'ógbè nna ha, ebe ndị fọdụrụ n"ụzọ dị ukwuu nʼokpuru ikike nke Klamath na Six Rivers National Forests na ebe obibi ndị mmadụ gbasasịrị. N'ihi ya, ndị otu Karuk Tribal na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa ga-agafe USDA Forest Service na-ekwu na ala nna nna ha ma nwee nhọrọ ole na ole iji gbasaa ala ha site n'inweta ala onwe ha. N'ókèala Yurok, ọtụtụ ikike na-emetụta gụnyere Redwood National Park na Six Rivers National Forest na mpụga ebe gọọmentị etiti guzobere. Ebe nchekwa ahụ dị n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ osisi nke onwe. N'ihi ya, agbụrụ Yurok ga-ejikọta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'ime ala nna nna ha, mana ha nwere nhọrọ ka ukwuu maka inweta ihe onwunwe onwe ha karịa agbụọ Karuk.<ref name="Frank K 2019"/> Dị ka prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya Kari Norgaard na onye otu agbụrụ Karuk William Tripp si kwuo, "a pụrụ imepụtaghachi usoro a ma gbasaa ya na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Klamath Mountains na karịa. Hoopa na Yurok tanoak na-eguzo na ọkụ ọkụ na ya na ọrịa ahụ na oge. Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-egosi ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na ọrịa na mberede na ọkụ ọhịa (ugboro 72 na ọ gaghị adị n'ebe ọkụ gbara na ebe ọkụ na otu ebe ahụ), ọ bụ ezie na egosila na ya na'oge na a na - na na enweghị ọkụ ugboro ugboro, n"ihi na nsogbu ahụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ndị ọbịa na ha ọkụ ahụ na. " === Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke Anishinabe === Dị ka ndị edemede Bobbie Kalman na Niki Walker si kwuo, "ndị obodo, ma ọ bụ ụmụ amaala, ndị mmadụ ebiela na mpaghara Great Lakes ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Ndị obodo Anishinabe (Anishinaabe) biri na mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Great Lakes. Dị ka ọdịnala si kwuo, ndị Anishinabe biri n'akụkụ nnukwu mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]], nke nwere ike ịbụ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] ma ọ bụ Hudson's Bay. Ndị mmadụ natara amụma, ma ọ bụ amụma na ọ bụrụ na ha aga n'ime ime obodo, ha ga-achọta ebe nri na-eto n"ime mmiri. Ụfọdụ gara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agbaso ọhụụ nke ihe a na'ahụ anya, ma ọ bụ cowrie shell, nke duziri ha gaa n"ebe ndịda Great Lakes. Ndị mmadụ kewara n'ìgwè ma biri n"ebe dị iche iche nke jikọtara ọnụ mepụta mba Anishinabe. Ndị Anishinabe nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na mba abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Great Lakes bụ Odawa (Ottawa) na Potawatomi. Ndị si mba atọ a na-alụkarị ibe ha, na'azụ ahịa, ma na - arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji dozie esemokwu. Ha gbakọtakwara na kansụl, ebe ha na-eme mkpebi ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kalman|first=Bobbie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oq-MowtMYbEC&dq=ann%20ishnabe+relation+to+great+lakes&pg=PA4|title=Life in an Anishinabe Camp|date=2003|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7787-0373-0|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe / ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi Kyle Powys Whyte si kwuo, "Ndị Anishinabe n'ógbè Great Lakes niile nọ n"ihu nchedo ụdị ala na mweghachi gburugburu. Nmé bụ azụ kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị ochie na Great Lakes basin, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-agafe 100 afọ. Nmé jere ozi ndị Asnishinabe dị ka isi ihe oriri, ụdị ihe ngosi maka nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi, na njirimara lachlan, yana ọrụ na ememe na akụkọ. Kenny Pheasant, onye okenye na-ekwu, "Ọdịda nke sturgeon kwekọrọ na mbelata nke ezinụlọ storgeons. Naanị ezinụlọ ole na ole nke sturgeon ka a maara ebe a" (Little River Band). Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu nke ndị India Ottawa malitere otu ọdịbendị, nke nwere ndị agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, bụ ndị mepụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ebumnuche maka mweghachi. Ebumnuche ya bụ "iweghachi nkwekọrịta na njikọ dị n'etiti Nmé na ndị Anishinabe ma weghachite ha abụọ n"osimiri ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, ngalaba ahụ mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ịzụlite mbụ n'akụkụ iyi maka ichebe ụmụ sturgeon tupu a tọhapụ ha n"oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ọ bụla iji chekwaa nne na nna ha. Osikapa ọhịa, ma ọ bụ manoomin, na-eto n'ụzọ mmiri na'enweghị isi, nke doro anya, yana nke na na - na Mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, a na-edozi manoomin site na ihe omume ndị dị ka ịcha, ịkpụcha ihe, ịgbacha mmiri, na ihicha. Mgbe ndị Anishinabe si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ kwaga n"ógbè Great Lakes ebe ha nwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ na mmiri, ìgwè ndị agbata obi nke ụmụ amaala US na Canada na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwe mmiri. Ihe omume ndị a na-emetụta manoomin na ebe obibi ya. Taa, ndị Anishinabe bụ ndị ndú na nchekwa nke osikapa ọhịa. Nibi (mmiri) na Manoomin Symposium, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ n'afọ abụọ ọ bụla, na'eweta ndị na -aṅụ osikapa agbụrụ na Great Lakes, ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ amaala, Ndị na na (paddy rice), ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na kewupụta ihe na ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị, yana ndị nchọpụta mahadum nwere mmasị na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke osika. Ndị okenye na-ekerịta akụkọ ha banyere manoomin na ndị ntorobịa na na'ekereta echiche ha gbasara otu manoonin si daba n'ọdịnihu ha. Ndị obodo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ebo ha na ndị okenye na'arụkọ ọrụ iji ghọta mmetụta dị omimi nke ọrụ ha mere iji mụọ ma chekwaa manoomin. A na-akpọkarị ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ ka ha kesaa ahụmịhe ha na iweghachi na ichekwa ụdị ala ndị dị iche iche, dị ka taro na ọka. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Whyte|first=Kyle|title=Our Ancestors' Dystopia Now.|publisher=kylewhyte.cal.msu.edu|pages=209–211|language=en}}</ref> === Lummi Nation nke Washington State Nchekwa nke Southern Resident Killer Whales === Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler na onye otu Lummi Jeremiah Julius si kwuo, "Lummi Nation nke Washington State bụ agbụrụ America nke Salish Sea. N'afọ 2018, mba Lummi raara onwe ya nye njem Totem Pole gafee United States na-akpọ maka nloghachi nke onye ikwu ha "Lolita" (Southern Resident Killer Whale) na mmiri ya. N'asụsụ Salish, a na-akpọ killer whales dị ka qwe 'lhol mechen, nke pụtara 'mmekọrịta anyị n'okpuru ebili mmiri', mana Lummi abụghị naanị 'ihe metụtara' whalas n"ụzọ nkịtị, whals bụ mmekọrịta n-echiche na ha bụ ndị ikwu. Mgbe NOAA bu ụzọ họpụta Southern Resident killer whale dị ka akụkụ dị iche iche dị n'ihe ize ndụ (DPS) na 2005, ha wepụrụ "Lolita" dị Ka onye ezinụlọ. Mkpebi ahụ na-agụ, "Southern Resident killer whale DPS anaghị agụnye killer whales sitere na J, K ma ọ bụ L pod etinye n'agbụ tupu edepụta ya, ma ghara ịgụnye ụmụ ha a mụrụ" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi na-arịọ ka NOAA rụkọọ ọrụ n'inye whales nri ruo mgbe chinook na Puget Sound nwere ike ịkwado ha. Lummi amalitela inye ndị ikwu ha nri, mana NOAA gwara ha na mbọ buru ibu ga-achọ ikike na mmekọrịta gọọmentị etiti. Ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime ebumnuche nchedo nke nzukọ ahụ bụ iji hụ na 'ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, ogo na nnweta nke ụdị anụ oriri', NOAA na-aghọta iwu a n"ụzọ siri ike dị ka nsogbu ebe obibi. Ha emeela ka o doo anya na ugbu a abụghị oge maka enweghị obi ụtọ n'ihi 'ihe ọmụma na-ezughị ezu' ma ọ bụ ejighị n"aka. Lummi na-aga n'ihu na njem Totem Pole ha kwa afọ iji chebe ụmụnne ha ndị okenye, blackfish, na iji gbochie coal, mmanụ na egwu ndị ọzọ na Oké Osimiri Salish. A na-eme usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị a iji dozie ihe Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart na Lemyra M. DeBruyn kpọrọ "ọdachi a na'edozighị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guernsey|first=J.|date=July 30, 2021|title=How the Lummi Nation revealed the limits of species and Habitats as Conservation Values in the Endangered Species Act: Healing as Indigenous Conservation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353606078}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Agroecology * ''Ịkpa Sweetgrass'' * Ihe ndị na-abụghị osisi * Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala * Ụmụ ahụhụ Africa TEK * Sayensị ụmụ amaala == Edensibia == === Ihe edeturu === <references responsive="0"></references> === Ịgụ ihe ọzọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Hernández-Morcillo|first=Mónica|year=2014|title=Traditional ecological knowledge in Europe: Status quo and insights for the environmental policy agenda|journal=[[Environment (magazine)|Environment]]|volume=56|issue=1|pages=3–17|doi=10.1080/00139157.2014.861673|url=https://zenodo.org/record/33573}} * Robin Wall Kimmerer (2013). Ịkpa Sweetgrass: Amamihe nke Ụmụ Amaala, Ihe Ọmụma Sayensị, na Ozizi nke Osisi (Milkweed Edition) . == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/tek/index.htm Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi: Nlekọta Interdisciplinary nke Nne Ụwa, National Park Service] * [http://www.esf.edu/nativepeoples/ Center for Native Peoples and the Environment, na State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015133/http://www.ser.org/iprn/default.asp Nchịkọta Nweghachi Ndị Aborigine (IPRN)] * [http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/bc/gwaiihaanas/index.aspx Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve na Haida Heritage Site] * [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art34/table1.html Tebụl nke Ihu Isii nke TEK] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k5ws9g0oi5k46kfjr0e1pxg96z0swp7 0 26799 674610 113480 2026-07-09T17:46:57Z ~2026-39012-95 64134 Nrụtụaka 674610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Bill Gates|post-nominals=<!-- Please see the FAQ and previous discussions on the article's talk page. Including post-nominals at the top of the infobox would give them an undue prominence in an article about an American who has no close association with the British realm. -->|image=Bill Gates 2017 (cropped).jpg<!-- Consensus in talk page for this image. If you want to change it go to talk page. -->|alt=Head and shoulders photo of Bill Gates|caption=Gates in 2017|birth_name=William Henry Gates III|birth_date={{birth date and age|1955|10|28}}|birth_place=[[Seattle]], Washington, U.S.<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] -->|known_for=Co-founder of [[Microsoft]] and [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]|education={{ubl|[[Harvard University]]|(dropped out)}}|occupation={{hlist|Businessman|investor|philanthropist|programmer|writer}}|years_active=1972–present|title={{collapsible list | title = <div class="nomobile">Partial list of founded and chaired companies</div> | [[Co-chair]] of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | Chairman and founder of [[Cascade Investment]] | Chairman and founder of [[Branded Entertainment Network]] | Chairman and co-founder of [[TerraPower]] | Founder of [[Breakthrough Energy]] | Founder of [[Gates Ventures]] | Technology advisor of Microsoft<ref name=Redmond>{{cite web|url=https://redmondmag.com/articles/2020/03/16/gates-steps-down-from-microsoft-board.aspx|title= Gates Steps Down from Microsoft Board but Stays as Advisor|publisher=Redmond|date=March 2020}}</ref>}}|boards={{ubl|[[Berkshire Hathaway]]|Microsoft|(former, both)}}|spouse={{marriage|[[Melinda French Gates|Melinda French]]|1994|2021|reason=divorce}}|children=3|father=[[Bill Gates Sr.]]|mother=[[Mary Maxwell Gates|Mary Maxwell]]|website={{URL|gatesnotes.com}}|awards={{plainlist| * [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (2005) * [[Padma Bhushan]] (2015) * [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2016) * [[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] (2022) }}|signature=Bill Gates signature.svg|signature_alt=William H. Gates III}} '''William Henry Gates nke III''' (amụrụ n'Oktoba 28, 1955) bụ onye ọchụnta ego America, onye na-etinye ego, na onye ọrụ obiọma. A maara ya nke ọma maka ịtọ ntọala nnukwu ngwanrọ Microsoft, ya na enyi ya ọmatara na nwata Paul Allen onye na-awuọla. [1] N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Microsoft, Gates nwere ọkwa onye isi oche, onye isi nchịkọta (CEO), onye isi na onye isi na-ahụ maka ngwanrọ, mgbe ọ bụkwa onye nwere oké kachasị ruo na Mee 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Bill Gates (American computer programmer, businessman, and philanthropist)|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bill-Gates|accessdate=March 20, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328082612/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226865/Bill-Gates|archivedate=March 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Foley|first=Mary Jo|date=August 15, 2017|title=Bill Gates' stake in Microsoft is now just 1.3 percent|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/bill-gates-stake-in-microsoft-is-now-just-1-3-percent/|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=ZDNet}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchụnta ego kaa, onye nke mgbanwe microcomputer nke 1970s na 1980s. A mụrụ ma zụlite Gate na [[Seattle]]. == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist}} 6cr6ykmfzur61i8852dqotj3eagny3z 0 26857 674506 113554 2026-07-09T12:11:27Z 10kdollz 19775 674506 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mosi-oa-Tunya''' (English: The Smoke Which Thunders) bụ mkpụrụ ego ọla edo e webatara na Obodo [[Zimbabwe]] na afo 2022 n'ihe gbasara ịrị elu nke ọnụ ahịa. == Nomenclature na njirimara == Mosi-oa-Tunya bụ aha Tongan maka Victoria Falls ma tụgharịa ya n'asụsụ Bekee dịka The Smoke Which Thunders .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thomas|first=Merlyn|date=2022-07-25|title=Zimbabwe launches gold coins to tackle soaring inflation|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62298319|accessdate=2022-07-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=MUTSAKA|first=FARAI|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to stem inflation|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-debuts-gold-coins-legal-tender-stem-inflation-87359970|accessdate=2022-07-25|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ dị otu troy ounce ma jiri ọlaedo carat iri abuo na abuo mee ha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ndlovu|first=Roy|date=22 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe Gives Images of Gold Coins Meant to Tackle Inflation|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-22/zimbabwe-gives-images-of-gold-coins-meant-to-tackle-inflation|accessdate=2022-07-25|work=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> A na-emepụta ha na mpụga obodo Zimbabwe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe introduces gold coins in an effort to tame inflation, rekindle faith in currency|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zimbabwe-gold-coins-inflation-currency-1.6531868}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ego igwe ọ bụla nwere nọmba serial pụrụ iche.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Giedroyc|first=Richard|date=2023-05-22|title=Zimbabwe Has Small Change Crisis|url=https://www.numismaticnews.net/world-coins/zimbabwe-has-small-change-crisis|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=Numismatic News|language=en}}</ref> == Ojiji == Reserve Bank nke obodo Zimbabwe kesara Mosi-oa-Tunya puku abuo na ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na oge 25 Juun n’afo 2022. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe maka ebumnuche ịzụ ahịa nkịtị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=MUTSAKA|first=FARAI|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to stem inflation|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-debuts-gold-coins-legal-tender-stem-inflation-87359970|accessdate=2022-07-25|work=ABC News|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMUTSAKA2022">MUTSAKA, FARAI (25 July 2022). [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-debuts-gold-coins-legal-tender-stem-inflation-87359970 "Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to stem inflation"]. ''ABC News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> E webatara mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ n'oge ọgba aghara na ego obodo dị ugbu a na omume ndị Zimbabwe iji dollar US.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe introduces gold coins in an effort to tame inflation, rekindle faith in currency|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zimbabwe-gold-coins-inflation-currency-1.6531868}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zimbabwe-gold-coins-inflation-currency-1.6531868 "Zimbabwe introduces gold coins in an effort to tame inflation, rekindle faith in currency"]. ''CBC''. 25 July 2022.</cite></ref> == Uru == Mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ ruru ọnụego ahịa mba ụwa maka otu troy ounce nke ọlaedo, gbakwunyere pasent ise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=MUTSAKA|first=FARAI|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to stem inflation|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-debuts-gold-coins-legal-tender-stem-inflation-87359970|accessdate=2022-07-25|work=ABC News|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMUTSAKA2022">MUTSAKA, FARAI (25 July 2022). [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-debuts-gold-coins-legal-tender-stem-inflation-87359970 "Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to stem inflation"]. ''ABC News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwazi == == Edensibia == q911nu88798g7eqerrxays4rpqly7po 674509 674506 2026-07-09T12:12:38Z 10kdollz 19775 674509 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mosi-oa-Tunya''' (English: The Smoke Which Thunders) bụ mkpụrụ ego ọla edo e webatara na Obodo [[Zimbabwe]] na afo 2022 n'ihe gbasara ịrị elu nke ọnụ ahịa. == Nomenclature na njirimara == Mosi-oa-Tunya bụ aha Tongan maka Victoria Falls ma tụgharịa ya n'asụsụ Bekee dịka The Smoke Which Thunders .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thomas|first=Merlyn|date=2022-07-25|title=Zimbabwe launches gold coins to tackle soaring inflation|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62298319|accessdate=2022-07-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=MUTSAKA|first=FARAI|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to stem inflation|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-debuts-gold-coins-legal-tender-stem-inflation-87359970|accessdate=2022-07-25|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ dị otu troy ounce ma jiri ọlaedo carat iri abuo na abuo mee ha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ndlovu|first=Roy|date=22 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe Gives Images of Gold Coins Meant to Tackle Inflation|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-22/zimbabwe-gives-images-of-gold-coins-meant-to-tackle-inflation|accessdate=2022-07-25|work=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> A na-emepụta ha na mpụga obodo Zimbabwe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe introduces gold coins in an effort to tame inflation, rekindle faith in currency|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zimbabwe-gold-coins-inflation-currency-1.6531868}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ego igwe ọ bụla nwere nọmba serial pụrụ iche.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Giedroyc|first=Richard|date=2023-05-22|title=Zimbabwe Has Small Change Crisis|url=https://www.numismaticnews.net/world-coins/zimbabwe-has-small-change-crisis|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=Numismatic News|language=en}}</ref> == Ojiji == Reserve Bank nke obodo Zimbabwe kesara Mosi-oa-Tunya puku abuo na ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na oge 25 Juun n’afo 2022. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe maka ebumnuche ịzụ ahịa nkịtị.<ref name=":0" />E webatara mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ n'oge ọgba aghara na ego obodo dị ugbu a na omume ndị Zimbabwe iji dollar US.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe introduces gold coins in an effort to tame inflation, rekindle faith in currency|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zimbabwe-gold-coins-inflation-currency-1.6531868}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zimbabwe-gold-coins-inflation-currency-1.6531868 "Zimbabwe introduces gold coins in an effort to tame inflation, rekindle faith in currency"]. ''CBC''. 25 July 2022.</cite></ref> == Uru == Mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ ruru ọnụego ahịa mba ụwa maka otu troy ounce nke ọlaedo, gbakwunyere pasent ise.<ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwazi == == Edensibia == gny2g8oatraiq3np5kxic8wsyeb2s25 674512 674509 2026-07-09T12:14:30Z 10kdollz 19775 674512 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Mosi-oa-Tunya''' (English: The Smoke Which Thunders) bụ mkpụrụ ego ọla edo e webatara na Obodo [[Zimbabwe]] na afo 2022 n'ihe gbasara ịrị elu nke ọnụ ahịa. == Nomenclature na njirimara == Mosi-oa-Tunya bụ aha Tongan maka Victoria Falls ma tụgharịa ya n'asụsụ Bekee dịka The Smoke Which Thunders .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thomas|first=Merlyn|date=2022-07-25|title=Zimbabwe launches gold coins to tackle soaring inflation|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62298319|accessdate=2022-07-25}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=MUTSAKA|first=FARAI|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to stem inflation|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/zimbabwe-debuts-gold-coins-legal-tender-stem-inflation-87359970|accessdate=2022-07-25|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ dị otu troy ounce ma jiri ọlaedo carat iri abuo na abuo mee ha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ndlovu|first=Roy|date=22 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe Gives Images of Gold Coins Meant to Tackle Inflation|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-22/zimbabwe-gives-images-of-gold-coins-meant-to-tackle-inflation|accessdate=2022-07-25|work=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> A na-emepụta ha na mpụga obodo Zimbabwe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=25 July 2022|title=Zimbabwe introduces gold coins in an effort to tame inflation, rekindle faith in currency|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zimbabwe-gold-coins-inflation-currency-1.6531868}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ego igwe ọ bụla nwere nọmba serial pụrụ iche.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Giedroyc|first=Richard|date=2023-05-22|title=Zimbabwe Has Small Change Crisis|url=https://www.numismaticnews.net/world-coins/zimbabwe-has-small-change-crisis|accessdate=2023-05-26|work=Numismatic News|language=en}}</ref> == Ojiji == Reserve Bank nke obodo Zimbabwe kesara Mosi-oa-Tunya puku abuo na ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na oge 25 Juun n’afo 2022. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe maka ebumnuche ịzụ ahịa nkịtị.<ref name=":0" />E webatara mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ n'oge ọgba aghara na ego obodo dị ugbu a na omume ndị Zimbabwe iji dollar US.<ref name=":1" /> == Uru == Mkpụrụ ego ndị ahụ ruru ọnụego ahịa mba ụwa maka otu troy ounce nke ọlaedo, gbakwunyere pasent ise.<ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwazi == == Edensibia == holumdhontruktxtlbn15bfkzuuhj80 0 27570 674840 114412 2026-07-10T06:14:37Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Eliane-Morissens-2.jpg|thumb|Eliane Morissens]] '''Eliane Morissens''' (10 Ọgọst 1927 - 9 Disemba 2006) bụ onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọndọrọ onye Belgium.  N'ịbụ onye a zụlitere dị ka nwanyị, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye ọrụ azụmahịa na onye na-elekọta mmadụ.  Morissens gụrụ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia kemịkalụ, mana ejiri ya rụọ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi, ebe enwere nhọrọ ndị ọzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ya.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo osote onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji teknụzụ mana na 1977 a jụrụ ọkwá ya ịbụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.  Mgbe a jụrụ ya na 1980 ka ọ pụta na telivishọn gbasara ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, o kpebiri isonye.  N'oge mgbasa ozi ahụ, o kwuru na a gọnarị ya nkwalite ahụ n'ihi mmasị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị.  O kwuru na mkparị nke bọọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-achọghị itinye nwa agbọghọ nwere mmasị nwanyị na-elekọta ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị, mana enweghị nchegbu banyere ịhọpụta nwoke maka ọkwa ahụ. A chụpụrụ Morissens n'ọrụ ya n'akwụghị ụgwọ ụbọchị abụọ ka mgbasa ozi ahụ gasịrị.  Ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ gọnarịrị na mkpebi ahụ sitere na mmekọahụ ya.  Ndị bọọdụ ahụ kwuru na mkpebi ha gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'omume ọjọọ ndị ọkachamara, ebe ọ bụ na ọ jụrụ ikike ha nwere n'ihe omume tiivi.  Ọ rịọrọ ka kọmitii mkpegharị ikpe n'ógbè ahụ nyochaa ikpe ahụ, bụ nke kwadoro mkpebi ahụ na 1982, ma kwere ka ụgwọ ọrụ ya dị ntakịrị n'okpuru ezumike nká n'oge.  Ọ gara n'ihu na Kansụl nke Steeti, bụ́ ụlọikpe kasị elu ná mba ahụ.  N'afọ 1984, ụlọikpe ahụ kwadoro nkwụsị ya ma gọnarị na e mebiri nnwere onwe ikwu okwu ya.  Ọnọdụ ya ghọrọ ihe na-akpata célèbre na obodo LGBT na Europe na America niile, na-enweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi mba ụwa na ihe ngosi.  Ndị obodo LGBT mba ụwa welitere ego maka ojiji onwe ya na ụgwọ iwu, gbasa ọkwa maka iweghachi ya, ndị omebe iwu na otu ndị nkuzi gbachitere, wee gaa n'ihu na ngagharị iwe n'aha ya. N'ịbụ ndị mba ụwa na-emenye ihere, Flemish Socialist Party webatara otu ihe na 1982, bụ nke gafere na 1985, iji kagbuo edemede 372bis nke Usoro Penal Belgian, bụ nke setịpụrụ afọ nkwenye dị elu maka mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.  N’afọ ahụ, Morissens gbara akwụkwọ n’Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Europe na Strasbourg, France.  N'afọ 1988, ụlọikpe ahụ kagburu mkpegharị ikpe ya, ma kweta na e mechibidoro nnwere onwe ikwu okwu ya;  Otú ọ dị, ha chọpụtara na mbelata ahụ ziri ezi n'ihi na dịka onye nkuzi a chọrọ ka ọ nọgide na-akpa àgwà ọkachamara.  European Union nakweere iwu na 2000, iji machibido ịkpa oke ọrụ na ndabere nke usoro mmekọahụ na-eso ndụmọdụ nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Iwu nke European Parliament, nke nyochara ihe ịma aka iwu nke ịkpa ókè gụnyere ikpe Morissens.  Ọ nwụrụ na ndịda France na 2006 ma na-echeta maka iweta okwu ịkpa oke ọrụ megide ndị na-edina ụdị onwe n'ụwa niile. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Eliane Willie Fernande Morissens na 10 August 1927 na Etterbeek, Belgium.  Site na nwata, Morissens maara na ya bụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ọ bụghị nsogbu n'ebe nne na nna ya nọ.  Ha dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ nọrọ onwe ya ma ghara ịmanye ya ịlụ.  Nne ya bụ nwanyị nwanyị na Morissens mechara kwuo na n'onwe ya ma ọ bụrụ na ị bụ nwanyị nwanyị, ị bụ nwanyị.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye injinia kemịkalụ, mana ọ họọrọ ịbụ onye nkuzi n'ihi na ọ bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ọrụ ole na ole mepere emepe ụmụ nwanyị.  O tinyere aka na nhazi otu ndị ọrụ na n'oge 1950s sonyeere Socialist Party nke Wallonia.  N'ihi na ọ bụghị otu ndị ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-elekọta mmadụ na-etinye aka na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọkwa ọchịchị, ọ gbalịsiri ike na otu abụọ ahụ ka ha kwe ka ntinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọkwa nchịkwa na nchịkwa.  Morissens na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgba megide mmegide ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọrụ nchekwa.  Enweghị otu nkwado maka ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na Wallonia na naanị ole na ole na Flanders, mana ọ zutere ndị na-akwado LGBT bụ ndị ya na ha mepere emepe…. [2] == Ọrụ ya == === Nkuzi === Na 1957, Morissens malitere ịkụzi kemịkalụ na kọleji teknụzụ mpaghara na Saint-Ghislain, obodo dị na mpaghara Hainaut na mpaghara Wallonia nke Belgium.  Ọ gwaghị onye were ya n'ọrụ ime nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, na n'ihi gburugburu ebe nchekwa na oke nke okpukpe Katọlik na mba ahụ, ọ na-ezochikarị mmekọahụ n'aka ndị ọrụ ibe ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya.  Morissens nwere ebe ezumike n'ebe ndịda France.  O kwuru na ya ga-anọrịrị naanị ọnwa anọ n'afọ mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ.  Ọ gbasiri mbọ ike na iku izugbe 1960 na Wallonia, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enye naanị ọrụ nkwado, na-ewetara ndị sonyere nri nri.  Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1968 mere ka e nwee ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị inyom bụ ndị ya na ha malitere ịkpakọrịta.  N'oge ọrụ ya, ọ nwetara ọkwa dị iche iche, mechaa ghọọ osote onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ.  N'afọ 1977, ọ tinyere akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji ma ajụrụ ya ... === Esemokwu na bọọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ === N'afọ 1980, otu ụmụ nwanyị si Brussels bịakwutere Morissens wee gwa ya ka ọ pụta na mmemme telivishọn na-ekwu maka nwoke idina nwoke.  Morissens kwuru na ya kwetara n'ihi na ike agwụla ya n'izobe, chọrọ inyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ya aka, ma chọọ imeghe anya maka itinye aka ya na mmemme LGBT.  N'ịtụle mkpebi ya, o chere na ogologo oge ya na ezi ihe nlereanya, afọ ya (53), na ikwu okwu n'amaghị aha ga-echebe ya pụọ ​​n'ihe ọ bụla dị njọ.  Na 28 Ọktoba 1980, ọ sonyere na mkparịta ụka otu nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, "Fragments de bonheur" (Fragments of Happiness), nke ewepụtara na RTB-Liège n'enyeghị aha ya, ma ọ bụ mata ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.  N'ime mkparịta ụka ahụ, Morissens kwuru na a gọnarị ya n'ọkwá n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị.  Ọ jụkwara ihe kpatara mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ya ga-etinye ihe ize ndụ nye ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị karịa mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị nkuzi.  Edebere ya ezumike ụbọchị abụọ ka mgbasa ozi ahụ gasịrị na 8 Nọvemba kwụsịtụrụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ n'ọrụ ya site na Deputation Permanente du H… Ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na mmekọahụ Morissens enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na nchụpụ ya, kama ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ mara ikike onye were ya n'ọrụ aka maka mkpebi nkwalite.  Ha kwuru na dị ka onye ọrụ gọọmenti, ọ dị mma ka a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ihi na nkatọ ọ na-aka ndị isi ya ezighi ezi ma nyefee ya n'aka ndị isi ọchịchị ime obodo ka ha họpụta kọmitii na-enyocha ya.  Ndị Lesbian nọ na Belgium malitere ime mkpọsa maka iweghachi ya.  Mgbe ọ jụrụ ndị Socialist Party, bụ ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na kansụl ime obodo, maka nkwado ha, ndị isi otu ahụ gwara ya na ya onwe ya nwere ikike ikwupụta ihe dị ya n'obi, ma dịka onye nkuzi iwu kwadoro na ọ nwere ezi uche.  Ma ndị otu na otu ndị ọrụ jụrụ ịkwado ya, n'agbanyeghị na otu ndị ọrụ gbanwere ọnọdụ ya. Mgbe ọnwa iri na ise na-enweghị mkpebi, Morissens malitere ịnwụ agụụ na Jenụwarị 1982. Ọ kwụsịrị ụbọchị iri atọ na asatọ ka e mesịrị mgbe ahụ ike ya malitere ịda.  Ọnụọgụ agụụ ya mere ka e ziga ihe karịrị puku akwụkwọ ozi nkwado site n'ebe dị anya dị ka Japan.  Ndị omeiwu Britain na ndị omeiwu Europe degaara onye isi ala Belgium ka ọ rụgide ya ka e dozie okwu ya.  Kọmiti na-ahụ maka mkpegharị nke ógbè ahụ nakweere nkwupụta nke ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na mmekọ nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke abụghị ihe kpatara ya ji kwụsị ya ma kwado mkpebi ha.  Ha kwere Morissens ịnakọta ụgwọ ọnwa ya, BEF 57,000 kwa ọnwa (ihe dị ka US $ 1,800) maka afọ abụọ, mana emesia belatara ụgwọ ezumike nka ya na BEF 20,000 kwa ọnwa (ihe dị ka US $ 400) dabere na nha maka ezumike nka n'oge.[4] [5] [6] === Mkpesa nke Council of State === N'ime mkpesa nke nchụpụ ya na atụmatụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ, Morissens rịọrọ ka Council of State, ụlọikpe kachasị elu na mba ahụ nyochaa ikpe ahụ.  omume rụrụ arụ ndị ọkachamara, yana ma mkpebi ahụ ọ̀ bụ imebi iwu European Convention on Human Rights, nke kwere ya  nnwere onwe ikwu okwu.  Ọ gbara aka n'echiche ahụ na ya enweghị ikike ịkatọ onye were ya n'ọrụ, n'ihi na ikike ya ime nke a n'okpuru mgbakọ ahụ bụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na nkwupụta ya nwere ihe ize ndụ maka nchekwa steeti ma ọ bụ mebie ikike onye ọzọ.  O kwukwara na okwu ya banyere ihe ize ndụ nha anya ya na ndị nkuzi nwoke nwere ike itinye n'ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị nọ ka ekwuru na ọ na-egosi ịkpa oke na-ewe ndị ọrụ n'ọrụ nye ndị nọ na panel ga-aghọta ọnọdụ ya.  nkwupụta weghaara aha ndị nkuzi nwoke na schoo… Morissens malitere ikwu maka ikike idina ụdị onwe na nzukọ obodo na mba ofesi.  Ikpe ahụ kpalitere ngagharị iwe, akụkọ, na mmemme inye ego na Europe na America niile.  E webatara okwu a n’ihu ọgbakọ ogbako ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa nke emere na Amsterdam na 1982, a kpọkwara Morissens ka o kwuo okwu.  E kpuchiri ya na magazin French Gai pied, bụ nke guzobere netwọk nkwado iji hazie ihe ngosi ma malite akwụkwọ mkpesa.  Magazin ahụ kpuchiri okwu ahụ ka ọ na-aga na usoro ụlọikpe ma gbaa ndị debanyere aha na ndị òtù International Gay Association (IGA) ume ka ha rụgide Kansụl Europe ka ha jụ ịkpa ókè megide ndị na-edina ụdị onwe.  Eva Isaksson, onye ndọrọndọrọ Finnish bụ onye mepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Secretariat Information Lesbian maka International Lesbian Information Service (ILIS) bipụtara ozi na mgbasa ozi ide leta ILIS, ndị na-anakọta ego maka mmefu iwu na nke onwe Morissens, yana ngosipụta ịdị n'otu… [2] [3] Ọgụ Morissens akwalitela mmata mba ụwa gbasara ịkpa oke ọrụ na nchekwa ọrụ maka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe, wee kpata mkpesa ọha na eze na Belgium.  N'ịbụ onye ihere na-eme ya site na ọgwụgwọ ọ natara n'aka ndị otu Socialist Wallonia, na June 1982 Flemish Socialist Party webatara otu ihe iji kagbuo edemede 372bis nke Usoro Mkpebi Belgian.  Etinyela akụkọ a n'akwụkwọ iwu nchekwa ụmụaka nke ewefere n'afọ ndị 1960 iji gbochie ụmụaka ịbụ ndị nwoke idina nwoke rafuo.  O debere afọ nkwenye maka ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na iri na asatọ, afọ abụọ dị elu karịa nke etinyere maka mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.  N'October 1984, Council of State kwadoro nchupu Morissens, na-achọpụta na ikike ha enweghị ike dochie anya ndị ọchịchị obodo ma ọ bụrụ na ntaramahụhụ a tụrụ karịrị akarị n'ihe gbasara eziokwu nke ikpe ahụ.  Mkpebi ha, dị ka akụkọ e bipụtara na The Body Politic na March 1985 si kwuo, chọpụtara na n'oge mgbasa ozi 1980 mgbe ndị na-ekwurịta okwu na-ekwurịta ma ndị nkuzi nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke nwere .... [2] === Ụlọ ikpe nke ikike mmadụ === Mgbe mkpebi ahụ gasịrị, Morissens tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa n'Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Europe na Strasbourg, France.  Ha nyochara okwu ahụ na 3 May 1988. Ọ bụ ezie na ha chọpụtara na omume ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mebiri nnwere onwe ikwu okwu n'okpuru Nkeji 10 nke Nkwekọrịta Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, ụlọikpe ahụ kwuru na ọ bụ nnyonye anya kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi na ikike ahụ dabere na ọnọdụ.  n'elu iwu ndị ọzọ na ndokwa maka ichekwa ọha.  Nyocha ha kwuru na ụkpụrụ ndị ọrụ nke mpaghara nyere iwu nke a ga-eji dọọ ndị ọrụ aka na ntị nakwa na ọ nwere ikike ịnweta iwu ndị ahụ;  na a na-ebelata ikike ikwu okwu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-emebi ikike nke ndị ọzọ;  na ọrụ na ọrụ dịịrị ikwupụta onwe ya chọrọ ya dịka onye nkuzi ịnakwere ihe mgbochi nye ikike ikwu okwu iji zere imebi ntụkwasị obi ọha.  Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kagburu mkpegharị ikpe ya dabere na mkpebi ha n'ihi na ọchụpụrụ ya iji chebe onye were ya n'ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ibe ya bụ… . [3] == Ọnwụ na ihe ncheta == Morissens nwụrụ na 9 Disemba 2006 na La Garde, Var, France.  A na-echeta ya maka ịgba mbọ ya na ịkwalite mmata mba ụwa gbasara ịkpa oke ọrụ megide ndị idina nwoke.  Okwu ya rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali maka ịgbanwe iwu gbasara ịkpa ókè n'ihi mmekọahụ na Belgium, ọ bụ ezie na a gaghị enweta iwu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mba ahụ ruo n'afọ 2003. Okwu ahụ sokwa n'ihe akaebe dị na akụkọ gbasara ọrụ.  ịkpa ókè nke ndị obodo LGBT chere ihu nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara iwu nke European Parliament tụpụtara ya na 1984. Nkwubi okwu nke kọmitii na-ahụ maka iwu bụ na ụzọ dịnụ iji kpochapụ ịkpa ókè bụ idepụta iwu ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ịgbatị iwu ndị dị ugbu a iji kọwapụta mmachibido iwu ịkpa oke.  na mgbakwasị nke mmekọahụ na-agụnye nwoke idina nwoke.  Kọmiti ahụ tụrụ aro na European Community nwere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji hụ na ndị na-edina ụdị onwe enweghị ịkpa oke na… == Edensibia == 1anbklhf46guvq9d914vq9v49dul2oo 0 27604 674794 114461 2026-07-10T03:38:07Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674794 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Johanna Catharina Cornelius''' (February 27, 1912 - June 21, 1974) bụ onye Afrikaner na-eme ihe ike na onye otu ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Afrikaner Garment Workers' Union of South Africa (GWU) mgbe Solly Sachs gasịrị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Cornelius na Lichtenburg, South Africa, ma too n'ime ime obodo South Africa dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ itoolu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Nna ya na nna nna ya lụrụ agha na Anglo Boer War ma tinye nne ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ n'oge agha ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Hester Cornelius, kwagara Johannesburg n'afọ 1920, ebe Johanna mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E jidere Cornelius ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ na 1932 mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ọgbaghara GWU.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa|title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa|author=LaNasa|first=Peter|date=12 June 2015|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016|archivedate=8 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ gwara ndị ọrụ okwu ma gbaa ha ume "ịkwado ụgwọ ọrụ na nnwere onwe".<ref name=":1" /> Okwu ya kwukwara banyere Great Trek na Anglo Boer War, na-esonyere "ịhụ mba n'anya na ọgụ nke ndị otu kama na ọgụ nke mba".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara Soviet Union dị ka otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọrụ na 1933.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRappaport2001">[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]] (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|''Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers'']]</span>. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164|164]]–165. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1576071014|<bdi>1576071014</bdi>]]. <q>johanna cornelius.</q></cite></ref> Njem ya n'ebe ahụ nyeere ya aka ịmụtakwu banyere ọchịchị Kọmunist na mmetụta nke ịha nhata.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe o si na Soviet Union lọta, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi oge niile maka GWU, na-arụ ọrụ site na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Germiston.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche GWU site na 1935 ruo 1937 ma n'okpuru idu ndú ya, ndị otu ahụ meriri oge ọrụ dị ala ma mụbaa ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRappaport2001">[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]] (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|''Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers'']]</span>. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164|164]]–165. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1576071014|<bdi>1576071014</bdi>]]. <q>johanna cornelius.</q></cite></ref> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ iji tinye ndị si n'agbụrụ niile n'òtù ahụ ma chee na ịrụ ọrụ n'òtlọ ọrụ ahụ nyeere ya aka "ịgafe àgwà agbụrụ" nke oge gara aga. [1] Ya na Hester gakwara Cape Town na Febụwarị 1936 nyere alaka GWU aka n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> E boro Cornelius ebubo na 1938 na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Sachs na maka iji oge ya niile na-ahazi ndị isi ojii".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, o nwere ike ịlụso mgbalị ndị Afrikaner na-achọ ịchịkwa njikọ ahụ ọgụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRappaport2001">[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]] (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|''Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers'']]</span>. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164|164]]–165. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1576071014|<bdi>1576071014</bdi>]]. <q>johanna cornelius.</q></cite></ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere National Union of Cigarette and Tobacco Workers na 1938, mgbe e mesịrị duzie ọgbaghara izu abụọ na Rustenburg na Septemba 1940.<ref name=":0" /> Ọgbaghara ahụ na Rustenberg "na-ekpo ọkụ" na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọgbaghara ahụ chere gas na mwakpo ndị uwe ojii ihu. N'afọ 1943, ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye otu Independent Labor Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Mgbe a chụpụrụ Solly Sachs na South Africa na 1952, ọ weghaara GWU ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius nwụrụ na June 21, 1974, na Johannesburg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXl9aGN5WGAC&pg=PR4|title=Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980|author=Berger|first=Iris|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550779}}    muoxz2638z41hbvlnnmz52shm2c0st5 674795 674794 2026-07-10T03:38:32Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674795 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Johanna Catharina Cornelius''' (February 27, 1912 - June 21, 1974) bụ onye Afrikaner na-eme ihe ike na onye otu ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Afrikaner Garment Workers' Union of South Africa (GWU) mgbe Solly Sachs gasịrị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Cornelius na Lichtenburg, South Africa, ma too n'ime ime obodo South Africa dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ itoolu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Nna ya na nna nna ya lụrụ agha na Anglo Boer War ma tinye nne ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ n'oge agha ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Hester Cornelius, kwagara Johannesburg n'afọ 1920, ebe Johanna mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E jidere Cornelius ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ na 1932 mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ọgbaghara GWU.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa|title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa|author=LaNasa|first=Peter|date=12 June 2015|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016|archivedate=8 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ gwara ndị ọrụ okwu ma gbaa ha ume "ịkwado ụgwọ ọrụ na nnwere onwe".<ref name=":1" /> Okwu ya kwukwara banyere Great Trek na Anglo Boer War, na-esonyere "ịhụ mba n'anya na ọgụ nke ndị otu kama na ọgụ nke mba".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara Soviet Union dị ka otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọrụ na 1933.<ref name=":0" /> Njem ya n'ebe ahụ nyeere ya aka ịmụtakwu banyere ọchịchị Kọmunist na mmetụta nke ịha nhata.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe o si na Soviet Union lọta, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi oge niile maka GWU, na-arụ ọrụ site na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Germiston.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche GWU site na 1935 ruo 1937 ma n'okpuru idu ndú ya, ndị otu ahụ meriri oge ọrụ dị ala ma mụbaa ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRappaport2001">[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]] (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|''Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers'']]</span>. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164|164]]–165. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1576071014|<bdi>1576071014</bdi>]]. <q>johanna cornelius.</q></cite></ref> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ iji tinye ndị si n'agbụrụ niile n'òtù ahụ ma chee na ịrụ ọrụ n'òtlọ ọrụ ahụ nyeere ya aka "ịgafe àgwà agbụrụ" nke oge gara aga. [1] Ya na Hester gakwara Cape Town na Febụwarị 1936 nyere alaka GWU aka n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> E boro Cornelius ebubo na 1938 na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Sachs na maka iji oge ya niile na-ahazi ndị isi ojii".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, o nwere ike ịlụso mgbalị ndị Afrikaner na-achọ ịchịkwa njikọ ahụ ọgụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRappaport2001">[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]] (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|''Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers'']]</span>. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164|164]]–165. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1576071014|<bdi>1576071014</bdi>]]. <q>johanna cornelius.</q></cite></ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere National Union of Cigarette and Tobacco Workers na 1938, mgbe e mesịrị duzie ọgbaghara izu abụọ na Rustenburg na Septemba 1940.<ref name=":0" /> Ọgbaghara ahụ na Rustenberg "na-ekpo ọkụ" na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọgbaghara ahụ chere gas na mwakpo ndị uwe ojii ihu. N'afọ 1943, ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye otu Independent Labor Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Mgbe a chụpụrụ Solly Sachs na South Africa na 1952, ọ weghaara GWU ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius nwụrụ na June 21, 1974, na Johannesburg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXl9aGN5WGAC&pg=PR4|title=Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980|author=Berger|first=Iris|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550779}}    3t9fk8poejn7n6my3fqycjjvj6f3wx2 674796 674795 2026-07-10T03:39:29Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674796 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Johanna Catharina Cornelius''' (February 27, 1912 - June 21, 1974) bụ onye Afrikaner na-eme ihe ike na onye otu ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Afrikaner Garment Workers' Union of South Africa (GWU) mgbe Solly Sachs gasịrị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Cornelius na Lichtenburg, South Africa, ma too n'ime ime obodo South Africa dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ itoolu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Nna ya na nna nna ya lụrụ agha na Anglo Boer War ma tinye nne ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ n'oge agha ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Hester Cornelius, kwagara Johannesburg n'afọ 1920, ebe Johanna mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E jidere Cornelius ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ na 1932 mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ọgbaghara GWU.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa|title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa|author=LaNasa|first=Peter|date=12 June 2015|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016|archivedate=8 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ gwara ndị ọrụ okwu ma gbaa ha ume "ịkwado ụgwọ ọrụ na nnwere onwe".<ref name=":1" /> Okwu ya kwukwara banyere Great Trek na Anglo Boer War, na-esonyere "ịhụ mba n'anya na ọgụ nke ndị otu kama na ọgụ nke mba".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara Soviet Union dị ka otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọrụ na 1933.<ref name=":0" /> Njem ya n'ebe ahụ nyeere ya aka ịmụtakwu banyere ọchịchị Kọmunist na mmetụta nke ịha nhata.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe o si na Soviet Union lọta, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi oge niile maka GWU, na-arụ ọrụ site na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Germiston.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche GWU site na 1935 ruo 1937 ma n'okpuru idu ndú ya, ndị otu ahụ meriri oge ọrụ dị ala ma mụbaa ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ iji tinye ndị si n'agbụrụ niile n'òtù ahụ ma chee na ịrụ ọrụ n'òtlọ ọrụ ahụ nyeere ya aka "ịgafe àgwà agbụrụ" nke oge gara aga. [1] Ya na Hester gakwara Cape Town na Febụwarị 1936 nyere alaka GWU aka n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> E boro Cornelius ebubo na 1938 na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Sachs na maka iji oge ya niile na-ahazi ndị isi ojii".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, o nwere ike ịlụso mgbalị ndị Afrikaner na-achọ ịchịkwa njikọ ahụ ọgụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRappaport2001">[[Helen Rappaport|Rappaport, Helen]] (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|''Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers'']]</span>. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;[[iarchive:encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164|164]]–165. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1576071014|<bdi>1576071014</bdi>]]. <q>johanna cornelius.</q></cite></ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere National Union of Cigarette and Tobacco Workers na 1938, mgbe e mesịrị duzie ọgbaghara izu abụọ na Rustenburg na Septemba 1940.<ref name=":0" /> Ọgbaghara ahụ na Rustenberg "na-ekpo ọkụ" na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọgbaghara ahụ chere gas na mwakpo ndị uwe ojii ihu. N'afọ 1943, ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye otu Independent Labor Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Mgbe a chụpụrụ Solly Sachs na South Africa na 1952, ọ weghaara GWU ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius nwụrụ na June 21, 1974, na Johannesburg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXl9aGN5WGAC&pg=PR4|title=Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980|author=Berger|first=Iris|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550779}}    5hcu8vydeqg9thvbvsthpvzixxm5ppy 674797 674796 2026-07-10T03:40:05Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674797 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Johanna Catharina Cornelius''' (February 27, 1912 - June 21, 1974) bụ onye Afrikaner na-eme ihe ike na onye otu ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Afrikaner Garment Workers' Union of South Africa (GWU) mgbe Solly Sachs gasịrị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Cornelius na Lichtenburg, South Africa, ma too n'ime ime obodo South Africa dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ itoolu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Nna ya na nna nna ya lụrụ agha na Anglo Boer War ma tinye nne ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ n'oge agha ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Hester Cornelius, kwagara Johannesburg n'afọ 1920, ebe Johanna mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E jidere Cornelius ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ na 1932 mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ọgbaghara GWU.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa|title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa|author=LaNasa|first=Peter|date=12 June 2015|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016|archivedate=8 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ gwara ndị ọrụ okwu ma gbaa ha ume "ịkwado ụgwọ ọrụ na nnwere onwe".<ref name=":1" /> Okwu ya kwukwara banyere Great Trek na Anglo Boer War, na-esonyere "ịhụ mba n'anya na ọgụ nke ndị otu kama na ọgụ nke mba".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara Soviet Union dị ka otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọrụ na 1933.<ref name=":0" /> Njem ya n'ebe ahụ nyeere ya aka ịmụtakwu banyere ọchịchị Kọmunist na mmetụta nke ịha nhata.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe o si na Soviet Union lọta, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi oge niile maka GWU, na-arụ ọrụ site na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Germiston.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche GWU site na 1935 ruo 1937 ma n'okpuru idu ndú ya, ndị otu ahụ meriri oge ọrụ dị ala ma mụbaa ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ iji tinye ndị si n'agbụrụ niile n'òtù ahụ ma chee na ịrụ ọrụ n'òtlọ ọrụ ahụ nyeere ya aka "ịgafe àgwà agbụrụ" nke oge gara aga. [1] Ya na Hester gakwara Cape Town na Febụwarị 1936 nyere alaka GWU aka n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> E boro Cornelius ebubo na 1938 na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Sachs na maka iji oge ya niile na-ahazi ndị isi ojii".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, o nwere ike ịlụso mgbalị ndị Afrikaner na-achọ ịchịkwa njikọ ahụ ọgụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere National Union of Cigarette and Tobacco Workers na 1938, mgbe e mesịrị duzie ọgbaghara izu abụọ na Rustenburg na Septemba 1940.<ref name=":0" /> Ọgbaghara ahụ na Rustenberg "na-ekpo ọkụ" na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọgbaghara ahụ chere gas na mwakpo ndị uwe ojii ihu. N'afọ 1943, ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye otu Independent Labor Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Mgbe a chụpụrụ Solly Sachs na South Africa na 1952, ọ weghaara GWU ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius nwụrụ na June 21, 1974, na Johannesburg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXl9aGN5WGAC&pg=PR4|title=Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980|author=Berger|first=Iris|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550779}}    8vvz1546kzo0mi8dv8nl9qzjqow959c 674798 674797 2026-07-10T03:41:11Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674798 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Johanna Catharina Cornelius''' (February 27, 1912 - June 21, 1974) bụ onye Afrikaner na-eme ihe ike na onye otu ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Afrikaner Garment Workers' Union of South Africa (GWU) mgbe Solly Sachs gasịrị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Cornelius na Lichtenburg, South Africa, ma too n'ime ime obodo South Africa dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ itoolu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Nna ya na nna nna ya lụrụ agha na Anglo Boer War ma tinye nne ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ n'oge agha ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Hester Cornelius, kwagara Johannesburg n'afọ 1920, ebe Johanna mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E jidere Cornelius ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ na 1932 mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ọgbaghara GWU.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa|title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa|author=LaNasa|first=Peter|date=12 June 2015|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016|archivedate=8 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ gwara ndị ọrụ okwu ma gbaa ha ume "ịkwado ụgwọ ọrụ na nnwere onwe".<ref name=":1" /> Okwu ya kwukwara banyere Great Trek na Anglo Boer War, na-esonyere "ịhụ mba n'anya na ọgụ nke ndị otu kama na ọgụ nke mba".<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara Soviet Union dị ka otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọrụ na 1933.<ref name=":0" /> Njem ya n'ebe ahụ nyeere ya aka ịmụtakwu banyere ọchịchị Kọmunist na mmetụta nke ịha nhata.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe o si na Soviet Union lọta, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi oge niile maka GWU, na-arụ ọrụ site na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Germiston.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche GWU site na 1935 ruo 1937 ma n'okpuru idu ndú ya, ndị otu ahụ meriri oge ọrụ dị ala ma mụbaa ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ iji tinye ndị si n'agbụrụ niile n'òtù ahụ ma chee na ịrụ ọrụ n'òtlọ ọrụ ahụ nyeere ya aka "ịgafe àgwà agbụrụ" nke oge gara aga. [1] Ya na Hester gakwara Cape Town na Febụwarị 1936 nyere alaka GWU aka n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> E boro Cornelius ebubo na 1938 na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Sachs na maka iji oge ya niile na-ahazi ndị isi ojii".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, o nwere ike ịlụso mgbalị ndị Afrikaner na-achọ ịchịkwa njikọ ahụ ọgụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere National Union of Cigarette and Tobacco Workers na 1938, mgbe e mesịrị duzie ọgbaghara izu abụọ na Rustenburg na Septemba 1940.<ref name=":0" /> Ọgbaghara ahụ na Rustenberg "na-ekpo ọkụ" na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọgbaghara ahụ chere gas na mwakpo ndị uwe ojii ihu. N'afọ 1943, ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye otu Independent Labor Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Mgbe a chụpụrụ Solly Sachs na South Africa na 1952, ọ weghaara GWU ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius nwụrụ na June 21, 1974, na Johannesburg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXl9aGN5WGAC&pg=PR4|title=Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980|author=Berger|first=Iris|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550779}}    eottxwd2ocwynp8bui4x6ic184ekjtl 674799 674798 2026-07-10T03:41:46Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674799 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Johanna Catharina Cornelius''' (February 27, 1912 - June 21, 1974) bụ onye Afrikaner na-eme ihe ike na onye otu ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Afrikaner Garment Workers' Union of South Africa (GWU) mgbe Solly Sachs gasịrị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Cornelius na Lichtenburg, South Africa, ma too n'ime ime obodo South Africa dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ itoolu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Nna ya na nna nna ya lụrụ agha na Anglo Boer War ma tinye nne ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ n'oge agha ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Hester Cornelius, kwagara Johannesburg n'afọ 1920, ebe Johanna mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E jidere Cornelius ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ na 1932 mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ọgbaghara GWU.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa|title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa|author=LaNasa|first=Peter|date=12 June 2015|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016|archivedate=8 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ gwara ndị ọrụ okwu ma gbaa ha ume "ịkwado ụgwọ ọrụ na nnwere onwe".<ref name=":1" /> Okwu ya kwukwara banyere Great Trek na Anglo Boer War, na-esonyere "ịhụ mba n'anya na ọgụ nke ndị otu kama na ọgụ nke mba".<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara Soviet Union dị ka otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọrụ na 1933.<ref name=":0" /> Njem ya n'ebe ahụ nyeere ya aka ịmụtakwu banyere ọchịchị Kọmunist na mmetụta nke ịha nhata.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe o si na Soviet Union lọta, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi oge niile maka GWU, na-arụ ọrụ site na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Germiston.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche GWU site na 1935 ruo 1937 ma n'okpuru idu ndú ya, ndị otu ahụ meriri oge ọrụ dị ala ma mụbaa ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ iji tinye ndị si n'agbụrụ niile n'òtù ahụ ma chee na ịrụ ọrụ n'òtlọ ọrụ ahụ nyeere ya aka "ịgafe àgwà agbụrụ" nke oge gara aga. [1] Ya na Hester gakwara Cape Town na Febụwarị 1936 nyere alaka GWU aka n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E boro Cornelius ebubo na 1938 na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Sachs na maka iji oge ya niile na-ahazi ndị isi ojii".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius "Johanna Catharina Cornelius"]. ''South African History Online''. 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, o nwere ike ịlụso mgbalị ndị Afrikaner na-achọ ịchịkwa njikọ ahụ ọgụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere National Union of Cigarette and Tobacco Workers na 1938, mgbe e mesịrị duzie ọgbaghara izu abụọ na Rustenburg na Septemba 1940.<ref name=":0" /> Ọgbaghara ahụ na Rustenberg "na-ekpo ọkụ" na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọgbaghara ahụ chere gas na mwakpo ndị uwe ojii ihu. N'afọ 1943, ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye otu Independent Labor Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Mgbe a chụpụrụ Solly Sachs na South Africa na 1952, ọ weghaara GWU ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius nwụrụ na June 21, 1974, na Johannesburg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXl9aGN5WGAC&pg=PR4|title=Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980|author=Berger|first=Iris|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550779}}    6ot8zvtgcvpwf502dcgmkjrvt3czh28 674800 674799 2026-07-10T03:42:23Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674800 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Johanna Catharina Cornelius''' (February 27, 1912 - June 21, 1974) bụ onye Afrikaner na-eme ihe ike na onye otu ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Afrikaner Garment Workers' Union of South Africa (GWU) mgbe Solly Sachs gasịrị. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Cornelius na Lichtenburg, South Africa, ma too n'ime ime obodo South Africa dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ itoolu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Nna ya na nna nna ya lụrụ agha na Anglo Boer War ma tinye nne ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ n'oge agha ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Hester Cornelius, kwagara Johannesburg n'afọ 1920, ebe Johanna mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E jidere Cornelius ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ na 1932 mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ọgbaghara GWU.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa|title=The Rise of Women's Trade Unionism in South Africa|author=LaNasa|first=Peter|date=12 June 2015|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016|archivedate=8 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908023912/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/rise-women%E2%80%99s-trade-unionism-south-africa-peter-lanasa}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ gwara ndị ọrụ okwu ma gbaa ha ume "ịkwado ụgwọ ọrụ na nnwere onwe".<ref name=":1" /> Okwu ya kwukwara banyere Great Trek na Anglo Boer War, na-esonyere "ịhụ mba n'anya na ọgụ nke ndị otu kama na ọgụ nke mba".<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara Soviet Union dị ka otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọrụ na 1933.<ref name=":0" /> Njem ya n'ebe ahụ nyeere ya aka ịmụtakwu banyere ọchịchị Kọmunist na mmetụta nke ịha nhata.<ref name=":1" /> Mgbe o si na Soviet Union lọta, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi oge niile maka GWU, na-arụ ọrụ site na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Germiston.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche GWU site na 1935 ruo 1937 ma n'okpuru idu ndú ya, ndị otu ahụ meriri oge ọrụ dị ala ma mụbaa ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius rụrụ ọrụ iji tinye ndị si n'agbụrụ niile n'òtù ahụ ma chee na ịrụ ọrụ n'òtlọ ọrụ ahụ nyeere ya aka "ịgafe àgwà agbụrụ" nke oge gara aga. [1] Ya na Hester gakwara Cape Town na Febụwarị 1936 nyere alaka GWU aka n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> E boro Cornelius ebubo na 1938 na ọ bụ "onye na-akwado Sachs na maka iji oge ya niile na-ahazi ndị isi ojii".<ref name=":2" /> Otú ọ dị, o nwere ike ịlụso mgbalị ndị Afrikaner na-achọ ịchịkwa njikọ ahụ ọgụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere National Union of Cigarette and Tobacco Workers na 1938, mgbe e mesịrị duzie ọgbaghara izu abụọ na Rustenburg na Septemba 1940.<ref name=":0" /> Ọgbaghara ahụ na Rustenberg "na-ekpo ọkụ" na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọgbaghara ahụ chere gas na mwakpo ndị uwe ojii ihu. N'afọ 1943, ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye otu Independent Labor Party.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp|quote=johanna cornelius.|title=Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers|author=Rappaport|first=Helen|authorlink=Helen Rappaport|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1576071014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo0000rapp/page/164 164]–165}}</ref> Mgbe a chụpụrụ Solly Sachs na South Africa na 1952, ọ weghaara GWU ma rụọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> Cornelius nwụrụ na June 21, 1974, na Johannesburg.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/johanna-catharina-cornelius|title=Johanna Catharina Cornelius|date=28 November 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXl9aGN5WGAC&pg=PR4|title=Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980|author=Berger|first=Iris|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780852550779}}    hlhy7pfnrvt2qm6g8u2jug9o1n6uak1 0 27897 674984 150476 2026-07-10T09:27:35Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" /><ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJoshi2022">Joshi, Shashank (31 August 2022). [https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia "A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia"]. ''The Economist''. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara) |ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0013-0613|0013-0613]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220914173013/https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia Archived] from the original on 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref> The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. "<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jfznwnz1riajmxneczqc861hv211nv0 674986 674984 2026-07-10T09:29:25Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref> The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. "<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i6n9gbkdu4u74msnftjdp780xh5c7jg 674990 674986 2026-07-10T09:31:56Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674990 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. "<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oeib8gk9375omm0krgp3ions8ubcxuu 674995 674990 2026-07-10T09:34:10Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674995 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. "<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rdj11gjp0jydt6gbfvrxvth6r7oos6d 674999 674995 2026-07-10T09:36:31Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674999 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. "<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kdisuwam5ij0dc00leoh9bi276zo3tx 675003 674999 2026-07-10T09:38:35Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675003 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFScott2022">Scott, Mark (31 August 2022). [https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ "The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time"]. ''[[ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị|Politico]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220901011252/https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/ Archived] from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nfjjhr9kkxswd2ehxz2hp1xhwg3vdy5 675006 675003 2026-07-10T09:40:32Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675006 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,<ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jvouzy5rkxalju2mnp8dsk50i23sfmz 675010 675006 2026-07-10T09:44:15Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hhtonoj6znos3bmkuiu5038nmyu7o4q 675017 675010 2026-07-10T09:53:47Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}</ref> Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0n01bhijkuq9yjihl3qzsaqdeyv9h5q 675021 675017 2026-07-10T09:56:52Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu".<ref name="berliner" /> Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d3loa9wlnorwgoiuzgd8aet5y5hfjzu 675022 675021 2026-07-10T09:58:23Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu". Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlthaus">Althaus, Peter. [https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 "NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda"]. ''Berliner Kurier'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9pledq7wpf74oca38rha8p02rkc9pq9 675024 675022 2026-07-10T10:01:34Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị.<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}}</ref> Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu". Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9npyiv0x4czgjvfey983v8sq930jb53 675026 675024 2026-07-10T10:06:06Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị. Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu". Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHamill-Stewart2022">Hamill-Stewart, Chris (31 August 2022). [https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ "The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda"]. ''[[Oge Byline|Byline Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220831230623/https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/ Archived] from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lobfhhjnet69euy4l95cmfr4xk5as1h 675028 675026 2026-07-10T10:09:16Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:NAFO North Atlantic Fella Organization logo.svg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] [[Usòrò:Todesmaschine_-_Berlin_2023-02-24_RK05.jpg|thumb|NAFO (ìgwè)]] The North Atlantic Fellas Organization (NAFO, French: Organisation des Fellas de l'Atlantique nord, '''OFAN''', a play on '''NATO''', the North Atlantic Treaty Organization) bụ ihe ntanetị na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke raara onwe ya nye igbochi mgbasa ozi Russia na ozi aghụghọ banyere mwakpo [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]] nke [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na 2022.<ref name="economist">{{Cite news|title=A virtual army of impish cartoon pooches is waging war on Russia|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/08/31/a-virtual-army-of-impish-cartoon-pooches-is-waging-war-on-russia|author=Joshi|first=Shashank|accessdate=2022-08-31|date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref name="politico">{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Mark|date=2022-08-31|title=The shit-posting, Twitter-trolling, dog-deploying social media army taking on Putin one meme at a time|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/nafo-doge-shiba-russia-putin-ukraine-twitter-trolling-social-media-meme/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Politico]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị agha ozi. E mepụtara meme ahụ na Mee 2022, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na Twitter bụ Kamil Dyszewski (n'okpuru aka @Kama_Kamilia) malitere ịgbakwunye foto gbanwere nke nkịta Shiba Inu (nke "Fella") na foto sitere na Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jason Jay|first=Smart|title=Founder of NAFO Reveals Identity, Discusses Raison D’être|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russias-war/founder-of-nafo-reveals-identity-discusses-raison-detre.html|work=Kyiv Post|accessdate=29 December 2022|date=14 November 2022}}</ref> E hiwere NAFO, dị ka ọ dị, na 24 Mee 2022 site na tweet.Ụdị Shiba Inu enweela ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na-enweghị njikọ na omenala ịntanetị kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2010 n'okpuru 'doge' meme.<ref name="grid">{{Cite news|author=Thorsberg|first=Christian|date=2022-08-06|title=Good doge: How the internet adopted the Shiba Inu and gave it a forever home|url=https://www.grid.news/story/technology/2022/08/06/good-doge-how-the-internet-adopted-the-shiba-inu-and-gave-it-a-forever-home/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Grid News|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Dyszewski malitere ịmepụta omenala "Fellas" maka ndị ọzọ nyere onyinye na Georgian Legion. "Fellas", nke sitere na "mmekọrịta", bụ nke NAFO na-ewere dị ka okwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=fella {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of fella by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/fella|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.etymonline.com|language=en|quote=fella (n.) an attempt at a phonological spelling of a casual pronunciation of fellow (n.), attested by 1864 (as fellah). Feller, along the same lines, is recorded by 1825. Earlier, Pope rhymes fellow with prunella ("Essay on Man," epistle IV). Meaning "one of the same kind" is from early 13c.; that of "one of a pair" is from c. 1300. Used familiarly since mid-15c. for "any man, male person," but not etymologically masculine (it is used of women, for example, in Judges xi.37 in the King James version: "And she said unto her father, Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows").}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ugbu a na ndị lara ezumike nká site na ndị agha Ukraine na NATO, yana ndị Eastern Europe na ndị Eastern Europe, na-anọchite anya nke ukwuu n'etiti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|ndị]] na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nke otu ahụ.<ref name="york" />Akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Jémanị|German]] bụ Berliner Kurier na-eme atụmatụ na otu ahụ gụnyere "ọtụtụ iri puku" nke ndị mmekọ ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2022.<ref name="berliner">{{Cite web|author=Althaus|first=Peter|title=NAFO Fellas: Bewegung von Meme-Hunden zerstört die Putin-Propaganda|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Berliner Kurier|language=de-DE|archivedate=8 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908012310/https://www.berliner-kurier.de/politik-wirtschaft/ukraine-krieg/ukraine-russland-nafo-fellas-bewegung-von-meme-hunde-zerstoert-die-putin-propaganda-li.263925}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Fellas na-apụta na foto dị iche iche edepụtara na "vidiyo Tokyo-style nke ndị agha Ukraine setịpụrụ ịgba egwu egwu", ma "na-agbakọta na ihe nkiri agha iji kwara ndị agha Russia emo ma too ndị agha Ukraine".NAFO na-akpọ ndị iro ya (n'ịntanetị na n'ọgbọ agha) ''vatniks''.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|author=Braun|first=Stuart|date=2022-09-17|title=#NAFO: Ukraine's info warriors battling Russian trolls|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nafo-ukraines-info-warriors-battling-russian-trolls/a-63124443|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-akọ na ụfọdụ ndị otu NAFO nwere "nlebara anya pụrụ iche" n'ịkwụsị "whataboutism" nchebe nke mwakpo Russia.<ref name="DW" />   Dabere na Wall Street Journal, a na-ekwere na nchịkọta ego na ahịa ahịa nke otu ahụ na-akwado Ukraine na-agbakọta "ihe karịrị $ 1 nde ... mana ọ nweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị" yabụ enweghị ike ịchọpụta nkwupụta ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2022, NAFO nwetara ego maka Signmyrocket.com, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ozi omenala edere na bọmbụ na ngwá ọrụ Ukraine. Task & Purpose kọwara nsonaazụ ahụ, 2S7 Pion self-propelled artillery na ihe odide "Super Bonker 9000" na mkpịsị aka baseball bat na barel na ihe odide ""NAFO-Article 69" dị ka "artilly self-propoted nke na-eweta ihe ntanetị n'ụdị ụwa".<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref><ref name="task">{{Cite web|author=Hauptman|first=Max|date=2022-08-31|title=Meme war: You can pay to get memes painted on Ukrainian artillery, bombs, and rockets|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US|archivedate=1 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901125520/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-artillery-internet-memes/}}</ref> Per ''The Economist'', "Another popular slogan—'What air defence doing?'—pokes fun at the failure of Russian air defences to prevent an attack on Saky air base in Crimea on August 9th."The origin of the meme was a quote tweet in "dubious English"by @200_zoka (with ''airdefense'' idiosyncratically combined into one word) reacting to photos of smoke billowing up from the distant airfield. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Germany bụ ZDF jụrụ echiche ahụ bụ na NAFO bụ ọrụ nke US Central Intelligence Agency; "eziokwu ahụ bụ na 'Nafo' bụ nke CIA na-akwado bụ naanị ihe ọchị na-eweda onwe ya n'etiti ndị Twitter. "<ref name="zdf.de">{{Cite web|author=Neuhann|first=Florian|date=2022-09-04|title=Ukraine-Krieg: Wie die "Nafo" Putin-Trolle im Netz bekämpft|url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904210705/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/nafo-meme-internet-trolle-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html|archivedate=2022-09-04|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=ZDFheute|language=de}} [[Òtù:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ Fellas n'onwe ha nabatara ihe ọchị ahụ, na-agbanwe profaịlụ Twitter ha iji gosipụta ọnọdụ ha dị ka Langley, Virginia, ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ CIA dị. == Nnakwere == A kọwara NAFO dị ka "Mmeghachi omume nke ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ na mkpọsa Russia" site n'aka Tobias Fella, onye sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-azụ ndị agha Bundeswehr na-emeso mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu "ọgụ maka ọbụbụeze nke nkọwa" na oghere ịntanetị. Dị ka Politico si kwuo, "Ịga n'ime NAFO bụ inweta ihe mberede na otu obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị si eme ka ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ịnta na-agba egwu na-agba agba nke ndị agha n'ịntanị mepụtala omenala ịntanetị. " Prọfesọ na-amụ ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi n'America bụ Jaime Cohen na-ekwu na òtù NAFO "bụ ihe omume na-emegide steeti mba".Onye nta akụkọ Britain na Lebanọn bụ Oz Katerji na-ekwusi ike na NAFO "egbochiwo ndị mgbasa ozi Russia ma mee ka ha yie ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-adịghị mma na usoro ahụ".<ref name="zappone">{{Cite news|author=Zappone|first=Chris|date=2022-08-29|title=NAFO, the furry fellas taking a bite out of Russia's info war machine|url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/europe/nafo-the-furry-fellas-taking-a-bite-out-of-russia-s-info-war-machine-20220817-p5baks.html|accessdate=2022-08-29|work=[[The Age]]|language=en-AU}}</ref> Onye nnọchi anya Ukraine na Australia na New Zealand Vasyl Myroshnychenko kwuru na ntọala, ọdịdị nke NAFO bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ike ya.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Dị ka otu nyocha si kwuo, "Memes ndị na-asụ Bekee n'ụzọ dị ukwuu emeela ka ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-elebara agha Ukraine anya - nlebara anya nke dị mkpa n'ihi mkpa ngwá agha ndị Ọdịtoba dị maka ndị agha Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oliemans|first=Joost|title=article tag: Foreign Aid to Ukraine|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Oryx|archivedate=12 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912015454/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/search/label/foreign%20aid%20to%20Ukraine?max-results=7}}</ref> Onye isi agha America Steve Speece na Modern War Institute na West Point na-ekwu na "Meme ọdịnaya e kesara na ọwa NAFO ... bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị asụsụ Bekee ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị maka ndị na-ege ntị Russia... Ọmụmụ ihe ndị a dị iji mepụta ọdịnaya maka ntụrụndụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị otu ha. Ma ọbụna iwu nchekwa mba ọdịda anyanwụ na-akpali mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na mmetụta - dị ka iwe - nke a zụlitere na obodo ndị dị n'ịntanetị.<ref name="mwi">{{Cite web|author=Speece|first=Steve|date=2022-09-13|title=On Trolls and Nuclear Signaling: Strategic Stability in the Age of Memes|url=https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913123727/https://mwi.usma.edu/on-trolls-and-nuclear-signaling-strategic-stability-in-the-age-of-memes/|archivedate=2022-09-13|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Modern War Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Speece na-ekwu na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO na-arụ ọrụ nke ndị uwe ojii ọjọọ na ezigbo ndị uwe ojii / ndị uwe ojii na-eme iwu.<ref name="mwi" /> Dị ka Berliner Kurier si kwuo, "Dị ka ezigbo NATO, NAFO nwere ọrụ enyemaka nke Nkeji edemede 5. Nke a pụtara na nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọ ndị ọzọ maka enyemaka ma ọ bụrụ na a na-awakpo ha ma ọ bụ na-ezute ozi ụgha. Maka nke a, ndị otu NAFO na-eji hashtag #NAFOarticle5 wee nweta nkwado site n'aka ndị ọzọ.Otu onye nyocha na German Council on Foreign Relations nyochara ya dị ka "nke dị irè nke ukwuu". Russia etinyela ugbo troll n'ụzọ dị irè n'oge gara aga; mmeghachi omume mgbagwoju anya ya na NAFO nwere ike isi na "mgbasa ozi echiche banyere Ukraine".<ref name="WP">{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Adam|date=2022-09-01|title=With NAFO, Ukraine turns the trolls on Russia|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/01/nafo-ukraine-russia/|accessdate=2022-09-11}}</ref> Dị ka ndị agha cyber nke ndị agha US, 780th Military Intelligence Brigade, si kwuo, "Nye obodo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka NAFO, ịkpọ aha ọjọọ site na mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke ebumnuche ya bụ ihe akaebe na ịkwa emo ya na-enweta mmetụta achọrọ. " == Nkwado == N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2022, akaụntụ Twitter nke Ministrị Nchebe nke Ukraine tweetere ekele ya maka NAFO, na onyinyo nke mgbọ ogbunigwe a na-agba na "Fella" yi uwe agha, aka n'ihu, n'ọnọdụ ekele.<ref name="Gault">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|title=NAFO Memesters Paid Ukraine to Paint Their Memes on a Tank|date=2022-08-30|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Gault|first=Matthew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143102/https://www.vice.com/en/article/epzp7n/nafo-memesters-paid-ukraine-to-paint-their-memes-on-a-tank|archivedate=2022-08-30}}</ref> Ndị isi ndị agha na ndị ọrụ obodo na Ukraine na mba NATO agbanweela ihe ngosi Twitter ha ka ọ bụrụ Fella. Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Ukraine bụ Oleksii Reznikov gbanwere avatar Twitter ya ruo nwa oge ka ọ bụrụ Fella nyere ya iji sọpụrụ ya, na 30 Ọgọst 2022.<ref name="Byline Times">{{Cite news|url=https://bylinetimes.com/2022/08/31/the-memes-fighting-russian-propaganda/|title=The Memes Fighting Russian Propaganda|date=2022-08-31|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=[[Byline Times]]|author=Hamill-Stewart|first=Chris}}</ref> Others have included former President of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves,current Prime Minister of Estonia Kaja Kallas,<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trumsi|first=Getter|title=Vene propaganda vastu töötav organisatsioon tegi Kaja Kallase koeraks|work=[[Postimees]]|url=https://elu24.postimees.ee/7613298/meemifotod-vene-propaganda-vastu-tootav-organisatsioon-tegi-kaja-kallase-koeraks|date=2022-09-26|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis,<ref name="wsj-22sept">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|title=Ukraine's Internet Army of 'NAFO Fellas' Fights Russian Trolls and Rewards Donors With Dogs|date=2022-09-27|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|author=Michaels|first=Daniel|archiveurl=https://archive.today/2022.09.27-110353/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/ukraines-internet-army-of-nafo-fellas-fights-russian-trolls-and-rewards-donors-with-dogs-11664271002|archivedate=2022-09-27}}</ref> United States Representative Adam Kinzinger,<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite news|author=Weiss|first=Michael|title=Republican Rep. Adam Kinzinger on the GOP, 'NAFO' and reasons to escalate in Ukraine|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/republican-rep-adam-kinzinger-on-the-gop-nafo-and-reasons-to-escalate-in-ukraine-222222209.html|date=2022-09-23|accessdate=2022-09-26}}</ref> and United States Army Major General Patrick J. Donahoe. == Hụkwa == * Doge (onwe m) * Nnukwu Mgbasa Ozi * Kilroy nọ ebe a, ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agha * Onye isi (nkịta) * Bayraktar nke ndị mmadụ * Saint Javelin * "Satellite ndị mmadụ" nke Ukraine * Vatnik (slang) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ihe odide ndị na-abụghị ndị nweere onwe ha === {{Reflist|30em|group=N-I}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://nafo-ofan.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NAFO] * NAFO on Twitter * NAFO entry at Know Your Meme {{2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dr1vyuamfutkj90v6zwpyc9244dez02 0 27904 674867 541249 2026-07-10T06:42:27Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Adeola Emmanuel Abolaji|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|11|11|df=y}}|nationality=Nigerian|education=[[Babcock University]]|occupation=Pastor, Media Expert|employer=[[Redeemed Christian Church of God]]|party=[[All Progressive Congress]]|website=https://abolajiadeola.com/|image=File:Adeola Abolaji.jpg|image caption=Adeola Emmanuel Abolaji}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Adeola Emmanuel Abolaji''' (amụrụ na 11 Nọvemba 1993) bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị, onye na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke ụlọ omebe iwu, Obafemi Owode LGA, Ogun State nke All Progressive Congress yana onye isi ụkọchukwu nke [[Redeemed Christian Church of God|RCCG]] Living Seed Church Omole na egwu egwu, Spirit Of Prophecy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redeemed Church Organises Workshop On Photography, Social Media, Graphics, Videography For Young People – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/redeemed-church-organises-workshop-on-photography-social-media-graphics-videography-for-young-people/|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=independent.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Man|first=The New|date=2023-03-24|title=Biography of Pastor Abolaji Adeola|url=https://www.thenewman.org.ng/2022/11/biography-of-pastor-abolaji-adeola.html|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=The New Man}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 April 2023|title=Adeola trains, empowers entrepreneurs, marketers|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/adeola-trains-empowers-entrepreneurs-marketers/|work=TheNation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2023-04-19|title=The importance of leadership and human relations in Adeola's journey to becoming a entrepreneur and pastor|url=https://guardian.ng/news/the-importance-of-leadership-and-human-relations-in-adeolas-journey-to-becoming-a-entrepreneur-and-pastor/|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Eze|first=Chinelo|date=2023-03-07|title=Enoch: The Biopic On The Life Of Adejare Adeboye|url=https://guardian.ng/life/enoch-the-biopic-on-the-life-of-adejare-adeboye/|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=From a Young Age to an Established Brand: Abolaji Adeola Shares His Entrepreneurial Journey and How it Led to the Creation of Expert Beam Media. – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/04/19/from-a-young-age-to-an-established-brand-abolaji-adeola-shares-his-entrepreneurial-journey-and-how-it-led-to-the-creation-of-expert-beam-media/|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na biochemistry na Mahadum Babcock, na MBA na Mahadim Redeemers.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cyril|date=2023-04-22|title=From Biochemistry to Blockbusters: Abolaji Adeola’s rise in Nigerian Film Industry|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/from-biochemistry-to-blockbusters-abolaji-adeolas-rise-in-nigerian-film-industry/|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ugbu a Onye isi nke Digital Communications na Office of the Principal Executive Assistant to the General Overseer of [[Redeemed Christian Church of God|RCCG]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Telegraph|first=New|date=2023-04-18|title=Abolaji Adeola, Digital Communications Head for the Office of the Principal Executive Assistant to the General Overseer of RCCG, Discusses the Role of Technology in Spreading the Gospel and Building Communities|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/abolaji-adeola-digital-communications-head-for-the-office-of-the-principal-executive-assistant-to-the-general-overseer-of-rccg-discusses-the-role-of-technology-in-spreading-the-gospel-and-building-c/|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=New Telegraph|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-21|title=Adeola Abolaji - Xplorenollywood|url=https://xplorenollywood.com/tag/adeola-abolaji/|accessdate=2023-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref> === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ na-anọchite anya Ofada Ward na Obafemi Owode LGA nke Ogun State na osote onye isi ụlọ omebe iwu nke Obafemiowode LGA na Ogun State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adeola: Local Government Gives Power to the Electorate – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/09/30/adeola-local-government-gives-power-to-the-electorate/|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=THURSDAY 30TH SEPTEMBER 2021|url=https://issuu.com/thisdaylive/docs/tdla_0930x/1|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=issuu|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Moromoluwatiketike Abolaji ma ha nwere nwa nwoke, Jubilee Abolaji.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-08|title=Enoch Movie actor, Abolaji Adeola gushes over his wife as he celebrates her on International Women’s Day (Photos)|url=https://gospelfilmsng.com/enoch-movie-actor-abolaji-adeola-gushes-over-his-wife-as-he-celebrates-her-on-international-womens-day-photos/|accessdate=2023-05-29|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531161525/https://gospelfilmsng.com/enoch-movie-actor-abolaji-adeola-gushes-over-his-wife-as-he-celebrates-her-on-international-womens-day-photos/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Omume |- |2023 |[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TxD3cxUQcc&vl=en Inọk]<ref>{{Cite web|author=Man|first=The New|date=2023-03-15|title=Watch Enoch Movie: The Biopic of Pastor E.A.Adeboye|url=https://www.thenewman.org.ng/2022/06/download-enoch-biopic-of-pastor.html|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=The New Man}}</ref> |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri |Adeboye Adejare |} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://instagram.com/abolajiadeola?igshid=ZWQyN2ExYTkwZQ== abolaji adeola] na Instagram * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230531161534/https://obafemiowodelocalgov.org/legislators-2/ LGA] * Official website  == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ivy8fmp0iiqbxnuum714gz6qu5ial41 0 28867 674789 130336 2026-07-10T03:28:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674789 wikitext text/x-wiki     {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="5" |Climate Law and Governance Initiative (CLGI) ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data note" |2014<span class="noprint">&#x3B;&#x20;9&nbsp;years ago</span><span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2014</span>)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Founder | class="infobox-data" |[[World Future Council]], [[Centre for International Sustainable Development Law]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Purpose | class="infobox-data" |Humanitarian |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served </div> | class="infobox-data" |Worldwide |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><div class="hlist">Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger, [[Ayman Cherkaoui]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.climatelawgovernance.org www.climatelawgovernance.org]</span> |} [[Category:Pages using infobox organization with unknown parameters|missionClimate Law and Governance Initiative]] The Climate Law and Governance Initiative bụ njikọ mba ụwa nke ndị mmekọ na obodo '''iwu ihu igwe''' na-arụ ọrụ iji wulite ikike na ihe ọmụma metụtara iwu na usoro ọchịchị iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọrụ nyocha na-aga n'ihu nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị mmekọ ya na-eme na-akwado nnabata ihe omume na ogbako pụrụ iche na-ewulite ikike n'otu oge na mkparịta ụka ihu igwe kwa afọ n'okpuru [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/|title=What we do|work=CLGI|accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref> Ihe a na-elekwasị anya bụ mmejuputa [[Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide 13|SDG 13]] na Mgbanwe ihu igwe. UNFCCC kwadoro ihe omume ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cop23.com.fj/events/climate-law-government-initiative/|title=Climate Law and Government Initiative, Endorsed Events|work=COP23|accessdate=2019-01-02|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055756/https://cop23.com.fj/events/climate-law-government-initiative/}}</ref> == Ihe omume == Tọrọ ntọala na 2014 ma malite na-eduga na mkparịta ụka COP21 na Paris, CLGI nwere mgbọrọgwụ n'ọtụtụ ihe omume, nzukọ na ogbako malitere na nzukọ mbụ nke Kyoto Protocol (COP11 / CMP1) na Montreal, 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/about/|title=About, Our History|work=CLGI|accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/montreal-climate-change-conference-december-2005/cmp-1|title=CMP1|work=UNFCCC|accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref> Ihe ndị mere n'ime afọ iri gara aga tọrọ ntọala maka Initiative ahụ. === Ụbọchị Iwu ihu igwe na Ọchịchị 2015 === E mere Ụbọchị Iwu na Gọọmentị nke Inaugural (CLGD) na Disemba 2015 na Mahadum Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, na-eme ka ndị na-akwado ihu igwe, ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-arụ ọrụ kwurịta ọrụ iwu na ọchịchị na-arụ na mbọ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ndị sonyere bụ John H. Knox, Mary Robinson, Bianca Jagger na Bradnee Chambers, na Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger dị ka oche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cisdl.org/public/docs/Final_Programme_-_Paris_Climate_Law__Governance_Day_-_4_Dec_2015.pdf|title=Inaugural Climate Law and Governance Day, Program|work=CISDL|accessdate=2018-12-31|archivedate=2016-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417052655/http://cisdl.org/public/docs/Final_Programme_-_Paris_Climate_Law__Governance_Day_-_4_Dec_2015.pdf}}</ref> Ebumnuche ya bụ ịmepụta obodo na-eme ihe iji kwado mbọ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/news/climate-law-and-governance-day|title=Climate Law and Governance Day|work=UNFCCC|accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref> === Ụbọchị Iwu ihu igwe na Ọchịchị 2016 === E mere CLGD nke abụọ na Mahadum Privée de Marrakech na Nọvemba 2016, ma nyochaa mmepe nke Paris Rulebook (nke e mechara kpọwa Paris Agreement Work Program, ma kweta na COP24).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/climate-law-and-governance-initiative/|title=Climate Law and Governance Initiative|work=Columbia Law School, Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law|accessdate=2018-12-31|archivedate=2019-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193512/http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/climate-law-and-governance-initiative/}}</ref> Nkwurịta okwu lekwasịrị anya n'otú e si emepụta ngwá ọrụ ihu igwe n'ụlọ, ụzọ iji kwado ego ihu igwe, nsogbu ikpe ziri ezi, na ọnọdụ na [[ikpe ihu igwe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CLGD-2016-Proceedings.pdf|title=Climate Law and Governance Day 2016, Proceedings|work=CISDL|accessdate=2018-12-31}}</ref> E kesara nsonaazụ ya na ndị nnọchiteanya na [[2016 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|COP22]] na ihe omume dị n'akụkụ nke lekwasịrị anya na mba ndị na-adịghị ike na ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/climate-justice-and-sustainable-development-event-report/|title=UNFCCC COP22 Side Event|work=CLGI|accessdate=2018-12-31|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004843/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/climate-justice-and-sustainable-development-event-report/}}</ref> COP22 hụkwara usoro iwu ihu igwe nke mbụ zuru oke iji nyekwuo ndị nnọchiteanya ike iji iwu na ngwọta ọchịchị lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/a-review-of-the-one-day-climate-law-governance-specialization-course/|title=Review of the One-Day Climate Law and Governance Specialization Course|work=CLGI|accessdate=2019-01-02|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005005/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/a-review-of-the-one-day-climate-law-governance-specialization-course/}}</ref> === Ụbọchị Iwu ihu igwe na Ọchịchị 2017 === N'ịbụ nke e mere na Mahadum nke Bonn, Hon Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum meghere CLGD nke atọ ma lekwasị anya n'ịkwalite iwu na onyinye ọchịchị maka ọrụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Isi okwu bụ otu ihe ọhụrụ ga-esi kwado mmezu nke National Determined Contributions (NDCs) n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Paris; mmejuputa ibu ọrụ ihu igwe; ịkwalite ike ihu igwe; na ime ka ego ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/CLGD-2017-Proceedings-Report-compressed.pdf|title=Climate Law and Governance Day 2017, Proceedings|work=CLGI|accessdate=2018-12-31|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004838/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/CLGD-2017-Proceedings-Report-compressed.pdf}}</ref> Ihe omume tupu COP na Fiji na-akwadebe maka COP23.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/climate-resilience-whats-law-got/|title=Climate Resilience: What's Lw Got To Do With It|work=CLGI|accessdate=2019-01-02|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103010522/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/climate-resilience-whats-law-got/}}</ref> CLGI bụ ihe omume a kwadoro n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro nke COP23 Presidency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cop23.com.fj/events/climate-law-government-initiative/|title=Climate Law and Government Initiative, Endorsed Events|work=COP23|accessdate=2019-01-02|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055756/https://cop23.com.fj/events/climate-law-government-initiative/}}</ref> E mere otu ụbọchị nke abụọ na Mahadum United Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/2017-climate-law-governance-specialiasation-course/|title=2017 Climate Law and Governance Specialization Course|work=CLGI|accessdate=2019-01-02|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004839/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/2017-climate-law-governance-specialiasation-course/}}</ref> === Ụbọchị Iwu ihu igwe na Ọchịchị 2018 === E mere CLGD 2018 n'oge COP24 na Mahadum Silesia, Katowice, Poland, na Disemba 2018. Mkparịta ụka ndị na-elekwasị anya na ịkekọrịta ahụmịhe mba na omume kachasị mma, mgbanwe ihe ọmụma, na iwulite obodo nke omume iji kwado mbọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ewulite ikike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/a/uchile.cl/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=dWNoaWxlLmNsfGNsZ2R8Z3g6NmY0ZGVlZmE3ZTA0OGNmMw|title=High-level academic events to address new trends in Climate Law and Governance, UNFCCC Press Release|work=UNFCCC|accessdate=2019-01-02}}</ref> E mepụtara mmemme nke ụbọchị ahụ site na tebụl gburugburu na nzukọ intersessional gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/2018-climate-law-governance-roundtable/|title=Climate Law and Governance Roundtable|work=CLGI|accessdate=2019-01-02|archivedate=2019-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103010509/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/2018-climate-law-governance-roundtable/}}</ref> Ndị sonyere gụnyere Christian Voigt, na Kamil Wyszkowski, Onye isi oche nke Global Compact Network maka Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/world-commission-environmental-law/201805/wcel-contributions-toward-unfccccop-24-katowice|title=WCEL Contributions Toward UNFCCC/CoP-24 in Katowice|work=IUCN|date=7 May 2018|accessdate=2019-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ungc.org.pl/aktualnosci/climate-law-and-governance-day-cop24/|title=Climate Law and Governance Day during COP24|work=Global Compact Network Poland|accessdate=2019-01-02|archivedate=2019-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193546/http://ungc.org.pl/aktualnosci/climate-law-and-governance-day-cop24/}}</ref> == Ndị mmekọ ==   === Ndị mmekọ bụ isi === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Lauterpacht Maka Iwu Mba Nile * Global Open Data maka Ọrụ Ugbo na Nri * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị Mba Nile * Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Iwu Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide Mba Nile === Òtù gọọmentị === * International Union for Conservation of Nature World Commission on Environmental Law (WCEL) * Ngalaba Iwu na Mgbakọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations (DELC) * Òtù Iwu Mmepe Mba Nile * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha Ọhịa Mba Nile * Ngalaba World Bank na Iwu, Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Mmepe * Ụlọ Akụ̀ Europe Maka Nrụzigharị na Mmepe * Usoro Mmepe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu === Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ === * Mahadum nke South Pacific * Mahadum Eduardo Mondlane * Mahadum United Nations * Mahadum nke Bonn * Mahadum Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne * Mahadum Cambridge * Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Columbia * Mahadum Cadi Ayyad (UCA) * Mahadum nke Marrakech * [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] * Mahadum nke Chile * Mahadum nke Kinshasa * Mahadum nke Toronto * Mahadum Hassan nke Mbụ nke Settat * Mahadum Ateneo de Manila === Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu na òtù === * Òtù Iwu Mba Nile * Òtù Ndị Ọkàiwu Mba Nile * Baker McKenzie == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} bbnjy84nhsuwtl5at59qahua50w2zf3 0 29014 675002 541159 2026-07-10T09:37:54Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Ọzara obodo''' na-ezo aka na oghere ahịhịa ndụ na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya n'ime obodo ndị dị anya site na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe ka enweghị ike idebanye aha ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Zefferman|first=Emily P.|date=2018-01-01|title=Knoxville’s urban wilderness: Moving toward sustainable multifunctional management|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866716305441|journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening|language=en|volume=29|pages=357–366|doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002|issn=1618-8667}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZeffermanMcKinneyCiancioloFritz2018">Zefferman, Emily P.; McKinney, Michael L.; Cianciolo, Thomas; Fritz, Bridgette I. (2018-01-01). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866716305441 "Knoxville's urban wilderness: Moving toward sustainable multifunctional management"]. ''Urban Forestry & Urban Greening''. Wild urban ecosystems: challenges and opportunities for urban development. '''29''': 357–366. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002|10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1618-8667|1618-8667]].</cite></ref> E gosipụtara na mpaghara ọzara dị n'ime obodo na-emetụta nghọta ọha na eze banyere ọzara na okike, na-eme ka nke a bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka atụmatụ obodo n'ọdịnihu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Diemer|first=Mathias|title=Urban Wilderness in Central Europe: Rewilding at the Urban Fringe|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4f6d428eeadbb2998f178221a0853357f39d58cb|journal=International Journal of Wilderness|volume=9|issue=3|pages=7-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDiemerHeldHofmeister2003">Diemer, Mathias; Held, Martin; Hofmeister, Sabine (December 2003). [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4f6d428eeadbb2998f178221a0853357f39d58cb "Urban Wilderness in Central Europe: Rewilding at the Urban Fringe"]. ''International Journal of Wilderness''. '''9''' (3): 7–11.</cite></ref> == Nchịkọta == Ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ọzara obodo nke na-eme ka ọ dị iche na oghere ahịhịa ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ukwu: # Ọ na-agụnye oghere ahịhịa ndụ nke dị anya site na obodo ukwu ka a ghara ịhụ omume mmadụ. # Na-akwado ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ - Mgbalị ndị dị n'ọzara n'obodo ukwu na-achọ ịkwalite / imeziwanye [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dị ichelekana nke mpaghara site na atụmatụ nlekọta nke ọma.<ref name=":0"/> # Nnukwu njikwa onwe onye - ahịhịa nwere ike ịdị ndụ na obere mgbochi ma ọ bụ njikwa site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name=":2" /> E guzobere mpaghara ọzara dị iche iche n'ụwa niile. Ihe atụ gụnyere Knoxville Urban Wilderness na Knoxville, TN, Purgatory Creek Natural Area na San Marcos, TX, Danube-Auen National Park na Vienna na Lower Austria, Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderderness Area na Tulsa, na Milwaukee River Greenway na Milwaikee, WI.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Milwaukee River Greenway|url=https://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/milwaukee-river-greenway/|accessdate=2023-05-16|work=River Revitalization Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505190527/https://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/milwaukee-river-greenway/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na nke iri abụọ, e mere ka obodo ukwu mepụta obodo. Jacob Riis na ndị ọzọ na-eme mgbanwe lụrụ ọgụ maka ogige ntụrụndụ n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=Jacob Riis: The Photographer Who Showed "How the Other Half Lives" in 1890s NYC|url=https://mymodernmet.com/jacob-riis-how-the-other-half-lives/|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=My Modern Met|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ [[Mézíkọ city|obodo]] nwere omenala nke osisi ndị dị n'obodo ukwu, dị ka elu ụlọ nke Mexico City, omenala ndị a apụtaghị ọzọ n'ụzọ ka ukwuu n'ụwa mepere emepe ruo mgbe e mepụtara ogige ntụrụndụ, dị ka nke Calvert Vaux<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calvert Vaux Park Highlights - Calvert Vaux Park : NYC Parks|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/calvert-vaux-park/highlights/11724|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=www.nycgovparks.org}}</ref> na Frederick Law Olmsted.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brookline|first=Mailing Address: 99 Warren Street|title=Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/frla/index.htm|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ìgwè ndị dị ka squatters na Reclaim The Streets emeela ka a kụọ osisi [[Guerrilla warfare|ndị agha]], rụọ ọrụ n'ime na n'ụlọ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, ma gbawaa oghere n'okporo ụzọ awara awara iji jupụta n'ala na okooko osisi. Omume ndị a emeela nke ọma n'ịmepụta mpaghara ọhụrụ a kụrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị akụ na ụba dị ka obodo ukwu dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Jémanị|Germany]], ebe a tụgharịrị ụlọ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ n'ọnọdụ dị ka ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Urban Wilderness|url=https://www.staedte-wagen-wildnis.de/index.php?id=99|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Städte wagen Wildnis|language=de|archivedate=2021-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805210643/https://www.staedte-wagen-wildnis.de/index.php?id=99}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Hundertwasserhaus * Elu ụlọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ * Mgbidi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ * Ọhịa n'obodo * Mgbasa ozi n'obodo * Ọrụ ugbo n'obodo ukwu * Ala ahịhịa dị n'obodo == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 6698vjn5mo4affea21ktebxw6p1arij 0 29141 675008 118180 2026-07-10T09:41:56Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Obodo dị na Bloom bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke Canada na-akwalite asọmpi enyi n'etiti obodo Canada iji chọọ oghere obodo ha mma. E hiwere ya n'afọ 1995 ka asọmpi mba dị n'etiti obodo iri abụọ na itoolu, ma gbasaala ya wee tinye asọmpi n'ụdị dị iche iche, ma nke mba ma na mpaghara. A na-akpọkwa asọmpi a Communities in Bloom. Iji sonye na asọmpi a, otu obodo ga-edebanye aha na Communities in Bloom, ma nyefee ugwo dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo. Ụgwọ a na-adaberekwa ma ndị obodo so na asọmpi mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mba. A na-ekewa asọmpi ahụ ụzọ isii: * Ịgba aghara, * Ịmata gburugburu ebe obibi, * Nchekwa Ihe Nketa, * Ọhịa Obodo, * Mpaghara ndị mara mma, na * Ihe ngosi okooko osisi. A na-ekpebi obodo ọ bụla n'ikike ha nwere imeziwanye obodo n'ụdị ndị a. A na-enye ndị obodo nzere ntozu oge ntolite dabere na ihe ha rụzuru site na otu ruo ise. A na-amatakwa obodo ọ bụla maka imezu ya n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ site na otu atụmatụ. A na-enyekwa onyinye maka obodo ndị na-egosi ike dị ukwuu n'otu ụdị. == Ihe nrite mba == Obodo dị iche iche na-akwado onyinye mba nke Communities in Bloom na Canada. {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Afọ !Obodo |- |1995 |Ottawa, ON |- |1996 |Hull, QC |- |1997 |Winnipeg, MB |- |1999 |Halifax, NS |- |2000 |Edmonton, AB |- |2001 |Saint John, NB |- |2002 |Kelowna, BC |- |2003 |Stratford, ON |- |2004 |Charlottetown, PE |- |2005 |Saskatoon, SK |- |2006 |Brandon, MB |- |2007 |Obodo Ukwu Moncton, NB |- |2008 |Lethbridge, AB |- |2009 |Vaughan, ON |- |2010 |Obodo Obodo Halifax, NS |- |2011 |National Battlefields Commission (Quebec City), QC |- |2012 |Edmonton & Capital Region, AB |- |2013 |National Capital Commission (Ottawa, ON) |- |2014 |Charlottetown, PEI |- |2015 |Kamloops, BC |} == Hụkwa == * [[America na-agbasa]] * Ogige ihu na-agbawa == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.communitiesinbloom.ca/ Obodo dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bloom] {{Authority control}} gy5tahbddd3d2viy21n0rf7218813w2 0 29153 675009 588792 2026-07-10T09:42:36Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  The Greening of Detroit bụ mmemme na-ahụ maka ọhịa n'obodo ukwu na onye mmekọ na-abụghị uru na The Detroit Partnership; e hiwere ya na 1989.<ref name="GD1">{{Cite web|url=http://greeningofdetroit.com/what-we-do/strategic-landscapes/|title=Green Infrastructure|publisher=The Greening of Detroit|accessdate=7 November 2013|archivedate=9 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109032747/http://greeningofdetroit.com/what-we-do/strategic-landscapes/}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ịkụ osisi na mpaghara Detroit, nzukọ ahụ na-etinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ ọhịa, ọzụzụ ọrụ, na mmemme obodo ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gallaher|first=John|title=Greening of Detroit expands beyond urban forestry|work=[[Detroit Free Press]]|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20120909/NEWS01/309090149/|date=Sep 9, 2012|accessdate=Nov 7, 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Greening kụrụ osisi 12,156 na Detroit, ma ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2017 kụrụ ihe karịrị 100,000 osisi n'obodo ahụ kemgbe e bidoro nzukọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greeningofdetroit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Low-Res-Proof-2012-TGoD-Annual-Report-Final.pdf|title=Inspiring the next Detroit: 2012 a year in review|publisher=The Greening of Detroit|accessdate=7 November 2013|pages=4|archivedate=9 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109032644/http://greeningofdetroit.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Low-Res-Proof-2012-TGoD-Annual-Report-Final.pdf}}</ref><ref name="GD1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/06/low-cost_fix_for_detroits_drai.html|title=A low-cost fix for Detroit drainage problems? Planting trees|publisher=MLive|date=June 7, 2013|accessdate=8 November 2013|author=Block, Dustin}}</ref> Nzukọ ahụ na-etinye aka n'ọrụ ugbo n'obodo ukwu, na-arụ ọrụ iji lekọta ma melite ugbo obodo ukwu na Detroit.<ref name="MSNBC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/urban-farming-takes-hold-blighted-motor|title=Urban farming takes hold in blighted Motor City|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|date=September 10, 2013|accessdate=7 November 2013|author=Timm, Jane C.}}</ref> Greenening na-arụkwa ọrụ iji melite ikuku.<ref>[http://www.greeningdetroit.com/2013/02/04/collaboration-of-efforts-to-improve-southwest-detroit%E2%80%99s-environment/ Collaboration of Efforts to Improve Southwest Detroit’s Environment by Michelle Abd’Elaziz]</ref> Mmefu ego ya kwa afọ bụ ihe dịka $ 3.8 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=7716|title=Listing for The Greening of Detroit|publisher=Charity Navigator|accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref> Lionel Bradford bụ onye isi oche nke The Greening nke Detroit.<ref name="MSNBC" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greeningofdetroit.com/contact-us/|title=Contact us|publisher=The Greening of Detroit|accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref> == Ihe omume == name="Louv" /><ref>This was stated in the book ''The Nature Principle: Human Restoration and the End of Nature-Deficit Disorder'', and was sourced therein from The Greening of Detroit's website</ref> Na Romanowski Park na Detroit, The Greening nke Detroit esorowo ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara mụọ ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere nri na-edozi ahụ na ịkọ ubi n'oge oge uto. Ìgwè ahụ na-arụ ọrụ iji usoro biomediation iji weghachite ala emetọ n'obodo ahụ, gụnyere ebe a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze Detroit.<ref name="DetNews">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140524023454/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20140523/METRO01/305230037/0/metro08/Southwest-Detroit-tree-planting-plan-fuels-toxic-relationship Southwest Detroit tree-planting plan fuels toxic relationship], Jim Lynch, ''[[The Detroit News]]'', 23 May 2014</ref> === Detroit Conservation Corp === Detroit Conservation Corp nke nzukọ ahụ. (DCC) usoro mmepe ndị ọrụ malitere na 2006, na mmekorita ya na LaSalle Bank.<ref name="db" /> E mepụtara usoro ọzụzụ ọrụ a "iji nye ndị Detroit na-enweghị ọrụ ọzụzụ ọrụ bara uru na asambodo na ụlọ ọrụ ahịhịa ndụ".<ref name="db">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dbusiness.com/DBusiness/September-October-2012/Greening-of-Detroit-Partners-with-Bank-of-America-to-Put-Unemployed-Detroiters-to-Work-in-Green-Industry-Jobs/|title=Greening of Detroit Partners with Bank of America to Put Unemployed Detroiters to Work in Green Industry Jobs|publisher=dBusiness|date=September 24, 2012|accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref> Njikọ a gara n'ihu na Bank of America (nke nwetara LaSalle Bank na 2007), nke nyere onyinye $ 200,000 maka mmemme Detroit Conservation Corp (nke bụbu GreenWorks) na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2007/10/01/daily1.html|title=Bank of America completes LaSalle acquisition|publisher=[[Columbus Business Journal]]|date=October 1, 2007|accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="db" /> Ihe omume Detroit Conservation Corp na-enye ọzụzụ maka ọrụ na ịma mma, [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na ọhịa, na mgbe emechara mmemme ahụ, a na-enye ndị sonyere ohere iji mee ule Landscape Industry Certification.<ref name="db" /> === Green Corps === The Greening of Detroit na-ewe ụmụ akwụkwọ 200 n'ọrụ na mmemme Green Corps ha n'oge ọkọchị ọ bụla. A na-ahọrọ ndị ọrụ site na ọdọ mmiri nke mmadụ 2,000, ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ kacha nta.<ref name="MSNBC"/> N'ime usoro ọrụ ha iji lekọta ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche na Detroit, ndị ọrụ Green Corps na-amụtakwa banyere gburugburu ebe obibi obodo. == Arụmụka == Dị ka otu akụkọ sitere na Christine E. Carmichael, onye nyocha sitere na Mahadum Michigan, n'oge a na-akụ osisi Greening na Detroit site na 2011 ruo 2014, 24% nke ndị bi na-enyefe "arịrịọ enweghị osisi", karịa 1,800 n'ime 7,425 kwere omume. osisi. N'agbanyeghị na ha ghọtara uru dị n'ime oke ọhịa mepere emepe, ahụmịhe nke onwe ha na igbutu osisi mbụ nke gọọmentị obodo mere mgbe ọgba aghara Detroit 1967 butere enweghị ntụkwasị obi. Gọọmentị obodo ahụ kwuru na ihe mere ha ji gbukpọsị osisi a bụ iji chịkwaa mgbasa nke ọrịa Dutch elm, gụnyere ịgbasa DDT site na helikopta n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi, mana ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị America America gbara ajụjụ ọnụ Carmichael lere igbutu osisi na helikopta anya dị ka mmụba na-enyocha obodo ha na nzaghachi. ruo esemokwu agbụrụ, ma n'ihi ya atụkwasịghị mgbalị ịkụ osisi. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị nnọchiteanya Greening nọ n'okpuru echiche na ndị bi na ya aghọtaghị mkpa ọhịa dị n'ime obodo. Echiche ndị a dị iche iche na akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo site na ahụmahụ ndụ dị iche iche ka Carmichael kọwara dịka "akụkọ ihe nketa". Ndị bi na agbataobi nwekwara enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'ebe ndị ọrụ Greening nọ maka na ha etinyeghị ndị bi na ya nke ọma na nhazi na ime mkpebi, yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ha bụ ndị ọcha na esiteghị na Detroit, obodo nwere ndị Africa-American bi 83% na 2014. Ọzọkwa, ndị bi ebe ahụ chere na nnukwu osisi ndị a kụrụ n'ala obodo anaghị elekọta ya nke ọma, na-akpata nsogbu na nchekwa na ọdịdị agbata obi, nakwa na a ga-emekwa ka ha bụrụ ndị na-ahụ maka osisi ndị Greening kụrụ na-enweghị ntinye ha. Ndị bi na-ekere òkè na akụkọ ahụ dị njikere ịnara osisi ndị ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-ahọrọ ụdị osisi a ga-akụ. N'afọ 2014, ụfọdụ ndị bi na ya mekwara mkpesa megide mwepụ Greening nke ụlọ egwuregwu na ịkụ osisi na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Detroit's Bridgeview Park. Ebumnuche Greening bụ iwepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ dị ka arsenic na iduga na osisi ọhụrụ site na phytoremediation, ma ndị bi na ya kwupụtara nchegbu dị ka na ha enweghị ike inye ntinye aka na ọrụ ahụ, karịsịa dị ka obodo ojii; igwu egwu ahụike; na enwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ òké. A kọwaghịkwa ha banyere ala ahụ emetọọ n'oge ọrụ ahụ malitere, n'agbanyeghị na mpaghara Detroit Public Schools, bụ nke nwere ikike nke ala ahụ, arụbuola mgbidi iji gbochie ịbanye. N'ịzaghachi nyocha Carmichael, Greening gbasaa itinye aka nke ndị bi na atụmatụ na ịkụ osisi, yana mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu ha na-etinye aka na obodo site na otu onye ruo mmadụ anọ, ha niile bi na Detroit.<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-11/why-detroiters-didn-t-trust-city-tree-planting-efforts|title=Why Detroit Residents Pushed Back Against Tree-Planting|author=Mock|first=Brentin|date=2019-01-11|work=Bloomberg|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=2023-01-25}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ogige ọhịa Hantz * Mgbasa ozi n'obodo * Ọhịa n'obodo * [[Ịrụghachi ọhịa n'obodo ukwu]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * The Unreal Estate Guide to Detroit - Andrew Herscher. peeji nke 70-71. * {{Cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/06/nonprofit_group_greening_of_de.html|title=Nonprofit group Greening of Detroit works to restore canopy in Motor City|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=June 8, 2009|accessdate=6 November 2013|author=(Associated Press)}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website 95vrjyavbc9txsvhupgerkytyapcsbz 0 29228 674945 118310 2026-07-10T08:57:04Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ''' Cañón del Río Blanco bụ ebe a na-echebe ihe okike na steeti Veracruz nke [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]. == Ọdịdị ala == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Cañón del Río Blanco na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 488 km2. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ gụnyere mmiri dị n'elu nke Río Blanco, ebe osimiri ahụ kpụrụ ugwu site na Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, na-adaba na rapids na nsụda mmiri ka ọ na-esi n'ugwu na-agbadata na Gulf Coastal Plain iji banye na Gulf of Mexico. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị na Sierra de Zongolica, mpaghara ugwu nke Sierra Madre de Oaxaca. Pico de Orizaba, ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ nke Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt na elu kachasị elu na Mexico, dị ọtụtụ kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke ogige ahụ. == Flora na anụmanụ == Obodo osisi dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ gụnyere ọhịa pine, ọhịa oak, ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na ọhịa mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="conanp">"Cañón del Río Blanco". Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Government of Mexico. Accessed 9 October 2021. </ref> == Nchekwa == Onye isi ala Lázaro Cárdenas nyere iwu ka Cañón del Río Blanco bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na 1938.<ref name="conanp">"Cañón del Río Blanco". Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Government of Mexico. Accessed 9 October 2021. </ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 51uj0yvbpjpgh4uyhh5fu1einbl3o3b 0 29567 675001 128974 2026-07-10T09:37:13Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Million Tree Initiative naezo aka na [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] naaga nihu nke ọtụtụ obodo naetinye aka notu notu, naezube ịbawanye ọhịa obodo ukwu site na ịkụ otu '''nde''' osisi. [[New York City|Obodo]] ndị a maara na ha naetinye aka ugbu a na atụmatụ a bụ: [[Los Angeles]], Denver, New York City, Shanghai, London, Ontario, na Amherst, New York. Otu ebumnuche a naekerịta netiti obodo ndị a naekere òkè bụ, dịka nkwupụta ebumnuche ha si dị, mbelata nke carbon dioxide na ikuku iji belata mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na Mee 2006, Onye isi obodo Antonio Villaraigosa mere Million Trees LA otu nime nkwa mkpọsa ya. Ọrụ Los Angeles naenweta ego site na ngwakọta ego gọọmentị etiti na ego obodo, ọrụ ebere, na onyinye ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ otu nime ndị mmeri iri anọ site na mmadụ 200 a họpụtara iji nweta onyinye gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na 2009.<ref>EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/region09/awards/09/index.html 2009 Environmental Awards] Retrieved September 27, 2011.</ref> The Mile High Million, atụmatụ nke onye isi obodo John Hickenlooper malitere, bụ mmemme yiri nke ahụ na Denver, Colorado. Hickenlooper mara ọkwa nke a na 2006 State of the City Address. Nabalị iri abụọ na abụọ nọnwa Eprel nafọ 2007, onye isi obodo Michael Bloomberg kpughere ebumnuche nke ịkụ otu nde osisi site nafọ 2017 dị ka akụkụ nke PlaNYC, atụmatụ e mere maka nkwado nke New York City.<ref>The City of New York (April 22, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626134717/http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2007a%2Fpr119-07.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 MAYOR BLOOMBERG PRESENTS PLANYC: A GREENER, GREATER NEW YORK] Retrieved February 28, 2011.</ref> Notu afọ ahụ, China malitere mmemme ịkụ osisi nke ya maka Shanghai, na otu ebumnuche maka otu nde osisi. Usoro ihe omume nke ọtụtụ nde osisi malitere na London na 2011. == Uru ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://whatcommilliontrees.org/ Whatcom Million Trees Project - Bellingham, Washington, USA] * [http://www.milliontreesla.org/ Ọtụtụ nde osisi LA] * [http://milehighmillion.org/ Ọtụtụ nde osisi Denver] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080623063935/http://www.milliontreesnyc.org/html/home/home.shtml Ọtụtụ nde osisi NYC] * [http://www.mtpchina.org/ Ọtụtụ nde osisi Shanghai] * [http://www.milliontrees.ca/ Ọtụtụ nde osisi - London, Ontario] * [http://ytds.org/ Osisi Otu Nde - Pune, India] {{Forestry}} c59qoq62li91qkl7xyxx9vndz0ebgab 0 31122 674548 142473 2026-07-09T13:20:32Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} In 2011, Masaba reappeared in articles concerning an alleged plot to disenfranchise his family. Members of his family were prevented by thugs from registering to vote.<ref name="sue">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=6 February 2011|title=Man with 86 wives to sue INEC|url=http://newnigerianpolitics.com/2011/02/06/man-with-86-wives-to-sue-inec/|work=The Punch}}</ref> Nine members of the Masaba family were injured by thugs whenever they attempted to register to vote.<ref name="disenfranchisement">{{Cite news|author=Wakaso|first=Aisha|date=7 February 2011|title=Man with 86 Wives Alleges Disenfranchisement|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/man-with-86-wives-alleges-disenfranchisement/85889/|work=[[This Day]]}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: unfit URL]]</ref><ref name="times">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=7 February 2011|title=INEC Displays List Of Candidates In States|url=http://www.thetimesofnigeria.com/Article.aspx?id=3145|work=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: unfit URL]]</ref> Masaba bụ onye nkuzi na imam. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Masaba kwuru na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ chụpụrụ ndị nwunye ya, nakwa na ha chọsiri ya n'ihi aha ya dị ka onye na-agwọ ọrịa. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwunye ya erubeghị afọ 30, na ole na ole karịa ụmụ ya ndị okenye. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Al Jazeera English, ndị nwunye ya kwuru na ọ bụ ezigbo di na nna.<blockquote>"Dị ka Attorney General mgbe ahụ, m onwe m pụtara n'ihu ụlọ ikpe Sharia, Minna, dị ka onye ọkàiwu iji kpụpụ nwoke ahụ mana emesịa chọpụta na ụlọ ikpe Sharía na Niger State enweghị ike idozi ikpe ahụ. Enweghị ndokwa e mere na iwu ntaramahụhụ C.P.C ma ọ bụ nchịkwa Sharia nke iwu ikpe ziri ezi iji dozie ikpe ndị dị otú ahụ. "<ref name="prosecute">{{Cite news|date=30 January 2013|title=Why We Could Not Prosecute Man With 86 Wives|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref></blockquote>Ndị mgbasa ozi na-egosikarị Masaba dị ka "nwoke nwere ndị nwunye iri asatọ na isii". N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ akụkọ mgbasa ozi na Masaba gbara 82 n'ime ndị nwunye 86 ya alụkwaghịm, ọ jụrụ ịgba nwunye ya ọ bụla alụkwaghịghịm.<ref name="travails">{{Cite news|date=7 September 2008|title=In spite of his travails, followers, children back embattled man with 86 wives|work=[[The Punch|Sunday Punch]]}}</ref><ref name="refusedivorce">{{Cite news|date=18 September 2008|title=Man refuses 82 divorces|work=[[Daily Mirror]]}}</ref> In 2011, Masaba reappeared in articles concerning an alleged plot to disenfranchise his family. Members of his family were prevented by thugs from registering to vote.<ref name="disenfranchisement" /><ref name="sue">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=6 February 2011|title=Man with 86 wives to sue INEC|url=http://newnigerianpolitics.com/2011/02/06/man-with-86-wives-to-sue-inec/|work=The Punch}}</ref> Nine members of the Masaba family were injured by thugs whenever they attempted to register to vote.<ref name="times">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=7 February 2011|title=INEC Displays List Of Candidates In States|url=http://www.thetimesofnigeria.com/Article.aspx?id=3145|work=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}}</ref> Mgbe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Federal nọ na [[Abuja]] nyere iwu ka a tọhapụ Masaba n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ mụrụ ụmụ 18 ọzọ, na-enwe ngụkọta nke 138.<ref name="children">{{Cite news|author=Falola|first=Francis|date=17 April 2010|title=I've added 18 to my children since I was released from detention|url=https://www.ijawmonitor.org/news.php?ct=3&article=398|work=The Punch}}</ref> Masaba bịara bụrụ onye ama ama na onye ọzọ lụrụ ọtụtụ nwanyị, Ziona Chana nke India na 2011. Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2011, Masaba nwere ndị nwunye 89 na ụmụ 133 ebe Ziona Chana nke India nwere ndị nwunye 39, ụmụ 94 na ụmụ ụmụ 33.<ref name="masabachana">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=18 May 2011|title=Maasaba, Chana: Tale of two super polygamists|url=https://wwrn.org/articles/35475/|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2012, Masaba gbara Jide Orintunsin ajụjụ ọnụ ebe ọ katọrọ ọnwụ ya ma kwuo, sị: <blockquote>"Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị inyom? Enwere m naanị ndị nwunye iri itoolu na asaa. Aga m alụọ di karịa. Aga m anọgide na-alụ ha ruo ogologo oge m dị ndụ. Onye ọ bụla na-alụso m ọgụ n'ihi ndị nwunye m ma ọ bụ ndụ ịhụnanya. Onye dị otú ahụ echefuola ya. Ọ hapụrụ m, m gaara alụ ma eleghị anya ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, mana ihe m na-eme bụ nke Chineke. Ọ bụ ọrụ ma m ga-anọgide na-alụ di ruo ọgwụgwụ oge. Achọrọ m naanị inye ndị na-alụ ọgụ megide ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nwunye m ndụmọdụ ka ha kwụsị n'ihi na ndị dị otú ahụ na-alụ agha megide Chineke, onye okike ha. "<ref name="97wives">{{Cite news|author=Orintunsin|first=Jide|date=30 June 2012|title=I would have taken only two wives but I'm fulfilling a divine assignment - Super polygamist Masaba|url=https://issuu.com/thenation/docs/june_30__2012/16|format=PDF|work=The Nation|pages=16–17|accessdate=2021-07-18}}</ref></blockquote> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 2xuifsacg9xmt0b3qj1la1gfj5ng1z1 674549 674548 2026-07-09T13:22:44Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} In 2011, Masaba reappeared in articles concerning an alleged plot to disenfranchise his family. Members of his family were prevented by thugs from registering to vote.<ref name="sue">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=6 February 2011|title=Man with 86 wives to sue INEC|url=http://newnigerianpolitics.com/2011/02/06/man-with-86-wives-to-sue-inec/|work=The Punch}}</ref> Nine members of the Masaba family were injured by thugs whenever they attempted to register to vote.<ref name="disenfranchisement">{{Cite news|author=Wakaso|first=Aisha|date=7 February 2011|title=Man with 86 Wives Alleges Disenfranchisement|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/man-with-86-wives-alleges-disenfranchisement/85889/|work=[[This Day]]}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: unfit URL]]</ref><ref name="prosecute" /> Masaba bụ onye nkuzi na imam. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Masaba kwuru na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ chụpụrụ ndị nwunye ya, nakwa na ha chọsiri ya n'ihi aha ya dị ka onye na-agwọ ọrịa. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwunye ya erubeghị afọ 30, na ole na ole karịa ụmụ ya ndị okenye. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Al Jazeera English, ndị nwunye ya kwuru na ọ bụ ezigbo di na nna.<blockquote>"Dị ka Attorney General mgbe ahụ, m onwe m pụtara n'ihu ụlọ ikpe Sharia, Minna, dị ka onye ọkàiwu iji kpụpụ nwoke ahụ mana emesịa chọpụta na ụlọ ikpe Sharía na Niger State enweghị ike idozi ikpe ahụ. Enweghị ndokwa e mere na iwu ntaramahụhụ C.P.C ma ọ bụ nchịkwa Sharia nke iwu ikpe ziri ezi iji dozie ikpe ndị dị otú ahụ. "<ref name="prosecute">{{Cite news|date=30 January 2013|title=Why We Could Not Prosecute Man With 86 Wives|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref></blockquote>Ndị mgbasa ozi na-egosikarị Masaba dị ka "nwoke nwere ndị nwunye iri asatọ na isii". N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ akụkọ mgbasa ozi na Masaba gbara 82 n'ime ndị nwunye 86 ya alụkwaghịm, ọ jụrụ ịgba nwunye ya ọ bụla alụkwaghịghịm.<ref name="travails">{{Cite news|date=7 September 2008|title=In spite of his travails, followers, children back embattled man with 86 wives|work=[[The Punch|Sunday Punch]]}}</ref><ref name="refusedivorce">{{Cite news|date=18 September 2008|title=Man refuses 82 divorces|work=[[Daily Mirror]]}}</ref> In 2011, Masaba reappeared in articles concerning an alleged plot to disenfranchise his family. Members of his family were prevented by thugs from registering to vote.<ref name="disenfranchisement" /><ref name="sue">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=6 February 2011|title=Man with 86 wives to sue INEC|url=http://newnigerianpolitics.com/2011/02/06/man-with-86-wives-to-sue-inec/|work=The Punch}}</ref> Nine members of the Masaba family were injured by thugs whenever they attempted to register to vote.<ref name="times">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=7 February 2011|title=INEC Displays List Of Candidates In States|url=http://www.thetimesofnigeria.com/Article.aspx?id=3145|work=[[Independent Nigeria|Daily Independent]]}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: unfit URL]]</ref> Mgbe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Federal nọ na [[Abuja]] nyere iwu ka a tọhapụ Masaba n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ mụrụ ụmụ 18 ọzọ, na-enwe ngụkọta nke 138.<ref name="children">{{Cite news|author=Falola|first=Francis|date=17 April 2010|title=I've added 18 to my children since I was released from detention|url=https://www.ijawmonitor.org/news.php?ct=3&article=398|work=The Punch}}</ref> Masaba bịara bụrụ onye ama ama na onye ọzọ lụrụ ọtụtụ nwanyị, Ziona Chana nke India na 2011. Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2011, Masaba nwere ndị nwunye 89 na ụmụ 133 ebe Ziona Chana nke India nwere ndị nwunye 39, ụmụ 94 na ụmụ ụmụ 33.<ref name="masabachana">{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|date=18 May 2011|title=Maasaba, Chana: Tale of two super polygamists|url=https://wwrn.org/articles/35475/|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2012, Masaba gbara Jide Orintunsin ajụjụ ọnụ ebe ọ katọrọ ọnwụ ya ma kwuo, sị: <blockquote>"Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị inyom? Enwere m naanị ndị nwunye iri itoolu na asaa. Aga m alụọ di karịa. Aga m anọgide na-alụ ha ruo ogologo oge m dị ndụ. Onye ọ bụla na-alụso m ọgụ n'ihi ndị nwunye m ma ọ bụ ndụ ịhụnanya. Onye dị otú ahụ echefuola ya. Ọ hapụrụ m, m gaara alụ ma eleghị anya ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, mana ihe m na-eme bụ nke Chineke. Ọ bụ ọrụ ma m ga-anọgide na-alụ di ruo ọgwụgwụ oge. Achọrọ m naanị inye ndị na-alụ ọgụ megide ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nwunye m ndụmọdụ ka ha kwụsị n'ihi na ndị dị otú ahụ na-alụ agha megide Chineke, onye okike ha. "<ref name="97wives">{{Cite news|author=Orintunsin|first=Jide|date=30 June 2012|title=I would have taken only two wives but I'm fulfilling a divine assignment - Super polygamist Masaba|url=https://issuu.com/thenation/docs/june_30__2012/16|format=PDF|work=The Nation|pages=16–17|accessdate=2021-07-18}}</ref></blockquote> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 6eg8zqqwnqiakbpe2up07f825gpqfll 0 32078 675051 142712 2026-07-10T10:54:39Z Ebube Clara 43871 675051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Janet Okala (1894-1971) bụ onye ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Janet Okala == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Janet Okala na Onitsha na 1894 dị ka nwa nke atọ na nwa nwanyị mbụ nke Odukwe Odili. Onitsha<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1613|title=Okala, Janet (1894)|chapter=Okala, Janet|date=January 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref> O mechara bụrụ onye bi na Owerrinta ebe a maara ya maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Owerrinta<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3jouPZxPC4C&dq=Janet+Okala+nigeria&pg=PA235|title=Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960|author=Chuku|first=Gloria|date=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-97210-9|language=en}}</ref> Aha ọzọ ya bụ "Mama Bread" ebe ọ nwekwara ụlọ achịcha.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike == N'afọ 1929, Okala duziri ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ngagharị iwe na mpaghara Owerrinta n'oge Agha Ụmụ nwanyị Aba. Agha Ụmụ nwanyị Aba<ref name=":0" /> Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Nina Emma Mba si kwuo, Okala enyeworị ndị inyom obodo nduzi na ndụmọdụ mana ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'oge agha ahụ. Nina Emma Mba<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRQwr4fiADAC&dq=Janet+Okala+nigeria&pg=PA75|title=Gender, Literacy, and Life Chances in Sub-Saharan Africa|author=Egbo|first=Benedicta|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-464-9|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1945, Okala guzobere Enugu Women's Association ma họpụta ya dịka otu n'ime ndị osote onye isi oche ya. Enugu<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMyspsywPsC&dq=Janet+Okala&pg=PA122|title=For Women and the Nation: Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria|author=Johnson-Odim|first=Cheryl|date=1997|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-06613-9|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe nleta 1949 sitere na Funmilayo Ransome Kuti (FRK), otu ahụ gbanwere aha ya gaa na alaka Enugu nke Nigerian Women's Union. Funmilayo Ransome Kuti<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-WYM0iQ3wUC&dq=Janet+Okala+nigeria&pg=PA244|title=Gender and Power Relations in Nigeria|author=Ako-Nai|first=Ronke Iyabowale|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7391-7778-5|language=en}}</ref> N'ịkọwa nleta FRK, Okala dere na "Tupu oge ahụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Enugu enweghị ikike inyocha ihe omume nke mba ha. Oriakụ Kuti mgbe ọ bịarutere kụziiri anyị. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara dị ka West African Pilot na Daily Times mere emume mgbanwe aha otu ahụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị n'otu mba n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria. Oge Ọkwọ Ụgbọelu nke West Africa kwa ụbọchị<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} a5glipmzqny3dgefypl25ydyslrb1o4 0 32716 674675 133264 2026-07-09T20:13:26Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Oge ọ malitere */ 674675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Joel Ricks|image=Joel Ricks.png|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date|1804|02|18}}|birth_place=[[Christian County, Kentucky|Christian County]], Kentucky|death_date={{Death date and age|1888|12|15|1804|02|18}}|death_place=[[Logan, Utah|Logan]], Utah|resting_place=|occupation=Farmer, tanner|spouse={{Marriage|Eleanor Martin|May 18, 1826}}|children=[[Thomas E. Ricks (Mormon)|Thomas E. Ricks]]|relatives=|awards=|education=|party=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joel Ricks''' (February 18, 1804 - December 15, 1888) bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ Mormon na onye isi obodo nke nyere aka biri na Salt Lake Valley na Cache Valley, Utah. <ref name="Jenson">{{Cite book|author=Jenson, Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Jenson|title=Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia|year=1914|pages=70–72|publisher=Andrew Jenson History Company|location=Salt Lake City|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,4282|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref>Ọ bụ nna Thomas E. Ricks. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Joel Ricks na Febụwarị 18, 1804, nso Donaldson Creek na Christian County, Kentucky (n'ógbè dị ugbu a na Trigg County), nwa Jonathan Ricks na Temperance Edwards. <ref name="Jenson" />Na Mee 18, 1826, ọ lụrụ Eleanor Martin ma gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo nna ya.<ref name="LeCheminant">{{Cite book|author=LeCheminant|first=Carma|authorlink=|title=Joel Ricks and His Family|publisher=|year=2007|location=Orem, Utah|pages=|url=|doi=|id=|isbn=}}</ref> == Onye ọsụ ụzọ == Mgbe ọ bi na [[Ilinoi|Illinois]], Ricks zutere ndị ozi ala ọzọ si na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS Church) ma mee ya baptizim na 1841. O mechara kwaga Nauvoo, Illinois, ka ya na ndị ọzọ nọ n'okwukwe ya nọrọ. Mkpagbu ndị e mechara mee ka ọ hapụ Nauvoo ma sonyere ndị ọsụ ụzọ Mormon na njem gaa na Ndagwurugwu Salt Lake. == Ndụ Utah == Ricks nyere aka iduzi ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ ya wee rute Bountiful na Septemba 1848. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Centerville, ma mesịa malite ụlọ ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ na Farmington. N'afọ 1852 ọ lụrụ nwunye ọzọ. Ọ kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Logan, Utah, n'afọ 1859, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-eme akpụkpọ anụ ma na-etinye aka na ebe Ebe a na-awa osisi na gristmill.<ref name="Jenson">{{Cite book|author=Jenson, Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Jenson|title=Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia|year=1914|pages=70–72|publisher=Andrew Jenson History Company|location=Salt Lake City|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,4282|accessdate=2010-04-08}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJenson,_Andrew1914">[[Andrew Jenson|Jenson, Andrew]] (1914). [http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,4282 ''Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia'']. Vol.&nbsp;2. Salt Lake City: Andrew Jenson History Company. pp.&nbsp;70–72<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Ricks na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Cache Valley ma nyere aka guzobe obodo Logan. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke Cache County ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ na ise na onye ọrụ na Logan Canyon Road Company. Ọ na-enyekarị ngwá ọrụ maka mbata na-aga n'ihu nke ndị Mormon ma nyere aka n'iwu ụlọ obodo niile mbụ. Na chọọchị ahụ, ọ bụ onye otu Stake High Council ogologo oge ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi.<ref name="Jenson">{{Cite book|author=Jenson, Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Jenson|title=Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia|year=1914|pages=70–72|publisher=Andrew Jenson History Company|location=Salt Lake City|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,4282|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Logan na Disemba 15, 1888.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56544065/patriarch-joel-ricks/|title=(untitled death notice)|work=[[Deseret News]]|page=5|date=1888-12-26|accessdate=2020-08-02}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} lusvl51211ka9088mvuo7sd02bkp6nn 674676 674675 2026-07-09T20:13:51Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ndụ Utah */ 674676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Joel Ricks|image=Joel Ricks.png|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date|1804|02|18}}|birth_place=[[Christian County, Kentucky|Christian County]], Kentucky|death_date={{Death date and age|1888|12|15|1804|02|18}}|death_place=[[Logan, Utah|Logan]], Utah|resting_place=|occupation=Farmer, tanner|spouse={{Marriage|Eleanor Martin|May 18, 1826}}|children=[[Thomas E. Ricks (Mormon)|Thomas E. Ricks]]|relatives=|awards=|education=|party=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joel Ricks''' (February 18, 1804 - December 15, 1888) bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ Mormon na onye isi obodo nke nyere aka biri na Salt Lake Valley na Cache Valley, Utah. <ref name="Jenson">{{Cite book|author=Jenson, Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Jenson|title=Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia|year=1914|pages=70–72|publisher=Andrew Jenson History Company|location=Salt Lake City|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,4282|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref>Ọ bụ nna Thomas E. Ricks. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Joel Ricks na Febụwarị 18, 1804, nso Donaldson Creek na Christian County, Kentucky (n'ógbè dị ugbu a na Trigg County), nwa Jonathan Ricks na Temperance Edwards. <ref name="Jenson" />Na Mee 18, 1826, ọ lụrụ Eleanor Martin ma gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo nna ya.<ref name="LeCheminant">{{Cite book|author=LeCheminant|first=Carma|authorlink=|title=Joel Ricks and His Family|publisher=|year=2007|location=Orem, Utah|pages=|url=|doi=|id=|isbn=}}</ref> == Onye ọsụ ụzọ == Mgbe ọ bi na [[Ilinoi|Illinois]], Ricks zutere ndị ozi ala ọzọ si na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS Church) ma mee ya baptizim na 1841. O mechara kwaga Nauvoo, Illinois, ka ya na ndị ọzọ nọ n'okwukwe ya nọrọ. Mkpagbu ndị e mechara mee ka ọ hapụ Nauvoo ma sonyere ndị ọsụ ụzọ Mormon na njem gaa na Ndagwurugwu Salt Lake. == Ndụ Utah == Ricks nyere aka iduzi ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ ya wee rute Bountiful na Septemba 1848. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Centerville, ma mesịa malite ụlọ ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ na Farmington. N'afọ 1852 ọ lụrụ nwunye ọzọ. Ọ kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Logan, Utah, n'afọ 1859, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-eme akpụkpọ anụ ma na-etinye aka na ebe Ebe a na-awa osisi na gristmill.<ref name="Jenson" /> Ricks na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Cache Valley ma nyere aka guzobe obodo Logan. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke Cache County ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ na ise na onye ọrụ na Logan Canyon Road Company. Ọ na-enyekarị ngwá ọrụ maka mbata na-aga n'ihu nke ndị Mormon ma nyere aka n'iwu ụlọ obodo niile mbụ. Na chọọchị ahụ, ọ bụ onye otu Stake High Council ogologo oge ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi.<ref name="Jenson">{{Cite book|author=Jenson, Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Jenson|title=Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia|year=1914|pages=70–72|publisher=Andrew Jenson History Company|location=Salt Lake City|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,4282|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Logan na Disemba 15, 1888.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56544065/patriarch-joel-ricks/|title=(untitled death notice)|work=[[Deseret News]]|page=5|date=1888-12-26|accessdate=2020-08-02}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 2ez84b336xifxy1yghzqcbe34a8gdy9 674677 674676 2026-07-09T20:14:16Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ndụ Utah */ 674677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Joel Ricks|image=Joel Ricks.png|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date|1804|02|18}}|birth_place=[[Christian County, Kentucky|Christian County]], Kentucky|death_date={{Death date and age|1888|12|15|1804|02|18}}|death_place=[[Logan, Utah|Logan]], Utah|resting_place=|occupation=Farmer, tanner|spouse={{Marriage|Eleanor Martin|May 18, 1826}}|children=[[Thomas E. Ricks (Mormon)|Thomas E. Ricks]]|relatives=|awards=|education=|party=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joel Ricks''' (February 18, 1804 - December 15, 1888) bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ Mormon na onye isi obodo nke nyere aka biri na Salt Lake Valley na Cache Valley, Utah. <ref name="Jenson">{{Cite book|author=Jenson, Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Jenson|title=Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia|year=1914|pages=70–72|publisher=Andrew Jenson History Company|location=Salt Lake City|url=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/BYUIBooks,4282|accessdate=2010-04-08}}</ref>Ọ bụ nna Thomas E. Ricks. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Joel Ricks na Febụwarị 18, 1804, nso Donaldson Creek na Christian County, Kentucky (n'ógbè dị ugbu a na Trigg County), nwa Jonathan Ricks na Temperance Edwards. <ref name="Jenson" />Na Mee 18, 1826, ọ lụrụ Eleanor Martin ma gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo nna ya.<ref name="LeCheminant">{{Cite book|author=LeCheminant|first=Carma|authorlink=|title=Joel Ricks and His Family|publisher=|year=2007|location=Orem, Utah|pages=|url=|doi=|id=|isbn=}}</ref> == Onye ọsụ ụzọ == Mgbe ọ bi na [[Ilinoi|Illinois]], Ricks zutere ndị ozi ala ọzọ si na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS Church) ma mee ya baptizim na 1841. O mechara kwaga Nauvoo, Illinois, ka ya na ndị ọzọ nọ n'okwukwe ya nọrọ. Mkpagbu ndị e mechara mee ka ọ hapụ Nauvoo ma sonyere ndị ọsụ ụzọ Mormon na njem gaa na Ndagwurugwu Salt Lake. == Ndụ Utah == Ricks nyere aka iduzi ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ ya wee rute Bountiful na Septemba 1848. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Centerville, ma mesịa malite ụlọ ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ na Farmington. N'afọ 1852 ọ lụrụ nwunye ọzọ. Ọ kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Logan, Utah, n'afọ 1859, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-eme akpụkpọ anụ ma na-etinye aka na ebe Ebe a na-awa osisi na gristmill.<ref name="Jenson" /> Ricks na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo Cache Valley ma nyere aka guzobe obodo Logan. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke Cache County ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ na ise na onye ọrụ na Logan Canyon Road Company. Ọ na-enyekarị ngwá ọrụ maka mbata na-aga n'ihu nke ndị Mormon ma nyere aka n'iwu ụlọ obodo niile mbụ. Na chọọchị ahụ, ọ bụ onye otu Stake High Council ogologo oge ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi.<ref name="Jenson" /> Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Logan na Disemba 15, 1888.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/56544065/patriarch-joel-ricks/|title=(untitled death notice)|work=[[Deseret News]]|page=5|date=1888-12-26|accessdate=2020-08-02}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} q6wxhssm0929dxwh25vtrquj5bslluz 0 33374 674631 642187 2026-07-09T18:06:01Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = Chris Ekpenyong.jpg | party = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] | caption = Chris Ekpenyong }} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-deputy gov attacks Akpabio over corruption allegations - The Nation Newspaper|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-deputy-gov-attacks-akpabio-over-corruption-allegations/amp/|accessdate=2022-03-18|work=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/217985-akwa-ibom-govt-wont-allow-nse-son-investigate-church-building-collapse.html|title=Akwa Ibom govt. won't allow NSE, SON investigate church building collapse – Premium Times Nigeria|date=14 December 2016|work=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=19 July 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref>'''Christopher Stephen Obong Ekpenyong''' (Listeni; amụrụ na 29 Septemba 1954) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye bụbu osote gọvanọ nke [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naij.com/1075281-sorry-dont-want-part-biafra-niger-delta-chieftain-issues-warning-agitators.html|title=Sorry, we don't want to be part of Biafra – Niger Delta chieftain issues warning to agitators|author=Yusuf|first=Omotayo|date=6 December 2016|work=Naij.com – Nigeria news.|accessdate=19 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/ipob-declares-operation-david-dance-armys-python-dance/|title=IPOB declares Operation David Dance against army's Python Dance|work=Punch Newspapers|accessdate=19 July 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Senate Swears-In Christopher Ekpenyong To Succeed Akpabio {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/30/senate-swears-in-christopher-ekpenyong-to-succeed-akpabio/amp/|accessdate=6 October 2020|work=www.channelstv.com}}</ref> họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Naịjirịa n'afọ 2019 ka ọ nọchite anya Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District. == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/347512-akwa-ibom-senator-loses-wife.html|title=Akwa Ibom senator loses wife|date=August 19, 2019|accessdate=August 22, 2019|work=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref>'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, nwunye ya, Grace Ekpenyong, nwụrụ. == Mmụta == N'afọ 1960, ọ gara St. Patrick's Primary School, Ikot Ukana tupu ọ gaa St. Michael's Primory School, Rumuomasi, Port Harcourt ebe ọ nwetara asambodo mbụ ya (FSLC). N'afọ 1970, ọ gara Government Technical College, Port Harcourt na 1975, ọ gara Federal Government Technical University, Yaba. N'afọ 1977, ọ gara Federal Polytechnic, Bida wee nweta Ordinary National Diploma na Electrical / Electronic Engineering. N'afọ 1980, Ekpenyong gara Polytechnic Calabar maka diplọma mba dị elu na injinia eletrik na eletrọniki ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1982. N'afọ 1993, ọ gara Mahadum Kensington, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States wee nweta nzere na Master of Business Administration (Marketing) n'afọ 1995. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greatachieversworld.com/profile-engr-dr-obong-chris-ekpeyong/|title=Profile: Engr. Dr. Obong Chris Ekpeyong – Great Achievers World|accessdate=March 18, 2019|archivedate=March 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323212646/http://greatachieversworld.com/profile-engr-dr-obong-chris-ekpeyong/}}</ref> nwetara Doctor of Philosophy ya n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ekpenyong bụ osote gọvanọ n'ọchịchị Gọvanọ [[Victor Attah]] site na 1999 ruo 2005. N'afọ 2005, o mere akụkọ ihe mere eme na Naijiria: a chụpụrụ ya dị ka osote gọvanọ nke Akwa Ibom steeti mana e weghachiri ya ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa ahụ n'ihe na-erughị ụbọchị asaa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/close-up-ekpenyong-objs-ally-who-shattered-akpabios-uncommon-feat|title=CLOSE-UP: Chris Ekpenyong, the man who snookered Akpabio|date=February 26, 2019|accessdate=August 21, 2019|work=TheCable}}</ref> otu ụlọ omebe iwu steeti gbanwere impeachment mgbe onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] batara, ọ bụ ezie na a manyere Ekpenyong ịgba arụkwaghịm mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya Akwa Ibom North West Senatorial District n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke Peoples Democratic Party na-emeri onye iro ya kacha nso, [[AKPABIO GODWILL OBOT|Godswill Akpabio]] nke All Progressive Congress. O nwetara vootu 118,215 megide 83,158 maka [[AKPABIO GODWILL OBOT|Godswill Akpabio]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/02/26/breaking-akpabio-loses-senatorial-seat-in-akwa-ibom/amp/|title=Akpabio Loses Senatorial Seat in Akwa Ibom &#124; Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/amp/1224370-breaking-akpabio-loses-senatorial-seat-akwa-ibom.html|title=Breaking: Akpabio loses senatorial seat in Akwa Ibom to PDP's candidate|date=February 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/akpabio-loses-re-election-to-senate/amp|title=Akpabio loses re-election to Senate}}</ref> ọrụ ntuli aka nke Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) bụ Peter Ogban kwupụtara na ọ bụ onye mmeri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/akwa-ibom-court-voids-ekpenyongs-election-as-senator/|title=Akwa Ibom: Court voids Ekpenyong's election as senator|date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> Nọvemba 9, 2019; ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe na Calabar, Cross Rivers State, nyere iwu ka a mee ntuli aka ndị omeiwu na Essien Udim Local Government Area na Akwa Ibom State. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2019/11/09/appeal-court-sacks-senator-ekpenyong-orders-rerun-in-akpabios-lg/|title=Appeal Court Sacks Senator Ekpenyong, Orders Rerun in Akpabio's LG}}</ref> Maka ntuli aka Akwa Ibom North-West Senatorial District, onye na-azọ ọkwa PDP, Chris Ekpenyong, nwetara vootu 134,717 iji merie onye bụbu onye omeiwu, Godswill Akpabio, onye nwere vootu 83,820, dịka nsonaazụ nke INEC wepụtara n'ụtụtụ Sọnde <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/374402-akpabio-loses-again-as-pdp-wins-rerun-elections-in-akwa-ibom.html|title=Akpabio loses again as PDP wins rerun elections in Akwa Ibom|date=January 26, 2020}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ekpenyong, Christopher Stephen}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0cawanpcr3kbo0k9xaqdkwvqh3qqsib 0 33647 675041 142129 2026-07-10T10:32:10Z Ebube Clara 43871 675041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Jane F. Gardner''' (10 Machị 1934 - 28 Jenụwarị 2023) bụ onye Britain na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, agụmakwụkwọ, na onye na-elekọta ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita nke Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Rom na Mahadum nke Reading, na-ahụ maka Iwu Rom na akụkọ ihe mere anya nke Rom. <ref name="staffprofile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/classics/about/staff/j-f-gardner.aspx|title=Staff Profile: Jane F. Gardner|accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref> bụ prọfesọ na mahadum site na 1993 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1999, ebe ọ kụziri ebe ahụ kemgbe 1963. Ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology site na 1976 ruo 1992. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kruschwitz|first=Peter|date=2023|title=Jane F. Gardner (1934-2023)|url=https://cucd.blogs.sas.ac.uk/files/2023/03/Jane-F.-Gardner-1934-2023.pdf|accessdate=4 April 2023|work=CUCD Bulletin 52}}</ref> mụrụ Gardner na Glasgow na 10 Machị 1934 n'ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ Protestant-Catholic: nna ya, onye hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ 12, rụrụ ọrụ na London, Midland na Scottish Railway ebe nne ya (onye na-enweghị agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị) lekọtara ezinụlọ ha. Mgbe <ref name=":0" /> nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Gardner nwetara ihe nrite mbụ na ule Hutcheson Trust Bursary nke Glasgow; o mechara nweta Ferguson Fellowship iji mụọ Classics na Mahadum Glasgow, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na 1951. <ref>{{Cite web|title=UOFG CONTINUES LONG TRADITION OF ANCIENT MASTERMIND COMPETITION|url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/news/peopleprojects/headline_585551_en.html|accessdate=29 January 2019|work=University of Glasgow}}</ref> nyere ya ihe nrite Cowan Blackstone n'afọ 1953, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas mbụ nke MA n'afọ 1955. [1] Site <ref name=":0" />'ebe ahụ ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ maka akara ugo mmụta nke abụọ na Literae Humaniores (Classics) na Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na 1962 na okpukpu abụọ nke mbụ. == Ọrụ == <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="staffprofile" />1962 ruo 1963 Gardner kụziri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Grik na Roman na Mahadum College, Cardiff (nke bụzi Mahadum Cardiff), wee soro afọ abụọ na-akụzi Classics na Bekee na Forest Fields Grammar School na Nottingham; ọ kụzikwaara Classics n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Kendrick na Reading. Gardner sonyeere Ngalaba Classics na Mahadum nke Reading na 1963, na mbụ dị ka onye nkuzi oge. N'ime afọ 36 sochirinụ, a kwalitere ya ọtụtụ ugboro, ọ ghọrọ osote onye nkuzi na 1964, onye nkuzi n'afọ 1966, onye nkuzi dị elu na 1988 ma mesịa bụrụ prọfesọ n'afọ 1993. N'oge ahụ, o nwere Leverhulme Trust Research fellowship (1995-96) ma bụrụkwa onye nlekọta nke Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology (1976-92).<ref name="staffprofile" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=A History of Reading's Classics Department|url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/classics/class-department-history.aspx|accessdate=29 January 2019}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Nnyocha Gardner lekwasịrị anya<ref name=":0" /> akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Rom, ọkachasị ojiji nke iwu Rom na nyocha akụkọ ihe mere mere eme na akụkọ ihe omume iwu na akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị Rom; o bipụtara ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ezinụlọ Rom, iwu ihe onwunwe nke Rom, ọnọdụ iwu nke ndị ohu na ndị nweere onwe ha na ọha mmadụ Rom, a kọwakwara nyocha ya dị ka "ịgbapụta ala" n'iji isi mmalite ya eme ihe, gụnyere ihe odide na papaịrọs yana ederede. Akwụkwọ <ref name=":0" /> atọ "dị ịrịba ama" Women in Roman Law and Society (1986), Being a Roman Citizen (1993) na Family and Familia in Roman Law et Life (1998) enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na mpaghara nke akụkọ iwu na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bendix|first=John|year=1993|title=Review of Jane Gardner, Being a Roman Citizen.|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1993/04.05.40.html|journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|accessdate=24 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cherry|first=David|date=1999|title=Review of Family and Familia in Roman Law and Life|journal=The Classical Review|volume=49|issue=2|pages=458–60|doi=10.1093/cr/49.2.458}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rawson|first=Beryl|date=1989|title=Women in Roman Law and Society by Jane F. Gardner|journal=Classical Views|volume=33|issue=1|pages=89–93}}</ref>-enyocha akwụkwọ ndị a toro maka igosi ihe iwu siri ike na nke dị mgbagwoju anya n'ụzọ a na-agụ ma dị mfe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195389661/obo-9780195389661-0031.xml?rskey=dVcVxE&result=2&q=jane+gardner#firstMatch|title=Roman Law – Classics – Oxford Bibliographies Online|author=du Plessis|first=Paul|work=Oxford Bibliographies Online|accessdate=31 January 2019}}</ref> ndị a ka bụ ọrụ kachasị mkpa na isiokwu ha. == Njikọ mpụga == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 2lf9b9121qchik1q8j0a4sjwpk8ag39 0 33807 675046 655846 2026-07-10T10:42:45Z Ebube Clara 43871 675046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Janet Elizabeth Case''' (1863-1937) bụ onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie nke Britain, onye nkuzi nke Grik oge ochie, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == mụrụ Case na Hampstead, London, na 1863, nke William Arthur Case na Sarah Wolridge Stansfeld; ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ ha nwanyị isii. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Heath Brow, ụlọ akwụkwọ na-agụkọ akwụkwọ na Hampstead, ma mesịa gụọ akwụkwọ ochie na Girton College, Cambridge site na 1881 ruo 1885, <ref>Sutherland, Gillian (2015). ''In Search of the New Woman: Middle-Class Women and Work in Britain 1870–1914''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 62.</ref> ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta mbụ na Akụkụ nke Abụọ nke tripos n'oge a ka na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị inweta akara ugo mmụta zuru ezu na Cambridge; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/at-last-a-degree-of-honour-for-900-cambridge-women-1157056.html|title=At last, a degree of honour for 900 Cambridge women|date=1998-05-31|work=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-22}}</ref> na 1907 ọ gbanwere nke a ka ọ bụrụ Master of Arts mgbe Trinity College, Dublin malitere inye ụmụ nwanyị ruru eru na Oxford na Cambridge nzere. N'afọ 1884, Case guzobere klọb Girton College; ọ bụ onye na-ekere òkè na mmepụta Cambridge nke ihe nkiri Gris oge ochie, na-arụ ọrụ ''Electra'' na mmepụta kọleji Girton nke 1883, na Atena na Aeschylus '''Eumenides'' na Cambridge Greek Play nke 1885. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridgegreekplay.com/plays/1885/eumenides|title=Eumenides {{!}} The Cambridge Greek Play|work=www.cambridgegreekplay.com|accessdate=2019-01-22|archivedate=2019-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010147/https://www.cambridgegreekplay.com/plays/1885/eumenides}}</ref><ref>[[P. E. Easterling|Easterling, Pat]], 'The early years of the Cambridge Greek Play, 1882-1912', in Stray, Chris (1999, ed.), 27-47, pp. 29-30.</ref> bụ nwanyị mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri na Cambridge Greek Play kwa afọ, ihe dị iche na omume nke iji naanị ndị ikom na-eme egwuregwu n'oge ahụ; [1] ọ bụ naanị nwanyị bụ onye na-eme nke Greek Play ruo 1950. <ref name=":1">Alley, Henry M. (1982). "A Rediscovered Eulogy: Virginia Woolf's 'Miss Janet Case: Classical Scholar and Teacher.'" ''Twentieth Century Literature''. 28:3.</ref>'akwụkwọ akụkọ ọnwụ ya na ''Oge'' Times, Virginia Woolf ga-emecha kọwaa Case dị ka "Athena dị mma, na-emebi ọdịnala na ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwoke na-eme ihe nkiri ndị Gris" [1] == Ọrụ == Mgbe hapụsịrị Cambridge, Case kụziri Classics site na 1887 ruo 1896 na Maida Vale High School, yana inye agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi, ọ kụziiri nwa okorobịa Virginia Woolf Grik site na 1902 ruo 1907. Mgbe ntụzi<ref name=":1">Alley, Henry M. (1982). "A Rediscovered Eulogy: Virginia Woolf's 'Miss Janet Case: Classical Scholar and Teacher.'" ''Twentieth Century Literature''. 28:3.</ref> a kwụsịrị, Case na Woolf zụlitere ezigbo ọbụbụenyi nke ga-adịgide ruo mgbe Case nwụrụ na 1937. [1] Woolf dere akụkọ ọnwụ Case, ''Oge'' e bipụtara na The Times na 22 Julaị 1937. Case bipụtara nsụgharị ya nke ''Prometheus Bound'' site na Aeschylus na 1905. <ref>Foster, Finley Melville Kendall (1918). ''English Translations from the Greek: A Bibliographical Survey, Volume 22''. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 8.</ref> Site na 1925 ruo 1937 o dere kọlụm "Country Diaries" kwa izu maka Manchester Guardian, nke e bipụtara dị ka nchịkọta na 1939. <ref>Wainwright, Martin. [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/aug/30/wildlife “First Eleven,”] ''The Guardian'', 30 August 2008. Retrieved on 16 November 2017.</ref> 'ịbụ onye na-arịa ọrịa, ọ kwụsịrị ịkụzi ihe na 1915, mgbe ọ dị afọ 52; ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 1937. [1] == Mgbalị == Case sonyere n'Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị, ekele maka enyi ya na onye bụbu nwa klas Girton Margaret Llewelyn Davies, onye jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Co-operative Women's Guild site na 1899 ruo 1921. dụrụ ndị Guild ọdụ maka mgbanwe iwu ịgba alụkwaghịm, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke 1912 na-akọwapụta aro ndị eze na ịgba alụkwapụ ma na-akwado atụmatụ nke Guild na a ga-ahọpụta ndị nyocha nwanyị n'ụlọ ikpe ịgba alụkwabu. Case gbakwara Virgi<ref>[[Nicolson, Nigel]] and Joanne Trautmann, eds. (1975). ''The Letters of Virginia Woolf: Volume I''. New York: Harcourt. p. 421.</ref> Woolf ume itinye aka n'ihe gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na-edegara ya akwụkwọ ozi na 1910 banyere "ihe na-ezighị ezi nke ọnọdụ dị ugbu a". == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} s64wnb0ozl5ijnqsi6d1m4cheokw61m 0 34049 674699 135249 2026-07-09T21:12:52Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ifufe''' bụ mmegharị nkte ikuku mà ọ bụ gas ndị ọzọ metụtara élú mbara ala. sl66x9f26khnasx0kcw8b96dohicj1h 0 34237 674667 672284 2026-07-09T19:56:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674667 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[Katsina]], Katsina Steeti[[Katsina State|Steeti Katsina]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Hausa na [[English language|Bekee]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[Nigerian|Onye Naijiria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[University of Wales, Cardiff|Mahadum nke Wales, Cardiff]] (M.A) [[Bayero University|Mahadum Bayero]] (B.A) <br /> |} {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Sheme''' bụ onye edemede Naijiria na-asụ asụsụ abụọ, onye nta akụkọ, Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ. <ref name="inter">{{Cite web|title=Ibrahim Sheme - 'I was really overjoyed'|url=http://everythinliterature.blogspot.com.ng/2007/12/ibrahim-sheme-i-was-really-overjoyed.html|publisher=EverythinLiterature|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Ịdu]]'' ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na ''Onye nta akụkọ,'' nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Naijiria, gụnyere Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, na Hotline Magazine . <ref name="Sheme">{{Cite web|title=Sheme appointed NOUN spokesperson|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/next-level/sheme-appointed-noun-spokesperson/142553.html|work=dailytrust.com.ng|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=6 October 2017|archivedate=9 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144226/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/next-level/sheme-appointed-noun-spokesperson/142553.html}}</ref> O dekwara akụkọ ndụ nke nwoke nke abụọ na ọchịchị ndị agha nke General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], onye nwụrụ anwụ Major-General [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yar"Adua]], na akụkọ ndụ nke onye isi egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Hausa, onye nwụrụnụ [[Mamman Shata]]. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Blueprint Newspaper ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ ya. Sheme <ref name="Sheme 3">{{Cite web|title=Ibrahim Sheme|url=http://nouedu.net/officers/mal-ibrahim-sheme|work=nouedu.net|publisher=National Open University of Nigeria|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref> onye nduzi nke mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi na [[National Open University of Nigeria]] kemgbe 2016 <ref name="Sheme" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sheme na Faskari Local Government Area, Katsina State, na 1968 (ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-eji 1966 na akwụkwọ gọọmentị). Ọ gara Maigamji Primary School na Ruwan-Godiya Primary School, ma na Funtua Local Government Area na Kaduna State ochie (nke dị ugbu a na Katsina State) n'etiti afọ 1973-1979, ma gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Government College, Kaduna, na 1984. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Mass Communication na Mahadum Bayero, Kano (BUK), n'afọ 1989. Na mahadum, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eduga n'akwụkwọ ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Parakeet, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Bayero Beacon, akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Katsina State Students Association. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyere ya ihe nrite abụọ a na-achọsi ike, otu dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kacha mma na ngalaba ya na nke ọzọ dị ka nwa akwukwo kacha mma na mahadum ahụ. N'afọ 1993, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na Port Harcourt, Rivers State, na Kaduna, Sheme gara Mahadum Wales na Cardiff, United Kingdom, ebe ọ natara Master of Arts in Communication Studies na 1994. Sheme jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi mba nke Association of Nigerian Authors . <ref name="Sheme" /> == Ọrụ edemede == Sheme bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede na ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ na ugwu Naịjirịa. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, "Kifin Rijiya" (The Ignoramus), nke o dere mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bayero ma bipụta ya na 1991, meriri n'ọkwa nke abụọ na asọmpi edemede nke Northern Languages Novel nke gọọmentị Kaduna State haziri. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, "'Yartsana" (The Doll), meriri ihe nrite mbụ na nwa agbọghọ Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing. Ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere "The Malam's Potion"_ (nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi), akụkọ njem na njem ya n'Izrel na mpaghara Palestine akpọrọ "Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya", akụkọ ndụ nke Major-General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua nwụrụ anwụ, na akụkọ ndụ nke Alhaji Mamman Shata nwụrụ anwụ akpọrọ "Shata Ikon Allah!" Ọ dezigharịrị akụkọ mkpirisi maka Association of Nigerian Authors akpọrọ "Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces". == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Ọnụ ụlọ ndị dị nro na oghere ndị mepere emepe: Anthology of New Short Fiction (''maka ANA''): 1999.<ref name="next">{{Cite web|title=Read to Reel: Transformation of Hausa Popular Literature from Orality to Visuality|url=http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality|work=auadamu.com|accessdate=9 October 2017|archivedate=9 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194537/http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality}}</ref> * The Malam's Potion and Other Stories: Informart Publishers, 1999. * '''Yartsana'': (n'asụsụ Hausa) Informart Publishers, 2003. * ''Ilmi Mabud'in Tafiya.'' '' (Njem na [[Israel]] na'' Hausa'') '', Informart Publishers, 2005. * ''[[Mamman Shata|Shata]] Ikon Allah!'' '' (Akụkọ ndụ nke onye egwu Hausa nwụrụ anwụ, [[Mamman Shata]]) '': Informart Publishers, 2006 * ''Kifin Rijiya'' (lit. The Ignoramus: [[Asụsụ Hausa|Ndị Hausa]]'') '', Nationhouse Press, 1991 * ''Bango Ya Tsage'' (ntụgharị Hausa nke Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart'') '', Unpublished == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] hhugi048qz2km6ptzuldn3v4e2fb32i 0 34255 674701 135548 2026-07-09T21:13:55Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahịhịa''' bụ ngwá ọrụ a na-ejikarị ná bristles, waya mà ọ bụ filament ndị ọzọ. 158xod19i796btlqoq4jodspucjj604 0 34460 674644 141118 2026-07-09T18:15:19Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674644 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Abdullahi Ibrahim (died 24 January 2021).jpg|thumb|Abdullahi Ibrahim]] '''Abdullahi Ibrahim''' (14 Jenụwarị 1939 - 24 Jenụwarụ 2021) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[Ndị Naijiria|onye]] nchịkwa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka [[Ebe ozi gọọmenti etiti nke Naijiria|Minista Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Federal]]. == Akụkọ ndụ == A kpọrọ Ibrahim ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu England n'afọ 1963, a kpọkwara ya ka ọ bụrụkwa onye ọka iwu Naịjirịa n'afọ 1964. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu na onye ndụmọdụ steeti dị elu na mpaghara Northern nke Naịjirịa. Ọ banyere ọrụ onwe onye na 1973 dị ka onye isi nke Abdullahi Ibrahim na ụlọ ọrụ. Ibrahim bụ onye ndụmọdụ iwu ma mesịa bụrụ onyeisi oche nke New Nigeria Development Company Limited, (NNDC). N'afọ 1982, a nabatara ya na Inner Bar dị ka Onye Nnukwu Ọkaiwu nke Naijiria, si otú a bụrụ onye mbụ si Northern Nigeria. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Body of Benchers ruo n'afọ 2001. <ref name="self">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abdullahiibrahimco.com/counsel.htm|title=Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim, OFR, CON, SAN|publisher=Abdullahi Ibrahim and company|accessdate=2010-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100907070447/http://www.abdullahiibrahimco.com/counsel.htm|archivedate=2010-09-07}}</ref> bụ onye Notary Public, onye otu Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, onye otu Permanent Court of Arbitration na Hague na Onye isi oche nke Nigerian Bar Association Legal Practitioners Disciplinary Committee. Ibrahim nwere ọkwa ndị minista dị ka Minista Federal nke Mmụta, Sayensị na Teknụzụ.<ref name="self"/> Ọ bụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem na ụgbọelu (1984-1985) na kọmitii nke General [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Year book of the Commonwealth|author=Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office|publisher=H.M.S.O.|year=1984|isbn=0-11-580233-9}}</ref> Ọ bụ Attorney General nke Federation na Minista nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Naijiria (1997 - Mee 1999) na kọmitii nke General [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw_82498.html|title=IRIN West-Africa: Nigeria's new cabinet 98.8.24|publisher=UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdate=2010-02-13}}</ref> Ọ bụ Kọmishọna nke International - National Boundary Commission, ọ bụkwa onye otu Naijiria nke kwurịtara nkwekọrịta Maritime Boundary n'etiti Naijiria na Republic of [[Equatorial Guinea]] na nkwekọrịta Unitization nke Zafiro / Ekanga Oil Fields. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya ma mesịa bụrụ onye nnọchianya na esemokwu dị n'etiti Federal Republic of Nigeria na Republic of [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na International Court of Justice na The Hague. Ibrahim nwụrụ na Sunday 24 Jenụwarị 2021, site na COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na Naịjirịa.<ref name="self"/><ref>[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/438391-just-in-former-buharis-minister-abdullahi-ibrahim-dies-of-covid-19.html Former Buhari's minister, Abdullahi Ibrahim, dies of COVID-19]</ref> == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Nigerian Ministers of Justice}} [[Òtù:1939 mụrụ]] [[Òtù:2021 ọnwụ]] kjdjwdq3euhvlpyis0lszk11coniuxk 0 34526 674704 143733 2026-07-09T21:15:10Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} DNA bụ ihe na-emegharị onwe ya nke dị na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile dị ndụ dị ka isi ihe mejupụtara chromosomes. Ọ bụ onye na-ebu ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. nke a nwere ozi sitere na akwụkwọ [https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dna_n?tab=factsheet#6327757 ọkọwa okwu oxford] {{DEFAULTSORT:DNA}} 7xvx0344lw4fr61j3n40usxiz5csdla 0 35475 674649 188056 2026-07-09T18:22:20Z Anastesia chi 23720 674649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makhdum Khusro Bakhtyar''' (Urdu; amụrụ na 7 Julaị 1967) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Pakistani nke jere ozi n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka Minista Federal Onye Pakistan maka ụlọ ọrụ na mmepụta. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista Federal nke Economic Affairs, Minista Federal of National Food and Research na Minista Federal maka Atụmatụ, Mmepe na Mgbanwe na Imran Khan ministry">Gọọmentị PTI n'okpuru nduzi nke Praịm Minista Imran Khan. Ọ bụ onye otu National Assembly of Pakistan site na 2002 ruo 2008, 2013 ruo 2018 na 2018 ruo 2023. N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ onye otu Provincial Assembly nke Punjab site na 1997 ruo 1999 ma jee ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ mpaghara nke Chief Minister nke oge ahụ, Shehbaz Sharif. N'oge mbụ ọ nọ n'ọkwa onye otu National Assembly, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista nke Mba maka Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ site na Septemba 2004 ruo Nọvemba 2007 na Federal Cabinet nke Praịm Minista Shaukat Aziz.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PML-N's Khusro Bakhtiar, PTI's Jahangir Tareen become business partners|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pml-ns-khusro-bakhtiar-ptis-jahangir-tareen-become-business-partners/|work=Daily Pakistan Global|date=2018-03-07|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en|archivedate=2018-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901182904/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pml-ns-khusro-bakhtiar-ptis-jahangir-tareen-become-business-partners/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JPSM, PTI join hands, vow to create new province in Punjab|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1406756|work=DAWN.COM|date=2018-05-10|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en|author=Syed Irfan Raza}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e dere n'ala ala peeji == <references />{{Stub}} 4tr5ilubod6byt9iec0u1yy3czz982f 0 35503 674641 148389 2026-07-09T18:13:03Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:FoosLollBerlin190917-21 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Taylor Hawkins ]] '''Oliver Taylor Hawkins''' (February 17, 1972 - March 25, 2022) bụ onye egwu America nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye na-akụ ọkpọ nke otu egwu rock Foo Fighters . N'ịbanye n'òtù ahụ na 1997, Hawkins ghọrọ otu n'ime ihu ndị a ma ama n'òtlọ ahụ. Ọ nọgidere na-akụ ọkpọ Foo Fighters ruo ihe karịrị afọ 25 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na mberede na 2022. O dekọrọ abọm studio asatọ ya na ndị otu ahụ n'etiti afọ 1999 na 2021.  Tupu ọ banye n'òtù ahụ, ọ bụ onye na-akụ ọkpọ maka Sass Jordan na Alanis Morissette, yana onye na-agba ọkpọ nke otu nnwale na-aga n'ihu Sylvia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taylor Hawkins Forms New Group The Birds of Satan|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/taylor-hawkins-forms-new-group-the-birds-of-satan-72872/|work=Rolling Stone|date=2014-03-04|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en-US|author=Jason Newman}}</ref> 'afọ 2004, Hawkins guzobere ọrụ nke ya, Taylor Hawkins na Coattail Riders, ebe ọ na-akụ ọkpọ ma na-abụ abụ, na-ewepụta abọm studio atọ n'etiti afọ 2006 na 2019. O guzobere nnukwu otu NHC na ndị otu Jane's Addiction Dave Navarro na Chris Chaney na 2020, ebe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ olu na ịgbà. nabatara Hawkins n'ime Rock and Roll Hall of Fame na 2021 dị ka onye otu Foo Fighters. A họpụtara ya dịka "Best Rock Drummer" n'afọ 2005 site na magazin British drumming Rhythm. A maara ya maka ike ya na ọnụnọ ya n'elu ikpo okwu, a na-ahọrọ Hawkins mgbe niile dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-akụ ọkpọ kachasị ukwuu n'oge niile. == Oge ọ malitere == Ee mụrụ Oliver Taylor Hawkins na Fort Worth, Texas, na Febụwarị 17, 1972. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Laguna Beach, California, na 1976, ebe Hawkins tolitere. Hawkins bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime mmadụ atọ, ya na nwanne nwoke na nwanne nwanyị tọrọ ya, Jason na Heather. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Laguna Beach High School na 1990, ebe ya na onye na-agụ egwú Yes ugbu a bụ Jon Davison. == Ihe ndị e dere n'ala ala peeji == 3wwf4flfrqeemqbnfs13el4uwk2ogfq 0 35517 674650 644226 2026-07-09T18:24:07Z Anastesia chi 23720 674650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alan Mathison Turing''' OBE FRS bụ onye [[England]] na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ, onye sayensị kọmputa, onye na-ahụ maka ọgụgụ isi, onye na'ihe nzuzo, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na onye na-ekwu maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Turing nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe nke sayensị kọmputa, na-enye nhazi nke echiche nke algọridim na mgbakọ na mwepụ na igwe Turing, nke a pụrụ iwere dị ka ihe nlereanya nke kọmputa zuru oke. A na-ewere ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nna nke sayensị kọmputa na ọgụgụ isi aka.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Remembering Alan Turing: from codebreaking to AI, Turing made the world what it is today|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/turing-contributions|journal=Wired UK|issn=1357-0978|language=en-GB|author=Condé Nast}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government rejects a pardon for computer genius Alan Turing|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/feb/07/alan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers|work=The Guardian|date=2012-02-07|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en-GB|author=Martin Wainwright}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Report on Speech Secrecy System DELILAH, a Technical Description Compiled by A. M. Turing and Lieutenant D. Bayley REME, 1945–1946|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01611194.2012.713803|journal=Cryptologia|date=2012-10|issn=0161-1194|pages=295–340|volume=36|issue=4|doi=10.1080/01611194.2012.713803|language=en|author=Alan M. Turing, D. Bayley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Prof's Book: Turing's Treatise on the Enigma|url=http://archive.org/details/hw-25-3|date=1940|author=Alan M. Turing}}</ref> A mụrụ Turing na Maida Vale, [[London]], a zụlitere ya na ndịda England. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na King's College, Cambridge, na nzere na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Mgbe ọ bụ onye otu na Cambridge, o bipụtara ihe akaebe na-egosi na ụfọdụ ajụjụ mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ ee-e-enweghị ike ịza site na mgbakọ na mwepụta. Ọ kọwapụtara igwe Turing ma gosipụta na nsogbu ịkwụsị maka igwe Turing enweghị ike ikpebi. N'afọ 1938, ọ nwetara Ph.D. ya na Ngalaba nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Princeton.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Report on Speech Secrecy System DELILAH, a Technical Description Compiled by A. M. Turing and Lieutenant D. Bayley REME, 1945–1946|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01611194.2012.713803|journal=Cryptologia|date=2012-10|issn=0161-1194|pages=295–340|volume=36|issue=4|doi=10.1080/01611194.2012.713803|language=en|author=Alan M. Turing, D. Bayley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alan Turing’s ‘fearless approach to problems and intellectual curiosity’ praised|url=https://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/national-news/17771381.alan-turings-fearless-approach-problems-intellectual-curiosity-praised/|work=Dunfermline Press|date=2019-07-15|accessdate=2024-01-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War|url=https://www.cix.co.uk/~klockstone/hinsley.htm|work=www.cix.co.uk|accessdate=2024-01-28}}</ref> N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], Turing rụrụ ọrụ maka Government Code and ciphers School na Bletchley Park, ụlọ ọrụ na-emebi koodu na Britain nke mepụtara Ultra intelligence. Ruo oge ụfọdụ, ọ duziri Hut 8, ngalaba nke na-ahụ maka nyocha cryptanalysis nke ụgbọ mmiri [[Jémanị|Germany]]. N'ebe a, o chepụtara ọtụtụ usoro maka imebi ngwa ngwa nke mkpụrụedemede German, gụnyere mmelite na usoro Bọmbụ Polish tupu agha, igwe eletriki nke nwere ike ịchọta ntọala maka igwe Enigma. Turing rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịgbapụ ozi ndị e jidere na koodu nke mere ka ndị Allies merie Ike Axis n'ọtụtụ ọgụ dị mkpa, gụnyere Agha nke Atlantic. == Ihe ndị e dere n'ala ala peeji == p2pex2cy9kh813e22eceiaohxrc38dl 0 36334 674803 451918 2026-07-10T03:51:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''''Izulu Lami''''', nke akpọrọ My Secret Sky na Bekee, bụ ihe nkiri South Africa nke afọ 2008 nke e mere n'Asụsụ Zulu. Ọ bụ Madoda Ncayiyana duziri ya. Ọ na-agbaso akụkọ banyere ụmụaka abụọ na-aga obodo Durban ma ghọọ ụmụaka n'okporo ámá mgbe nne ha nwụsịrị. == Nkọwa == Thembi dị afọ iri na nwanne ya nwoke dị afọ asatọ, Khwezi, nwụnahụrụ nne ha. Nwanne nne ha kwesịrị ilekọta ha, mana ozugbo ọ rere ihe ole na ole ha nwere, ọ na-apụ n'anya. Ụmụaka ahụ enweghị ihe <ref>[https://www.news24.com/channel/Movies/Reviews/Izulu-Lami-My-Secret-Sky-20090819 Izulu Lami - My Secret Sky], Channel24, Shaheema Barodien, 19 August 2009</ref> bụla ma e wezụga matarasị ọdịnala Zulu nke nne ha mere tupu ya anwụọ. N'iwere ọdịnihu ha n'aka ya, Thembi mere ka nwanne ya nwoke kwenye na ha kwesịrị ịga nnukwu obodo Durban. <ref>[https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2009-09-01-another-touch-of--heaven-for-local-cinema/ Another touch of heaven for local cinema], Times Live, 01 September 2009</ref> ozugbo ha rutere, ha na-ahụ onwe ha na-agagharị n'ime obodo ukwu na-atụ egwu. A na-eyi ihe dị n'etiti Thembi na Kwezi egwu ka obodo ahụ na-aghọ anụ ọhịa nke na-eyi egwu imeri ha kpamkpam. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Sobahle Mkhabas dị ka Thembi * Sibonelo Malinga dị ka Khwezi * Tshepang Mohlomi dị ka "Chili-Bite" == Mmepụta == Ihe nkiri a dabeere na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke gara aga, nke Ncayiyana na Ouida Smit duziri, nke e mere na 2001, The Sky in Her Eyes . Ihe nkiri a meriri Djibril Diop Mambety Prize maka ihe nkiri kacha mma nke Africa na 2003 Cannes Film Festival . <ref name="mg2009">{{Cite web|title=Durban á la Dickens|work=[[The Mail & Guardian]]|date=21 August 2009|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-08-21-durban-aacute-la-dickens/|accessdate=15 February 2023}}</ref> == Ntọhapụ == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2008, ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara na Dubai International Film Festival, na-emeghe ngalaba Asia Africa. <ref name="hr2008">{{Cite web|author=Landreth|first=Jonathan|title=Dubai film festival fetes Asian, African films|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=12 December 2008|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/dubai-film-festival-fetes-asian-124341/|accessdate=15 February 2023}}</ref> <ref name="mg2009"/> wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na mba ụwa na 2009 n'okpuru aha My Secret Sky . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Izulu Lami (My Secret Sky)|work=[[Kiln Theatre]]|url=https://kilntheatre.com/whats-on/izulu-lami-my-secret-sky/|accessdate=15 February 2023|archivedate=15 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215034653/https://kilntheatre.com/whats-on/izulu-lami-my-secret-sky/}}</ref> == Onyinye == * Disemba 2008: A họpụtara ya, Muhr AsiaAfrica Award na Dubai International Film Festival <ref name="imdbawards">{{Cite web|title=Izulu lami|work=IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1364226/awards/|accessdate=15 February 2023}}</ref> * <ref name="mg2009"/> 2009: Onye mmeri, Dikalo Prize maka ihe nkiri kachasị mma na International Pan-African Film Festival (Festival International du Film Panafricain) na Cannes [1][lower-alpha 1] * 2009: Onye mmeri, Silver Crow Pheasant Award maka onye nduzi kacha mma, Kerala International Film FestivalEmume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Kerala * 2010: Onye mmeri, SAFTA Golden Horn maka ihe kacha mma ọ rụzuru na mmepụta - Ihe nkiri (Simon Joyner) na South African Film and Television Awards <ref name="imdbawards" /> * 2010: Onye a họpụtara na SAFTA maka onyinye ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Best Feature <ref name="imdbawards" /> * 2011: Sobahle Mkhabas, Sibonelo Malinga, na Tshepang Mohlomi, ndị mmeri nke Best Child Actor na Africa Movie Academy Awards <ref name="imdbawards" /> == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == . == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223054638/http://spling.co.za/movie-reviews/card/Izulu%20Lami Izulu Lami], onye na-agba akwụkwọ == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|1364226}} bxyy8y6952qlbu823tyf20draf8pmgn 0 36492 674783 190145 2026-07-10T00:44:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Inale''''' bụ egwu Naịjirịa nke afọ 2010 nke Keke Bongos mebere ma bụrụkwa Jeta Amata duziri ya. <ref name="PM">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2010/09/30/bongos-ikwue-returns-in-inale/|title=Bongos Ikwue Returns In ‘Inale’|publisher=PM News Nigeria|date=30 September 2010|accessdate=30 August 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nollywoodwatch.com/inale-%E2%80%93-african-musical-fairytale/|title=Inale - An African Musical fairytale|publisher=Nollywood Watch|accessdate=30 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906225155/http://www.nollywoodwatch.com/inale-%E2%80%93-african-musical-fairytale/|archivedate=6 September 2014}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a bụ [[Caroline Chikezie]] na [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] na-edu ndú. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/31660/4/jeta-amatas-new-movie-inale.html|title=Jeta Amata's new movie, Inale|publisher=The Nigerian Voice|date=4 August 2010|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=Ikeji, Linda}}</ref> E mere ihe nkiri a na [[Otukpo]] wee kọọ akụkọ Inale na Ode, bụ ndị na-ahụrịta ibe ha n'anya mana ịhụnanya ha na-eyi omenala egwu dịka Ode ga-emeri. agba mgba omenala tupu ya enwee ike ijide Inale n'alụmdi na nwunye. Emere ihe nkiri a na Lagos na 22 Ọktoba 2010 <ref name="Rozay, Teefah">{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2010/10/26/red-carpet-inale-premieres-in-lagos/#sthash.UlHzlCk6.dpbs|title=Inale Premieres in Lagos|publisher=that1960chick.com|date=26 October 2010|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=Rozay, Teefah}}</ref> wee zute ya na nnabata dị iche iche. Ọ natara nhọpụta ise na 7th Africa Movie Academy Awards wee merie udi maka Mmeri na Soundtrack . <ref name="AMAA Nominations 2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011|title=AMAA Nominations 2011|publisher=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]|work=Africa Film Academy|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=30 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302124149/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominations-2011|archivedate=2 March 2011}}</ref> Ekwuru na ''Inale'' yiri nnọọ akụkọ ifo gbasara Idomaland . <ref name="Elthan">{{Cite web|url=http://elnathanjohn.blogspot.com/2010/11/movie-review-inale-by-jeta-amata.html|publisher=Elnathan's Dark Corner|title=MOVIE REVIEW: INALE by Jeta Amata|date=3 November 2010|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=John, Elnathan|archivedate=5 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105134212/http://elnathanjohn.blogspot.com/2010/11/movie-review-inale-by-jeta-amata.html}}</ref> == Atụmatụ == Ihe nkiri ahụ na-amalite site na nwoke na-agwa nwa ya nwanyị akụkọ banyere Idomaland. Odeh ([[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]]) na Princess Inale ([[Caroline Chikezie]]) hụrụ ibe ha n'anya. Otú ọ dị, dị ka omenala nke ala ahụ si dị, Odeh ga-alụ ọgụ megide ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-achọ Inale ka o wee nwee ike ịnwe aka Inale n'alụmdi na nwunye. Odeh lụrụ ọtụtụ ndị ikom ma merie n'ọgụ niile; Eze Oche, Eze nke [[Otukpo]] na nna Inale kwupụtara Odeh dị ka onye mmeri. Obere oge tupu emume ịgba mgba ahụ agwụ, onye ọ na-amaghị kpuchiri ihu ya pụtara ma maa Odeh aka ịlụ ọgụ; Onye Ọgaranya ahụ meriri ma kpughere na ọ bụ Prince Agaba (Keppy Ekpeyong Bassey), Prince si Apah, obodo dị nso, nke ya na Otukpo nwere ogologo esemokwu. Eze ahụ na-achọghị ikwupụta onye mmeri ọhụrụ ma gwa Prince Agaba na a ga-eduga nwunye ya n'obodo ya n'echi ya. Inale nọ n'oké mwute n'abalị ahụ, mana eze jụrụ imebi iwu n'agbanyeghị arịrịọ sitere n'aka Eze Nwanyị, Ochanya (Eunice Philips) na ndị ọzọ nọ n'obí eze. N'echi ya, Inale gwara Odeh n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ ga-alọghachikwute ya, ka nwanne ya nwanyị, Princess Omei (Lola Shokeye) na odibo ya, Omada ([[Ini Edo]]) na-eso ya na Apah. N'oge ezumike na njem ha, mgbe Omei na-anọghị, Omada kpaliri Inale ịbanye n'osimiri ka mmiri rie ya ma ghaara Omei ụgha na Inale egbuola onwe ya. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mechara kwubie na Omada na-eme ka ọ bụrụ Inale nye Prince Agaba na ndị Apah, bụ ndị na-amaghị ihe adaeze ahụ dị, iji zere agha n'etiti obodo abụọ ahụ. Ha abụọ rutere Apah, na Omada na-eme ka Inale na Ome dị ka odibo; Ozugbo Omada bụ Queen, ọ malitere imeso Omei ihe. N'ihi ya, Omei na-anwa imeghe ndị mmadụ banyere ọnọdụ ihe, mana ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwere ya. Otu n'ime ndị nche nọ na Apah ghọtara na Omei bụ adaeze ma tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Omada wepụrụ ya. Omei laghachiri n'osimiri ebe mmiri riri Inale, Inale onye bụzi mermaid pụtara n'ihu ya; Inale gwara ya ihe niile Omada mere ya ma kpughere na ya enweghị ike ịhapụ osimiri ahụ, ka ọ ghara ịnwụ. N'oge ọzọ, Odeh na iru uju ya na-agagharị n'otu osimiri ahụ, ọ hụkwara Inale. Ọ gwara ya na ka o wee nwee ike ịnọnyere ya, ọ ga-ama Prince Agaba aka maka ịlụ ọgụ ọzọ ma merie ya; ọ bụ naanị mgbe ahụ ka a ga-atọhapụ ya, ma ọ bụrụ na emeghị nke a tupu anyanwụ adaa ọzọ, Inale ga-apụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Odeh na Agaba lụrụ ọgụ ọzọ ma merie ya ugboro abụọ, tupu Odeh emesịa merie Agaba. Agaba na-enyefe Omada na Odeh, Odeh na-agwa onye ọ bụla ezi njirimara nke Omada. Odeh na Agaba gbagara n'osimiri wee napụta Inale, ebe Omada gbagara banye n'ime ọhịa ma a hụghị ya ọzọ. Inale na Odeh lụrụ, ebe Prince Agaba lụkwara Omei, obodo abụọ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ ịghọ otu mba ukwu. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * [[Caroline Chikezie]] dị ka Inale * [[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]] dị ka Ode * [[Dede Mabiaku]] dị ka Eze Oche * [[Ini Edo]] dị ka Omada * Keppy Ekpeyong dị ka Prince Agaba * Lola Shokeye dị ka Princess Omei * Eunice Philips dị ka Queen Ochanya * [[Mbong Amata]] dị ka Keke * [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] dị ka Ori * [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]] dị ka Ene == Mmepụta == E sere ihe nkiri ahụ na Benue na [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/inale-shines-at-monaco-international-charity-film-festival/|title=INALE shines at Monaco International Charity Film Festival|publisher=wetinhappen.com.ng|date=15 May 2011|accessdate=29 August 2014}}</ref> == Egwú na ụdaolu ==   Ọ bụ Joel Goffin dere ma dee egwu ndabere nke Inale. Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara egwu mbụ sitere na [[Bongos Ikwue]], onye dere egwu ndị ahụ. Jeta Amata dekwara ụfọdụ egwu. Edere egwu niile na BIK Studios, Nigeria . <ref name="PM"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.star1960.com/movies-tv/caroline-chikezie-stars-in-nigerian-movie-inale/|title=Caroline Chikezie Stars In Nigerian Movie "Inale"|publisher=star1960|date=16 October 2010|accessdate=30 August 2014|archivedate=27 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227031900/http://www.star1960.com/movies-tv/caroline-chikezie-stars-in-nigerian-movie-inale/}}</ref>   == Ntọhapụ == A tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri nke Inale na 23 June 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/inale-theatrical-trailer/|title="Inale"- theatrical trailer|publisher=Gidilounge|date=28 March 2011|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=Deji|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907020118/http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/inale-theatrical-trailer/|archivedate=7 September 2014}}</ref> Emere na Lagos na 22 Ọktoba 2010<ref name="PM"/> ma nwee Abuja na 28 Ọktobe 2010. <ref name="Rozay, Teefah"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldenicons.com/inale-in-theatres/|title=INALE – in Theatres!|publisher=Golden Icons Magazine|date=17 November 2010|accessdate=30 August 2014}}</ref> tọhapụrụ ya na Nọvemba na sinima ndị a họọrọ gafee Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://olorisupergal.com/movie-inale-hits-national-theatre/|title=Movie: INALE Hits National Theatre|publisher=Olori Supergal|date=16 December 2011|accessdate=30 August 2014|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003752/http://olorisupergal.com/movie-inale-hits-national-theatre/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/encounter/bongos-ikwue-met-maryam-only-once-keke-daughter/|title=Bongos Ikwue met Maryam only once –Keke, daughter|publisher=Punch NG|work=Punch Newspapers|date=5 March 2012|accessdate=29 August 2014|author=Ben-Nwankwo, Nonye|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223540/http://www.punchng.com/feature/encounter/bongos-ikwue-met-maryam-only-once-keke-daughter/|archivedate=6 September 2014}}</ref> mekwara ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ n'oge ememe Krismas na Afọ Ọhụrụ n'afọ 2011 ruo n'afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-musical-inale-to-make-south-africa-big-screen-premiere-starring-caroline-chikezie-hakeem-kae-kazim|title=Nigerian Musical 'Inale' To Make South Africa Big-Screen Debut (Starring Caroline Chikezie, Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Ini Edo)|publisher=Shadow and Act|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=15 July 2012|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=Akitobi, Emmanuel|archivedate=6 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223645/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/nigerian-musical-inale-to-make-south-africa-big-screen-premiere-starring-caroline-chikezie-hakeem-kae-kazim}}</ref> E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ mgbe e mesịrị na ụlọ ihe nkiri South Africa na 26 Julaị 2012. == Nnakwere == === Mmeghachi omume === Inale nwetara nyocha dị iche iche; ebe a na-eto ya maka mmepụta mara mma, a na-akatọ ya maka ịkọ akụkọ ya. Victor Olatoye nke Nollywood Critics nyere ya akara 4 wee kwuo, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na ị na-achọsi ike maka ihe nkiri Nollywood omenala emepụtara nke ọma, m na-atụ aro ka ị hụ Inale. Nke a bụ ihe nkiri Nollywood onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ. Ihe nkiri ahụ mara mma, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe ike ". O toro ihe nkiri sịnịma, ndezi na ụda ihe nkiri ahụ, mana ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere egwu ahụ, nke ọ chere na ọ bụghị ọdịnala zuru oke.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=302|title=Inale|publisher=Nollywood Critics|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=Olatoye, Victor O.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906224027/http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=302|archive-date=6 September 2014|url-status=dead|archivedate=6 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906224027/http://www.nollywoodcritics.com/Archives_Display.aspx?Videoid=302}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, Elnathan John jara egwu ahụ mma mana o mejọrọ ihe odide na ihe nkiri egwu egwu na ihe nkiri a na-alụ. O kwubiri site n'ikwu, sị: "Ọ bụ mgbalị siri ike dị ukwuu n'ịmepụta egwu. Mgbalị ahụ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịja mma; Otú ọ dị, oké ọchịchọ ya yiri ka ọ na-emezigharị ya. Oge na ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ yiri ka a na-etinye n'ime mmepụta ihe na-emebi ihe ndabere nke ihe ndabere. ihe nkiri ahụ - ihe odide ahụ. Ederede umengwụ, mmepụta dị mma, enweghị nlebara anya na nkọwa dị mkpa; Ụfọdụ nkọwa na-adịghị mkpa yiri ka ọ na-adọrọ mmasị, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na onye nduzi na-achọkwu [sic] iji mee ka ndị na-ege ntị Nigeria mara mma karịa ime ihe nkiri dị mma ".<ref name="Elthan2">{{cite web|url=http://elnathanjohn.blogspot.com/2010/11/movie-review-inale-by-jeta-amata.html|publisher=Elnathan's Dark Corner|title=MOVIE REVIEW: INALE by Jeta Amata|date=3 November 2010|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=John, Elnathan|archivedate=5 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105134212/http://elnathanjohn.blogspot.com/2010/11/movie-review-inale-by-jeta-amata.html}}</ref> Osugo Joshua-Karis nyere ya 7 n'ime 10, na-ekwu, sị: "Inale na-emetụ akụkọ ịhụnanya, ọgụ ọdịnala. N'ozuzu, Inale bụ nnukwu ihe nkiri maka ntụrụndụ".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/inale/#sthash.DevOeBCO.Am6IGmTx.dpbs|title=Inale|publisher=Movie Evolution|work=[[Covenant University]]|date=19 October 2013|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=Joshua-Karis, Osugo|archive-date=6 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223031/http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/inale/#sthash.DevOeBCO.Am6IGmTx.dpbs|url-status=dead|archivedate=6 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223031/http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/inale/#sthash.DevOeBCO.Am6IGmTx.dpbs}}</ref> === Ndị a nabatara === Inale nwetara nhọpụta ise na 7th Africa Movie Academy Awards; gụnyere onyinye maka Best Nigerian Film, Achievement in Soundtrack, Achievention in Visual Effects, Achiection in Makeup and Achievement on Costume Design. O mechara merie ihe nrite maka Achievement na Soundtrack. Ọ nwetakwara nhọpụta ise na [[2011 Best of Nollywood Awards]] ma merie ụdị maka "Best Soundtrack of the Year". Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nhọpụta anọ na 2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards ma merie "Most Entertaining Film" category na 2011 Monaco Charity Film Festival Awards. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Ndepụta zuru ezu nke onyinye !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Ndị natara na ndị a họpụtara !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="5" |Africa Film Academy (7th Africa Movie Academy Awards) <ref name="AMAA Nominations 2011"/><br /> |Ihe nkiri Naịjirịa Kasị Mma |Jeta Amata| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na Soundtrack |Joel Goffin, Bongos Ikwue| {{Won}} |- |Ihe ndị a rụzuru n'ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya |Thomas R. Dickens, Clint Nitkiewicz Hernandez| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'ime ihe ntecha |Temisan Etsede| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'ịmepụta ejiji |Jane Unogwu| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |Best <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaguda.com/2011/09/15/the-2011-best-of-nollywood-b-o-n-award-nominees/|title=BON Awards Nominees|publisher=Jaguda.com|date=15 September 2011|accessdate=30 August 2014|archivedate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306170624/http://jaguda.com/2011/09/15/the-2011-best-of-nollywood-b-o-n-award-nominees/}}</ref> Nollywood Magazine (2011 Best of Nol Hollywood Awards) [1]<br /> |Ihe nkiri nke Afọ |James M. Costello| {{Nom}} |- |Ojiji Kasị Mma nke Uwe |Jane Unogwu| {{Nom}} |- |Onye nduzi nke Afọ |Jeta Amata| {{Nom}} |- |Soundtrack nke Afọ |Joel Goffin, Bongos Ikwue| {{Won}} |- |Ụda Kasị Mma na Ihe nkiri |Martin Kittappa, Justin Scott Dixon| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |Nigeria Entertainment Awards (2011 Nigeria Entertainment Awards) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodmindspace.blogspot.com/2011/05/nominees-for-nigerian-entertainment.html|title=NIGERIA ENTERTAINMENT AWARDS: NOMINEES|publisher=Nollywood by Mindspace|work=Nollywood Mindspace|date=28 May 2011|accessdate=30 August 2014}}</ref><br /> |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na fim |[[Hakeem Kae-Kazim]]| {{Nom}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na fim |[[Caroline Chikezie]]| {{Nom}} |- |Foto Kasị Mma | rowspan="3" |Jeta Amata| {{Nom}} |- |Nchịkwa Kasị Mma na Fim| {{Nom}} |- |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monacofilmfestival.de/100-0-Awards-2011.html|title=MONACO CHARITY FILM FESTIVAL AWARDS 2011|publisher=Monaco Film Festival|accessdate=30 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719045719/http://www.monacofilmfestival.de/100-0-Awards-2011.html|archivedate=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olamildent.com/2011/05/inale-most-entertaining-movie-in.html|title=‘INALE’ MOST ENTERTAINING MOVIE IN 2011…Monaco Charity Film Festival|publisher=Olamildent|date=26 May 2011|accessdate=30 August 2014|author=26 May|archivedate=6 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906223552/http://www.olamildent.com/2011/05/inale-most-entertaining-movie-in.html}}</ref>Monaco Charity Film Festival (2011 Monaco Charity Movie Festival Awards) [1][2]<br /> |Ihe nkiri kachasị atọ ụtọ| {{Won}} |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria nke 2010 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|1744772|Inale}} 4ku9l0wzkqpinsac4qlohety49w89eb 0 37764 674639 152620 2026-07-09T18:12:15Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie Clémentine Dusabejambo''' (amụrụ na 1987) bụ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Rwanda|Rwandan]]. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Marie Clémentine Dusabejambo na Kigali na 1987 [[Rwanda]] . <ref name="Kagire">Linda M. Kagire, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/fespaco-nyirasafari-highlights FESPACO recap: Nyirasafari highlights government efforts to boost film industry], ''The New Times'', March 1, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Dia">Thierno I. Dia, [http://www.africine.org/?menu=fiche&no=32417 Dusabejambo Clémentine], africine.org, May 7, 2019.</ref> zụrụ dị ka injinia eletrik na nkwukọrịta. Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke Dusabejambo bụ ''Lyiza'' meriri ihe nrite ọla nchara Tanit na Carthage Film Festival na 2012. <ref name="Kagire">Linda M. Kagire, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/fespaco-nyirasafari-highlights FESPACO recap: Nyirasafari highlights government efforts to boost film industry], ''The New Times'', March 1, 2019.</ref> Ihe nkiri <ref name="Toronto">Moses Opobo, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/207804 Rwandan film selected for Toronto Black Film Festival], ''[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]'', February 8, 2017.</ref> dị mkpirikpi A Place for Myself (2016) kọrọ akụkọ banyere nwa agbọghọ Rwandan nwere albinism, onye na-alụ ọgụ n'ihu ịkpa ókè na ihere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Dusabejambo <ref>Stephanie Jason, [https://mg.co.za/article/2017-03-24-00-the-rise-of-rwandas-women-filmmakers The rise of Rwanda's women filmmakers], ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'', March 24, 2017.</ref> mmasị n'isiokwu ahụ mgbe ọ nụrụ akụkọ akụkọ banyere ogbugbu 2007-2008 nke ndị nwere albinism na [[Tanzania]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara <ref name="OnScooping">Moses Opobo, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/208808 Dusabejambo on scooping Thomas Sankara Prize at FESPACO], ''The New Times'', March 12, 2017.</ref> Goethe Institut na Kigali, [1] ma gosipụta ya na 2017 Toronto Black Film Festival. <ref name="Toronto" /> <ref name="OnScooping" /> nwetara ihe nrite atọ, gụnyere Ousmane Sembène Award, na Zanzibar International Film Festival (ZIFF), <ref name="Kagire" /> wee merie ọla nchara Tanit na Carthage Film Festival na 2016. <ref name="OnScooping" /><ref>Moses Opobo, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/208671 Rwandan film scoops two prestigious awards at FESPACO], ''The New Times'', March 8, 2017.</ref><ref name="Iribagazia">Glory Iribagazia, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/rwandan-film-nominated-eight-amaa-awards Rwandan film nominated for eight AMAA awards], ''The New Times'', September 21, 2019.</ref> họpụtakwara ya maka Best Short Film na 2017 Africa Movie Academy Awards, [1] ma merie Thomas Sankara Prize na 2017 [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]]. [2] [3] <ref>Moses Opobo, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/lifestyle/rwandan-movies-nominated-ziff-2018-awards Rwandan movies nominated for ZIFF 2018 awards], ''The New Times'', July 10, 2018.</ref>''Icyasha'' (2018) na-elekwasị anya n'otu nwata nwoke dị afọ iri na abụọ, onye chọrọ isonye n'òtù bọọlụ ndị agbata obi mana a na-emegbu ya maka ịbụ nwanyị. <ref>Moses Opobo, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/three-rwandan-films-competition-carthage-film-festival Three Rwandan films in competition at Carthage Film Festival], ''The New Times'', November 6, 2018.</ref> họpụtara ya maka Best Short Film na ZIFF 2018, [1] na obere ihe nkiri na Carthage Film Festival, <ref name="Iribagazia">Glory Iribagazia, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/rwandan-film-nominated-eight-amaa-awards Rwandan film nominated for eight AMAA awards], ''The New Times'', September 21, 2019.</ref> na maka Best Short Film na 2019 Africa Movie Academy Awards. <ref name="Dia">Thierno I. Dia, [http://www.africine.org/?menu=fiche&no=32417 Dusabejambo Clémentine], africine.org, May 7, 2019.</ref> meriri Golden Zébu maka Panafrican Short Film na Rencontres du Film Court Madagascar 2019 . [1] == Ihe nkiri == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * N'azụ Okwu, 2013 * ''Ebe Maka Onwe Gị'', 2016 * ''Icyasha'' / Etiquette, 2018 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == afọ iri na abụọ, onye chọrọ isonye n'òtù bọọlụ ndị agbata obi mana a na-emegbu ya maka * {{IMDb name|8833411}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iuvrkhfd62wdh4qrawz3q7p9bbbxv4w 0 37789 674842 152666 2026-07-10T06:16:23Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674842 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Matt Bishop</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1962-12-25</span>) </span>25 Disemba 1962 (afọ 61) <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (Ọ dị afọ 61) &nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|link=United_Kingdom|alt=United Kingdom|border|23x23px]]</span> [[British people|Ndị Britain]] |} [[Faịlụ:Matt Bishopp.jpg|thumb|Matt Bishop]] '''Matt Bishop''' (amụrụ na 25 Disemba 1962) bụ onye nta akụkọ Bekee, onye edemede, onye edemedo na onye isi mmekọrịta ọha na eze. == Ọrụ == Mgbe <ref name="SunTimes">{{Cite journal|author=Fox|first=Sue|title=Relative Values: Stephen Kovacevich and his son, Matt Bishop|journal=Sunday Times Magazine|date=January 7, 2001}}</ref> hapụsịrị Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School, Holland Park, na 1981, ọ rughị eru dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala London wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba chaa chaa, onye njikwa ụlọ ahịa ịkụ nzọ, na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala obere ụgbọ ala ruo n'afọ ndị 1990, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'onwe ya dị ka onye edemede maka Sporting Life ma tinye akwụkwọ na mahadum iji mụọ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. <ref name="Velasco">{{Cite web|author=Velasco|first=Paul|title=Matt Bishop, F1 media man extraordinaire|url=https://www.grandprix247.com/2018/12/07/video-matt-bishop-f1-media-man-extraordinaire/|work=GrandPrix247|date=7 December 2018|publisher=PeeVeeMedia}}</ref>'ịhapụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị, ọ malitere ọrụ edemede ya zuru oke na magazin Car na 1993, na-aghọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ, mgbe ahụ na Septemba 1995 ọ kwagara na magazin Focus dị ka osote onye nchịkọta akụkọ mgbe ahụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-anọchite anya, tupu ọ banye na magazin F1 Racing (nke a na-akpọ GP Racing ugbu a) dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'ọnwa Disemba 1996, na-anọgide ruo Septemba 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|title=F1 editor: Stability at the top helps titles reach pole position|url=https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/f1-editor-stability-at-the-top-helps-titles-reach-pole-position/|work=Press Gazette|date=23 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="Velasco" /> Racing rere nde 1.25 kwa ọnwa n'ụwa niile n'oge Bishop nọ n'ọkwa. N'ihi esemokwu nledo nke Formula 1 nke afọ 2007, nke mere ka a kwụọ ndị otu McLaren Formula 1 ụgwọ $ 100 nde, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Spurgeon|first=Brad|title=McLaren fined $100 million in Formula One spying scandal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/sports/13iht-prix.5.7500107.html|work=New York Times|date=13 September 2007}}</ref> Onye isi oche McLaren bụ Ron Dennis kpọrọ Bishop ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nkwukọrịta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goren|first=Biranit|title=McLaren appoint Bishop as head of PR|url=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/62731/mclaren-appoint-bishop-as-head-of-pr|work=Autosport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Matt Bishop announces decision to leave McLaren Technology Group|url=https://www.mclaren.com/group/news/articles/matt-bishop-announces-decision-leave-mclaren-technology-group/|work=McLaren.com|date=31 July 2017}}</ref> hapụrụ McLaren na Julaị 2017. <ref name="BoyReview">{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Matt|title=The Boy Made the Difference is harrowing yet realistic tale of the effects of HIV/AIDS|url=https://gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/|work=Gaytimes.co.uk|date=August 2020|publisher=Gay Times Group|accessdate=11 November 2020|archivedate=19 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144840/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/}}</ref> dere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, The Boy Made the Difference (nke e bipụtara na 2020), [1] tupu ọ laghachi n'ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na 2018 dị ka onye otu ndị isi nke W Series, asọmpi ịgba ọsọ ụgbọ ala mbụ n'ụwa maka ụmụ nwanyị naanị.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Velasco|first=Paul|title=Szafnauer: Matt Bishop will add enormous value to Aston Martin F1 team|url=http://www.grandprix247.com/2020/12/10/szafnauer-matt-bishop-will-add-enormous-value-to-aston-martin-f1-team/|work=GrandPrix247|date=10 December 2020|publisher=PeeVee Media}}</ref> 10 Disemba 2020 a mara ọkwa na ndị otu Aston Martin Formula 1 akpọbatala Bishop ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nkwukọrịta ya, malite na 2021.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2023)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>source<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Mmalite na ọrụ edemede ==   A mụrụ Bishop na London na Bernardine Bishop (1939-2013), onye Bekee na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye nkuzi na onye na-agwọ ọrịa uche, na onye America na-eme ihe nkiri piano Stephen Kovacevich . <ref name="SunTimes">{{Cite journal|author=Fox|first=Sue|title=Relative Values: Stephen Kovacevich and his son, Matt Bishop|journal=Sunday Times Magazine|date=January 7, 2001}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFox2001">Fox, Sue (7 January 2001). "Relative Values: Stephen Kovacevich and his son, Matt Bishop". ''Sunday Times Magazine'': 7.</cite></ref> Onye edemede <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tumulty|first=Desmond|title=Bernardine Bishop obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/05/bernardine-bishop|work=Guardian.com|date=5 July 2013|publisher=Guardian News & Media}}</ref> ma ama nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ise, otu n'ime ha, Unexpected Lessons in Love, nke edepụtara maka 2013 Costa Novel Award, Bernardine Bishop nwụrụ na ọrịa kansa eriri afọ na July 2013. [1] Nne nne Matt Bishop bụ Barbara Lucas (née Wall, 1911-2009), onye nta akụkọ Bekee, onye edemede, onye edemedi na onye na-eme mkpọsa udo. Nwanne nne <ref name="BoyReview">{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Matt|title=The Boy Made the Difference is harrowing yet realistic tale of the effects of HIV/AIDS|url=https://gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/|work=Gaytimes.co.uk|date=August 2020|publisher=Gay Times Group|accessdate=11 November 2020|archivedate=19 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144840/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMoore2020">Moore, Matt (August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144840/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/ "The Boy Made the Difference is harrowing yet realistic tale of the effects of HIV/AIDS"]. ''Gaytimes.co.uk''. Gay Times Group. Archived from [https://gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/ the original] on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> bụ Viola Meynell (1885-1956), onye edemede Bekee, onye edemede na onye na-ede uri, nne nne ya bụ Alice Meynell (afọ 1847-1922), onye edemedi Bekee, na-ede abụ na onye na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye di ya bụ Wilfrid Meynell (1852-1948), onye edemedo Bekee na onye nchịkọta akụkọ. Matt Bishop arụwo ọrụ dị ka onye na-anakọta ego n'afọ ofufo maka ọrụ ebere ụmụaka na-ahụ maka ọrịa kansa CLIC Sargent ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ebe onye bụbu onye isi otu Formula 1 bụ Eddie Jordan webatara ya na ọrụ ebere na 2007. <ref name="BoyReview">{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Matt|title=The Boy Made the Difference is harrowing yet realistic tale of the effects of HIV/AIDS|url=https://gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/|work=Gaytimes.co.uk|date=August 2020|publisher=Gay Times Group|accessdate=11 November 2020|archivedate=19 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144840/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMoore2020">Moore, Matt (August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144840/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/ "The Boy Made the Difference is harrowing yet realistic tale of the effects of HIV/AIDS"]. ''Gaytimes.co.uk''. Gay Times Group. Archived from [https://gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/ the original] on 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> niile sitere <ref name="SunTimes">{{Cite journal|author=Fox|first=Sue|title=Relative Values: Stephen Kovacevich and his son, Matt Bishop|journal=Sunday Times Magazine|date=January 7, 2001}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFox2001">Fox, Sue (7 January 2001). "Relative Values: Stephen Kovacevich and his son, Matt Bishop". ''Sunday Times Magazine'': 7.</cite></ref> ahịa nke The Boy Made the Difference, akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Bishop, ga-aga CLIC Sargent. Na mbido oge Bishop dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke F1 Racing, magazin ahụ nwetara ihe dị ịrịba ama site n'ikpughe usoro 'brake-steer' na McLaren MP4/12, ihe ọhụrụ nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala nwere ike iji brekọ ụkwụ azụ n'onwe ha n'ihu, na-agbanwe njikwa ụgbọ ala iji melite oge. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Collantine|first=Keith|title=Banned: McLaren's rear brake pedal|url=https://www.racefans.net/2007/05/24/banned-mclarens-rear-brake-pedal/|work=RaceFans.net|date=24 May 2007}}</ref> machibidoro ya iwu mgbe Ferrari mere ngagharị iwe. Bishop <ref>{{Cite web|title=The search for the extra pedal|url=https://www.mclaren.com/racing/inside-the-mtc/mclaren-extra-pedal-3153421/|work=McLaren.com}}</ref> onye na-ese foto Darren Heath hụrụ na foto na diski brek azụ McLarens na-enwu n'etiti nkuku, ma hazie iji foto n'ime ụlọ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu site na atụmatụ nke Bishop gwara Heath site na ekwentị ma ọ bụrụ na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụgbọala ahụ mebiri n'etiti ọsọ. Mgbe <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bishop|first=Matt|title='From The Pulpit'|url=https://www.autosport.com/all/feature/18/matt-bishop-from-the-pulpit|work=Autosport.com|publisher=Motorsport Network}}</ref> bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke F1 Racing, Bishop dekwara kọlụm maka Autosport na Autosport.com, nke akpọrọ 'Praise Be!" na 'From the Pulpit". The Boy Made the Difference, akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi nke Bishop, na-ewere nsogbu HIV / AIDS nke ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990. Akụkọ ifo banyere ezinụlọ <ref name="BoyReview">{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Matt|title=The Boy Made the Difference is harrowing yet realistic tale of the effects of HIV/AIDS|url=https://gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/|work=Gaytimes.co.uk|date=August 2020|publisher=Gay Times Group|accessdate=11 November 2020|archivedate=19 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144840/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/culture/the-boy-made-the-difference-is-harrowing-yet-realistic-tale-of-the-effects-of-hiv-aids/}}</ref> n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ London, ọ na-adabere na ahụmịhe Bishop nke ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na-akwado ụlọ, ma ọ bụ 'enyi', maka London Lighthouse, n'oge ahụ bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. == Ndụ onwe onye == Bishop <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ambassadors|url=http://racingpride.com/ambassadors/|work=Racingpride.com}}</ref> nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya n'ihu ọha, ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ na LGBTQ+ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Racing Pride, otu e mepụtara na Stonewall ma malite na June 2019, ebumnuche ya ịkwalite LGBTQ+ na ụlọ ọrụ motorsport. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Page|first=Ian|title=In 1996, I Was Absolutely The Only Gay In The F1 Village|url=http://overtakemotorsport.com/2020/09/28/in-1996-i-was-absolutely-the-only-gay-in-the-formula-one-village/|work=OvertakeMotorsport.com|date=28 September 2020|publisher=Crowther Media}}</ref> bi na London na di ya Angel Bautista, onye isi nri na onye na-eme ihe ntecha. == Ọrụ == === Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo === * Emmo: a Racer's Soul (nke ya na Emerson Fittipaldi dere, 2014) === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Nwa okorobịa ahụ mere ihe dị iche'' (2020) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3m639oh2h4vzkctl9k3pxyahmpz1zob 0 38058 675039 153206 2026-07-10T10:28:42Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|URL=}} '''Nadia Labidi''' (née '''Cherabi''', {{Lang-ar|نادية لعبيدي}}; Amụrụ na 18 Julaị 1954) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Algeria, onye isi ihe nkiri na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ Minista Omenala site na Mee 5 2014 ruo Mee 2015. Ihe nkiri ya bụ "French based and French Funded". Nke mbụ ya Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ Fatima Amaria na 1993 na ihe nkiri izizi ya bụ akụkụ nke ọzọ nke Mirror na 2007.{{sfn|Armes|2015|p=308}} == Afọ ndị mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Labidi na Aïn Madhi n'afọ 1954. [4] gụrụ sociology na Mahadum Algiers ma nweta Ph.D. na Sorbonne (Cinematography, 1987). [1] == Ọrụ == Site [4] 1978 ruo 1994, Labidi rụrụ ọrụ na Algeria Centre for Art na Film Industry Centre Algérien pour l'Art et l'Industrie Cinématographiques (CAAIC) dị ka onye nduzi mmepụta. <ref name="Culture">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=personne&no=10476|title=Nadia Cherabi|accessdate=22 September 2015|language=French|publisher=Africultures}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/2482-new-culture-minister-takes-office|title=New Culture minister takes office|accessdate=22 September 2015|date=6 May 2014|publisher=Algeria Press Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091839/http://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/2482-new-culture-minister-takes-office|archivedate=25 September 2015}}</ref> bụkwa prọfesọ na Faculty of Information Sciences and Communication nke Mahadum Algiers III tupu ọ bụrụ Minista nke Ọdịbendị na Gọọmentị Algeria na 6 Mee 2014. [1] [4]'afọ 1991, Labidi jere ozi dị ka osote onye nduzi na ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ Algeria, Agence Nationale des Actualités Filmées (ANAF). [1] Na CAAIC, ọ wegara uche ya site na mmepụta gaa na ime ihe nkiri na mmasị pụrụ iche na docudrama. [7] duziri L'exile de Bougie (The Exile of Bougie; 1997) na ''Fatima Amaria'' (ya na Malek Laggoune, 1993). [1] Labidi tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ Procom International na 1994. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, a raara Procom International naanị maka akwụkwọ akụkọ. ma hụ na mmepụta nke mmemme iri atọ maka telivishọn Algeria. Na 2002, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbasaa n'ime akụkọ ifo na ihe ihe nkiri (gbara na 35mm), nke e jikọtara ya na telivishọn Algerian (ENTV) yana nkwado nke Ministry of Culture.{{sfn|Armes|2015|p=110}} [8]''Fatima Amaria'', nke e mere na 1993, bụ ihe nkiri mbụ nke Labidi, na-ele ndụ nwa agbọghọ nọ n'obodo okpukpe dị na ndịda Algeria; e mebeghị ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị ahụ, yabụ Labidi chere na ọ dị mkpa inweta ntụkwasị obi ha tupu ime ihe nkiri. [1] == Ihe nkiri == * [8], ''Fatima Amaria'' [1] * [4], ''Akụkụ nke Ọzọ nke Mirror'' [1] * [4], ''Ụmụ nwanyị Dị Ndụ! / Ndị dị ndụ! / A'ichate'' (onye na-emepụta) [1] * [4], Wounded Palms / Les palmiers blesses (onye na-emepụta) [1] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Armes|first=Roy|title=New Voices in Arab Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuueBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA308|date=29 January 2015|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-01528-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Hillauer|first=Rebecca|title=Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yv1BH5Wz-ekC&pg=PA296|year=2005|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-424-943-3}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ab3x3zieyj7g1x4tmggxmzcrwjtgoay 0 38478 674594 153905 2026-07-09T17:05:23Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674594 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Re-publica 2026 - Tag 2 (55280894070).jpg|thumb|Sheri Hagen]] Sheri Hagen ( ከውጭ 1968 na Lagos) bụ onye omere German, edemede onye, ​​onye isi na onye na-ahụ ihe nkiri dabere na Berlin, onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ikike Equity Film GmbH, na onye nkwalite na onye na-akwado iche iche n'  ime ihe nkiri German. == Ndụ == . <ref name="shh">[https://schauspielervideos.de/fullprofile/schauspielerin-sheri-hagen.html ''Sheri Hagen.''] In: ''schauspielervideos.de.'' Retrieved 31 July 2021.</ref>A Washington Sheri Hagen na Lagos, tolitere na Hamburg, ma biri na Berlin ikpe etiti 1990s.  [1] Asụsụ mbụ ya bụ German.  [2] Na mbụ, ọ na-eji mara, ma mgbe o so enyi ya gaa nlegharị anya maka ọrụ egwu, a nabatara ha abụọ.  Hagen ikike ime ihe na ụlọ ihe nkiri an der Wien .  [3] Site na 2010 ruo 2012 ọ mere ihe na Berlin Vaganten Bühne wee mee ihe na oge 2013/14 na Ballhaus Naunynstraße Hagen na-arụ ọrụ n'ihu ọrụ.  Ebe ọ bụ na 1995, mgbe ihe ngosi ngosi ya na ihe omume nke usoro Praxis Bülowbogen, a hụwo ya n'ọtụtụ ihe, dị ka ọtụtụ ụzọ nke Tatort, yana usoro ọzọ dị ka Der Landarzt, Siska, na Bella Block  .  O me ihe nkiri dị ka Bel, dabere na egwuregwu nke otu aha nke Bertolt Brecht, Das Leben der Anderen , na dị ka onye nkwado nke United States Condoleezza Rice na usoro ZDF -abụọ nke Deutschlandspiel . . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lexis® - Sign In {{!}} LexisNexis|url=https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2Furl-api%2Flaapi%2Fdocument%3Fcollection%3Dnews%26id%3Durn%253AcontentItem%253A652W-78D1-F03R-N1W1-00000-00%26context%3D1516831.&aci=la|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=signin.lexisnexis.com}}</ref>N'ọrụ ya, Hagen kere ọrụ nke ya, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye edemede, onye nduzi, na onye ihe, dị ka ihe nkiri 2012 na-emeri Auf den zweiten Blick nke Michael Klammer, Pierre Sanoussi-Bliss,  na Ingo Naujoks mere.  [1] Na ihe nkiri a, nke na- anya na ụdị dị iche iche, Hagen Ezinụlọ na-alụ maka dị iche iche iche na fim, ma na- riekwa ihe nkiri.  [2] Na 2018 ihe nkiri ya Fenster Blau, nke egwuregwu Muttermale Fenster Blau nke Marianna Salzmann, n'ime ihe nkiri.  Hagen nwere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri nke ya, Equality Film GmbH, nke dabere na Berlin.  [3] Na mgbakwunye na iji ihe nkiri ya dị ka ọrụ mmemme, [4] Hagen na- ikakwa ụdị dị iche iche na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri dịka n'iji ya. == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1e8n7vv79omuoxuhut534fd3d7aynk5 0 38721 674786 632197 2026-07-10T01:57:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Irenosen Iseghohi Okojie''' MBE FRSL bụ onye Naijiria mụrụ mkpụmkpụ akụkọ na ode akwụkwọ akụkọ na-arụ ọrụ na [[London]] . Akụkọ ya na-agụnye ihe ntule ma na-ejikwa ihe nketa West Africa mee ihe. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Butterfly Fish'' meriri Betty Trask Award na 2016, na akụkọ ya " Grace Jones " meriri 2020 Caine Prize for African Writing . <ref name="EDA">{{Cite web|url=http://elisedillsworthagency.com/irenosen-okojie|title=Irenosen Okojie|publisher=Elise Dillsworth Agency (EDA)|accessdate=27 July 2020|archivedate=27 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727190830/http://elisedillsworthagency.com/irenosen-okojie}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Royal Society of Literature na 2018. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Afọ mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ === A mụrụ Irenosen Okojie na [[Naijiria]] . Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ezinụlọ ya kwagara [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] . Okojie gara Gresham's, ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi na Holt, Norfolk, tupu ọ gawa St Angela's Convent School na East London wee gaa Stamford Boarding School maka ụmụ agbọghọ. Okojie laghachiri na Lọndọn ka ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ wee gaa London Metropolitan University, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nzikọrịta ozi na Omenala Visual. === Ọrụ === Okojie bụ onye njikwa ọrụ nka na onye nlekọta dabere na London. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mpụta mbụ ya, ''Butterfly Fish'', nwetara ihe nrite Betty Trask na 2016. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221008030553/https://www.societyofauthors.org/SOA/MediaLibrary/SOAWebsite/Press-Releases/Betty-Trask-Awards-2016.pdf "Betty Trask Prize and Award Winners 2016"], [[The Society of Authors]], June 2016.</ref> Ebipụtala ihe odide ya na ''New York Times'', ''Onye na-ahụ maka ihe'', ''The Guardian'', ''BBC'' na ''Huffington Post'', na ọ bụ onye nyere aka na 2019 anthology ''New Daughters of Africa'', nke Margaret Busby deziri. <ref>[https://www.irenosenokojie.com/news/2019/4/9/new-daughters-of-africa-cambridge-literary-festival "New Daughters of Africa Cambridge Literary Festival"], Irenosen Okojie website, 9 April 2019.</ref> Okojie enwetala nhọpụta maka ọtụtụ ihe nrite ma bụrụkwa onye ọka ikpe maka asọmpi agụmagụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Royal Society of Literature 2018">{{Cite web|title=Royal Society of Literature » Irenosen Okojie|work=Royal Society of Literature|date=2018-10-30|url=https://rsliterature.org/fellow/irenosen-okojie/|accessdate=2019-10-06}}</ref> <ref name="Evaristo 2016">{{Cite web|author=Evaristo|first=Bernardine|authorlink=Bernardine Evaristo|title=Speak Gigantular by Irenosen Okojie review – surreal tales of love and loneliness|work=The Guardian|date=24 November 2016|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/24/speak-gigantular-by-irenosen-okojie-review|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> <ref name="The Reader Berlin 2017">{{Cite web|title=Irenosen Okojie|work=The Reader Berlin|date=9 March 2017|url=https://www.thereaderberlin.com/irenosen-okojie/|accessdate=6 October 2019|archivedate=4 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804035937/https://www.thereaderberlin.com/irenosen-okojie/}}</ref> <ref name="Irenosen Okojie 2017">{{Cite web|title=TSS Publishing|work=The Short Story Interview: Irenosen Okojie|date=5 July 2017|url=https://theshortstory.co.uk/the-short-story-interview-irenosen-okojie/|accessdate=6 October 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Elise Dillsworth Agency">{{Cite web|title=Irenosen Okojie|url=http://elisedillsworthagency.com/irenosen-okojie/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514061444/http://elisedillsworthagency.com/irenosen-okojie/|archivedate=2021-05-14|accessdate=6 October 2019|work=Elise Dillsworth Agency}}</ref> Nchịkọta 2016 ya nke akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, ''Speak Gigantular'', bụ ndị a họpụtara maka 2016 inaugural Jhalak Prize yana 2017 Edge Hill Short Story Prize . A họpụtara akụkọ ya ''akụkụ Animal Parts'' maka 2016 Shirley Jackson Award, na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi ya bụ ''Synsepalum'' na-agbasa na BBC Radio 4 iji mee ememme BBC National Short Story Award 2018. <ref name="EDA"/> Ọzọkwa na 2018, a họpụtara Okojie dị ka onye otu ndị Royal Society of Literature . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Okojie, Irenosen|url=https://rsliterature.org/fellows/irenosen-okojie/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=Royal Society of Literature|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na 19 Mee 2020, edepụtara ya aha maka ihe nrite Caine maka edemede Africa, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-19|title=Irenosen Okojie|url=http://www.caineprize.com/press-releases|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=The Caine Prize for African Writing|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108163839/http://www.caineprize.com/press-releases}}</ref> wee mara ọkwa dị ka onye mmeri na 27 Julaị 2020 maka akụkọ ya "Grace Jones". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-53559392/caine-prize-2020-british-nigerian-author-irenosen-okojie|title=Caine Prize 2020: British Nigerian author Irenosen Okojie|publisher=BBC News|date=27 July 2020|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/27/irenosen-okojie-wins-the-caine-prize-for-stunning-short-story-grace-jones|title=Irenosen Okojie wins the Caine prize for 'stunning' short story Grace Jones|first=Alison|author=Flood|date=27 July 2020|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-53552167|title=AKO Caine Prize: Irenosen Okojie wins with story of Grace Jones impersonator|publisher=BBC News|date=27 July 2020|accessdate=27 July 2020}}</ref> A họpụtara Okojie [[Order of the British Empire|onye otu Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) na 2021 Birthday Honors maka ọrụ akwụkwọ. == Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite == * 2016: Onyinye Betty Trask (maka ''azụ nru ububa'' ) * 2018: A họpụtara onye otu nke Royal Society of Literature * 2020: onye meriri AKO Caine Prize for African Writing (ya na " Grace Jones ") == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * ''Kwuo Gigantular'' (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi), Akwụkwọ Jacaranda 2016 * ''Azụ butterfly'' (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Akwụkwọ Jacaranda 2016 * ''Nudibranch'', Hachette 2019 <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpOQDwAAQBAJ&q=irenosen+okojie|title=Nudibranch: A collection of short stories|author=Okojie|first=Irenosen|date=7 November 2019|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=9780349700908|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka na isi mmalite == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.irenosenokojie.com/ Webụsaịtị gọọmentị] {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9k1mbgfgsdz7r54gzrrxw8l9hvf0up0 0 38816 674898 189493 2026-07-10T07:31:09Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674898 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oyinkan Braithwaite1150112.jpg|thumb|Oyinkan Braithwaite]]   Oyinkan Braithwaite ( dhoof 1988) bụ onye Naijiria-British onye edemede na ode akwụkwọ.  [1] [2] Egwuregwu ya na Lagos ma tinye na nwata ya na Nigeria na UK. == Ndụ == <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nNZuQEACAAJ|title=My Sister, the Serial Killer|author=Braithwaite|first=Oyinkan|date=2019|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=9781786495976|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="theladysroom.ng">{{Cite web|url=https://theladysroom.ng/oyinkan-braithwaite-on-waiting-for-a-dream/|title=Oyinkan Braithwaite On Waiting For A Dream|date=2018-03-27|work=The Lady's Room|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-05-25|archivedate=2024-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312194218/https://theladysroom.ng/oyinkan-braithwaite-on-waiting-for-a-dream/}}</ref>A mindi Braithwaite na Lagos na 1988. Ọhịa ọtụtụ oge nwata ya na UK mgbe ngwa ngwa Southgate na ugwu London.  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Lọndọn wee kpuchie Lagos mgbe a njiko nwanne ya n'afọ 2001. Ɔ iwu na ide ihe okike na Mahadum Surrey na Mahadum Kingston tupu ọ pụọ Lagos na 2012 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lea|first=Richard|title=Oyinkan Braithwaite: I just had high standards for myself|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/books/oyinkan-braithwaite-i-just-had-high-standards-for-myself-1.63771265|work=Gulf News|accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref>Ọ cewar ọrụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nchịkọta na ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Kachifo [1] na dịka onye njikwa na Ajapa World, ụlọ ọrụ na-enye nkọwa == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oyinkan Braithwaite's Treasure|url=https://www.thefictionaddiction.com/oyinkan-braithwaites-treasure/|work=The Fiction Addiction|accessdate=6 May 2021}}</ref>Akwụkwọ mpụta mbụ nke Braithwaite, Nwanne m echere, Onye na-egbu Oghere Usoro, bụ Doubleday Books edi na 2018 iji nweta mgbanaka zuru oke.  [1] Mkpirisi akụkọ pụtara na McSweeney's, [2] WePresent, na Amazon Original Stories' Hush Collection == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == * 2014: Edepụtara aha dị ka onye isi okwu iri kacha elu na Eko Poetry Slam * 2016: A họpụtara maka ihe nrite Short Story Commonwealth * 2019: Onye mmeri maka LA Times Award maka Best Crime Thriller na 2019 * 2019: Edepụtara aha maka ihe nrite ụmụ nwanyị maka akụkọ ifo na 2019 * 2019: Edegoro aha maka ihe nrite Booker na 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/margaret-atwood-and-salman-rushdie-nominated-2019-booker-prize-1040626|title=Margaret Atwood and Salman Rushdie nominated for 2019 Booker Prize {{!}} The Bookseller|author=Heloise Wood|date=July 24, 2019|work=www.thebookseller.com|accessdate=January 8, 2021}}</ref> * 2019: Edepụtara aha maka 2019 Amazon Publishing Readers' Awards <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/braithwaite-rankin-and-wesolowski-make-amazon-publishing-readers-awards-shortlist-1043841|title=Braithwaite, Rankin and Wesolowski make Amazon Publishing Readers' Awards shortlist {{!}} The Bookseller|work=www.thebookseller.com|accessdate=2019-07-25}}</ref> * 2020: Onye mmeri, Mpụ 2020 na Akwụkwọ Thriller nke Afọ na onyinye akwụkwọ Britain <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/british-book-awards-2020-books-year-shortlists-revealed-1196431|title=British Book Awards 2020: Books of the Year shortlists revealed {{!}} The Bookseller|work=www.thebookseller.com|accessdate=2020-03-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Flood|first=Alison|date=2020-06-30|title=Evaristo and Carty-Williams become first black authors to win top British Book awards|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/29/candice-carty-williams-bernardine-evaristo-first-black-authors-to-win-top-british-book-awards|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-30|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> * 2020: Edepụtara aha maka 2020 Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2020-06-15|title=Harper, McKinty shortlisted for Theakston Old Peculier crime award|url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/06/15/151920/harper-mckinty-shortlisted-for-theakston-old-peculier-crime-award/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=Books+Publishing|language=en-AU}}</ref> == Ntụaka == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pdnhck6nwgasd9o6wbbhib58qy3vw0p 0 39872 674690 515070 2026-07-09T20:38:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ifeoma Fafunwa|image=|caption=|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Lagos Island]], [[Nigeria]]|death_place=|nationality=[[Nigerian people|Nigerian]] [[American people|American]]|education=[[University of Massachusetts, Amherst]], Harvard University's [[Radcliffe Institute]], [[Dorsey Studios for the Performing Arts]], [[University of Southern California]]|occupation=Theatre Maker, Creative Director, Playwright|years_active=|known_for=|notable_works=[[Hear Word!|HEAR WORD!]]|style=|spouse=Tani Fafunwa(2001)|children=4|mother=Carol Obianwu|father=Walter Obianwu|awards=|website={{URL|www.iopeneye.org/}}}} {{Databox}}'''Ifeoma Fáfúnwá''' ( '''''{{Audio|Fafunwa.wav|Pronunciation}}''''' ) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye na-ese ihe, na onye na-akwado ọrụ, na-ebi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Lagos, Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Person Overview ‹ Ifeoma Fafunwa|url=https://www.media.mit.edu/people/ifeoma/overview/|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=MIT Media Lab}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Nigerian writer, director, and producer Ifeoma Fafunwa|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/meet-nigerian-writer-director-and-producer-ifeoma-fafunwa|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=africa.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=2023-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027092805/https://africa.harvard.edu/event/meet-nigerian-writer-director-and-producer-ifeoma-fafunwa}}</ref> Ihe omume okike ya lekwasịrị anya ahaghị nhata na inye ụmụ nwanyị, ntorobịa na ụmụ agbọghọ ike. <ref name="Ajumobi">{{Cite web|author=Ajumobi|first=Kemi|date=2019-12-27|title=Women in Business: Ifeoma Fafunwa|url=https://businessday.ng/interview/women-in-business/article/women-in-business-ifeoma-fafunwa/|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi okike nke iOpenEye Africa Foundation; otu Naijiria na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, lekwasịrị anya n'iji nka nka na-eme ka mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ifeoma Fafunwa - User Profile|url=https://agln.aspeninstitute.org/profile/2309|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=AGLN - Aspen Global Leadership Network|language=en}}</ref> Egwuregwu ya, NỤRỤ OKWU! , <ref name="Williams">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Holly|date=2019-08-10|title=Playwright Ifeoma Fafunwa: ‘It was permission, all of a sudden, to speak’|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/aug/10/ifeoma-fafunwa-interview-hear-word-edinburgh-festival-nigerian-architect-playwright|accessdate=2023-10-11}}</ref> nke ọ duziri ma dekọọ, ihe karịrị ndị na-ege ntị ndụ 120,000 hụrụla n'ofe ụwa. Edepụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime "ndị na-ese ihe 12 gbanwere ụwa na 2019." <ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service - The Cultural Frontline - 12 artists who changed the world in 2019|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1dhG3DVPgXGjxmy7hchhZCN/12-artists-who-changed-the-world-in-2019|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ọrụ onye na-akwado Ifeoma n'ime ihe nkiri akwụkwọ na-enweta ihe nrite akpọrọ ''MrsF (na Al Jazeera).'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mrs F: Nigeria’s Women Walk on Water|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/witness/2020/11/25/mrs-f-nigerias-women-walk-on-water|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ifeoma na [[Lagos|Lagos, Nigeria]] nye Carol Obianwu, onye nkuzi physics bụ osote onye isi [[St Gregory's College, Lagos|ụlọ akwụkwọ St. Gregory's College]], na [[Walter Obianwu]], onye na-egwu egwuregwu tennis na mba ụwa. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ St. Mary's Primary dị na Lagos na Holy Child College, Obalende. Na 17 ọ kwagara US maka mahadum. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe n'ime ime ụlọ na Atlanta na dịka onye nduzi ihe okike na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na Denver. Colorado. Ọ kwagara Los Angeles ka ọ nọrọ nso na ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri na Television. <ref name="Williams"/> O nwere nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Massachusetts na Amherst (1987) wee were nkuzi na [[Dorsey Studios for the Performing Arts|Dorsey Studios maka Performing Arts]] na Mahadum Southern California . <ref name="Ajumobi"/> Ọ bụkwa onye ibe Harvard University's Radcliffe Institute <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ifeoma Fafunwa|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/ifeoma-fafunwa|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University|language=en}}</ref> na Aspen Institute, <ref name=":1"/> yana onye nduzi ụlọ nyocha MIT Media . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Person Overview ‹ Ifeoma Fafunwa|url=https://www.media.mit.edu/people/ifeoma/overview/|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=MIT Media Lab}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, Ifeoma lụrụ Tani Fáfúnwá nwa [[Ụmụ ahụhụ Fafunwa|Aliyu Babátúndé Fáfúnwá]], na 2003 ọ laghachiri Nigeria ebe ọ na-ebi ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ. Ifeoma na Tani nwere ụmụ anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=ThePointNG|date=2017-12-26|title=My decision to get married late was deliberate - Ifeoma Fafunwa|url=https://www.thepointng.com/my-decision-to-get-married-late-was-deliberate-ifeoma-fafunwa/|accessdate=2023-10-18|work=The Point|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title="I believe it is my responsibility to contribute to the betterment of society instead of complaining." Leading Ladies Africa speaks to Ifeoma Fafunwa. – Leading Ladies Africa|url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/i-believe-it-is-my-responsibility-to-contribute-to-the-betterment-of-society-instead-of-complaining-leading-ladies-africa-speaks-to-ifeoma-fafunwa/|accessdate=2023-10-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Art na ọrụ == Ifeoma kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-emetụta ọha mmadụ, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akwado ya. Ọ na-ede, na-eduzi ma na-emepụta egwuregwu na-agbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ọ na-akwadokwa ihe omume pro-bono na nkuzi akụkọ. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ihe okike na iOpenEye Africa Foundation. Egwu ya kacha ama ama ''Nnụ OKWU!'' bụ nchịkọta akụkọ monologues gbadoro ụkwụ na akụkọ ndụ eziokwu gbasara mgba maka ịha nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria. Emepụtara ya na 2004 ma Boston Globe kọwara ya dị ka "oku maka ịdị n'otu na nkwado ụmụ nwanyị". <ref>{{Cite web|first=Patti|author=Hartigan|date=January 24, 2018|title=Onstage, Nigerian women speak a truth that sets them free|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/theater/dance/2018/01/24/onstage-nigerian-women-speak-truth-that-sets-them-free/Gm8J2juHFcovPalvqCl8zH/story.html|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=The Boston Globe|language=en-US}}</ref> Ben Brantley nke akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times dere na "ihe na-egbukepụ egbukepụ nke na-egbukepụ egbukepụ nke ihe nkedo nwanyị ya niile nwere ọkụ na okpomọkụ nke ọkụ ọkụ." <ref>{{Cite news|first=Ben|author=Brantley|date=January 7, 2019|title=Hate, Hope and Healing at Under the Radar|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/theater/under-the-radar-festival-public-theater.html}}</ref> Sahara Reporters na-akpọ ya dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu dịka ọ bụ nkà ihe ọmụma miri emi." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ifeoma Fafunwa’s Hear Word And Levels of Adultery In Nigeria|first=Nimi|author=Wariboko|date=February 14, 2018|work=Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2018/02/14/ifeoma-fafunwa%E2%80%99s-hear-word-and-levels-adultery-nigeria-nimi-wariboko|accessdate=2023-10-11}}</ref> ''Nụrụ okwu!'' emere n'asụsụ Bekee, Nigerian English, Pidgin <ref>{{Cite web|first=Tomi|author=Falade|date=March 23, 2019|title=Ifeoma Fafunwa's Hear Word! 10 Women, One Director|url=https://independent.ng/ifeoma-fafunwas-hear-word-10-women-one-director/|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria}}</ref> na asụsụ obodo. Ọ bụ egwuregwu Naịjirịa mbụ gbagoro n'ụlọ ihe nkiri American Repertory ma bụrụkwa egwuregwu Naịjirịa mbụ ndị otu Edinburgh International Festival mere. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ nduzi, imepụta na ide Ifeoma Fafunwa na mbụ gụnyere ''Eggs & Fleas'' nke Blue Sphere Alliance, [[Sefi Atta]] 's plays, ''Bigger & Better'' and ''The Engagement,'' ''Digging for Gold'' nke Lufodo mepụtara, ''100 Million Vagabonds,'' na ''Love & Recession'' . Ọ chịkwara otu n'ime ihe ngosi omenala Naijiria maka asọmpi Olympic nke London 2012, na-egosikwa ọrụ ya na Lagos Theater Festival, Tate Modern na London's International Festival of Theatre (LIFT) == iOpenEye Africa Foundation == N'afọ 2014, Ifeoma tọrọ ntọala iOpenEye, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na Naijiria nke na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-emetụta ọha mmadụ, na-enye ọzụzụ pro bono ma na-eme ka mmemme mkparịta ụka mepere emepe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=iOpenEye: Theater and #MeToo in Nigeria - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School|url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=59554|accessdate=2023-10-18|work=www.hbs.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=iOpenEye Theater And #Me Too In Nigeria Case Study Solution Analysis|url=https://www.calameo.com/books/007175233b1f4f383abc4|accessdate=2023-10-18|work=calameo.com|language=en}}</ref> Iji gbado anya ọrụ mmetụta nke nzukọ a, iOpenEye Africa Foundation mepere na 2019. == Ihe nrite na nnabata == * 2023 - Omenala nke Nguzogide Honoree <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-27|title=Creative Activism Awards - Cultures of Resistance Films|url=https://culturesofresistancefilms.com/caa-recipients/|accessdate=2023-10-23|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929105259/https://culturesofresistancefilms.com/caa-recipients/}}</ref> * 2020 - McNulty Foundation Catalyst Prize <ref>{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=McNulty|date=2023-10-23|title=Announcing the 2020 recipients of the McNulty…|url=https://mcnultyfound.org/ideas/catalyst-fund-2020|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=McNulty Foundation|language=en}}</ref> * 2019 - Ndị nka 12 nke gbanwere ụwa <ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service - The Cultural Frontline - 12 artists who changed the world in 2019|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1dhG3DVPgXGjxmy7hchhZCN/12-artists-who-changed-the-world-in-2019|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> * 2019 - Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ MIT Media Lab <ref name=":2"/> * 2018 - Access Bank -100 ụmụ nwanyị kacha nwee mmetụta na Nigeria * 2017 - Onye otu Radcliffe nke Mahadum Harvard <ref name=":0"/> * 2014 - Aspen Institute Global Leadership Fellow <ref name=":1"/> * 2013 - Africa Leadership Initiative West Africa Fellow <ref>{{Cite web|title=We are very proud of our Fellow @ifeomafafunwa and the work she's doing to create positive social change through performing arts. #Repost... {{!}} By ALI West Africa {{!}} Facebook|url=https://www.facebook.com/aliwestafrica/videos/we-are-very-proud-of-our-fellow-ifeomafafunwa-and-the-work-shes-doing-to-create-/1682787488439256/|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ihw7se67x613vmhss2naaa3p4hp4yjz 0 40062 674827 672117 2026-07-10T05:50:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jana Sallman''' (amụrụ ya n’ubochi isii na-onwa Jenụwarị nke afo 2006) bụ onye mba Egypt na-atu bọọlụ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jana Sallman - 2023-24 - Women's Basketball|url=https://gotigersgo.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/Jana-Sallman/11193|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=University of Memphis Athletics|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka otu egwuregwu basketball ụmụ nwanyị Memphis Tigers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jana SALLMAN at the FIBA U16 Women’s African Championship 2021|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/africa/u16women/2021/player/Jana-Sallman|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=FIBA.basketball|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jana Sallman - Memphis Tigers Forward|url=https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/player/_/id/5174742/jana-sallman|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jana Sallman Shooting Stats - NCAA Women's College Basketball Shooting|url=https://www.foxsports.com/womens-college-basketball/jana-sallman-player-stats?category=shooting&seasonType=reg|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=FOX Sports|language=en-US}}</ref>Ọ dị 6 feet 3 inches (190cm). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Eurobasket|title=Jana Sallman, Basketball Player, News, Stats - Eurobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=Eurobasket LLC}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Proballers|title=Jana Sallman, Basketball Player|url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/254224/jana-sallman|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=Proballers|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jana Sallman (Sallman J.) - Player Profile - Basketball24.com|url=https://www.basketball24.com/player/sallman-jana/KvpKjBVA/|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=www.basketball24.com|language=en|archivedate=2024-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190426/https://www.basketball24.com/player/sallman-jana/KvpKjBVA/}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa afọ Cairo, na mba Egypt. Jana Sallman na-egwuri egwu dịka onye na-aga n'ihu. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jana Sallman (Sallman J.) - Player Profile - Flashscore.com.ng|url=https://www.flashscore.com.ng/player/sallman-jana/KvpKjBVA/|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=www.flashscore.com.ng|language=en-NG}}</ref> == Tupu ọ banye Memphis, Sallman nọchitere anya ndị otu mba Ijipt na FIBA U16 na U18 Women's African Championships na afo 2021 na 2023, n'otu n'otu, na-enweta nkezi nke ihe karịrị 10.0 kwa egwuregwu n'oge abụọ ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, o sonyere na FIBA U17 na U19 World Cup na’ oge afo 2022 na 2023 na Egyptian National Team ma nweta ọrụ kachasị mma nke 11.1 na 6.9 kwa egwuregwu obula, n'otu n'otu.<ref name=":2" /> Sallman gara Western Reserve Academy,<ref name=":1" /> ebe ọ na-enweta akara 11.1 n'egwuregwu ọ bụla, 2.8 blocks, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-enweta nkezi okpukpu abụọ na ihe na-erughị rebounds iri kwa asọmpi. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7wygwdew3qrzm9pvhw8u3qy6c4ifz7f 0 40146 674788 157421 2026-07-10T03:19:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Iwu Vagabonds 1547''' ( 1 Edw. 6. c. 3), makwaara dị ka '''Vagrancy Act 1547''', bụ ụkpụrụ nke Eze Edward VI na Onye Nchebe Onyenwe ya, Edward Seymour mere na England . [1] Ọ bụrụhaala na ndị na-apụ apụ nwere ike ịbụ ohu ruo afọ abụọ ma gaa n'ihu na nchịkọta parish kwa izu maka ndị ogbenye. [2] A ga-enye ndị na-agba ohu n'ohu nri na mmiri ma ọ bụ obere ihe ọṅụṅụ, a na-ahapụkwa ha ka ha jiri iti ihe, ịgbụ ígwè, ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ nna ukwu nwere ike ịhọrọ rụọ ọrụ. E kwere ka a zụta ma ree ndị ohu Vagabond dị ka ndị ohu ndị ọzọ. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla chọrọ ohu ahụ na-akpagharị akpagharị, a ga-eziga ohu ahụ n'obodo a mụrụ ha ma manye ya ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ohu obodo ahụ. [3] Enwere ike ịzọrọ ụmụaka Vagabond dị ka "ndị na-amụ ihe" ma jide ya ruo afọ 24 ma ọ bụrụ na nwoke, ma ọ bụ afọ 20 ma ọ bụrụ na nwa agbọghọ. Ọ bụrụ na ha anwa ịgbanarị mmụta mmụta a, a ga-agba ha n'ohu ruo oge fọdụrụ n'ịmụ akwụkwọ. [3] Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Mark Rathbone si kwuo, "ọ dịghị ihe àmà na-egosi na a kwadoro Iwu ahụ." [4] [[Vagabonds Act 1549|Iwu Vagabonds 1549]] na-ezo aka na mmachi mmanye nke ntaramahụhụ ndị Vagabonds Act 1547 guzobere site n'ikwu na "ngwụcha nke ụfọdụ [iwu] bụ oge etinyeghị ha n'ọrụ." [4] Iwu Vagabond 1547 gosipụtara na ọ gaghị ekwe omume imejuputa ya. Ọrụ Tudor Vagabond mesiri ike na ntaramahụhụ maka ndị ogbenye na-enweghị ike . Nke&nbsp;Iwu Ogbenye Bekee, nke na-esote, wuru na Tudor na-eme ihe iji nye usoro zuru oke maka enyemaka na-adịghị mma, nke a na-akwụ ụgwọ site na usoro nke ụtụ isi. [5] == Ihe odide ala ala peeji == ọzọ nna ukwu nwere ike ịhọrọ rụọ ọrụ. E kwere ka a zụta ma ree ndị ohu Vagabond dị ka{{Reflist}} == Edensibia == * {{Cite journal|author=Davies|first=C.S.L.|title=Slavery and Protector Somerset: The Vagrancy Act of 1547|journal=The Economic History Review|volume=19|issue=3|year=1966|doi=10.2307/2593162}} * {{Cite journal|author=Rathbone|first=Mark|title=Vagabond!|journal=History Review|year=2005|pages=8–13|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/vagabond}} * {{Cite book|author=Slack|first=Paul|title=The English Poor Law 1531–1782|publisher=Mackmillan|location=London|year=1990|isbn=0-333-34869-9}} * {{Cite web|author=Trueman|first=C.N.|title=Edward Seymour And Government|publisher=The History Learning Site|url=https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/edward-seymour-and-government/|accessdate=31 March 2024|year=2015|archivedate=16 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416091507/https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/edward-seymour-and-government/}} == Hụkwa == * Iwu Vagabonds == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://vlex.co.uk/vid/vagabonds-etc-act-1547-861277049 Vagabonds, wdg Iwu 1547] na vLex United Kingdom exxguqwmx726dmz0l75cjg38zv09uzu 0 40249 674805 157593 2026-07-10T03:59:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674805 wikitext text/x-wiki J. Robert Hunter (amuru na Nọvemba 20, 1936) bu onye amuru ndi America na onye na-akwado ndi ahia nke na-eje ozi dika onye isi nke inshọransị maka Consumer Federation of America (CFA) 1995. Ọ bụ kọmishọna inshọransị steeti  Texas site na Ọktoba 1993 ruo Disemba 1994 yana onye ụmụaka , na 1976 ruo 1980. John Robert Hunter, Jr. ngwaọrụ na November 20, 1936, na New Orleans .  Nna ya bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri.  [1] Ọ gara Mahadum Clarkson, Potsdam, NY, wee a akara ugo nhọrọ ya na physics na 1958.  Laura Jeanne, James Douglas, na John Robert, III </link> . == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.floir.com/pressreleases/ViewMediaRelease.aspx?ID=1545|title=Insurance Commissioner Names Team To Calculate Property Insurance Rate Savings|work=www.floir.com|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref>Na 1959, Hunter ịrịba ọrụ ya na Atlantic Mutual Insurance Companies ebe ọ mgbatị otu afọ dị ka Underwriter, wee sonye na National Bureau of Casualty Underwriters (NBCU), otu ihe nke Insurance Services Office (ISO) ebe na mbụ onye ọrụ na ese  .  -ịgba akwụkwọ wee bụrụ onye ọrụ.  Site na 1966 ruo 1970, ọ bụ onye ọrụ mmekọ na Mutual Insurance Rating Bureau (MIRB) na Mutual Insurance Advisory Association (MIAA). === Federal Insurance Administration === <ref>{{Cite news|date=Sep 27, 2009|title=Floods don't stick to the map's path|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/423342822|work=The Atlanta Constitution|accessdate=2019-08-07}}</ref>Site na 1970 ruo 1980, a mgbaàmà Robert Hunter n'ụzọ na Federal Insurance Administration n'okpuru Department of Housing and Urban Development wee bụrụ onye ụzọ ụzọ nke Federal na 1974. Ọ duru ọtụtụ mmemme na mba dị ka akara ebe Iju mmiri nke  mba site na 1974 ruo 1978. N'afọ 1977, o wepụrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ 132 na-achịkwa, MBA enyemaka idei mmiri na Steeti niile mgbe ọgụ na-alụ ọgụ na ha na-ebufe na ndị nwe ụlọ na- ghịghara ịkwụ ụgwọ, o  mechara kwuo maka otu ụlọ ọrụ iji jikwaa atumatu niile, bụ nke Electronic Data meri.  Sistemu .  [1] Na mmemme n'ime apụ iri anọ, Hunter echiche echiche dị iche nke na-agụnyekarị nkatọ.  [2] N'oge ọzụzụ ya n'ihu otu kọmitii nzuko na 2006, o kwuru na ọ bụrụ na emeliteghị ma-eme mmemme ahụ, ekiri mmemme ahụ. === Kọmishọna ịnshọransị === <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/431558576/|title=MetLife hit with record $1.2 million fine|work=El Paso Times|date=12 July 1994|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref>Na October 10, 1993, a nsogbu Robert Hunter ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna Inshọransị nke steeti Texas site n'aka Gọvanọ Ann Richards .  Mgbe ọ nọ n'Ebe, ngalaba ahụ nyere iwu nke ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ 60 State Farm, Texas Farm Bureau, Geico, maka ebubo ebubo na-ere ọkụ ala, [1] na gụnye elele $ 850,00 megide Allstate.  Insurance Group, [2] nke bụ nra kasịnụ n'ihe mere eme nke ngalaba ahụ, [3] wee rie MetLife nra ọzọ nde $1.2 n'oge na-enweghị anya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I43pI5AZwqUC&dq=robert+hunter&pg=PA54|title=Essentials of Texas Politics|author=Kraemer|first=Richard H.|date=2007-01-16|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9780495006794|language=en}}</ref>Hunter weputara arụkwaghịm ya na ụlọ ọrụ na Disemba 11, 1994, oge ya gbakwara na February 1. [1] Ọ bụ ebe na arụkwaghịm ya bịara obere oge mgbe e meri Ann Richards na mmeri nke GW Bush dị ka Gọvanọ Texas, ọ gwara ndị  nta ihe na ihe oyiyi ya.  Rebecca Lightest nọchiri ya <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carriermanagement.com/author/j-robert-hunter/|title=J. Robert Hunter|work=Carrier Management|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-30}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu National Association of Insurance Commissioners nke o jere ozi na kọmitii onye isi na dịka osote onye isi oche, Western Zone nke NAIC. === 1994-Ugbu a === N'afọ 1980, Hunter tọrọ ntọala National Insurance Consumer Organisation (NICO) nke dabeere na Alexandria, Va ., otu ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ na ndị na-abụghị ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ hiwere iji nyochaa ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi ma na-achọ ịkụziri ndị na-azụ ahịa ihe gbasara ọdịmma ha, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche ya. ruo afọ iri na atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/311337023/|title=Ex-insurance official says profits are soaring|date=Oct 11, 1986|work=The Lincoln Star|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-23}}</ref> Na 1995, ọ na-apịaji ọrụ ya na NICO n'ime Consumer Federation of America, otu nzukọ nke na-agụnye 300 ndị na-azụ ahịa na-abaghị uru ma na-achọ ịkwalite mmasị ndị ahịa site na nyocha, nkwado na agụmakwụkwọ, ọ bụ onye isi nke Insurance kemgbe. mgbe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://consumerfed.org/history/|title=History · Consumer Federation of America|work=Consumer Federation of America|accessdate=2019-06-24|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọtụtụ oge, a na-ewe Hunter ụgwọ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ n'ihe gbasara amụma ọha na eze na mkpuchi ihe onwunwe/ihe mberede. Na February 2007, Florida Office of Insurance Regulation goro Hunter ka ịtọọ mbelata ọnụego mkpuchi ihe onwunwe achọrọ na Florida n'okpuru iwu mbụ Gọvanọ Charlie Crist webatara. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1438010920070214|title=Florida names Robert Hunter to set insurance rates|date=2007-02-14|work=Reuters|accessdate=2019-06-23|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ibe nke Casualty Acturial Society (CAS), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.casact.org/pubs/proceed/proceed70/70207.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2019-06-25|archivedate=2010-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616175916/http://casact.org/pubs/proceed/proceed70/70207.pdf}}</ref> onye so na American Academy of Actuaries na International Actual Association (IAA) . == Ihe nrite == * Nturu ugo odeakwụkwọ ịnshọransị gọọmentị etiti maka ọrụ mara mma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://consumerfed.org/expert/robert-hunter/|title=Robert Hunter|work=Consumer Federation of America|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-30|archivedate=2019-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530140351/https://consumerfed.org/expert/robert-hunter/}}</ref> * Onyinye ọrụ ndị ahịa Esther Peterson maka ọrụ ndụ, Consumer Federation of America, 2002. * Schraeder-Nelson Publications award, 2002 na 2007. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] ajargtcj4i7aw01qxpmn28gr8cf4rk9 0 40328 674582 539820 2026-07-09T15:51:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Harvey rosenfield 5233217.jpg|thumb]] Harvey Rosenfield ( banyere 1952) bụ onye ọka iwu America, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-akwado ndị egwu.  Na 1985, ọ ntọala ntọala Consumer Watchdog, otu mba ama ama, otu ọhaneze na --akpanijị .  Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye tinye otu ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harveyrosenfield.com/index.php?page=current-work|title=Harvey Rosenfield &#124; Consumer Advocate}}</ref>A mara ya nke ọma maka ịdepụta, na mpaghara maka, Proposition 103, mmeri aka nke ọnụ ahịa akara ụgbọ ala na California .  [1] Na 2014, Consumer Federation of America mere na nna 103 echekwala ndị ọrụ California ihe nna nna $100 1988.  ngwaọrụ na ikike ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Rosenfield na Boston, Massachusetts na 1952 wee malite na Randolph.  Nna ya bụ onye isi ego na nne ya, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ede uri.  [1] N'afọ 1970, Harvey Rosenfield na-egosi aka na ikiri akara mbụ ya: "Smoke Out" na Randolph High School.  Mgbasa ozi ahụ gbara ndị obodo ume ka ha ikike ise siga otu ụbọchị ma nye ego ha nhata otu mkpọ sịga n'onyinye ego iche.  [2] Onye inye akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Rosenfield, Art Mullaney, sitere n'echiche ahụ na Rosenfield na-ihe "ihe ịga nke ọma ya na [Mullaney]" na ndị ọzọ nchoputa ya.  Ndị otu ahụ welitere $ 4500 wee dọta uche nke American Cancer Society, bụ nke ji isiokwu "smokeout" mee ihe na-enye "Great American Smokeout", isi na 1977 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Calling It Quits|author=Hanson, Fred|work=The Patriot Ledger|date=2006-11-16}}</ref> Na 1970 Rosenfield nwanne Amherst College wee gbanwee akparamaagwa, ọ bụ ebe na o gosiri merụọ ọkụ iwu.  Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ magna cum laude na 1974, [1] Rosenfield kwagara Washington, DC ka ya na onye omebe iwu Massachusetts Michael Harrington mmepụta n'akwụkwọ.  N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1974, ọ pụtara nzere na iwu na ihe gbasara mba ụwa na Mahadum Georgetown . <ref name="Muir, p5">Muir, p5</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales, Poet Mary Jo Salter, Nobel Laureate Paul Nurse Among Eight to Be Honored at Amherst Commencement|work=Amherst College|date=2010-04-20}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmalite == N'afọ 1976, Rosenfield na onye nwata ya n'ihe, Ralph Nader na-arụ ọrụ $ 600 na Public, otu ndị na-akwado ụmụ amaala Washington DC.  Afọ atọ ka e gosiri, mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Georgetown, Rosenfield na-akọ akụkọ ọrụ oge nile maka Nader's Public Citizen Congress Watch dị ka onye na-agba ume ike na-azụ ike egwu na 1979. Rosenfield akwụkwọ akụkọ maka isi akwụkwọ ike ọzọ na  nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi nsogbu isiokwu 1979 mgbe Congress tụlere echeta ọkụ na ekiri maka akwụkwọ onwe ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Rosenfield: Hero to Some, Troublemaker to Others|author=Muir, Frederick|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1988-12-03|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-12-03/news/mn-931_1_harvey-rosenfield|accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Activist: Giving No Quarter|author=Debare, Ilana|work=The Sacramento Bee|date=1995-04-09}}</ref>Nader gwara Rosenfield ka ọ gaa California wee nyere aka itolite otu California Public Interest Research Group (CALPIRG) na 1981. Dị ka onye isi mmemme, ọ na-etinye aka na okwu dị iche iche iche mmetụta uru uru na mgbasa ego mgbasa ozi yana ọpụrụiche.  na eze nwere.  [1] nke bụ "iweta nkwado ụdị Nader na West Coast == Nchekwa ndị ahịa == N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-alụ ogụ megide Proposition 51, Rosenfield ntọala ntọala Consumer Watchdog (nke bụ ntọala maka ndị na-atụ isi na ikike ndị mmeri).  Atụmatụ 51 , mana Rosenfield gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka mbelata ọnwụ inshọransị ya na otu ngwaọrụ ọhụrụ hibere.  Mgbe ochara okwu ahụ, Rosenfield na iwu na akụ bụ akụ maka ịrị elu.  Na nzaghachi, Rosenfield depụtara iwu mgbanwe mgbanwe, nke ndị na-ahụ maka inshọransị na-agba ọsọ na isi obodo steeti ọhụrụ.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Atụmatụ 103 === {{Reflist|30em}} N'afọ 1987, Rosenfield malitere ide atụmatụ igbe ntuli aka wee guzobe mkpọsa iji kwado ya nke a na-akpọ Nnupụisi Voter. Atụmatụ ahụ ghọrọ mgbanwe mkpuchi atụmatụ 103 wee kwe nkwa ndị ntuli aka na ọ ga-eweghachi opekempe 20% na ọnụego maka akụrụngwa, ụgbọ ala na ụdị mkpuchi ndị ọzọ. Ọ chọkwara ka ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị soro nchekwa nchekwa ndị ahịa steeti na iwu ikike obodo. Nnupụisi nke ntuli aka na-arụ ọrụ na mmefu ego nde $2.9, akụkụ dị nta nke nde $63 nke ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na mbọ mgbasa ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị ahụ, na-atụ egwu na ha agaghị enwe ike imeri Proposition 103, wepụtara usoro atụmatụ atọ na-asọmpi iji mee ka ndị na-eme ntuli aka mgbagwoju anya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Moxie Pays Off for Harvey Rosenfield, The New Scrouge of California Insurers|author=Wells, Ken|work=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Iji weta nlebara anya n'ihe kpatara ya, Rosenfield ji usoro mgbasa ozi nke ahịhịa dị ka ịnwe ndị nche na-eso ya mgbe ọ na-ebuga mbinye aka nke tinye Proposition 103 na ntuli aka. Ọzọkwa, ọ nwara ibuga gwongworo nri ehi n'isi ụlọ ọrụ Inshọransị Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo nke Los Angeles. <ref name=":0"/>Rosenfield na-ezokarị aka na ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị dị ka "ndị na-emebi iwu" n'oge mkpọsa ahụ. Ihe omume ndị a, ọtụtụ ụbọchị awa 18, ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na-akụ aka n'ọnụ ụzọ nde 1, na nkwado dị elu nke onye ndụmọdụ ya, Ralph Nader, nyeere Ntuli aka Ntuli aka ịgafe ụzọ na Nọvemba 1988. A hụrụ mmeri ahụ dị ka nnukwu ihe na-akụda ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi. Mgbe atụmatụ 103 gafere, Rosenfield gwara Wall Street Journal na ọ nwetara ajụjụ sitere n'aka ndị otu mmasị ọha na eze "na steeti 30 ndị ọzọ na-ekwupụta mmasị na ịmalite atụmatụ 103 Proposition." <ref>Wells, p1</ref> <ref>Muir, p2</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, Rosenfield, na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Consumer Watchdog gbachitere atụmatụ 103 site na mwakpo ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị wee hụ na mmejuputa atụmatụ ahụ. Na 2008, Consumer Federation for America mere atụmatụ na atụmatụ 103 zọpụtara ndị ahịa ihe karịrị ijeri $63 kemgbe 1988. <ref name="Hunter, J. Robert">{{Cite news|title=State Automobile Insurance Regulation: A National Quality Assessment and In-Depth Review of California's Uniquely Effective Regulatory System|author=Hunter, J. Robert|work=Consumer Federation of America|date=April 2008}}</ref> Òtù ahụ kwalitere atụmatụ ya na 2013, na-ekwubi na Proposition 103 zọpụtara ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala California ihe karịrị ijeri $100, nkezi ego kwa afọ nke $345 kwa ezinụlọ, $8,625 kwa ezinụlọ. <ref name="commondream">{{Cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/2013/11/17/prop-103-california-voters-acted-save-100-billion-auto-insurance|title=Prop 103: California Voters Acted to Save $100 Billion on Auto Insurance|author=Ralph Nader|date=2013-11-17|accessdate=2014-10-14}}</ref> <ref name="cbslocal">{{Cite web|url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2013/11/12/prop-103-author-touts-auto-insurance-success-targets-obamacare/|title=Prop. 103 Author Touts Auto Insurance Success, Targets 'Obamacare'|date=2013-11-12|accessdate=2014-10-14}}</ref> N'iji data ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị, CFA chọpụtara na "n'etiti 1989 na 2010, ego mkpuchi mkpuchi ụgbọ ala dara site na 0.3% n'ezie, ebe ha bilitere 43.3% na mba n'oge ahụ. California bụ naanị steeti na mba ebe ọnụahịa dara n'ime afọ 22. " <ref name="cfa">{{Cite web|url=http://consumerfed.org/news/720|title=What Works? A Review of Auto Insurance Rate Regulation in America|date=2013-11-12|accessdate=2014-10-14|archivedate=2014-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019045806/http://consumerfed.org/news/720}}</ref> === Ndozigharị nlekọta ahụike yana ikike ndị ọrịa HMO === N'afọ 1994, n'oge ngosi ngosi Clinton, Rosenfield n'ịhụ ọrụ iji ụlọ ọrụ HMO.  Ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Jamie Court kere Californians for Quality Care (nkewa nke Consumer Watchdog) iji bute mbọ a.  N'afọ 1996, ndị otu ahụ ọrụ ka na-amụ "ụgwọ ikike ndị ọrịa" mbụ nke mba ahụ na mbụ aka California.  Edward,ghị 216 emezu, na-enweta naanị 38.7% nke votu ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/California_Proposition_216_(1996)|title=California Proposition 216, Healthcare Business Regulation and Taxation Initiative (1996)}}</ref> Na 1998, otu ahụ tụpụtara iwu ikike ndị ọrịa HMO ọzọ.  [1] Iji weta nlebara anya na okwu a, otu ahụ tụpụrụ otu gwongworo nke agwa pinto na ogbako ụlọ ọrụ HMO iji mesie mmegide Consumer Watchdog megide HMO "bean counters" na-emebi, ndị nwe.  [2] Ọtụtụ ngwungwu ndị omebe iwu mechara site n'ike nke ndị California na Nọvemba 1998<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO'S WHO---Local Forces Playing Key Roles in Patient Rights Issue|date=2001-07-16|publisher=Los Angeles Business Journal}}</ref> === Iwu Ike === Rosenfield kwadoro Proposition 9 na 1998, atụmatụ ntuli aka igbochi akụkụ nke iwu mmebi iwu nke ndị omebe iwu California gafere na 1996. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/1998-10-25/news/17733562_1_utility-rate-reduction-utility-companies-sierra-club|title=STATE PROPOSITIONS / Proposition 9|accessdate=2010-08-10|author=Howe|first=Kenneth|date=1998-10-25|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|archivedate=2013-02-02|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130202074531/http://articles.sfgate.com/1998-10-25/news/17733562_1_utility-rate-reduction-utility-companies-sierra-club}}</ref> Atụmatụ 9 dara n'ihi mbọ nde $40 nke ụlọ ọrụ ịba uru.  Rosenfield kwuru na mbọ ya n'ịhazi ya nwere ike nyere aka ike nsogbu California nke Enron na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ jiri na 2001. Rosenfield na-ekwu ụdị dị na akwụkwọ 2005, The Smartest Guys in the Room . <ref name="amherst.edu">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Share &#124; Amherst College|url=https://www.amherst.edu/share/1/199709|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805063125/https://www.amherst.edu/share/1/199709|archivedate=2011-08-05|accessdate=2010-09-30|work=Amherst College news}}</ref> === Ikpe ikpe === Rosenfield bụ onye ọka iwu na ikpe nchekwa ndị ahịa nke ndị otu iwu Consumer Watchdog wetara na-agbagha omume mkparị nke ụlọ ọrụ dị na mkpuchi, nlekọta ahụike, ụgbọ ala, ekwentị, na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn satịlaịtị, yana ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-emebi iwu. Ọ na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na Consumer Watchdog na nhazi na usoro ikpe iji wedata ọnụego mkpuchi ma manye amụma 103. == Na-arụ ọrụ == Rosenfield dere ''Silent Violence, Silent Death: The Zoro Epidemic of Medical Malpractice'' na 1994. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ Essential Books bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ wee kọwapụta oke mmejọ ahụike na United States, yana otu ndị ahịa nwere ike isi chebe onwe ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://essential-book.org/books/silent/|title=Silent Violence, Silent Death}}</ref> Odela ọtụtụ akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harveyrosenfield.com/index.php?page=Documents|title=Harvey Rosenfield &#124; Consumer Advocate}}</ref> wee gbaa akaebe n'ihu Congress na ọtụtụ ndị omebe iwu steeti gbasara nchekwa ndị ahịa. == Ndụ onwe onye == QRosenfield bi na Los Angeles, California na nwunye ya, onye edemede Georgia Bragg. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Still Fighting|author=McLellan, Bryan|work=Santa Monica Outlook|date=1995-03-31}}</ref> ==Edensibia== [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] tsprzz2lr16hfcjuyjaih26d18fz9v7 0 40795 674781 158397 2026-07-10T00:32:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Action Against Agụụ''' ( French </link> ) bụ òtù na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ sitere na France ma gbasie mbọ ike ịkwụsị agụụ ụwa . Nzukọ a na-enyere ụmụaka aka na-eri nri na-edozi ahụ ma na-enye ndị obodo ohere ịnweta mmiri dị mma na ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide maka agụụ. Ọnọdụ Pakistan nwere nnukwu mkpa maka nchekwa nri, ọkachasị n'ọkwa oke ọnụ ahịa na-aga n'ihu. Mmetụta agbakwunyere nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ka nchegbu nchekwa dịkwuo elu, na-ahapụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-enweghị ụzọ dị mma iji nye nri na ebe obibi maka onwe ha na ezinụlọ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hansberry|first=Cate|date=2023-09-15|title=Empowering Pakistan's youth to address climate change risks|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/empowering-pakistans-youth-to-address-climate-change-risks/|accessdate=2023-10-26|work=Atlantic Council|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2022, Action Against Hunger rụrụ ọrụ na mba 56 gburugburu ụwa yana ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 8,990 na-enyere nde mmadụ 28 nọ na mkpa aka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://actioncontrelafaim.ca/about-acf-canada/|title=About Action Against Hunger Canada {{!}} Action Against Hunger|work=actioncontrelafaim.ca|language=en-CA|accessdate=2017-07-27}}</ref> <ref>ActionAgainstHunger_GlobalPerformanceReport_2020.pdf</ref> E hiwere Action Against Hunger na 1979 site n'aka otu ndị dọkịta, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ode akwụkwọ France. Ọkà mmụta physics Alfred Kastler nwetara ihe nrite Nobel jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ a. Ugbu a, onye ọchụnta ego dabere na Mumbai na onye ọrụ enyemaka Ashwini Kakkar na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ala mba ụwa nke Action Against Hunger network. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/en/press/mr-ashwini-kakkar-elected-president-of-action-against-hunger-international/|title=Mr. Ashwini Kakkar elected chairman of Action Against Hunger's International network}}</ref> Ndị otu a nyere aka na mbụ nye ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Afghanistan nọ na Pakistan, obodo [[Uganda]] nke ụnwụ nri dakwasịrị, na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Cambodia na Thailand . Ọ gbasaara iji lebara nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara ọdịmma mmadụ anya na Africa, Middle East, Southeast Asia, Balkans, na ebe ndị ọzọ n'ime 1980s na 1990s. Kọmiti Sayensị Action Against Hunger's Sayensị sụrụ ụzọ usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri ara ehi ( F100 ), nke òtù niile bụ isi na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ugbu a na-eji agwọ nnukwu erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ . Nsonaazụ mbụ gosiri na ọgwụgwọ na F100 nwere ikike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ nke ụmụaka na-eri ezigbo nri n'okpuru 5%, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ na-erute 23.5% <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Definition and evaluation of therapeutic food for severely malnourished children in situations of humanitarian emergencies|pmid=10188315|volume=182|journal=Bull Acad Natl Med|pages=1679–90; discussion 1691–5|author=Desjeux|first=JF|year=1998|issue=8}}</ref> Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, a chịkọtara mmiri ara ehi ọgwụgwọ ahụ dị ka njikere- nri ọgwụgwọ eji eme ihe (RUTFs), tapawa sitere na ahụekere ekpokọtara dị ka mmanya ọkụ. Ogwe ndị a na-enye ohere maka ọgwụgwọ erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ụlọ ma ọ dịghị achọ nkwadebe ma ọ bụ refrigeration ọ bụla. == Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ megide agụụ == Action Against Hunger na ndị isi sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-emekọ ihe iji weta uche gaa na agụụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Kwa afọ, netwọk na-agba ọtụtụ mkpọsa iji kpata ego na ịkwado mmemme nke otu ahụ Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ megide agụụ na ịhụnanya nri na-enye nri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.actionagainsthunger.org.uk/who-are-we/our-supporters/restaurant-industry-supporters|title=Restaurant fundraising {{!}} Action Against Hunger UK|work=www.actionagainsthunger.org.uk|accessdate=2019-04-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/restaurants-against-hunger|title=Restaurants Against Hunger|date=2015-08-07|work=Action Against Hunger|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-02}}</ref> == Mba ntinye aka == Na 2022, Action Against Hunger International Network dị na mba 56: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries|title=Countries {{!}} Action Against Hunger|work=www.actionagainsthunger.org|date=7 August 2013|language=en|accessdate=2017-07-27}}</ref> === Africa === [[Burkina Faso]], [[Burundi]], [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Liberia]], [[Malawi]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Niger]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], [[Uganda]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Senegal]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Somalia]], [[South Sudan]] . [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Chad]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambia]] === Asia === Bangladesh, Myanmar, Cambodia, [[Ndia|India]], Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, South Caucasus === Caribbean === Haïti === Europe === [[Turkéy|Turkey]], [[Yukrain|Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], [[Romania]], [[Poland]] === Etiti ọwụwa anyanwụ === [[Afghanistan]], [[Lebanon]], Syria, Palestine Ochie, Yemen, [[Jọdan|Jordan]], Iraq === Latin America === [[Colombia]], Guatemala, Nicaragua, [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], Honduras == Action Against Hunger netwọk ụwa == Kemgbe 1995 Action Against Hunger mepụtara netwọk mba ụwa iji nwee mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ukwuu. Netwọk ahụ nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ụwa: [[France]], [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Spain]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], [[Kánada|Canada]], [[Ndia|India]], na [[Italy]] . Action Against Agụụ nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Africa (WARO) dị na Dakar, ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara Horn na Eastern Africa dị na Nairobi, yana nyiwe ngwa ngwa ise (Lyon, Paris, Barcelona, Dubai, Panama). Netwọk a na-abawanye ikike mmadụ na ego ma na-enye aka pụrụ iche kwa isi ụlọ ọrụ. * Action Against Agụụ na France, Spain na USA bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ. Ha na-achịkwa ntinye aka ozugbo n'ọhịa. Iji bulie arụmọrụ na ịdị n'otu, isi ụlọ ọrụ atọ a na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke otu isi ụlọ ọrụ maka mba ọ bụla. * Action Against Hunger UK lekwasịrị anya na nyocha, nleba anya na nleba anya, ọkachasị na Agụụ Watch. Isi ụlọ ọrụ UK na-arụkwa ọrụ etiti na DFID. * Action Against Hunger Canada na-ebuli ego ọha na nke onwe na North America ma na-arụ ọrụ na-abawanye na ọkwa mba. * Action Against Agụụ / Azione contro la Fame Italia na-ebuli ego nkeonwe ma kwalite mkpọsa dị mkpa iji mee ka echiche ọha Italy mara maka agụụ na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ. == Hụkwa == 2006 Trincomalee ogbugbu nke ndị ọrụ NGO == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Michelle Jurkovich. 2020. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvrxk1j8 ''Na-azụ ndị agụụ na-agụ: Nkwado na ụta na ọgụ zuru ụwa ọnụ megide agụụ'' .] Cornell University Press. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/ Webụsaịtị Action Against Hunger US] * [http://www.actionagainsthunger.org.uk/ Weebụsaịtị Action Against Hunger UK] * [http://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/ Weebụsaịtị Action Contre la Faim France] * [http://www.accioncontraelhambre.org/ Acción Contra el Hambre Spain webụsaịtị] * [http://www.actioncontrelafaim.ca/ Action Contre la Faim Canada webụsaịtị] * [http://www.aktiongegendenhunger.de/ Aktion gegen den Hunger Germany webụsaịtị] (in German) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241223104438/https://azionecontrolafame.it/ Azion contro la Fame Italy webụsaịtị] (in Italian) [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] evgq6s2u1pzlckh6qu9dgzolj3vbmkh 0 41001 674745 163683 2026-07-09T22:22:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674745 wikitext text/x-wiki Milenio Cartel, ma ọ bụ Cártel de los Valencia (Valencia akara Cartel), bụ nna ndị omekome Mexico dabere na Michoacán .  Ọ kwagara Jalisco na nwa 2000s.  A site Jalisco New Generation Cartel site na mgbawa nke Milenio Cartel. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://noticias.univision.com/article/1614775/2013-07-25/america-latina/colombia/murio-juan-david-ochoa-fundador-cartel-medellin|title=Murió uno de los fundadores del cártel de Medellín|author=Getty Images|accessdate=April 24, 2016}}</ref> Milenio cartel Brand na mbubreyo 1970s mgbe Valencia, Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ube oyibo sitere na Tamaulipas, akwụkwọ ito cannabis na opium poppy na Jalisco na Michoacan wee ire ire ọgwụ na nnukwu cartels.  Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti 1990s, ha na ndị na-azụahia Colombia nwewere chiri anya dị ka Fabio Ochoa Vásquez nke Medellin cartel na site na mmepụta 2000s ha na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ sịntetik nke Zhenli Ye Gon nyere.  N'oge a, cartel ahụ ewerela ọtụtụ hits n'aka ụdị, dị ka njide 2003 nke onye ndu ha Armando Valencia Cornelio .  Iji chebe usoro ha onye ndu ọhụrụ, Óscar Orlando Nava Valencia, akwụkwọ ya na Sinaloa cartel, Milenio cartel mkpuchi alaka nke ihe a maara dị ka Sinaloa federation, n'okpuru iwu kpọmkwem nke Ignacio Coronel Villarreal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/2012/03/13/jorge-fernandez-menendez/817937|title=Los Valencia, los Milenio, la Nueva Generación|work=Excélsior|date=March 13, 2012|accessdate=April 24, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/45001.detiene-pgr-al-narcotraficante-armando-valen.html|title=Detiene PGR al narcotraficante Armando Valencia|date=August 16, 2003|accessdate=April 24, 2016|archivedate=September 20, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920042414/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/45001.detiene-pgr-al-narcotraficante-armando-valen.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/64414.html|title=El Universal - Los Estados - Ejecutan a hermano del líder del cártel de los Valencia|date=September 2, 2015|work=El Universal|accessdate=April 24, 2016|archivedate=May 21, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521071055/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/estados/64414.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informador.com.mx/jalisco/2010/198195/6/el-camino-de-el-lobo.htm|title=El camino de "El Lobo"|work=EL INFORMADOR|accessdate=April 24, 2016|archivedate=May 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150035/http://www.informador.com.mx/jalisco/2010/198195/6/el-camino-de-el-lobo.htm}}</ref> Luis Valencia Valencia na Óscar Nava Valencia weghaara ikike nke cartel ahụ mgbe ejidechara Armando Valencia Cornelio na August 15, 2003. [1] Cartel ahụ ahụ ọrụ ma ọ na-akpọ ala steeti isii Mexico: Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, Mexico City, Nuevo León na  Tamaulipas, ebe ọ na-ahụ wii wii na heroin.  Onye ikwu ọzọ na onye ya na ya na-akpachi anya bụ Oscar Nava Valencia N’October 28, 2009, e jidere Oscar Nava Valencia ( El Lobo ) mgbe agha agha na ndị agha Mexico na obodo Tlajomulco de Zuniga, Jalisco .  Oscar Nava na nwanne ya nwoke, Juan Nava Valencia, bụ ndị na-ahụ maka nhazi na mbubata cocaine sitere na South na Central America n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Manzanillo, Colima site na ebe a na-ebuba ya na United States <ref name="BorderlandBeat">{{Cite web|author=Gerardo|title="El Lobo" extradited to the U.S.|url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/01/el-lobo-extradited-to-us.html|publisher=[[Borderland Beat]]|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> <ref name="BorderlandBeat"/>Mgbe ejidechara Oscar Nava Valencia, nwanne ya nwoke Juan Carlos Nava Valencia weghaara onye isi nke Milenio cartel ruo May 6, 2010 mgbe e jidere ya na Guadalajara n'oge ọrụ ndị agha Mexico. === mgbaji === . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/diversifica-mencho-mercado-del-narco-1391193491|title=Diversifica 'Mencho' mercado del narco|accessdate=April 24, 2016|archivedate=February 26, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226113346/http://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/diversifica-mencho-mercado-del-narco-1391193491}}</ref>Site na njide 2009 nke Óscar Nava Valencia, onye ndu nke Milenio cartel, na ọnwụ nke Ignacio Coronel Villarreal, nke otu Sinaloa cartel federation, ike nwere ike pụta.  The Milenio mebiri n'ime obere obere aka La Resistencia, nke Ramiro Pozos El Molca na-eduzi, na Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG), nke Nemesio Oseguera El Mencho na-eduzi, wee agha turf maka mpaghara ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2012/689809.html|title=Cae "El Molca" líder y fundador de "La Resistencia"|accessdate=April 24, 2016|archivedate=September 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901180323/http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2012/689809.html}}</ref> <ref name="Univision">{{Cite news|title=Cayó líder del 'Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación'|url=http://noticias.univision.com/narcotrafico/noticias/article/2011-07-15/cayo-lider-del-cartel-de#axzz1oY0fsQUO|accessdate=10 May 2012|work=[[Univision]]|date=15 July 2011|language=es}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/09/anti-zetas-distrito-federal-mx.html Cartels unite in the fight against Los Zetas] 20 September 2011</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=La Sedena presenta al presunto líder del cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/03/12/la-sedena-presenta-al-presunto-lider-del-cartel-jalisco-nueva-generacion|accessdate=12 March 2012|work=CNNMéxico|date=12 March 2012|language=es}}</ref> La Resistencia mebere dị nkenke ya na Los Zetas, CJNG akwụkwọ ya na Sinaloa cartel, na ihe ike nke milenio nke gbawara na Sinaloa Cartel [1] wee nwee onwe ya wee ruo ọrụ na La Familia Michoacana .  [2] ụgbọala, mgbe ewepụrụ la Familia na 2011, [3] [4] ndị Milenio Cartel kwagara Guadalajara wee nwee ike njikọ na-ahụ mma na otu ụgwọ nke Los Zetas Cartel .  [5] Ọ bụ ebe na ụfọdụ òtù Valencia / Milenio na-ebuso CJNG agha, isi Valencia isi El Mencho, onye ndú CJNG, n'ihi na e gosiri El Mencho bụ Valencia, ihe nke òtù Milenio na-etolite ugbu a.  n'okpuru nku CJNG.  A mara ka "Los Cuinis". Na January 29, 2011, a kpọgara Oscar Nava Valencia na United States maka ebubo ịgba izu na njirimara ọgwụ ike na South District nke Texas .  [1] A mara ya ikpe ịga anya awụ 25 na Jenụwarị 8, 2014 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dan 25 años a ex colaborador de 'Nacho' Coronel en EU|url=http://www.milenio.com/policia/narco-nava-valencia-sentencian-25-anos-Texas-contrabando_0_223178241.html|accessdate=9 January 2014|work=[[Milenio]]|date=8 January 2014|language=es}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Agha Ọgwụ Ọgwụ Mexico * Mérida Initiative * Agha na ọgwụ ọjọọ * Avocado mmepụta na Mexico == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Mexican Drug War}} [[Òtù:Aha]] ozf7cprbj85njezduiywz26v9ub80u2 0 42086 674823 496508 2026-07-10T05:03:30Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọnwụ */ 674823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} John Christopher Drumgoole (August 15, 1816 - Ma ọchịchị 28, 1888) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Roman Irish-American nke amaara maka ọrụ ya n'ilekọta na nọmba ụmụ ụmụ mgbei na ndị gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na New York City, ndị na-ebu ebe { obibi . Na 1883, o hiwere Ugwu Loretto, ụlọ ụmụ mgbei na ụlọ akwụkwọ aka ọrụ maka ụmụ nwoke na mpaghara ime obodo mgbe ahụ nke Staten Island .  Ọ tolitere n'ime nnukwu ụlọ nke nwere ma yereere ọtụtụ iri puku ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ ihe nkiri otu afụ nke ekiri.  Xan nke 2024, Drumgoole's Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, ugbu a aha ya bụ Catholic Charities of Staten Island, na-aga n'ihu na-eme mmemme na-erite uru nke nọ na mkpa na ndị ọzọ bi na Staten Island, na ụgwọ  nke ihe Ugwu Loretto == Ndụ == [[Usòrò:St._Mary's_Roman_Catholic_Church_from_front.jpg|thumb| Drumgoole buru ụzọ chekwaba ụmụaka nọ n'ụkọ na St. Mary's Church na Manhattan's Lower East Side, ebe ọ bụ sexton.]] A njikọ John Christopher Drumgoole na Abbeylara dị nso na Granard, County Longford, Ireland, na Ọgọst 15, 1816. Nna ya John, onye na-akụ olu, nwụrụ na 1822. John nke nta bịara United States na 1824 mgbe ọ dị afọ.  8 iji nne ya Bridget, bụ onye buru ụzọ mba ọzọ.  Ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka odibo, ọ ghọkwara onye na-akpụ akpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-enyere ya aka.  Na 1838, ọ si nwa amaala United States.  Na 1844, ọ-Serxton / onye àmà nke St. Mary's, New York City's Roman Catholic parish nke atọ, hiwere na 1826 ma dị na mpaghara ndị ogbenye Lower East Side .  Drumgoole tolitere ihe ngosi maka otutu na- mama ebe obibi na ụmụ mgbei bi n'okporo ụzọ nke New York City mgbe oké egwu Irish nchebe (1845-1852) na mgbe ahụ Agha Obodo US (1861-1865).  Ruo afọ 21, o nyere ọtụtụ n'ime ụgbọ ndị a ebe obibi n'okpuru ụlọ nke ahụ. <ref name="Burton">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/childrensshepher012890mbp/page/n3/mode/2up|title=Children's Shepherd: The Story of John Christopher Drumgoole|first=Katherine|author=Burton|others=Foreword by [[Francis Spellman]]|location=New York|publisher=P.J. Keneday & Sons|date=1954|accessdate=January 22, 2024|oclc=996604}}</ref> <ref name="fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Mallick. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05164b.htm "John C. Drumgoole"]. ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Retrieved December 6, 2013. {{PD-notice}}</ref> <ref name="miv">[https://cc-si.org/about/ "Our Mission"], Catholic Charities of Staten Island.</ref> <ref name="fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Mallick. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05164b.htm "John C. Drumgoole"]. ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Retrieved December 6, 2013. {{PD-notice}}</ref>Drumgoole chọsiri ike iji n'ọkwa nchụ-aja, mana chere ruo mgbe ike imezu oke maka ihe nne ya.  N'afọ 1863, ọ mgbasa ya, bụ ụzọ gaa St. John's College na Rose Hill wee gaa St. Francis Xavier College na Chelsea .  Ɔama na Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, na nso Niagara Falls, na 1865. Echiri ya onye ekpere na Mee 1869, ọ dị afọ 52. <ref name="Donahoes">{{Cite journal|title=Death of Another Dom Bosco|journal=Donahoe's Magazine|date=1888|volume=19|pages=458–460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4E4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA458}}</ref>N'afọ 1871, e debere ya onye na-elekọta "Newsboys' Lodging House", ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ochie nke dị na 53 Warren Street na Manhattan nke St. Vincent de Paul Society ego n'ime ụlọ ụlọ.  N'okpuru nduzi Drumgoole, mmemme a akara, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ tara na ụlọ ọrụ oke maka mkpa nke ebubo akwụkwọ ya.  N'ịchọ ego iji wuo ụlọ buru maka ndị na-ede asụsụ, o hiwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ, St. Joseph's Union, wee pụta ibipụta The Childless Child and Messenger of St. Joseph's Union .  Ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa na-edebanye aha maka akwụkwọ a maka cents 25 kwa afọ wee si otú a bụrụ ndị otu n'otu.  Ọ bụ site na ego ndị a ka Drumgoole ji nwee ike wuo ụlọ mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ na nkuku Great Jones na Lafayette Street, nke bịara mara dị ka Mission of the Immaculate Virgin <ref name="fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Mallick. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05164b.htm "John C. Drumgoole"]. ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Retrieved December 6, 2013. {{PD-notice}}</ref>E debere isi nkuku nke ụlọ Manhattan na 1879. Ibé ala ahụ, nke St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church nwere na mbụ, riri $70,000.  Ozi mgbasa ozi ahụ dị okpukpu riri $160,000 iji wuo ya.  [1] E weghaara ya na 1881. == Ugwu Loretto == [[Usòrò:General_View_of_Mount_Loretto_Staten_Island,_N.Y_(NYPL_b15279351-104622).tiff|áká_èkpè|thumb| Echiche izugbe nke Ugwu Loretto, Staten Island, NY]] E mere ụlọ Manhattan iji nye onye ọ bụla bi na ìhè na ikuku, ka o wee belata mgbasa nke influenza na ụkwara nta, mgbe ahụ na-emekarị na tenements. Otú ọ dị, Drumgoole bịara nwee mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Obodo n'oge ahụ adịghị mma maka ụmụaka ndị na-eto eto, n'ihi ya, ọ chọrọ ọnọdụ ime obodo. . <ref name="miv">[https://cc-si.org/about/ "Our Mission"], Catholic Charities of Staten Island.</ref>Na 1882 ọhọra ala na Staten Island na na 1883 hiwere Mission of the Immaculate Virgin na Ugwu Loretto, nke ọ hụrụ aha dị ka ụtụ nke Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Virgin bụ ndị soro ya n'ebe ahụ ngosi.  O mere Ugwu Loretto ka ọ bụrụ ugbo na-eju onwe ya awụ [[Usòrò:St._Joseph's_Trades_School,_Mount_Loretto,_Staten_Island,_N.Y_(NYPL_b15279351-104614).tiff|thumb| Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Azụmahịa St. Joseph, Ugwu Loretto, Staten Island, NY]] <ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/09/14/103334371.pdf "Thousands Were There: Cornerstone Laid of the New Church at Mount Loretto"]. ''The New York Times''. September 14, 1891.</ref>Na 1891 Ugwu Loretto Spur, alaka nke Staten Island Railway kilomita, ka e wuru iji weta ihe owuwu na saịtị Ugwu Loretto.  Kwa Sunday nke atọ ruo 1939, ụgbọ okporo na-arụ ụgbọ okporo ahịhịa iche site na St. George Terminal ruo Ugwu Loretto na azụ, maka ndị ikwu na ndị ọbịa.  A na-akpọ ahụ ahụ "ọdụ ọrụ". Ewubere ụlọ ụka St. Joachim na St. Anne na 1891 na mgbada ugwu Loretto, ijere ụmụntakịrị na ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ozi.  Na mgbakwunye na nkwado ndabere site n'aka ekpere, Drumgoole webatara ọtụtụ akara ọrụ aka na Mission.  akụkụ nọ n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ St.  [1] Ha tolitere nri nke ha, na-azụ anụ ọkụkọ na anụ ụlọ (gụnyere ehi ikpeazụ na New York City mgbe erere ha na 1961 ka ụlọ ụmụ mgbei papara).  Drumgoole haziri otu egwu agba.  Ọ bụ ya mere ụlọ ụka na ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma e wuru obere oge ka ọ nwụsịrị == Ọnwụ == <ref name="Burton" />Drumgoole kewara oge ya n'etiti isha ozi na Manhattan na n'Ugwu Loretto.  Na nkọwa, Machị 11, 1888, ụgbọ okporo ụzọ Staten Island n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ụzọ Pleasant Plains dị nso n'ogige ụmụ mgbei, wee gbaga ya St. George Terminal ụgbọ mmiri na-aga Manhattan .  Mgbe ọ bịarutere, ọ tara na ọ dịghị ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ oloko ọzọ na-agba ọsọ n'ihi na Great Blizzard nke 1888 España, na oke ifufe na snow.  Iji pụọ n'Ugwu Loretto, ọ goro agha na gig maka ogologo oge ogologo oge okpomọkụ n'oké ifufe ahụ.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ bịarutere n'udo ma ihe na-arụ ọrụ, ọ pụtara oyi nke na-eme ka ike gwọọ ya na oyi baa.  Ọ dara na Ma ọchịchị 26 ka ọ na-akwado ịsị Mass n' obodo nke ozi ahụ, ma edi ebe ahụ na Maachị 28. Drumgoole's ga-ahapụ ihe niile o nwere na ozi ahụ, Archbishọp Michael Corrigan duuru olili ozu ahụ na St.  Patrick's Cathedral na Ista Isita, 2. Otu onye nkuzi olili ozu, ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ oloko bula igbe Drumgoole mechiri emechi emechi n'Ugwu Loretto maka olili. <ref name="Donahoes">{{Cite journal|title=Death of Another Dom Bosco|journal=Donahoe's Magazine|date=1888|volume=19|pages=458–460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4E4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA458}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=D4E4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA458 "Death of Another Dom Bosco"]. ''Donahoe's Magazine''. '''19''': 458–460. 1888.</cite></ref> == Ihe nketa == [[Usòrò:Drumgoole_Plaza_(WTM_by_official-ly_cool_065).jpg|thumb| Drumgoole Plaza na Manhattan]] <ref name="miv">[https://cc-si.org/about/ "Our Mission"], Catholic Charities of Staten Island.</ref>Drumgoole bụ dike nke ndị na-ede Associate bụ ndị gba ebe ahụ mgbe Manhattan's Park Row bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke akwụkwọ obodo, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye àmà na-akwadoghị nke ndị na- man  ebe obibi, ụmụ mgbei, na ndị na- Micro isi.  N'afọ 1894, Robert Cushing wuru ihe oyiyi ọla dị n'ụkwụ 10 (3-mita) na nọmba Drumgoole na Lafayette Street, saịtị nke ozi Manhattan.  [1] A bufere ihe oyiyi ahụ n'Ugwu Loretto na 1920. Ozi nke nwa anụmanụ na-egosi nwoke a na saịtị ya ugbu a na ngalaba Pleasant Plains nke Staten Island 1883. Ugwu Loretto, ebe a na-elekọta ụmụ mgbei maka  ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ ndị ọzọ (1897), bụ ndị ozi ahụ na-elekọta ruo ọtụtụ afọ.  Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, nke a na-akpọzi Charities Catholic of Staten Island, na-aga n'ihu na-enye ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saints of New York: Father John C. Drumgoole (1816–1888)|url=http://nyfaithformation.org/saints-of-new-york|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227204914/http://www.nyfaithformation.org/news?page=41791|publisher=Archdiocese of New York|archivedate=December 27, 2017}}</ref>Drumgoole Plaza, obere nsogbu na eze dị nso na Park Row na Manhattan, bụ aha ya maka nke onye nkụzi, dịka okporo ụzọ ọrụ (Drumgoole Road West / East) nke Korea War Veterans Parkway dị nso na Ugwu Loretto na Staten Island.  Na 1973, n' View Drumgoole Road East, Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Ọha 36 ka ikiri JC Drumgoole School.  [1] egwuregwu na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-akwado ịbụ onye senti. == Hụkwa == * Nchedo #Nchekwa Katọlik nke New York == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}<nowiki> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "John C. Drumgoole". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</nowiki> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [https://cc-si.org/ Ndị ọrụ ebere Katọlik nke Staten Island na Ugwu Loretto], webụsaịtị gọọmentị * [https://www.histclo.com/insti/orp/orp-us01.html Ihe ncheta nke Ugwu Loretto na 1940-1950s] [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n41hb5ik5ifmzmyi6599ef6dr83roxn 674824 674823 2026-07-10T05:04:05Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọnwụ */ 674824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} John Christopher Drumgoole (August 15, 1816 - Ma ọchịchị 28, 1888) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Roman Irish-American nke amaara maka ọrụ ya n'ilekọta na nọmba ụmụ ụmụ mgbei na ndị gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na New York City, ndị na-ebu ebe { obibi . Na 1883, o hiwere Ugwu Loretto, ụlọ ụmụ mgbei na ụlọ akwụkwọ aka ọrụ maka ụmụ nwoke na mpaghara ime obodo mgbe ahụ nke Staten Island .  Ọ tolitere n'ime nnukwu ụlọ nke nwere ma yereere ọtụtụ iri puku ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ ihe nkiri otu afụ nke ekiri.  Xan nke 2024, Drumgoole's Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, ugbu a aha ya bụ Catholic Charities of Staten Island, na-aga n'ihu na-eme mmemme na-erite uru nke nọ na mkpa na ndị ọzọ bi na Staten Island, na ụgwọ  nke ihe Ugwu Loretto == Ndụ == [[Usòrò:St._Mary's_Roman_Catholic_Church_from_front.jpg|thumb| Drumgoole buru ụzọ chekwaba ụmụaka nọ n'ụkọ na St. Mary's Church na Manhattan's Lower East Side, ebe ọ bụ sexton.]] A njikọ John Christopher Drumgoole na Abbeylara dị nso na Granard, County Longford, Ireland, na Ọgọst 15, 1816. Nna ya John, onye na-akụ olu, nwụrụ na 1822. John nke nta bịara United States na 1824 mgbe ọ dị afọ.  8 iji nne ya Bridget, bụ onye buru ụzọ mba ọzọ.  Ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka odibo, ọ ghọkwara onye na-akpụ akpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-enyere ya aka.  Na 1838, ọ si nwa amaala United States.  Na 1844, ọ-Serxton / onye àmà nke St. Mary's, New York City's Roman Catholic parish nke atọ, hiwere na 1826 ma dị na mpaghara ndị ogbenye Lower East Side .  Drumgoole tolitere ihe ngosi maka otutu na- mama ebe obibi na ụmụ mgbei bi n'okporo ụzọ nke New York City mgbe oké egwu Irish nchebe (1845-1852) na mgbe ahụ Agha Obodo US (1861-1865).  Ruo afọ 21, o nyere ọtụtụ n'ime ụgbọ ndị a ebe obibi n'okpuru ụlọ nke ahụ. <ref name="Burton">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/childrensshepher012890mbp/page/n3/mode/2up|title=Children's Shepherd: The Story of John Christopher Drumgoole|first=Katherine|author=Burton|others=Foreword by [[Francis Spellman]]|location=New York|publisher=P.J. Keneday & Sons|date=1954|accessdate=January 22, 2024|oclc=996604}}</ref> <ref name="fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Mallick. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05164b.htm "John C. Drumgoole"]. ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Retrieved December 6, 2013. {{PD-notice}}</ref> <ref name="miv">[https://cc-si.org/about/ "Our Mission"], Catholic Charities of Staten Island.</ref> <ref name="fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Mallick. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05164b.htm "John C. Drumgoole"]. ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Retrieved December 6, 2013. {{PD-notice}}</ref>Drumgoole chọsiri ike iji n'ọkwa nchụ-aja, mana chere ruo mgbe ike imezu oke maka ihe nne ya.  N'afọ 1863, ọ mgbasa ya, bụ ụzọ gaa St. John's College na Rose Hill wee gaa St. Francis Xavier College na Chelsea .  Ɔama na Seminary of Our Lady of Angels, na nso Niagara Falls, na 1865. Echiri ya onye ekpere na Mee 1869, ọ dị afọ 52. <ref name="Donahoes">{{Cite journal|title=Death of Another Dom Bosco|journal=Donahoe's Magazine|date=1888|volume=19|pages=458–460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4E4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA458}}</ref>N'afọ 1871, e debere ya onye na-elekọta "Newsboys' Lodging House", ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ochie nke dị na 53 Warren Street na Manhattan nke St. Vincent de Paul Society ego n'ime ụlọ ụlọ.  N'okpuru nduzi Drumgoole, mmemme a akara, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ tara na ụlọ ọrụ oke maka mkpa nke ebubo akwụkwọ ya.  N'ịchọ ego iji wuo ụlọ buru maka ndị na-ede asụsụ, o hiwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ, St. Joseph's Union, wee pụta ibipụta The Childless Child and Messenger of St. Joseph's Union .  Ndị mmadụ gburugburu ụwa na-edebanye aha maka akwụkwọ a maka cents 25 kwa afọ wee si otú a bụrụ ndị otu n'otu.  Ọ bụ site na ego ndị a ka Drumgoole ji nwee ike wuo ụlọ mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ na nkuku Great Jones na Lafayette Street, nke bịara mara dị ka Mission of the Immaculate Virgin <ref name="fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Mallick. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05164b.htm "John C. Drumgoole"]. ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Retrieved December 6, 2013. {{PD-notice}}</ref>E debere isi nkuku nke ụlọ Manhattan na 1879. Ibé ala ahụ, nke St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church nwere na mbụ, riri $70,000.  Ozi mgbasa ozi ahụ dị okpukpu riri $160,000 iji wuo ya.  [1] E weghaara ya na 1881. == Ugwu Loretto == [[Usòrò:General_View_of_Mount_Loretto_Staten_Island,_N.Y_(NYPL_b15279351-104622).tiff|áká_èkpè|thumb| Echiche izugbe nke Ugwu Loretto, Staten Island, NY]] E mere ụlọ Manhattan iji nye onye ọ bụla bi na ìhè na ikuku, ka o wee belata mgbasa nke influenza na ụkwara nta, mgbe ahụ na-emekarị na tenements. Otú ọ dị, Drumgoole bịara nwee mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Obodo n'oge ahụ adịghị mma maka ụmụaka ndị na-eto eto, n'ihi ya, ọ chọrọ ọnọdụ ime obodo. . <ref name="miv">[https://cc-si.org/about/ "Our Mission"], Catholic Charities of Staten Island.</ref>Na 1882 ọhọra ala na Staten Island na na 1883 hiwere Mission of the Immaculate Virgin na Ugwu Loretto, nke ọ hụrụ aha dị ka ụtụ nke Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate Virgin bụ ndị soro ya n'ebe ahụ ngosi.  O mere Ugwu Loretto ka ọ bụrụ ugbo na-eju onwe ya awụ [[Usòrò:St._Joseph's_Trades_School,_Mount_Loretto,_Staten_Island,_N.Y_(NYPL_b15279351-104614).tiff|thumb| Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Azụmahịa St. Joseph, Ugwu Loretto, Staten Island, NY]] <ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/09/14/103334371.pdf "Thousands Were There: Cornerstone Laid of the New Church at Mount Loretto"]. ''The New York Times''. September 14, 1891.</ref>Na 1891 Ugwu Loretto Spur, alaka nke Staten Island Railway kilomita, ka e wuru iji weta ihe owuwu na saịtị Ugwu Loretto.  Kwa Sunday nke atọ ruo 1939, ụgbọ okporo na-arụ ụgbọ okporo ahịhịa iche site na St. George Terminal ruo Ugwu Loretto na azụ, maka ndị ikwu na ndị ọbịa.  A na-akpọ ahụ ahụ "ọdụ ọrụ". Ewubere ụlọ ụka St. Joachim na St. Anne na 1891 na mgbada ugwu Loretto, ijere ụmụntakịrị na ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ozi.  Na mgbakwunye na nkwado ndabere site n'aka ekpere, Drumgoole webatara ọtụtụ akara ọrụ aka na Mission.  akụkụ nọ n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ St.  [1] Ha tolitere nri nke ha, na-azụ anụ ọkụkọ na anụ ụlọ (gụnyere ehi ikpeazụ na New York City mgbe erere ha na 1961 ka ụlọ ụmụ mgbei papara).  Drumgoole haziri otu egwu agba.  Ọ bụ ya mere ụlọ ụka na ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma e wuru obere oge ka ọ nwụsịrị == Ọnwụ == <ref name="Burton" />Drumgoole kewara oge ya n'etiti isha ozi na Manhattan na n'Ugwu Loretto.  Na nkọwa, Machị 11, 1888, ụgbọ okporo ụzọ Staten Island n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ụzọ Pleasant Plains dị nso n'ogige ụmụ mgbei, wee gbaga ya St. George Terminal ụgbọ mmiri na-aga Manhattan .  Mgbe ọ bịarutere, ọ tara na ọ dịghị ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ oloko ọzọ na-agba ọsọ n'ihi na Great Blizzard nke 1888 España, na oke ifufe na snow.  Iji pụọ n'Ugwu Loretto, ọ goro agha na gig maka ogologo oge ogologo oge okpomọkụ n'oké ifufe ahụ.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ bịarutere n'udo ma ihe na-arụ ọrụ, ọ pụtara oyi nke na-eme ka ike gwọọ ya na oyi baa.  Ọ dara na Ma ọchịchị 26 ka ọ na-akwado ịsị Mass n' obodo nke ozi ahụ, ma edi ebe ahụ na Maachị 28. Drumgoole's ga-ahapụ ihe niile o nwere na ozi ahụ, Archbishọp Michael Corrigan duuru olili ozu ahụ na St.  Patrick's Cathedral na Ista Isita, 2. Otu onye nkuzi olili ozu, ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ oloko bula igbe Drumgoole mechiri emechi emechi n'Ugwu Loretto maka olili. <ref name="Donahoes" /> == Ihe nketa == [[Usòrò:Drumgoole_Plaza_(WTM_by_official-ly_cool_065).jpg|thumb| Drumgoole Plaza na Manhattan]] <ref name="miv">[https://cc-si.org/about/ "Our Mission"], Catholic Charities of Staten Island.</ref>Drumgoole bụ dike nke ndị na-ede Associate bụ ndị gba ebe ahụ mgbe Manhattan's Park Row bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke akwụkwọ obodo, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye àmà na-akwadoghị nke ndị na- man  ebe obibi, ụmụ mgbei, na ndị na- Micro isi.  N'afọ 1894, Robert Cushing wuru ihe oyiyi ọla dị n'ụkwụ 10 (3-mita) na nọmba Drumgoole na Lafayette Street, saịtị nke ozi Manhattan.  [1] A bufere ihe oyiyi ahụ n'Ugwu Loretto na 1920. Ozi nke nwa anụmanụ na-egosi nwoke a na saịtị ya ugbu a na ngalaba Pleasant Plains nke Staten Island 1883. Ugwu Loretto, ebe a na-elekọta ụmụ mgbei maka  ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ ndị ọzọ (1897), bụ ndị ozi ahụ na-elekọta ruo ọtụtụ afọ.  Mission of the Immaculate Virgin, nke a na-akpọzi Charities Catholic of Staten Island, na-aga n'ihu na-enye ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saints of New York: Father John C. Drumgoole (1816–1888)|url=http://nyfaithformation.org/saints-of-new-york|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227204914/http://www.nyfaithformation.org/news?page=41791|publisher=Archdiocese of New York|archivedate=December 27, 2017}}</ref>Drumgoole Plaza, obere nsogbu na eze dị nso na Park Row na Manhattan, bụ aha ya maka nke onye nkụzi, dịka okporo ụzọ ọrụ (Drumgoole Road West / East) nke Korea War Veterans Parkway dị nso na Ugwu Loretto na Staten Island.  Na 1973, n' View Drumgoole Road East, Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Ọha 36 ka ikiri JC Drumgoole School.  [1] egwuregwu na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-akwado ịbụ onye senti. == Hụkwa == * Nchedo #Nchekwa Katọlik nke New York == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}<nowiki> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "John C. Drumgoole". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</nowiki> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [https://cc-si.org/ Ndị ọrụ ebere Katọlik nke Staten Island na Ugwu Loretto], webụsaịtị gọọmentị * [https://www.histclo.com/insti/orp/orp-us01.html Ihe ncheta nke Ugwu Loretto na 1940-1950s] [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m56v99d6xkbhs5kj5epwsl0rosea4oa 0 42472 674813 161594 2026-07-10T04:53:15Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ */ 674813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=Commissioner|name=John Allan|honorific-suffix=[[Order of Orange-Nassau|OO]], [[Croix de Guerre|CG]]|image=|caption=|imagesize=|office=8th [[Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army|Chief of the Staff]]|1blankname=[[General of The Salvation Army|General]]|1namedata=[[Albert Orsborn]]|predecessor=[[Charles Baugh]]|successor=[[Edgar Dibden]]|term_start=1947|term_end=1953|office1=[[General of The Salvation Army|The General's Special Delegate]]|1blankname1=[[General of The Salvation Army|General]]|1namedata1=[[Albert Orsborn]]<br>[[Wilfred Kitching]]|predecessor1=''Office established''|successor1=''Office abolished''|term_start1=1953|term_end1=1957|birth_name=John James Allan|birth_date=1887|birth_place=[[Hazleton, Pennsylvania]]|death_date=1960|death_place=[[Clearwater, Florida]]|nationality=American|spouse=Maude Parsons <small>(m. 1909)</small>|relations=|children=|residence=|alma_mater=|occupation=|profession=|education=|allegiance={{flag|United States of America}}|branch={{army|USA}}|serviceyears=|serviceyears_label=|rank=Colonel [[File:US-O6 insignia.svg|25px]]|unit=[[77th Sustainment Brigade]]|battles=[[World War I]], [[World War II]]|battles_label=|awards=[[Croix de Guerre]]<br>[[Order of Orange-Nassau]]}}  John James Allan (1887–1949) bụ onye ozi America na onye ọrụ ozi nke jere ozi dị ka 8th Chief of the Staff of the Salvation Army, na onye ọchịchịagha na United States Army, na-eje ozi dị ka onye agha na Agha.  Worldwa Mbụ na mbụ.  Agha nke ụwa. == Ndụ onwe onye == John Allan, mmalite na Hazleton, Pennsylvania, bụ nwa nwoke nke ndị ọrụ nchekwa Salvation Army si Scotland .  A adwene ya na 1887 otu afɔ mgbe nne na nna ya kwagara United States.  Tupu aghọọ onye isi ndị agha agha, ọ bụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ maka isi ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ndị agha maka mpaghara ihe mere United States.  [1] Ọ gbara cornet na New York Staff Band afọ iri abụọ [2] wee bipụtapụta egwu dị iche iche.  [3] Ọ ngosi Maude E. Parsons na 1909, onye isi ndị agha Salvation.  Allan bụkwa onye ahụ United Service Organization .  [2] Allan nwụrụ na Clearwater, Florida na 1960. == Ọrụ == <ref name="Dictionary">{{Cite book|author=Meritt|first=John|title=Historical Dictionary of the Salvation Army|date=2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=0-8108-5344-2|pages=6–7|url=https://library.mibckerala.org/lms_frame/eBook/%5BMajor_John_G._Merritt%5D_Historical_Dictionary_of_T(BookFi.org).pdf|accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref>Enyere Allan ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ ndị agha na 1906 wee pụta ya dị ka onye inyeaka ndị uwe ojii na corps na Ugwu Vernon, New York.  Otú ọ dị, na 1918, ọ sonyeere United States Army dị ka iwu na US 77th Division na Europe n'oge Agha mbụ Mbụ .  N’oge agha ahụ, mgbe a na-agba ọkụ, o buuru ndị agha ọnwụ anwụ la nwuo n’ogige ka a ghara ịgbahapụ ozu ha.  N'ihi ya, ọ natara abụọ awards: Croix de Guerre na Order nke Orange-Nassau .  Mgbe agha ahụ eze, Allan la ndabere na ọrụ Salvation Army na New York ruo 1923, mgbe ahụ, ọchịchịagha nke ngalaba saịtị na 1923 ruo 1933. <ref name="Dictionary" />Site na 1940 ruo 1942, n'oge Agha mgbaàmà nke, Allan bụ onye nke abụọ na William Arnold, Onye isi ndị mgbasa nke United States Army na Washington, DC.  [1] N'afọ 1942, e buliri Allan ka ọ bụrụ kọmishọna ma họpụta ya dị ka onye ọchịchịagha mpaghara nke Salvation Army's USA Central Territory.  [2] Na 1946, General Albert Orsborn ihe Allan Chief of the Staff of The Salvation Army n'isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke Army na London.  [3] Dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ, ọ gara mba dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa ebe ndị agha Salvation na-arụ ọrụ.  Na 1954, ọ zutere Kwame Nkrumah, praịm minista nke Gold Coast .  [4] ruo ruo n' mkpọsa ahụ 1953 mgbe ngosi ya dara.  Site na 1953 ruo ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1957, o jidere aha onye osisi iche, ọrụ dabara adaba maka steeti Allan ese ike. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] rhwld5t2onbv99i9a4mcpjqk67fc6ey 0 42709 674627 195061 2026-07-09T18:02:07Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674627 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:JulieBBeck.jpg|thumb|Julie B.Beck]]   Julie Bangerter Beck (amuru na September 29, 1954) bu onye isi ochichi izugbe nke iri na ise nke Relief Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) site na 2007 rue 2012. <ref name="pfs">[[Peggy Fletcher Stack]], [http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/lifestyle/53708919-80/women-beck-relief-church.html.csp "Mormon women's leader turns to the past to build brighter future"], ''[[Salt Lake Tribune]]'', 2012-03-31.</ref>Amụrụ na Granger, Utah, nye William Grant Bangerter na Geraldine Hamblin, Beck tolitere na Utah na na São Paulo, Brazil, ebe nna ya jere ozi dịka onye isi ala ozi maka ọrịka LDS afọ ise.  [1] Nna Beck ga-emesịa jee ozi dịka onye isi nzuko ụka LDS.  Beck bụkwa nwa nwanne Gọvanọ nke iri na atọ nke Utah, Norman H. Bangerter, onye jigidere ọrụ site na 1985 ruo 1993. Beck gara Dixie College wee gụchaa na Brigham Young University na nzere na-ama akara Brigham Young University. == Ọrụ Ụka LDS == <ref name="pfs"/>N’October 2002, akpara Beck ka Onye Ndụmọdụ Mbụ nye Susan W. Tanner na Ndị- isi Nduzi izugbe nke ọrịka LDS.  Beck jere ozi n'ọkwa a ruo n'afọ 2007, mgbe ọ nọchiri anya Bonnie D. Parkin dịka onye-isi-nduzi nke otu Relief Society Beck bụ onye isi oche izugbe nke iri na ise nke Otu Enyemaka akwụkwọ ya na 1842. N'ime ọrụ ahụ, Beck onye bụbu onye isi na Boards of Trustees/Education of the Church Educational System bụrụkwa onye otu onye isi kọmitii nke  Boards of Trustees/ Education.  Ndị mbụ Beck bụ Silvia H. Allred na Barbara Thompson.  A akara akara 2011 nke akwụkwọ bụ́ Daughters in My Kingdom dị ka “mmepụta okpueze” nke afọ ise Beck nwere.  [1] Beck nọchiri anya Linda K. Burton === Adreesị igodo === ."Na azụ izugbe nke Ọktoba 2007, Beck kwuputara okwuchukwu nke butere ọgbaghara n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị otu ụka.  [1] N'okwuchukwu ya, Beck kwuru "ịsịsị" na "ịme ụlọ" - nke Beck kwuru na "gụnyere isi nri, ịsa uwe na efere, na idobe ụlọ nke ọma" - ma kwuo na "Ụmụ akwụkwọ Saint- ụbọchị ikpeazụ  oche ịbụ ndị na-arụ ụlọ kacha mma n'ụwa.  [2] Otu mmetụta ewepụtara ole ụbọchị na ole ka Beck kwuchara na "o kpalitere ọgba aghara n'etiti ụmụ Mermon a na-ahụ osisi 1987, mgbe Onye isi ala Ezra Taft Benson kwuru n'ezoghị ọnụ na ndị ọrụ ọrụ ọrụ.  ụlọ ụlọ ma e wezụga na ike <ref name="SLT">[[Peggy Fletcher Stack]], [http://www.sltrib.com/lds/ci_7150554 "Conference address by LDS relief society president sparks furious debate"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021194116/http://www.sltrib.com/lds/ci_7150554|date=2013-10-21}}, ''[[Salt Lake Tribune]]'', 2007-10-11.</ref> Okwu afọ nke abụọ Beck gwara ụmụ nwanyị ụka na Septemba 2008 lekwasịrị anya n’ịkwalite ọrụ nke Otu Enyemaka n’ọgbakọ ọ bụla n’ụwa nile. A na-ele adreesị ahụ anya dị ka nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di na ndị na-enweghị nwa, a na-anabatakwa ya nke ọma na United States karịa adreesị mbụ. <ref name="SLT2">Jessica Ravitz, [http://www.sltrib.com/News/ci_10579281 "This year, LDS women's leader steers clear of storm"], ''[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]'', 2008-09-28.</ref> N’oge ya na Nzukọ-nsọ, Beck kwuru okwu iri na ise ma mee atụmatụ na ọ na-etinye ihe dị ka 100 na 150 awa akwadebe okwu ọ bụla. <ref>Toone, Trent. [https://www.thechurchnews.com/leaders-and-ministry/2018-11-16/sister-julie-b-beck-talks-new-book-president-nelsons-book-of-mormon-challenge-and-keeping-an-eternal-focus-6920 "Sister Julie B. Beck talks new book, President Nelson’s Book of Mormon challenge and keeping an eternal focus"], ''[[Church News]]'', Utah, 16 November 2018. Retrieved on 9 August 2019.</ref> Ọ na-ede na ndị isi oche ya lekwasịrị anya na "echiche atọ dị mfe: okwukwe, ezinụlọ na inye enyemaka". <ref>Lloyd, R. Scott. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190809231837/https://www.deseretnews.com/article/765624635/Faith-is-really-an-alignment-Sister-Julie-B-Beck-says-at-lecture-series.html "'Faith is really an alignment,' Sister Julie B. Beck says at lecture series"], ''[[Deseret News]]'', Utah, 14 March 2013. Retrieved on 9 August 2019.</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na Disemba 28, 1973, ọ ngosi Ramon P. Beck na Temple Salt Lake na ha bụ nne na nna nwere ụmụ atọ.  N'afọ 2017, itinyere ya n'asụsụ dị na Atlantic ihe ndị nwere aha Julie Beck<ref>Beck, Julie. [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/05/all-the-online-julie-becks-and-me/526143/ "All the Other Julie Becks and Me"], ''[[The Atlantic]]'', 15 May 2017. Retrieved on 13 March 2020.</ref> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * ''Ọñụ n'ime ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ'' (Akwụkwọ Deseret, Ọktoba 29 2018)  == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/leader/julie-b-beck?lang=eng&_r=1 Ndị isi ọchịchị na ndị isi: Nwanna nwanyị Julie B. Beck] * [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2002/11/news-of-the-church/julie-bangerter-beck-first-counselor-young-women-general-presidency “Julie Bangerter Beck Onye Ndụmọdụ Mbụ, Ndị Isi Nduzi Ndị Nwanyị Na-eto Eto”] {{s-start}} {{s-rel|mo}} {{s-bef|before=Bonnie D. Parkin}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Relief Society]] General President|years={{start date|2007|03|31}} &ndash; {{end date|2012|03|31}}}} {{s-aft|after=[[Linda K. Burton]]}} {{s-bef|before=Carol B. Thomas}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Young Women (organization)#Chronology of the general presidency of the Young Women|First Counselor]] in the<br>{{nowrap|&nbsp;[[Young Women (organization)|Young Women]] General Presidency&nbsp;}}|years={{start date|2002|10|05}} – {{end date|2007|03|31}}}} {{s-aft|after=[[Elaine S. Dalton]]}} {{s-end}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] thfxo8a5cqqnmjh460bjdlq5ohsujyy 0 42756 674874 164482 2026-07-10T06:51:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jeanette Orrey''', [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (amụrụ 1956) bụ onye mgbasa ozi nri ụmụaka na Britain na onye bụbu nwanyị nri abalị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nke na 2012 natara [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] maka ọrụ ya na nri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-18183109|accessdate=19 November 2014|title=Jamie Oliver dinner lady Jeanette Orrey receives MBE|work=BBC News|date=2012-05-23}}</ref> == Ndụ == Orrey bụ onye njikwa nri na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị St Peter na East Bridgford, Nottinghamshire afọ 14. N'afọ 2000, ewepụrụ usoro nri nri ụlọ akwụkwọ site na njikwa ndị isi obodo, ebe Orrey na St Peter kpebiri ịgbanwe nri ehihie ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ nchịkọta nri mpaghara, nke esitere na mbụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chynoweth|first=Carly|work=The Times|title=Not Quite Chips with Everything|date=September 13, 2005}}</ref> Na mbụ, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka osi nri na St Peter's, Orrey abụrụla iwu ijere ihe ndị dị ka 'mince free-flow' nke ọ kọwara dị ka 'ikekwe sitere na ehi 11 dị iche iche na mba 11 dị iche iche', na ụdị achịcha dị iche iche nke anụ edozi gụnyere gụnyere. hippos anụ ezi, anụ ọkụkọ na Turkey Twizzlers . <ref name="LucyWard">{{Cite news|author=Ward|first=Lucy|work=The Guardian|title=The Original Dinner Lady|date=30 March 2005}}</ref> Nchịkọta Orrey edegharịrị gụnyere nri ndị ka mma dị ka ahịhịa crumble na achịcha azụrụ arụrụ n'ụlọ, ya na mmiri ara ehi organic na anụ ezi mpaghara sitere na Gloucester Old Spot pigs; Ụzọ ya na nri ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ekwuru na ọ na-akpali ọrụ mgbasa ozi Jamie Oliver na nri ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="LucyWard" /> Ọ chọpụtara na site n’iji nke nta nke nta dochie nri ndị a na-esi esi esi n’ụlọ, ụtọ ụmụaka na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanwe, ha adịchaghịkwa ewe iwe. Mgbe a jụrụ ya ka ọ kọwaa ihe nzuzo nke ịga nke ọma ya na St Peter, Orrey ekwuola 'Ụmụaka na-eṅomi ibe ha. Kwee ka otu nwatakịrị rie curry na ndị ọzọ ga-eso'. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Thomson|first=Alice|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3318371/Hooray-Al-dente-fusilli-again.html|accessdate=19 November 2014|title=Hooray! Al dente fusilli again!}}</ref> Na 2003, Orrey co tọrọ ntọala [[Food for Life (campaign)|Food for Life]], mmemme na ụlọ akwụkwọ Britain iji na-agba ume kichin ụlọ akwụkwọ na-esi nri site na ọkọ nakwa ịkụziri ụmụaka otú e si esi nri na ịkụ nri. <ref name="30 Stories, 30 School Meals Heroes">{{Cite web|url=http://thegreatschoollunch.co.uk/30-stories-30-school-meals-heroes/|work=LACA|accessdate=30 July 2019|title=30 Stories, 30 School Meals Heroes|archivedate=30 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730105708/http://thegreatschoollunch.co.uk/30-stories-30-school-meals-heroes/}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, Orrey, onye hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka nri ụlọ akwụkwọ, bipụtara akwụkwọ nri mbụ ya bụ ''The Dinner Lady'' (Bantam). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Dinner Lady: Change The Way Your Children Eat Forever|id={{ASIN|0593054296|country=uk}}}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Orrey hibere ọzụzụ nkuzi ụbọchị abụọ maka ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ dabere na Ashlyns Organic Farm na Essex. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dodd|first=Celia|work=The Times|title=Ladies who'll do Lunch|date=June 11, 2005}}</ref> Orrey ugbu a bụ onye ndụmọdụ amụma maka nri ụlọ akwụkwọ maka otu ala . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soilassociation.org/organicheroes/organicheroes/articleid/1265/jeanette-orrey-school-meals-policy-advisor-to-the-soil-association|work=Soil Association|accessdate=19 November 2014|title=Jeanette Orrey, School Meals Policy Advisor to the Soil Association|archivedate=29 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129053543/http://www.soilassociation.org/organicheroes/organicheroes/articleid/1265/jeanette-orrey-school-meals-policy-advisor-to-the-soil-association}}</ref> Ọ na-akwado Alliance Food Food Plan Alliance. <ref name="30 Stories, 30 School Meals Heroes"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t5jaxkynicpp7q66rpcfscq82wip4bn 0 43374 674527 162897 2026-07-09T12:35:02Z 10kdollz 19775 674527 wikitext text/x-wiki The Mother Teresa Awards, nke a na-akpọ Mother Teresa Memorial Awards maka Social Justice, bụ onyinye mba ụwa na nke mba a na-enye kwa afọ iji sọpụrụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na òtù ndị na-akpa udo, ịha  nhatanha na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze, na-emepụta ihe eserese ikpe ziri ezi na alụ n'otu udo, mgbe na-enye mkpali maka ọha mmadụ imbibe mgbasa ndị a.  A na-enye ihe nrite ahụ maka mama Teresa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Mother Teresa Awards|url=http://www.motherteresaawards.org/|publisher=Mother Teresa Awards|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi == <ref name=":0" />Enyerela nri nri nne Teresa 2005 kwa afọ ma ọ bụ kwa afọ.  Ihe nrite ndị a bụ Harry Harmony Foundation, ihe nchekwa nchekwa nke Dr.Abraham Mathai hiwere na Mumbai .  Ọ bụ naanị ihe nrite n'aha Mother Teresa tụlere wee mata ya site n'aka Nwanna Nwanyị Prema, Onye Kasị Elu nke Ndị Ozi Ala Ọzọ nke Charity <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About the Mother Teresa Awards|url=http://www.cashabu.com/mta/about.asp|accessdate=24 March 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.motherteresaawards.org/about-us/board-of-patrons/|title=Board of Patrons - Mother Teresa Memorial Awards|work=Mother Teresa Memorial Awards|accessdate=2018-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref>A na- ihe nrite ahụ site n'aka otu ndị isi nke ajụjụ Dr. Abraham Mathai - Onye isi oche na onye bụbu osote onye isi oche nke National Commission for Minorities, Baroness Caroline Cox - onye so na onye bụbu osote onye isi oche  nke House of Lords, Mahesh Bhatt - onye na-ese ihe nkiri, Tushar Gandhi - Nwa nwa nwa Mahatma Gandhi, Flavia Agnes - onye na-akwado ikike , na Shazia Ilmi - onye nta esi na onye agha == Ndị mmeri == {| {{Table|sort}} !Year !Recipients !Award type !Notes |- | align="center" |2005 |{{bulletedlist|[[Caroline Cox]]|[[Kiran Bedi]]|M. A. Thomas|Lim Siow Jin|Rajanikant S. Arole|[[Mihir Desai]]|Susai Joseph|Christobel Fonseca|Oasis India}} |National Award |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa Awards 2005|url=http://www.motherteresaawards.org/2005.htm|accessdate=14 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044226/http://www.motherteresaawards.org/2005.htm|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2006 |{{bulleted list|[[Mahathir Mohamad]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa Awards 2006|url=http://www.motherteresaawards.org/2006.htm|accessdate=14 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220523/http://www.motherteresaawards.org/2006.htm|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref> |- |{{bulletedlist|[[Anna Hazare]]|[[Oscar Fernandes]]|[[Jesuits]]|Nitin Sardar|[[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]]|Dr. Farhan|Edwin Britto|[[Sudha Murty]]}} |National Award |- | align="center" |2007 | colspan="3" align="center" |''no awards'' |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2008 |{{bulleted list|[[Ansar Burney]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa Awards 2008|url=http://www.motherteresaawards.org/2008.htm|accessdate=14 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002119/http://www.motherteresaawards.org/2008.htm|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|Kripa Foundation|Shri. Shailesh Gandhi|Shri. [[R. B. Sreekumar]]|[[ The Leprosy Mission]]|''[[The Times of India]]''|[[Teen Challenge]]|[[Swami Agnivesh]]|[[John Dayal]]|Shri. [[Manikrao Thakare]]}} |National Award |- | align="center" |2009 | colspan="3" align="center" |''no awards'' |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2010 |{{bulleted list|[[Dalai-Lama]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa Awards 2010|url=http://www.motherteresaawards.org/2010.htm|accessdate=14 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051238/http://www.motherteresaawards.org/2010.htm|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|Sayed [[Iqbal Haider]]|Sewa- Ashram|[[Udit Raj]]|[[Aruna Roy]] and [[MKSS]]|Shri [[Colin Gonsalves]]|Smt. [[Sumaira Abdulali]]|[[Adhik Kadam]]|[[Borderless World Foundation]]|[[ Yogesh Pratap Singh]]|AADS Education}} |National Award |- | align="center" |2011 |Anuradha Paudwal |National Award |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mother-teresa-award-for-anuradha/775729/|title=Mother Teresa Award for Anuradha|first=Rajiv|author=Vijayakar|date=14 April 2011|accessdate=17 March 2018|publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2012 |{{bulleted list|[[Sima Samar]]|[[Malala Yousafzai]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Carvalho|first=Nirmala|title=Mother Teresa Award given to two women targeted by the Taliban|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Mother-Teresa-Award-given-to-two-women-targeted-by-the-Taliban-26492.html|accessdate=14 December 2014|work=Asianews.it|date=29 November 2012}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|Mukti Mission|[[Kuldip Nayar]]|NDTV-[[Coca-Cola India]] Support My School|Campaign Impact|Vinay Shetty|Indian Cancer Society|[[Flavia Agnes]]|[[Shillong Chamber Choir]]}} |National Award |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2013 |{{bulleted list|[[Sam Childers]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harmony Foundation to host Mother Teresa awards on Nov 9|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-harmony-foundation-to-host-mother-teresa-awards-on-nov-9-2033089|date=8 November 2014|work=dna|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|accessdate=2016-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mother Teresa Awards given to promoters of social justice|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/mother-teresa-awards-given-to-promoters-of-social-justice/|publisher=Catholic News Agency|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|[[Cedric Prakash]]|Indian Rescue Mission|[[Sindhutai Sapkal]]|Diep Saeeda|[[Hanumappa Sudarshan]]|[[Arunachalam Muruganantham]]|[[Sushmita Sen]]|Maulana Mahmood Madani}} |National Award |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2014 |{{bulleted list|[[Anuradha Koirala]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref name="bs2014">{{Cite news|title=Mother Teresa global awards for Anuradha Koirala, Amte|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mother-teresa-global-awards-for-anuradha-koirala-amte-114110900812_1.html|accessdate=14 December 2014|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mother Teresa Memorial International Award for Social Justice held on Sunday|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mother-teresa-memorial-international-award-for-social-justice-held-on-sunday-2033914|accessdate=14 December 2014|work=dna|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.|date=11 November 2014}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|[[Prakash Amte]]|[[Sangthankima]]|[[Medha Patkar]]|[[Sunitha Krishnan]]|Ujjwal Uke|Lakshmidhar Mishra|[[ Udaan (2014 TV series)]]|[[Medha Patkar]]|[[Vandana Shiva]]|Rifat Abdullah}} |National Award |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2015 |{{bulleted list|[[Bilquis Edhi|Bilquis Bano]]|[[Médecins Sans Frontières]]|[[Gladys Staines]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pakistan's Bilquis Bano, Caretaker of Speech and Hearing Impaired Geeta and Gladys Staines Honoured with the Mother Teresa Memorial International Award for Social Justice 2015|url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/pakistans-bilquis-bano-caretaker-speech-hearing-impaired-geeta-gladys-staines-honoured-with-mother-teresa-memorial-international-award-social-justice-2015/46268|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=Business Wire India|date=23 November 2015}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|[[Abhay and Rani Bang]]|Harakchand Savla|Rural Healthcare Foundation|[[Narayanan Krishnan]]|Nandakumar and Shylaja Menon|Thomas Auto Raja|Rahul Baura ([[South Asia Foundation]])}} |National Award |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2016 |{{bulleted list|[[Nana Akufo-Addo]]|[[Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan]]|Late [[Faraaz Ayaaz Hossain]]|[[White Helmets (Syrian Civil War)|White Helmets]] (Syrian Civil Defense)}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.motherteresaawards.org/awardees/mother-teresa-memorial-awards-2016/|title=Mother Teresa Memorial Awards 2016 - Mother Teresa Memorial Awards|work=Mother Teresa Memorial Awards|accessdate=2017-12-12|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|Selene Biffi|Dr. Zeenat Shaukat Ali|Karambir Singh Kang|[[Maninderjeet Singh Bitta]]|Late [[Neerja Bhanot]]}} |National Award |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2017 |{{bulleted list|[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]]|[[ Shigeru Ban]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.motherteresaawards.org/awardees/mother-teresa-memorial-awards-2017-2/|title=Mother Teresa Memorial Awards 2017 - Mother Teresa Memorial Awards|work=Mother Teresa Memorial Awards|accessdate=2018-12-31|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|Fr. [[Tom Uzhunnalil]]|[[The A21 Campaign]]|[[Hellenic Rescue Team]]|[[ Priyanka Chopra]]|[[Mercy Corps|Mercy Corp]]|Khalsa Aid|[[Caritas Internationalis]]|Bayat Foundation|Zakat Foundation of India|[[IsraAid|IsraAID]]}} |National Award |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |2018 |{{bulleted list|[[ Women for Afghan Women]]|Dr. [[Oby Ezekwesili]]|Idress Bashar Silo|Laila Talo Khuder Alali|Salman Sufi|Shahida Akter|[[Tawakkol Karman]]}} |International Award | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://motherteresaawards.org/awardees/mtma-2018/|title=Mother Teresa Memorial Awards 2018 - Mother Teresa Memorial Awards|work=Mother Teresa Memorial Awards|accessdate=2019-07-12|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{bulleted list|[[Barefoot College]]|Adv. Deepika Singh Rajawat|[[Kiran Mazumdar]]|[[Laxmi Agarwal]]|Sister [[Lucy Kurien]]|[[Suhani Jalota]]}} |National Award |- |2019 | * Kailash Satyarthi * Prerana * Ajeet Singh * Hasina Kharbhih * Kiran Kamal Prasad * Alezandra Russell * Evelien Holsken * Rob Williams * [https://dafoh.org/ DAFOH] * Office for the Rescue of Yazidi * Junior Nzita Nsuami |International Award | |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.theharmonyfoundation.org/ theharmonyfoundation.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170616170415/http://www.motherteresaawards.org/home/ motherteresaawards.org] d759iv507iiq2v6cawm8obwpyl1tf84 0 44084 674520 165096 2026-07-09T12:25:05Z 10kdollz 19775 674520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mosinet Geremew''' (amuru 12 Febrụwarị 1992) bu onye Etiopia nke etiti na onye oso ogologo . <ref name="IAAFBio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/ethiopia/mosinet-geremew-254659|title=Mosinet Geremew|publisher=IAAF|date=23 August 2015|accessdate=23 August 2015}}</ref> Ọrụ Mosinet malitere na ịgba ọsọ obodo . Ọ gbara ọsọ na ngalaba nke obere na 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championship wee tinye 16th n'ozuzu - ọ bụghị onye na-agba ọsọ ọsọ maka otu Etiopia. Ọ laghachiri n'otu ebe ahụ ( Bydgoszcz ) dị ka onye isi asọmpi na 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championship, ọ bụ ezie na njedebe nke 24th ya ọzọ hapụrụ ya na isi otu egwuregwu.<ref name="IAAFBio" /> Na 2012 ọ meriri 10k Paderborner Osterlauf na Germany na 27:53 min. Ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ meriri ugboro abụọ na Yangzhou Jianzhen International Half Marathon, na-emeri ugboro anọ n'usoro, gụnyere ndekọ usoro nke 59: 52 nkeji - nke kachasị ọsọ ọsọ na agbụrụ ndị China. <ref name="2016Race">Wu, Vincent (24 April 2016). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/yangzhou-half-marathon-jepchirchir World champion Jepchirchir sets course record at Yangzhou Half Marathon]. IAAF. Retrieved on 24 April 2016.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/yangzhou-half-marathon-2018-geremew|title=Geremew takes fourth straight win in Yangzhou{{!}} News|work=www.worldathletics.org|language=en|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> Na 2015 ọ bụ onye mmeri nke Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon . Na 15 Mee 2016 ọ meriri Bangalore 10k na oge nke 28:36, mgbe mmeri ya gasịrị n'afọ gara aga. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/tcs-world-10k-2016-jepchirchir-geremew|title=Jepchirchir and Geremew reign supreme in Bengaluru{{!}} News|work=www.worldathletics.org|language=en|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> Na mbipụta 2018 nke ọsọ ahụ, o tinyere nke atọ n'ime oge 28:39 ka ndị obodo ibe ya bụ BIrhanu Legese jiri 28:38 na onye meriri Geoffrey Kamworor (Kenya) na 28:18. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/kamworor-tirop-win-bengaluru-10k|title=Kamworor and Tirop score Kenyan double at Bengaluru 10k{{!}} News|work=www.worldathletics.org|language=en|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> Ọ nwetara nnukwu ewu ewu na 2018 site na imeri Marathon Dubai na oge ndekọ ndekọ nke 2:04:00 (ya na ndị ọgba ọsọ asaa n'okpuru 2:05) yana ebe nke abụọ na Marathon Chicago . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/geremew-and-dereje-break-course-records-dubai|title=Geremew and Dereje take down course records in Dubai{{!}} News|work=www.worldathletics.org|language=en|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> Na Marathon London nke 2019, ọ kwụsịrị n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'azụ Eliud Kipchoge na oge 2:02:55, oge nke atọ kachasị ọsọ na akụkọ ntolite. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a27244432/eliud-kipchoge-wins-london-marathon-in-2nd-fastest-time-in-history/|title=Kipchoge Proves He Has No Equal: Runs 2nd Fastest Marathon Time in History|first=Cathal|author=Dennehy|date=28 April 2019|work=Runner's World|accessdate=2 May 2019}}</ref> Na 17 Julaị 2022, Mosinet meriri nrite ọla ọcha ụwa nke abụọ ya na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke 2022 – Marathon ụmụ nwoke, gwụchara n'azụ Tamirat Tola n'oge nke 2:06:44. == Asọmpi mba ụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |2010 |[[2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |[[Bydgoszcz]], Poland |16th |[[2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior men's race|Junior race]] |23:00 |- |2013 |[[2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]] |[[Bydgoszcz]], Poland |24th |[[2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race|Senior race]] |34:09 |- |2015 |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Beijing]], China |11th |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]] |28:07.50 |- |2018 |[[2018 Chicago Marathon|Chicago Marathon]] |[[Chicago]], USA |2nd |Marathon |2:05:24 |- |rowspan=2|2019 |[[2019 London Marathon|London Marathon]] |[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |2nd |Marathon |2:02:55<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2019/04/28/2019-london-marathon-results/|title=2019 London Marathon Results|last=OlympicTalk|date=28 April 2019|publisher=|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref> |- |[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Men's marathon|Marathon]] |2:10:44 |- |2022 |[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, United States]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's marathon|Marathon]] |2:06:44 |} == Sekit meriri == * Marathon Dubai : 2018 (2:04:00) * Yangzhou Jianzhen International Half Marathon : 2015–2018 * Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon : 2015 * Ọsọ ụzọ Peachtree : 2013 * Nnukwu ndị Etiopia na-agba : 2011 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ihe kacha mma nkeonwe == {| class="wikitable" |+ !5,000m | 13:17.41 | 2012 | Shanghai |- ! 10,000m | 27:18.86 | 2015 | Hengelo |- ! Ọkara Marathon | 59:11 | 2014 | New Delhi |- ! Marathon | 2:02:55 | 2019 | London |} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q91rp16nrytd9uegm92guxu25d4m5nj 0 44417 674552 166001 2026-07-09T13:31:21Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mohamed Kacimi|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=December 28, 1942|birth_place=[[Meknes]], Morocco|death_date=October 27, 2003 (aged 60)|death_place=[[Rabat]], Morocco|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=|other_names=|known_for=|education=|alma mater=|employer=|occupation=Painter|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|boards=|spouse=|children=|parents=|relatives=}} '''Mohamed Kacimi''' (1942-2003) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Morocco. Ọ bụ ónyé ọtú nke natara Grand Prix du Mérite site n'aka Eze nke Morocco n'afọ 2000. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ dị Mohamed Kacimi na Disemba 28, 1942, na Meknes, Morocco . <ref name="idref">{{Cite web|title=Kacimi, Mohamed (1942-2003)|url=http://www.idref.fr/030088216|work=IdRef|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name="almobit">{{Cite news|title=Le peintre Kacimi est mort|url=http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/le-peintre-kacimi-est-mort-2600|accessdate=October 7, 2016|work=[[Aujourd'hui Le Maroc]]|date=October 28, 2003}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kacimi bụ onye na-ese ihe.<ref name="idref" /> Ọ bụ onye otu Association Marocaine des Arts Plastiques (AMAP). <ref name="ministereparminous">{{Cite web|title=Kacimi est parmi nous|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/152-mohamed-kacimi|work=Royaume du Maroc, Ministère de la Culture|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya ka ọ see ihe osise na Asilah n'afọ 1978. <ref name="dunregardlautre">{{Cite book|author=Zahi|first=Farid|title=D'un regard, l'autre : l'art et ses méditations au Maroc|date=2006|publisher=Marsam Editions|location=Rabat|isbn=9789954210338|oclc=144568531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usrh_wasyGUC&q=mohamed+kacimi+peintre&pg=PA92}}</ref> E bipụtara ọrụ ya na Le Monde Diplomatique mgbè nílé nke oru ngo nke ọma karị niile.<ref name="almobit">{{Cite news|title=Le peintre Kacimi est mort|url=http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/le-peintre-kacimi-est-mort-2600|accessdate=October 7, 2016|work=[[Aujourd'hui Le Maroc]]|date=October 28, 2003}}</ref> Ka ọ dịgodị, Revue Noire bipụtara mbipụta pụrụ iche banyere ọrụ ya na 1996. [4] E nyere Kacimi Grand Prix du Mérite site n'aka Eze nke Morocco n'afọ 2000. [2]<ref name="ministereparminous" /> Kacimi bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref name="almobit">{{Cite news|title=Le peintre Kacimi est mort|url=http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/le-peintre-kacimi-est-mort-2600|accessdate=October 7, 2016|work=[[Aujourd'hui Le Maroc]]|date=October 28, 2003}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/le-peintre-kacimi-est-mort-2600 "Le peintre Kacimi est mort"]. ''[[Morocco Taa|Aujourd'hui Le Maroc]]''. October 28, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> O gosipụtara ọrụ ya maka Organisation Marocaine des Droits Humains (OMDH) na 2002. [1] Na Septemba 2003, o degaara Sidiki Kaba, onye isi usu na oche nke International Federation for Human Rights, akwụkwọ ozi, na-akpọ Chinụa na oku ka a tọhapụ onye nta akụkọ banyere ịhụnanya Tayseer Allouni.[1]<ref name="almobit" /> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Kacimi nwụrụ na ọrịa Hepatitis C-induced coma na October 27, 2003, na Rabat .<ref name="idref" /> <ref name="almobit">{{Cite news|title=Le peintre Kacimi est mort|url=http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/le-peintre-kacimi-est-mort-2600|accessdate=October 7, 2016|work=[[Aujourd'hui Le Maroc]]|date=October 28, 2003}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/le-peintre-kacimi-est-mort-2600 "Le peintre Kacimi est mort"]. ''[[Morocco Taa|Aujourd'hui Le Maroc]]''. October 28, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Ministri Ọdịbendị nke Morocco kpọrọ ya "onye nnọchi anya ihe osise Moroccan n'oge ndụ ya niile". N'afọ 2005, ozi ahụ raara ''Galerie Mohamed Kacini na Fez.<ref name="ministeregaleriemohamedkacimi">{{Cite web|title=Galerie Mohamed Kacimi|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/180-galerie-mohamed-kacimi|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> '' nye. <ref name="ministereparminous">{{Cite web|title=Kacimi est parmi nous|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/152-mohamed-kacimi|work=Royaume du Maroc, Ministère de la Culture|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/152-mohamed-kacimi "Kacimi est parmi nous"]. ''Royaume du Maroc, Ministère de la Culture''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>[4] ''Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, Christie's rere ụfọdụ na emepụta sịga site nzọụkwụ mkpa n'ime ọrụ ya, na-ere otu ihe osise maka US $ 67,000 .<ref name="christiesuntitled">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KACIMI (MOROCCAN, 1942-2003): Untitled|url=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/mohammed-kacimi-untitled-4972445-details.aspx|work=Christie's|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref>'' == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Pivin|author=Alaoui|first=Brahim|title=MOHAMMED KACIMI: PAINTINGS & WRITINGS|date=1996|publisher=La Revue Noire|location=Paris|isbn=9782909571232}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} i6ew8iuq7jrq3rmgqsvoefpgqru6s2b 674555 674552 2026-07-09T13:36:09Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mohamed Kacimi|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=December 28, 1942|birth_place=[[Meknes]], Morocco|death_date=October 27, 2003 (aged 60)|death_place=[[Rabat]], Morocco|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=|other_names=|known_for=|education=|alma mater=|employer=|occupation=Painter|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|boards=|spouse=|children=|parents=|relatives=}} '''Mohamed Kacimi''' (1942-2003) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Morocco. Ọ bụ ónyé ọtú nke natara Grand Prix du Mérite site n'aka Eze nke Morocco n'afọ 2000. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ dị Mohamed Kacimi na Disemba 28, 1942, na Meknes, Morocco . <ref name="idref">{{Cite web|title=Kacimi, Mohamed (1942-2003)|url=http://www.idref.fr/030088216|work=IdRef|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name="almobit">{{Cite news|title=Le peintre Kacimi est mort|url=http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/le-peintre-kacimi-est-mort-2600|accessdate=October 7, 2016|work=[[Aujourd'hui Le Maroc]]|date=October 28, 2003}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kacimi bụ onye na-ese ihe.<ref name="idref" /> Ọ bụ onye otu Association Marocaine des Arts Plastiques (AMAP). <ref name="ministereparminous">{{Cite web|title=Kacimi est parmi nous|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/152-mohamed-kacimi|work=Royaume du Maroc, Ministère de la Culture|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya ka ọ see ihe osise na Asilah n'afọ 1978. <ref name="dunregardlautre">{{Cite book|author=Zahi|first=Farid|title=D'un regard, l'autre : l'art et ses méditations au Maroc|date=2006|publisher=Marsam Editions|location=Rabat|isbn=9789954210338|oclc=144568531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usrh_wasyGUC&q=mohamed+kacimi+peintre&pg=PA92}}</ref> E bipụtara ọrụ ya na Le Monde Diplomatique mgbè nílé nke oru ngo nke ọma karị niile.<ref name="almobit" />Ka ọ dịgodị, Revue Noire bipụtara mbipụta pụrụ iche banyere ọrụ ya na 1996. [4] E nyere Kacimi Grand Prix du Mérite site n'aka Eze nke Morocco n'afọ 2000. [2]<ref name="ministereparminous" /> Kacimi bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref name="almobit" />O gosipụtara ọrụ ya maka Organisation Marocaine des Droits Humains (OMDH) na 2002. [1] Na Septemba 2003, o degaara Sidiki Kaba, onye isi usu na oche nke International Federation for Human Rights, akwụkwọ ozi, na-akpọ Chinụa na oku ka a tọhapụ onye nta akụkọ banyere ịhụnanya Tayseer Allouni.[1]<ref name="almobit" /> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Kacimi nwụrụ na ọrịa Hepatitis C-induced coma na October 27, 2003, na Rabat .<ref name="idref" /> <ref name="almobit" /> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Ministri Ọdịbendị nke Morocco kpọrọ ya "onye nnọchi anya ihe osise Moroccan n'oge ndụ ya niile". N'afọ 2005, ozi ahụ raara ''Galerie Mohamed Kacini na Fez.<ref name="ministeregaleriemohamedkacimi">{{Cite web|title=Galerie Mohamed Kacimi|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/180-galerie-mohamed-kacimi|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> '' nye. <ref name="ministereparminous">{{Cite web|title=Kacimi est parmi nous|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/152-mohamed-kacimi|work=Royaume du Maroc, Ministère de la Culture|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/152-mohamed-kacimi "Kacimi est parmi nous"]. ''Royaume du Maroc, Ministère de la Culture''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>[4] ''Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, Christie's rere ụfọdụ na emepụta sịga site nzọụkwụ mkpa n'ime ọrụ ya, na-ere otu ihe osise maka US $ 67,000 .<ref name="christiesuntitled">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KACIMI (MOROCCAN, 1942-2003): Untitled|url=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/mohammed-kacimi-untitled-4972445-details.aspx|work=Christie's|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref>'' == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Pivin|author=Alaoui|first=Brahim|title=MOHAMMED KACIMI: PAINTINGS & WRITINGS|date=1996|publisher=La Revue Noire|location=Paris|isbn=9782909571232}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} b07p1i2m8pojyuzlhwbmwnj2rw50cpy 674557 674555 2026-07-09T13:38:36Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mohamed Kacimi|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=December 28, 1942|birth_place=[[Meknes]], Morocco|death_date=October 27, 2003 (aged 60)|death_place=[[Rabat]], Morocco|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=|other_names=|known_for=|education=|alma mater=|employer=|occupation=Painter|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|boards=|spouse=|children=|parents=|relatives=}} '''Mohamed Kacimi''' (1942-2003) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Morocco. Ọ bụ ónyé ọtú nke natara Grand Prix du Mérite site n'aka Eze nke Morocco n'afọ 2000. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ dị Mohamed Kacimi na Disemba 28, 1942, na Meknes, Morocco . <ref name="idref">{{Cite web|title=Kacimi, Mohamed (1942-2003)|url=http://www.idref.fr/030088216|work=IdRef|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref><ref name="almobit">{{Cite news|title=Le peintre Kacimi est mort|url=http://aujourdhui.ma/actualite/le-peintre-kacimi-est-mort-2600|accessdate=October 7, 2016|work=[[Aujourd'hui Le Maroc]]|date=October 28, 2003}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kacimi bụ onye na-ese ihe.<ref name="idref" /> Ọ bụ onye otu Association Marocaine des Arts Plastiques (AMAP). <ref name="ministereparminous">{{Cite web|title=Kacimi est parmi nous|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/152-mohamed-kacimi|work=Royaume du Maroc, Ministère de la Culture|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya ka ọ see ihe osise na Asilah n'afọ 1978. <ref name="dunregardlautre">{{Cite book|author=Zahi|first=Farid|title=D'un regard, l'autre : l'art et ses méditations au Maroc|date=2006|publisher=Marsam Editions|location=Rabat|isbn=9789954210338|oclc=144568531|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usrh_wasyGUC&q=mohamed+kacimi+peintre&pg=PA92}}</ref> E bipụtara ọrụ ya na Le Monde Diplomatique mgbè nílé nke oru ngo nke ọma karị niile.<ref name="almobit" />Ka ọ dịgodị, Revue Noire bipụtara mbipụta pụrụ iche banyere ọrụ ya na 1996. [4] E nyere Kacimi Grand Prix du Mérite site n'aka Eze nke Morocco n'afọ 2000. [2]<ref name="ministereparminous" /> Kacimi bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref name="almobit" />O gosipụtara ọrụ ya maka Organisation Marocaine des Droits Humains (OMDH) na 2002. [1] Na Septemba 2003, o degaara Sidiki Kaba, onye isi usu na oche nke International Federation for Human Rights, akwụkwọ ozi, na-akpọ Chinụa na oku ka a tọhapụ onye nta akụkọ banyere ịhụnanya Tayseer Allouni.[1]<ref name="almobit" /> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Kacimi nwụrụ na ọrịa Hepatitis C-induced coma na October 27, 2003, na Rabat .<ref name="idref" /> <ref name="almobit" /> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Ministri Ọdịbendị nke Morocco kpọrọ ya "onye nnọchi anya ihe osise Moroccan n'oge ndụ ya niile". N'afọ 2005, ozi ahụ raara ''Galerie Mohamed Kacini na Fez.<ref name="ministeregaleriemohamedkacimi">{{Cite web|title=Galerie Mohamed Kacimi|url=http://www.minculture.gov.ma/fr/index.php/arts/musique/43-culture-et-recherches/arts/180-galerie-mohamed-kacimi|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref> '' nye.<ref name="ministereparminous" /> [4] ''Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, Christie's rere ụfọdụ na emepụta sịga site nzọụkwụ mkpa n'ime ọrụ ya, na-ere otu ihe osise maka US $ 67,000 .<ref name="christiesuntitled">{{Cite web|title=MOHAMMED KACIMI (MOROCCAN, 1942-2003): Untitled|url=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/mohammed-kacimi-untitled-4972445-details.aspx|work=Christie's|accessdate=October 7, 2016}}</ref>'' == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Pivin|author=Alaoui|first=Brahim|title=MOHAMMED KACIMI: PAINTINGS & WRITINGS|date=1996|publisher=La Revue Noire|location=Paris|isbn=9782909571232}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} cn1x6vbg3edr9mtpv8ij0z3tfkmtdq0 0 44437 675063 496503 2026-07-10T11:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 675063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joseph Marwa''' onye a makwaara site na aha edemede ya '''Josephs Quartzy''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn Ndị Tanzania, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na onye bụbu onye na-eduzi egwu maka ndị egwu egwu abụọ Ndị ọjọọ ọwụwa anyanwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yajue mafanikio ya msanii Josephs Quartzy kwa mwaka 2021. Latest music news online|url=https://mdundo.com/news/30487|accessdate=2022-12-21|work=mdundo.com|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka igwu ''Nhwale'' na ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo Nwoke ebe ụlọ nke gosipụtara Bonnie Dennison na maka igwu Josephs na usoro ihe nkiri JQ Knew That . Joseph apụtala na nkwado na Lucifer'e na The Great Controversy, Nwa nwoke ụlọ anaghị ada<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Real Past with Josephs Quartzy (2019)|url=https://www.avclub.com/tv/reviews/the-real-past-with-josephs-quartzy-2019|accessdate=2022-12-20|work=The A.V. Club|language=en}}</ref> na ihe nkiri ndị Juu Afrika (2019). <ref>{{Cite web|title=San Francisco Jewish film festival41{{!}}Oren, Meir and Josephs' Africa geo-blocked to the US|url=https://jfi.org/year-round/jfi-on-demand/africa|accessdate=2022-12-20|work=jfi.org|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere Akuko onye isi mgbaka mara ihe na Irene onye Andromeda . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Quartzy|first=Josephs|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1312714739|title=A Tale of an Intelligent Psychopath:Based on a True story|publisher=Pencil|year=2022|isbn=9789356104983|location=maharashtra|language=en|oclc=1312714739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IRENE, THE ANDROMEDA {{!}} WorldCat.org|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1328129929|accessdate=2022-12-20|work=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == '''Akwụkwọ akụkọ na nkà ihe ọmụma''' {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Afọ ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Aha ya ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Onye bipụtara ya ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |ISBN |- |2022 |''A Tale of an Intelligent Psychopath: Dabere na Ezi akụkọ''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Quartzy|first=Josephs|url=https://catalog.uintahlibrary.org/GroupedWork/f998fea6-3e3e-2b73-c3af-1ce26d305efa-eng/Home|title=A Tale of an Intelligent Psychopath: Based on a True Story|language=en}}</ref> |Ndị na-ebipụta pensụl |  |- |2022 |''Irene: Andromeda''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Marwa|first=Quartzy-Joseph|url=https://daml.kohavt.org/Hoopla/15355794|title=Irene: The Andromeda|date=2022|publisher=Pencil|isbn=9-789-356-10584-3|location=|language=en}}</ref> |Ndị na-ebipụta pensụl |  |- |2022 |''A Blessed Curse (Mpịakọta 1) '' |Ndị na-ebipụta pensụl |  |- |2022 |''Ịhụnanya ma ọ bụ ọgwụ'' na Eliah Thomas''Ịlaịja Tọmas'' |Oge Bongo Ugbu a |  |- |2022 |''Agbụrụ na mgbanwe'' |Oge Bongo Ugbu a |  |- |2022 |''Nkà ihe ọmụma sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ochie'' |Oge Bongo Ugbu a |  |- |2023 |''A Blessed Curse (Mpịakọta 2) '' |Oge Bongo Ugbu a |  |- |2023 |''Iwu ndị a kwadoro nke ndụ ị ga-ama (mpịakọta 1) '' |Oge Bongo Ugbu a |  |} '''Abụ uri''' == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; background: #f9f9f0" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Afọ ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Ihe nkiri ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Ọrụ ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Ihe edeturu |- |2016 |Enweghị Ebe Dị ka Ụlọ |Kenny Doe |mụ na Adrian Collins, Conroy Esterhuizen, Marty Kintu, Matthew Dylan Robert, Billings Siwila, Dawid van den Bergh na Claire Verstraete |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |Maazị Obodo |Nhwale |Mụ na Bonnie Dennison, Emil Marwa na Agness Nyama |- |Africa (ihe nkiri 2019) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-24|title=Africa Movie Review|url=https://www.shockya.com/news/2022/04/24/africa-movie-review/|accessdate=2022-12-19|work=Shockya.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |Ngowi |Mụ na Oren Gerner, Maya Gerner, Meir Gerner na Tom Kros Zynski |- |NIGGA |Abụọ |Mụ na Titus Covington, Maricela Janette Garcia na Dujhan Brown |- |Ọrụ nke Iri na Isii |Capt Black/Director |Mụ na Zed Josef |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Ọ bụghị ihe dị iche |Jọn |na Joselyn Bates, Chad Bear, Cate Blair-wilhelm, Bryan Michael Block, Brian Bowman, Amy Parsons, Matt starr na Jessica Joerndt |- |Lucifer'e na nnukwu esemokwu ahụ |Ange Joe |Mụ na Janeth Mora na Tamil |- |2022 |Homeboy Enweghị Ihe Ọdịda |YB |Mụ na Lawrence Christopher, Jacob Mkweche, Simon Mkinga, Martin White na Diana Wilon |- |} === Ihe ngosi TV === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; background: #f9f9f0" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Show/series ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Notes/Cast |- |2021-2022 |JQ Knew That<ref>{{Cite web|author=rock|first=mac|title=JQ Knew That' Season 1 Official at ITV; Josephs Quartzy Joins Cast Once again|url=https://www.boomplaymusic.com/share/buzz/4110684?srModel=COPYLINK&srList=ANDROID|accessdate=2023-01-04|work=Boomplay.com}}</ref> |Nhwale |With Jane Marsh, Dennis Cockrum, Nil Günal and Petlan Ghall |- |Since 2019 |The Real Past with Josephs Quartzy<ref>{{Cite web|title=Josephs Quartzy Clarify if he Resigned from Music and Acting To Persuade a Different Career Latest music news online|url=https://mdundo.com/news/42337|accessdate=2023-01-07|work=mdundo.com|language=en}}</ref> |Host/Presenter |A Talk show |- |2021 |Big Brother (NAGWA) |DOS |With Hamilton Wiliam, Burton richard, Adela Richard and Sophia Mwaipopo, |- |} == Ebe m si dee == '''Ihe edeturu''' {{Cite web|title=Josephs Quartzy - Academia.edu|url=https://independent.academia.edu/JosephsQuartzy|accessdate=2023-01-04|work=independent.academia.edu}} Ebe m si dee mụ si d {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm12459725" id="mwAVg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Joseph Marwa na IMDb * Joseph Marwa na [https://web.archive.org/web/20240512220936/https://www.afrodb.com/ AfroDB] * Joseph Marwa na Mubi * Joseph Marwa na Rotten TomatoesTomato rere ure * Joseph Marwa na MetacriticIhe Ndị Na-egosi Ihe Ndị Dị Oké Mkpa * [[Roku]].com/en-ca/whats-on/persons/josephs-quartzy?id=b165f54fe6b354c2ae8699ca7275b16a" id="mwAWc" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ihe nkiri Joseph Marwa na Roku '''Ebe ndị ọzọ''' * [https://isni.oclc.org/xslt/DB=1.2//CMD?ACT=SRCH&IKT=8006&TRM=ISN%3A0000%200005%200303%209629&COOKIE=U51,KENDUSER,I28,B0028++++++,SY,NISNI,D1.2,Ebb13d7ba-8b,A,H1,,3-28,,30-41,,43-59,,65-70,,74-75,R196.249.97.31,FY ISNI] {{Authority control}}Nchịkọta ikike [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oa0m8ozoarhqyrg3xlnxcar7vwj0mfe 0 44464 674533 177335 2026-07-09T12:57:09Z 10kdollz 19775 674533 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Individuel award ceremonie for the second place WLM 2014 Algeria 30.JPG|thumb|Individuel award ceremonie for the second place WLM 2014 Algeria 30.JPG]] '''Rachid Mouffouk''' (amụrụ na 29 Jenụwarị 1955) bụ onye Ọjiria na-ese ihe. == Mmalite ndụ na ebe osi == A mụrụ Rachid na 29 Jenụwarị 1955 na Batna na ejima ya. N'ịbụ onye dị obere ma na-adịghị ike, ezinụlọ ya kwenyere na ọ gaghị adị ndụ n'ihi ya.<ref name="bioar">{{Cite journal|author=Mouhamed|first=Boukerch|date=May 18, 2008|title=The ancient sculptor Rachid Mouffok Batna Algeria|language=ar|url=http://www.alnoor.se/article.asp?id=24440}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị n'afọ 1962.[1] Rachid malitere ịmụ ise ihe mgbe ọ bụ nwata n'agaghị ụlọ akwụkwọ eserese nka.<ref name="jourar">{{Cite journal|date=April 4, 2011|title=The sculptor Rachid Mouffouk|journal=[[An Nasr]]|language=ar|url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/311938}}</ref> === Ọrụ === Ihe osise mbụ Mouffouk bụ nke Diana, chi nwanyị nke ịchụ nta n'Akụkọ ifo ndị Rom, n'elu osisi nke onye na-ese ihe Mohamed Houfani nyere ya.<ref name="jourar" />Tupu Agha Obodo Algeria onye na-ese ihe were ezumike nke afọ iri abuo.[1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agbanye mmiri maka ụlọ ọrụ Amerika nke dị na Ọjiria, ebe o gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'ebe a na-ewu ya.<ref name="usa">{{Cite journal|author=Gribissa|first=Lounes|date=February 4, 2011|title=For the reconquest of cultural spaces: "Dialogue state and artists"|journal=[[El Watan]]|language=fr|volume=6177|issn=1111-0333|pages=15|url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/311938}}</ref> Onye nduzi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ya ohere ikpughe ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na saịtị ahụ.[2]<ref name="usa" /> In November 2006, Amokrane Hocine wepụtara akwụkwọ nke ''Le fou et le muet''; Rachid Mouffouk wetara foto mmechi ya, nke gosi pụtara akpuru akpu ya "Le fou" and "écologie".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Amokrane|first=Hocine|language=fr|title=Le fou et le muet (Roman)|publisher=A.Guerfi|date=2006}}</ref> Na 2010 Rashid lost the use of his three fingers of the right hand, which he uses for his creations.<ref name="info">{{Cite journal|author=Amamra|first=Said Med El Hadi|date=November 15, 2010|title=Mouffok rachid: "Victim of his art .."|journal=[[Batna Info]]|language=fr|url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/batnainfo/2198}}</ref> in an accident that occurred in his workshop<ref name="doigts">{{Cite journal|author=Boumaila|first=Belkacem|date=January 16, 2012|title=Rachid Mouffok, sculptor: "Imaginary free"|journal=[[Liberté (Algeria)|Liberté]]|language=fr|volume=5896|issn=1111-4290|pages=18|url=http://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/170023}}</ref><ref name="info" /> Two months after the accident, Rachid created a metal sculpture entitled ''Mes trois doigts'' (''My three fingers'').<ref name="jourar" />{{sfn|Amokrane|Mouffouk|2011|p=115}} == Ebe m si dee == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Ihe ntinye == {{Commons category}} === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=Amokrane|first=Hocine|language=fr|title=L'Abysse et le firmament|publisher=A.Guerfi & Cie|date=2011|pages=124}} * {{Cite book|author=Abrous|first=Mansour|language=fr|title=Dictionnaire des artistes algériens: 1917-2006|publisher=[[L'Harmattan]]|date=2006|pages=123|isbn=9782296016903}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hbiraystxc69fu7fijv8xyhlrzukieh 0 44482 675050 166144 2026-07-10T10:52:47Z Ebube Clara 43871 675050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Janet Nkubana''' bụ onye na-akpa nkata si [[Rwanda]] . A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na-ahazi mbọ ụmụ nwanyị na Rwanda na-eme nkata a na-ere na United States. == Ndụ mbido == Nkubana tolitere n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na [[Uganda]] n'ihi mgbukpọ nke Rwandan . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hunt|first=Swanee|url=http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/2345/Rwandan-Women-Rising|title=Rwandan Women Rising|date=2017|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-6257-9|language=en|doi=10.1215/9780822373568}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=2015-07-08|title=Janet Nkubana|pages=Z026|work=The Santa Fe New Mexican|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-santa-fe-new-mexican-janet-nkubana/126424808/|accessdate=2023-06-15}}</ref> O bu ụzọ kpughee ya n'ịkpa nkata n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na-ekiri nne ya na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-eme nkata. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Roberts|first=Kathleen|date=2020-11-22|title=Under an online hammer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/albuquerque-journal-under-an-online-hamm/144456427/|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=Albuquerque Journal|pages=N6}}</ref> Ka ọ na-etolite, Nkubana na nwanne ya nwanyị Joy Ndungutse jere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ n'isi obodo Uganda, Kampala . <ref name=":0" /> Nkubana wee nwee ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na isi obodo Rwanda, Kigali .<ref name=":0" /> Nkubana nwere nkà na nka ma cheta na ọ hụrụ nne ya na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ n'obodo ya ka ha na-akpa ákwà mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="Young 2006 d976">{{Cite web|author=Young|first=Robb|date=2006-02-23|title=African artisans with global designs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/23/style/african-artisans-with-global-designs.html?searchResultPosition=1|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=The New York Times}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Janet Nkubana bụ onye mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ akpọrọ "Ghaya Links" ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Joy Ndungutse.<ref name=":0" /> Emepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2003 wee tinye ya na 2004. Ha goro ụmụ nwanyị ndị di ha nwụrụ n'oge mgbukpọ nke Rwanda na 1994.<ref name="Young 2006 d976" /> Ọ malitere ire nkata ndị a n'ahịa flea wee malite ibupụ ha na [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na United States. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Burns|first=Julia|date=2011|title=Healing the Heart of Rwanda: Towards a Theory of Transformative Reconciliation|url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/29344/jfb16thesisPDF.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=Cornell University}}</ref> Gahaya Links jikọrọ aka na EDImports iji mepụta nkata maka ahịa USA. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=McLymont|first=Rosalind|date=2006|title=The Women of Gitarama; Landing at Macy's Against the Odds|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/222645696?fromopenview=true&pq-origsite=gscholar|journal=Network Journal}}</ref> Na 2004 Gahaya Links mere nkata 12,000 maka ahịa na United States na ire ere karịrị $50,000 USD. <ref name=":1" /> Na 2005 "Ghaya Links" jikọtara ya na Willa Shalit iji mepụta mmekọrịta na ụlọ ahịa na-ere ahịa Macy's . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tzemach|first=Gayle|date=2005-09-19|title=Profitable steps for Rwandan women|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-profitable-steps-f/144456812/|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=The Los Angeles Times|pages=24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Morris|first=Keiko|date=2006-03-15|title=The thousandth stitch|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-the-thousandth-stitch/144456915/|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=Newsday|pages=36}}</ref> Mbupu ngwaahịa mbụ erere n'ihe na-erughị otu ọnwa n'ụlọ ahịa Macy. <ref name=":1" /> Dị ka nke 2012, Nkubana were ihe karịrị 4000 ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na-eme nkata. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Naraynen|first=Prema|date=14 October 2012|title=High value stores understand skill|work=The Times of India ; New Delhi [New Delhi]}}</ref> Ụfọdụ na-akpọ nkata ndị ụlọ ọrụ Nkubana mere 'peace basket' n'ihi na ndị inyom na-eme nkata ahụ sitere n'agbụrụ ndị lụrụ agha na mgbukpọ nke 1994. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ellis|first=Jessica|date=2012-06-19|title=Rwandan basketmakers weave their way into Macy's|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/06/19/world/africa/rwanda-women-peace-baskets/index.html|accessdate=2023-06-15|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == N'afọ 2008, Nkubana kesara Faiza Jama Mohamed ihe nrite Africa maka onye ndu maka njedebe nke agụụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2008-10-30|title=Award is for all Rwandans – laureate winner|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/12784/National/award-is-for-all-rwandans-a-laureate-winner|accessdate=2023-06-15|work=The New Times|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ 2008 Africa Prize laureate. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-12-12|title=Craftwork puts Rwandan women on path to peace|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-atlanta-constitution-craftwork-puts/125284560/|accessdate=2024-03-30|work=The Atlanta Constitution|pages=B2}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * "Ghaya Links" webụsaịtị gọọmentị: https://gahayalinks.com/ [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7p20q4c6tenr4ftbvgd2f5w0jrehxlr 0 44645 674706 166420 2026-07-09T21:16:12Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''ITaoism''' maobu Daosism bu ihe omenala nke China, nke eji ihe ekpemerechi na philosophy mara. Taoism na ekwu ka mmadu n'ibe ya na ebi n'udo Maka nghota nke impersonal, enigmatic process nke transformation nke ana ekwu Maka ihe na eme eme.okwua putara na asusu ndi Chinese nke nwere odika ya na nghota n'asusu English nke putara way, road na technique.({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|aʊ|.|ɪ|z|əm|audio=Taoism.wav}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aʊ|.|ɪ|z|əm|audio=Taoism-t.wav}}.<ref name="PollardRosenberg2014">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Pollard|title=Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World – From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSjDoQEACAAJ|date=16 December 2014|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-91847-2|accessdate=21 May 2019}}</ref>{{sfnp|Creel|1982|p=2}} {{zh|道|labels=no}} ({{lang-zh|p=dào|w=tao4}} Isi nke echiche Taoist pụtara n'oge mmalite nke Warring States, c. , n'oge epigrammatic ''Tao Te Ching'' na anecdotal ''Zhuangzi'' - nke a na-ewere n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe odide ndị bụ isi nke nkà ihe ọmụma Taoist - bụ nke e dere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. Ha mejupụtara isi nke ihe odide Taoist gbakọtara n'ime narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, nke ndị mọnk chịkọtara n'etiti akwụkwọ ''Daozang'' malite na narị afọ nke ise OA. &nbsp;Taoism mbụ sitere na mmetụta dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere okpukpe Shang na Zhou, Naturalism, Mohism, Confucianism, echiche dị iche iche nke Legalist, yana Book of Changes na Spring and Autumn Annals.[3][4] Taoism bụ echiche kachasị mkpa n'echiche ndị China, nke abụọ naanị na Confucianism. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị iche na Confucianism, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya. Ka e mesịrị, mgbe e webatara [[Buddhism|Okpukpe Buddha]] na China, usoro abụọ ahụ malitere imetụta ibe ha, na okwu ogologo oge nke ndị Taoist na ndị Buddha kerịtara; ọdịnala Mahayana dị iche nke [[Zen]] nke pụtara n'oge usoro ndị eze Tang gụnyere ọtụtụ echiche sitere na Taoism. Ọ bụ ezie na Taoism na-enwekarị mkpali maka usoro ndị isi siri ike, nkà ihe ọmụma Taoist abụwo ntọala maka echiche nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha, na òtù Taoist nwere atụmatụ dị iche iche adịla n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China. N'oge ọchịchị Han, òtù nzuzo nke Taoist kpaliri nnupụisi Yellow Turban, na-anwa ịmepụta ihe a kọwara dị ka ọchịchị Taoist. Ọtụtụ okpukpe Taoism na-amata chi, mgbe mgbe ndị dị na omenala ndị ọzọ, ebe a na-asọpụrụ ha dị ka ndị karịrị mmadụ na-egosipụta omume ọma Taoist. Ọdịdị syncretic nke ọdịnala ahụ na-eweta ihe isi ike ụfọdụ n'ịgbalị ịkọwa omume ya. Ebe ọ bụ na echiche Taoist gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'omenala ndị China ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ na-abụkarị ihe doro anya ma a ga-ewere mmadụ dị ka "Taoist". Ọnọdụ nke ''daoshi'', ma ọ bụ 'onye nkuzi Taoist', bụ naanị ndị ụkọchukwu nọ n'òtù Taoist; ndị a na-emekarị ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọdịnala ha na ndị ọzọ n'okpukpe ndị China.Chi na ndị na-adịghị anwụ anwụ神仙) nke Taoism kwenyere nwere ike kewaa n'ụdị abụọ, ya bụ "chi" na "xian". "Chi" na-ezo aka na chi, nke e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị. "Xian" bụ ndị na-adịghị anwụ anwụ nwere ike karịrị nke mmadụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe dị ka nkọwa maka onye nwere ụkpụrụ na omume ọma.<ref name="道教神仙分类">{{Cite web|author=武当山道教协会|first=武当山道教协会|title=道教神仙分类|url=http://www.wdsdjxh.com/detail.php?id=51|accessdate=29 January 2024|archivedate=26 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126153241/http://www.wdsdjxh.com/detail.php?id=51}}</ref> Taa, Taoism bụ otu n'ime ozizi okpukpe ise gọọmentị China nabatara, na-enwekwa ọnọdụ gọọmentị na [[Hong Kong]] na Macau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Religion in China|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/religion-china|work=Council on Foreign Relations|date=11 October 2018|accessdate=17 June 2020|archivedate=14 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014222036/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/religion-china}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka nnukwu okpukpe na Taiwan, ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-eso ụzọ na Sinosphere na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taiwan 2017 International Religious Freedom Report|url=https://www.ait.org.tw/taiwan-2017-international-religious-freedom-report/|work=American Institute on Taiwan|publisher=US Federal Government|date=29 May 2018|accessdate=17 June 2020|archivedate=18 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618074139/https://www.ait.org.tw/taiwan-2017-international-religious-freedom-report/}}</ref> N'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Taoism ewerewo ụdị dị iche iche, ma ndị na-agbaso omume akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana omume ndị a na-ejikọta nke ọma nke a na-akọwa dị ka òtù Okpukpe ọhụrụ. == Okwu == [[Usòrò:Birth_Places_of_Chinese_Philosophers.png|thumb|Ebe a mụrụ ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma China a ma ama site na Hundred Schools of Thought na Zhou Dynasty. Ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma nke Taoism nwere akara triangles na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.]] === Asụsụ na ịkpọpụta === "Taoism" na "Daoism" bụ mkpụrụ okwu ọzọ nke otu okwu ahụ. "Tao" dị na usoro Wade-Giles nke Romanization, nke ruo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 bụ ihe a ma ama na mba ndị na-asụ Bekee ma nọgide na-eji maka okwu ụfọdụ nwere mkpụrụedemede siri ike. "Dao" bụ mkpụrụ okwu na usoro Hanyu Pinyin, nke a nabatara na China n'afọ ndị 1950, nke dochiri Wade-Giles. Nkọwapụta nke Standard Chinese nke romanizations abụọ nke "Dao" bụ otu, ya bụ, {{IPA|/daʊ/}}, dị ka "dow" Bekee. Otu ikike na-akpọ ịkpọpụta ya na &#x3C;> dị ka "mmekọrịta" ka ọ bụrụ "ịkpọpụta ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi" nke "usoro Wade-Giles na-adịghị mma," nke ghọgburu ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ ya. m7ydftug9l16g4jpzshzvytn72c3ak0 0 44670 674811 451919 2026-07-10T04:30:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674811 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jacqueline Bishop''' bụ onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-ewere foto si Jamaica, onye bi na New York City ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ prọfesọ naỤlọ akwụkwọ nke liberal Studies na Mahadum New York (NYU). <ref name="HuffPost">[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/author/jacqueline-bishop Jacqueline Bishop profile] at ''HuffPost''.</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere ''Calabash'', akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ịntanetị nke nka na akwụkwọ ozi Caribbean, nke dị na NYU, ma na-edekwa maka ''Huffington Post'' na Jamaica Observer Arts Magazine.<ref>Xavier Murphy, [http://jamaicans.com/interview-with-jacqueline-bishop-founding-editor-o/ "Interview with Jacqueline Bishop, founding editor of Calabash: A Journal of Caribbean Arts & Letters"], Jamaicans.com.</ref> N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na isii, akwụkwọ ya bụ The Gymnast and Other Positions meriri na ngalaba na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230410015538/https://www.peepaltreepress.com/blog/whappen/2016-ocm-bocas-prize-category-winners-announced "2016 OCM Bocas Prize category winners announced"], ''Wha'ppen?'' (Peepal Tree Press blog), 30 March 2016.</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-enye aka na anthology 2019 New Daughters of Africa, nke Margaret Busby dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/get-up-stand-up-now/margaret-busby-presents-new-daughters-africa|title=Margaret Busby Presents: NEW DAUGHTERS OF AFRICA – Part of GET UP, STAND UP NOW|publisher=[[Somerset House]]|date=9 September 2019|accessdate=7 April 2021|archivedate=20 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720215911/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/get-up-stand-up-now/margaret-busby-presents-new-daughters-africa}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Afọ mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ === A mụrụ Jacqueline Bishop na Kingston, Jamaica. Ya na nne nne ya biri na nne ya, na mgbe nne ya kwagara United States Bishop na nna ya biri. Bishọp gara sonyere nne ya na US maka agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya, ịga Lehman College, Mahadum City nke New York, ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na Psychology. Ọ nọrọ otu okpomọkụ mụọ French na Mahadum Concordia dị na Montréal, Canada, ma nọrọkwa otu afọ na Paris, France, na-aga Université de Paris. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na onye na-ede uri Sharon Olds na ndị edemede akụkọ ifo Paule Marshall na Mary Gaitskill na mmemme ihe odide nke Graduate Creative Writing na Mahadum New York. Na 2016, Bishọp dechara MFA ya na Visual Arts na Maryland Institute College of Art. === Ọrụ === Akwụkwọ Bishop gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ, The River's Song n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na asaa , nchịkọta abụ abụọ, Fauna (2006) na Snapshots from Istanbul (2009), akwụkwọ nka n'afọ2007 nke akpọrọ Writers Who Paint, Painters Who Write: Jamaican Artists nke atọ (nke gosipụtara ọrụ Earl McKenzie na Ralph Thompson, yana ọrụ nke ya), na The Gymnast and Other Positions (2015), nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, edemede na ajụjụ ọnụ. <ref name="PTP">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240419045808/https://www.peepaltreepress.com/authors/jacqueline-bishop "Jacqueline Bishop"] at Peepal Tree Press.</ref> The Gymnast and Other Positions meriri na ngalaba na-abụghị akụkọ ifo n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na isii OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature, ma bụrụ onye nke abụọ maka ngalaba ahụ n'ozuzu. Ndị ọkàikpe (nke Dionne Brand nọ n'isi oche ya) kwuru, sị: "Mosaic nke Bishọp nke akụkọ ndị gbawara agbawa bụ ihe ọhụrụ dịka ọ bụ ihe omimi. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-eme ka ókèala dị n'etiti ihe dị adị na ihe e chepụtara echepụta na njem nke nchọpụta onwe onye site na nka nke echiche na Caribbean na ebe ndị ọzọ. Obi ụtọ onye na-agụ ya bụ n'ịkwurịta ahụmahụ ndị dị ịtụnanya na-agbagwoju anya nke ha na-akpọ anyị òkù ka akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ anya nke ọma.<ref>[https://www.bocaslitfest.com/2016/03/24/announcing-2016-ocm-bocas-prize-shortlist/ "Announcing the 2016 OCM Bocas Prize Shortlist"], Bocas News, NGC Bocas Lit Fest website.</ref><ref>Robyn Stephenson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201026070019/http://www.susumba.com/books/reviews/her-patchwork-aesthetic-jaqueline-bishop%E2%80%99s-gymnast-and-other-positions "Her Patchwork Aesthetic: Jaqueline Bishop’s The Gymnast and Other Positions"], ''Susumba'', 3 March 2017.</ref> Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ọ natara gụnyere Canute A. Brodhurst Prize maka edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, onyinye Fulbright nke afọ na [[Morocco]], UNESCO / Fulbright Fellowship na Paris, Arthur Schomburg Award for Excellence in the Humanities site na Mahadum New York, James Michener Creative Writing Fellowsship na ọtụtụ onyinye sitere na Jamaica Cultural Development Commission. <ref>Sarah Courville, [https://www.cc-seas.columbia.edu/wkcr/audio/studio-jacqueline-bishop "Studio A With Jacqueline Bishop"], WKCR, 18 September 2016.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240516122804/https://jacquelineabishop.com/awards/ "Honors, Awards, Fellowships"], Jacqueline Bishop website.</ref> Akụkọ ya dị mkpirikpi "The Vanishing Woman" gụnyere na 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa, nke Margaret Busby dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/review-new-daughters-of-africa/|title=Power to define yourself: The diaspora of female black voices|author=Ladee Hubbard|work=[[Times Literary Supplement|TLS]]|date=10 May 2019}}</ref> Bishop na-edekwa maka Jamaica Observer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/style/travels-with-jacqueline-bishop_168709|title=Travels with Jacqueline Bishop|author=Jacqueline Bishop|work=Jamaica Observer|date=14 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/bookends-front-page/bookends-mar-22-2020_190127|title=Bookends: Revisiting & Revising Colonial Narratives Within the Languages of Portraiture & Painting|work=Jamaica Observer|date=22 March 2020}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya nke 2021 The Gift of Music and Song na-achịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ndị edemede nwanyị Jamaica (Jean D'Costa, Hazel Campbell, Velma Pollard, Christine Craig, Marcia Douglas na Ann-Margaret Lim) nke e bipụtara na Jamaica Observer. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/mar/20/on-my-radar-monique-roffey-cultural-highlights|title=On my radar: Monique Roffey's cultural highlights|author=Kadish Morris|work=The Guardian|date=20 March 2021}}</ref> N'afọ pụkụ abụọ, Bishop guzobere ''Calabash'', akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa n'ịntanetị nke nwere akụkụ nka anya siri ike, "nke a raara nye ibipụta ọrụ ndị gụnyere, mana ọ bụghị nanị, Anglophone, Francophone, Hispanophone na ndị na-asụ Dutch Caribbean... na-egosi nka na akwụkwọ ozi nke obodo ndị ahụ nke a na-anọchite anya ya n'ime okwu okike nke mpaghara ahụ, n'etiti ha: Aruba na Netherlands Antilles, Maroon societies, na Asian and Indian societies nke mpaghara ahụ" <ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/calabash/old_site/about_us.htm "About Calabash"] (old website).</ref><ref>[http://www.nyu.edu/calabash/vol2no1/contributors_vol2no1.shtml ''Calabash''] at NYU.</ref> Bishop na-ede kọlụm mgbe niile gbasara ọdịbendị anya maka ''Huffington Post''. <ref name="HuffPost"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240516122804/https://jacquelineabishop.com/about/ "About"], Jacqueline Bishop website.</ref> Dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ngosi mba ụwa, gụnyere na Europe, North Africa, United States na Jamaica.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210124191604/https://jacquelineabishop.com/visual-art-cv-bibliography/ "Visual Art CV & Bibliography"], jacquelineabishop.com.</ref> A kọwawo ọrụ ya dị ka "ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, ọ bụghị naanị maka ịdị mma ya, kamakwa maka oke ya".<ref name="ARG">D, Eric Bookhardt, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180627120956/https://www.bestofneworleans.com/blogofneworleans/archives/2012/11/27/review-jacqueline-bishop-at-arthur-roger-gallery "Review: Jacqueline Bishop at Arthur Roger Gallery"], ''Gambit'', 17 November 2012.</ref> Bishop bụ ugbu a Clinical Full Professor na Ngalaba Liberal Studies na Mahadum New York . <ref>[https://liberalstudies.nyu.edu/content/nyu-as/liberalstudies/about/faculty-listing/jacqueline-bishop.html "Jacqueline Bishop"], Liberal Studies, NYU.</ref> == Ihe osise == E gosipụtara ọrụ Bishop n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere na Jamaica, United States, United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy, Morocco, Cape Verde, Niger na mba ndị ọzọ.Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka Clinical Full Professor na Mahadum New York, ọ bụ onye 2020 Dora Maar / Brown Foundation Fellow na France. Ọrụ Bishop na-adịbeghị anya nwere ọkpụkpụ China na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ụzọ ihe atụ n'ụlọ Caribbean ma na-enyocha otú ha si zoo ihe nketa ime ihe ike nke ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ala ọzọ n'ụwa Atlantic. O kwuru, sị "Ọrụ m na-elekwasị anya n'ime ka ihe a na-adịghị ahụ anya, n'ime ihe na-adịghị adịte aka, n'ikwu okwu n'olu dara ụda, na n'ikpu enweghị olu. N'ime nke a, ana m etinye aka na isiokwu ndị dị ka obi ụtọ, ọchịchọ, mmekọahụ, ncheta na nchụpụ ha (na enweghị ha, m, m, ihichapụ na ịgbachi nkịtị). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jacquelineabishop.com/artist-statement/|title=Artist Statement|date=3 January 2016|publisher=Jacqueline Bishop|accessdate=23 October 2022|archivedate=22 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022233123/https://jacquelineabishop.com/artist-statement/}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-eme m na-agbakọta ihe dị iche iche ma na-agafe na-aga n'ihu na-agagharị agagharị. == Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara == * Fauna (abụ uri), Peepal Tree Press, 2006.   * ''Nne m bụ onye bụ m: Akụkọ ndụ sitere na ụmụ nwanyị Jamaica na New York'', Africa World Press, 2006.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1592213443|978-1592213443]] * The River's Song (akwụkwọ akụkọ), Peepal Tree Press, 2007.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781845230388|9781845230388]] * ''Ndị edemede na-ese ihe, ndị na-ese foto na-ede ihe: 3 Ndị na-ese egwu atọ na Jamaica'', Peepal Tree Press, 2007.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845230647|978-1845230647]] * Foto ndị sitere na Istanbul (abụ uri), Peepal Tree Press, 2009.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1845231149|978-1845231149]] * The Gymnast and other Positions (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, edemede na ajụjụ ọnụ), Peepal Tree Press, 2015.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781845233150|9781845233150]] * Onyinye nke Egwú na Abụ: Ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị edemede ụmụ nwanyị Jamaica, Peepal Tree Press, 2021.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781845234768|9781845234768]] == Onyinye == * 2017--Finalist, Kimbilio National Fiction Prize * 2016--OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature, Non-Fiction Category * 2014--Ihe nrite Canute A. Brodhurst, Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, ''Onye edemede Caribbean'' * 2009--UNESCO/Fulbright Fellow, France * 2008--Fulbright Fellow, Morocco * 2000-- Ihe nrite Arthur Schomburg maka Ịdị Mma na Humanities, Mahadum New York * 1998--Jamaica Cultural Development Commission Awards (ihe nrite atọ na akụkọ ifo na uri) * 1997--Jamaica Cultural Development Commission Awards (ihe nrite ise na akụkọ ifo na uri) * 1994--James Michener Creative Writing Fellowship == Ebem si dee == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240516122803/https://jacquelineabishop.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [https://twitter.com/jaj204 @jaj204], Jacqueline Bishop na Twitter * Shereen Ali, "Leaping between the lines", Trinidad and Tobago Guardian, 27 Eprel 2016. * Alexandra Simon, [https://www.caribbeanlifenews.com/stories/2018/4/cl-jamaican-history-and-art-exhibit-2018-03-30-bk "Akụkụ abụọ nke Jamaica: Ihe ngosi na-enyocha nghọta mba"], Caribbean Life, 30 Machị 2018. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240516122804/https://www.experiencejamaique.com/jacqueline-bishop Jacqueline Bishop] na Experience Jamaique. * [http://smallaxe.net/sxvisualities/archive/jacqueline-bishop# "Jacqueline Bishop"], SX Visualities, Small Axe Project''Obere Ọrụ Axe'' === Ajụjụ ọnụ ndị a họọrọ === * "Jacqueline Bishop - Poetry", Connotation Press, Mbipụta V, Mpịakọta nke Itoolu: Mee 2018. * "Jacqueline Bishop: Onye edemede & Onye enyemaka Prọfesọ, Mahadum New York" (ajụjụ ọnụ), The Native Society, 2 June 2017. * Veerle Poupeye, "Akụkọ Na-enweghị Isi - Ajụjụ ọnụ na Jacqueline Bishop - Akụkụ 1", Perspectives, 4 Septemba 2016. * Rachel Gilman, Ajụjụ ọnụ Audio na Jacqueline Bishop, The Write Stuff: Ep. ''Ihe edere ede: Ep. 49'', WNYU Radio, 16 June 2016, site na Soundcloud. * Opal Palmer Adisa, "'N'ime m maara mgbe niile na m bụ onye edemede': Ajụjụ ọnụ na Jacqueline Bishop", Moko. * Leanne Haynes, "Reliving, Rewriting, Reimagining: An Interview with Jacqueline Bishop", ''ARC'', 2 Eprel 2014. * [[Funso Aiyejina]], "Ndị nna nna anyị bụ ndị na-ese ihe n'eluigwe: Jacqueline Bishop na mkparịta ụka ya na Funso Aiyijina", Wild River Review. * Derek Alger, [http://www.pifmagazine.com/2011/12/jacqueline-bishop/ "Jacqueline Bishop"], Pif Magazine, Mbipụta 175, December 2011. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na otụ. {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jmyyvumeoij7mwcvh9zjcv436jkwe9a 0 45044 674543 167265 2026-07-09T13:10:06Z 10kdollz 19775 674543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mourad Ben Embarek''' ( Arabic; nwụrụ 2011) bụ onye omenkà modernist Moroccan. Ọ bụ onye ndu na [[Reconstruction of Agadir|nrụzigharị Agadir]] wee bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe owuwu nke mbụ mgbe nnwere onwe na Morocco: ''[[a+u]]'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Chaouni|first=Aziza|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/703154680|title=Third world modernism : architecture, development and identity|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|others=Duanfang Lu|isbn=978-0-203-84099-3|location=New York, NY|chapter=Depoliticizing Group GAMMA: contesting modernism in Morocco|oclc=703154680}}</ref> == Ndụ == Mourad Ben Embarek bụ onye otu {{Lang|fr|[[Groupe des Architectes Modernes Marocains]]}}(GAMMA). <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lange|first=Alexandra|date=2019-10-01|title=Brutalism Springs Eternal in Morocco|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/arts/design/morocco-thermal-bath.html|accessdate=2022-07-18}}</ref> Na 1961, ọ weghaara [[Abdeslam Faraoui]] wee duzie ọrụ nke Urbanism, na-anọgide dị ka onye nduzi ruo 1966.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Agadir : l’histoire d’une reconstruction - La Vie éco|url=https://www.lavieeco.com/actualite-maroc/agadir-lhistoire-dune-reconstruction/|accessdate=2022-07-18|work=lavieeco.com/|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ama ama == * Technopark, Casablanca * Ọdụ ụgbọ elu 1 nke Mohammed V International Airport, Casablanca * Ụlọ elu Atlas, Casablanca == Edensibia == <references /> 98ovtxuua315h6hueaqatytwr3w2d3e 0 45231 674574 538666 2026-07-09T15:15:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674574 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Hannah Uzor''' (amụrụ 1982) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Britain-Zambia. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Rosslyn|first=Helen|date=2024-05-22|title=A picture of strength, dignity and courage: Tatler commissions British-Zambian artist Hannah Uzor to honour the Princess of Wales for its third annual cover portrait|url=https://www.tatler.com/article/princess-of-wales-tatler-cover-story-july-2024-issue|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=Tatler|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Hannah Hasiciimwe na Lusaka, Zambia. Mgbe ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara England, laghachi Zambia mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ. Ọ nwere mmasị na nka mgbe ọ dị obere, wee malite eserese mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Ọ laghachiri UK ka ọ nweta nzere bachelọ na mmụta kọmputa. <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2019, Uzor malitere ọmụmụ nka nka na Kensington na kọleji Chelsea . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Painting Our Past: The African Diaspora in England|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/painting-our-past/|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=English Heritage}}</ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na Slade School of Fine Art . Ọ meriri akwụkwọ mmụta mbụ nke Milein Cosman maka ịse na 2021. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Uzor sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọkachasị akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị isi ojii. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Mark|date=2020-10-06|title=New portrait of Queen Victoria's African goddaughter unveiled|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/oct/07/new-portrait-of-queen-victorias-african-goddaughter-unveiled|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na acrylics . Ọ kpọtụrụ Cézanne, Gauguin, Toulouse Lautrec, Kerry James Marshall, [[Yinka Shonibare]], na Barbara Walker dị ka mmetụta. <ref name=":0" /> Na Mee 2024, ''Tatler'' nyere Uzor ọrụ ka ọ see ihe osise Catherine, Princess of Wales maka mkpuchi nke mbipụta Julaị 2024. Uzor enweghị ike ime ka Catherine nọdụ ala maka eserese ahụ, kama jiri onyonyo dị n'ịntanetị dị ka akwụkwọ ntụaka. O mechara ọrụ ahụ n'ime izu atọ. Mgbe ewepụtara ihe onyonyo onyonyo na May, ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi katọrọ mpempe ahụ maka adịghị ka Catherine. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bohannon|first=Molly|title=New Kate Middleton Portrait Released—But Some Think It Doesn’t Look Like Her|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2024/05/22/new-kate-middleton-portrait-released-but-some-think-it-doesnt-look-like-her/|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Uzor zutere di ya, Peter, site n'ụka ya. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ atọ. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ bi na St Albans, Hertfordshire . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Khomami|first=Nadia|date=2024-05-22|title=Cover story: Tatler unveils new portrait of Princess of Wales|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/may/22/tatler-cover-new-portrait-princess-of-wales|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ntụaka == England, laghachi Zambia mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ. Ọ nwere mmasị na nka mgbe ọ dị obere, wee malite eserese mgbe ọ dị afọ{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241121132538/https://hannahuzor.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] r42kmlj022tchua9j31zy0orgcox8vp 0 45399 674541 199893 2026-07-09T13:04:41Z 10kdollz 19775 674541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Mouna Karray</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |1970 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1970</span>)&nbsp;</span><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Sfax]], Tunisia</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmụta | class="infobox-data" |Master of Image Media, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A maara ya maka&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Foto |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ọrụ a ma ama</span> | class="infobox-data" |''Ọ dịghị Onye Ga-ekwu Maka Anyị'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.mounakarray.com www.mounakarray.com]</span> |} '''Mouna Karray''' bụ onye Tunisia na-ese foto na onye na-ese vidio. A mụrụ ya na Sfax, [[Tunisia]] na 1970, a maara ya nke ọma maka foto na ihe nkiri ya. Ihe osise ya na-enyocha isiokwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihe gbasara njirimara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mouna Karray|url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/mouna-karray/|work=Zeitz MOCAA|accessdate=21 August 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mouna Karray|url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/mouna-karray/|work=aware Women Artists|accessdate=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hadria|first=Mich|title=Three Tunisian Women Artists: Nicène Kossentini, Mouna Karray and Moufida Fedhila|publisher=KT Press|year=2013|isbn=9780953654185|pages=28–43|language=English}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Karray na 1970 na Sfax, Tunisia. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na foto na Institut Supérieur d'Animation Culturelle na Tunis wee nweta nzere masta na foto na 2001 na Mahadum Tokyo Polytechnic na [[Japan]].<ref name=":0" />O meela ebe obibi na Centre d'Art Vivant De Radès (2004, Tunisia), Cité internationale des arts (2005, Paris), na Civitella Ranieri Foundation (2007, Umbria, Italy). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mouna Karray – Artists – Nadour|url=https://nadour.org/artists/mouna-karray/|work=Nadour|accessdate=21 August 2020}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Sfax na Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/|accessdate=2020-04-29|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Ọrụ Karray na-agụnye foto na ihe nkiri, na isiokwu nke ịda ogbenye, okike, na Arab Spring na-ada ụda nke ukwuu.<ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana ahụmịhe ya dị ka nwanyị, onye Arab, na onye Tunisia. Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya n'otú ịda ogbenye si gbasaa na Tunisia dum, yana Mgbanwe Tunisian.[1]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Shilton|first=Siobhán|date=February 2013|title=Art and the 'Arab Spring': Aesthetics of revolution in contemporary Tunisia|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957155812464166|journal=French Cultural Studies|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=129–145|doi=10.1177/0957155812464166|issn=0957-1558}}</ref> Ọ na-eji foto ya eme ihe iji dozie ịda ogbenye kpọmkwem site na idekọ ihe nkiri ndị a leghaara anya ma ọ bụ gbahapụ, na-ejikarị ya na ndị ka bi n'ebe ahụ. Ọ na-ese foto ihe na ndị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị, na-enye ndị na-ege ya ntị n'ọrụ ya ọhụụ banyere ndụ kwa ụbọchị. == Ọrụ == === Ọnọdụ Onwe Onye (2000) === Karray mepụtara usoro Self Circumstances nke foto onwe ya mgbe ọ nọ na Tokyo na 2000, nke dabeere na ahụmịhe Karray nke ịkwaga Tokyo site na Africa. A na-eji mgbaaka ígwè kwụ ọtọ na-ese foto onwe onye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ọha na eze. Karray jiri ihe ndị a mee ihe na foto onwe ya iji mee ka o yie ka ọ furu efu na labyrinth, nke ọ ghọtara na Tokyo bụ n'oge ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> === À n'Ihe Iche nke Onwe Onye/ Onwe Onye Atụma (2006) === Na Au Risque de l'identite / Identity at Stake, Karray ga-anakọta ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, na-enweghị izute ha, iji bịa were foto. Mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị foto nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a, ọ ga-eyi uwe dị ka ha ma mepụtaghachi onyinyo ọ ka were, dị ka usoro foto yana ihe osise. Ọ dịghị mgbe a kpaliri ndị na-ese onyinyo na foto ndị a ka ha nọrọ, na-akpata ọhụụ zuru oke. Ọnọdụ na àgwà nke ihe nlereanya ahụ ga-adaba na Karray.<ref name=":0" /> === Onye na-ekwu okwu n'ụra (2007-2009) === Site na 2007 ruo 2009, Karray sere foto n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Sfax, Tunisia, obodo a mụrụ ya. Murmurer na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị mebiri emebi na ndị ọzọ dị na Sfax; n'obodo nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ, e nwere mmadụ ole na ole n'ihe oyiyi ahụ, na-emesi ọdịiche dị na etiti ihe ndị mebiri agbaji na obodo dị ndụ ike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Magee|first=Carol|date=2015|title=There Is a There There: Place in African Cityscapes|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rfpc20|journal=Photography and Culture|volume=7|pages=41–62|doi=10.2752/175145214X13936100122327}}</ref> === Ndụ (2012) === N'afọ 2012, Karray mere vidiyo nkeji isii nke akpọrọ Live, vidiyo a ka bụ foto mgbasa ozi sitere n'aka onye isi ala Ben Ali. Ihe nkiri a na-edeghị ede bụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti onye ọkwọ ụgbọala tagzi na onye njem. Ha na-ekwurịta n'ihu ọha ọchịchị gara aga na ọchịchị ha nọ n'okpuru ugbu a. Akụkụ a na-eji ọdịiche nke mkparịta ụka ị na-anụ, na ihe ngosi nke mgbasa ozi iji nye onye na-ekiri ihe na-eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Tunis na 2011 na 2012.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Shilton|first=Siobhán|date=February 2013|title=Art and the 'Arab Spring': Aesthetics of revolution in contemporary Tunisia|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957155812464166|journal=French Cultural Studies|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=129–145|doi=10.1177/0957155812464166|issn=0957-1558}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShilton2013">Shilton, Siobhán (February 2013). [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957155812464166 "Art and the 'Arab Spring': Aesthetics of revolution in contemporary Tunisia"]. ''French Cultural Studies''. '''24''' (1): 129–145. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0957155812464166|10.1177/0957155812464166]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0957-1558|0957-1558]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193238890 193238890].</cite></ref> === Ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwu maka anyị (2012) === Na Nobody will talk about us Karray foto nke Southern religion of Tunisia. E chefuru mpaghara a ma kewapụ ya na mba ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-anwa ime ka a mara mpaghara a echefuru echefu site na usoro ọrụ ya. Ọrụ a na-ejide ọ bụghị naanị ala ndị tọgbọrọ n'efu, kamakwa ndị bi na ha, na-eme ka a mara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha ka dị. O kwuru, sị, "Aghachiri m na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tunisia, ịda ogbenye ya, owu ọmụma ya, ala kpọrọ nkụ na nke echefuru echefu nke ntọala ya jupụtara na mineral, nke e weghaara ma wepụ ya na mkpụrụ obi ndị a a na-emegbu emegbu - mana ọ bụghị ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru," <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2017-02-15|title=Mouna Karray: Nobody will talk about us|url=https://africanah.org/mouna-karray-nobody-will-talk-about-us/|accessdate=2021-11-14|work=AFRICANAH.ORG|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjp-online.com/2016/04/mouna-karray-nobody-will-talk-about-us|title=Mouna Karray's Exploration of Tunisia's Neglected People|publisher=British Journal of Photography|accessdate=14 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ngosi == '''Ihe ngosi nke onye ọ bụla''' * ''Ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwu maka anyị'', Tyburn Gallery, [[London]] (2016) <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjp-online.com/2016/04/mouna-karray-nobody-will-talk-about-us|title=Mouna Karray's Exploration of Tunisia's Neglected People|publisher=British Journal of Photography|accessdate=14 May 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.bjp-online.com/2016/04/mouna-karray-nobody-will-talk-about-us "Mouna Karray's Exploration of Tunisia's Neglected People"]. British Journal of Photography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * Onye na-ekwu okwu n'ọnụ, Galerie El Marsa, Tunis (2011) <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Magee|first=Carol|date=2015|title=There Is a There There: Place in African Cityscapes|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rfpc20|journal=Photography and Culture|volume=7|pages=41–62|doi=10.2752/175145214X13936100122327}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMagee2015">Magee, Carol (2015). [https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rfpc20 "There Is a There There: Place in African Cityscapes"]. ''Photography and Culture''. '''7''': 41–62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2752/175145214X13936100122327|10.2752/175145214X13936100122327]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192070581 192070581] &#x2013; via https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/175145214X13936100122327.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;via=</code></code> ([[Enyemaka: njehie CS1|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: external links]]</ref><ref name=":0" /> * The cut-out, Diwan Dar el Jeld de la Medina, Tunis (2004) '''Ihe ngosi ndị mmadụ niile (ndị a họọrọ) ''' * Dak'Art, Dakar (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/05/04/dak-art-2016-du-chaos-surgit-une-tres-belle-exposition-internationale_4913761_3212.html|title=Dak'Art 2016 : du chaos surgit une très belle exposition internationale|publisher=lemonde.fr|accessdate=14 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Oké Osimiri bụ Ala m'', MAXXI, Rom (2013) * N'ebe a, n'ebe ọzọ, Friche la Belle de Mai, Tour-Panorama, Marseilles (2013) * Nzukọ Bamako, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon (2013) * ''Bright Future Contemporary Art si Tunisia'', Ifa Gallery Stuttgart (2013) * ''#COMETOGETHER: LONDON, Edge of Arabia''. Old Truman Brewery, London (2012) * ''Bright Futur Contemporary Art si Tunisia'', Ifa Gallery Berlin (2012) * Dream City, mbipụta nke atọ, Sfax, Tunis (2012) * Nzukọ Bamako, BOZAR, Brussels (2012) * ''Chkoun Ahna'', National Museum nke Carthage, Tunisia (2012) * Nkwụsị... Tunisia otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris (2012) * Nzukọ nke itoolu nke foto, Bamako (2011) * A Useful Dream, BOZAR, Brussels (2010) * PICHA, Foto encounters, Lubumbashi (2010) * ''Akụkụ nke ọzọ #1'', Galerie des grands bains douches, Marseille (2010) * ''Fotoquai'', Musée du Quai Branly, Paris (2009) * ''Ebe dị na Bamako'' 2007, gallery IFA, Stuttgart (2009) * ''Ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe oyiyi, nkwekọrịta nke mmekọrịta chiri anya'', Centre Culturelle Française a Beyrouth, [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] (2009) == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lir08jc44mll7b0uhebr67jylfy7wh8 674542 674541 2026-07-09T13:08:37Z 10kdollz 19775 674542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Mouna Karray</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |1970 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1970</span>)&nbsp;</span><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Sfax]], Tunisia</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmụta | class="infobox-data" |Master of Image Media, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A maara ya maka&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Foto |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ọrụ a ma ama</span> | class="infobox-data" |''Ọ dịghị Onye Ga-ekwu Maka Anyị'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.mounakarray.com www.mounakarray.com]</span> |} '''Mouna Karray''' bụ onye Tunisia na-ese foto na onye na-ese vidio. A mụrụ ya na Sfax, [[Tunisia]] na 1970, a maara ya nke ọma maka foto na ihe nkiri ya. Ihe osise ya na-enyocha isiokwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihe gbasara njirimara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mouna Karray|url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/mouna-karray/|work=Zeitz MOCAA|accessdate=21 August 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mouna Karray|url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/mouna-karray/|work=aware Women Artists|accessdate=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hadria|first=Mich|title=Three Tunisian Women Artists: Nicène Kossentini, Mouna Karray and Moufida Fedhila|publisher=KT Press|year=2013|isbn=9780953654185|pages=28–43|language=English}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Karray na 1970 na Sfax, Tunisia. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na foto na Institut Supérieur d'Animation Culturelle na Tunis wee nweta nzere masta na foto na 2001 na Mahadum Tokyo Polytechnic na [[Japan]].<ref name=":0" />O meela ebe obibi na Centre d'Art Vivant De Radès (2004, Tunisia), Cité internationale des arts (2005, Paris), na Civitella Ranieri Foundation (2007, Umbria, Italy). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mouna Karray – Artists – Nadour|url=https://nadour.org/artists/mouna-karray/|work=Nadour|accessdate=21 August 2020}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Sfax na Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/|accessdate=2020-04-29|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Ọrụ Karray na-agụnye foto na ihe nkiri, na isiokwu nke ịda ogbenye, okike, na Arab Spring na-ada ụda nke ukwuu.<ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana ahụmịhe ya dị ka nwanyị, onye Arab, na onye Tunisia. Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya n'otú ịda ogbenye si gbasaa na Tunisia dum, yana Mgbanwe Tunisian.[1]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Shilton|first=Siobhán|date=February 2013|title=Art and the 'Arab Spring': Aesthetics of revolution in contemporary Tunisia|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0957155812464166|journal=French Cultural Studies|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=129–145|doi=10.1177/0957155812464166|issn=0957-1558}}</ref> Ọ na-eji foto ya eme ihe iji dozie ịda ogbenye kpọmkwem site na idekọ ihe nkiri ndị a leghaara anya ma ọ bụ gbahapụ, na-ejikarị ya na ndị ka bi n'ebe ahụ. Ọ na-ese foto ihe na ndị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị, na-enye ndị na-ege ya ntị n'ọrụ ya ọhụụ banyere ndụ kwa ụbọchị. == Ọrụ == === Ọnọdụ Onwe Onye (2000) === Karray mepụtara usoro Self Circumstances nke foto onwe ya mgbe ọ nọ na Tokyo na 2000, nke dabeere na ahụmịhe Karray nke ịkwaga Tokyo site na Africa. A na-eji mgbaaka ígwè kwụ ọtọ na-ese foto onwe onye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ọha na eze. Karray jiri ihe ndị a mee ihe na foto onwe ya iji mee ka o yie ka ọ furu efu na labyrinth, nke ọ ghọtara na Tokyo bụ n'oge ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> === À n'Ihe Iche nke Onwe Onye/ Onwe Onye Atụma (2006) === Na Au Risque de l'identite / Identity at Stake, Karray ga-anakọta ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, na-enweghị izute ha, iji bịa were foto. Mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị foto nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a, ọ ga-eyi uwe dị ka ha ma mepụtaghachi onyinyo ọ ka were, dị ka usoro foto yana ihe osise. Ọ dịghị mgbe a kpaliri ndị na-ese onyinyo na foto ndị a ka ha nọrọ, na-akpata ọhụụ zuru oke. Ọnọdụ na àgwà nke ihe nlereanya ahụ ga-adaba na Karray.<ref name=":0" /> === Onye na-ekwu okwu n'ụra (2007-2009) === Site na 2007 ruo 2009, Karray sere foto n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Sfax, Tunisia, obodo a mụrụ ya. Murmurer na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị mebiri emebi na ndị ọzọ dị na Sfax; n'obodo nwere ọtụtụ mmadụ, e nwere mmadụ ole na ole n'ihe oyiyi ahụ, na-emesi ọdịiche dị na etiti ihe ndị mebiri agbaji na obodo dị ndụ ike.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Magee|first=Carol|date=2015|title=There Is a There There: Place in African Cityscapes|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rfpc20|journal=Photography and Culture|volume=7|pages=41–62|doi=10.2752/175145214X13936100122327}}</ref> === Ndụ (2012) === N'afọ 2012, Karray mere vidiyo nkeji isii nke akpọrọ Live, vidiyo a ka bụ foto mgbasa ozi sitere n'aka onye isi ala Ben Ali. Ihe nkiri a na-edeghị ede bụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti onye ọkwọ ụgbọala tagzi na onye njem. Ha na-ekwurịta n'ihu ọha ọchịchị gara aga na ọchịchị ha nọ n'okpuru ugbu a. Akụkụ a na-eji ọdịiche nke mkparịta ụka ị na-anụ, na ihe ngosi nke mgbasa ozi iji nye onye na-ekiri ihe na-eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Tunis na 2011 na 2012.<ref name=":3" /> === Ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwu maka anyị (2012) === Na Nobody will talk about us Karray foto nke Southern religion of Tunisia. E chefuru mpaghara a ma kewapụ ya na mba ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-anwa ime ka a mara mpaghara a echefuru echefu site na usoro ọrụ ya. Ọrụ a na-ejide ọ bụghị naanị ala ndị tọgbọrọ n'efu, kamakwa ndị bi na ha, na-eme ka a mara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha ka dị. O kwuru, sị, "Aghachiri m na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Tunisia, ịda ogbenye ya, owu ọmụma ya, ala kpọrọ nkụ na nke echefuru echefu nke ntọala ya jupụtara na mineral, nke e weghaara ma wepụ ya na mkpụrụ obi ndị a a na-emegbu emegbu - mana ọ bụghị ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru," <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2017-02-15|title=Mouna Karray: Nobody will talk about us|url=https://africanah.org/mouna-karray-nobody-will-talk-about-us/|accessdate=2021-11-14|work=AFRICANAH.ORG|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjp-online.com/2016/04/mouna-karray-nobody-will-talk-about-us|title=Mouna Karray's Exploration of Tunisia's Neglected People|publisher=British Journal of Photography|accessdate=14 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ngosi == '''Ihe ngosi nke onye ọ bụla''' * ''Ọ dịghị onye ga-ekwu maka anyị'', Tyburn Gallery, [[London]] (2016) <ref name=":2" /> * Onye na-ekwu okwu n'ọnụ, Galerie El Marsa, Tunis (2011)<ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> * The cut-out, Diwan Dar el Jeld de la Medina, Tunis (2004) '''Ihe ngosi ndị mmadụ niile (ndị a họọrọ) ''' * Dak'Art, Dakar (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/05/04/dak-art-2016-du-chaos-surgit-une-tres-belle-exposition-internationale_4913761_3212.html|title=Dak'Art 2016 : du chaos surgit une très belle exposition internationale|publisher=lemonde.fr|accessdate=14 May 2017}}</ref> * ''Oké Osimiri bụ Ala m'', MAXXI, Rom (2013) * N'ebe a, n'ebe ọzọ, Friche la Belle de Mai, Tour-Panorama, Marseilles (2013) * Nzukọ Bamako, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Lisbon (2013) * ''Bright Future Contemporary Art si Tunisia'', Ifa Gallery Stuttgart (2013) * ''#COMETOGETHER: LONDON, Edge of Arabia''. Old Truman Brewery, London (2012) * ''Bright Futur Contemporary Art si Tunisia'', Ifa Gallery Berlin (2012) * Dream City, mbipụta nke atọ, Sfax, Tunis (2012) * Nzukọ Bamako, BOZAR, Brussels (2012) * ''Chkoun Ahna'', National Museum nke Carthage, Tunisia (2012) * Nkwụsị... Tunisia otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris (2012) * Nzukọ nke itoolu nke foto, Bamako (2011) * A Useful Dream, BOZAR, Brussels (2010) * PICHA, Foto encounters, Lubumbashi (2010) * ''Akụkụ nke ọzọ #1'', Galerie des grands bains douches, Marseille (2010) * ''Fotoquai'', Musée du Quai Branly, Paris (2009) * ''Ebe dị na Bamako'' 2007, gallery IFA, Stuttgart (2009) * ''Ụmụ nwanyị nke ihe oyiyi, nkwekọrịta nke mmekọrịta chiri anya'', Centre Culturelle Française a Beyrouth, [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] (2009) == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pzo5uxf5x0nh64sfa7d9uu6awtfkbo4 0 45574 674757 444348 2026-07-09T22:42:09Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ayanda Mabulu.jpg|thumb|Ayanda Mabulu]]   '''Ayanda Mabulu(amụrụ na 1981) bụ onye omenkà South Africa nke amara ama maka eserese ya.''' == eserese == Ọrụ Mabulu nke 2010, Ngcono ihlwempu kunesibhanxa sesityebi (Nsụgharị Xhosa: Ogbenye ka mma karịa nwa nkịta bara ọgaranya), gosipụtara ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche nke mba ụwa na ịgba ọtọ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa Jacob Zuma. Eserese ahụ enwetara obere nkọwa dị oke egwu n'oge ahụ, mana achọpụtara ya dịka akụkụ nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbara gburugburu ihe osise South Africa Brett Murray ibe ya (The Spear) na Mee 2012. Mabulu katọrọ Zuma na African National Congress maka nzaghachi ha na ihe osise satirical nke Murray - na nke Nazareth Baptist (Shembe) Church, bụ ndị kpọrọ oku ka a "gbuo Murray".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/05/23/church-digs-in-its-heels|title=TimesLIVE|work=www.timeslive.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-26}}</ref> Ọ jụrụ ebumnuche ha n'ịwakpo ya, ebe ọ leghaara ọrụ Mabulu anya - nke gosipụtara Zuma n'akụkụ [[Desmond Tutu]], Robert Mugabe, [[Barack Obama]] na [[Nelson Mandela]] n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cape-Town-artist-praises-Zuma-painter-20120523|title=Cape Town artist praises Zuma painter|work=News24|accessdate=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> Arụmụka ahụ kpaliri nzaghachi site na Worldart Gallery, ebe egosiri ihe osise ndị ọzọ nke Mabulu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldart.co.za/news/article.asp?ID=126|title=Ayanda Mabulu's painting discussed at Worldart.co.za|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526221349/http://www.worldart.co.za/news/article.asp?ID=126|archivedate=26 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldart.co.za/artists/artist.asp?ID=59|title=Ayanda Mabulu at Worldart.co.za|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525195524/http://www.worldart.co.za/artists/artist.asp?ID=59|archivedate=25 May 2012}}</ref><gallery> </gallery> == Arụmụka ndị ọzọ == === Zuma-Gupta === N'afọ 2016, Ayanda wepụtara ihe osise ọhụrụ nke President Zuma na-eme omume mmekọahụ na Atul Gupta, onye ọchụnta ego India-South Africa bara ọgaranya bụ onye e boro ebubo na ọ na-emetụta onyeisi oche. E boro eserese ahụ ebubo na ọ dị oke egwu na ọtụtụ ndị katọrọ ya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ South Africa na mgbasa ozi kọrọ ọtụtụ ebe[1] na ya enwere mmeghachi omume dị iche iche sitere na mba ahụ dum. === Zuma-Mandela === N'ọnwa Eprel 2017, Ayanda wepụtara ihe osise ọzọ, n'oge a na-egosi Onye isi ala Zuma na Nelson Mandela na-enwe mmekọahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayanda Mabulu does it again|url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/04/20/ayanda-mabulu-does-it-again|work=Eye Witness News|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> N'ihe oyiyi ahụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gbasaa, onye a na-akwanyere ùgwù Mandela nọ ọdụ na Zuma na 'fucked' mgbe ọ na-eji ihu ọchị na-emetụ ya aka. Ayanda kọwara onyinyo ahụ dị ka ihe na-egosi ihe Zuma mere maka ihe nketa Mandela. Nke a kewara echiche ma karịa n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị South Africa na-ewe iwe na-ewe ezigbo iwe na mmebi nke àgwà nke onye a hụrụ n'anya Mandela.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Patience Setati|title=South African on twitter|url=https://twitter.com/patience_setati/status/855065659063009280|work=twitter.com/patience_setati|publisher=Twitter}}</ref> N'oge a ọ bụghị naanị nkatọ ka ọ bịara kamakwa iyi egwu ọnwụ nke Maazị Mabulu wepụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH: Ayanda Mabulu shrugs off death threats|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/watch-ayanda-mabulu-shrugs-off-death-threats-8768935|work=IOL|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> Ma African National Congress (otu nke President na nke Mandela) na Nelson Mandela Foundation meghachiri omume na eserese ahụ site n'iwepụta nkwupụta. Agbanyeghị, n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, nkwupụta ha abụọ jikọtara nkatọ ha na ịkwado mkpa nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. Nelson Mandela Foundation kwuru, sị: <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nelson Mandela Foundation's reaction|url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/the-nelson-mandela-foundation-reacts-to-ayanda-mabulus-painting|work=The Nelson Mandela Foundation|accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> "The Foundation ga-achọ ikwupụta na ọ na-akwanyere ikike nke Maazị Mabulu nwere nnwere onwe ikwu okwu ùgwù. "''"Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-achọ ikwupụta na ọ na-akwanyere ikike Maazị Mabulu nwere nnwere onwe ikwu okwu ùgwù. Otú ọ dị, anyị na-ahụ ihe osise a dị njọ. "'' African National Congress jiri asụsụ siri ike na-egosi onyinyo ahụ dị ka "ịgafe ókè nke ezi uche na mmebi, na-eji nkà nke nka maka njedebe ọjọọ.''"na-agafe ókè nke ezi uche na mmebi, na-eji nkà nke nka okike eme ihe maka njedebe ọjọọ."''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mabulu's new artwork 'grotesque, inflammatory' and crude - ANC|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/mabulus-new-artwork-grotesque-inflammatory-and-crude-anc-20170421|accessdate=26 April 2017|date=21 April 2017}}</ref> === Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma === N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2017, African National Congress Women's League kọwara Mabulu dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-enweghị uche" maka ihe osise nke na-egosi [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], onye nwere olileanya ịbụ onye isi ala n'oge ahụ, n'ọnọdụ mmekọahụ mgbe Zuma na-ele anya. Njikọ ụmụ nwanyị kwuru, sị: <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/artist-criticised-for-painting-dlamini-zuma-engaged-in-sexual-activity-zuma-exposed-20171014|title=Artist criticised for painting Dlamini-Zuma engaged in sexual activity, Zuma exposed|work=News24|accessdate=2017-10-14}}</ref><blockquote>''"[Ihe osise ahụ] bụ ihe na-enweghị olileanya site n'aka isi obodo na ndị na-agụ egwú otuto ha, na-eji onye na-ese ihe ojii a gbazitere iji mebie onyinyo nke ndị isi a na-enwe olileanya na ọ ga-akwụsị wiil ndị na-agbagharị nke mgbanwe akụ na ụba siri ike. "''</blockquote> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nlsx7ckpb9oth3yuw5o6h3gs5dl9146 0 45640 674808 196373 2026-07-10T04:24:54Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ihe ngosi naanị */ 674808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=John Akomfrah|image=John Akomfrah interview, Artes Mundi 7,Cardiff, 20 October 2016.jpg|caption=Akomfrah at [[Artes Mundi]] 7, [[Cardiff]], October 2016|birth_date={{birth date and age|1957|5|4|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Accra]], Ghana|death_date=|death_place=|alma_mater=[[University of Portsmouth|Portsmouth University]]|occupation=Film director, artist, curator|years_active=1986–present|notable_works=''[[Handsworth Songs]]'' (1986)<br>''[[Seven Songs for Malcolm X]]'' (1993)<br>''[[The Unfinished Conversation]]'' (2013)<br/>''[[Purple (2017 video installation)|Purple]]'' (2017)}} '''Sir John Akomfrah''' CBE RA (amụrụ 4 May 1957 <ref name="screenonline.org.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/467761/|title=British Film Institute ScreenOnline biography}}</ref> ) bụ onye omenkà Britain, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye ntụzi ihe nkiri, onye na -ese ihe nkiri, onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri na onye na-ahụ maka agbụrụ Ghana, onye "nkwenye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke cinematic ụdị na-achọpụta ngosipụta na fim ya niile". <ref name="Sandhu">Sukhdev Sandhu, [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jan/20/john-akomfrah-migration-memory "John Akomfrah: migration and memory"],''The Guardian'', 20 January 2012.</ref> Onye nchoputa nke Black Audio Film Collective na 1982, o mere mpụta ya dị ka onye isi na ''Handsworth Songs'' (1986), nke nyochara ọdịda sitere na ọgba aghara 1985 Handsworth . ''Handsworth Songs'' gara n'ihu inweta ihe nrite Grierson maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na 1987. Ya na Lina Gopaul na David Lawson, ndị mmekọ ya na-emepụta ogologo oge, Akomfrah rụkọtara ihe nkiri sịga Dogs na 1998. N'okwu nke ''The Guardian'', ọ "nwetala aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri na UK [bụ ndị] ọrụ uri agbaghawo agbụrụ, njirimara na àgwà post-colonial ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ." <ref>Hannah Ellis-Petersen, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jan/07/john-akomfrah-vertical-sea-arnolfini-bristol-lisson-gallery-london-migration "John Akomfrah: 'I haven’t destroyed this country. There's no reason other immigrants would'"], ''The Guardian'', 7 January 2016.</ref> Ahọpụtara Akomfrah ka ọ nọchite anya Britain na Venice Biennale na 2024. <ref name="Observer">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/apr/07/artist-john-akomfrah-venice-biennale-listening-all-night-to-the-rain-interview|title=Interview‘Another layer of pigment needed adding to the canvas’: artist John Akomfrah on changing the narrative, from Windrush to colonialism|first=Tim|author=Adams|work=[[The Observer]]|date=7 April 2024}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ John Akomfrah na Accra, Ghana, n'aka ndị nne na nna bụ ndị tinyere aka na mgbochi ịchịisi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Sukhdev Sandhu gbara, Akomfrah kwuru, sị: "Papa m bụ onye so na kọmiti nke pati Kwame Nkrumah .... Anyị hapụrụ [[Ghana]] n'ihi na ndụ mama m nọ n'ihe ize ndụ mgbe e nwesịrị ọchịchị nke 1966, papa m nwụkwara na so n'ihi mgba nke butere ọchịchị n'ike." <ref name="Sandhu"/> Ibi na Britain kemgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, <ref>[[Mark Hudson (author)|Mark Hudson]], [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9609361/The-Unfinished-Conversation-by-John-Akomfrah-a-beautiful-paean-to-identity.html "The Unfinished Conversation by John Akomfrah: a beautiful paean to identity"], ''The Telegraph'', 15 October 2012.</ref> Akomfrah gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na West [[London]] na Portsmouth Polytechnic, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Sociology na 1982. <ref name="screenonline.org.uk"/> == Ọrụ == Na 1982, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere Black Audio Film Collective, bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1998, raara onwe ya nye maka nyochaa okwu nke njirimara Black British site na ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi. <ref name="screenonline.org.uk"/> ''Handsworth Songs'', akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke mkpokọta mepụtara, ya na Akomfrah dị ka onye nduzi, lekwasịrị anya na esemokwu agbụrụ na Britain na 1980s. Na-agbakwụnye ihe ndekọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, na iji nnwale nke ụda, ''Handsworth Songs'' nwetara ihe nrite mba ụwa asaa, n'ime ha BFI John Grierson Award for Best Documentary. <ref>Ann Ogidi, [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/441093/index.html "Handsworth Songs (1986)"] at BFI ScreenOnline.</ref> N'afọ 1998, ya na Lina Gopaul na David Lawson, ndị mmekọ ya na-emepụta ogologo oge, Akomfrah kwadoro ihe nkiri Nkịta Ịṅụ sịga. Site na 2001 ruo 2007, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Gọvanọ nke British Film Institute . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221024175534/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-board-of-governors-meeting-minutes-2007-09-19.pdf British Film Institute Board of Governors] (Minutes), September 2007.</ref> Site na 2004 ruo 2013, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka gọvanọ nke nzukọ ihe nkiri Film London . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181231012341/http://filmlondon.org.uk/about_us/press_releases/2004/august/award-winning_film_director_joins_film_london "Award-winning film director joins Film London"], Film London, 9 August 2004.</ref> Akomfrah akụzierela ọtụtụ nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <ref>[http://arts.mit.edu/artists/john-akomfrah-and-lina-gopaul/ "John Akomfrah and Lina Gopaul"], Arts at MIT.</ref> Mahadum Brown, Mahadum New York, Mahadum Westminster, na Mahadum Princeton . Ihe omume ụbọchị atọ nke atọ akpọrọ "Cinematic Translations: The Work of John Akomfrah" mere na Nọvemba 2013 na Mahadum Toronto, ebe ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe . <ref>[http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/hcs/cinematic-translations-work-john-akomfrah-november-27-29 "Cinematic Translations: The Work of John Akomfrah - November 27-29"], Department of Historical and Cultural Studies, University of Toronto, Scarborough.</ref> Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Harvard Film Archive banyere ọrụ ya na-ekwu, sị: "Akomfrah aghọwo onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke ndị na-akọwa ihe na ndị na-enye aka n'ọdịnala nke Black diaspora dị ka Stuart Hall, Paul Gilroy, Greg Tate na Henry Louis Gates . N'ime nke a, o nwere gara n'ihu na-egwupụta ihe ndekọ ọdịyo visual nke narị afọ nke 20, na-emegharịgharị ihe oyiyi ndị a ọ bụghị nanị site n'ịhọrọ na ịdekọ ha kamakwa site na mgbakwunye nke ederede na-akọwapụta okwu. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/programs/john-akomfrah-a-poet-in-the-archives|title=John Akomfrah, A Poet in the Archives|date=8 March 2014|publisher=Harvard Film Archive|accessdate=24 May 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ Akomfrah gụnyere na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'ụwa niile dị ka Smithsonian 's Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Pérez Art Museum Miami, <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Akomfrah: Tropikos • Pérez Art Museum Miami|url=https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/john-akomfrah-tropikos/|accessdate=2023-08-22|work=Pérez Art Museum Miami|language=en-US}}</ref> Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na 24 Jenụwarị 2023, ekwuputara na Akomfrah ga-anọchi anya UK na 60th Venice Biennale na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Khomami|first=Nadia|title=John Akomfrah to represent Britain at Venice Biennale|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/jan/24/john-akomfrah-to-represent-britain-at-venice-biennale|work=The Guardian|accessdate=25 January 2023|language=en|date=24 January 2023}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi naanị == Akomfrah enweela ihe ngosi solo na Hirshhorn Museum na Sculpture Garden (2022), <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=John Akomfrah: Purple|url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/exhibitions/john-akomfrah-purple/|accessdate=2023-08-22|work=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden {{!}} Smithsonian|language=en}}</ref> Institute of Contemporary Art/Boston (2019), <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=At The ICA Watershed, John Akomfrah's 'Purple' Mourns A Planet Lost|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/05/23/ica-watershed-john-akomfrah-purple|accessdate=2023-08-22|work=www.wbur.org|date=23 May 2019|language=en}}</ref> Bildmuseet na Umeå, [[Sweden]] (2015), Broad Art Museum, East Lansing (2014), Tate Britain, London (2013), Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (2012), Museum of Modern Art, [[New York City|New York]] (2011) na British Film Institute, na BFI Gallery (2010). <ref>Fabrizi, Elisabetta, ''The BFI Gallery Book'', BFI, London, 2011, pp. 268–279.</ref> Na 2013 nnukwu ọrụ ya ''Mkparịta ụka na-agwụ agwụ'', ihe ntinye nke ọtụtụ ihe, gosipụtara na Tate Britain maka ọnwa isii na 2013, wee nweta ya maka National Collection. N'ịka akara ncheta afọ 10 ya, ''Mkparịta ụka a na-emechabeghị'' ka agbagoro na Midlands Arts Center dịka akụkụ nke mmemme Birmingham 2022. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/may/16/john-akomfrah-on-stuart-hall-when-i-first-read-him-i-thought-he-was-white|title=Interview {{!}} John Akomfrah on Stuart Hall: 'When I first read him, I thought he was white'|first=Colin|author=Grant|authorlink=Colin Grant (author)|work=The Guardian|date=16 May 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ 2015 ya, ''Oké Osimiri Vertigo'', bụ ntinye ihe nkiri ihuenyo atọ nke egosiri na 56th Venice Biennale na May 2015. <ref>[http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/directors/akomfrah.html "John Akomfrah"], La Biennale di Venezia.</ref> ''Oké Osimiri Vertigo'' malitere na UK na Arnolfini na Bristol (16 January-10 April 2016) na-adaba na ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ọhụrụ na nke Akomfrah na-egosi na Lisson Gallery . <ref>[http://www.lissongallery.com/exhibitions/john-akomfrah "John Akomfrah, 22 January – 12 March 2016"], Lisson Gallery.</ref> Na October 2016 ya 40 nkeji abụọ-ihuenyo video echichi ''Auto Da Fé'', filmed na [[Barbados]] na mmụọ nsọ isiokwu nke 400 afọ nke Mbugharị na okpukpe mkpagbu, wee na-egosi. ''Oké Osimiri Vertigo'' malitere na UK na Arnolfini na Bristol (16 January-10 April 2016) <ref name="Arnolfini" /> na-adaba na ngosi nke ọrụ ọhụrụ na nke Akomfrah bụ mmehie Cardiff . <ref name="BBC">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-38734881 "John Akomfrah wins £40,000 Artes Mundi prize in Cardiff"], BBC News, 26 January 2017.</ref> ''Purple'' (2017), ihe ntinye vidiyo 62 nkeji, ihuenyo isii nyere ọrụ maka oghere Curve Gallery na Barbican, London, Akomfrah na-akọwa dị ka "nzaghachi na [the] Anthropocene ". Usoro nlegharị anya ihe nkiri gụnyere nhọrọ nke Akomfrah mere site na October 2017 na Barbican Cinema. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171021090637/https://www.barbican.org.uk/john-akomfrah-purple "John Akomfrah: Purple"], Barbican.</ref> Echichi ahụ agaala Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid ; Bildmuseet Umeå, [[Sweden]] ; Ụlọ ọrụ Boston Institute of Contemporary Art, Massachusetts; Hirshhorn Museum na Ogige Ọkpụkpụ, na Washington DC; na Museu Coleção Berardo, Lisbon . <ref name="Sotheby's">{{Cite web|title=2019 ICA Watershed: John Akomfrah: Purple|url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/museums/institute-of-contemporary-art-boston/exhibitions/2019-ica-watershed-john-akomfrah-purple|work=Sotheby's}}</ref> <ref name="Museu Coleção Berardo">{{Cite web|title=John Akomfrah. Purple|work=Museu Coleção Berardo|url=https://en.museuberardo.pt/exhibitions/john-akomfrah-purple|accessdate=2024-05-27|archivedate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208003316/https://en.museuberardo.pt/exhibitions/john-akomfrah-purple}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":0"/> NoFollowinggbaso mmalite nke ọrịa COVID-19 na ngagharị iwe George Floyd zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2020, Akomfrah malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ''Murmuration ise'' (2021), nkeji 55, vidiyo ihuenyo atọ, dị ka nzaghachi anya n'echiche ya na "ọ dị ka ọ dị. ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrịa abụọ na-efe efe, na-agbakọta ọnụ, ịgba egwu na esemokwu. " <ref name="NYT murmur">{{Cite web|author=Fullerton|first=Elizabeth|title=An Artist Who Brings Order to Chaos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/arts/design/john-akomfrah.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=20 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903163326/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/arts/design/john-akomfrah.html|archivedate=3 September 2021|date=1 September 2021}}</ref> Akomfrah weputara ihe nkiri a na ngosi solo na Lisson Gallery na New York na 2021. <ref name="NYT murmur" /> E gosila ihe nkiri a na ihe ngosi solo na Centraal Museum, Utrecht, na 2022; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Annex John Akomfrah|url=https://centraalmuseum.nl/en/exhibitions/annex-john-akomfrah|work=[[Centraal Museum]]|accessdate=20 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606164215/https://centraalmuseum.nl/en/exhibitions/annex-john-akomfrah|archivedate=6 June 2023}}</ref> na [[National Museum of African Art]], Washington, DC, na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Akomfrah: Five Murmurations|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/john-akomfrah/|work=[[National Museum of African Art]]|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=20 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014194336/https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/john-akomfrah/|archivedate=14 October 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, ka ọrịa COVID-19 gasịrị, Akomfrah rụpụtara ọrụ ọwa ise ọhụrụ akpọrọ ''Arcadia'' . Na-atụgharị uche na The Columbian Exchange - nnyefe nke osisi, anụmanụ, ọla ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ngwa ahịa, ndị mmadụ, nkà na ụzụ, ọrịa na echiche dị n'etiti America, Afro-Eurasia na Europe site na 1400s gaa n'ihu - e gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na Sharjah Biennial tupu ya anata. Ihe ngosi UK ya na [https://www.theboxplymouth.com The Box na Plymouth] ebe ọ na-egosi ugbu a ruo 2 June 2024. == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == A họpụtara Akomfrah [[Order of the British Empire|Onye isi nke Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) na 2008 New Year Honors maka ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/29_12_07_hons_queen.pdf|title=Full list of New Years' Honours|work=BBC News}}</ref> Na Machị 2012, e nyere ya ihe nrite Princess Margaret nke European Cultural Foundation . <ref>Alexis Akwagyiram, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17411111 "John Akomfrah: Little known, much decorated film-maker"], BBC News, 20 March 2012.</ref> Na 2013, e nyere ya doctorate nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum Arts London na site na Goldsmiths, Mahadum London . Na 2014, e nyere ya nzere doctorate na Mahadum Portsmouth, polytechnic emezigharịrị nke ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1982. Na 2017, Akomfrah meriri biennial Artes Mundi Prize, ihe nrite kacha ukwuu nke UK maka nka mba ụwa, <ref>Hannah Ellis-Peterson, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/jan/26/john-akomfrah-wins-artes-mundi-prize-attacks-uk-intolerance "John Akomfrah wins Artes Mundi prize and attacks UK's intolerance"], ''The Guardian'', 26 January 2017.</ref> ka ahọpụtara ya maka onyinye a maka “arụmọrụ gbara ọkpụrụkpụ nke ọrụ ya pụtara n'ihe gbasara mbata, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mkpagbu okpukpe”, gụnyere ya. arụ ọrụ ''Auto Da Fé'' . <ref name="BBC"/> Akomfrah kwuru banyere nrụnye vidiyo ya nwere ihe ngosi abụọ nke meriri, nke na-enyocha isiokwu nke oke njem n'ime afọ 400: "Achọrọ m ilekwasị anya n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-apụ n'ihi na ihe dị egwu na-eme, ọ bụghị nanị ịpụ. maka ndụ ka mma, ọtụtụ ndị na-eche na ha ga-ahapụ ka ha nwee ndụ ma ọlị." <ref>Jane Morris, [http://theartnewspaper.com/news/news/british-artist-john-akomfrah-wins-40-000-artes-mundi-prize/ "British artist John Akomfrah wins £40,000 Artes Mundi Prize — The Ghanaian-born film-maker’s work draws on themes like migration, colonialisation and the environment"], ''The Art Newspaper'', 27 January 2017.</ref> A họpụtara Akomfrah [[Order of the British Empire|Onye Ọchịchị nke Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) na 2017 Birthday Honors maka ọrụ nka na ime ihe nkiri. Akpọrọ ya aha Artist nke Afọ na 2018 <nowiki><i id="mw-A">Apollo Magazine</i></nowiki> Awards . <ref>Fatema Ahmed, [https://www.apollo-magazine.com/artist-of-the-year-winner-apollo-awards-2018/ "Artist of the Year"], ''Apollo'', 26 November 2018.</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Royal Academician na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/john-akomfrah-ra|title=John Akomfrah – Artist|publisher=Royal Academy of Arts}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g4sjqm3mgeocbunk961goi1m567oos4 674809 674808 2026-07-10T04:25:43Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ihe ngosi naanị */ 674809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=John Akomfrah|image=John Akomfrah interview, Artes Mundi 7,Cardiff, 20 October 2016.jpg|caption=Akomfrah at [[Artes Mundi]] 7, [[Cardiff]], October 2016|birth_date={{birth date and age|1957|5|4|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Accra]], Ghana|death_date=|death_place=|alma_mater=[[University of Portsmouth|Portsmouth University]]|occupation=Film director, artist, curator|years_active=1986–present|notable_works=''[[Handsworth Songs]]'' (1986)<br>''[[Seven Songs for Malcolm X]]'' (1993)<br>''[[The Unfinished Conversation]]'' (2013)<br/>''[[Purple (2017 video installation)|Purple]]'' (2017)}} '''Sir John Akomfrah''' CBE RA (amụrụ 4 May 1957 <ref name="screenonline.org.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/467761/|title=British Film Institute ScreenOnline biography}}</ref> ) bụ onye omenkà Britain, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye ntụzi ihe nkiri, onye na -ese ihe nkiri, onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri na onye na-ahụ maka agbụrụ Ghana, onye "nkwenye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke cinematic ụdị na-achọpụta ngosipụta na fim ya niile". <ref name="Sandhu">Sukhdev Sandhu, [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/jan/20/john-akomfrah-migration-memory "John Akomfrah: migration and memory"],''The Guardian'', 20 January 2012.</ref> Onye nchoputa nke Black Audio Film Collective na 1982, o mere mpụta ya dị ka onye isi na ''Handsworth Songs'' (1986), nke nyochara ọdịda sitere na ọgba aghara 1985 Handsworth . ''Handsworth Songs'' gara n'ihu inweta ihe nrite Grierson maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na 1987. Ya na Lina Gopaul na David Lawson, ndị mmekọ ya na-emepụta ogologo oge, Akomfrah rụkọtara ihe nkiri sịga Dogs na 1998. N'okwu nke ''The Guardian'', ọ "nwetala aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri na UK [bụ ndị] ọrụ uri agbaghawo agbụrụ, njirimara na àgwà post-colonial ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ." <ref>Hannah Ellis-Petersen, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jan/07/john-akomfrah-vertical-sea-arnolfini-bristol-lisson-gallery-london-migration "John Akomfrah: 'I haven’t destroyed this country. There's no reason other immigrants would'"], ''The Guardian'', 7 January 2016.</ref> Ahọpụtara Akomfrah ka ọ nọchite anya Britain na Venice Biennale na 2024. <ref name="Observer">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/apr/07/artist-john-akomfrah-venice-biennale-listening-all-night-to-the-rain-interview|title=Interview‘Another layer of pigment needed adding to the canvas’: artist John Akomfrah on changing the narrative, from Windrush to colonialism|first=Tim|author=Adams|work=[[The Observer]]|date=7 April 2024}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ John Akomfrah na Accra, Ghana, n'aka ndị nne na nna bụ ndị tinyere aka na mgbochi ịchịisi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Sukhdev Sandhu gbara, Akomfrah kwuru, sị: "Papa m bụ onye so na kọmiti nke pati Kwame Nkrumah .... Anyị hapụrụ [[Ghana]] n'ihi na ndụ mama m nọ n'ihe ize ndụ mgbe e nwesịrị ọchịchị nke 1966, papa m nwụkwara na so n'ihi mgba nke butere ọchịchị n'ike." <ref name="Sandhu"/> Ibi na Britain kemgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, <ref>[[Mark Hudson (author)|Mark Hudson]], [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9609361/The-Unfinished-Conversation-by-John-Akomfrah-a-beautiful-paean-to-identity.html "The Unfinished Conversation by John Akomfrah: a beautiful paean to identity"], ''The Telegraph'', 15 October 2012.</ref> Akomfrah gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na West [[London]] na Portsmouth Polytechnic, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Sociology na 1982. <ref name="screenonline.org.uk"/> == Ọrụ == Na 1982, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere Black Audio Film Collective, bụ nke na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1998, raara onwe ya nye maka nyochaa okwu nke njirimara Black British site na ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi. <ref name="screenonline.org.uk"/> ''Handsworth Songs'', akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke mkpokọta mepụtara, ya na Akomfrah dị ka onye nduzi, lekwasịrị anya na esemokwu agbụrụ na Britain na 1980s. Na-agbakwụnye ihe ndekọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, na iji nnwale nke ụda, ''Handsworth Songs'' nwetara ihe nrite mba ụwa asaa, n'ime ha BFI John Grierson Award for Best Documentary. <ref>Ann Ogidi, [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/441093/index.html "Handsworth Songs (1986)"] at BFI ScreenOnline.</ref> N'afọ 1998, ya na Lina Gopaul na David Lawson, ndị mmekọ ya na-emepụta ogologo oge, Akomfrah kwadoro ihe nkiri Nkịta Ịṅụ sịga. Site na 2001 ruo 2007, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Gọvanọ nke British Film Institute . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221024175534/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/sites/bfi.org.uk/files/downloads/bfi-board-of-governors-meeting-minutes-2007-09-19.pdf British Film Institute Board of Governors] (Minutes), September 2007.</ref> Site na 2004 ruo 2013, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka gọvanọ nke nzukọ ihe nkiri Film London . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181231012341/http://filmlondon.org.uk/about_us/press_releases/2004/august/award-winning_film_director_joins_film_london "Award-winning film director joins Film London"], Film London, 9 August 2004.</ref> Akomfrah akụzierela ọtụtụ nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <ref>[http://arts.mit.edu/artists/john-akomfrah-and-lina-gopaul/ "John Akomfrah and Lina Gopaul"], Arts at MIT.</ref> Mahadum Brown, Mahadum New York, Mahadum Westminster, na Mahadum Princeton . Ihe omume ụbọchị atọ nke atọ akpọrọ "Cinematic Translations: The Work of John Akomfrah" mere na Nọvemba 2013 na Mahadum Toronto, ebe ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe . <ref>[http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/hcs/cinematic-translations-work-john-akomfrah-november-27-29 "Cinematic Translations: The Work of John Akomfrah - November 27-29"], Department of Historical and Cultural Studies, University of Toronto, Scarborough.</ref> Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Harvard Film Archive banyere ọrụ ya na-ekwu, sị: "Akomfrah aghọwo onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke ndị na-akọwa ihe na ndị na-enye aka n'ọdịnala nke Black diaspora dị ka Stuart Hall, Paul Gilroy, Greg Tate na Henry Louis Gates . N'ime nke a, o nwere gara n'ihu na-egwupụta ihe ndekọ ọdịyo visual nke narị afọ nke 20, na-emegharịgharị ihe oyiyi ndị a ọ bụghị nanị site n'ịhọrọ na ịdekọ ha kamakwa site na mgbakwunye nke ederede na-akọwapụta okwu. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvardfilmarchive.org/programs/john-akomfrah-a-poet-in-the-archives|title=John Akomfrah, A Poet in the Archives|date=8 March 2014|publisher=Harvard Film Archive|accessdate=24 May 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ Akomfrah gụnyere na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'ụwa niile dị ka Smithsonian 's Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Pérez Art Museum Miami, <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Akomfrah: Tropikos • Pérez Art Museum Miami|url=https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/john-akomfrah-tropikos/|accessdate=2023-08-22|work=Pérez Art Museum Miami|language=en-US}}</ref> Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na 24 Jenụwarị 2023, ekwuputara na Akomfrah ga-anọchi anya UK na 60th Venice Biennale na 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Khomami|first=Nadia|title=John Akomfrah to represent Britain at Venice Biennale|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/jan/24/john-akomfrah-to-represent-britain-at-venice-biennale|work=The Guardian|accessdate=25 January 2023|language=en|date=24 January 2023}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi naanị == Akomfrah enweela ihe ngosi solo na Hirshhorn Museum na Sculpture Garden (2022), <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=John Akomfrah: Purple|url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/exhibitions/john-akomfrah-purple/|accessdate=2023-08-22|work=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden {{!}} Smithsonian|language=en}}</ref> Institute of Contemporary Art/Boston (2019), <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=At The ICA Watershed, John Akomfrah's 'Purple' Mourns A Planet Lost|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/05/23/ica-watershed-john-akomfrah-purple|accessdate=2023-08-22|work=www.wbur.org|date=23 May 2019|language=en}}</ref> Bildmuseet na Umeå, [[Sweden]] (2015), Broad Art Museum, East Lansing (2014), Tate Britain, London (2013), Institute of Contemporary Arts, London (2012), Museum of Modern Art, [[New York City|New York]] (2011) na British Film Institute, na BFI Gallery (2010). <ref>Fabrizi, Elisabetta, ''The BFI Gallery Book'', BFI, London, 2011, pp. 268–279.</ref> Na 2013 nnukwu ọrụ ya ''Mkparịta ụka na-agwụ agwụ'', ihe ntinye nke ọtụtụ ihe, gosipụtara na Tate Britain maka ọnwa isii na 2013, wee nweta ya maka National Collection. N'ịka akara ncheta afọ 10 ya, ''Mkparịta ụka a na-emechabeghị'' ka agbagoro na Midlands Arts Center dịka akụkụ nke mmemme Birmingham 2022. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/may/16/john-akomfrah-on-stuart-hall-when-i-first-read-him-i-thought-he-was-white|title=Interview {{!}} John Akomfrah on Stuart Hall: 'When I first read him, I thought he was white'|first=Colin|author=Grant|authorlink=Colin Grant (author)|work=The Guardian|date=16 May 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ 2015 ya, ''Oké Osimiri Vertigo'', bụ ntinye ihe nkiri ihuenyo atọ nke egosiri na 56th Venice Biennale na May 2015. <ref>[http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/history/directors/akomfrah.html "John Akomfrah"], La Biennale di Venezia.</ref> ''Oké Osimiri Vertigo'' malitere na UK na Arnolfini na Bristol (16 January-10 April 2016) na-adaba na ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ọhụrụ na nke Akomfrah na-egosi na Lisson Gallery . <ref>[http://www.lissongallery.com/exhibitions/john-akomfrah "John Akomfrah, 22 January – 12 March 2016"], Lisson Gallery.</ref> Na October 2016 ya 40 nkeji abụọ-ihuenyo video echichi ''Auto Da Fé'', filmed na [[Barbados]] na mmụọ nsọ isiokwu nke 400 afọ nke Mbugharị na okpukpe mkpagbu, wee na-egosi. ''Oké Osimiri Vertigo'' malitere na UK na Arnolfini na Bristol (16 January-10 April 2016) na-adaba na ngosi nke ọrụ ọhụrụ na nke Akomfrah bụ mmehie Cardiff . <ref name="BBC">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-38734881 "John Akomfrah wins £40,000 Artes Mundi prize in Cardiff"], BBC News, 26 January 2017.</ref> ''Purple'' (2017), ihe ntinye vidiyo 62 nkeji, ihuenyo isii nyere ọrụ maka oghere Curve Gallery na Barbican, London, Akomfrah na-akọwa dị ka "nzaghachi na [the] Anthropocene ". Usoro nlegharị anya ihe nkiri gụnyere nhọrọ nke Akomfrah mere site na October 2017 na Barbican Cinema. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171021090637/https://www.barbican.org.uk/john-akomfrah-purple "John Akomfrah: Purple"], Barbican.</ref> Echichi ahụ agaala Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid ; Bildmuseet Umeå, [[Sweden]] ; Ụlọ ọrụ Boston Institute of Contemporary Art, Massachusetts; Hirshhorn Museum na Ogige Ọkpụkpụ, na Washington DC; na Museu Coleção Berardo, Lisbon . <ref name="Sotheby's">{{Cite web|title=2019 ICA Watershed: John Akomfrah: Purple|url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/museums/institute-of-contemporary-art-boston/exhibitions/2019-ica-watershed-john-akomfrah-purple|work=Sotheby's}}</ref> <ref name="Museu Coleção Berardo">{{Cite web|title=John Akomfrah. Purple|work=Museu Coleção Berardo|url=https://en.museuberardo.pt/exhibitions/john-akomfrah-purple|accessdate=2024-05-27|archivedate=2023-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208003316/https://en.museuberardo.pt/exhibitions/john-akomfrah-purple}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":0"/> NoFollowinggbaso mmalite nke ọrịa COVID-19 na ngagharị iwe George Floyd zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2020, Akomfrah malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ''Murmuration ise'' (2021), nkeji 55, vidiyo ihuenyo atọ, dị ka nzaghachi anya n'echiche ya na "ọ dị ka ọ dị. ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrịa abụọ na-efe efe, na-agbakọta ọnụ, ịgba egwu na esemokwu. " <ref name="NYT murmur">{{Cite web|author=Fullerton|first=Elizabeth|title=An Artist Who Brings Order to Chaos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/arts/design/john-akomfrah.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=20 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903163326/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/arts/design/john-akomfrah.html|archivedate=3 September 2021|date=1 September 2021}}</ref> Akomfrah weputara ihe nkiri a na ngosi solo na Lisson Gallery na New York na 2021. <ref name="NYT murmur" /> E gosila ihe nkiri a na ihe ngosi solo na Centraal Museum, Utrecht, na 2022; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Annex John Akomfrah|url=https://centraalmuseum.nl/en/exhibitions/annex-john-akomfrah|work=[[Centraal Museum]]|accessdate=20 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606164215/https://centraalmuseum.nl/en/exhibitions/annex-john-akomfrah|archivedate=6 June 2023}}</ref> na [[National Museum of African Art]], Washington, DC, na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Akomfrah: Five Murmurations|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/john-akomfrah/|work=[[National Museum of African Art]]|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=20 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014194336/https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/john-akomfrah/|archivedate=14 October 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, ka ọrịa COVID-19 gasịrị, Akomfrah rụpụtara ọrụ ọwa ise ọhụrụ akpọrọ ''Arcadia'' . Na-atụgharị uche na The Columbian Exchange - nnyefe nke osisi, anụmanụ, ọla ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ngwa ahịa, ndị mmadụ, nkà na ụzụ, ọrịa na echiche dị n'etiti America, Afro-Eurasia na Europe site na 1400s gaa n'ihu - e gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na Sharjah Biennial tupu ya anata. Ihe ngosi UK ya na [https://www.theboxplymouth.com The Box na Plymouth] ebe ọ na-egosi ugbu a ruo 2 June 2024. == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == A họpụtara Akomfrah [[Order of the British Empire|Onye isi nke Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) na 2008 New Year Honors maka ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/29_12_07_hons_queen.pdf|title=Full list of New Years' Honours|work=BBC News}}</ref> Na Machị 2012, e nyere ya ihe nrite Princess Margaret nke European Cultural Foundation . <ref>Alexis Akwagyiram, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17411111 "John Akomfrah: Little known, much decorated film-maker"], BBC News, 20 March 2012.</ref> Na 2013, e nyere ya doctorate nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum Arts London na site na Goldsmiths, Mahadum London . Na 2014, e nyere ya nzere doctorate na Mahadum Portsmouth, polytechnic emezigharịrị nke ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1982. Na 2017, Akomfrah meriri biennial Artes Mundi Prize, ihe nrite kacha ukwuu nke UK maka nka mba ụwa, <ref>Hannah Ellis-Peterson, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/jan/26/john-akomfrah-wins-artes-mundi-prize-attacks-uk-intolerance "John Akomfrah wins Artes Mundi prize and attacks UK's intolerance"], ''The Guardian'', 26 January 2017.</ref> ka ahọpụtara ya maka onyinye a maka “arụmọrụ gbara ọkpụrụkpụ nke ọrụ ya pụtara n'ihe gbasara mbata, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mkpagbu okpukpe”, gụnyere ya. arụ ọrụ ''Auto Da Fé'' . <ref name="BBC"/> Akomfrah kwuru banyere nrụnye vidiyo ya nwere ihe ngosi abụọ nke meriri, nke na-enyocha isiokwu nke oke njem n'ime afọ 400: "Achọrọ m ilekwasị anya n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ga-apụ n'ihi na ihe dị egwu na-eme, ọ bụghị nanị ịpụ. maka ndụ ka mma, ọtụtụ ndị na-eche na ha ga-ahapụ ka ha nwee ndụ ma ọlị." <ref>Jane Morris, [http://theartnewspaper.com/news/news/british-artist-john-akomfrah-wins-40-000-artes-mundi-prize/ "British artist John Akomfrah wins £40,000 Artes Mundi Prize — The Ghanaian-born film-maker’s work draws on themes like migration, colonialisation and the environment"], ''The Art Newspaper'', 27 January 2017.</ref> A họpụtara Akomfrah [[Order of the British Empire|Onye Ọchịchị nke Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) na 2017 Birthday Honors maka ọrụ nka na ime ihe nkiri. Akpọrọ ya aha Artist nke Afọ na 2018 <nowiki><i id="mw-A">Apollo Magazine</i></nowiki> Awards . <ref>Fatema Ahmed, [https://www.apollo-magazine.com/artist-of-the-year-winner-apollo-awards-2018/ "Artist of the Year"], ''Apollo'', 26 November 2018.</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Royal Academician na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/john-akomfrah-ra|title=John Akomfrah – Artist|publisher=Royal Academy of Arts}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h1gn5u2ectzeyawozp3sbd8ygkkt9qp 0 45667 674787 177313 2026-07-10T03:00:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674787 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Ivan Quarshigah.jpg|thumb|Ivan Quarshigah.]] Ivan Quashigah bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Ghana, onye inye ihe okike na onye nchoputa na onye isi nke Farmhouse Productions .  [1] [2] A mara ya nke ọma maka ike na iduzi usoro ihe nkiri nkiri nkiri na-enweta ihe nrite Ihe Anyị Na-eme Maka Maka na nso nso a Yolo . <ref>{{Cite web|work=Ghanaweb.com|title=Ivan Quashigah is a legend in the Movie industry – Bra Charles|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ivan-Quashigah-is-a-legend-in-the-Movie-industry-Bra-Charles-510547|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|work=tmghlive.com|title=The Life of the Legendary Ghanaian Film Maker Ivan Quashigah|url=https://tmghlive.com/life-legendary-ghanaian-film-maker-ivan-quashigah/|accessdate=February 26, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jonilar.net/2019/02/22/meet-veteran-ghanaian-movie-director-and-entrepreneur-ivan-quashigah/|title=Meet Veteran Ghanaian movie director and entrepreneur, Ivan Quashigah|date=February 22, 2019|accessdate=February 22, 2019|archivedate=May 27, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527133434/https://jonilar.net/2019/02/22/meet-veteran-ghanaian-movie-director-and-entrepreneur-ivan-quashigah/}}</ref> A Mini Ivan na Keta nke dị na ndị na-enye egwuregwu Ghana na Disemba 28, 1966. Ọ , መምሪያ ihe nkiri na ịde ederede na National Film and Television Institute (NAFTI) na Ghana.  O akara akara ugo jụrụ Executive Master na Governance and Leadership site na GIMPA Graduate School na Ghana . == Ọrụ == Na 2006, Ivan guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya Farmhouse Productions, ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na fim, telivishọn na ihe omume. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumawoodgh.com/2018/06/22/farmhoues-productions-limited-mr-ivan-quashigah/|title=Farmhoues Productions Limited – Mr.Ivan Quashigah|date=June 22, 2018|accessdate=February 22, 2019|archivedate=February 22, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204845/https://kumawoodgh.com/2018/06/22/farmhoues-productions-limited-mr-ivan-quashigah/}}</ref> Ọrụ Ivan na fim enwetala ya ma mpaghara na mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tmghlive.com/life-legendary-ghanaian-film-maker-ivan-quashigah/|title=The Life of the Legendary Ghanaian Film Maker Ivan Quashigah|date=February 23, 2019|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Usoro ihe onyonyo ya ugbu a, YOLO – 'Ị Na-ebi naanị otu ugboro' nke meri asaa n'ime ihe nrite na Ghana Movie Awards 2016 bụ nke emepụtara maka National Population Council na ndị mmekọ ya n'okpuru mmemme ụmụ nwoke.  na Ghana - GHRP akwụkwọ site na UKAID na USAID na FHI360 na Palladium Group akwụkwọ ya<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news-af.op-mobile.opera.com/news/detail/211d9f4f4b4c0dd6c64b0eeac4b9d7d1_tz|title=Ivan Quashigah Reveals Secret Behind Fella Makafui's Yolo Persona|date=September 6, 2018|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yfmghana.com/full-list-of-winners-for-2016-ghana-movie-awards/|title=Full List Of Winners for 2016 Ghana Movie Awards|date=December 5, 2016|accessdate=February 25, 2019}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f47d1kr5n7qzct4pf98m68x109hc2o4 0 45793 674758 515761 2026-07-09T22:44:15Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Garrett Bradley|birth_date={{birth year and age|1986}}|birth_place=New York City, U.S.|education=[[Smith College]], [[UCLA]]|occupation=Filmmaker|years_active=2014–present|notable_works=''Alone''; ''America''; ''[[Time (2020 film)|Time]]''|parents=[[Peter Bradley (artist)|Peter Bradley]]<br />[[Suzanne McClelland]]|awards=[[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]: Art, Arts and Letters Awards (2022); [[Sundance Film Festival]]; Best Director, US Documentary Competition (2020); [[Prix de Rome]] (2019); [[Creative Capital]] Grantee (2019)|image=File:Garrett Bradley From Eye Film museum.png|image caption=Garrett Bradley}} Garrett Bradley (1986) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri America na onye isi ihe nkiri dị mma, ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri na ebe.  A mara ya ịgwakọta ụdị ihe nkiri nkiri iji gosi nnukwu mkpa ndọrọ nke oge ụbọchị nke ndị na-achị nwere. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == . A ካርታ Bradley na New York City na 1986 [1] ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-ese ihe Suzanne McClelland na Peter Bradley .  [2] Ndị egwuregwu ya gbara mgbe ọ dị afụ abụọ.  [3] Na iri na isii, Bradley mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya, nke a na-akpọ ya na-agba ndị njide ya nchọpụta ike nkà, nne na nna nke ọzọ, na ihe na-eme ihe ha ji gbaa fim.  [2] Maka Bradley, ihe nkiri mbụ a bụ onye eze nne na nna ya nna ya na ọ "ta-akpa nkata na-achọ nwanne."  [4] Ọ hụrụ ihe nkiri Be-Bop Fidelity ma nkwado ya na Bridge Film Festival nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na-agba, Akwụkwọ Ndị Enyi Brooklyn ;  ebe ahụ ihe ihe nrite ihe nkiri mbụ ya<ref>{{Cite web|author=July|first=Beandrea|date=2020-10-16|title='Time' Director Garrett Bradley on the Importance of Creative Community and Confronting the Idea of the Auteur - sundance.org|url=https://www.sundance.org/blogs/artist-spotlight/time-director-garrett-bradley-interview/|accessdate=2023-07-25|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brooklyn Friends School {{!}} Let Your Films Speak: The Bridge Film Festival,15 Years Young|date=March 27, 2014|url=https://brooklynfriends.org/let-your-films-speak-bridge-fi/|accessdate=2023-07-25|language=en}}</ref> Bradley egorechi na Smith College, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 2007, wee nweta MFA ya na Nduzi na UCLA na 2012. [1] [2] Ọ bụ alumna nke Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture .  [3] egwu egwu Bradley dị na dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri maka SummerStage Central Park. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == Ihe nkiri ya nke m mbụ-ogologo, N'okpuru Nrọ, ọrịa na 2014 Tribeca Festival wee soro ndụ mmadụ atọ na-akwaga n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda, na-- asoso ọhụrụ.  Bradley bụ onye ama maka ụdị egwu egwu, ụdị ihe nkiri ngwakọ nke New York Magazine 's Bilge Ebiri anya dị ka “ịma mma na-eji ngwaọrụ… na-eme ka ọ dị mma, ilele anya, mara mma yana gbasara  ederede ederede na onyonyo dị ka ọ gbasara agwa ma ọ bụ eziokwu klas." [1] N'okpuru ọchịchị ka a tụbara kpamkpam site na Craigslist ; Ụzọ Bradley mere mgbe ọ nwesịrị ihu ọma na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ndu nkedo na  New Orleans.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Na 2017, Bradley kwadoro Creative Council, ihe mmemme na-eduzi mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gachara nke ezubere iji wulite Pọtụfoliyo kọleji siri ike na ngwa maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọha na New Orleans. Ndị New Orleans Video Access Center (NOVAC) kwadoro Council Creative Council. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Garrett Bradley - Sundance Collab|url=https://collab.sundance.org/people/Garrett-Bradley-1556677017|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=collab.sundance.org|language=en}}</ref> === Ọrụ ama ama === ==== ''Naanị'' ==== . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Grief and Grievance: Art and Mourning in America|url=http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/grief-and-grievance-art-and-mourning-in-america-1|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=www.newmuseum.org|language=en}}</ref>Ihe nkiri nkiri nkiri 13 Bradley bụ naanị (2017), dị ka ihe nkiri ya na-egosi, Oge, na-anya n'ahụ na United States site na ihe Bradley ndị dị ka "ọdịiche dị iche nke ndị Black  , echiche."  [1] Atụmatụ dị ndị Aloné Watts, nwa onwe onye onye enyi ya nwoke (ihe nke Bradley's 2014 Below Dreams ) ka a ụzọ.  Ihe nkiri a na-egosi ndụ Watts kwa ụbọchị ka ọ na-ihe ịrịba ya na enyi ya nwoke;  Fox Rich, protagonist nke Time, dị na nkenke.  [2] na-egosi na 2017 Sundance Film Festival ebe e nyere ihe nrite Short Form Jury Award na ifo ma New York Times OpDocs mmetụta ya.  [2] Na 2021, Alone sonye na iru uju na iru uju: Art and Mourning in America, ihe ngosi nke Okwui Enwezor cheputara na mbu maka New Museum. ==== ''America'' ==== ''Ụbọchị Bradley's 2019, America, bụ ma otu ihe nkiri ọwa na ọtụtụ ọwa - na-agafe ndezi abụọ dị iche iche.  Ebu ụzọ tinye America na New Orleans Museum of Art wee gaa n'ihu na-etinye ya na ihe ngosi nke mbụ Bradley, Garrett Bradley: American Rhapsody, na Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, nke Rebecca Matalon akwụkwọ.  [1] American Rhapsody gakwara na The Momentary, August Wilson African American Cultural Center, [2] na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles.  [3] Ụbọchị: Garrett Bradley mepere Nọvemba 21, 2020 na Museum of Modern Art, nke Thelma Golden na Legacy Russell haziri ya.  Ihe ngosi a bụ akara nke ọtụtụ awụ n'etiti The Studio Museum na Harlem, Museum of Modern Art na MoMA PS1.  Roberta Smith nke The New York Times dere ihe nkiri ahụ "M ịgba Bradley nwere ikike ikike na-egosi ume ọhụrụ na nka Post-Minimalism na Pictures Generation appropriation art…. Site na ike dị elu na ọsọ ọsọ nke "Ụbọchị Ubi," Bradley's  "Amerika na-esetịpụ anyị.  na ihe, na-agagharị na ihuenyo, na-egosi, na-egosi na akara ngosi nke mgbanwe ya na agbanwe agbanwe na oge ha na-emekarị nke egwu na ihe nkiri.  Ọ bụghị ikwupụta ụfọdụ ibu oke ike: ibe a ọ na-eji ụzọ abụọ, atọ ma ọ bụ anọ?  Ị chere na ihe onyonyo a na-aga n'ihu na ụzọ abụọ dabara adaba - ebe ọ bụ na naanị ihe ngosi ahụ ka a na-ahụ anya - mana na ike, ha ahụ ahụ ya.  N'ụzọ ọ ụzọ, ọrụ a bụ ihe mgbe niile."'' <ref>{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Roberta|date=2021-03-11|title=Garrett Bradley Reminds Us That Black Joy Always Existed|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/11/arts/design/garrett-bradley-moma.html|accessdate=2023-07-22}}</ref> Onye nkatọ ihe nkiri Observer bụ Simran Hans kpọrọ obere ihe nkiri nke otu aha ahụ "ihe nkiri izizi mbụ" ọ hụrụ na 2019 Sundance Film Festival, [1] họpụtara maka onyinye Independent Documentary Award nke International Documentary Association wee wepụta ya na 2020 site na ya.  Ubi nke ọhụụ na Channel Criterion.  America setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ dị ka obere ihe nkiri na 2019 mgbe enyere ya otu izu na-agba na Brooklyn Academy of Music, n'okpuru aha Garrett Bradley's America: Njem Site na Oge.[2]  Emebere ya n'akụkụ ọrụ emetụtara na nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ yana nlegharị anya nke ihe nkiri Bradley gara aga.  Ndị ọkà okwu akpọrọ gụnyere Saidiya Hartman, Julie Dash, na RaMell Ross.  Ihe omume a na mmekorita ya na Mahadum New York "Portraiture Black: V Memory and the Archive gara aga. Ugbu a. Ọdịnihu."  Na New York Review of Books, onye edemede Maya Binyam dere "Kemgbe ntọhapụ nke America, Bradley abanyela n'ọkwa nke onye na-ese ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akatọ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-ekwukarị ọrụ ha ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbazi na adịghị ike nke ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie.  Akụkọ ndị mejupụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere njedebe doro anya: ha na-ahapụ ndị mmadụ Art, n'aka nke ọzọ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla kwenyere, ma e wezụga ndị na-eme ya n'ezie, na-enweghị oke  Ụlọ ọrụ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ nke na-akọ ma na-echekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme enweghị ike: ịkwado ọrụ Bradley na-emebi atụmanya ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Binyam|first=Maya|title=Hiding in Plain Sight {{!}} Maya Binyam|url=https://www.nybooks.com/online/2023/02/13/hiding-in-plain-sight/|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en}}</ref> ==== ''Oge'' ====   N'afọ 2020, Bradley akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ ogologo oge mbụ ya, Oge, nke fotora maka ihe nrite 57 na mmeri iri abụọ nhọpụta ngosi Academy, 2020 Peabody Award, na onyinye onye isi kacha mma na otu akwụkwọ akwụkwọ US na 2020  Ememme Nkiri Sundance.  .  <nowiki></link></nowiki>Agbakwunyere ike mpụta mbụ na Time Magazine 's "25 Defining Works of the Black Renaissance," [1] Barack Obama's 2020 ndepụta ihe nkiri ọkacha [ , ] Hollywood Reporter's "Hollywood Reporter Critics Họrọ ihe nkiri 50 kacha mma nke  21st Century (Ya mere Far)” ndepụta<ref>{{Cite web|author=Frosch|first=Jon|date=2023-04-06|title=Hollywood Reporter Critics Pick the 50 Best Films of the 21st Century (So Far)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/best-movies-21st-century/|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ==== Na 2021, Netflix weputara Naomi Osaka, miniseries ụzọ atọ nke Bradley duziri.  Usoro a na-esote onye mmetụta tenis mmetụta Naomi Osaka n'ime afọ abụọ n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 nke 2020. [1] Ihe nkiri mere na America dum, [[Japan]], Haiti na [[Ostraliya|Australia]].  N'oge ịse foto Bradley nyere Osaka camcorder ka ọ mee ihe nkiri nke ya jikwa usoro ahụ niile.  Ọ bụ anya n'ime ndụ onye na-eme egwuregwu na-ndị na-eme njem nke ịbụ nnukwu ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=VIA Art Fund {{!}} Garrett Bradley and Arthur Jafa: a Negro, a Lim-o (2022)|url=http://viaartfund.org/grants/garrett-bradley-and-arthur-jafa-a-negro-a-lim-o-2022/|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=VIA Art Fund|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi Solo == ; 2023 * ''AKA'', COMA, Sydney, Australia <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comagallery.com/exhibition/aka/|title=Coma Gallery exhibition|accessdate=2024-05-28|archivedate=2024-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224131845/https://comagallery.com/exhibition/aka/}}</ref> ; 2022 * ''Garrett Bradley: Safe'', Lisson Gallery, [[London]], UK <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Garrett Bradley: Safe {{!}} Exhibitions|url=https://www.lissongallery.com/exhibitions/garrett-bradley|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=Lisson Gallery|language=en}}</ref> * ''Garrett Bradley: American Rhapsody'', The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA * ''Garrett Bradley: American Rhapsody'', August Wilson African American Cultural Center, Pittsburgh, PA * ''Ọrụ 111: Garrett Bradley'', Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY ; 2021 * ''Garrett Bradley: American Rhapsody'', The Momentary, Bentonville, AR ; 2019 * ''Garrett Bradley: American Rhapsody'', Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, Houston, TX * ''Garrett Bradley's America: Njem site na agbụrụ na oge'', BAM Rose cinemas, New York, NY == Ihe ngosi otu == ; 2022 * ''Naanị n'elu Midtown: 1974 ruo ugbu a'', Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Modern Art, New York, NY <ref name=":1"/> * ''2022 Ngosi Ngosipụta Ọhụụ nke Arts Visual'', American Academy of Arts and Letters, New York, NY * ''Akwụkwọ Azụ Toni Morrison'', David Zwirner, New York, NY <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toni Morrison's Black Book|url=https://www.davidzwirner.com/exhibitions/2022/toni-morrisons-black-book|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=David Zwirner|language=en}}</ref> ; 2021 * ''Iru újú na iru uju: Art na iru uju na America'', New Museum, New York, NY <ref name=":0"/> * ''Ezinụlọ: Ọhụụ nke Akekọrịtara Mmadụ'', Art Gallery nke New South Wales, Sydney, Australia ; 2020 * ''Cinque Monstre 2020: Convergence'', American Academy of Rome, Rome, Italy ; 2019 * ''Shirin Neshat + Garrett Bradley'', The Broad @ Array, Los Angeles, CA * ''Akụkụ nke Ọmụma'', [[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke New Orleans|New Orleans Museum of Art]] . New Orleans, LA * ''Whitney Biennial'', Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY == Ihe nkiri == '''Ihe nkiri na telivishọn''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ihe ndetu |- | 2014 | ''Nrọ n'okpuru'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3496048/|title=Below Dreams|date=April 18, 2014}}</ref> | Mpụta ihe nkiri Bradley mere na 2014 Tribeca Film Festival <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Questions for Below Dreams Director Garrett Bradley|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/85555-5-questions-for-below-dreams-director-garrett-bradley/#.XPalAtNKgWo%20BELOW%20DREAMS%20TRT:%2072:00|work=Filmmaker Magazine|date=April 22, 2014}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''Kpuchie m'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6884704/|title=Cover Me}}</ref> | Prospect 3 Arts biennial |- | 2016 | ''Dị ka'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5593936/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_6|title=Like|date=March 12, 2016}}</ref> | Nkenke |- | 2017 | ''Naanị'' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/opinion/100000004798478/alone.html|title=Video: Opinion &#124; Alone|first=Garrett|author=Bradley|work=The New York Times|date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> | Short Form Jury Award na akụkọ ifo na 2017 Sundance Film Festival; Onye na-asọ mpi Oscar 2017 (ndepụta mkpirisi) |- | 2017 | ''Sugar Queen'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4419214/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_4|title=Queen Sugar|date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> | Onye isi otu ihe omume, "Ndụ n'ime oge niile" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5961014/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_4|title=Live in the All Along|date=October 18, 2017}}</ref> |- | 2018 | ''Ụwa na-ama jijiji'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7982044/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_3|title=The Earth is Humming}}</ref> | Mpempe akwụkwọ |- | 2019 | ''America'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6217698/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_2|title=America|date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> | Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/feb/03/the-best-of-sundance-film-festival-2019-souvenir-official-secrets-blinded-by-the-light|title=Souvenirs, secrets and Springsteen: the best of Sundance 2019|date=February 3, 2019|work=the Guardian}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''Mgbe Ha Hụrụ Anyị'' | Onye isi ngalaba nke abụọ, nkeji 4 |- | 2019 | ''AKA'' | Ntinye vidiyo na 2019 Whitney Biennial <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/2019-Biennial?section=11|title=Whitney Biennial 2019|work=whitney.org}}</ref> |- | 2020 | ''Naomi Osaka'' | Netflix zụtara ya |- | 2020 | ''Oge'' | Onye isi kachasị mma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ US na asọmpi na 2020 Sundance Film Festival<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Ahọpụtara maka ihe nrite Academy maka njirimara akwụkwọ kacha mma |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3797834/}} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/14/opinion/alone.html?_r=0 ''Alone'' at the ''New York Times''] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d4pyiu68dicx6kfz5uh3tfxepmgwew1 0 45847 674617 168618 2026-07-09T17:55:19Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ ndị ọzọ */ 674617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Joe Phillips''' bụ onye America na-ese ihe, nke a maara maka ihe osise ya nke nwere isiokwu nwoke idina nwoke, ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, na ọrụ mbụ ya na akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Phillips na Atlanta, Georgia n'afọ ndị 1960. Ọ gara Northside School of the Arts, ebe ọ mụtara nkà dị ka nhazi na imepụta ejiji. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara Europe ebe ọ sonyere na ọrụ ndị dị ka ihe osise n'okporo ámá.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991008013624/http://www.joephillips.com/fa_about.html About Joe Phillips] Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> == Ọrụ == , Mgbe ọ laghachiri na United States, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na usoro akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị Southern Knights .Ọrụ mbụ ya dị mkpa na akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị bụ idepụta mbipụta asatọ nke akwụkwọ na-eme ihe ọchị Speed Racer maka NOW Comics, malite na 1988. N'afọ 1989, ọ malitere ime ihe na mkpuchi maka DC Comics' Mister Miracle na mbipụta #7, na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe usoro ahụ kwụsịrị na 1991. Mgbe ahụ, o dere mbipụta abụọ nke Wonder Woman, na-ejupụta n'etiti onye na-ese ihe George Perez na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ Jill Thompson, wee gaa n'ihu na-emepụta nka maka DC na Marvel Comics gụnyere Justice League of AmericaSilver Surfer, X-Men, Legion of Super-Heroes, The Incredible Hulk, na Lobo. Phillips bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Gai-Jin Studios, ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe ọchị nke ndị otu ya gara aga gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe dịka Adam Hughes na [[Brian Stelfreeze]]. Na ngwụcha afọ 1992 ọ malitere ide akụkọ na-eme ka onye Legion of Super-Heroes Timber Wolf, nke Al Gordon dere ma dee. N'afọ 1996, o mepụtara akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na-atọ ọchị The Heretic, nke Dark Horse Comics bipụtara. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ mechara rụọ gụnyere ''Captain America'', ''Wolverine'', ''Green Lantern'' na ''Superboy''. N'afọ 2008, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ Doctor Who. === Ọrụ metụtara LGBT === N'ihe osise ya maka otu Superboy comic nke akpọrọ Superboy & Risk: Double Shot, Phillips tụbara "àkwá Ista" na-egosi ndina ụdị onwe ya.<ref name="Joe Phillips Autobiography">[https://web.archive.org/web/20020815004029/http://www.joephillips.com/bio.html Joe Phillips Autobiography] Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> Eriq Chang, onye nduzi nka nke XY Magazine na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-eto eto, chọpụtara ma were Phillips n'ọrụ iji see ihe na-atọ ọchị nke ga-abụ "Joe Boy". Na Septemba 1999, Phillips guzobere Xodus USA, nke o si na ya mepụta uwe na-ere ahịa na ihe ndị metụtara nwoke idina nwoke, nke ndị na-ere uwe n'ịntanetị International Male bu. Mgbe mmekọrịta ahụ gbasara n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2000, Phillips mepụtara kalenda na ihe ndị ọzọ e biri ebi maka 10% Productions. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka Ska Killers, Toasters, USA na-arụ ọrụ na Phillips.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ siri ike Karas Adult Playground bịakwutere Phillips iji mepụta ihe nkiri ndị okenye, nke mbụ ya - ''Cumquest'' - bụ ihe na-atọ ọchị na usoro sci-fi a ma ama ''Star Trek''. Ọrụ ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri sochiri maka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ Absolutely Male nke Phillips mepụtara ihe nkiri The House of Morecock, akụkọ banyere onye nchọpụta na-eme nchọpụta. ''Morecock'' gosipụtara na ọ bụ onye a ma ama ma wepụta usoro ihe omume 10 na DVD site na 10% Productions na 2001. N'afọ 2002, Morecock rit''Morecock'' GayVN na ngalaba "Best Alternative Release". Usoro akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị sochiri n'akụkụ akwụkwọ postcard. TLA Video depụtara Morecock dị ka otu n'ime aha ''Morecock'' ere ahịa. <ref>[http://www.tlavideo.com/details/product_details.cfm?v=2&sn=1&id=210823&enable=true TLA Video - House of Morecock] Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> N'afọ 2001, Phillips wepụtara "Boys Will Be Boys" - kalenda na-egosi ihe osise nwoke na nwanyị. N'afọ 2003, a tọhapụrụ akwụkwọ nke otu aha ahụ; ọ gosipụtara ihe osise sitere na kalenda 2002 na 2003 ma tinye ụfọdụ ihe ọhụrụ. Boys bụ akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị nke mbụ nwere isiokwu nwoke idina nwoke nke onye na-ebipụta Bruno Gmunder wepụtara. <ref>[http://queer-art.blogspot.com/search?q=joe+phillips Joe Phillips @ Queer Art] Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> N'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma ya, na 2007 a tọhapụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ ọzọ dị ka "Extended Edition" nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke nka. A na-anọgide na-ewepụta kalenda ahụ kwa afọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 2003, Phillips nyere aka malite Xodus Magazine, ya na onye bụbu onye guzobere Xodus USA na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ugbu a bụ Nicholas Reedy. E mepụtara magazin ahụ maka ndị na-eme enyi nwoke ma gosipụta mkpuchi, usoro ihe nkiri na ihe osise nke Phillips yana kọlụm mkpuchi na njedebe nke mbipụta ọ bụla. Magazin ahụ gosipụtara kọlụm ndụmọdụ sitere n'aka ndị nne nke ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha. Mgbe afọ atọ nke nkesa gara nke ọma gasịrị, magazin ahụ kwụsịrị ibipụta ya mgbe ogologo agha iwu mechara kpochapụ ihe onwunwe ya. Ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ nyere Phillips ọrụ maka ọrụ nwoke idina nwoke gụnyere [[ID Lubricants|ID Lube]], Elbow Grease, Inside Pride, Jocko Underwear, Odyssey Magazine, Gloss Magazine, Gay and Lesbian Times San Diego, Freshmen, All Boy, Cyber Socket, na Prism Comics tinyere ndị na-agụ egwu Ari Gold, Justus Boys, Alan Gnuo na Levi Kreis. O mepụtara nka maka onye na-atọ ọchị Rage, nke gosipụtara na oge nke abụọ nke usoro Showtime Queer as Folk . <ref>[http://www.planetout.com/pno/entertainment/news/splash.html?sernum=293 Planet Out: QAF comic book is all the "Rage"] Retrieved September 16, 2007.</ref> N'afọ 2004, ọ bụ onye ọbịa na-asọpụrụ na Gaylaxicon, akụkọ sayensị LGBT nke mba ahụ na-eme kwa afọ, fantasy, egwu, egwuregwu na egwuregwu.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 2006 na Adult Visual Animation, Phillips wepụtara ihe nkiri ya nke abụọ nke nwere isiokwu ndị okenye nke akpọrọ ''Stonewall & Riot: The Ultimate Orgasm'' . Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ cross-over nke ụdị abụọ a maara Phillips maka - Superheroes na ọrụ maka ndị na-eme enyi nwoke. E mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ kpamkpam na eserese 3D. Dị ka ihe nkiri ya gara aga, a họpụtara ''Stonewall & Riot'' maka onyinye GayVN.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === Phillips rụrụ ọrụ maka Bud Light, nke o mepụtara nka pụrụ iche maka mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ọnwa iri na abụọ nke mba ahụ gosipụtara mbinye aka ya "Joe Boys". O mekwara ihe osise maka ihu ihu nke ọtụtụ CD nchịkọta "Masterbeat" nke DJ Brett Hendricson. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ anọ maka asọmpi MySpace nke Dashboard Confessional choro maka vidiyo egwu ha na-esote ma bụrụkwa onye ikpeazụ na mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mba niile site Nri Kraft Foods. Vidio egwu maka onye na-agụ egwu Ari Gold nke ọ duziri ma mee ihe nkiri meriri LOGOs "Music Video of The Year 2007".<ref>[http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/the_click_list_2007_top_10/series.jhtml LOGO Online: The Click List - 2007 Top 10 Music Videos] Retrieved December 14, 2007.</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 2008, e wepụtara akwụkwọ ya na-atọ ọchị The Heretic n'ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ya na onye na-emepụta ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ Chi Chi LaRue rụkọkwara ọrụ iji mepụta ihe osise nkwalite maka Channel 1 Releasing. Ọrụ ndị a na-arụ ugbu a gụnyere Ihe na-esote "The House of Morecock", vidiyo egwu maka Levi Kreis na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ, gụnyere ihe ọchị maka Dark Horse na TokyoPop. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2009, Phillips ritere ihe nrite Nicky maka "Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na obodo".   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> In 2013, Phillips animated and directed the official music video for UK Rock singer/songwriter Matt Fishel's single "When Boy Meets Boy". Described by ''Out Magazine'' as a "cute (and sexy)" love story "with a superhero twist", it shows an animated version of Fishel meeting a mysterious skater boy in a bar and concludes with a superhero fight and rescue sequence. British magazine The Gay UK called it "one of the best music videos we've seen in a long time."<ref name="TheGayUK">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thegayuk.com/#/magazine/4574334751/MUSIC-Matt-Fishel-Releases-When-Boy-Meets-Boy-Single/6168877|title=Matt Fishel Releases When Boy Meets Boy Single|work=The Gay UK Magazine|date=19 July 2013|accessdate=26 July 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130726174737/http://www.thegayuk.com/magazine/4574334751/MUSIC-Matt-Fishel-Releases-When-Boy-Meets-Boy-Single/6168877|archivedate=26 July 2013}}</ref> On 30 October 2013, the video for "When Boy Meets Boy" won the 2013 RightOutTV Music & Video Award for Best Pop/Rock Video.<ref name="RightOutTVAwards2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rightouttvawards.com|title=Congratulations to the 2013 RightOutTV Music & Video Awards Nominees & Winners!|work=RightOutTV Awards|accessdate=1 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102213343/http://www.rightouttvawards.com/|archivedate=Nov 2, 2013}}</ref> Phillips created the artwork for Matt Fishel's debut album ''Not Thinking Straight'', which was released in April 2013 on Young Lust Records.<ref name="OfficialCharts1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/this-weeks-new-releases-08-04-2013-2148/|title=This week's new releases 08-04-2013|work=[[Official Charts Company]]|date=8 April 2013|first=Daniel|author=Lane|accessdate=16 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104000815/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/this-weeks-new-releases-08-04-2013-2148/|archivedate=Nov 4, 2013}}</ref><ref name="itunes6">{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/id599085506?affId=1736887|title=Matt Fishel by Not Thinking Straight|accessdate=16 June 2013|work=iTunes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111065640/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/id599085506?affId=1736887|archivedate=Nov 11, 2013}}</ref> The album booklet comprises 18 original illustrations by Phillips, each representing a different song's lyrics and portraying themes and issues surrounding young gay life, relationships and experiences. Phillips created the artwork for Matt Fishel's 2013 singles "Radio-Friendly Pop Song", "When Boy Meets Boy" and "Oh Santa!"{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} == Akwụkwọ == === Ihe nkiri === * ''Stonewall & Riot: The Ultimate Orgasm'' (Ọktoba 2006) * ''Ụlọ Morecock'' (September 2001) === Akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị === * Doctor Who #1-#2 (Jenụwarị 2008 - Febụwarị 2008) (penciller) * Midnighter #3 (March 2007) (penciller) * 10th Muse #13 (September 2006) (onye na-ese ihe n'ihu) * Prism Comics: Your LGBT Guide To Comics #3 (2005) (onye na-ese ihe mkpuchi) * Thundercats: Reclaiming Thundera #5 (February 2003) (penciller & inker) * Body Double #4 (Jenụwarị 2000) (onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese pensụl) * Jokers Wild #1 (September 1998) (onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese pensụl) * Superboy & Risk: Double Shot #1 (February 1998) (ihu Artist & penciller) * The Heretic #1 - #4 (November 1996 - March 1997) (onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe mkpuchi & onye na-ede pensụl) * Silver Surfer #97 - #100 (Ọktoba 1994 - Jenụwarị 1995) (onye na-ese ihe) * Ndị ọbịa: Colonial Marines #4-#6, #8-#10 (April 1993 - July 1994) (onye na-ese ihe) * Timber Wolf #1 - #5 (November 1992 - February 1993) (onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese pensụl) * Wonder Woman #56, #60 (July 1991, November 1991) (penciller) * Mister Miracle #7 - #28 (August 1989 - July 1991) (onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese pensụl) * Speed Racer #12 - #19 (August 1988 - April 1989) (penciller) == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fkgoxs5a38rddgm97eedvmlfc5v0am0 0 45907 674632 168726 2026-07-09T18:06:02Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Na Machị 4, 2021, Edwards la ndabere na United States wee sonye na Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids onye ikike ikike na DC United .  [1] Izu ole na ole ka e nwee, na Machị 29, akwụkwọ Edwards ego na Colorado Springs Switchbacks .  [2] O mere mpụta mbụ ekere ya maka ụlọ ahụ na May 1 megide San Antonio FC, ọgụ na mmeri 3-0. == Ọrụ == Amụrụ na Woodbridge, Virginia, Edwards akụkọ ọrụ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke DC United .  [1] Na 2018, Edwards masịrị ụfọdụ ndị scouts n'oge Florida wee nwee ike na ike German Freiburg na 1. FC Köln tupu isonyere VfL Wolfsburg .  [1] Edwards mere mpụta mbụ maka VfL Wolfsburg II na Ọgọst 10, 2019 megide Hamburger SV II .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wolfsburg II 3–3 Hamburg II|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/08/10/germany/regionalliga/vfl-wolfsburg-ii/hamburger-sv-ii/3066063/|work=Soccerway}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=San Antonio FC 3–0 Colorado Springs Switchbacks|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2021/05/02/united-states/mls-reserve-league/san-antonio/colorado-springs/3480563/|work=Soccerway}}</ref> Na Machị 4, 2021, Edwards la ndabere na United States wee sonye na Major League Soccer club Colorado Rapids onye ikike ikike na DC United .  [1] Izu ole na ole ka e nwee, na Machị 29, akwụkwọ Edwards ego na Colorado Springs Switchbacks .  [2] O mere mpụta mbụ ekere ya maka ụlọ ahụ na May 1 megide San Antonio FC, ọgụ na mmeri 3-0. Na Nọvemba 10, 2022, Colorado jụrụ nhọrọ nkwekọrịta ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coloradorapids.com/news/colorado-rapids-announce-year-end-roster-updates-x9512|title=Colorado Rapids announce year-end roster updates|first=Colorado|author=Rapids|work=Colorado Rapids}}</ref> Ọ bịanyere aka na klọb ahụ maka oge 2023 ha. <ref>https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/colorado-rapids-re-sign-homegrown-defender-michael-edwards</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played November 7, 2021}}<ref name="soccerway">{{soccerway|michael-edwards/489485}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mpụta na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" | Klọb ! rowspan="2" | Oge ! colspan="3" | Njikọ ! colspan="2" | Iko mba ! colspan="2" | Kọntinental ! colspan="2" | Mkpokọta |- ! Nkewa ! Ngwa ! Ebumnuche ! Ngwa ! Ebumnuche ! Ngwa ! Ebumnuche ! Ngwa ! Ebumnuche |- | rowspan="1" | Colorado Rapids | 2021 | MLS | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | rowspan="1" | Colorado Springs Switchbacks (mbinye ego) | 2021 | USL | 24 | 2 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 24 | 2 |- ! colspan="3" | Ngụkọta ọrụ ! 24 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 24 ! 2 |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.coloradorapids.com/players/michael-edwards/ Profaịlụ] na Colorado Rapids {{Colorado Rapids squad}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6301jvuijr1mfofiqbyzt8btnp1kw1c 0 45954 674633 197669 2026-07-09T18:06:54Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Nadia Ahmed''' (amuru 15 June 2000), onye amara dika '''Nxdia''', bu onye egwu alt-pop Egypt. Amụrụ na Heliopolis dị n'Ijipt, ha [lower-alpha 1] kwagara Manchester dị afọ asatọ, wee malite imepụta egwu nke ha ka ha nwetachara nkuzi ihe niile . Ahmed wepụtara "IDC" na mgbe ahụ EP ''N'ime anụ ahụ'', na mgbe ahụ otu "Ọ masịrị Nwa nwoke", nke e depụtara na Nọmba 74 na UK Singles Sales Chart . Onye otu Loud LDN, egwu Ahmed na-eji [[Arabic]] na ụda olu eme ihe mgbe niile. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Nadia Ahmed <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=15 questions {{!}} Interview {{!}} Nxdia {{!}} Chasing Catharsis|url=https://www.15questions.net/interview/fifteen-questions-interview-nxdia/page-1/|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=www.15questions.net}}</ref> na Cairo <ref name=":0" /> na 15 June 2000, <ref>{{Cite web|title=goth bless turning 23 👹 (thanku everyone who's reaching out and being so so kind, im overwhelmed- in a very good way! - i always assume people will pay no mind ahaha. which would be fine! no expectations! but for the people i admire and love to go out of their way to tell me they're happy i'm here- maaaan it makes me feel like a billion zillion trillion pounds <3 thanku, i love u n i appreciate you, be kind to yourself and others, always xx)|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Ctg8H_5sn6B/|accessdate=22 April 2024|work=www.instagram.com}}</ref> wee tolite n'akụkụ Roxy Cinema na Heliopolis . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ackroyd|first=Stephen|date=19 April 2024|title=Picture imperfect: Nxdia channels a toxic situationship through a cinematic frame with her new single, 'Jennifer's Body'|url=https://readdork.com/features/nxdia-hype-cover-april24/|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=Dork|language=en-US}}</ref> Nna nna ha bụ onye Sudan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=UK-Based TikTok Sensation Nxdia on Rekindling Egyptian Identity|url=https://www.scenenoise.com/Features/UK-Based-TikTok-Sensation-Nxdia-on-Rekindling-Egyptian-Identity|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=www.scenenoise.com}}</ref> Nna ha gere AC/DC na nne ha gere nti omenala Arabic omume dika Umm Kulthum, <ref name=":0" /> ma ga-akpọrọ Ahmed gaa Free Palestine ngagharị iwe site na afọ iri na otu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Rigotti|first=Alex|date=27 March 2024|title=Nxdia is making Arabic alt-pop to heal their inner child|url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/nxdia-artist-she-likes-a-boy-interview-radar-3608260|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=NME|language=en-GB}}</ref> Abụ mbụ ha bụ egwu egwu gbasara [[Hawaii]], nke ha na-agabeghị; site na itoolu, egwu ha bụ gbasara njirimara na nghọta onwe onye. <ref name=":0" /> Nxdia na ezinụlọ ha kwagara UK mgbe ha dị afọ asatọ, na-akwaga Manchester si Egypt; Mgbe ha bịarutere, ha malitere ịkụ ọkpọ Africa n'otu obodo dị na Hulme . <ref name=":2" /> Ebugoro ọrụ mbụ ha na [[YouTube]] na Instagram, na afọ iri na isii, ha debanyere aha na Levi Music Project, otu izu izu abụọ nke ìgwè ihe niile kụziiri ndị na-eto eto iri na abụọ ka esi emepụta egwu nke ha. <ref name=":2" /> Na 2020, ha malitere ibugo ọdịnaya na TikTok, gụnyere egwu na mkparịta ụka agbụrụ; Site na Septemba 2022, ha nwere ihe karịrị ndị debanyere aha 700,000 n'elu ikpo okwu. <ref name=":1"/> Ha wepụtara otu, "Ouch!", na 2021, <ref>{{Cite web|title=NXDIA|url=https://focuswales.com/artists/nxdia/|accessdate=26 April 2024|work=FOCUS Wales 2024|language=en-GB|archivedate=26 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426094223/https://focuswales.com/artists/nxdia/}}</ref> banyere ndakpọ olileanya na iwe iwe na enyi ya, <ref name=":3"/> sochiri otu "Gaa n'etiti Ya", ewepụtara ka emechara n'afọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Acosta|first=Julieanne|date=23 November 2021|title=Gauntlet Mixtape Vol. 4: The best study playlist of all time|url=https://thegauntlet.ca/2021/11/22/gauntlet-mixtape-vol-4-the-best-study-playlist-of-all-time/|accessdate=26 April 2024|work=The Gauntlet|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha wepụtara "IDC" na 2023, <ref name=":3" /> sochiri otu EP ''N'ime anụ ahụ'' n'August ahụ, nke na-ekwu banyere imebiga ihe ókè; <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2023|title=Atwood Magazine's Weekly Roundup: August 11, 2023|url=https://atwoodmagazine.com/wr-roundup-2023-08-11/|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=Atwood Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> egwu elekwasị anya nke ikpeazụ, "Mbibi", ka edere maka nsogbu ọnụ ahịa ndụ nke United Kingdom ugbu a 2021 . <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2023|title='decay' is a frustrated and endlessly creative new single from Nxdia|url=https://cloutcloutclout.com/new-music/nxdia-decay/|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=Clout|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mgbe ha chọpụtachara akwụkwọ akụkọ ochie nke kọwara ịhụnanya nwa agbọghọ ha dị afọ iri na ụma na ndakpọ olileanya ha n'ịchọpụta na nwa nwoke masịrị ya, ha dere "Ọ masịrị Nwa nwoke", <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Magnocavallo|first=Fabio|date=17 January 2024|title=Nxdia - She Likes a Boy|url=https://www.euphoriazine.com/blog/2024/01/music/tracks-nxdia-she-likes-a-boy/|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=EUPHORIA.|language=en-US}}</ref> nke zoro aka na nrọ Katy Perry 's " Teenage Dream " . <ref name=":0"/> Ha malitere ibugo snippet nke egwu na TikTok na Nọvemba 2023 wee wepụta egwu ahụ na Jenụwarị 2024; <ref name=":4" /> <nowiki><i id="mwVA">Mee N'onwe Gị</i></nowiki> kọwara egwu ahụ dị ka "ụkwe queer", <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 January 2024|title=The Neu Bulletin (C Turtle, Fräulein, Sailor Honeymoon and more!)|url=https://diymag.com/feature/the-neu-bulletin-c-turtle-fraulein-sailor-honeymoon|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=DIY|language=en}}</ref> na ọnwa na-esote egwu ahụ nọrọ otu izu na No. 74 na UK Singles Sales Chart. <ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2024|title=NXDIA|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/nxdia/|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=Official Charts|language=en}}</ref> Otu egwu na-esote, "Jennifer's Body", kọwara ahụmahụ ha banyere mmekọrịta na-egbu egbu, wee wepụta aha ya na ihe nkiri Megan Fox nke otu aha ahụ n'ihi na ikiri ihe nkiri ahụ nyeere ha aka ịmepụta echiche ha. <ref name=":0" /> == Artist == N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''Spotlight On'' podcast na Nọvemba 2023, Ahmed kwuru na ha gere My Chemical Romance na Fall Out Boy mgbe ha nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na ha hụrụ ọdịdị pink na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-achọpụta ya site na vidiyo egwu ya maka " Ya mere . Kedu ". Ha kwukwara na ha bụ ndị na-akwado Hole na Smashing Pumpkins, nakwa na ha nọrọ oge na-enwe mmasị na mkpuchi nke egwu Arabic "Betnadini Tany Leh" nke Donia, n'ihi na ọ gbanweeghị egwu ya site na ya. nwoke na nwanyi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nxdia: What's It's Like as an Alt-Pop Artist Between Fluidity and Community Building|url=https://www.spotlightonpodcast.com/blog/nxdia-whats-it-like-as-an-alt-pop-artist-between-fluidity-and-community-building/|accessdate=21 April 2024|work=Spotlightonpodcast.com}}</ref> Ha kwukwara na mkparịta ụka Julaị 2023 na ''15questions.net'' na ha gerekwa Babymetal na Jon Bellion ntị n'oge a. <ref name=":3"/> Ahmed gwara NME na March 2024 na ụda ha sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ dị ka Paramore, My Chemical Romance, na Atụmatụ Dị Mfe, nakwa na ha nwetara ume ọzọ site n'olu Marina Diamandis "weirdly operatic" na site na asụsụ abụọ nke Stromae, kpọmkwem. ịchọta ọdịdị androgynous nke ikpeazụ na vidiyo egwu " Tous les mêmes " na-enyere aka ịchọpụta njirimara nke ha. <ref name=":2"/> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Dork na ọnwa na-esote, ha zoro Paramore, Fall Out Boy, Stromae, na My Chemical Romance maka "nnukwu egwu egwu ha, egwu na-adọrọ adọrọ ma na-enwekarị mwute, na akụkụ ụbọ akwara". <ref name=":0"/> == Ihe ngosi == '''EPs''' * ''N'ime anụ ahụ'' (2023) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Spotify – Nxdia - Discography|url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/0Dkj3iE06TJGxGIrGCmwVf/discography/all|accessdate=11 May 2024|work=Spotify|language=en}}</ref> '''Ndị na-alụbeghị di''' * "Anya na m" (2020) <ref name=":5"/> * "gbawara (dị ka afụ)" (2020) <ref name=":5" /> * "Gaa n'etiti ya" (2021) <ref name=":5" /> * "Oh" (2021) <ref name=":5" /> * "Gịnị ka ọ dị" (2023) <ref name=":5" /> * "Dopamine" (2023 <ref name=":5" /> * "IDC" (2023) <ref name=":5" /> * "Nwa nwoke masịrị ya" (2024) <ref name=":5" /> * "Ahụ Jennifer" (2024) <ref name=":5" /> == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hjibaj9nfoqafwv68t7a5mqomzhpl16 0 45988 675018 671113 2026-07-10T09:54:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 675018 wikitext text/x-wiki John Lysaght Moore (28 Maachị 1897 - 8 Juun 1965) [1] bụ onye na-ese ihe na New Zealand, onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye na-akpa akwa na akwa.  Ọrụ ya dị na nchịkọta nke National Library of New Zealand, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa na Auckland Art Gallery <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Moore, John Lysaght, 1897-1965|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22361578|work=National Library of New Zealand|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findnzartists.org.nz/en/artist/10623/john-lysaght-moore|title=Moore, John Lysaght|work=findnzartists.org.nz|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/1596|title=John Lysaght Moore: Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa|work=collections.tepapa.govt.nz|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=14 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Moore|url=https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/2336/|accessdate=2024-01-13|work=Auckland Art Gallery|language=en|archivedate=2024-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113214813/https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/2336/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A Business Moore na Hāwera na 1897 nye Francis Edward Moore na-enye Sophia Augusta Lysaght .  [1] Nna nna ya bụ Charles Montagu-Scott, 4th Duke of Buccleuch .  [2] Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Admiral Sir Arthur Moore na New Zealand cricketer Henry Moore .  [3] Ọ bụ nwanne nwanne Averil Lysight na Mary Watt <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lysaght, Averil Margaret (Dr), 1905-1981|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22392390|work=National Library of New Zealand|accessdate=13 January 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taranakifoundation.org.nz/our-stories/the-lysaght-watt-fund/|title=The Lysaght-Watt Fund|work=Taranaki Foundation|accessdate=12 January 2024}}</ref> . <ref name=":0" />Moore so nne ya kwaga Wellington, wee gaa Havelock North na Hawke's Bay .  [1] Ọ jere ozi ná mba ofesi na New Zealand Medical Corps n'oge Agha aha Mbụ .  [2] Foto nka na Wellington na DK Richmond na HL Richardson, wee gbanwee na Europe, na-aga Goldsmiths College, London School of Art, na British Academy na Rome site na 1923 ruo 1927 Mgbe ala ọma jijiji nke Hawke's Bay nke 1931 gachara, Moore na onye ọzọ na-ese ihe nke Hawke's Bay nyere nri n'etiti 60 na 70 agba nke mmiri mpaghara ka ree ya na nke ala ọma jijiji.  [1] Mgbe Auckland Society of Arts mere ihe ngosi nke ala mmiri ya na 1935, New Zealand Herald kwuru, sị: "Ọ na-achọpụta ihe okike n'ụdị ọnọdụ ya dị egwu, na ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe ọrụ ya.  na-emeri na agba, akwụkwọ ndụ dị nro, grays. na blues na-ebutekarị, nke na-acha aja aja na-ekpo mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji ya n'ihu <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Art Exhibition|journal=New Zealand Herald|date=20 May 1935|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19350520.2.148}}</ref> <ref name=":0" />Moore ndịra ụlọ na York Bay na Lower Hutt na 1937, mana ọ si Havelock North ruo ruo 1947, mgbe nke ahụ ofufe, ya na nwanne ya egwuregwu Evelyn biri na York Bay. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} r5wex0cdfqd9v6198s1obwjkwb1z83k 0 46163 674505 673602 2026-07-09T12:09:09Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mohammad Omer Khalil''' (amuru 1936) bu onye omenka amuru na Sudan nke bi na [[New York City]] . Amụrụ na mpaghara Khartoum, Khalil mechara mụọ akwụkwọ na School of Fine and Applied Arts, ebe ọ kuziri ihe mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ kwagara Italy ịga Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze ebe ọ gụrụ eserese, mosaics, eserese frescos na etching . Ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na mosaics na Academy of Fine Arts. Khalil laghachiri [[Sudan]] ebe o kuziri ihe nkenke. Ọ kwagara United States of America na 1967. Mgbe ọ kwagara New York City, Khalil ghọrọ ọkachamara na -ebipụta akwụkwọ ma mesịa mepee ụlọ ọrụ ebe ndị ahịa ya gụnyere [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]], Louise Nevelson, na Sean Scully . Ọ malitere nkuzi na Pratt Institute na 1973, nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ọ kụziiri ihe na US. Ọrụ Khalil nwetara ewu ewu, ọkachasị na North America na Europe. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na 1979. Nke a sochiri ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ịga nke ọma na ihe ngosi na Africa, Eshia, Europe, na North America. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammad Omer Khalil na 1936 na mpaghara Burri Almahas nke Khartoum, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( [[Sudan]] nke oge a). Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Khartoum's School of Fine and Applied Arts na 1959 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe Gris Aristomenis Angelopoulos, ọ kụziri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka afọ anọ na-esote. <ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}</ref> <ref name="wandlee">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlu.edu/arts/museums/visit/exhibitions/current-exhibits/mohammad-omer-khalil-musings/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil: Musings|publisher=Washington & Lee University|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}</ref> Khalil kwagara Ịtali ka ọ mụọ ihe osise na mosaics na Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (ABAF) na Florence . Ọ nwere ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ n'ihi ịnata akwụkwọ mmụta n'aka Ministry of Education Sudan. Na ABAF, Kahlil gụrụ ihe osise fresco n'okpuru Primo Conti . Ọ gụkwara klaasị na etching n'okpuru Rodolfo Margheri. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gụrụ mosaics na Academy of Fine Arts na Ravenna na 1966. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="wandlee" /> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}</ref> === Ọrụ === ==== 1960 ruo 1980s ==== Mgbe Kahlil hapụsịrị Ịtali, ọ kụziri nwa oge na Khartoum Technical Institute na Sudan tupu ọ kwaga United States na 1967, wee ghọọ ọkachamara n'ime mbipụta akwụkwọ .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="wandlee">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlu.edu/arts/museums/visit/exhibitions/current-exhibits/mohammad-omer-khalil-musings/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil: Musings|publisher=Washington & Lee University|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.wlu.edu/arts/museums/visit/exhibitions/current-exhibits/mohammad-omer-khalil-musings/ "Mohammad Omer Khalil: Musings"]. Washington & Lee University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrụ Khalil nwetara ewu ewu, akụkụ nke ọrụ nka ọhụrụ nke Africa ruru Europe na North America. <ref name="encyclopedia" />Na 1970, o mepere atelier obibi, ebe ọ malitere ibipụta mbipụta maka ndị nka a ma ama, gụnyere Emma Amos, [[Romare Bearden]], Jim Dine, Al Held, [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]], Louise Nevelson, na Sean Scully . <ref name="wandlee" /> Njem Khalil mere na mba Arab na oge ọ nọrọ na Italy na New York City emetụtala ọrụ ya nke ukwuu. <ref name="moma">{{Cite web|url=https://post.moma.org/author/mohammad-omer-khalil/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=December 6, 2023|archivedate=July 24, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724191205/https://post.moma.org/author/mohammad-omer-khalil/}}</ref> Ọ bụ na Morocco ebe ngosi ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na 1979 na Galerie Basamat na Casablanca . Ihe ngosi solo sochiri nke a na New School na 1981, New York City's Limited Art Editions na 1984. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi otu na El Paso Museum of Art, Texas Tacoma Art Museum, Washington Seventh Norwegian Print Biennial, na African American Museum na Dallas . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 "Mohammad Omer Khalil"]. Aicon Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1985, Khalil kere usoro etchings a na-akpọ ''Homage to Miro'', nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Joan Miró maka nka omenala. <ref name="jai">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jai-pur.com/etcetera_post/mohammad-omer-khalil/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil Makes a Strong Statement at Aicon Gallery|work=J’AIPUR Journal|date=2019|accessdate=December 7, 2023|author=Miller, Autumn}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ ọ sonyeere na ihe ngosi otu na International Triennial of Original Graphic Prints na Grenchen, [[Switzerland]], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Toledo na [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]], na Columbia Museum of Art na [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]] . N'ime afọ iri fọdụrụnụ, e gosiri ọrụ Khalil na [[Israel]], Iraq, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], na [[Norway]] . Ihe ngosi Solo n'oge a gụnyere ndị dị na Alif Gallery na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Eleini Gallery na [[London]], na Bronx Museum of Arts na New York City. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 "Mohammad Omer Khalil"]. Aicon Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Khalil bụ onye na-akwado egwu Bob Dylan na n'afọ 1986, o mepụtara usoro etchings nke nwere akụkụ asaa nwere mbipụta aquatint sitere na egwu Dylan .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> N'ịkọwa mkpali maka iberibe ndị a, Khalil kwuru "M na-ege Dylan ntị kwa ụbọchị ... n'oge ndụ m [mgbe] enwere mmetụta ọmịiko na mwute na iwe na ndụ Dylan na egwu." <ref name="smithsonian">{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/brave/khalil.html|title=Tangled Up in Blue|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=December 7, 2023|archivedate=July 28, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728115725/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/brave/khalil.html}}</ref> Otu n'ime mbipụta ndị a, ''Tangled Up in Blue'', mechara zụta ya site na [[National Museum of African Art]] na Washington, DC <ref name="smithsonian" /> Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Dylan, ha na-egosi ihe nkiri na Sudan, gụnyere otu n'ime Suakin. Usoro ọzọ na 1989-1990 sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Petra . N'ịzaghachi na etchings ndị a, [[Sylvia Williams]] dere, sị: "Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere ọgba ndị ahụ, [Khalil] kwuru na ọ chọrọ ịkọwa ihe omimi na ihe mgbagwoju anya nke na-atụ aro ma mmadụ na-ele anya n'ọchịchịrị ma ọ bụ na-ele anya n'ìhè. Kahlil na-ekwukarị banyere ìhè na ọchịchịrị. dị ka usoro mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ọ chọrọ ijide. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> ==== Kemgbe 1990s ==== N'ime 1990s, e gosipụtara ọrụ Khalil na ihe ngosi otu na International Monetary Fund Center na Washington, DC, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art na New York na Osaka Triennial of Prints na Osaka, bụ ebe ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 "Mohammad Omer Khalil"]. Aicon Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ngosi Solo gụnyere ndị na Alif Gallery, Galerie Teinturerie na Institut du Monde Arabe na Paris, na Al-Wasiti Gallery na Amman . <ref name="bio" /> Otu nnukwu ihe ngosi mere na 1994-1995 na National Museum of African Art ebe e gosipụtara ọrụ Khalil, ihe ọkpụkpụ nke [[Amir Nour]], na "akwụkwọ nka" nke [[Atta Kwami]] dere. N'ịkọwa ọrụ Khalil na ''The Washington Post'', onye nta akụkọ dere ụdị nkà nke Khalil "na-anabatakwa America Bob Dylan na Jordan mebiri Petra." N'ịde na ''Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art'', Robert Condon kwuru na ọrụ Khalil na Nour "na-agbagha echiche niile a ghọtara nke ihe abstraction pụtara" ma kwuo na Khalil na-eji foto na etchings ya na-enye ọdịdị nke eserese. <ref name="nka">{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422439/pdf|title=Amir Nour and Mohammad Omer Khalil|author=Condon, Robert|journal=Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art|year=1995|issue=2|pages=58–61}}</ref> Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ onye na-ede uri Arabic a ma ama bụ Adunis, na 1999 Khalil kere usoro ''Harlem'', nke gosipụtara etchings nke abụ. Ọ meriri ihe nrite mbụ na mbipụta akwụkwọ na 2001 na 2003 na National Academy of Design, na na 2003 na International Bienneal na Cairo .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> E gosipụtara ihe ngosi ndị otu ya n'oge 2000 na Skoto Gallery na New York City, Institute du Monde Arabe na Paris, Kunsthalle Darmstadt na Darmstadt, British Museum na London, Arab American National Museum na [[Michigan]], Albareh Art Gallery na Bahrain, na Virginia Commonwealth University na Qatar . <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 "Mohammad Omer Khalil"]. Aicon Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ya na 2000s mere na Rochan Gallery na Jeddah, Skoto Gallery, Hassan II Center for International Encounters na Asilah, na Albareh Art Gallery. Nke a sochiri ihe ngosi otu na 2010 na Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art na Doha, na ihe ngosi solo na Albareh Art Gallery, Meem Gallery na Dubai, na Aicon Gallery na New York City n'oge 2010s. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ 2010s na mmalite 2020s, ụmụ akwụkwọ si Mahadum Fisk weghachiri eserese iri na otu, gụnyere ''Inno'' nke Khalil. Ọrụ ndị a bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi njem, ''African Modernism in America'', nke a na-eme n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị iche iche na United States. <ref name="fisk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/arts/2023/05/24/fisk-university-students-gain-new-appreciation-for-art/70080521007/|title=isk University traveling art exhibit brings students to African modernism|work=The Tennessean|date=May 24, 2023|accessdate=December 7, 2023|author=Shoup, Craig|pages=A1}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na-anọchite anya ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere [[Skunder Boghossian]], [[Ibrahim El-Salahi]], [[Mohamed Melehi]], [[Aimé Mpane]], [[Pilipili Mulongoy]], na [[Suzanna Ogunjami]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref name="phillips">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/press/phillips-collection-presents-african-modernism-america-1947-67|title=The Phillips Collection Presents African Modernism in America 1947-67|publisher=The Phillips Collection|accessdate=December 7, 2023|archivedate=October 1, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001161123/https://www.phillipscollection.org/press/phillips-collection-presents-african-modernism-america-1947-67}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == <gallery mode="packed" heights="250px"> | ''Inno''(1966) | ''La Chiesa''(1966) </gallery> == Hụkwa == * [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|Nkà Africa na mkpokọta Western]] * Nkà Afrika nke oge a * Ndepụta ndị nka Sudan * Nkà ihe nkiri nke Sudan == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Laghachi na Bipụta.] [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Mohammad Omer Khalil.] [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Ndị na-ese ihe Sudan na-ekwu maka njem ya.] , Ajụjụ ọnụ vidiyo na Aicon Gallery [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oh4d4u9hdhz3nyadkq6qaoybqf5cgep 674511 674505 2026-07-09T12:13:45Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mohammad Omer Khalil''' (amuru 1936) bu onye omenka amuru na Sudan nke bi na [[New York City]] . Amụrụ na mpaghara Khartoum, Khalil mechara mụọ akwụkwọ na School of Fine and Applied Arts, ebe ọ kuziri ihe mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ kwagara Italy ịga Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze ebe ọ gụrụ eserese, mosaics, eserese frescos na etching . Ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na mosaics na Academy of Fine Arts. Khalil laghachiri [[Sudan]] ebe o kuziri ihe nkenke. Ọ kwagara United States of America na 1967. Mgbe ọ kwagara New York City, Khalil ghọrọ ọkachamara na -ebipụta akwụkwọ ma mesịa mepee ụlọ ọrụ ebe ndị ahịa ya gụnyere [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]], Louise Nevelson, na Sean Scully . Ọ malitere nkuzi na Pratt Institute na 1973, nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ọ kụziiri ihe na US. Ọrụ Khalil nwetara ewu ewu, ọkachasị na North America na Europe. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na 1979. Nke a sochiri ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ịga nke ọma na ihe ngosi na Africa, Eshia, Europe, na North America. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammad Omer Khalil na 1936 na mpaghara Burri Almahas nke Khartoum, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( [[Sudan]] nke oge a). Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Khartoum's School of Fine and Applied Arts na 1959 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe Gris Aristomenis Angelopoulos, ọ kụziri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka afọ anọ na-esote. <ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}</ref> <ref name="wandlee">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlu.edu/arts/museums/visit/exhibitions/current-exhibits/mohammad-omer-khalil-musings/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil: Musings|publisher=Washington & Lee University|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}</ref> Khalil kwagara Ịtali ka ọ mụọ ihe osise na mosaics na Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (ABAF) na Florence . Ọ nwere ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ n'ihi ịnata akwụkwọ mmụta n'aka Ministry of Education Sudan. Na ABAF, Kahlil gụrụ ihe osise fresco n'okpuru Primo Conti . Ọ gụkwara klaasị na etching n'okpuru Rodolfo Margheri. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gụrụ mosaics na Academy of Fine Arts na Ravenna na 1966. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="wandlee" /> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}</ref> === Ọrụ === ==== 1960 ruo 1980s ==== Mgbe Kahlil hapụsịrị Ịtali, ọ kụziri nwa oge na Khartoum Technical Institute na Sudan tupu ọ kwaga United States na 1967, wee ghọọ ọkachamara n'ime mbipụta akwụkwọ .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="wandlee" /> Ọrụ Khalil nwetara ewu ewu, akụkụ nke ọrụ nka ọhụrụ nke Africa ruru Europe na North America. <ref name="encyclopedia" />Na 1970, o mepere atelier obibi, ebe ọ malitere ibipụta mbipụta maka ndị nka a ma ama, gụnyere Emma Amos, [[Romare Bearden]], Jim Dine, Al Held, [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]], Louise Nevelson, na Sean Scully . <ref name="wandlee" /> Njem Khalil mere na mba Arab na oge ọ nọrọ na Italy na New York City emetụtala ọrụ ya nke ukwuu. <ref name="moma">{{Cite web|url=https://post.moma.org/author/mohammad-omer-khalil/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=December 6, 2023|archivedate=July 24, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724191205/https://post.moma.org/author/mohammad-omer-khalil/}}</ref> Ọ bụ na Morocco ebe ngosi ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na 1979 na Galerie Basamat na Casablanca . Ihe ngosi solo sochiri nke a na New School na 1981, New York City's Limited Art Editions na 1984. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi otu na El Paso Museum of Art, Texas Tacoma Art Museum, Washington Seventh Norwegian Print Biennial, na African American Museum na Dallas . <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 "Mohammad Omer Khalil"]. Aicon Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1985, Khalil kere usoro etchings a na-akpọ ''Homage to Miro'', nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Joan Miró maka nka omenala. <ref name="jai">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jai-pur.com/etcetera_post/mohammad-omer-khalil/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil Makes a Strong Statement at Aicon Gallery|work=J’AIPUR Journal|date=2019|accessdate=December 7, 2023|author=Miller, Autumn}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ ọ sonyeere na ihe ngosi otu na International Triennial of Original Graphic Prints na Grenchen, [[Switzerland]], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Toledo na [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]], na Columbia Museum of Art na [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]] . N'ime afọ iri fọdụrụnụ, e gosiri ọrụ Khalil na [[Israel]], Iraq, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], na [[Norway]] . Ihe ngosi Solo n'oge a gụnyere ndị dị na Alif Gallery na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Eleini Gallery na [[London]], na Bronx Museum of Arts na New York City. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 "Mohammad Omer Khalil"]. Aicon Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Khalil bụ onye na-akwado egwu Bob Dylan na n'afọ 1986, o mepụtara usoro etchings nke nwere akụkụ asaa nwere mbipụta aquatint sitere na egwu Dylan .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> N'ịkọwa mkpali maka iberibe ndị a, Khalil kwuru "M na-ege Dylan ntị kwa ụbọchị ... n'oge ndụ m [mgbe] enwere mmetụta ọmịiko na mwute na iwe na ndụ Dylan na egwu." <ref name="smithsonian">{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/brave/khalil.html|title=Tangled Up in Blue|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=December 7, 2023|archivedate=July 28, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728115725/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/brave/khalil.html}}</ref> Otu n'ime mbipụta ndị a, ''Tangled Up in Blue'', mechara zụta ya site na [[National Museum of African Art]] na Washington, DC <ref name="smithsonian" /> Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Dylan, ha na-egosi ihe nkiri na Sudan, gụnyere otu n'ime Suakin. Usoro ọzọ na 1989-1990 sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Petra . N'ịzaghachi na etchings ndị a, [[Sylvia Williams]] dere, sị: "Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere ọgba ndị ahụ, [Khalil] kwuru na ọ chọrọ ịkọwa ihe omimi na ihe mgbagwoju anya nke na-atụ aro ma mmadụ na-ele anya n'ọchịchịrị ma ọ bụ na-ele anya n'ìhè. Kahlil na-ekwukarị banyere ìhè na ọchịchịrị. dị ka usoro mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ọ chọrọ ijide. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> ==== Kemgbe 1990s ==== N'ime 1990s, e gosipụtara ọrụ Khalil na ihe ngosi otu na International Monetary Fund Center na Washington, DC, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art na New York na Osaka Triennial of Prints na Osaka, bụ ebe ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 "Mohammad Omer Khalil"]. Aicon Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ngosi Solo gụnyere ndị na Alif Gallery, Galerie Teinturerie na Institut du Monde Arabe na Paris, na Al-Wasiti Gallery na Amman . <ref name="bio" /> Otu nnukwu ihe ngosi mere na 1994-1995 na National Museum of African Art ebe e gosipụtara ọrụ Khalil, ihe ọkpụkpụ nke [[Amir Nour]], na "akwụkwọ nka" nke [[Atta Kwami]] dere. N'ịkọwa ọrụ Khalil na ''The Washington Post'', onye nta akụkọ dere ụdị nkà nke Khalil "na-anabatakwa America Bob Dylan na Jordan mebiri Petra." N'ịde na ''Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art'', Robert Condon kwuru na ọrụ Khalil na Nour "na-agbagha echiche niile a ghọtara nke ihe abstraction pụtara" ma kwuo na Khalil na-eji foto na etchings ya na-enye ọdịdị nke eserese. <ref name="nka">{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422439/pdf|title=Amir Nour and Mohammad Omer Khalil|author=Condon, Robert|journal=Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art|year=1995|issue=2|pages=58–61}}</ref> Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ onye na-ede uri Arabic a ma ama bụ Adunis, na 1999 Khalil kere usoro ''Harlem'', nke gosipụtara etchings nke abụ. Ọ meriri ihe nrite mbụ na mbipụta akwụkwọ na 2001 na 2003 na National Academy of Design, na na 2003 na International Bienneal na Cairo .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> E gosipụtara ihe ngosi ndị otu ya n'oge 2000 na Skoto Gallery na New York City, Institute du Monde Arabe na Paris, Kunsthalle Darmstadt na Darmstadt, British Museum na London, Arab American National Museum na [[Michigan]], Albareh Art Gallery na Bahrain, na Virginia Commonwealth University na Qatar . <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 "Mohammad Omer Khalil"]. Aicon Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ya na 2000s mere na Rochan Gallery na Jeddah, Skoto Gallery, Hassan II Center for International Encounters na Asilah, na Albareh Art Gallery. Nke a sochiri ihe ngosi otu na 2010 na Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art na Doha, na ihe ngosi solo na Albareh Art Gallery, Meem Gallery na Dubai, na Aicon Gallery na New York City n'oge 2010s. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ 2010s na mmalite 2020s, ụmụ akwụkwọ si Mahadum Fisk weghachiri eserese iri na otu, gụnyere ''Inno'' nke Khalil. Ọrụ ndị a bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi njem, ''African Modernism in America'', nke a na-eme n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị iche iche na United States. <ref name="fisk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/arts/2023/05/24/fisk-university-students-gain-new-appreciation-for-art/70080521007/|title=isk University traveling art exhibit brings students to African modernism|work=The Tennessean|date=May 24, 2023|accessdate=December 7, 2023|author=Shoup, Craig|pages=A1}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na-anọchite anya ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere [[Skunder Boghossian]], [[Ibrahim El-Salahi]], [[Mohamed Melehi]], [[Aimé Mpane]], [[Pilipili Mulongoy]], na [[Suzanna Ogunjami]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref name="phillips">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/press/phillips-collection-presents-african-modernism-america-1947-67|title=The Phillips Collection Presents African Modernism in America 1947-67|publisher=The Phillips Collection|accessdate=December 7, 2023|archivedate=October 1, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001161123/https://www.phillipscollection.org/press/phillips-collection-presents-african-modernism-america-1947-67}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == <gallery mode="packed" heights="250px"> | ''Inno''(1966) | ''La Chiesa''(1966) </gallery> == Hụkwa == * [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|Nkà Africa na mkpokọta Western]] * Nkà Afrika nke oge a * Ndepụta ndị nka Sudan * Nkà ihe nkiri nke Sudan == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Laghachi na Bipụta.] [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Mohammad Omer Khalil.] [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Ndị na-ese ihe Sudan na-ekwu maka njem ya.] , Ajụjụ ọnụ vidiyo na Aicon Gallery [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fjj8ju25kekdzcw0evo3rfmle5vch9y 674536 674511 2026-07-09T12:58:41Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Mohammad Omer Khalil''' (amuru 1936) bu onye omenka amuru na Sudan nke bi na [[New York City]] . Amụrụ na mpaghara Khartoum, Khalil mechara mụọ akwụkwọ na School of Fine and Applied Arts, ebe ọ kuziri ihe mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ kwagara Italy ịga Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze ebe ọ gụrụ eserese, mosaics, eserese frescos na etching . Ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na mosaics na Academy of Fine Arts. Khalil laghachiri [[Sudan]] ebe o kuziri ihe nkenke. Ọ kwagara United States of America na 1967. Mgbe ọ kwagara New York City, Khalil ghọrọ ọkachamara na -ebipụta akwụkwọ ma mesịa mepee ụlọ ọrụ ebe ndị ahịa ya gụnyere [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]], Louise Nevelson, na Sean Scully . Ọ malitere nkuzi na Pratt Institute na 1973, nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ọ kụziiri ihe na US. Ọrụ Khalil nwetara ewu ewu, ọkachasị na North America na Europe. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na 1979. Nke a sochiri ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ịga nke ọma na ihe ngosi na Africa, Eshia, Europe, na North America. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Mohammad Omer Khalil na 1936 na mpaghara Burri Almahas nke Khartoum, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( [[Sudan]] nke oge a). Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Khartoum's School of Fine and Applied Arts na 1959 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe Gris Aristomenis Angelopoulos, ọ kụziri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka afọ anọ na-esote. <ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}</ref> <ref name="wandlee">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlu.edu/arts/museums/visit/exhibitions/current-exhibits/mohammad-omer-khalil-musings/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil: Musings|publisher=Washington & Lee University|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}</ref> Khalil kwagara Ịtali ka ọ mụọ ihe osise na mosaics na Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (ABAF) na Florence . Ọ nwere ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ n'ihi ịnata akwụkwọ mmụta n'aka Ministry of Education Sudan. Na ABAF, Kahlil gụrụ ihe osise fresco n'okpuru Primo Conti . Ọ gụkwara klaasị na etching n'okpuru Rodolfo Margheri. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gụrụ mosaics na Academy of Fine Arts na Ravenna na 1966. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="wandlee" /> <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}</ref> === Ọrụ === ==== 1960 ruo 1980s ==== Mgbe Kahlil hapụsịrị Ịtali, ọ kụziri nwa oge na Khartoum Technical Institute na Sudan tupu ọ kwaga United States na 1967, wee ghọọ ọkachamara n'ime mbipụta akwụkwọ .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="wandlee" /> Ọrụ Khalil nwetara ewu ewu, akụkụ nke ọrụ nka ọhụrụ nke Africa ruru Europe na North America. <ref name="encyclopedia" />Na 1970, o mepere atelier obibi, ebe ọ malitere ibipụta mbipụta maka ndị nka a ma ama, gụnyere Emma Amos, [[Romare Bearden]], Jim Dine, Al Held, [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]], Louise Nevelson, na Sean Scully . <ref name="wandlee" /> Njem Khalil mere na mba Arab na oge ọ nọrọ na Italy na New York City emetụtala ọrụ ya nke ukwuu. <ref name="moma">{{Cite web|url=https://post.moma.org/author/mohammad-omer-khalil/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=December 6, 2023|archivedate=July 24, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724191205/https://post.moma.org/author/mohammad-omer-khalil/}}</ref> Ọ bụ na Morocco ebe ngosi ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na 1979 na Galerie Basamat na Casablanca . Ihe ngosi solo sochiri nke a na New School na 1981, New York City's Limited Art Editions na 1984. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi otu na El Paso Museum of Art, Texas Tacoma Art Museum, Washington Seventh Norwegian Print Biennial, na African American Museum na Dallas . <ref name="bio" /> Na 1985, Khalil kere usoro etchings a na-akpọ ''Homage to Miro'', nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Joan Miró maka nka omenala. <ref name="jai">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jai-pur.com/etcetera_post/mohammad-omer-khalil/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil Makes a Strong Statement at Aicon Gallery|work=J’AIPUR Journal|date=2019|accessdate=December 7, 2023|author=Miller, Autumn}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ ọ sonyeere na ihe ngosi otu na International Triennial of Original Graphic Prints na Grenchen, [[Switzerland]], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Toledo na [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]], na Columbia Museum of Art na [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]] . N'ime afọ iri fọdụrụnụ, e gosiri ọrụ Khalil na [[Israel]], Iraq, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], na [[Norway]] . Ihe ngosi Solo n'oge a gụnyere ndị dị na Alif Gallery na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Eleini Gallery na [[London]], na Bronx Museum of Arts na New York City.<ref name="bio" /> Khalil bụ onye na-akwado egwu Bob Dylan na n'afọ 1986, o mepụtara usoro etchings nke nwere akụkụ asaa nwere mbipụta aquatint sitere na egwu Dylan .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> N'ịkọwa mkpali maka iberibe ndị a, Khalil kwuru "M na-ege Dylan ntị kwa ụbọchị ... n'oge ndụ m [mgbe] enwere mmetụta ọmịiko na mwute na iwe na ndụ Dylan na egwu." <ref name="smithsonian">{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/brave/khalil.html|title=Tangled Up in Blue|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=December 7, 2023|archivedate=July 28, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728115725/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/brave/khalil.html}}</ref> Otu n'ime mbipụta ndị a, ''Tangled Up in Blue'', mechara zụta ya site na [[National Museum of African Art]] na Washington, DC <ref name="smithsonian" /> Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Dylan, ha na-egosi ihe nkiri na Sudan, gụnyere otu n'ime Suakin. Usoro ọzọ na 1989-1990 sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Petra . N'ịzaghachi na etchings ndị a, [[Sylvia Williams]] dere, sị: "Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere ọgba ndị ahụ, [Khalil] kwuru na ọ chọrọ ịkọwa ihe omimi na ihe mgbagwoju anya nke na-atụ aro ma mmadụ na-ele anya n'ọchịchịrị ma ọ bụ na-ele anya n'ìhè. Kahlil na-ekwukarị banyere ìhè na ọchịchịrị. dị ka usoro mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ọ chọrọ ijide. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> ==== Kemgbe 1990s ==== N'ime 1990s, e gosipụtara ọrụ Khalil na ihe ngosi otu na International Monetary Fund Center na Washington, DC, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art na New York na Osaka Triennial of Prints na Osaka, bụ ebe ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla. <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="bio" /> Ihe ngosi Solo gụnyere ndị na Alif Gallery, Galerie Teinturerie na Institut du Monde Arabe na Paris, na Al-Wasiti Gallery na Amman . <ref name="bio" /> Otu nnukwu ihe ngosi mere na 1994-1995 na National Museum of African Art ebe e gosipụtara ọrụ Khalil, ihe ọkpụkpụ nke [[Amir Nour]], na "akwụkwọ nka" nke [[Atta Kwami]] dere. N'ịkọwa ọrụ Khalil na ''The Washington Post'', onye nta akụkọ dere ụdị nkà nke Khalil "na-anabatakwa America Bob Dylan na Jordan mebiri Petra." N'ịde na ''Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art'', Robert Condon kwuru na ọrụ Khalil na Nour "na-agbagha echiche niile a ghọtara nke ihe abstraction pụtara" ma kwuo na Khalil na-eji foto na etchings ya na-enye ọdịdị nke eserese. <ref name="nka">{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422439/pdf|title=Amir Nour and Mohammad Omer Khalil|author=Condon, Robert|journal=Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art|year=1995|issue=2|pages=58–61}}</ref> Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ onye na-ede uri Arabic a ma ama bụ Adunis, na 1999 Khalil kere usoro ''Harlem'', nke gosipụtara etchings nke abụ. Ọ meriri ihe nrite mbụ na mbipụta akwụkwọ na 2001 na 2003 na National Academy of Design, na na 2003 na International Bienneal na Cairo .<ref name="encyclopedia" /> E gosipụtara ihe ngosi ndị otu ya n'oge 2000 na Skoto Gallery na New York City, Institute du Monde Arabe na Paris, Kunsthalle Darmstadt na Darmstadt, British Museum na London, Arab American National Museum na [[Michigan]], Albareh Art Gallery na Bahrain, na Virginia Commonwealth University na Qatar . <ref name="encyclopedia" /> <ref name="bio" /> Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ya na 2000s mere na Rochan Gallery na Jeddah, Skoto Gallery, Hassan II Center for International Encounters na Asilah, na Albareh Art Gallery. Nke a sochiri ihe ngosi otu na 2010 na Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art na Doha, na ihe ngosi solo na Albareh Art Gallery, Meem Gallery na Dubai, na Aicon Gallery na New York City n'oge 2010s.<ref name="bio" /> N'ọgwụgwụ 2010s na mmalite 2020s, ụmụ akwụkwọ si Mahadum Fisk weghachiri eserese iri na otu, gụnyere ''Inno'' nke Khalil. Ọrụ ndị a bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi njem, ''African Modernism in America'', nke a na-eme n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị iche iche na United States. <ref name="fisk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/arts/2023/05/24/fisk-university-students-gain-new-appreciation-for-art/70080521007/|title=isk University traveling art exhibit brings students to African modernism|work=The Tennessean|date=May 24, 2023|accessdate=December 7, 2023|author=Shoup, Craig|pages=A1}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na-anọchite anya ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere [[Skunder Boghossian]], [[Ibrahim El-Salahi]], [[Mohamed Melehi]], [[Aimé Mpane]], [[Pilipili Mulongoy]], na [[Suzanna Ogunjami]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref name="phillips">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/press/phillips-collection-presents-african-modernism-america-1947-67|title=The Phillips Collection Presents African Modernism in America 1947-67|publisher=The Phillips Collection|accessdate=December 7, 2023|archivedate=October 1, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001161123/https://www.phillipscollection.org/press/phillips-collection-presents-african-modernism-america-1947-67}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == <gallery mode="packed" heights="250px"> | ''Inno''(1966) | ''La Chiesa''(1966) </gallery> == Hụkwa == * [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|Nkà Africa na mkpokọta Western]] * Nkà Afrika nke oge a * Ndepụta ndị nka Sudan * Nkà ihe nkiri nke Sudan == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Laghachi na Bipụta.] [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Mohammad Omer Khalil.] [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Ndị na-ese ihe Sudan na-ekwu maka njem ya.] , Ajụjụ ọnụ vidiyo na Aicon Gallery [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lzw92z7gpoou8bnxp10yycws07i9kc8 0 46496 674526 207773 2026-07-09T12:34:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''''Gofu''''' bụ akwụkwọ egwu egwu South Africa, nke edere, sere na onwe ya nke Deon de Lange bipụtara na 2013. <ref name="Fortress of Solitude">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fortressofsolitude.co.za/2013/10/interview-deon-de-lange-comic-book-story/ |title=Interview: Deon de Lange - A comic book story |accessdate=2024-06-02 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032003/http://www.fortressofsolitude.co.za/2013/10/interview-deon-de-lange-comic-book-story/ }}</ref> <ref name="Comix.co.za">{{Cite web|url=http://www.comix.co.za/deon-de-lange/|title=Comix.co.za|accessdate=2014-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905220339/http://www.comix.co.za/deon-de-lange/|archivedate=2014-09-05}}</ref> Ọ bụ akwụkwọ egwu mbụ Deon de Lange wee malite na Open Book Comics Fest 2013 na Cape Town. <ref name="Fortress of Solitude" /> Emebekwara ''Gofu'' na Four Shots, ihe ngosi egwu egwu Durban, ebe onye odee kwuputara na aha ahụ ga-abụ mbipụta obere usoro. <ref name="Fortress of exhibition at the Solitude">{{Cite web |url=http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/berea/berea-news-entertainment?oid=7863762&sn=Detail&pid=4197152&Comic-exhibition-at-the-Collective |title=Comic exhibition at the Collective |accessdate=2024-06-02 |archivedate=2013-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019073015/http://www.looklocal.co.za/looklocal/content/en/berea/berea-news-entertainment?oid=7863762&sn=Detail&pid=4197152&Comic-exhibition-at-the-Collective }}</ref> Ọ bụ akwụkwọ ọchị ojii dị mkpụmkpụ na nke ọcha fantasy, nke egosipụtara n'ụzọ zuru oke ma bipụta ya nke ọma na nnukwu usoro ihe nkiri Europe . <ref name="KZN Litrerary Tourism article">[http://www.literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=616:comic-book-from-kzn-gofu&catid=1:latest-news KZN Litrerary Tourism article]</ref> Ewepụtara ''Gofu'' Nkebi abụọ n'ụbọchị akwụkwọ ọchị ọchị efu 2014. <ref name="Techsmart Magazine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.techsmart.co.za/news/Must-read-current-SA-comic-books.html|title=News: Must read current SA comic books|accessdate=2024-06-02|archivedate=2024-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602203003/http://www.techsmart.co.za/news/Must-read-current-SA-comic-books.html}}</ref> Velocity Graphic Anthology #4, nke ga-amalite na San Diego Comic-Con International 2014, na-egosipụta Gofu Part 1 na agba zuru oke. <ref name="Velocity Graphic Anthology 4 Is Out - And Heading For San Diego Comic-Con">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brainwavez.org/books/features/2014/20140718001-01.html|title=Velocity Graphic Anthology 4 is Out - and Heading for San Diego Comic-Con|date=18 July 2014}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ''Gofu'' bụkwa otu n'ime akwụkwọ indy South Africa nke a ga-enye n'efu na ngalaba Velocity panel, "The Pursuit of the Southern Hemisphere comic Industry". <ref name="Gaining Velocity heads back to San Diego International Comic Convention">{{Cite web|url=http://www.melbournecomics.com/2014/07/18/gaining-velocity-heads-back-to-san-diego-international-comic-convention/|title=Gaining Velocity heads back to San Diego International Comic Convention &#124; Melbourne Comics|accessdate=2014-07-20|archivedate=2014-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729012946/http://www.melbournecomics.com/2014/07/18/gaining-velocity-heads-back-to-san-diego-international-comic-convention/}}</ref> == Akụkọ == Akụkọ efu gbasara behemoth dị nro bụ onye naanị ya na enyi ya Tatsu ga-agbanarị mbibi, wee chọọ ebe obibi ọhụrụ na ụwa amabeghị. == Hụkwa ==   * Ihe ọchị South Africa * Ndepụta akwụkwọ ọchị == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.deondelange.com/ Webụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [http://openbookfestival.co.za/comics/ Mepee akwụkwọ ihe ọchị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032003/http://www.fortressofsolitude.co.za/2013/10/interview-deon-de-lange-comic-book-story/ Ajụjụ ọnụ: Deon de Lange - Akụkọ akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị] == Ntụaka == malite na Open Book Comics Fest 2013 na Cape Town. Emebekwara Gofu na Four Shots, ihe ngosi egwu egwu Durban, ebe{{Reflist}} 8mbdak4eo7rvvph2oesuyhhfa8djdjx 0 46522 674635 629125 2026-07-09T18:07:49Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Deng Pufang 01.png|thumb|Deng Pufang]] '''Deng Pufang''' ( Amuru ya na 16 April 1944) o bu Chinese politician, o bu nwa mbu nke onye isi n'obodo China aha ya bu Deng Xiaoping. Amara ya dika onye mee ruru ahu mgbe ana eme cultural Revolution n'aka Red Guards ma burukwa paraplegic. Nke mgbe ahu o were onwe ya nye maka nkwalite right ndi nwere nkwaru. .<ref name="Tenb">{{Cite book|title=My path leads to Tibet: the inspiring story of the blind woman who brought hope to the blind children of Tibet|publisher=W W Norton|isbn=9781611458893|author=Sabriye Tenberken|date=2013}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Deng Pufang na Deng Xiaoping <ref name=":05">{{Cite book|author=Lampton|first=David M.|title=Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War|date=2024|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8|location=Lanham, MD|pages=153|authorlink=David M. Lampton}}</ref> na Zhuo Lin, nwunye ya nke atọ, na Zuoquan, Jinzhong, Shanxi. == Mgbanwe Ọdịbendị == N'oge mgbanwe ọdịnala, Mao Zedong lekwasịrị Deng Xiaoping na ezinụlọ ya anya. A na-akpọ ya Onye na-eme njem n'ụzọ. N'otu oge, a manyere ya ikpere n'ala na aka ya gbatịrị n'azụ ya na n'elu isi ya. Ezinụlọ ya nọ na-ele ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ manyere ya ikwupụta ụzọ iche echiche onye isi obodo. Ndị Red Guards nke Mao tụbara Deng Pufang mkpọrọ. A tara ya ahụhụ ma tụpụ ya na windo nke ụlọ nwere okpukpu atọ na Mahadum Peking na 1968, mana ụfọdụ isi mmalite [onye?] kwuru na ọ nwere ike ịda ma ọ bụ wụpụ onwe ya na wụpụ.<ref name="Tenb" /> <code></code><ref>{{Cite book|title=Integration: myth or reality?|year=1989|publisher=Falmer Press|location=New York|isbn=9781850006145|edition=1|editor=Len Barton}} International Conference on Disability, Handicap and Policy at Bristol Polytechnic, England, July 1988</ref>  Ọkpụkpụ azụ ya gbajiri agbaji, a kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ, mana ekweghị ka a nabata ya. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ọ rutere ụlọ ọgwụ ọzọ, ọ kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ.[3] Ọ ka bụ onye nwere nkwarụ, na-eji oche nkwagharị.[1][2]<ref name="Tenb" /> Banyere echiche ya banyere Mgbanwe Ọdịbendị, Deng Pufang kwuru n'otu oge, "Ọgbọ nke Mgbanwe Ọchịbendị abụghị n'ụzọ ọ bụla ọgbọ furu efu, dị ka a na-ekwukarị. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ. Ndị niile gafere ule ahụ emeela ka ha sie ike. Ndị a na-eche ọtụtụ ihe, ma nwee echiche nke ha. Ha siri ike na nkwenye ha, ma gosipụta ihe mbụ. Ụzọ m si eche echiche ọgbọ a na-anọchite anya kaadị dị egwu maka China na mgbanwe ha amalitela". <ref>''Libération'', 2 September 1985.</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pufang, Deng}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 82rzuaqnso3tgwnuulty3y9m27pcx3h 0 46704 674573 540461 2026-07-09T15:11:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Hannah Black''' bụ [[Nkà na ụzụ|onye na-ese ihe nkiri]] Britain, onye nkatọ na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọrụ ya gụnyere vidiyo, ederede na arụmọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thekitchen.org/event/a-night-with-the-new-inquiry|title=A night with The New Inquiry|work=The Kitchen|accessdate=April 19, 2017|archivedate=April 20, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420143545/http://thekitchen.org/event/a-night-with-the-new-inquiry}}<br /><br />- {{Cite web|url=http://www.aqnb.com/2014/06/26/an-interview-with-hannah-black/|title=An interview with Hannah Black|date=June 26, 2014|work=AQNB|author=Eva Folks|accessdate=March 11, 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Black na 1981 na Manchester, England. Ọ nọ ugbu a na New York City, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nọbu na Berlin na London. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Hurr|first=Hannah|title=Interview with Artist and Writer Hannah Black|journal=Mask|date=May 2015|issue=16|url=http://www.maskmagazine.com/the-madness-issue|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na King's College, Cambridge, na-enweta akara ugo mmụta BA na akwụkwọ Bekee na 2003, na ibipụta akụkọ ifo na ''The May Anthologies 2003'', nke Ali Smith deziri. <ref>Ali Smith (ed.), ''Mays 2003: The May Anthologies'' (Cambridge: Varsity Publishing, 2003), p.45-55.</ref> Na 2013, Black nwetara Masters of Fine Arts na nka nka site na Goldsmiths College, Mahadum London . <ref name="GU">{{Cite web|title=Contemporary Art Talks: Hannah Black|url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/calendar/?id=10116|publisher=Goldsmith University|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu, Black bi na [[New York City]] site na 2013-2014 ebe ọ bụ onye sonyere na studio nke Whitney Independent Study Programme . <ref name="GU"/> Dị ka [[Hatty Nestor]] na ''Art na America'' si kwuo, "omume Hannah Black na-emekọ ihe bụ isi nke okwu gbasara ikekete ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ, echiche nwanyị, ahụ na oghere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nchịkwa." <ref name="art">{{Cite journal|date=January 27, 2016|title=Hannah Black|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/hannah-black/|author=Nestor|first=Hatty|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref> Ụlọ ihe ngosi London [https://arcadiamissa.com/ Arcadia Missa] na-anọchi anya ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arcadiamissa.com/hannah-black/|title=Hannah Black|publisher=Arcadia Missa|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}</ref> N'oge ya na New York, Black bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-enye aka na magazin New York, ''The New Inquiry'' . <ref name=":0"/> Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ebipụtara nchịkọta mbụ ya nke akpọrọ ''Dark Pool Party'' . Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ederede asaa "nke na-eme ka usoro akụkọ ifo, akụkọ na-adịghị mma, nkatọ omenala, nkatọ, na uri." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://entropymag.org/dark-pool-party-by-hannah-black/|title=Dark Pool Party by Hannah Black|work=Entropy|date=May 20, 2016|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=https://rhizome.org/editorial/2016/feb/24/dark-pool-party/|title=This is a dark pool party|work=Rhizome|author=Michael Connor|date=February 24, 2016|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}<br /><br />- {{Cite web|url=http://www.mottodistribution.com/shop/dark-pool-party.html|title=Dark Pool Party, Hannah Black, Dominica/Arcadia Missa|publisher=Motto|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}</ref> Na March 2017, Black tinyere akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na ibe Facebook ya na ndị na-ahụ maka Whitney Biennial na nzaghachi na eserese ''Open Casket'' nke onye America na-ese ihe Dana Schutz . Akwụkwọ ozi ojii kwadoro iwepụ ihe osise ahụ na mgbakwunye "nkwanye ngwa ngwa" ka e bibie ya. Akwụkwọ ozi ojii ghọrọ ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke arụmụka na-esote gbasara agbụrụ, nnọchite anya na echiche nke nnwere onwe ikwu okwu nke "kewara ụwa nka". Esemokwu ahụ nwetara nlebara anya mba ụwa na mgbasa ozi isi na nka. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kennedy|first=Randy|title=White Artist's Painting of Emmett Till at Whitney Biennial Draws Protests|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/arts/design/painting-of-emmett-till-at-whitney-biennial-draws-protests.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=March 26, 2017|date=March 21, 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/27/arts/design/emmett-till-whitney-biennial-schutz.html|title=Should Art That Infuriates Be Removed?|author=Smith|first=Roberta|date=March 27, 2017|work=The New York Times|accessdate=17 April 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/mar/21/whitney-biennial-emmett-till-painting-dana-schutz|title=Whitney Biennial: Emmett Till casket painting by white artist sparks anger|author=Basciano|first=Oliver|date=March 21, 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=April 17, 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/02/emmett-till-painting-reopened-america-wounds-race-exploitation-dana-schutz|title=The painting that has reopened wounds of American racism|author=Helmore|first=Edward|date=April 2, 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=April 17, 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2017/03/21/the-painting-must-go-hannah-black-pens-open-letter-to-the-whitney-about-controversial-biennial-work/|title='The Painting Must Go': Hannah Black Pens Open Letter to the Whitney About Controversial Biennial Work|work=ARTnews|author=Alex Greenberger|date=March 21, 2017|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/when-white-people-profit-off-of-black-pain_us_58d2a435e4b0b22b0d18ee3d|title=When White People Profit Off Of Black Pain|author=Blay|first=Zeba|date=March 22, 2017|work=HuffPost|accessdate=April 17, 2017}}<br /><br />- {{Cite news|url=http://www.wmagazine.com/story/dana-schutz-painting-emmitt-till-whitney-biennial-protests|title="The Painting Must Go": The Protests and Reactions to Dana Schutz's Painting of Emmett Till in the 2017 Whitney Biennial|author=Eckardt|first=Stephanie|work=W|date=March 22, 2017|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Na 2019, Black, Ciarán Finlayson, na Tobi Haslett weputara nkwupụta na ''Artforum'' akpọrọ ''The Tear Gas Biennial,'' na-akatọ ntinye aka nke Warren Kanders, onye isi oche nke bọọdụ nke Whitney Museum, yana "onyinye ego na-egbu egbu." <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-27|title=How Protest Works Now: Understanding "The Tear Gas Biennial" and its Historic Effect|url=https://momus.ca/how-protest-works-now-understanding-the-tear-gas-biennial-and-its-historic-effect/|accessdate=2020-12-09|work=Momus|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Kanders enyela ihe dị ka nde $ 10 n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, isi iyi akụ ya sitere na Safariland LLC, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ngwá agha ọgba aghara, gas anya mmiri na ngwa agha ndị ọzọ nke ndị uwe ojii na ndị agha na-eji eme ihe ike ime ihe ike. ịtụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bishara|first=Hakim|date=2020-06-09|title=Warren Kanders, Former Whitney Museum Vice Chair, Vows to Exit Tear Gas Trade|url=https://hyperallergic.com/570073/warren-kanders-tear-gas-trade/|accessdate=2020-12-09|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1925, Mgbakọ Geneva amachibidola iji gas na-anya mmiri na ọgụ ndị agha mba ụwa niile, agbanyeghị, gas anya mmiri gbara ndị uwe ojii na ndị agha gbara ndị ngagharị iwe udo na ndị nkịtị n'oge ngagharị iwe George Floyd yana ndị kwabatara na US-Mexico. Oke oke bụ otu ụdị gas anya mmiri nke Defence Technology rụpụtara, enyemaka nke Safariland. Otu ndị na-ese ihe na Biennial, gụnyere Korakrit Arunanondchai, [[Meriem Bennani]], Nicole Eisenman na Nicholas Galanin, chọrọ iwepụ ọrụ ha ozugbo na Biennial n'ime awa mgbe e bipụtara edemede ahụ. Mgbe nrụgide na-arị elu sitere n'aka ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe, ndị nkatọ, na ndị na-akwado ya na-agba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha wepụ ihe ngosi ahụ, Kanders si n'ọkwa ọchịchị ya pụta na ụlọ ngosi nka. Edemede a nyere aka na arụkwaghịm nke Kanders yana ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na-ebelata njikọ ya na onyinye ego Kanders nke jikọtara ya na nkwalite na iji ngwa agha na ime ihe ike n'oge ọgba aghara ọha na eze. == Akụkọ ihe ngosi akụkụ == Hannah Black esonyela n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi solo na otu gburugburu ụwa gụnyere ihe ngosi na Center D'Art Contemporain na Geneva, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centre.ch/en/exhibitions/hannah-black-bonaventure-ebba-fransen-waldhor-anxietina/|title=Hannah Black, Bonaventure, Ebba Fransén Waldhör ANXIETINA|publisher=Centre d’Art Contemporain Genève|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Performance Space New York, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://performancespacenewyork.org/shows/beginning-end-none/|accessdate=February 26, 2018|title=Beginning, End, None|publisher=Performance Space New York}}</ref> Real Fine Arts, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://realfinearts.com/index.php?/current/precious-okoyomon-and-hannah-black/|title=Precious Okoyomon and Hannah Black|publisher=Real Fine Arts|accessdate=July 1, 2020|archivedate=October 19, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019095935/http://realfinearts.com/index.php?/current/precious-okoyomon-and-hannah-black/}}</ref> [[Derosia]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bodega-us.org/soc-or-barb.html|title=Hannah Black - Soc or Barb|publisher=Bodega|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> na New Museum. Ụlọ ihe nkiri <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/screens-series-hannah-black|title=Screens Series: Hannah Black|publisher=New Museum|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> na New York, Chisenhale Gallery <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chisenhale.org.uk/exhibition/hannah-black/|title=Hannah Black|publisher=Chisenhale Gallery|accessdate=July 1, 2020|archivedate=July 1, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701115115/https://chisenhale.org.uk/exhibition/hannah-black/}}</ref> na David Roberts Art Foundation, na London, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://davidrobertsartfoundation.com/exhibition/exhibition-curators-series-9-ways-of-living-15-apr-23-jul-2016/|title=Exhibition: Curators' Series #9. Ways of Living. By Arcadia Missa (15 Apr – 23 Jul 2016)|date=November 13, 2015|publisher=David Roberts Art Foundation|accessdate=March 1, 2018}}</ref> mumok na Vienna, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mumok.at/en/events/hannah-black|title=Hannah Black|publisher=mumok|accessdate=April 17, 2017}}</ref> Arcadia Missa na Paris, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://arcadiamissa.com/paris-internationale-2016/|title=Paris Internationale 2016|publisher=Arcadia Missa|accessdate=April 8, 2018}}</ref> Celaya Brothers Gallery na Mexico City, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.celayabrothersgallery.com/if-you-want-to-do-something-forget-this-debt-and-remember-it-later/|title=If you want to do something, forget this debt, and remember it later|publisher=Celaya Brothers Gallery|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Sala Luis Miro Quesada Garland na Lima, Peru, Yarat Contemporary Art Center, Baku, Azerbaijan, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/show/yarat-contemporary-art-space-the-heart-is-a-lonely-hunter|title=The Heart is a Lonely Hunter|work=Artsy|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Chateau Shatto na Los Angeles <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chateaushatto.com/exhibition/ed-fornieles-with-hannah-black-matt-goerzen/|title=Workland: the fence is a narrow place|publisher=Chateau Shatto|accessdate=March 1, 2018}}</ref> na nnyefe na David Dale Gallery na Glasgow. Black nwere ihe ngosi, nyocha nke nkà ya ma soro na mkparịta ụka na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị ka MoMA PS1, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/hannah-black-moma-ps1-921290|title=Hannah Black Transcends the Dana Schutz Controversy With a Slow-Burn MoMA PS1 Performance|date=April 11, 2017|work=Artnet|author=Terence Trouillot|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}<br /><br />- {{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/2496?locale=en|title=Hannah Black, OR LIFE OR|publisher=The Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}<br /><br />- {{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2017/04/14/at-moma-ps1-hannah-black-alights-as-artist-and-heroine/|title=Role Play: At MoMA PS1, Hannah Black Alights as Artist and Heroine|work=ARTnews|author=Alex Greenberger|accessdate=April 17, 2017|date=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moca.org/program/screen-hannah-black|title=SCREEN: Hannah Black|publisher=The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles|accessdate=March 4, 2017}}</ref> Swiss Institute Contemporary Art, New York <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinstitute.net/event/discussion-apocalyptic-thinking-with-hannah-black-and-evan-calder-williams/|title=Conversation {{!}} Apocalyptic Thinking with Hannah Black and Evan Calder Williams|publisher=Swiss Institute|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> na Institute of Contemporary Arts, London <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ica.art/whats-on/anxietina-performance-hannah-black-and-bonaventure|title=ANXIETINA: A performance by Hannah Black and Bonaventure|publisher=Institute of Contemporary Arts|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://thenewinquiry.com/author/hannah-black/ Akụkọ dị na ''Ajụjụ Ọhụrụ''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221205144354/https://www.artspace.com/artist/hannah-black Akụkọ banyere Oghere nka] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tphoibemok9wgx458o1wggcqz5fkl19 0 46709 674750 170142 2026-07-09T22:29:42Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Curtis santiago by jbouwmeester.jpg|thumb|Curtis santiago]]   Curtis Santiago ( banyere 1979, Edmonton, Canada) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye egwu egwu .  Dị ka onye na-egwu egwu, ọ bịanyere aka na mbụ na Finger Lickin' Records .  A na-e mfe, nrụnye na ọkpụkpụ nke Santiago na mba ụwa na ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie dị ka New Museum (New York, US) na Ludwig Múzeum (Budapest, Hungary). Santiago ebiela ma ọrụ na Toronto (Canada), New York, na Lisbon (Portugal).  Ọ nọ ugbu a na Munich, Germany. == Ọrụ egwu == N'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, ọ bụ onye otu Edmonton otu Hi-Phoniqs, otu egwu gbadoro ụkwụ na ike obi .   Ọ Louis obodo ahụ na ndị otu ahụ na 2002 wee kwaga Vancouver ị ọrụ ya, ma ọrụ dị ka ike MC .   Na 2003, ọ nwetara CBC Galaxie Rising Star Award na NewMusicWest.   [1] Ọ tọ ntọala otu Vendetta Republic.   Narị 2007 ọ war ọrụ na onye egwu egwu Mikey Schlosser.   Ndị duo ahụ kwagara isi ụlọ ọrụ ikike ha na Toronto na 2008. Santiago's mixtape Have Mercy ewepụtara na Pọtụfoliyo 2009. Ọtụtụ n'ime mixtape bụ SkullKrushers ọrụ ma nke DJ Mick Boogie na Gakcity.. === Ihe ngosi === * 2002: ''Eserese nke onye nka'' * 2007: ''TKO'' * 2009: ''Nwee obi ebere'' * 2012: ''Mmekọahụ Tentacle Alien'' (dị ka Talwst) == Ọrụ nka == N'ime afọ niile, Santiago egwu egwu na n'ime ihe ngosi.  Ozi ya nkiri, nnukwu nrụnye na ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ihe nkiri pere mpe - dioramas - na- ndị sitere na n hagaajin Santiago na omenala Caribbean -Canadian.  Ịgba egwu, ihe nkiri nkiri oriri na-eme, na nkwekọ maka ọrụ egwu ya bụ isiokwu na- ugboro ugboro, na-akpata ya na (nkà) ogbunigwe ihe mere eme. <ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/arts/inthemaking/curtis-talwst-santiago-on-growing-up-black-in-edmonton-and-the-impact-of-his-parents-support-1.4884909 CBC Arts. In the making. Interview with Curtis Talwst Santiago.]</ref> Ọrụ Santiago bụ nke mkpokọta na-adịgide nke Studio Museum na Harlem (New York, US).  O gosila, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, na Drawing Center (NY), Biennale de Dakar (Senegal), Toronto Biennale of Art, Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum (US), Goethe Institute (Berlin, Germany), Art Gallery of Ontario, Art  Gallery nke Alberta, [1] na ụlọ ọrụ nka dị iche iche nke mba ụwa. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://curtissantiago.art Curtis Santiago] webụsaịtị gọọmentị {{DEFAULTSORT:Santiago, Curtis}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kr5xu44yhghqpo2mxqvlku51940pqlg 0 47121 674517 174357 2026-07-09T12:20:58Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674517 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Hayley Barker in her studio.jpg|thumb|Hayley Barker]] Hayley Barker bụ onye America na-ese ihe .  Ihe ngosi A mmetụta omume Barker dị ka ndị a: "Isi isiokwu Barker bụ ụwa eke, nke ọ na-ahụpụta n'ụzọ doro anya na akụkụ na linen. Ihe omimi dị n'ime ya na-eme ka ihe nkiri dị adị adị adị.  na nke a na-eche echiche ọ na-ese, na-enye nhọrọ ka ndị na-ekiri mapu ụzọ site na ya ruo oghere n'etiti ihe" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hayley Barker: My Riverwood 25|url=https://exhibitiona.com/collections/hayley-barker-1/products/my-riverwood-25|work=Exhibition A|publisher=Exhibition A|accessdate=3 November 2021|archivedate=1 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201041139/https://exhibitiona.com/collections/hayley-barker-1/products/my-riverwood-25}}</ref> </link> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Hayley Barker na Oregon. Ọ natara BA ya na Mahadum Oregon, yana MA & MFA ya na Intermedia site na Mahadum Iowa. O nwere ihe ngosi solo na Shrine NYC, gụnyere otu ụlọ ntu na Armory Art Fair. O nweela ọrụ egosipụtara na La Loma Projects (LA), Tiger Strikes Asteroid (Chicago), Big Pictures LA, GAS (LA), "Glendale Biennial" nke olulu ahụ na-elekọta ya na Library Brand & "The Divine Joke", curated. Site na Barry Schwabsky na Anita Rogers Gallery (New York). O gosila Bozo Mag kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ gara aga. Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Los Angeles, California. == Ọrụ == N'ime ihe ngosi solo mbụ nke Barker na New York na Shrine na 2020 Barry Schwabsky, onye nkatọ nka na ọkọkọ ihe mere eme, dere: "Ihe osise Barker na-mpụtapụta oghere ndị a na-ebe-ebetu ma mata ya. Ọ na-akpọ ha "oghere nke ụzọ," nke njedebe - n'ofe dị anya site na ndụ ruo , nta, mmetụta n'ime ndụ.  , site n'otu ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ime ike ruo ọzọ, ọrụ ya na-ekwu ihe ihe omimi, mfu: n'ihi ihe dị n'ofe ókè nke onwe<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schwabsky|first=Barry|title=Openings: Hayley Barker|url=https://www.artforum.com/print/202101/openings-hayley-barker-84670|work=Art Forum|accessdate=27 October 2021}}</ref> Na 2011, onye nkatọ nka Sue Taylor tụlere ihe ngosi Barker "Katidral" na "Art in America". Taylor ekwu, sị:   Taylor jiri ihe osise Barker nọ ọrụ Georgia O'Keeffe na Vincent van Gogh .  Barker's "Cathedrals" sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ nwata nke Opal Whiteley, bụ onye nwere ikike, ozi ime ike ma e emume na ọ bụ schizophrenic.  Taylor ekwu, sị:   == Ihe ngosi Solo == Isi mmalite: <ref>{{Cite web|title=HAYLEY BARKER|url=https://hayleyb1.ic.tc/shows|accessdate=2020-10-15|work=HAYLEY BARKER|language=en}}</ref> * 2017 "Ihe osise ọhụrụ" Bozo Mag/Abode, LA * 2018 "AMPM," Jide Contemporary/Williamson Knight, Portland, OR * 2018 "Hayley Barker: Open Studio," Bozo Mag, LA * 2019 "LATE BLOOMER," Bozo Mag, LA * 2020 ALAC, Bozo Mag, LA * 2020 "Ahịhịa bụ Blue", SHRINE, NYC * 2021 "Incense", Ihe ngosi nka nka na Shrine, NYC * 2022 "The Spider," SHRINE, NYC * 2022 "Ụlọ Bozo," BozoMag, Los Angeles * 2023 "Laguna Castle," Night Gallery, Los Angeles == Ihe ngosi otu == Isi mmalite: <ref>{{Cite web|title=HAYLEY BARKER|url=https://hayleyb1.ic.tc/shows|accessdate=2020-10-15|work=HAYLEY BARKER|language=en}}</ref> * 2018 "Njakịrị Chukwu," Anita Rogers Gallery, NY * 2018 "Na-elekọta," GAS, LA * 2019 "Summer Formal," La Loma Projects, LA * 2020 "Mmekọrịta nke mmụọ na mmụọ," SOIL Gallery, Seattle * Njikọ 2020: Shrine, NYC * 2020 "Mmalite ọhụrụ..." Nicodim, LA * 2020 NADA: Nke a dị mma * 2020 "Enweghị aha, (ma a hụrụ n'anya)" Bosse & Baum, London * 2020 "Eartha" Adams na Ollman, Portland, OR * 2021 "Asụsụ nke Ifuru," Reyes Finn, Detroit, MI * 2021 "Ihe osise 36," Harper's East Hampton * 2021: "Nkume ahụ," BozoMag na mmekorita ya na Pocket Studio, Los Angeles * 2022: "Shrubs," Night Gallery, Los Angeles * 2022: "Ụdị eke na-ekwekọghị n'okike: Mpaghara Post-Pop," Acquavella Gallery, NYC * 2023 "Ọnwụ nke Onye Mpụ," SHRINE, Los Angeles == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://hayleybarker.com/ Webụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [https://www.instagram.com/barker_hayley/ Hayley Barker na Instagram] * [https://bozomag.com/ Bozo Mag, Los Angeles] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7a678h1qthfhosnk8enugveyu4o4zz1 0 47431 674618 674472 2026-07-09T17:56:20Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ */ 674618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Wagley21" /> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Wagley17" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q5n8spp1bgesjggzpw46vyf7qsimh2s 674620 674618 2026-07-09T17:57:00Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ */ 674620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " <ref name="Dambrot17" /> === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Wagley17" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n4zbwdl11g2llzo8zcffmcuk8qhd244 674621 674620 2026-07-09T17:57:24Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ na nnabata */ 674621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joe Ray''' (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije; <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ; <ref name="Schad11" /> na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, [[Senga Nengudi|Studio Z]], nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, [[Senga Nengudi]] na [[Houston Conwill]] . Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị. <ref name="Dambrot19" /> <ref name="Dambrot19">Dambrot, Shana Nys. "The Galleries of the Hollywood Media District: Diane Rosenstein," ''LA Weekly'', August 16–22, 2019.</ref> <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art . <ref name="NEHMA">Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art. [https://artmuseum-collection.usu.edu/artist-maker/info/1549?artistName=Joe%20Ray Joe Ray], Artist-Maker. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị. <ref name="Schad11" /> Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea. <ref name="Schad11" /> Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973). <ref name="Tuchman73">Tuchman, Maurice. ''Ten Years of Contemporary Art Council Acquisitions: Inaugurating The New Contemporary Art Galleries'', Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1973.</ref> Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970, o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik . <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973. N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Schad11" /> N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000)," nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles), <ref name="Rogers11">Rogers Tilton, Connie and Lindsay Charlwood (eds). [https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_972664 ''L.A. Object & David Hammons Body Prints''], New York/Los Angeles: Jack Tilton Gallery/ Roberts & Tilton Gallery, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010), na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles. <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> == Ọrụ na nnabata == Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space. <ref name="Krull96">Krull, Craig, ''Photographing the L.A. Art Scene 1955-1975'', Santa Monica, CA: Smart Art Press, 1996. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata. Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " === Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin === N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> <ref name="Smith11">Smith, Richard Candida. "African-American Artists of Los Angeles: John W. Outterbridge," University of California, Los Angeles, 2011.</ref> Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya. Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( ''Two Arcs and Half-Sphere'', 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na ''New Eye'' (1969). <ref name="Schad" /><ref name="Wagley17" /> Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, [[Alonzo Davis]] 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32. <ref name="Schad" /> <ref name="Rogers11"/> Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos. ''Ihe mgbanaka'' ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ. <ref name="NEHMA"/> Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." <ref name="Schad" /> === Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ === Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha. Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe. <ref name="Fox00" /> Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu. <ref name="Schad11">Schad, Ed, "Interview with Joe Ray," ''ArtSlant'', October 23, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2022.</ref> N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin. <ref name="Shipper95">Shipper, Merle. "The Market Street Program," ''ArtScene'', September 1995.</ref> <ref name="Simms15">Simms, Matthew. ''Mapping the Los Angeles Art Underground: The Market Street Program 1971-1973'', Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, 2015.</ref> Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show." <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Shipper95" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum . <ref name="Plagens72" /> <ref name="Simms15" /> <ref name="Wagley17">Wagley Catherine. "5 Free Art Shows to See in L.A. This Week: Joe Ray," ''LA Weekly'', July 26, 2017.</ref> === Ihe osise === N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ. Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ ''US'' na ''Blue Spade'' (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; [[Kente cloth|akwa kente]], akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ. <ref name="LACMA2" /> <ref name="McCash14" /> <ref name="Sirmans14" /> Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha ''New Orleans Times-Picayune'', Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." == Ntụaka == Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha." Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://dianerosenstein.com/artists/37-joe-ray/overview/ Joe Ray], Diane Rosenstein Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609081236/https://collections.lacma.org/node/169482 Joe Ray], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cbxqhhvf2sbuutxr2okmvd3htw2q07r 0 47577 674814 654555 2026-07-10T04:57:43Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 674814 wikitext text/x-wiki   John Henry Alvin (November 24, 1948 [1] - Febụwarị 6, 2008) [2] bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe nkiri America nke ebi ebi akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri .  [2] Alvin akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado na nka isi [3] maka ihe nkiri fim 135, asụsụ na akwụkwọ mmado maka Mel Brooks 's Blazing Saddles (1974).  [2] Ndị enyi ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na ụlọ ọrụ mara ụdị nka ya dị ka Alvinesque. Ụbọchị Alvin akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri maka ET Extra-terrestrial, Blade Runner, Gremlins, The Goonies, Spies Like Anyị, The Agba Purple, The Little Mermaid, Batman Returns, Mma na anụ anụ, Aladdin, The Lion King, Space Jam,  The Emperor's New Groove, Harry Potter na Nkume Ọkà Ihe Ọmụma, na Looney Tunes: Back in Action .  [1] O mekwara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ maka Star Wars . <ref name="lat" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinematerial.com/artists/john-henry-alvin-i261|title=CineMaterial.com: John Henry Alvin|accessdate=March 22, 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ John Alvin na November 24, 1948 na Hyannis, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] . [1] Nne na nna ya nọ na ndị agha United States, a na-ebugharị ezinụlọ ya ọtụtụ mgbe. <ref name="lat" /> Ndị Alvin biri na-adịgide na mpaghara Monterey, [[California]], ebe Alvin akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Pacific Grove High School na 1966. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pacificgrovehighschoolclassof1966.com/classmates/alvinjohn.htm|title=In Memory of John Alvin|year=2013|publisher=Pacific Grove High School Class of 1966|accessdate=May 18, 2014}}</ref> A kọkwara na mbụ mbụ o nwera na akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri nkiri site na mgbasa ozi ihe nkiri n'arịrị Sunday. Alvin akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Art Center College of Design na Los Angeles na 1971 [1] wee malite ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe nwere onwe ya . O biri na mpaghara Linda Mar nke Pacifica, California, site na 1958 ruo 1961, wee kwa Monterey, California, Jenụwarị 1, 1961.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == Mgbasa nka ihe nkiri izizi nke Alvin bụ akwụkwọ mmado maka Blazing Saddles, nke Mel Brooks duziri, na 1974. [1] Alvin, onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ụlọ ihe nkiri n'oge ahụ, otu  enyi mbụ ya ka onye ọrụ na akwụkwọ mmado Blazing Saddles. Alvin weere ụzọ iche mgbe ọ na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri ahụ.  O chepụtara akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri siri ike, bụ nke webatara ihe ndị na-ahụ ahụkebe na ndị dị egwu na fim ahụ.  [1] ihe atụ, na akwụkwọ mmado ahụ, Alvin na-egosi Mel Brooks, bụ onye na-egwu onye isi obodo America na-asụ Yiddish na fim ahụ, na-eyi uwe isi nke e dere okwu ahụ, Kosher for Passover .  [2] Nwunye Alvin, Andrea ozi aro egwuregwu ahụ. <ref name="lat" /> Ọrụ Alvin na Blazing Saddles nwere ike na Mel Brooks, yana ndị ọzọ nọ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  Ọ gara n'ihu ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Brooks mechara, gburu Young Frankenstein, nke ewepụtara na 1974. Alvin mekwara akwụkwọ mmado maka ihe nkiri Steven Spielberg nke 1982, ET the Extra-terrestrial .  [1] Ọ na-egosi onye aka ET na-egosi aka enyi ya mmadụ, Elliott, onye aka aka ruo n'ọnụ onye aka.  [2] Mkpịsị aka na-ahụ ọkụ ebe ha na-emetụta aka.  A kọrọ na ọ bụ Spielberg tụpụtara echiche maka akwụkwọ mmado ahụ, ọ bụkwa ihe ọrụ Michelangelo, Okike nke Adam sitere n'ike nsasị.  [2] Alvin ji nwa ya dị ihe ka ihe ihe aka ụmụ maka akwụkwọ mmado. <ref name="lat" /> Alvin ụgbọ ihe osise maka ihe nkiri egwu ihe nkiri 135 n'ime afọ iri atọ.  [1] Ụbọchị ya maka ụlọ ihe nkiri dị otú ahụ dị ka New Line Cinema, Warner Bros., Disney Studios na Lucasfilm, agụ Blade Runner, Cocoon, The Lost Boys, Predator, The Princess Bride, Gremlins, The Goonies, The Lion  Eze, Mma na anụ ọhịa .  Batman na-nù, Batman ruo mgbe echiche ebi, Jurassic Park, na Space Jam .  O mekwara akwụkwọ ịma ọkwa ọkwa na ihe ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka emume 30th nke Star Wars Celebration <ref name="lat" /> N'afọ ndị ọzọ, o akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mma maka Peter Jackson 's Lord of the Rings trilogy, usoro ihe nkiri Harry Potter na ihe nkiri Walt Disney 's Pirates of the Caribbean .  [1] Dị ka John Sabel si kwuo, onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na Walt Disney Pictures bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na Alvin mgbe mgbe, "Enwere ihe mere Ezem ji mee ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọ mere ...  ihe mere 'Hunchback [nke Notre Dame]' ji ihe. nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma Ọ bụ n'ihi ihe oyiyi ndị e mere, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ bụ ihe osise John Alvin." National Collection of Fine Arts na Smithsonian Institution na Museum of Modern Art akwụkwọ mmado Alvin maka ihe nkiri 1974 Phantom nke Paradaịs ka etinye ya na "Images of an Era (1945-1975)", nchịkọta akwụkwọ mmado na gara Europe dị ka nke nke  US Bicentennial. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Alvin lekwasịrị anya ihe na nka nka nke sinima n'ihi na ụdị mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ na-eji dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri.  [1] Pọtụfoliyo nka mara mma nke Alvin gbadoro ụkwụ na ihe nkiri n'ụzọ nka, mgbasa ozi . <ref name="lat" /> The Art of John Alvin, akwụkwọ na-anakọta nnukwu Pọtụfoliyo nke ọrụ ya site na Andrea Alvin, akwụkwọ na August 26, 2014, site na Titan Books <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sciretta, Peter|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/unused-jurassic-park-posters-john-alvin|title=Unused 'Jurassic Park' Posters Designed by John Alvin|publisher=slashfilm.com|date=August 7, 2014|accessdate=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ ngosi ihe atụ nke ihe osise ndị na-ahụ naeji eme ihe, yana mgba na ndị na-ahụta na mbụ, [1] nwere okwu nke Jeffrey Katzenberg na nwa nke ihe di ya gburu Alvin. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Watercutter, Angela|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/08/alvin-movie-poster-art|title=The Man Behind the Most Iconic Movie Posters of the '80s and '90s|publisher=wired.com|date=August 8, 2014|accessdate=September 30, 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nguyen, Vi-An|url=http://parade.condenast.com/325199/viannguyen/exclusive-never-before-seen-alternate-movie-posters-for-e-t-jurassic-park-the-goonies-and-more|title=Exclusive: Never-Before-Seen Alternate Movie Posters for E.T., Jurassic Park, The Goonies, and More|publisher=parade.com|date=August 7, 2014|accessdate=September 30, 2014}}</ref> ArtInsights, onye ọrụ mbụ Alvin na-ere aha maka nsogbu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Combemale, Leslie|url=http://www.artinsights.com/artinsights-thrilled-art-john-alvin-book-gets-love-online/|title=Unused ARTINSIGHTS SHOWS ART AND PRESS FOR THE ART OF JOHN ALVIN!|publisher=artinsights.com|date=August 31, 2014|accessdate=September 30, 2014}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ == Alvin jikọtara ya Andrea na Art Center College of Design na Los Angeles, ebe abụọ ha bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ.  Andrea gara n'enwe ndidi onye na-ese ihe nke ọma.  [1] Ha nwere otu nwa, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Farah Alvin .  E mkpa aka nwa ha na akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri maka ET the Extra-terrestrial . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Combemale|first=Leslie|date=2016-10-17|title=John-Alvin-ET-art-auction-movie-poster-artist-artinsights|url=https://artinsights.com/john-alvin-e-t-traditional-illustration-art-sells-for-auction-record/|accessdate=2023-12-17|work=Artinsights Film Art Gallery|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 6, 2008, Alvin gburu n'ibu ya na Rhinebeck, New York site na nkụchi obi. == Ihe nkiri ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://johnalvinart.com/us/andrea-alvin/ Andrea Alvin - John Alvin Art] * [http://www.johnalvinart.com Ibe ebe obibi John Alvin] * {{IMDb name|23570}} * [http://www.impawards.com/designers/john_alvin.html Mpempe akwụkwọ ihe nkiri ịntanetị (ụlọ ihe nkiri)] * [http://www.learnaboutmovieposters.com/newsite/INDEX/ARTISTS/artists-alvin.asp Ndepụta akwụkwọ mmado ihe nkiri John Alvin, 1974–1999] * {{Memory Alpha}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qke5373gm6lyphnkq0hc57djtl6s9g0 0 47835 674658 206684 2026-07-09T18:41:32Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bolton Coit Brown (November 27, 1864 - September 15, 1936) [1] bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-ese akwụkwọ na onye na-agba ugwu.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime mbụ ndị akụkọ Byrdcliffe Colony na Woodstock, NY, akwụkwọ nke ihe a na-akpọ ugbu a dị ka Woodstock Art Colony. == Tupu Woodstock: Stanford na Sierras == Amuru Brown ma akụkụ na Dresden, na mgbago New York.  Nwanne ya bụ onye na-ese ihe mgbaka Anna B. Nash .  [1] Mgbe ọ gbanwere akara ugo nhọrọ nna ya ukwu na Painting na Mahadum Syracuse, [2] : 16–17 ọ kwagara California na 1891 iji ngalaba nka na Mahadum Stanford .  Brown bụ onye isi ngalaba ahụ ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afụ iri, mana a chụrụ ya n'anya na ngwaọrụ maka ụdị ịgba ịgba na klas.  [2] : 44–47 Agbanyeghi na nka nke Tonalist aesthetic nti nke ya nke ukwuu, ụzọ nkuzi ya, nke dị iche na usoro dị na School of Design dị nso na San Francisco, kwusiri ike na Impressionist credo nke igbu ngwa ngwa nke  "ihe okike" n'ime edemede.  [3] Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agakarị ụlọ studio ya maka nsogbu ụka gbasara ihe dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị agha.  Na 1898 Brown haziri ọnụ ụlọ studio na Stanford's ọhụrụ Art Building, nke akpọ ụdị "radical" ọhụrụ dị ka "otu eriri iko na-aga n'ihu" ụkwụ n'ịdị elu na terracotta gbachiri agbarụ na onye isi a na-arụ na akara.  [4] A na-ekpuchi akwụkwọ ahụ na mmeputakwa na ọrụ mbụ site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe avant-garde nke Paris."  [3] Otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-aga nke ọma, onye na-ese ihe Jennie V. Cannon, achọta nke ihe ngosi ya na ọtụtụ ndụ dị iche iche ndị na-ekiri ihe dị ike, dị njọ na,  ikike ikike na-esosi ike. <ref>Berkeley Daily Gazette (Berkeley, CA): 26 February 1921, p.6; 12 March 1921, p.6; 26 March 1921, p.6; 26 July 1924, p.6.</ref> Brown bụ onye na-arrị elu ugwu ma rite uru site na Stanford dị nso na mpaghara Sierra Nevada, nke John Muir (1838-1914) akpatara nke ọma, onye ahụ Sierra Club, nke Brown bụ onye otu akwụkwọ ikike.  [1] Brown bụ onye mbụ dekọrọ na-arrị elu otu ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu elu na Sierras na, n'ihe abụọ, egosi ya na-achọ ajụjụ bụ Lucy;  Mgbago mbụ ya kacha sie ike bụ Ugwu Clarence King (nke a na-adị ka Ugwu King [2] ) n'August 1896. [3] [4] Dị ka akwụkwọ nke Climber's Guide to the High Sierra si kwuo, nrịgo Brown  nke Ugwu King bụ oge mbụ ejiri usoro ndị mgbago elu mee ihe na North America.  [5] : 247 Ugwu Bolton Brown dị nso (13,491 ft) aha ya;  Brown kpọkwara aha ọtụtụ ọnụ ọnụ na mpaghara Ugwu King. <ref name="Koehler2007">{{Cite book|author=Cheryl Angelina Koehler|title=Touring the Sierra Nevada|url=https://archive.org/details/touringsierranev0000koeh|accessdate=19 December 2011|date=March 2007|publisher=University of Nevada Press|isbn=978-0-87417-700-8}}</ref> == Byrdcliffe == Nkà Brown dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ahụ n'ụdị wetara ya na uche nke Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead (1854-1929), onye utopian aristocratic bụ onye isi echiche ahụ, ma nye isi obodo, maka Byrdcliffe Colony .  Byrdcliffe bụ obodo ndị nka dabere na echiche na ụdị nke John Ruskin (1819–1900) na ike nka na nka Bekee nyere.  Whitehead zipụrụ Brown na njem njem site na Catskills, na-egosi ebe izu atọ.  [1] Brown kwenyesiri ike na Whitehead na Woodstock, NY, na obi nke Catskill Ugwu, bụ ebe Byrdcliffe kwesịrị ịbụ, ọ bụ ebe na Whitehead zubere na a ebe n'ihu n'ebe ndịda.  [2] Tinyere nka nka Hervey White, bụkwa onye Whitehead goro, Brown isi ma jikwaa akwụkwọ Byrdcliffe site na 1902 ruo 1903, na-arụ ụzọ ụkwụ, sistemu ọkpọ na bungalows.  [1] Mana Brown na White bụ ha abụọ, n'ikpeazụ, ihe ike ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na Whitehead.  Ọcha mmasị nke aka ya;  Brown, ka ọ dị ugbu a, a chụrụ n'anya.  [3] Ọ bụ ebe ahụ mbụ bụ maka fu ego na oge imecha, Brown mechara kwupụta pụta obi ya n'ebumnobi "oge ochie" nke Whitehead, maka anụ ahụ.. <ref name="Murphy 2017">Murphy, John. "Athletic Aesthetics: Art, Craft and Bolton Brown," ''Art in Print'' Vol. 7 No. 2 (July–August 2017).</ref> == Onye na-ese ihe-ebi akwụkwọ == Bolton Brown gara n'ihu nghazi ihe osise, na-akwaga n'etiti Woodstock na New York City ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụdị nke bịara mara dị ka Tonalism .  Oወዱ otu na 1913 Armory Show na New York mana, n'agbanyeghị nka na nraranye, ọ dịghị ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-ese ihe.  N'afọ 1915, ihe ngosi nke ọrụ Albert Sterner na New York ndụmọdụ ya na lithography, usoro ụkpụrụ nke ga-emecha weghara oge ya na-isi ya ruo n'ókè nke ịdị nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na-enweghị mma.  Mgbe otu afọ nke na England n'okpuru Francis Ernest Jackson, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na onye na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n' ike ya ihe (ruo n'ókè nke na-egwere nkume nzu nke ya mgbe ọ dị mkpa),  ọ la Linux New York na 1916 wee guzobe akwụkwọ ozi nke ya na 146 East 19th.  Okporo ụzọ.  [1] N'ebe ahụ ọka aha ya kasị ukwuu, na-ta ara lithographs maka John Sloan, Rockwell Kent, Arthur B. Davies, George William Eggers na onye a ma ama Woodstock artist George Bellows, [2] onye ọta akaghi aka  na 1925 bụ ma ike na mgbatị uche nye Brown.  .  Na mgbakwunye napụta ọrụ ndị ọzọ a, Brown kere ihe ụmụaka 400 lithographs nke ya, [3] na- anya na okike na ịgba ịgba àmà;  lithographs dị ka Moonlight Bathers (1915), Cloudy Dawn, (1916) na Sifting Shadows (1916) na-nyo anya ikike Brown ị KARỊ Tonalism site na ike n'ime usoro ọkọlọtọ.  [3] E ji ike bi nkepụta ọ llaba, bịanyere aka na ya, ma መቆጣጠሪያ maka ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ ọgụgụ nkezi, dịka Bolton na-a nnukwu ọkwa onye nbipute ukwu.  Ọ kwalitere ndị na-ajụ ihe na- ike ike ịnwụ anwụ, na-anya ahịrị ndị na-ese ihe nke Ruskin debere, na-eto ike anụ ahụ ọ na-ahụ njikwa na ndo nke o kwere, ma na-ekwusi ike na omenala Arts.  na Crafts, na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na nkume nzu.  n'oge m. <ref name="Murphy 2017" /> == Ọnwụ == Brown gburu na 1936 na Woodstock, naanị ya ma daa ogbenye mana ọ dịghị ụzọ ọ la o mgbochi ya.  Na-eche echiche ma na-arụ ọrụ na-nchebeghị eguzobe ike, ọ na- nnukwu ike nke lithographs na ihe odide, akwụkwọ na-eme nchọpụta na lithography na 12 akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ na-edekọ yannwale na-ebi akwụkwọ.  [1] E liri ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Woodstock Artists, na pallet birch dị mfe nke ejiri alaka osisi pine ya n'okpuru okwute nke nhọrọ ya.. <ref name="Murphy 2017">Murphy, John. "Athletic Aesthetics: Art, Craft and Bolton Brown," ''Art in Print'' Vol. 7 No. 2 (July–August 2017).</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=3019466&partid=1 Bolton Brown] na British Museum * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170419221742/http://www.conradgraeber.com/Brown/index.htm Bolton Brown na-ebipụta na eserese na nka nka nke Conrad R. Graeber] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111002092222/http://fletchergallery.com/?page_id=97 Akụkọ ndụ Bolton Brown], Fletcher Gallery * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181204193707/http://www.woodstockguild.org/about-byrdcliffe/46/ Byrdcliffe Art Colony History] * [http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/exploration_of_the_sierra_nevada/brown.html Nnyocha nke Sierra Nevada] * [[iarchive:sierraclubbullet1196sier|Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sierra Club 1893–1896]] mo8vms0w8fs7nelgqeap9kpr58eqvfo 0 47840 674817 172354 2026-07-10T04:59:49Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ */ 674817 wikitext text/x-wiki   John Appleton Brown (Julaị 12, 1844 - Jenụwarị 18, 1902) bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri odida obodo America na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu na pastels na nri, na- na West Newbury, Massachusetts .  [1] O nọmba nkà n'oge ọ bụ nwata wee akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Emile Lambinet na France.  Ruo ọtụtụ afọ ole ọrụ ma gosi na Boston, Summering na ala nna ya n'ebe ugwu mmalite Massachusetts na-ese ya kasị mara amara lyrical Okirikiri ebe.  Na 1891 ya na enye ya, onye omenka ama ama Agnes Augusta Bartlett Brown, kwagara New York City, ebe ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 18, 1902. <ref name="GlobeObit">{{Cite news|title=Well Known Artist Dead: J. Appleton Brown Expired Suddenly in New York—He Had Many Friends in Boston|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43043192/boston_globe_obit_j_appleton_brown/?xid=637&_ga=2.22668285.756377948.1578756119-2129257001.1535019961|accessdate=26 January 2020|work=Boston Globe|date=January 20, 1902|page=7}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ bụ ebe a na Massachusetts obodo dị mkpa [1] na ọtụtụ isi akwụkwọ [2] [3] na-mịka West Newbury, Massachusetts, dị ka ebe a njigide John Appleton Brown na July 12, 1844, ụfọdụ na-ekwu na a  ngosi ya na nnukwuagbata obi obodo Newburyport .  [4] [5] ebe Brown gara ụlọ akwụkwọ.  [6] Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ nwoke abụọ nke George Frederick Handel Brown (onye na-agbakọta ọnụ) na Asenath L. Page.  [1] Ndị egwuregwu ya nkà nka Appleton Brown n'oge ọ bụ nwata;  [7] ọ ezumike ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na-ese odida obodo nke West Newbury na gburugburu ya.  [8] Na mbụ egwuregwu otu afọ-amụ ihe na New England na-ese ihe nkiri Alfred Thompson Bricher .  [7] Mgbe otu afọ na-arụ ọrụ na studio Boston na onye novice Benjamin Curtis Porter kesara, [5] na 1866 Brown gara France, ebe na 1867-68 ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe nkiri Emile Lambinet,  ya onwe ya bụ onye na-azụ Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot <ref name="Robinson 1888 22">{{harvnb|Robinson|1888|p=22}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1870, Brown bụ onye na-ese ihe na Boston na-eme nke ọma na ama ama.  [1] E ọrụ ya na ndị enyi ya na ndị ndu ya [2] William Morris Hunt na Joseph Foxcroft Cole, [3] na ihe ngosi nke Boston Art Club, [4] na na veranda a ma ama.  [1] N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1874, ya na nri ya Agnes gara France ka ha ike ihe na ike.  Ọta ma ree ọrụ na Paris Salon nke 1875, [5] nke ndị ọka iwu ya akwụkwọ ndị na-ese akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Barbizon .  [6] Ndị Brown na-edobe ụlọ ihe nkiri oyi na Boston ma nwee ụlọ na West Newbury, [7] nke gbara ya gburugburu mpaghara ime obodo New England bụ nke na-ese onyinyo nka ya.  [8] Malite na 1879, Browns abụọ nwere ihe ngosi kwa afọ na Boston's Doll na Richards gallery.  [2] [9] N'oge a, a na-eji usoro na ihe osise Brown mee ihe atụ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Five Beautiful Books|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=43132426&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjI2NTQxNTk1MiwiaWF0IjoxNTgwMzEwMjYzLCJleHAiOjE1ODAzOTY2NjN9.8xolZawcBzbLHPSpUXnBf5ebtnfNSqZli2j_wY9jz7g|accessdate=29 January 2020|work=The Buffalo Commercial|date=December 1, 1877|page=1 Referring to the gift book ''Christmastide'', of poems and "lavish" illustrations by a number of artists including Appleton Brown}}</ref> Dị ka Dartmouth College curator na art odee Barbara J. MacAdam si kwuo, na 1880 Brown nakweere a na- intaad poly palette na "tụpọ ugboro ugboro na oyiyi nke ihe nkiri na zuru eji, agbazinye ya sobriquet nke 'Appleblossom Brown.'" [  1] Na òkù Francis Davis Millet, na 1886 ndị Brown sonyeere nsogbu ndị na-ese ihe na England, [2] ebe ndị America John Singer Sargent na Edwin Austin Abbey na-arụ ọrụ.  [1] Ihe osise ya nke ime obodo Bekee, dị ka na New England, nabatara nke ọma na Boston.  [3] Mgbe e ịhụ na 1880s, Browns na-ekpo ọkụ ọ bụghị nanị na West Newbury, kama na Celia Thaxter 's salon na Appledore Island n'etiti Isles of Shoals n' watch mmiri osimiri nke ndị Maine.  [2] [4] N'ebe ahụ, ọ isonye ezigbo enyi Childe Hassam [1] ma na-ese ihe ọrụ n'oké osimiri, "Oké ifufe na Isles of Shoals" dị egwu ma dị ike. <ref name="ArtJournal">{{Cite journal|title=American Painters. J. Appleton Brown|journal=The Art Journal|volume=4|pages=198–199|year=1878}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1890, akara Brown agbasala nke ọma ụfọdụ Boston.  o ji aka na ihe ngosi nka na Chicago, onye n'anya ndị foto Brown "N'nọ Mee" dị ka "ihe ọkụ na-egosi, nke na-enye ngwaọrụ nke apple-blossoms and sunny greens."  [1] N'afọ 1891, ndị Brown si na Boston kwaga New York City, bụ nke nyere ihe ngosi nka dị egwu.  [2] Na 1893 Brown nri nri na ngosi Columbian World . <ref name="GlobeObit" /> == Ntụle ndị nkatọ == mmetụta n'ihe gbasara mpaghara mmiri na ọkọchị nke New England bụ nke amara ya kacha mma ma nwee ekele maka ya, [1] ndị na-ekwu okwu okwu Brown dị ka nro na nke siri ike na ike ya nke okike.  [2] [3] A foto ya dị ka ihe na-akpali—ma ọ bụghị n àmà nke—Corot.  [4] Ntụleghachi na-adịghị mma dị na akara March, 1872 nke Atlantic Monthly .  Edemede a lekwasịrị anya na onye ọrụ Brown mbụ bụ "Grindelwald Valley," onye isiokwu ya ugwu ugwu na-ebuli elu na Switzerland Alps bụ, n'echiche nke onye ntanye, ihe na-atụ anya Brown.  N'echiche onye nkatọ a, otú Brown si mesoo isiokwu dị ebube dị ka ihe osise nwere ike "nrụrụ a na-ihe ịgbaghara nke ịbụ onye a na-ese obere ihe."  [5] N'ihe awụ ise ka nke ahụ ,chacha nke Monthly Atlantic ọzọ kwubiri na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ "Na Artichoke, West Newbury," shela Brown nke igwe ojii na-onye na mmiri adịghị otú n'ụzọ ziri ezi.  ezi na isi ya: "Ọ bụ ebe na a na-eme ya n'otu ntabi anya. N'ime brush, ọ ga-esi ike iche echiche ka nlegharị anya ma ọ bụ tinkering ọ lla ga-esi tinye iota n'ịhụnanya.  dị nro na nke na-agbasapụ ha." <ref name="Atlantic">{{Cite journal|title=Art: Boston|journal=Atlantic Monthly|date=December 1877|volume=XL/40|issue=CCXLII/242|pages=716–18|url=https://archive.org/details/atlantic40bostuoft/page/716/mode/2up|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> Abụ dị ka mkpali maka, dị ka e pịa na, dị ka ike ns sitere na ya, yana dị ka e mkpa ya na ọrụ Appleton Brown bụ isiokwu ndị ọzọ na- tita n'etiti ndị nkatọ na ndị ode akwụkwọ.  [1] [2] Na 1879 Brown nkuzi aka na Lucy Larcom, na- akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya Landscape in American Poetry, bụ nke na-ele otu ihe nkiri New England Brown na-ese site na okwu nke ndị na-ede uri dịሰራ  ama, dị ka John Greenleaf Whittier, si n'otu mpaghara ahụ.  [3] Dị ka uri n'ahụ ihe osise Appleton Brown, otú ahụ ka nkà ya kpalitere uri.  Ga Amos Reed akwụkwọ nke ngo Site Broken Reeds nwere uri "On ịhụ a Foto nke J. Appleton Brown."  Ọ na-amalite, "Olee otú miri n'ime ndị na-amụ ihe mere eme ga artists agụ / Iji na-etolite dị otú ahụ ọkụ na ọkụ na-enyere n'ọnụ! <ref>{{Cite book|author=Reed|first=Will Amos|title=Through Broken Reeds: Verses|date=1889|publisher=C. H. Kilborn|location=Boston|pages=120–21|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t9g45h15z&view=1up&seq=126|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ == Na June 1874, Brown mụrụ nwa amaala Newburyport Agnes Augusta Bartlett.  [1] Ọ bụ omenkà ama ama n'onwe ya, na-ese edemede n'ụdị na-adịghị ka nke di ya.  [2] Ihe ndị ọ na-achị ndị ala, ndị, na nwamba mechaa. <ref name="Handbook">{{Cite book|author=Waters|first=Clara Erskine Clement|title=Artists of the Nineteenth Century and Their Works: A Handbook Containing Two Thousand and Fifty Biographical Sketches|date=1885|publisher=James R Osgood & Co|location=Boston|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Jbo7QtgevcQC&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PA103|accessdate=28 January 2020}}</ref> Site na ndị niile, Brown mara mma, [1] ezigbo enyi, [2] na "na-ala ezumike nka na obi ike" na okike.  [3] E ikpe na ọ bụ ezigbo onye nkuzi nka.  [4] N'otu oge ahụ, e ọrụ Brown na ihe ngosi ejiji nke mkpa ọ bụghị naanị nka ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri ejiji.  [5] Brown irin na-enwe "mme ndị na-egosi na ihe anyị kacha mma," [6] na-eje ozi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka onye ahụ na Boston's St. Botolph Club [7] nke ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri ihe mere eme Henry  Cabot Lodge na Francis Parkman.  [8] Brown bụkwa onye otu Society of American Artists, na onye mmekọ nke National Academy of Design . <ref name="UnionObit">{{Cite news|title=John Appleton Brown|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/542829455/?article=b4e466ab-410c-494e-a71a-5bbe0ccc8014&focus=0.43945047,0.18060298,0.57173765,0.24932685&xid=2378&_ga=2.44697698.756377948.1578756119-2129257001.1535019961|accessdate=26 January 2020|work=Standard Union|date=January 20, 1902|page=2|quote=He was born in West Newbury, Mass., [i]n 1844, and studied in Europe under the best masters....}}</ref> <ref name="GlobeObit" /> Brown nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 57, na January 18, 1902. Ndị enyi ya na ndị ọrụ nka Alfred Q. Collins na Frank Shapleigh sooro ozu ya gaa Newburyport maka olili.  [1] Na March 1902, Century Club akwụkwọ ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya.  [2] A na-edobe ọrụ ya ugbu a na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nka nke Mahadum Harvard, [3] Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, [4] na Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. <ref>{{Cite web|title=New England Landscape|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/31530|work=Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|accessdate=29 January 2020}}</ref> == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka == <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> Usòrò:John_Appleton_Brown_-_New_England_Landscape_-_15.880_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg|New England Landscape Usòrò:Bridge_in_Late_Spring_by_John_Appleton_Brown.jpg|alt=Bridge in Late Spring|Akwa akwa na mbubreyo mmiri mmiri Usòrò:John_Appleton_Brown_-_Hillside_in_Summer_-_19.1323_-_Museum_of_Fine_Arts.jpg|alt=Hillside in Summer|Hillside n'oge akwụkwọ Usòrò:A_Country_Road_by_John_Appleton_Brown.jpg|alt=A Country Road|Ụzọ Obodo </gallery> == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Ntụaka ==   5eed58l11ernxhuoaep8d85g5v95wad 0 47929 674669 213761 2026-07-09T20:04:46Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Joseph Aquiler Thompson''' (December 9, 1918 - Febụwarị 20, 2012) bụ onye ama ama n'oge ochie nke America, yana otu n'ime ndị egwu ikpeazụ mere omenala band string ojii. N'ịbụ onye otu nwa nwanne nna ya Odell so, Thompson nwetara nkwanye ùgwù dị iche iche maka ịrụ ọrụ nke oge ochie, karịsịa mgbe a na-emegharị ụdị ahụ na 1970s. Na 1980s na 1990s, o dekọtara [[Album|albums]] studio mbụ ya, nke nwere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ụzọ eriri eriri. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Thompson na Orange County, North Carolina na Disemba 9, 1918. <ref name="bare">{{Cite book|first=Bob|author=Eagle|year=2013|title=Blues – A Regional Experience|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Santa Barbara|pages=281|isbn=978-0313344237}}</ref> Nna ya John, onye na-agba ọsọ, na nwanne nna Walter, onye na-egwu banjo, rụrụ na ịgba egwú square na mpaghara ọka. <ref name="tradition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mastersoftraditionalarts.org/artists/328|title=Joe Thompson|work=masteroftraditionalarts.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe Thompson dị afọ asaa, mgbe Thompson welitere n'onwe ya, ọ hụrụ nke ọma usoro nna ya nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọdịnala ndị Africa oge ochie . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qL3RkMTRx1YC&dq=joe+thompson+fiddle&pg=PA69|title=Historic Alamance County: An Illustrated History|author=Vincent, William|publisher=HPN Books|year=2009|isbn=9781893619982}}</ref> O sonyeere nna ya na nwanne nna ya maka ihe ngosi, ma mesịa guzobe eriri nke ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Nate na nwanne nna Odell, ha abụọ bụ ndị egwuregwu banjo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/joe-thompson-mn0000174632|title=Joe Thompson – Biography|work=allmusic.com|author=Seida, Linda|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu egwu nke otu ahụ bụ abụ ezinụlọ gafere kemgbe tupu [[Agha Obodo America|agha obodo America]], gụnyere "Nkọ na Line" na "Cindy Gal". <ref name="post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/entertainment/music/joe-thompson-93-well-respected-fiddler/2012/02/27/gIQAjuW1iR_story.html|title=Joe Thompson, 93, well-respected fiddler|work=washingtonpost.com|author=McArdle, Terence|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe o jesịrị ozi na ngalaba kewapụrụ n'oge [[World War II|Agha IIwa nke Abụọ]] yana dịka ewu ewu maka egwu egwu egwu ọdịnala na-ebelata, Thompson kwụsịrị ịkpọ fiddle ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ arịa ụlọ dị ka onye ọrụ rip hụrụ afọ 28. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1973, ọkà mmụta egwu bụ Kip Lornell, bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum na nso nso a, nụrụ asịrị banyere nkà Joe na Odell Thompson nke oge ochie ma gbaa ndị duo ume ka ha laghachi azụ. Thompson na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ . N'etiti gigs ama ama nke duo na-egwuri na gụnyere Carnegie Hall, National Folk Festival, Ememme nke American Fiddle Tunes, na Tennessee Banjo Institute. <ref name="tradition" /> <ref name="post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/entertainment/music/joe-thompson-93-well-respected-fiddler/2012/02/27/gIQAjuW1iR_story.html|title=Joe Thompson, 93, well-respected fiddler|work=washingtonpost.com|author=McArdle, Terence|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcArdle,_Terence">McArdle, Terence. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/entertainment/music/joe-thompson-93-well-respected-fiddler/2012/02/27/gIQAjuW1iR_story.html "Joe Thompson, 93, well-respected fiddler"]. ''washingtonpost.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1989, ha dekọtara [[album]] studio ''Old-Time Music sitere na North Carolina Piedmont'' maka akara ndekọ aha Obodo Obodo. Enyere duo ahụ ihe nrite nke North Carolina Folk Heritage Award na 1991 maka ichekwa ọdịnala egwu ndị ojii. Mgbe Odell nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 1994, Thompson tụgharịrị uche n'ịkwụsị egwu kpamkpam ma dekọọ album solo ''Family Traditions'', wepụtara na Rounder Records na 1999. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrịa strok Thompson nwere na 2001 mebiri iji ogwe aka ekpe ya mee ihe nke ukwuu, mana ka emezigharịrị ọtụtụ ihe, ọ laghachiri n'egwuregwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwara arịrị na enweghị mmasị na egwu oge ochie, na 2005 ọ malitere ịkụzi Carolina Chocolate Drops, otu eriri African American nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye nnata nke 2007 National Heritage Fellowship nyere site na National Endowment for Arts, nke bụ nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke gọọmentị United States na nkà ndị mmadụ na omenala. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ na Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts na Washington, DC <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Thompson lụrụ ugboro abụọ ma nwee otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwoke isii. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Alamance County, North Carolina site na oyi baa; Thompson dị afọ 93. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Folklorist Wayne Martin kwuru na "Ma eleghị anya karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ, Joe bụ mkpali maka mweghachi nke egwu stringband nke mba n'etiti ọgbọ na-eto eto nke ndị egwu America America". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|title=Remembering Old-time Fiddler Joe Thompson|work=ncartseveryday.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004507/http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|archivedate=2017-02-02}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ndụ na oge nke Joe Thompson'' (2004). Thompson bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akwụkwọ nkeji iri abụọ na asaa nke Iris Thompson Chapman mepụtara ma duzie ya. == Ntụaka == na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ .uri na gụnyere Carnegie{{Reflist|30em}} 9nh1ygjlgmvl11mk18l1d5tlc5zyowy 674670 674669 2026-07-09T20:05:37Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Joseph Aquiler Thompson''' (December 9, 1918 - Febụwarị 20, 2012) bụ onye ama ama n'oge ochie nke America, yana otu n'ime ndị egwu ikpeazụ mere omenala band string ojii. N'ịbụ onye otu nwa nwanne nna ya Odell so, Thompson nwetara nkwanye ùgwù dị iche iche maka ịrụ ọrụ nke oge ochie, karịsịa mgbe a na-emegharị ụdị ahụ na 1970s. Na 1980s na 1990s, o dekọtara [[Album|albums]] studio mbụ ya, nke nwere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ụzọ eriri eriri. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Thompson na Orange County, North Carolina na Disemba 9, 1918. <ref name="bare">{{Cite book|first=Bob|author=Eagle|year=2013|title=Blues – A Regional Experience|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Santa Barbara|pages=281|isbn=978-0313344237}}</ref> Nna ya John, onye na-agba ọsọ, na nwanne nna Walter, onye na-egwu banjo, rụrụ na ịgba egwú square na mpaghara ọka. <ref name="tradition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mastersoftraditionalarts.org/artists/328|title=Joe Thompson|work=masteroftraditionalarts.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe Thompson dị afọ asaa, mgbe Thompson welitere n'onwe ya, ọ hụrụ nke ọma usoro nna ya nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọdịnala ndị Africa oge ochie . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qL3RkMTRx1YC&dq=joe+thompson+fiddle&pg=PA69|title=Historic Alamance County: An Illustrated History|author=Vincent, William|publisher=HPN Books|year=2009|isbn=9781893619982}}</ref> O sonyeere nna ya na nwanne nna ya maka ihe ngosi, ma mesịa guzobe eriri nke ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Nate na nwanne nna Odell, ha abụọ bụ ndị egwuregwu banjo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/joe-thompson-mn0000174632|title=Joe Thompson – Biography|work=allmusic.com|author=Seida, Linda|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu egwu nke otu ahụ bụ abụ ezinụlọ gafere kemgbe tupu [[Agha Obodo America|agha obodo America]], gụnyere "Nkọ na Line" na "Cindy Gal". <ref name="post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/entertainment/music/joe-thompson-93-well-respected-fiddler/2012/02/27/gIQAjuW1iR_story.html|title=Joe Thompson, 93, well-respected fiddler|work=washingtonpost.com|author=McArdle, Terence|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe o jesịrị ozi na ngalaba kewapụrụ n'oge [[World War II|Agha IIwa nke Abụọ]] yana dịka ewu ewu maka egwu egwu egwu ọdịnala na-ebelata, Thompson kwụsịrị ịkpọ fiddle ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ arịa ụlọ dị ka onye ọrụ rip hụrụ afọ 28. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1973, ọkà mmụta egwu bụ Kip Lornell, bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum na nso nso a, nụrụ asịrị banyere nkà Joe na Odell Thompson nke oge ochie ma gbaa ndị duo ume ka ha laghachi azụ. Thompson na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ . N'etiti gigs ama ama nke duo na-egwuri na gụnyere Carnegie Hall, National Folk Festival, Ememme nke American Fiddle Tunes, na Tennessee Banjo Institute. <ref name="tradition" /> <ref name="post" /> Na 1989, ha dekọtara [[album]] studio ''Old-Time Music sitere na North Carolina Piedmont'' maka akara ndekọ aha Obodo Obodo. Enyere duo ahụ ihe nrite nke North Carolina Folk Heritage Award na 1991 maka ichekwa ọdịnala egwu ndị ojii. Mgbe Odell nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 1994, Thompson tụgharịrị uche n'ịkwụsị egwu kpamkpam ma dekọọ album solo ''Family Traditions'', wepụtara na Rounder Records na 1999. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrịa strok Thompson nwere na 2001 mebiri iji ogwe aka ekpe ya mee ihe nke ukwuu, mana ka emezigharịrị ọtụtụ ihe, ọ laghachiri n'egwuregwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwara arịrị na enweghị mmasị na egwu oge ochie, na 2005 ọ malitere ịkụzi Carolina Chocolate Drops, otu eriri African American nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye nnata nke 2007 National Heritage Fellowship nyere site na National Endowment for Arts, nke bụ nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke gọọmentị United States na nkà ndị mmadụ na omenala. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ na Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts na Washington, DC <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Thompson lụrụ ugboro abụọ ma nwee otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwoke isii. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Alamance County, North Carolina site na oyi baa; Thompson dị afọ 93. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Folklorist Wayne Martin kwuru na "Ma eleghị anya karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ, Joe bụ mkpali maka mweghachi nke egwu stringband nke mba n'etiti ọgbọ na-eto eto nke ndị egwu America America". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|title=Remembering Old-time Fiddler Joe Thompson|work=ncartseveryday.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004507/http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|archivedate=2017-02-02}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ndụ na oge nke Joe Thompson'' (2004). Thompson bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akwụkwọ nkeji iri abụọ na asaa nke Iris Thompson Chapman mepụtara ma duzie ya. == Ntụaka == na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ .uri na gụnyere Carnegie{{Reflist|30em}} k894pojgsaovkmvxxjibgs6dw2vmk54 674671 674670 2026-07-09T20:06:24Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Joseph Aquiler Thompson''' (December 9, 1918 - Febụwarị 20, 2012) bụ onye ama ama n'oge ochie nke America, yana otu n'ime ndị egwu ikpeazụ mere omenala band string ojii. N'ịbụ onye otu nwa nwanne nna ya Odell so, Thompson nwetara nkwanye ùgwù dị iche iche maka ịrụ ọrụ nke oge ochie, karịsịa mgbe a na-emegharị ụdị ahụ na 1970s. Na 1980s na 1990s, o dekọtara [[Album|albums]] studio mbụ ya, nke nwere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ụzọ eriri eriri. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Thompson na Orange County, North Carolina na Disemba 9, 1918. <ref name="bare">{{Cite book|first=Bob|author=Eagle|year=2013|title=Blues – A Regional Experience|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Santa Barbara|pages=281|isbn=978-0313344237}}</ref> Nna ya John, onye na-agba ọsọ, na nwanne nna Walter, onye na-egwu banjo, rụrụ na ịgba egwú square na mpaghara ọka. <ref name="tradition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mastersoftraditionalarts.org/artists/328|title=Joe Thompson|work=masteroftraditionalarts.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe Thompson dị afọ asaa, mgbe Thompson welitere n'onwe ya, ọ hụrụ nke ọma usoro nna ya nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọdịnala ndị Africa oge ochie . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qL3RkMTRx1YC&dq=joe+thompson+fiddle&pg=PA69|title=Historic Alamance County: An Illustrated History|author=Vincent, William|publisher=HPN Books|year=2009|isbn=9781893619982}}</ref> O sonyeere nna ya na nwanne nna ya maka ihe ngosi, ma mesịa guzobe eriri nke ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Nate na nwanne nna Odell, ha abụọ bụ ndị egwuregwu banjo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/joe-thompson-mn0000174632|title=Joe Thompson – Biography|work=allmusic.com|author=Seida, Linda|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu egwu nke otu ahụ bụ abụ ezinụlọ gafere kemgbe tupu [[Agha Obodo America|agha obodo America]], gụnyere "Nkọ na Line" na "Cindy Gal". <ref name="post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/entertainment/music/joe-thompson-93-well-respected-fiddler/2012/02/27/gIQAjuW1iR_story.html|title=Joe Thompson, 93, well-respected fiddler|work=washingtonpost.com|author=McArdle, Terence|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe o jesịrị ozi na ngalaba kewapụrụ n'oge [[World War II|Agha IIwa nke Abụọ]] yana dịka ewu ewu maka egwu egwu egwu ọdịnala na-ebelata, Thompson kwụsịrị ịkpọ fiddle ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ arịa ụlọ dị ka onye ọrụ rip hụrụ afọ 28. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1973, ọkà mmụta egwu bụ Kip Lornell, bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum na nso nso a, nụrụ asịrị banyere nkà Joe na Odell Thompson nke oge ochie ma gbaa ndị duo ume ka ha laghachi azụ. Thompson na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ . N'etiti gigs ama ama nke duo na-egwuri na gụnyere Carnegie Hall, National Folk Festival, Ememme nke American Fiddle Tunes, na Tennessee Banjo Institute. <ref name="tradition" /> <ref name="post" /> Na 1989, ha dekọtara [[album]] studio ''Old-Time Music sitere na North Carolina Piedmont'' maka akara ndekọ aha Obodo Obodo. Enyere duo ahụ ihe nrite nke North Carolina Folk Heritage Award na 1991 maka ichekwa ọdịnala egwu ndị ojii. Mgbe Odell nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 1994, Thompson tụgharịrị uche n'ịkwụsị egwu kpamkpam ma dekọọ album solo ''Family Traditions'', wepụtara na Rounder Records na 1999. <ref name="times" /> Ọrịa strok Thompson nwere na 2001 mebiri iji ogwe aka ekpe ya mee ihe nke ukwuu, mana ka emezigharịrị ọtụtụ ihe, ọ laghachiri n'egwuregwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwara arịrị na enweghị mmasị na egwu oge ochie, na 2005 ọ malitere ịkụzi Carolina Chocolate Drops, otu eriri African American nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye nnata nke 2007 National Heritage Fellowship nyere site na National Endowment for Arts, nke bụ nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke gọọmentị United States na nkà ndị mmadụ na omenala. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ na Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts na Washington, DC <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Thompson lụrụ ugboro abụọ ma nwee otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwoke isii. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Alamance County, North Carolina site na oyi baa; Thompson dị afọ 93. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Folklorist Wayne Martin kwuru na "Ma eleghị anya karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ, Joe bụ mkpali maka mweghachi nke egwu stringband nke mba n'etiti ọgbọ na-eto eto nke ndị egwu America America". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|title=Remembering Old-time Fiddler Joe Thompson|work=ncartseveryday.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004507/http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|archivedate=2017-02-02}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ndụ na oge nke Joe Thompson'' (2004). Thompson bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akwụkwọ nkeji iri abụọ na asaa nke Iris Thompson Chapman mepụtara ma duzie ya. == Ntụaka == na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ .uri na gụnyere Carnegie{{Reflist|30em}} pvytmo6lnhj1t1a7xb8gg8mty3tedzb 674672 674671 2026-07-09T20:07:09Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Joseph Aquiler Thompson''' (December 9, 1918 - Febụwarị 20, 2012) bụ onye ama ama n'oge ochie nke America, yana otu n'ime ndị egwu ikpeazụ mere omenala band string ojii. N'ịbụ onye otu nwa nwanne nna ya Odell so, Thompson nwetara nkwanye ùgwù dị iche iche maka ịrụ ọrụ nke oge ochie, karịsịa mgbe a na-emegharị ụdị ahụ na 1970s. Na 1980s na 1990s, o dekọtara [[Album|albums]] studio mbụ ya, nke nwere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ụzọ eriri eriri. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Thompson na Orange County, North Carolina na Disemba 9, 1918. <ref name="bare">{{Cite book|first=Bob|author=Eagle|year=2013|title=Blues – A Regional Experience|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Santa Barbara|pages=281|isbn=978-0313344237}}</ref> Nna ya John, onye na-agba ọsọ, na nwanne nna Walter, onye na-egwu banjo, rụrụ na ịgba egwú square na mpaghara ọka. <ref name="tradition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mastersoftraditionalarts.org/artists/328|title=Joe Thompson|work=masteroftraditionalarts.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe Thompson dị afọ asaa, mgbe Thompson welitere n'onwe ya, ọ hụrụ nke ọma usoro nna ya nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọdịnala ndị Africa oge ochie . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qL3RkMTRx1YC&dq=joe+thompson+fiddle&pg=PA69|title=Historic Alamance County: An Illustrated History|author=Vincent, William|publisher=HPN Books|year=2009|isbn=9781893619982}}</ref> O sonyeere nna ya na nwanne nna ya maka ihe ngosi, ma mesịa guzobe eriri nke ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Nate na nwanne nna Odell, ha abụọ bụ ndị egwuregwu banjo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/joe-thompson-mn0000174632|title=Joe Thompson – Biography|work=allmusic.com|author=Seida, Linda|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu egwu nke otu ahụ bụ abụ ezinụlọ gafere kemgbe tupu [[Agha Obodo America|agha obodo America]], gụnyere "Nkọ na Line" na "Cindy Gal". <ref name="post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/entertainment/music/joe-thompson-93-well-respected-fiddler/2012/02/27/gIQAjuW1iR_story.html|title=Joe Thompson, 93, well-respected fiddler|work=washingtonpost.com|author=McArdle, Terence|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe o jesịrị ozi na ngalaba kewapụrụ n'oge [[World War II|Agha IIwa nke Abụọ]] yana dịka ewu ewu maka egwu egwu egwu ọdịnala na-ebelata, Thompson kwụsịrị ịkpọ fiddle ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ arịa ụlọ dị ka onye ọrụ rip hụrụ afọ 28. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1973, ọkà mmụta egwu bụ Kip Lornell, bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum na nso nso a, nụrụ asịrị banyere nkà Joe na Odell Thompson nke oge ochie ma gbaa ndị duo ume ka ha laghachi azụ. Thompson na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ . N'etiti gigs ama ama nke duo na-egwuri na gụnyere Carnegie Hall, National Folk Festival, Ememme nke American Fiddle Tunes, na Tennessee Banjo Institute. <ref name="tradition" /> <ref name="post" /> Na 1989, ha dekọtara [[album]] studio ''Old-Time Music sitere na North Carolina Piedmont'' maka akara ndekọ aha Obodo Obodo. Enyere duo ahụ ihe nrite nke North Carolina Folk Heritage Award na 1991 maka ichekwa ọdịnala egwu ndị ojii. Mgbe Odell nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 1994, Thompson tụgharịrị uche n'ịkwụsị egwu kpamkpam ma dekọọ album solo ''Family Traditions'', wepụtara na Rounder Records na 1999. <ref name="times" /> Ọrịa strok Thompson nwere na 2001 mebiri iji ogwe aka ekpe ya mee ihe nke ukwuu, mana ka emezigharịrị ọtụtụ ihe, ọ laghachiri n'egwuregwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwara arịrị na enweghị mmasị na egwu oge ochie, na 2005 ọ malitere ịkụzi Carolina Chocolate Drops, otu eriri African American nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye nnata nke 2007 National Heritage Fellowship nyere site na National Endowment for Arts, nke bụ nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke gọọmentị United States na nkà ndị mmadụ na omenala. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ na Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts na Washington, DC <ref name="times" /> Thompson lụrụ ugboro abụọ ma nwee otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwoke isii. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Alamance County, North Carolina site na oyi baa; Thompson dị afọ 93. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMartin,_Douglas2012">Martin, Douglas (2 March 2012). [https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html "Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times|The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Folklorist Wayne Martin kwuru na "Ma eleghị anya karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ, Joe bụ mkpali maka mweghachi nke egwu stringband nke mba n'etiti ọgbọ na-eto eto nke ndị egwu America America". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|title=Remembering Old-time Fiddler Joe Thompson|work=ncartseveryday.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004507/http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|archivedate=2017-02-02}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ndụ na oge nke Joe Thompson'' (2004). Thompson bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akwụkwọ nkeji iri abụọ na asaa nke Iris Thompson Chapman mepụtara ma duzie ya. == Ntụaka == na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ .uri na gụnyere Carnegie{{Reflist|30em}} 1bx6i92lujuy2fmyjna1i27qmy9489i 674673 674672 2026-07-09T20:08:00Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Joseph Aquiler Thompson''' (December 9, 1918 - Febụwarị 20, 2012) bụ onye ama ama n'oge ochie nke America, yana otu n'ime ndị egwu ikpeazụ mere omenala band string ojii. N'ịbụ onye otu nwa nwanne nna ya Odell so, Thompson nwetara nkwanye ùgwù dị iche iche maka ịrụ ọrụ nke oge ochie, karịsịa mgbe a na-emegharị ụdị ahụ na 1970s. Na 1980s na 1990s, o dekọtara [[Album|albums]] studio mbụ ya, nke nwere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ụzọ eriri eriri. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Thompson na Orange County, North Carolina na Disemba 9, 1918. <ref name="bare">{{Cite book|first=Bob|author=Eagle|year=2013|title=Blues – A Regional Experience|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=Santa Barbara|pages=281|isbn=978-0313344237}}</ref> Nna ya John, onye na-agba ọsọ, na nwanne nna Walter, onye na-egwu banjo, rụrụ na ịgba egwú square na mpaghara ọka. <ref name="tradition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mastersoftraditionalarts.org/artists/328|title=Joe Thompson|work=masteroftraditionalarts.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe Thompson dị afọ asaa, mgbe Thompson welitere n'onwe ya, ọ hụrụ nke ọma usoro nna ya nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọdịnala ndị Africa oge ochie . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qL3RkMTRx1YC&dq=joe+thompson+fiddle&pg=PA69|title=Historic Alamance County: An Illustrated History|author=Vincent, William|publisher=HPN Books|year=2009|isbn=9781893619982}}</ref> O sonyeere nna ya na nwanne nna ya maka ihe ngosi, ma mesịa guzobe eriri nke ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Nate na nwanne nna Odell, ha abụọ bụ ndị egwuregwu banjo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/joe-thompson-mn0000174632|title=Joe Thompson – Biography|work=allmusic.com|author=Seida, Linda|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu egwu nke otu ahụ bụ abụ ezinụlọ gafere kemgbe tupu [[Agha Obodo America|agha obodo America]], gụnyere "Nkọ na Line" na "Cindy Gal". <ref name="post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/entertainment/music/joe-thompson-93-well-respected-fiddler/2012/02/27/gIQAjuW1iR_story.html|title=Joe Thompson, 93, well-respected fiddler|work=washingtonpost.com|author=McArdle, Terence|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe o jesịrị ozi na ngalaba kewapụrụ n'oge [[World War II|Agha IIwa nke Abụọ]] yana dịka ewu ewu maka egwu egwu egwu ọdịnala na-ebelata, Thompson kwụsịrị ịkpọ fiddle ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ arịa ụlọ dị ka onye ọrụ rip hụrụ afọ 28. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/music/joe-thompson-dies-at-93-fiddler-of-string-band-legacy.html|title=Joe Thompson dies at 93; Helped preserve the black string band|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Martin, Douglas|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=January 19, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1973, ọkà mmụta egwu bụ Kip Lornell, bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum na nso nso a, nụrụ asịrị banyere nkà Joe na Odell Thompson nke oge ochie ma gbaa ndị duo ume ka ha laghachi azụ. Thompson na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ . N'etiti gigs ama ama nke duo na-egwuri na gụnyere Carnegie Hall, National Folk Festival, Ememme nke American Fiddle Tunes, na Tennessee Banjo Institute. <ref name="tradition" /> <ref name="post" /> Na 1989, ha dekọtara [[album]] studio ''Old-Time Music sitere na North Carolina Piedmont'' maka akara ndekọ aha Obodo Obodo. Enyere duo ahụ ihe nrite nke North Carolina Folk Heritage Award na 1991 maka ichekwa ọdịnala egwu ndị ojii. Mgbe Odell nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 1994, Thompson tụgharịrị uche n'ịkwụsị egwu kpamkpam ma dekọọ album solo ''Family Traditions'', wepụtara na Rounder Records na 1999. <ref name="times" /> Ọrịa strok Thompson nwere na 2001 mebiri iji ogwe aka ekpe ya mee ihe nke ukwuu, mana ka emezigharịrị ọtụtụ ihe, ọ laghachiri n'egwuregwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwara arịrị na enweghị mmasị na egwu oge ochie, na 2005 ọ malitere ịkụzi Carolina Chocolate Drops, otu eriri African American nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye nnata nke 2007 National Heritage Fellowship nyere site na National Endowment for Arts, nke bụ nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke gọọmentị United States na nkà ndị mmadụ na omenala. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ na Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts na Washington, DC <ref name="times" /> Thompson lụrụ ugboro abụọ ma nwee otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwoke isii. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Alamance County, North Carolina site na oyi baa; Thompson dị afọ 93. <ref name="times" /> Folklorist Wayne Martin kwuru na "Ma eleghị anya karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ, Joe bụ mkpali maka mweghachi nke egwu stringband nke mba n'etiti ọgbọ na-eto eto nke ndị egwu America America". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|title=Remembering Old-time Fiddler Joe Thompson|work=ncartseveryday.org|accessdate=January 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004507/http://ncartseveryday.org/2012/02/remembering-old-time-fiddler-joe-thompson/|archivedate=2017-02-02}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ndụ na oge nke Joe Thompson'' (2004). Thompson bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akwụkwọ nkeji iri abụọ na asaa nke Iris Thompson Chapman mepụtara ma duzie ya. == Ntụaka == na Odell malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka New String Band Duo gafee United States na mba ọzọ, na-aghọ ihe egwuregwu ama ama na mmemme ndị mmadụ .uri na gụnyere Carnegie{{Reflist|30em}} gc2j2g8sjmtaxzzvnzhhndqxceei8xe 0 48204 674818 172851 2026-07-10T05:00:47Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ndụ na ọrụ */ 674818 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''John J. Borican''' (Eprel 4, 1913 - Disemba 22, 1942) bụ onye ọgba ọsọ ogologo oge America . == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Borican na Paterson, New Jersey . <ref name="a">{{Cite web|url=http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18|title=John Borican|work=[[National Track and Field Hall of Fame]]|accessdate=April 28, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111064450/http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18|archivedate=January 11, 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe osise . N'afọ 1940, e nyere Borican ihe nrite John J. Hallanan Trophy. N'afọ 1942, Borica debere ndekọ ụwa na ọsọ 1000-mita na oge 2: 24.3. <ref name="a" /> O nwere ihe ndekọ ụwa isii n'ọsọ dị anya . Borican nwụrụ na Disemba 22, 1942 na Paterson, New Jersey, <ref name="b">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKsBwAAQBAJ&dq=john+borican+1942&pg=PA40|title=African Americans in Sports|first=David K.|author=Wiggins|publisher=Taylor & Wiggins|date=March 26, 2015|isbn=9781317477440}}</ref> mgbe ọ dị afọ 29. N'afọ 2000, a kpọbatara Borica n'afọ ndụ ya ka ọ banye na National Track na Field Hall of Fame . <ref name="a">{{Cite web|url=http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18|title=John Borican|work=[[National Track and Field Hall of Fame]]|accessdate=April 28, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111064450/http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18|archivedate=January 11, 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18 "John Borican"]. ''[[Ụlọ egwu egwu na ubi nke ama ama|National Track and Field Hall of Fame]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230111064450/http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18 Archived] from the original on January 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2024</span> &#x2013; via [[Wayback Machine]].</cite></ref> <ref name="b">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKsBwAAQBAJ&dq=john+borican+1942&pg=PA40|title=African Americans in Sports|first=David K.|author=Wiggins|publisher=Taylor & Wiggins|date=March 26, 2015|isbn=9781317477440}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWiggins2015">Wiggins, David K. (March 26, 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKsBwAAQBAJ&dq=john+borican+1942&pg=PA40 ''African Americans in Sports'']. Taylor & Wiggins. p.&nbsp;40. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781317477440|<bdi>9781317477440</bdi>]] &#x2013; via [[Akwụkwọ Google|Google Books]].</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == Borica debere ndekọ ụwa na ọsọ 1000-mita na oge {{Reflist}} jgydelhh8xbip5soa1lmrqopwr8rgpc 674819 674818 2026-07-10T05:01:15Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ndụ na ọrụ */ 674819 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''John J. Borican''' (Eprel 4, 1913 - Disemba 22, 1942) bụ onye ọgba ọsọ ogologo oge America . == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Borican na Paterson, New Jersey . <ref name="a">{{Cite web|url=http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18|title=John Borican|work=[[National Track and Field Hall of Fame]]|accessdate=April 28, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111064450/http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18|archivedate=January 11, 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe osise . N'afọ 1940, e nyere Borican ihe nrite John J. Hallanan Trophy. N'afọ 1942, Borica debere ndekọ ụwa na ọsọ 1000-mita na oge 2: 24.3. <ref name="a" /> O nwere ihe ndekọ ụwa isii n'ọsọ dị anya . Borican nwụrụ na Disemba 22, 1942 na Paterson, New Jersey, <ref name="b">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKsBwAAQBAJ&dq=john+borican+1942&pg=PA40|title=African Americans in Sports|first=David K.|author=Wiggins|publisher=Taylor & Wiggins|date=March 26, 2015|isbn=9781317477440}}</ref> mgbe ọ dị afọ 29. N'afọ 2000, a kpọbatara Borica n'afọ ndụ ya ka ọ banye na National Track na Field Hall of Fame . <ref name="a" /> <ref name="b">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKsBwAAQBAJ&dq=john+borican+1942&pg=PA40|title=African Americans in Sports|first=David K.|author=Wiggins|publisher=Taylor & Wiggins|date=March 26, 2015|isbn=9781317477440}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWiggins2015">Wiggins, David K. (March 26, 2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKsBwAAQBAJ&dq=john+borican+1942&pg=PA40 ''African Americans in Sports'']. Taylor & Wiggins. p.&nbsp;40. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781317477440|<bdi>9781317477440</bdi>]] &#x2013; via [[Akwụkwọ Google|Google Books]].</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == Borica debere ndekọ ụwa na ọsọ 1000-mita na oge {{Reflist}} le9lrn1mzy1vwsoxm5adywz0vf6ykli 674820 674819 2026-07-10T05:01:46Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ndụ na ọrụ */ 674820 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''John J. Borican''' (Eprel 4, 1913 - Disemba 22, 1942) bụ onye ọgba ọsọ ogologo oge America . == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Borican na Paterson, New Jersey . <ref name="a">{{Cite web|url=http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18|title=John Borican|work=[[National Track and Field Hall of Fame]]|accessdate=April 28, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111064450/http://legacy.usatf.org/HallOfFame/TF/showBio.asp?HOFIDs=18|archivedate=January 11, 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe osise . N'afọ 1940, e nyere Borican ihe nrite John J. Hallanan Trophy. N'afọ 1942, Borica debere ndekọ ụwa na ọsọ 1000-mita na oge 2: 24.3. <ref name="a" /> O nwere ihe ndekọ ụwa isii n'ọsọ dị anya . Borican nwụrụ na Disemba 22, 1942 na Paterson, New Jersey, <ref name="b">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYKsBwAAQBAJ&dq=john+borican+1942&pg=PA40|title=African Americans in Sports|first=David K.|author=Wiggins|publisher=Taylor & Wiggins|date=March 26, 2015|isbn=9781317477440}}</ref> mgbe ọ dị afọ 29. N'afọ 2000, a kpọbatara Borica n'afọ ndụ ya ka ọ banye na National Track na Field Hall of Fame . <ref name="a" /> <ref name="b" /> == Ntụaka == Borica debere ndekọ ụwa na ọsọ 1000-mita na oge {{Reflist}} jswxzhlc97safr3kt22zhmfh73z4fxq 0 48283 674500 174258 2026-07-09T11:59:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Glenda Hatchett|image=Glenda Hatchett (2019).png|birth_date={{birth date and age|1951|5|31}}|birth_place=[[Atlanta, Georgia]]|death_date=|death_place=|education=[[Mount Holyoke College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Emory University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])|occupation=Judge and Attorney|residence=Atlanta, Georgia|spouse=|website={{URL|http://www.glendahatchett.com}}<br>{{URL|http://www.thehatchettfirm.com}}}} {{Databox}}'''Glenda A. Hatchett''' (amuru May 31, 1951), onye amara dika '''Onyeikpe Hatchett''', bu onye ihe onyonyo nke America, onye oka iwu, na onye ikpe bu kpakpando nke ihe ngosi ulo ikpe gara aga, ''Judge Hatchett'' na ubochi ugbu a ''The Verdict with Judge Hatchett'', na Onye mmekọ ntọala na ụlọ ọrụ iwu obodo, The Hatchett Firm. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Hatchett na Atlanta, Georgia . Ọ nwetara BA na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mount Holyoke College na 1973. <ref name="holyoke">{{Cite web|title=Glenda Hatchett|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/175/gallery/glenda-hatchett|work=175|publisher=Mount Holyoke College|accessdate=June 2, 2015|archivedate=April 20, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420203701/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/175/gallery/glenda-hatchett}}</ref> Aghọtakwala ya dị ka onye nkuzi ama ama wee nye ya nzere nsọpụrụ na 2000 site na kọleji. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu nke Mahadum Emory wee nweta akara ugo mmụta juris na 1977. <ref name="holyoke" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emory.edu/home/about/points-pride/famous-alumni.html|work=Emory University|title=Famous Alumni|accessdate=June 2, 2015|archivedate=November 19, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119091520/https://www.emory.edu/home/about/points-pride/famous-alumni.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu, Hatchett gụchara akwụkwọ nchịkwa gọọmenti etiti na-achọsi ike na United States District Court na Northern District nke Georgia, <ref name="uga">{{Cite news|url=http://news.uga.edu/releases/article/former-judge-glenda-hatchett-2015-holmes-hunter-lecture/|title=Former judge Glenda Hatchett to deliver 2015 Holmes-Hunter Lecture at UGA|work=UGA Today|publisher=The University of Georgia|date=January 6, 2015|author=Stephanie Schupska|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref> sochiri ya ọkwá na Delta Air Lines . Na Delta, Hatchett ghọrọ nwanyị kachasị elu nke ụgbọ elu n'ụwa niile, na-eje ozi dịka onye ọka iwu ukwu na onye njikwa mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Dị ka onye ọka iwu agadi, Hatchett gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti na mba ahụ, yana dịka onye njikwa mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọ na-ahụ maka njikwa nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ, na mmekọrịta mgbasa ozi maka Europe, Asia na United States niile. N'ezie, ndị Ebony Magazine ghọtara onyinye ya pụtara ìhè, bụ nke kpọrọ Hatchett otu n'ime "100 Best na Brightest Black Women in Corporate America" na January 1990. <ref>Ebony Magazine, Jan 1990, 152 pages, Vol. 45, No. 3, ISSN 0012-9011</ref> N'ihi ntinye aka ya maka ịdị mma na ọrụ n'ime obodo, Glenda nwetara Medal Emory, ihe nrite kachasị elu nke mahadum nyere ndị okenye. N'afọ 1990, Hatchett mere mkpebi siri ike ịhapụ Delta Air Lines iji nabata nhọpụta dị ka onye ọka ikpe onye isi oche nke Fulton County, Georgia Juvenile Court. Mgbe ọ nabatara ọkwa ahụ, Glenda Hatchett ghọrọ onye ọka ikpe mbụ nke Africa-American Georgia nke ụlọ ikpe steeti na onye isi ngalaba nke otu n'ime usoro ụlọ ikpe ụmụaka kacha ukwuu na mba ahụ. <ref name="holyoke"/> N'afọ 2000, Hatchett hapụrụ Fulton County wee malite onye na-elekọta ihe ngosi ihe ngosi telivishọn nke mba, ''Judge Hatchett'' nke na-edepụta ihe ngosi oge niile maka oge asatọ (Sony Pictures Television), ma na-agba ọsọ ugbu a na afọ nke isii nke nchịkọta mba. "Onye ọka ikpe Hatchett kacha mma" na-agbasa ugbu a na netwọk WeTV. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wetv.com/shows/judge-hatchett|work=WeTV|title=Judge Hatchett|accessdate=June 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529172110/http://www.wetv.com/shows/judge-hatchett|archivedate=May 29, 2015}}</ref> A họpụtara Onyeikpe Hatchett Show maka onyinye nrite Emmy ụbọchị 2 maka mmemme iwu/ụlọ ikpe pụtara ìhè na 2008 na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1299831/awards?ref_=nm_awd|title=Glenda Hatchett|publisher=Daytime Emmy Awards|work=[[Internet Movie Database]]|date=June 2, 2015}}</ref> Na 2004 Hatchett dere onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma nke mba, "Kwuo Ihe Ị Pụrụ, Pụtara Ihe Ị Na-ekwu" (HarperCollins), <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.harpercollins.com/9780060563097/say-what-you-mean-and-mean-what-you-say|title=Say What You Mean and Mean What You Say! ''Saving Your Child from a Troubled World''|author=Glenda Hatchett|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref> wee wepụta "Dare to Take Charge: Otu esi ebi ndụ gị na ebumnuche" na 2010 (CenterStreet), nke ghọrọ #1 National Bestseller. Ọ rụburu ọrụ na Board of Directors of Gap, Inc. the Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), na The Service Master Company. Ugbu a, Hatchett abụrụla onye otu bọọdụ Atlanta Falcons Football Organisation kemgbe 2004, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atlantafalcons.com/team/board-of-advisors.html|work=Atlanta Falcons|title=Board of Advisors|accessdate=June 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430070310/http://www.atlantafalcons.com/team/board-of-advisors.html|archivedate=April 30, 2015}}</ref> ma na-eje ozi na Board of Advisors for Play Pumps International. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na klọb Boys na Girls of America National Board of Governors. N'afọ 2014, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya nke Atlanta, Georgia wee malite The Hatchett Firm, PC, ụlọ ọrụ iwu obodo nke na-elekwasị anya na mmerụ ahụ nkeonwe nke ọdachi, mmebi ahụike, na klas Action. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rootmagazineonline.com/featured-content/world-renowned-judge-hatchett-launches-nationwide-law-practice-the-hatchett-firm/|title=World renowned Judge Hatchett launches Nationwide Law Practice: The Hatchett Firm|accessdate=June 2, 2015|work=Root Magazine}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ịme iwu, Hatchett bụ ọkà okwu na-akpali akpali ma na-ekwu okwu na nnọkọ na mmemme na United States niile. Na 2013, ọ bụ onye isi okwu mmeghe na Pennsylvania Conference for Women 10th Anniversary, ebe Hillary Clinton kwuru okwu mmechi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paconferenceforwomen.org/inspired-glenda-hatchett/|title=Inspired By: Glenda Hatchett|work=Pennsylvania Conference for Women|date=19 October 2013|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị ya bụ onye na-ekwu okwu na akụkọ afọ 10 nke Nzukọ a ga-akpọ ka o kwuo okwu karịa otu ugboro. Na 2015, o nyere nkuzi Holmes-Hunter na Mahadum Georgia, na-asọpụrụ Charlayne Hunter-Gault na onye nwụrụ anwụ Hamilton Holmes, bụ onye na 1961 ghọrọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ African-American debanyere aha na UGA. <ref name="uga"/> Hatchett apụtala n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi dị ka onye na-akọwa ndị ọbịa na onye nyocha iwu gbasara okwu mba. Ọ pụtala ihe karịrị ugboro iri na abụọ na CNN dị ka onye na-akọwa ndị ọbịa, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/search/?text=glenda+hatchett|title=Glenda Hatchett|work=CNN|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref> na dị ka ọbịa na ''The View'', ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' , ''Ihe ngosi Mo'Nique'', na ''The Young and the restless'' . <ref name="imdb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1299831/|title=Glenda Hatchett|work=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[imdbname:1299831|"Glenda Hatchett"]]. ''Internet Movie Database''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'April, 2015, Hatchett kwupụtara na ọ bịanyere aka na ịlaghachi na telivishọn na ihe ngosi ụlọ ikpe ọhụrụ, "The Verdict with Judge Hatchett" setịpụrụ na ikuku Fall 2016 n'okpuru Entertainment Studios. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.es.tv/judge-hatchett-comes-to-justice-central/|title=Judge Hatchett comes to Justice Central|work=Estv|accessdate=June 2, 2015|archivedate=July 10, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710043241/http://www.es.tv/judge-hatchett-comes-to-justice-central/}}</ref> Na Julaị 11, 2016, ụlọ ọrụ iwu ya mara ọkwa na ha ga-anọchi anya ezinaụlọ Philando Castile n'ihe gbasara iwu obodo niile. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.11alive.com/news/local/former-fulton-co-judge-glenda-hatchett-to-represent-phildando-castiles-family/269775839|title=Judge Glenda Hatchett to represent Philando Castile's family|work=WXIA|accessdate=2018-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'ihe gbasara onye ọka ikpe Hatchett, Hatchett nwalere DNA ya wee gosi na o nwere agbụrụ sitere na ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] na [[Ndi Haụsa|ndị Hausa]] nke [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afroculture.net/the-origins-of-african-american-stars-and-personnalities/|work=Afroculture|title=The origins of African American stars and personalities|accessdate=May 3, 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=UA's first black grad gets last ovation|author=Giovanna Dell'Orto|url=http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/051020/grad.shtml|date=October 20, 2005|work=The Decatur Daily|accessdate=June 2, 2015}}</ref> Ya na ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ bi ugbu a na Atlanta, Georgia . <ref name="imdb"/> == Akwụkwọ == * ''Kwuo Ihe Ị Pụrụ na Pụtara Ihe Ị Na-ekwu!'' ''7 Ụzọ dị mfe iji nyere ụmụ anyị aka n'ụzọ nke ebumnuche na ohere'' (Harper Collins, 2003) (akwụkwọ akụkọ 2004 bipụtara ya na ndepụta okwu ''ịzọpụta nwa gị n'ụwa nsogbu'' .) * ''Amaja ị were n'ọrụ: Otu esi ebi ndụ gị na ebumnuche'' (Center Street, 2010) == Ntụaka == ọha na eze. Dị ka onye ọka iwu agadi, Hatchett gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti na mba ahụ, yana dịka onye njikwa mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọ na-ahụ maka njikwa nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ, na mmekọrịta mgbasa ugbu a na afọ nke isii nke nchịkọta mba. "Onye ọka ikpe Hatchett kacha mma" na-agbasa ugbu{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hq8zibz10p55m0zhohgciqrprdfz0ya 0 48395 674653 595287 2026-07-09T18:31:28Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Archives of American Art - Charles Alston - 2465.jpg|thumb|Charles Alston]]   '''Charles Henry Alston''' (November 28, 1907 - April 27, 1977) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-ese onyinyo, onye na'eme ihe atụ, onye ese foto na onye nkuzi nke biri ma na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara New York City nke Harlem. Alston na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Harlem Renaissance; Alston bụ onye isi Africa-America mbụ maka Ọrụ Ọganihu Federal Art Project. Alston chepụtara ma see ihe osise na Harlem Hospital na Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building. N'afọ 1990, bust Alston nke [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] ghọrọ onyinyo mbụ nke onye Africa America gosipụtara na White House. Ndụ onwe onye A mụrụ Charles Henry Alston na Nọvemba 28, 1907, na Charlotte, North Carolina, nye Reverend Primus Primus Alston na Anna Elizabeth (Miller) Alston, dị ka ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụaka ise.[1][2][3] Atọ nwụrụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata: Charles, nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye Rousmaniere na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Wendell.[1][4] A mụrụ nna ya n'ịbụ ohu na 1851 na Pittsboro, North Carolina. Mgbe agha obodo gasịrị, ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ wee gụchaa na St. Augustine's College na Raleigh. Ọ ghọrọ onye ozi ama ama na onye nchoputa nke St. Michael's Episcopal Church, ya na ọgbakọ ndị Africa na America. A kọwara onye isi Alston dị ka “nwoke agbụrụ”: onye Africa America nke raara nka ya n'ịkwalite agbụrụ ojii.Reverend Alston zutere nwunye ya mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya. Nna ya kpọrọ Charles “Spinky” ma debe aha ya dị ka onye toro eto. Na 1910, mgbe Charles dị afọ atọ, nna ya nwụrụ na mberede n'ihi ọbara ọgbụgba n'ụbụrụ. Ndị obodo kọwara nna ya dị ka "Booker T. Washington nke Charlotte"<ref name="Wardlaw" /> <ref name="Pierce" /> N'afọ 1913, Anna Alston lụrụ Harry Bearden, nwanne nna [[Romare Bearden]], na-eme ka Charles na Romare bụrụ ụmụ nwanne nne. Ezinụlọ Bearden abụọ ahụ biri n'ofe okporo ámá ahụ; ọbụbụenyi dị n'etiti Romare na Charles ga-adịru ndụ. <ref name="Wardlaw"/> <ref name="Pierce"/><ref name="Schwartzman">{{Cite book|author=Schwartzman|first=Myron|title=Romare Bearden: His Life and Art|publisher=[[Abrams Books]]|year=1990|isbn=978-0-8109-3108-4|url=https://archive.org/details/romarebeardenhis0000schw}}</ref> Dị ka nwatakịrị, Alston sitere na eserese ụgbọ oloko na ụgbọ ala nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Wendell, nke onye omenkà na-eto eto depụtaghachiri.[1][2] Alston jikwa ụrọ egwuri egwu, na-emepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ nke North Carolina. Dị ka onye toro eto, ọ na-atụgharị uche na ncheta ya nke ịkpụ ụrọ mgbe ọ bụ nwata: "M ga-enweta bọket ya ma tinye ya na strainers ma mee ihe na ya. echere m na nke ahụ bụ ahụmahụ nkà mbụ m na-echeta, na-eme ihe." [1] Nne ya bụ onye na-ese ihe nke ọma wee malite ịse ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ 75. Nna ya dịkwa mma n'ise ihe, na-eji obere ihe osise dị n'etiti akwụkwọ ozi nke o debere nne Alston Anna Anna. <ref name="Wardlaw" /> <ref name="Pierce"/> N'afọ 1915, ezinụlọ Bearden / Alston kwagara New York, dịka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị Africa America mere n'oge Great Migration. <ref name="Wardlaw"/> <ref name="Hollis">{{Cite web|year=2011|title=Charles Henry Alston|work=Artists|publisher=Hollis Taggart Galleries|url=http://www.hollistaggart.com/artists/charles-henry-alston|accessdate=April 9, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704174842/http://www.hollistaggart.com/artists/charles-henry-alston|archivedate=July 4, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Pierce"/><ref name="Wintz"/> Nna nna Alston, Henry Bearden, hapụrụ n'ihu nwunye ya na ụmụ ya iji nweta ọrụ. Ọ nwetara ọrụ na-elekọta ọrụ elevator na ndị ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Bretton Hotel na Upper West Side. Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Harlem ma were ya dị ka ndị nọ n'etiti. N'oge Great Depression, ndị Harlem tara ahụhụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba. "ike stoic" a hụrụ n'ime obodo ahụ mechara gosipụta ya na nka mara mma nke Charles. <ref name="Wardlaw" /> Na Public School 179 na Manhattan, a matara ikike nka nwata nwoke ahụ ma gwa ya ka ọ see ihe ngosi ụlọ akwụkwọ niile n'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Pierce" /> N'afọ 1917, Harry na Anna Bearden nwere nwa nwanyị, Aida C. Bearden, onye ga-emesị lụọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Lawrence Whisonant. === Agụmakwụkwọ ka elu === Alston gụsịrị akwụkwọ na DeWitt Clinton High School, ebe a họpụtara ya maka ọkaibe agụmakwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nka nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, The Magpie. Ọ bụ onye otu Arista - National Honor Society ma mụọkwa ịse na anatomi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Satọdee nke National Academy of Art.[1][2][3] N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, e nyere ya agba mmanụ mbụ ya wee mụta banyere ụlọ nka nka nke nwanne mama ya Bessye Bearden, nke kpakpando dịka Duke Ellington na Langston Hughes gara. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1925, ọ gara Mahadum Columbia, na-atụgharị akwụkwọ na Yale School of Fine Arts. <ref name="Wardlaw" /> <ref name="Hollis" /> <ref name="Pierce" /> [[Usòrò:"Sgt._Romare_Bearden,_noted_young_Negro_artist_whose_paintings_have_been_exhibited_in_galleries_and_museums_in_several_m_-_NARA_-_535841.tif|thumb|Pvt. Alston na nwa akwụkwọ nka ya na nwa nwanne nne ya, [[Romare Bearden]] (n'aka nri), na-atụle otu n'ime ihe osise ya, Cotton Workers, na 1944. Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu 372nd Infantry Regiment nke guzo na New York City.]] Alston banyere na mmemme tupu ụlọ ma ọ tụfuru mmasị mgbe ọ ghọtara ihe isi ike ọtụtụ ndị na-ewu ụlọ n'Afrịka nwere n'ọhịa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na pre-med, o kpebiri na mgbakọ na mwepụ, physics na chemistry "bụghị naanị akpa m", ọ banyere na mmemme nka dị mma. N'oge ọ nọ na Columbia, Alston sonyeere Alpha Phi Alpha, rụọ ọrụ na Columbia Daily Spectator nke mahadum ahụ, ma see ihe nkiri maka magazin ụlọ akwụkwọ ''Jester''. <ref name="Wardlaw"/><ref name="Pierce"/> Ọ chọpụtakwara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na klọb ndị dị na Harlem, ebe a ga-akwalite ịhụnanya ya maka jazz na egwu ojii. N'afọ 1929, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nata Arthur Wesley Dow fellowship iji mụọ na Teachers College, ebe ọ nwetara Master ya n'afọ 1931.<ref name="Wardlaw" /><ref name="Pierce" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-01-23|title=CUArts - Arts Initiative @ Columbia University|url=http://cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch|accessdate=2020-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123215722/http://cuarts.com/alumni/basicsearch|archivedate=January 23, 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Sweimler|first=Joel|date=June 6, 2023|title=Origin of Life - Charles Alston|url=https://www.amnh.org/research/research-library/library-news/origin-life-charles-alston|accessdate=November 21, 2023|work=Gottesman Research Library News}}</ref> === Ndụ e mesịrị === N'ime afọ 1942 na 1943 Alston nọ n'òtù ndị agha na Fort Huachuca na Arizona. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem, ọ zutere Myra Adele Logan, onye na-arụ ọrụ ịwa ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Ha lụrụ na Eprel 8, 1944. Ụlọ ha, nke gụnyere ụlọ ihe nkiri ya, dị na Edgecombe Avenue na nso Highbridge Park. Di na nwunye ahụ bi nso na ezinụlọ; ná nnọkọ ha na-enwekarị Alston na-esi nri, Myra na-akpọkwa piano. N'ime 1940s Alston na-ewerekwa klaasị nka oge ụfọdụ, na-agụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Alexander Kostellow. N'April 27, 1977, Alston nwụrụ ka ọ nwesịrị ọrịa kansa ogologo oge, ọnwa ole na ole ka nwunye ya nwụsịrị n'ọrịa kansa akpa ume.Emere emume ncheta ya na St. Martins Episcopal Church na New York City, na Mee 21, 1977.<ref name="Funeral">Charles Henry Alston Memorial Service. May 21, 1977. [[Archives of American Art]].</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == [[Usòrò:CARTER_G._WOODSON_-_TEACHER,_HISTORIAN,_PUBLISHER_-_NARA_-_535622.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe osise Alston nke onye Africa-America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Carter G. Woodson maka Office of War Information]] Mgbe ọ na-enweta akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu, Alston bụ onye isi ọrụ ụmụ nwoke na Utopia Children's House, nke James Lesesne Wells malitere.[1][2] Ọ malitekwara nkuzi na Harlem Community Art Center, nke [[Augusta Savage]] tọrọ ntọala na okpuru ulo nke ugbu a Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.[1][3][2] Ọrụ John Dewey, Arthur Wesley Dow, na Thomas Munro metụtara ụdị nkuzi Alston. N'ime oge a, Alston malitere ịkụziri Jacob Lawrence dị afọ 10, onye ọ metụtakwara ike. Onye na-ede uri Alain Locke webatara Alston na nka Africa. N'ọgwụgwụ 1920s, Alston sonyeere Bearden na ndị ọzọ na-ese oji bụ ndị jụrụ igosi na ihe ngosi William E. Harmon Foundation, bụ nke gosipụtara ndị na-ese oji na ihe ngosi njem ha. Alston na ndị enyi ya chere na ihe ngosi ndị ahụ bụ ndị a haziri maka ndị na-ege ntị ọcha, ụdị nkewa nke ndị ikom ahụ mere mkpesa. Ha achọghị ka ewepụrụ ha ma gosipụta ha n'otu ọkwa ahụ dị ka ndị ọgbọ nka nke agba akpụkpọ ọ bụla.<ref name="Pierce" /> N'afọ 1938, Rosenwald Fund nyere Alston ego ịga South, nke bụ nlọghachi mbụ ya ebe ahụ kemgbe ọ hapụrụ dị ka nwatakịrị. Njem ya na Giles Hubert, onye nyocha maka Farm Security Administration, nyere ya ohere ịnweta ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ma see ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ ime obodo. <ref name="Wardlaw"/> <ref name="Hollis"/><ref name="Wintz"/> Foto ndị a bụ ihe ndabere maka usoro ihe osise na-egosi ndụ ndị isi ojii nke ndịda. N'afọ 1940, o dechara Tobacco Farmer, onyinyo nke onye ọrụ ugbo ojii na-eto eto na uwe elu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-ele anya n'ihu ya, na-anọdụ ala n'ihu ala na ụlọ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, Alston natara ego nke abụọ site na Rosenwald Fund iji gaa South, ọ nọrọ ogologo oge na Mahadum Atlanta.<ref name="Wardlaw" /> N'ime 1930s na mmalite 1940s, Alston mepụtara ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka Fortune, Mademoiselle, The New Yorker, Melody Maker na ndị ọzọ.[1][2][3] Ọ chekwara mkpuchi album maka ndị nka dịka Duke Ellington na Coleman Hawkins yana mkpuchi akwụkwọ maka Eudora Welty na Langston Hughes.[2][4][5] Alston ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe na Office of War Information and Public Relations na 1940, na-eke eserese nke ndị America America ama ama. Ndị gọọmentị ji ihe onyonyo ndị a n'ihe karịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii 200 n'ofe mba ahụ iji "kwalite ihu ọma n'ebe ndị isi ojii nọ."<ref name="Wintz">{{Cite book|author=Wintz|first=Cary|title=Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=1-57958-457-8}}</ref><ref name="Germany">{{Cite web|title=Charles H. Alston|work=Images|publisher=AAGE|url=http://www.aacvr-germany.org/AACVR.ORG/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90&Itemid=60|accessdate=April 9, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724213801/http://www.aacvr-germany.org/AACVR.ORG/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=90&Itemid=60|archivedate=July 24, 2011}}</ref> Alston hapụrụ ọrụ azụmahịa iji lekwasị anya na ọrụ nka nke ya, na 1950 ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi Africa-America mbụ na Art Students League, ebe ọ nọgidere na ngalaba ruo 1971. <ref name="Wardlaw"/> <ref name="Hollis"/><ref name="Wintz"/> N'afọ 1950, e gosipụtara ''Ihe osise'' ya na Metropolitan Museum of Art, ọrụ nka ya bụ otu n'ime ihe ole na ole ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie zụrụ.<ref name="Wintz" /> O gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na 1953 na John Heller Gallery, nke na-anọchite anya ndị na-ese ihe dịka Roy Lichtenstein. O gosipụtara ebe ahụ ugboro ise site na 1953 ruo 1958. N'afọ 1956, Alston ghọrọ onye nkuzi Africa America mbụ na Museum of Modern Art, ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ tupu ọ gaa Belgium maka MoMA na United States Department of State. Ọ haziri ụlọ ọrụ ụmụaka na Expo 58. N'afọ 1958, e nyere ya onyinye site na ma họpụta ya dị ka onye otu American Academy of Arts and Letters . <ref name="Wardlaw"/> <ref name="Hollis"/><ref name="Pierce"/> Na 1963, Alston jikọrọ aka na Spiral ya na nwanne nna ya Romare Bearden na Hale Woodruff.[1] [2] [3] [4] Spiral jere ozi dị ka mkpokọta mkparịta ụka na nyocha nka maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị "kwuru ka ndị na-ese ojii kwesịrị isi metụta ọha America n'oge nkewa." Ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-akwado nka gbakọtara maka Spiral, dịka Emma Amos, Perry Ferguson na Merton Simpson.[1][5] [6] Otu a jere ozi dị ka ụdị 1960 nke otu 306. A kọwara Alston dị ka “onye nwere ọgụgụ isi”, na 1968, o kwuru okwu na Columbia banyere mmemme ya. N'etiti 1960s, Spiral haziri ihe ngosi nke ihe osise oji na nke ọcha, mana ndị otu ahụ akwadoghị ihe ngosi ahụ n'ihu ọha, n'ihi esemokwu dị n'ime. N'afọ 1968, Alston natara nhọpụta onye isi ala site n'aka Lyndon Johnson na National Council of Culture and the Arts. Onye isi obodo John Lindsay họpụtara ya na New York City Art Commission na 1969. <ref name="Wintz"/> Na 1973, e mere ya prọfesọ zuru oke na City College of New York, ebe ọ kụziiri kemgbe 1968.[1] [2] N'afọ 1975, e nyere ya ihe nrite Alumni mbụ dị ịrịba ama sitere na kọleji ndị nkuzi.[1] Ndị otu Art Student's League kere afọ 21 agụmakwụkwọ bara uru na 1977 n'okpuru aha Alston iji na-echeta afọ ọ bụla nke ọchịchị ya.<ref name="Pierce"/> === Ịse mmadụ na omenala === Alston na [[Henry Bannarn]] nwekọrọ oghere studio na 306 W. 141st Street, nke jere ozi dị ka oghere oghe maka ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ede foto, ndị na'egwú, ndị edemede na ihe ndị yiri ya. Ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ohere studio na 306, dị ka Jacob Lawrence, [[Addison Bate|Addison Bates]] na nwanne ya nwoke Leon.<ref name="Wardlaw"/><ref name="Pierce"/><ref name="Wintz"/><ref name="Patton">{{Cite book|author=Patton|first=Sharon|title=African-American Art|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana00patt_0|publisher=Oxford|year=1998|isbn=0-19-284213-7}}</ref> N'oge a, Alston guzobere Harlem Artists Guild na Savage na [[Elba Lightfoot]] iji rụọ ọrụ maka ịha nhata na mmemme nka nke Works Progress Administration na New York. N'ime afọ ndị mbụ nke 306, Alston lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta ihe osise. Ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka Portrait of a Man (1929) na-egosi ụdị Alston zuru ezu na nke dị adị nke gosipụtara site na pastel na charcoals, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Winold Reiss. N'akwụkwọ ya Girl in a Red Dress (1934) na The Blue Shirt (1935), Alston jiri usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke ọhụrụ mee ihe maka foto ya nke ndị na-eto eto na Harlem. A na-eche na Blue Shirt bụ onyinyo nke [[Jacob Lawrence]]. N'oge a, o mepụtara Man Seated with Travel Bag (c. 1938-40), na-egosi gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma, na-adị iche na ọrụ dị ka ''Vaudeville'' (c. 1930) na ụdị caricature ya nke nwoke na-eyi ihu ojii.<ref name="Wardlaw" /> N'ịbụ onye kpaliri njem ya na ndịda, Alston malitere "usoro ezinụlọ" ya na 1940s.[1][2] Ike na angularity na-abịa site na ihu ndị ntorobịa na ihe osise ya Untitled (Portrait of a Girl) na Untitled (Portrait of a Boy). Ọrụ ndị a na-egosikwa mmetụta ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Africa nwere n'ihe osise ya, na Portrait nke Nwa nwoke na-egosi ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta cubist. Eserese ezinụlọ mechara gosi nyocha nke Alston gbasara akara ngosi okpukperechi, agba, ụdị na oghere. Eserese ezinụlọ ya na-enwekarị ihu, nke Alston na-ekwu bụ ụzọ ndị ọcha America si ele ndị ojii anya.Ihe osise dị ka Ezinụlọ (1955) na-egosi nwanyị nọ ọdụ na nwoke guzoro na ụmụ abụọ - ndị nne na nna yiri ka ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị nne na nna ebe a na-akọwa ụmụaka dị ka ndị nwere olileanya na iji agba agba nke Cézanne mere. N'ime otu ezinụlọ (c. 1950) Alston iji isi awọ na ụda ocher na-eme ka ndị nne na nna na nwa ha ọnụ dị ka a ga-asị na onye nwere ụkpụrụ geometric jikọtara ha ọnụ dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya. Ịdị mfe nke ọdịdị, ụdị na mmetụta dị n'ahụ ezinụlọ na-egosipụta ma eleghị anya site na njem Alston na ndịda. A kọwawo ọrụ ya n'oge a dị ka ihe e ji mara ya site n'iji ụdị mbelata ya jikọtara ya na palette nke anwụ. N'oge a ọ malitekwara ịnwale ink na ịsa eserese, nke a na-ahụ na ọrụ dịka Portrait of a Woman (1955), yana ịmepụta ihe osise iji gosi egwu gbara ya gburugburu na Harlem. Blues Singer #4 na-egosi otu nwanyị na-agụ egwú na ogbo nwere ifuru ọcha n'ubu ya na uwe na-acha uhie uhie.[1][2] A na-eche na nwa agbọghọ yi uwe na-acha uhie uhie bụ Bessie Smith, onye ọ sere ọtụtụ oge mgbe ọ na-edekọ ma na-eme ihe. Jazz bụ mmetụta dị mkpa na ọrụ Alston na ndụ ọha mmadụ, nke o kwupụtara na ọrụ ndị dị ka Jazz (1950) na Harlem na abalị . <ref name="Wardlaw" /> Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'afọ 1960 nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ọrụ ya, o mekwara ihe osise na-egosipụta mmetụta metụtara enweghị nhata na mmekọrịta agbụrụ na United States. Otu n'ime Ihe osise okpukpe ole na ole ya bụ Christ Head (1960), nke nwere onyinyo "Modiglianiesque" nke [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs Kraịst]]. Afọ asaa ka e mesịrị, o mepụtara Ịtụbeghị mgbe ọ pụtara n'ezie, ị, Maazị Charlie? nke, n'ụdị yiri nke Christ Head, na-egosi nwoke ojii na-eguzo n'ihu igwe na-acha ọbara ọbara "na-ele anya dị ka onye ọ bụla nwere ike ile anya", dị ka Alston si kwuo.<ref name="Wardlaw"/> N'ịgbalị iji ohere na-adịghị mma na ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na ngwụcha afọ 1940, site n'etiti afọ 1950, Alston malitere ịmepụta ihe osise nke oge a. A kọwawo Woman with Flowers (1949) dị ka ụtụ nye Modigliani. Ceremonial (1950) na-egosi na ọ nwere mmetụta nke nka Africa. Ọrụ ndị a na-akpọghị aha n'oge a na-egosi ojiji ọ na-eji agba agba, na-eji ụcha dị iche iche mepụta ihe ndị dị mfe nke ndụ. Symbol (1953) metụtara ''Guernica'' nke Picasso, nke bụ ọrụ kachasị amasị Alston.<ref name="Wardlaw">{{Cite book|author=Wardlaw|first=Alvia J.|title=Charles Alston|publisher=Pomegranate|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7649-3766-8}}</ref> Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya nke 1950s, Ije ije, sitere n'ike ụgbọ ala Montgomery. A na-ewere ya iji nọchite anya "mmụba nke ume n'etiti ndị Africa America ịhazi na mgba ha na-agba maka ịha nhata zuru oke."[1] E kwuru na Alston na-ekwu, sị, "Echiche nke njem na-eto eto .... Ọ bụ na ikuku. .. na ihe osise a ka bịara, m na-akpọ ya Ije ije na nzube" <ref name="Wardlaw"/><ref name="BeardernHistory">{{Cite book|author=Bearden|first=Romare|title=A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present|publisher=Pantheon|year=1993|isbn=978-0-394-57016-7|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00bear}}</ref> ==== Ojii na ọcha ==== Mgbalị ndị ruuru mmadụ nke afọ 1960 nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Alston. Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na oji na ọcha, nke ọ gara n'ihu ruo n'etiti afọ 1960, a na-ewerekwa oge ahụ dị ka otu n'ime oge kachasị ike ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị ahụ bụ ihe ndị dị mfe nke ink ojii na akwụkwọ ọcha, yiri Ule Rorschach. Untitled (ihe dị ka afọ 1960s) na-egosi egwuregwu ịkụ ọkpọ, na mgbalị igosipụta ihe nkiri nke ọgụ ahụ site na brushstrokes ole na ole. Alston na-arụ ọrụ na mmanụ-na-Masonite n'oge a, na-eji impasto, cream, na ochre emepụta ihe osise dị ka ọgba. Black and White #1 (1959) bụ otu n'ime ọrụ Alston "ihe ncheta". Gray, white na black na-agbakọta iji lụọ ọgụ maka ohere na ákwà abstract, n'ụdị dị nro karịa Franz Kline siri ike. Alston gara n'ihu na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụcha monochromatic n'ime usoro ahụ nke Wardlaw kọwara dị ka "ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ kachasị mma nke nkà America nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ". <ref name="Wardlaw"/> === Murals === Ọrụ mbụ nke Charles Alston sitere na ọrụ Aaron Douglas, Diego Rivera na José Clemente Orozco. Ọ zutere Orozco mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ mgbidi na New York.[1] Na 1943, a họpụtara Alston ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke National Society of Mural Painters. O kere eserese maka Harlem Hospital, Golden State Mutual, American Museum of Natural History, Public School 154, Bronx Family and Criminal Court, na Abraham Lincoln High School na Brooklyn, New York. <ref name="Pierce" /> <ref name="Wardlaw"/><ref name=":0"/> ==== Mgbidi Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem ==== [[Usòrò:Modern_Medicine_Alston.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Ọgwụ Ọhụrụ'' (1936) n'Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem]] N'ịbụ onye e goro dị ka onye na-ese ihe easel, na 1935, Alston ghọrọ onye nlekọta America-American mbụ na-arụ ọrụ maka Federal Art Project (FAP) na New York. Nke a bụ eserese mbụ ya.[1][2][3][4] N'oge a, e nyere ya Ọrụ Progress Administration Project Number 1262 - ohere iji lekọta otu ndị na-ese ihe na-emepụta mgbidi na ilekọta ihe osise ha maka Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem.[1]. Ọ bụ ọrụ gọọmentị izizi nyere ndị omenkà America America, ndị gụnyere Beauford Delaney, Seabrook Powell na Vertis Hayes.O nwekwara ohere ịmepụta na tee onyinye nke aka ya na nchịkọta: Ime Anwansi na Ọgwụ na Ọgwụ Oge A.[1][2][3] Eserese ndị a bụ akụkụ nke diptych emechara na 1936 na-egosi akụkọ banyere ọgwụ na mpaghara Africa-American na Beauford Delaney jere ozi dị ka onye inyeaka.[1][4] Mgbe ị na-eke mgbidi ahụ, Alston sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ site n'ọrụ nke Aaron Douglas, onye otu afọ gara aga kere akụkụ nka ọha nke akụkụ Negro Life maka Ọbá akwụkwọ Ọha New York. Ọ enyochala omenala ndị Africa ọdịnala, gụnyere ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị Africa. A na-ewere Magic in Medicine, nke na-egosipụta omenala Africa na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke, dịka otu n'ime "ihe ngosi ọha na eze mbụ America nke Africa". Ihe osise eserese niile e debere bụ ndị FAP nabatara; Otú ọ dị, onye nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ Lawrence T. Dermody na kọmịshọna nke ụlọ ọgwụ SS Goldwater jụrụ atụmatụ anọ, n'ihi ihe ha kwuru na ọ bụ oke ihe nnọchiteanya nke ndị America na America na-arụ ọrụ.[1][5][3] Ndị na-ese ihe na-alụ ọgụ nzaghachi ha, na-ede akwụkwọ ozi iji nweta nkwado. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ikike imecha mgbidi ahụ.[1][5] E gosipụtara ihe osise maka Ime Anwansi na Ọgwụ na Ọgwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na Museum of Modern Art's "New Horizons in American Art". <ref name="Wardlaw" /> <ref name="Pierce" /> <ref name="Patton" /> ===== Ọnọdụ ===== A na-ekokwasị mgbidi Alston n'ime ụlọ ndị inyom nke ụlọ ọgwụ n'elu radiators na-enweghị mkpuchi, nke mere ka eserese ahụ daa site na uzuoku ahụ. Atụmatụ enweghị ike iweghachi radiators. N'afọ 1959, Alston mere atụmatụ, n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara New York State Department of Public Works, na nchekwa ahụ ga-efu $1,500 mana enwetaghị ego ahụ. Na 1968, mgbe e gbusịrị Martin Luther King Jr., a gwara Alston ka o kee ihe ngosi ọzọ maka ụlọ ọgwụ, ka etinye ya na pavilion nke aha ya bụ onye ndu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. A ga-akpọ ya aha nwoke na-apụta site n'ọchịchịrị nke ịda ogbenye na amaghị ama banye n'ìhè nke ụwa ka mma. Otu afọ mgbe ọnwụ Alston na 1977, otu ndị na-ese ihe na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere onye a ma ama na-ese foto na onye na-ese collagist [[Romare Bearden]] na onye na'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka Greta Berman, yana ndị nchịkwa si n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, na ndị New York City Art Commission, nyochara ihe osise ahụ, wee nye onye isi obodo Ed Koch aro maka iweghachi ha. A kwadoro arịrịọ ahụ, onye na-elekọta ya bụ Alan Farancz malitere ịrụ ọrụ na 1979, na-azọpụta ihe osise ndị ahụ ka ha ghara ịla n'iyi. Ọtụtụ afọ gafere, mgbidi ahụ malitekwara imebi ọzọ - ọkachasị ọrụ Alston, nke nọgidere na-ata ahụhụ site na radiators. N'afọ 1991, a malitere mmemme Adopt-a-Mural nke Municipal Art Society, a họpụtakwara mgbidi ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem maka mweghachi ọzọ (Greta Berman. Ahụmahụ onwe onye). Onyinye sitere n'aka nwanne nwanyị Alston bụ Rousmaniere Wilson na nwanne nwanyị ya bụ Aida Bearden Winters nyere aka mezue nrụzigharị nke ọrụ ahụ na 1993.<ref name="Pierce"/> N'afọ 2005, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem kwupụtara ọrụ $ 2 nde iji chekwaa mgbidi Alston na iberibe atọ ndị ọzọ na ọrụ mbụ ahụ e nyere dị ka akụkụ nke mmụba ụlọ ọgwụ $ 225 nde. <ref name="Pierce" /><ref name="Wardlaw"/>&nbsp;&nbsp; ==== Ihe osise Golden State Mutual ==== Na ngwụcha afọ 1940, Alston tinyere aka na ọrụ mural nke Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company nyere iwu, nke gwara ndị na-ese ihe ka ha mepụta ọrụ metụtara onyinye ndị Afrịka na America maka ibi na California. Alston so [[Hale Woodruff]] rụọ ọrụ na mgbidi n'otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na New York; ha jiri ubube ruo n'akụkụ elu nke ákwà ahụ.<ref name="Wardlaw"/><ref name="Patton"/> Ihe osise, nke a na-ewere dị ka "onyinye na-enweghị ọnụ ahịa na nka akụkọ America", nwere akụkụ abụọ: ''Nnyocha na Nchịkọta'' nke Alston na Settlement na Mmepe nke Woodruff. Akụkụ Alston na-ekpuchi oge site na 1527 ruo 1850. A na-egosipụta foto nke nwoke ugwu James Beckwourth, Biddy Mason, na William Leidesdorff na mgbidi akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru ezu. Ndị omenkà abụọ ahụ nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ ndị Africa America nọ na West Coast n'oge ha na-emepụta ihe osise, nke metụtara ọdịnaya na ihe ngosi ha. A kpughere ihe osise ndị ahụ na 1949, a na-egosikwa ha n'ọnụ ụlọ mbata nke Golden State Mutual Headquarters . <ref name="Wardlaw" /><ref name="Patton" /> N'ihi ndakpọ akụ na ụba na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, a manyere Golden State ire ihe osise ha niile iji gbochie ụgwọ ya na-arịwanye elu. Ka ọ na-erule oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2011, National Museum of African American History and Culture enyewo $ 750,000 iji zụta ihe osise ahụ. Nke a kpatara esemokwu, ebe ọ bụ na e mere atụmatụ na ihe osise ahụ ruru ọ dịkarịa ala nde $ 5. &nbsp;Ndị na-akwado ya gbalịrị ichebe mgbidi ahụ site n'inweta nchebe obodo site na Los Angeles Conservancy. Steeti California ajụla aro enyemaka iji debe mgbidi ahụ n'ebe mbụ ha, Ụlọ Ọrụ Smithsonian wepụrụ onyinye ha. Ndokwa nke mgbidi ndị ahụ nọ n'okpuru ikpe ụlọ ikpe banyere ikike, nke a na-edozighị n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2011. <ref name="Kahn">{{Cite news|title=Smithsonian Plan to Remove Murals From Los Angeles Lobby Is Criticized|author=Eve M. Kahn|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/17/smithsonian-plan-to-remove-murals-from-los-angeles-lobby-is-criticized/?scp=1&sq=smithsonian%20murals&st=cse|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 17, 2011|accessdate=April 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Kahn2">{{Cite news|title=Smithsonian Won't Buy Murals of Black Life in California|author=Eve M. Kahn|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/smithsonian-wont-buy-murals-of-black-life-in-california/|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 28, 2011|accessdate=April 10, 2011}}</ref> E mechara dozie nke a na 2011 mgbe agbakwunyere ụlọ Golden State Mutual Life Insurance na National Register of Historic Places. Ụlọ ahụ bụ nke Community Impact Development zụrụ, mmekọrịta e guzobere iji nye ụlọ ọhụrụ maka South Central Los Angeles Regional Center, ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ndị nwere nkwarụ ọrụ. A rụzigharịrị ụlọ ahụ n'afọ 2015. Ihe osise ndị ahụ ka dị n'ebe a na-anọ anabata ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://la.curbed.com/2020/2/18/21138451/golden-state-mutual-life-insurance-building-los-angeles|title=The pride of West Adams|author=Meares|first=Hadley|date=18 February 2020|work=CURBED Los Angeles|accessdate=6 December 2023|archivedate=7 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180330/https://la.curbed.com/2020/2/18/21138451/golden-state-mutual-life-insurance-building-los-angeles}}</ref> === akpuruakpu === Alston mekwara ihe ọkpụkpụ. Head of a Woman (1957) na-egosi mgbanwe ya gaa na "ụzọ dị mfe na nke oge a maka ihe ọkpụkpụ.... ebe a na-atụ aro ihe oyiyi ihu kama ịhazi ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na akụkụ atọ, ".<ref name="Wardlaw"/> N'afọ 1970, Chọọchị Obodo nke New York nyere Alston iwu ka o mepụta bust nke [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] maka $ 5,000, naanị ise e mepụtara.<ref name="Minutes1">Special Committee on the Martin Luther King Bust. Minutes of the Meeting of the Special Committee on the Martin Luther King Bust. June 23, 1970. [[Archives of American Art]].</ref><ref name="HarringtonLetter">Harrington, D. Martin Luther King Jr. Bust. Community Church of New York. October 22, 1970. [[Archives of American Art]].</ref> N'afọ 1990, ọla nchara Alston nke Martin Luther King Jr. (1970), ghọrọ onyinyo mbụ nke onye Africa America gosipụtara na White House. <ref name="Wardlaw" /> <ref name="Jet1">{{Cite news|title=Clinton announces first image of a Black is on display at the White House|work=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|date=March 14, 2000|id={{ProQuest|199980619}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Mgbe [[Barack Obama]] ghọrọ onye isi ojii mbụ na 2009, ọ wetara bust nke Martin Luther King Jr. n'ime Oval Office, na-anọchi bust nke Winston Churchill. Nke a bụ oge mbụ e gosipụtara onyinyo nke onye Africa America n'ụlọ ọrụ onye isi ala. Ọzọkwa, bust ahụ ghọrọ ọrụ a na-ahụkarị na foto ndị isi na-eleta. Ugbu a, a na-egosipụta nke abụọ nke Martin Luther King Jr. a ma ama na Washington maka ọha na eze ile anya na nso.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Obama Adds MLK Bust to Oval Office|url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/obama-adds-mlk-bust-to-oval-office/1869127/|accessdate=17 November 2020|work=NBC4 Washington|date=19 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Catlin|first=Roger|title=A Rare and Important Sculpture of Martin Luther King|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/rare-and-important-sculpture-martin-luther-king-comes-smithsonian-180957848/|accessdate=17 November 2020|work=Smithsonian Magazine|date=15 January 2016|language=en}}</ref> === Mgbasa ozi nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ === [[Usòrò:"OUT_OF_THE_FRYING_PAN_-_INTO_THE_FIRING_LINE^"_-_NARA_-_535609.jpg|alt=Sketch of frying pan dripping grease onto howitzer emplacement surrounded by uniformed soldierss.|thumb|100x100px|Ihe osise na-akwalite mgbalị agha na ihe osise mbụ nke Charles Alston, nke a chịkọtara ca. 1942 - ihe dị ka 1945]] N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị nta akụkọ ojii gbalịrị ịrịọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ojii arịrịọ, ebe ha na-emekwa ka gọọmentị US dị jụụ site n'ịkwado agha ahụ. Alston mepụtara ihe karịrị otu narị ihe osise mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke kwadoro ọnọdụ mba na agha maka U.S. Office of War Information. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-ege ntị ojii, nke e mere maka mbipụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị isi ojii kwa izu iji dozie nsogbu ụfọdụ, nke na-ese okwu na obodo ndị isi ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Amana|first=Harry|title=The Art of Propaganda: Charles Alstons World War II Editorial Cartoons for the Office of War Information and the Black Press|journal=American Journalism|date=April 2004|volume=21|issue=2|pages=79–111|doi=10.1080/08821127.2004.10677582|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265316846|accessdate=17 November 2020}}</ref> === Nnabata === Onye nkatọ nka Emily Genauer kwuru na Alston "jụrụ ịbụ onye nduru", gbasara nyocha ya dị iche iche na ihe osise ya.[1] Onye nlekọta Lemoine Deleaver Pierce kwuru banyere ọrụ Alston, sị: "Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla a na-eche na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe ọhụrụ, Alston na-eleghara usoro nkà na-ewu ewu anya ma mebie ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nka; ọ na-emepụta ihe osise na-adịghị ahụkebe na ihe atụ n'otu oge, na-ajụ ịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na n'oge 40 ya. -afọ ọrụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma na n'enweghị mgbagha na ma azụmahịa na nka mara mma. Romare Bearden kọwara Alston dị ka "...otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma bụ ndị nnukwu nkà ha mere ka ọ bụrụ ụdị dị iche iche..." Bearden kọwakwara ọkachamara na mmetụta nke Alston nwere na Harlem na obodo Afrika-America: "' bụ onye na-ese ihe na olu na mmepe nka nke ndị America nke na-enweghị obi abụọ na ịdị mma nke mmadụ niile na ikike okike n'ime ogologo oge ọrụ ya, Alston mere ka ndụ omenala Harlem dịkwuo elu n'ụzọ miri emi nwoke wuru àkwà mmiri n'etiti ndị na-ese oji n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche, na n'etiti ndị America ndị ọzọ." [1] Onye edemede bụ June Jordan kọwara Alston dị ka "onye America na-ese ihe nke mbụ, na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri ojii America nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na-enweghị mgbagha.<ref name="Pierce">{{Cite journal|author=Pierce|first=Lemoine|year=2004|title=Charles Alston – An Appreciation|journal=The International Review of African American Art|issue=4|pages=33–38}}</ref><ref name="Jordan1">Jordan, June. Publication proposal, March 25, 1970. [[Archives of American Art]].</ref> == Ihe ngosi ndị dị mkpa == * A Force for Change, ihe ngosi otu, 2009, Spertus Museum, Chicago * Canvasing the Movement, ihe ngosi otu, 2009, Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History &amp;amp; Culture <ref name="Lewis">{{Cite web|year=2010|title=January 2010 Programs|work=Calendar of Events|publisher=Reginald F. Lewis Museum|url=http://www.africanamericanculture.org/januaryprograms.html|accessdate=April 9, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105162110/http://www.africanamericanculture.org/januaryprograms.html|archivedate=January 5, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Lewis2">{{Cite web|author=Samantha McCoy|year=2009|title=Canvasing the Movement: The Lewis' Arts Wall Captures Images of Civil Rights, Past and Present|work=Press|publisher=Reginald F. Lewis Museum|url=http://www.africanamericanculture.org/PressSheets/ArtsWall-Canvasingthe%20Movement-Release.pdf|accessdate=April 9, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917060328/http://africanamericanculture.org/PressSheets/ArtsWall-Canvasingthe%20Movement-Release.pdf|archivedate=September 17, 2010}}</ref> * On Higher Ground: Nhọrọ Site na Walter O. Evans Collection, ihe ngosi otu, 2001, Henry Ford Museum, Michigan <ref name="WSJ1">{{Cite news|title=Time Off: A Week of Diversions|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=February 7, 2001|id={{ProQuest|398825418}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance, otu ngosi, 1998, Corcoran Gallery of Art, [[Washington, D.C.]] <ref name="Corc">{{Cite news|title=This Week|author=Lawrence van Gelder|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/13/theater/this-week.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 13, 1998|accessdate=October 6, 2018}}</ref> * ''Na Mmụọ nke Nnupụisi: Ndị Africa-America Modernists na ụlọ akwụkwọ Muralist nke Mexico'', ihe ngosi otu, 1996, The Studio Museum na Harlem, New York <ref name="Sacramento">{{Cite news|title=Traveling Exhibit Depicts Black Life|work=[[The Sacramento Observer]]|date=June 19, 1996|id={{ProQuest|367497716}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> * ''Charles Alston: Onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi'', 1990, Kenkeleba Gallery, New York <ref name="Wardlaw"/> * Masters na Pupils: The Education of the Black Artist na New York, 1986, Jamaica Arts Center, New York <ref name="Jamaica">{{Cite news|title=America's black artists are seen in new light|author=Fraser, C. Gerald|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=30794464&site=ehost-live|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 7, 1986|accessdate=April 10, 2011}}</ref> * ''Ihe ngosi otu narị afọ nke ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ'', 1975, Art Students League of New York, New York * Ihe ngosi onwe onye, 1969, Huntington Hartford Gallery of Modern Art, New York. * Ihe ngosi onwe onye, 1968, Mahadum Fairleigh Dickinson, New Jersey <ref name="Wardlaw" /> * Ekele nye ndị na-ese ihe Negro na nsọpụrụ nke 100th Anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, ihe ngosi otu, 1963, Albany Institute of History and Art <ref name="Pierce"/> == Nnukwu nchịkọta == * Mahadum Hampton<ref name="Pierce"/> * [[Harmon and Harriet Kelly Foundation for the Arts|Harmon na Harriet Kelly Foundation for the Arts]]<ref name="Wardlaw"/><ref name="Hollis"/> * National Association for the Advancement of Colored People<ref name="Pierce" /> * Kalamazoo Institute of Arts, Kalamazou, Michigan <ref>{{Cite web|title=Untitled (Couple)|url=http://collection.kiarts.org/view/objects/asitem/search@/0?t:state:flow=01ea132f-3e67-424f-a43e-8756eadb70a0|work=Kalamazoo Institute of Arts|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref> * National Gallery of Art<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Info|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.36256.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}</ref> * National Museum of African American History and Culture * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie Whitney nke American Art<ref name="Hollis" /> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|30em}}32. ^"Charles Alston, Onye na-ese ihe na Onye Nkụzi." African American Registry. 30 Julaị 2020. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ 10 Machị 2021. <charles alston="" amụrụa="" class="external text" href="https://aaregistry.org/story/charles-alston-harlem-renaissance-artist-and-teacher" ihe="" na="" na-ese="" nkuzi="" onye="" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Charles Alston, onye na-ese ihe, na onye nkuzi a mụrụ</charles> == Ntụaka == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Encyclopedia nke Harlem Renaissance''. London: Routledge.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-57958-457-8|1-57958-457-8]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka: Site na 1792 ruo ugbu a''. New York: Pantheon Books.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57016-7|978-0-394-57016-7]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] African-American Art Oxford: Oxford University Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-19-284213-7|0-19-284213-7]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Charles Alston - ekele". The International Review of African American Art (4): peeji nke 33-38. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Romare Bearden: Ndụ ya na nka New York: Abrams Books.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3108-4|978-0-8109-3108-4]].&nbsp; * Wardlaw, Alvia J. (2007). ''Charles Alston'' Petaluma, California: Pomegranate Communications.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-7649-3766-8|978-0-7649-3766-8]].&nbsp; == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Anonymous, "Foto mbụ nke onye Africa America na-egosi na White House" ''New York Amsterdam News'', March 2, 2000. Isiokwu banyere ''Martin Luther King Jr.'' nke Alston na White House. * Catlin, Roger, "A Rare and Important Sculpture of Martin Luther King", Jenụwarị 15, 2016. Isiokwu banyere mkpa Alston's ''Martin Luther King'' bust site na Smithsonian Magazine. * Ascoli, Peter M, et al. Ike maka mgbanwe: nka Africa America na Julius Rosenwald Fund. Chicago: Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies. 2009.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2588-9|978-0-8101-2588-9]] Akwụkwọ nke na-edekọ echiche na ndị natara Rosenwald Funds.&nbsp; * Barnwell, Andrea D.; Evans, Walter O.; Buick, Kristen; Mooney, Amy; Benjamin, Tritobia Hayes. Nchịkọta Walter O. Evans nke nka Africa America Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press. 2000.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-295-97920-8|0-295-97920-8]] Ọrụ Alston.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Mgbidi nke Harlem". Magazin Arts, 52 (2), peeji nke 122-126. Ọ na-atụle mmetụta nke ndị omenkà 306 na ndị metụtara ya. * Brigham, D.R. (2008) Na-emebi 'agbụ nke ịkpa ókè': Ihe ngosi Pyramid Club kwa afọ. International Review of African American Art, peeji nke 2-17. Ihe ngosi ndị a gosipụtara ọrụ Charles Alston. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Buenos Vecinos: African-American printmaking and the Taller de Gráfica Popular". Print Quarterly, 16 (4), peeji nke 356-367. Mkpa nke 306 na mmekọrịta ndị omenkà a nwere na ndị omenkụ Latin America. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of African American art San Antonio: San Antonio Museum of Art Exhibition catalog.  * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ọgbọ '306' - Harlem, New Yor''. Mahadum Northwestern. Chicago: Mahadum Northwestern. Nkwupụta banyere 306 na ntinye sitere n'aka Alston n'onwe ya. * Dunitz, R na Prigoff, J. ''Mgbidi nke ihe nketa: mgbidi nke mpako - mgbidi ndị Africa America.'' Fullbridge: Pomegranate Europe Ltd. 2001.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-7649-1339-5|0-7649-1339-5]] Na-egosi ihe osise Alston.&nbsp; * Glueck, Grace. [http://search.proquest.com/docview/118428782 "Onye na-ese ihe kacha mma m nwere ike ịbụ".] ''The New York Times'', 1968. Ajụjụ ọnụ na Alston. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Charles Alston: onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi. New York: Kenkeleba Gallery. Ndepụta ihe ngosi. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe ngosi "Charles "Spinky" Alston: Ọrụ nka site na 1936-1969", 2004. Ndepụta ihe ngosi nke New York.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-891978-18-7|1-891978-18-7]] * Langa, Helen "Ihe ngosi nka abụọ na-emegide: echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, echiche agbụrụ, ihe mgbochi nwoke na nwanyị". ''Ihe osise America'', 1999. 13 (1), peeji nke 10-39. Akụkọ a na-ebo ebubo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị banyere ọrụ nka metụtara lynching, gụnyere Alston. * Ụlọ ngosi Michael Rosenfeld (1996). Nkà ndị Africa na America: ọrụ nka nke narị afọ nke 20, III. New York: Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. Ndepụta ihe ngosi. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/charles-henry-alston-papers-5643 Enyemaka ịchọta akwụkwọ Charles Henry Alston, 1924-1980 na Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305181605/http://www.ctpostchronicle.com/articles/2011/04/10/life/doc4da1df368c9af882618267.txt A na-eji ọrụ Alston akụzi ụmụaka banyere ndụ ezinụlọ na agbụrụ] Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine * [https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/search/index?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keywords=charles+alston Digital Works Progress Administration prints na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] snc8mazazwv5m6z4r7gx6hzsmnuo6ig 0 48866 675052 173773 2026-07-10T10:55:15Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 675052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Harvey Fite|birth_date={{birth date|1903|12|25}}|birth_place=[[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|1976|5|9|1903|12|25}}|nationality=American|occupation={{flatlist| *Sculptor *painter *[[Land art|earth artist]] }}|notable_works=''[[Opus 40]]''|image=File:Harveyfite.jpg|image caption=Harvey Fite}} Harvey Fite (Decemba 25, 1903 – May 9, 1976) [1] bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ America, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe ụwa kacha mara amara maka ihe ọkpụkpụ ala ya Opus 40 .  Onye nkuzi, onye na-ebe ihe na onye na-ese ihe na Woodstock nke ọtụtụ talent, ọ bụ onye na-ese osisi na nkume na nkume.  Ezi Fite maka mmalite ntọala mmemme nka na Bard College na Annandale-on-Hudson, New York . == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ na Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, [1] Fite tolitere na Texas, ebe ebe ya kwagara n'oge ọ bụ nwata.  [2] Mgbe ọ bụ nwa nwanyị ọ gara akwụkwọ mgbede na iwu awụ atọ, tupu o ihe na-egosi phosso ya dị ka ọrụ.  [1] N'oge ahụ ọ kwagara n'ebe iwu akwụkwọ akwụkwọ maka ozi na St. Stephen's College, obere ụlọ akwụkwọ Episcopal dị na Annandale-on-Hudson, na New York's Hudson Valley .  [2] Mgbe ọ ruru ebe ahụ, a dọtara Fite na ogbo n'ihe nkiri ụlọ akwụkwọ, na njedebe awụ nke ọhụhụ. Ọ sonyeere otu ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme njem, ma ike Woodstock, ebe ọ na-eme ihe nkiri obodo.  [1] Di nwoke ifo nke nwa ya, Tad Richards, na-akọ, Fite ngwa ya n'ịkpụ ihe na ike otu ụbọchị mgbe, ka ọ nọdụrụ ala azụ n'azụ mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ngosi, ọ gbapụrụ anya.  n'akpa uwe ya wee malite ịfụ n'elu spool a tụfuru nke onye na-akwa akwa nke gbadara n'okpuru ya.  oche. <ref name="Wallis">Wallis, David (June&nbsp;2, 2006). "[https://nytimes.com/2006/06/02/travel/escapes/02trip.html A Monumental Vision of Half a Lifetime]." ''New York Times''. p.&nbsp;F9. Retrieved via ''Biography in Context'' database, 2017-06-18.</ref> Ọkpụkpụ a ma ama, a hụ Fite na 1933 ka ọ hazie mmemme nka nke ọma n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya (St. Stephen's), bụ nke, n'ime afụ atọ ihi ya, akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Columbia wee kpọọ ya Bard College.  .  [1] Fite ahọpụtari ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1969. [2] Ọ gara n'ofe osimiri ahụ n'ihe ọrụ nka Maverick na-ahụ Woodstock, New York. == Nkeji 40 ==   Na Mee 1938, Fite ndịra mgbawa nkume bluestone na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na Saugerties, New York, [1] saịtị nwere acre 12 nke ihe di ya nwụrụ onye na-ahụ maka mgbaba ikpeazụ nweburu.  Ọ haziri, rụzie ma jiri aka wuo ụlọ osisi dị na nsacha ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, chere Ugwu Catskill ihu, wee biri n'ebe ahụ na High Woods, ime obodo dị n'ime obodo Saugerties, nke agbata obi Woodstock.  N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ọ na-eji nnukwu olu nke ụdọ quarryman pụta mpụta ụlọ ya mma, ma ikpe n'ime ime ụlọ na ihe ndị ọrụ, ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ, na-aga ruo n'ọnụ ụzọ na-agba ɔtọt.  nke gba ɔtɔ, nke mere na ụlọ ahụ n'onwe ya bụzi ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.  nke ihe osise Fite. N'oge akwụkwọ ahụ, ndị ọrụ ọrụ Carnegie hụrụ ya ka onye ọrụ ndị nnaghachi na ihe ọkpụkpụ Mayan oge ochie na Copan, Honduras .  [1] Nkà na ihe owuwu nke ndị Maya nwere ike dị ukwuu Fite, ụgbọ site n'ụzọ ha si ewu nkume akọrọ.  [2] N'oge opupu ihe ubi na-esote, ọ ịrịba akara mkpọmkpọ ebe gbasa mmetụta mgbawa mgbawa, na-amalite ihe mechara mechara ọrụ ya: ebe a kpụrụ akpụ nke mbara ala, oghere, rampụ, ịdenye mmiri mmiri mmiri.  ozuzo nke ọ ga-emecha ihuenyo "Opus 40", dị ka.  o mere na ọ ga-ewe ya afụ iri anɔ iji wuchaa ya.  [2] N'ime iri afọ ndị gafeworonụ, Fite ji otu aka kwaga ma debe okwute, n'otu oge monolith bluestone nwere ton ndị, na-eji ndị Ijipt oge ochie iji leverage na ibuli elu. <ref name="CLF">"[https://tclf.org/sites/default/files/microsites/art-landscape/opus-40.html Opus 40, by Harvey Fite, Saugerties, NY: History]". ''Art and the Landscape: Landslide 2014''. The Cultural Landscape Foundation. Retrieved 2017-07-02.</ref> == Ọnwụ == Harvey Fite nwụrụ na Mee 1976 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ''Opus 40'', <ref name="nytobit">"[https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/11/archives/harvey-fite-dies-sculptor-was-72-falls-into-a-quarry-planned-as.html Harvey Fite Dies; Sculptor was 72]". ''New York Times''. May&nbsp;11, 1976. Retrieved 2017-06-17.</ref> na usoro nke imecha oghere oghere "ihe nkiri" na saịtị dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ókè; ọ nọ na-agba igwe na-akwọ ahịhịa n'oge ahụ, o wee daa n'ebe a na-agbapụta ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala site n'ebe dị mita iri na abụọ. <ref name="nytobit" /> Ọ dị afọ 72, ma rụọ ọrụ naanị ya na ''magnum opus'' maka afọ 37 ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. <ref name="nytobit" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} k9am3jk3ulks05taaadfqx09oqt8xct 0 48897 674851 632218 2026-07-10T06:24:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jasmine Jobson''' (amụrụ 9 Mee 1995) <ref name="bday">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/FaZe_sparucus/status/1258926000194363392|title=Happy birthday Jasmine|work=twitter.com|date=May 9, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511235519/https://twitter.com/FaZe_sparucus/status/1258926000194363392|archivedate=2020-05-11}}</ref> <ref name="stand">{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/foster-care-teenager-transforms-from-hood-rat-to-potential-hollywood-star-8969109.html#gsc.tab=0|title=Foster care teenager transforms from 'hood rat' to potential Hollywood star|work=standard.co.uk|date=November 28, 2013}}</ref> bụ onye omere [[British|Britain]] kacha mara amara maka ịgba egwu dị ka Jaq na 2019 Netflix usoro ihe nkiri mpụ telivishọn Britain ''Top Boy'', nke ọ meriri BAFTA, yana maka ịkpọ Lily n'ime njirimara ahụ. ihe nkiri ''Surge'', nke ewepụtara na 2020 Sundance Film Festival . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Jasmine Jobson 9 Mee 1995 <ref name="bday"/> <ref name="stand"/> na Hayes, West London, England . Nne ya sitere na ihe nketa Irish na Greek-Cypriot, nna ya bụ onye Jamaica . <ref name="chuck">{{Cite web|url=http://rwdmag.com/chuckie-online-chats-to-jasmine-jobson-about-her-show-stealing-top-boy-role-on-the-jd-in-the-duffle-bag-podcast/|title=Chuckie Online chats to Jasmine Jobson about 'Top Boy'|work=rwdmag.com|date=January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115171959/http://rwdmag.com/chuckie-online-chats-to-jasmine-jobson-about-her-show-stealing-top-boy-role-on-the-jd-in-the-duffle-bag-podcast/|archivedate=2020-01-15}}</ref> Site na nwata (ihe dị ka ihe dị ka isii), Jobson gosipụtara nkà ịbụ abụ site n'iṅomi kpakpando telivishọn, ya mere nne ya debara aha ya na 'Paddington Arts', <ref name="chuck" /> otu ụlọ ọrụ ntorobịa nke raara onwe ya nye ịzụlite nkà na imepụta ihe na ndị na-eto eto London, <ref name="pad">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paddingtonarts.org.uk/about-us/|title=Paddington Arts|work=paddingtonarts.org.uk|date=2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727074201/http://www.paddingtonarts.org.uk/about-us/|archivedate=2018-07-27}}</ref> ebe Jobson nwetara talent ya. <ref name="chuck" /> == Ọrụ == Jobson malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri, na-eme egwuregwu dị ka ''Phoenix: A Girl on Fire'' and ''Wild Diamonds'' <ref name="cam" /> na Hackney Down Studios na 2013. <ref name="amaz">{{Cite web|url=https://www.doritanissen.com/amazing-magazine-x-jasmine-jobson|title=Jasmine Jobson v Amazing Magazine|work=doritanissen.com|date=2019}}</ref> Site na 2014, Jobson rụrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ''Flea,'' ''A Generation of Vipers,'' and ''The King'', tupu ya arụ ọrụ na telivishọn na 2016 dị ka Kia Hopkins na otu ihe nkiri nke ''ndị na-enyo enyo (usoro TV)'' . <ref name="cam">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cam.co.uk/client/jasmine-jobson/|title=Client Profile - Jasmine Jobson|work=cam.co.uk|date=June 4, 2020}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ ọ mere obere ngosi na ''The Break (usoro ihe nkiri TV)'', ''Ise site na ise'' na ''obi gbara ọchịchịrị (usoro ihe nkiri TV)'' dị ka Sally Watkins, <ref name="cam" /> tupu ọ nweta ọrụ bụ isi na usoro ihe nkiri mpụ telivishọn Britain nke 2019 Netflix ''Top Boy .'' <ref name="go">{{Cite web|url=https://gofashionideas.com/tv-movies/top-boy-season-3-cast-who-plays-jaq-who-is-jasmine-jobson/|title=Top Boy season 3 cast: Who plays Jaq? Who is Jasmine Jobson?|work=gofashionideas.com|date=September 18, 2019|accessdate=June 17, 2024|archivedate=November 27, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127100300/https://gofashionideas.com/tv-movies/top-boy-season-3-cast-who-plays-jaq-who-is-jasmine-jobson/}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara Jobson maka ma nweta ''onyinye kacha mma na-apụta'' na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri vidiyo (MVISA). <ref name="emerg">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MVisas/status/1189435637386174464|title=Best Emerging Talent Jasmine Jobson #iluvmvisas|work=twitter.com|date=October 26, 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://twitter.com/MVisas/status/1189435637386174464 "Best Emerging Talent Jasmine Jobson #iluvmvisas"]. ''twitter.com''. 26 October 2019.</cite></ref> <ref name="mvisa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vtelevision.co.uk/biff/gallery-winners.html|title=MVISA 2019 Gallery - Best Emerging Talent Jasmine Jobson|work=vtelevision.co.uk|date=2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.vtelevision.co.uk/biff/gallery-winners.html "MVISA 2019 Gallery - Best Emerging Talent Jasmine Jobson"]. ''vtelevision.co.uk''. 2019.</cite></ref> Na 2020, Jobson gbara egwu dị ka Lily na ihe nkiri ngosi ''Surge ,'' nke ewepụtara na Jenụwarị 2020 na Sundance Film Festival na Salt Lake City . <ref name="surge">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/surge-review-1274390|title='Surge': Film Review - Sundance 2020|work=hollywoodreporter.com|date=January 28, 2020}}</ref> Jobson kwuru na ọ nwere ntụsara ahụ na gburugburu ọdụ ụgbọ elu, ntọala maka ''Surge'', dịka ọ na-arụbu ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere mmanya na Wetherspoons na Heathrow 's Terminal 2. <ref name="chair">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/tv/i-m-a-tough-cookie-i-have-thick-skin-top-boy-s-jasmine-jobson/ar-BB17flrm?ocid=spartan-dhp-feeds|title='I'm a tough cookie, I have thick skin': Top Boy's Jasmine Jobson|work=msn.com|date=July 27, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727204751/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/tv/i-m-a-tough-cookie-i-have-thick-skin-top-boy-s-jasmine-jobson/ar-BB17flrm?ocid=spartan-dhp-feeds|archivedate=2020-07-27}}</ref> N'agbata 2020 na 2024, a họpụtara Jobson ugboro atọ maka ihe nrite Television Academy Award maka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma maka ọrụ ya na ''Top Boy'' . Ọ meriri na 2024. <ref name="bafta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-52917661|title=Bafta TV Awards 2020: Nominees in full|work=bbc.co.uk|date=June 4, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-52917661 "Bafta TV Awards 2020: Nominees in full"]. ''bbc.co.uk''. 4 June 2020.</cite></ref> Na 2023, Jobson weere ọrụ protagonist na ITV1 psychological thriller ''Platform 7'', n'akụkụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Phil Davis na Toby Regbo . <ref name="p7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.whattowatch.com/watching-guides/platform-7-plot-and-everything-we-know-about-the-haunting-thriller|first=Sean|author=Marland|title=Platform 7: potential release date, plot, cast and all we know about the haunting thriller|work=whattowatch.com|date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === Vipers, and The King, tupu ya arụ ọrụ na telivishọn na 2016 dị ka Kia Hopkins na otu ihe nkiri nke ndị na-enyo enyo (usoro TV) . Kemgbe ahụ ọ mere obere ngosi na The Break (usoro ihe nkiri TV), Ise site na ise na obi {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ |- | 2014 | ''Ọgbọ nke Vipers'' (Obere) | Mae |- | 2014 | ''Flea'' (obere) | Naz |- | 2016 | ''Eze'' (Mkpụmkpụ) | Tanisha |- | 2018 | ''Naanị mkpokọta'' (obere) | Aliyah |- | 2018 | ''Carly'' (Mkpụmkpụ) | Helen |- | 2018 | ''rube isi'' | Obere M |- | 2018 | ''Obere ihe'' (obere) | Jasmine |- | 2019 | ''Dina ala'' | Michelle |- | 2020 | ''Daalụ, Ị?'' | Amy |- | 2020 | ''Mwapụta'' | Lily |- | 2020 | ''Mkpochapụ'' (Obere) | Kaila |- | 2024 | ''Nnụnụ'' | Peyton |} === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Ihe ndetu |- | 2016 | ''Nkwụsị ahụ'' | Dakọtara Nwanyị | Ihe omume 1 |- | 2016 | ''Ndị a na-enyo enyo'' | Kia Hopkins | Ihe omume 1 - ''Onye iro N'ime: Nkebi nke 3'' |- | 2017 | ''Ise site na ise'' | Jigga | Ihe ngosi 2 |- | 2018 | ''Obi gbara ọchịchịrị'' | Sally Watkins | Ihe omume 1.1 |- | 2019-2023 | ''Top Boy'' | Jaq | Akụkụ 24 |- | 2022 | ''Ihe efu + Obe'' | Cara Imega | Usoro nke 2 |- |- | 2023 | ''Platform 7'' | Lisa | Isi ọrụ - akụkụ anọ niile <ref name="p7"/> |- |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Ọrụ ! Nsonaazụ ! |- | 2019 | Ihe nkiri na ihuenyo vidiyo (MVISA) | ''Talent na-apụta kacha mma'' | Ntinye aka ọrụ pụtara ìhè| {{Won}} | <ref name="emerg"/> <ref name="mvisa"/> |- | 2020 | Ihe nrite nke British Academy Television Awards 2020 | Ihe nrite BAFTA TV maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado kacha mma | rowspan="5" | ''Top Boy''| {{Nom}} | <ref name="bafta"/> <ref name="awards">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6157473/awards/?ref_=nm_ql_2|title=Jasmine Jobson Awards|work=imdb (index reference only)|accessdate=February 6, 2023}}</ref> |- | 2022 | MOBO Awards | Arụmọrụ kacha mma na ihe nkiri TV/ihe nkiri| {{Nom}} | <ref name="awards" /> |- | rowspan="2" | 2023 | Ihe nrite nke British Academy Television Awards 2023 | Ihe nrite BAFTA TV maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado kacha mma| {{Nom}} | <ref name="msn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/entertainment/tv/bafta-tv-awards-2023-full-list-of-nominations-from-the-crown-to-the-major-show-missing/ar-AA18VGyU?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=cfa6e33e2a774372a11228450c6c0b5e&ei=12|title=BAFTA TV Awards 2023 - Full list of nominations|work=msn.com|date=March 22, 2023}}</ref> |- | 9th National Film Awards UK | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na usoro TV 2023|{{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="NFA9">{{Cite web|title=Nominees for the 9th annual National Film Awards 2023 announced|date=17 May 2023|url=https://www.nationalfilmawards.org/nominations-for-the-9th-annual-national-film-awards-are-announced/|publisher=National Film Awards|accessdate=May 17, 2023|archivedate=1 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501184354/https://www.nationalfilmawards.org/nominations-for-the-9th-annual-national-film-awards-are-announced/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="" | 2024 | Ihe nrite nke British Academy Television Awards 2024 | Ihe nrite BAFTA TV maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado kacha mma| {{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite news|author=Whittock|first=Jesse|title=BAFTA TV Awards Winners: Matthew Macfadyen, Netflix's 'Top Boy' Take Home Major Prizes; 'The Crown's Final Season Leaves Empty-Handed – Full List|url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/bafta-tv-awards-winners-updating-live-1235909777/|accessdate=13 May 2024|publisher=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|date=12 May 2024}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|6157473}} * [http://www.cam.co.uk/client/jasmine-jobson/ CAM Agent - Jasmine Jobson] * [https://twitter.com/jobson_jasmine Jasmine Jobson - twitter] * [https://www.instagram.com/jasminejobson/ Jasmine Jobson - Instagram] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hanvvkvk70xh4ngufrfw2kzce9h6wrn 0 49352 674952 182943 2026-07-10T09:03:12Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Otin''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Ȯra Osun|Osun Steeti,]] [[Naijiria]] . Ọ bụ mmiri mmiri Eko-Ende gbachiri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Otin River « HEYPLACES.COM.NG|url=https://heyplaces.com.ng/0644521/Otin_River|accessdate=2023-07-11|work=heyplaces.com.ng|language=en-NG}}</ref> == Akụkọ mgbe ochie == Dị ka akụkọ ifo ndị Yoruba si kwuo, a na-akpọ Orisha Otin na Osimiri Otin. O nwere mgbe ọ chebere obodo [[Inisa]] ka ndị iro ya ghara ịwakpo ya, ndị obodo ahụ na-efekwa ya ugbu a n’ihi ya. Otin sitere na obodo Otan, mana ọ bịara Inisa iji nyere aka ịlụso ọgụ megide mwakpo ndị agbata obi ya. == Mpaghara == Osimiri Otin gafere 950 square kilometres (370 sq mi) Odo Otin Local Government Area in the northeast of [[Ȯra Osun|Osun state]], ma nye ya aha ya. [2] Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'ime obodo ndị nwere nkụda mmụọ na-agafe, na-ebuli elu sitere na mita iri atọ na ise rue narị anọ ( ft otu narị na iri na ise rue ọtú puku, narị atọ na iri na abụọ) n'elu oke osimiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=River Otin stream, Nigeria|url=https://ng.geoview.info/river_otin,2325478|accessdate=2023-07-11|work=ng.geoview.info}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">Mmiri</span>]]'' &#x5D; &#x5B;</sup>mpaghara ahụ dị ihe dịka millimetas Otu puku na narị ano(55 in), na oge mmiri ozuzo na-adị site na ọnwa Eprel ruo ọnwa Nọvemba. <ref>{{Cite web|title=River Otin / River Otin, Nigeria (general), Nigeria, Africa|url=https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html|accessdate=2023-07-11|work=travelingluck.com|archivedate=2023-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711102741/https://travelingluck.com/Africa/Nigeria/Nigeria+(general)/_2325478_River+Otin.html}}</ref> Mkpuchi ala bụ akụkụ nke oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo, mana enwerekwa ọrụ ugbo ọhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe yana ihe ọkụkụ dị ka koko, kola na unere akurụ gburugburu obodo ndị ahụ. [5] Osimiri Otin dị kilometas iri atọ na isii( mi iri abụo na abụọ) ogologo, na mwepu kacha elu nke cubik metas dị iri asaa na isii mara otu(cu ft puku abụọ, narị isii narị asatọ na ano) kwa sekọnd. Ebe a na-agbapụta mmiri na-ekpuchi square kilometas narị anọ na iri asaa na ise( sq mi Otu narị na iri asatọ na ato) . [6] Ọ bụ isi iyi nke osimiri Erinle . Ejichiri Eko-Ende Dam na Irepodun LGA n'osimiri Otin n'afọ 1973 iji mee ọdọ mmiri nwere ikike nke .&nbsp;MCM ise nà uma ise. A haziri isi ọrụ ahụ iji nye obodo [[Inisa]], Oba, Eko-Ende, Eko-Ajala, Ikirun, Iragbiji na Okuku mmiri . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> Mgbe e wuru mmiri mmiri ahụ, idei mmiri rikpuru ala ubi nke ndị Oba. Dị ka quid-pro-quo, a na-ebute mmiri ọkpọkọ na Oba. [7] N'okpuru ala, Erinle Dam na okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo Olorunda bụ ndọtị nke ochie Ede Dam na osimiri Erinle. </link>Ebe nchekwa dị n'azụ dam Ede-Ernle gbatịrị ihe dịka 12 kilometas iri na abụọ (7.5 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">)</span>]]'' &#x5B;</sup> n'ebe ugwu n'akụkụ osimiri Ernle ma kpuchie akụkụ kacha ala nke Osimiri Otin. [5] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Osun]] 95px8lnxf0l2sn476avgz6xh978ave6 0 49429 674762 178129 2026-07-09T22:52:11Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Chef JP Arabome.jpg|thumb|John Paul Arabome]] '''JohnPaul Arabome''' (Amụrụ na 11 Jenụwarị 1982) onye ọkachamara amara dịka '''PeppDigital''' na The Goat Daddy bụ onye isi nri nke United States nke Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-abu abụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ JohnPaul Arabome na 11 Jenụwarị 1982 na Uromi, Edo Steeti n'ime ezinụlọ Katọlik dị ka [[wiktionary:last born|nwa ikpeazụ]] n'ezinụlọ mmadụ itoolu.<ref name="Femi">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/johnpaul-arabome-multi-talented-creative-force-in-various-fields/|title=JohnPaul Arabome: Multi-talented creative force in various fields|first=Femi|author=Akinyemi|date=2 May 2024|work=Nigerian Tribune|accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Emma"> {{Cite web|title=Ten things to know about multi-talented creative, Johnpaul Arabome|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ten-things-to-know-about-multi-talented-creative-johnpaul-arabome/|first=Emmanuel|author=Daraloye|authorlink=Emmanuel Daraloye|date=9 January 2024|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Lumen Christi Secondary School maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya wee nkwenye na Mahadum Benin na 1999 ka omụọ ndekọ ego. Ọ kwagara United States na 2001 ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya na College of Saint Benedict na Saint John's University,[[Minésótạ|Minnesota]] ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na akụ na ụba na site na 2007 ruo 2009, nzere masta na nchịkwa azụmahịa na teknụzụ ozi na ọchụnta ego na Mahadim California Lutheran . <ref name="Femi" /> == Ọrụ == Arabome rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ site na 2005 ruo 2013 maka Bank of America na Countrywide Insurance. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o guzobere ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ya na Chatsworth, Los Angeles ebe ọ malitere imepụta ihe nkiri ya na ọrụ iduzi ya.<ref name="Femi">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/johnpaul-arabome-multi-talented-creative-force-in-various-fields/|title=JohnPaul Arabome: Multi-talented creative force in various fields|first=Femi|author=Akinyemi|date=2 May 2024|work=Nigerian Tribune|accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="Emma"> {{Cite web|title=Ten things to know about multi-talented creative, Johnpaul Arabome|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ten-things-to-know-about-multi-talented-creative-johnpaul-arabome/|first=Emmanuel|author=Daraloye|authorlink=Emmanuel Daraloye|date=9 January 2024|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref> A na-eto Arabome maka "ikike ya ịnyagharị ọtụtụ ihe osise ma weta ọhụụ pụrụ iche ya na ndụ". <ref name="Femi" /> Ihe nkiri ya gụnyere, Bootivity nke bụ mmepụta izizi ya na 2013, Touchdown X (2014) na The Queen's Fiction . <ref name="Femi" /> JohnPaul na-abụ abụ dị ka PeppDigital ewepụtala abọm izizi ya, ''Ma Ol Shiii Vol. '' ''1'' nke nwere egwu iri na atọ, na 2021, egwuregwu abụọ gbasaa, The Goat Daddy Project (2023), nke nwere egwu asaa, na Goat Daddy, nke nwere egwu isii.<ref name="Femi">{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/johnpaul-arabome-multi-talented-creative-force-in-various-fields/|title=JohnPaul Arabome: Multi-talented creative force in various fields|first=Femi|author=Akinyemi|date=2 May 2024|work=Nigerian Tribune|accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref> Arabome kpughere na egwu nyeere ya aka imeri ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị ka onye mbịarambịa na US.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music helped me deal with racism — Johnpaul Arabome|date=28 April 2024|url=https://punchng.com/music-helped-me-deal-with-racism-johnpaul-arabome/|first=Kahinde|author=Ajose|work=[[The Punch]]|accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> Arabome malitere ọrụ nri ya n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 site n'ịmepụta The Pepper Goat nke malitere dị ka nnweta na nnyefe. A maara dị ka The Goat Daddy dị ka onye isi nri, Arabome, onye nọchitere anya Naijiria na asọmpi nri na Los Angeles, California, na 2022 meriri ndị asọmpi si Ghana, Liberia, Senegal, na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=From Nigeria to L.A: The Valley's 'Goat Daddy' Is Your Hookup If You Love Chivo and Spicy Food|first=Hadley|author=Tomicki|date=15 July 2020|work=L. A. Taco|url=https://lataco.com/nigerian-goat-la|accessdate=30 May 2024}}</ref> == Nkọwapụta == == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 12zfg8co6t2jm3nyyh3jucavvig5y5g 0 50227 674741 516950 2026-07-09T21:58:24Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674741 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Alex Yarmak Portrait 2.jpg|thumb|Alex Yarmak]]   '''Alex Yarmak''', amụrụ Oleksandr Yarmak (Ukrainian: Олександр Ярмак), bụ onye egwu Ukraine, onye injinia ụda, onye na-agụ ụda, na onye na-emepụta egwu. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-05|title=Within Temptation drop new single, A Fool’s Parade, with Ukrainian…|url=https://www.kerrang.com/within-temptation-drop-new-single-a-fools-parade-with-ukrainian-producer-alex-yarmak|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=Kerrang!|language=en}}</ref> Site na Kyiv, Yarmak gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv na nzere na ụlọ akụ na 2018. Ọ malitere ọrụ egwu ya na 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Keith Clement|date=2023-01-19|title=Alex Yarmak Fights For Ukrainian Culture In Latest Single ‘Roots Grow Deep’|url=https://mhf-mag.com/news/alex-yarmak-fights-for-ukrainian-culture-in-latest-single-roots-grow-deep/|accessdate=2024-06-07|work=Metalheads Forever Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Na mbido 2024, Yarmak malitere imekọ ihe na ndị otu Dutch n'ime Ọnwụnwa . Ha jikọtara ọnụ, ha wepụtara otu egwu banyere agha a na-alụ na Ukraine nke akpọrọ "Parade nzuzu".{{Cite web|author=Юлія Ткачук|date=2024-03-18|title=Within Temptation зняли кліп у Києві на спільну пісню з Alex Yarmak|url=https://suspilne.media/amp/culture/708402-within-temptation-znali-klip-u-kievi-na-spilnu-pisnu-z-alex-yarmak/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=syspline.media|language=uk}} [[Òtù:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]</ref> Ndị otu ahụ mara ọkwa na a ga-enye onyinye niile sitere na egwu a iji nyere Ukraine aka n'oge mbuso agha Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jon Deaux|date=2024-04-05|title=WITHIN TEMPTATION RELEASE POWERFUL NEW SINGLE ‘A FOOL’S PARADE’ (FEATURING ALEX YARMAK)|url=https://allabouttherock.co.uk/within-temptation-release-powerful-new-single-a-fools-parade-featuring-alex-yarmak/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=All About The Rock|language=en|archivedate=2024-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621194257/https://allabouttherock.co.uk/within-temptation-release-powerful-new-single-a-fools-parade-featuring-alex-yarmak/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ebe ọ bụ na 2021, Yarmak nọ na-emepụta egwu rock dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri n'okpuru pseudonym Alex Yarmak, ma wepụta albums isii: ''Limits'', ''Square Two'', ''Slowdown Sessions'', ''Enweghị ọmịiko maka ụgbọ mmiri na-agba mmiri'', ''Slowdown Sessions II'', na ''ROOTS GROW DEEP'' . ''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Юлія Ткачук|date=2024-03-18|title=Within Temptation зняли кліп у Києві на спільну пісню з Alex Yarmak|url=https://suspilne.media/amp/culture/708402-within-temptation-znali-klip-u-kievi-na-spilnu-pisnu-z-alex-yarmak/|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=syspline.media|language=uk}}</ref>'' Edepụtara ọba atọ ndị ikpeazụ n'oge mbuso agha Russia zuru oke na Ukraine ma na-eje ozi dị ka ntụgharị uche na ihe omume ndị metụtara ya. Egosiputala egwu sitere na ọba ndị a na listi ọkpụkpọ Spotify dị iche iche, gụnyere "All New Metal," "The Core," "New Core," na "Metal Industrial," n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Mkpughe a emewo ka ọganihu Yarmak dị na mba ụwa <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Alex Yarmak|url=https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Alex_Yarmak/1037491|accessdate=2024-06-17|work=Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2024-06-07|date=2023-01-26|language=en|title=Getting To Know... Alex Yarmak|url=https://www.mysticsons.com/article/getting-know-alex-yarmak|work=Mystic Sons}}</ref> Na Ukraine, ọ malitere inweta ewu ewu na 2022 mgbe ya na ndị otu ahụ rụkọrọ ọrụ Хейтспіч [ uk ], onye ya na ya wepụtara abụ nkwonkwo abụọ, "Stepan Pantera" na "LINA". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Yarmak|url=https://www.shazam.com/artist/alex-yarmak/1259084530|accessdate=2024-06-07|work=[[Shazam (music app)|Shazam]]|language=en}}</ref> O sonyekwara dị ka onye na-edekọ ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe na ndekọ nke obere album ''Золо'' т ''і'' ''Пісні 2023'' . Na mgbakwunye na Хейтспіч, Yarmak arụwo ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta egwu na onye injinia ụda ya na ìgwè egwu egwu nke Kyiv dabeere na BLIND8, na-emepụta egwu dịka "bulletproof," "n'onwe m," "gbahapụrụ," "5AM," na "merie The Ọchịchịrị". <ref name=":1"/> == Ihe ngosi == {| class="wikitable" |+Albums ! Afọ ! Aha Album ! Okwu |- | 2021 | ''Oke'' * Ụbọchị: Maachị 8, 2021 | Onye na-ede abụ |- | 2022 | ''Square Abụọ'' * Ụbọchị: Jenụwarị 27, 2022 | Onye na-ede abụ |- | 2022 | ''Oge nkwụsịtụ'' * Ụbọchị: Maachị 31, 2022 | Onye na-ede abụ |- | 2022 | ''Enweghị ọmịiko maka ụgbọ mmiri na-emikpu'' * Ụbọchị: Ọgọst 18, 2022 | Onye na-ede abụ |- | 2022 | ''Oge nkwụsịtụ nke Abụọ'' * Ụbọchị: Nọvemba 10, 2023 | Onye na-ede abụ |- | 2023 | ''Mkpọrọgwụ na-eto omimi'' * Ụbọchị: June 15, 2023 | Onye na-ede abụ |- | 2023 | ''Золо'' ''ті'' ''Пісні 2023'' * Ụbọchị: Ọgọst 18, 2023 * na nkwado na хейтспіч | Onye na-emekọ ihe na onye na-emepụta egwu |} {| class="wikitable" |+Ndị na-alụbeghị di ! Aha ! ụbọchị mwepụta ! Okwu ! Ya na |- | Ihe si na ya pụta | Eprel 15, 2021 | Ntugharị | Okirikiri Uzuzu |- | Elekere 5 nke ụtụtụ (Mix) | Ọnwa Isii 30, 2022 | Onye dere egwu, onye na-emepụta egwu | BLIND8, Bejenec |- | Stepan Pantera | Julaị 14, 2022 | Onye na-ede egwú, onye na-emepụta egwu | хейтспіч |- | Imeri Ọchịchịrị | Septemba 22, 2022 | Olu ndị ọbịa | kpuru ìsì8 |- | mgbochi mgbọ | Eprel 13, 2023 | Onye na-emepụta egwu | kpuru ìsì8 |- | n'onwe m | Julaị 27, 2023 | Onye na-emepụta ihe | BLIND8, Sable |- | Parade nzuzu | Eprel 5, 2024 | Onye na-emepụta abụ ahụ, olu ndị ọbịa | N'ime ọnwụnwa |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c7piwg2uf4u5h88zhethtcwavyhj67o 0 50625 675004 181524 2026-07-10T09:38:58Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Intercropping bụ omume ịgha mkpụrụ nke na-agụnye ịkụ mkpụrụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'otu oge n'otu ubi, ụdị polyculture. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ a na-ahụkarị maka ịgbakọ ọnụ bụ iwepụta mkpụrụ ka ukwuu n'obere ala site n'iji ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-agaghị eji otu ihe ọkụkụ mee ihe. == Ụzọ e si eme ya == Ogo nke oghere na nke nwa oge n'ime ihe ọkụkụ abụọ a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche, mana ihe abụọ a chọrọ ka a ga-emezurịrị maka usoro ihe ọkụkụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọtụtụ ụdị intercropping, nke niile na-adịgasị iche iche nke oge na nke oghere ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ka achọpụtara.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.2134/asaspecpub27.c1|chapter=The Importance of Multiple Cropping in Increasing World Food Supplies|title=Multiple Cropping|series=ASA Special Publications|year=2015|author=Andrews|first=D. J.|pages=1–10|isbn=9780891182931}}</ref><ref name="Annual intercrops">{{Cite journal|author=Lithourgidis|first=A.S.|year=2011|title=Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture|url=http://www.cropj.com/anastasios_5_4_2011_396_410.pdf|journal=Australian Journal of Crop Science|volume=5|issue=4|pages=396–410}}</ref> === Ịkọkọ ihe n'etiti === Ngwakọta agwakọta nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ agwakọtaghị ya na oghere dị. Na narị afọ nke 21, ọ ka bụ ihe a na-emekarị na Etiopia, Eritrea, Georgia, na ebe ole na ole ndị ọzọ. A na-eme njikọ ọnụ n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ. N’England mgbe ochie, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-agwakọta ọka na ọka bali, bụ́ nke ha na-akpọ dredge, ma ọ bụ ọka dredge, iji mee nri anụ ụlọ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo France n'otu aka ahụ na-egwekọta ọka wit na rye ọnụ iji mee mgbu de méteil, ma ọ bụ achịcha nke ọka agwakọtara. Mfe nke iwe ihe ubi na mmasị ndị na-azụ ahịa mere ka ndị ọrụ ugbo mechaa kụọ ubi ndị nwere otu ụdị. === Ubi ahịrị === <gallery mode="packed"> Usòrò:Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee,_Colombia.jpg|Chili pepper intercropped with [[Kọfị|coffee]] in [[Colombia]]'s southwestern Cauca Department Usòrò:Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg|Coconut and Mexican marigold, a multilayer cropping in [[Ndia|India]] Usòrò:Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg|Mixed intercropping of oat and rye in Brastad, Sweden </gallery>Ihe ọkụkụ ahịrị bụ ihe ọkụkụ nke a pụrụ ịkụ n'ahịrị n'ahere dị obosara iji kwe ka a kụọ ya ma ọ bụ jiri ígwè ọrụ ugbo, ígwè ọrụ a haziri maka ọrụ oge nke ihe ọkụkụ ahịhịa ahịrị. A na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dị otú ahụ site na igwu egwu ma ọ bụ itinye ya n'ime ya kama ịgbasa ya. A na-akụkarị ha n'ọhịa ahịa (ọrụ ugbo) ma ọ bụ n'ogige kichin. Uto ahịrị malitere na China oge ochie na narị afọ nke isii BC.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Oge === Intercropping nke oge na-eji omume nke ịgha mkpụrụ na-eto ngwa ngwa na ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nwayọọ, nke mere na a na-ewe ihe ọkụkụ ahụ na-eto eto ngwa ngwa tupu ihe ọkụkụ nke na-eto nwayọ amalite ntozu okè. === Mgbanwe === A na-achọta nkewa oge ọzọ na relay croping, ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ nke abụọ n'oge uto, mgbe mgbe n'akụkụ mmalite nke mmepe ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi, nke ihe ọkụkụ mbụ, nke mere na a na-ewe ihe ọkụkụ mbu iji mee ohere maka mmepe zuru oke nke abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ bụ omume yiri ya mana ọ bụghị ụdị interculping, ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche n'oge uto dị iche iche kama n'otu oge. == Uru ndị nwere ike ịba uru == === Nkewa nke ihe onwunwe === A chọrọ atụmatụ nlezianya, na-eburu n'uche ala, [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]], ihe ọkụkụ, na ụdị dị iche iche. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa ịghara inwe ihe ọkụkụ na-asọ mpi maka ohere anụ ahụ, ihe oriri, [[mmiri]], ma ọ bụ Ìhè anyanwụ. Ihe atụ nke usoro interculopping bụ ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ gbanyere mgbọrọgwụ miri emi na ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị omimi, ma ọ bụ ịkụ ihe ubi dị elu na ihe ọkpọ dị mkpirikpi nke chọrọ ndò. A tụwo aro ịkọ ihe ubi n'okporo ámá Inga dị ka ihe ọzọ na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ugbo na-ere ọkụ.<ref name="Elkan">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/apr/21/environment.environment|author=Elkan|first=Daniel|title=Fired with ambition: Slash-and-burn farming has become a major threat to the world's rainforest|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 April 2004|accessdate=7 December 2022}}</ref> Mgbe a na-ahọrọ ihe ọkụkụ nke ọma, a na-enwetakwa uru ndị ọzọ nke ọrụ ugbo. === Ịhụnanya n'Ịntanet === Ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ abụọ dị nso nwere ike ịba uru karịsịa mgbe osisi abụọ ahụ na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ na-eme ka otu ma ọ bụ ha abụọ dịkwuo mma (ya mere na-amị mkpụrụ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, osisi ndị na-enwekarị ikuku ma ọ bụ nnukwu mmiri ozuzo (osisi ndị na-anọkarị n'ụlọ), nwere ike inye nkwado nke ihe ọkụkụ ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.2134/asaspecpub27.c8|chapter=Plant Interactions in Mixed Crop Communities|title=Multiple Cropping|series=ASA Special Publications|year=2015|author=Trenbath|first=B. R.|pages=129–169|isbn=9780891182931}}</ref> Osisi ndị na-arịgo dị ka ose ojii nwekwara ike irite uru site na nkwado nhazi. A na-eji ahịhịa ụfọdụ egbochi ahịhịhịa ma ọ bụ nye ihe oriri.<ref name="Mount Pleasant 2006">{{Cite book|authorlink=Jane Mount Pleasant|author=Mount Pleasant|first=Jane|editor=Staller, John E.|title=Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize|chapter=The science behind the Three Sisters mound system: An agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast|publisher=Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|year=2006|pages=529–537|isbn=978-1-5987-4496-5}}</ref> Enwere ike inye osisi ndị dị nro ma ọ bụ ndị na-anụ ọkụ onyinyo ma ọ bụ nchebe, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ enwere ike iji ohere mebiri emebi mee ihe. Otu ihe atụ bụ usoro okpomọkụ nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa ebe akị bekee nọ n'elu, unere nọ n'etiti, na pineapple, ginger, ma ọ bụ nri leguminus, osisi ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nọ n'okpuru. Interculopping nke osisi dakọtara nwekwara ike ịkwalite ụdị dị iche iche, McDaniel et al. 2014 na Lori et al. 2017 ịchọta ihe ọkụkụ iji mụbaa ụdị dị ichelekana nke ala, ma ọ bụ site n'inye ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ihe ndị dị n'ala nke na-agaghị adị na gburugburu ebe obibi otu ihe ọkụkụ.<ref name="Saleem-et-al-2019">{{Cite journal|author=Saleem|first=Muhammad|title=More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Microbiome Biodiversity as a Driver of Plant Growth and Soil Health|journal=[[Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics]]|volume=50|issue=1|date=2019-11-02|issn=1543-592X|doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062605|pages=145–168}}</ref> Ihe ndị a nwere ike inye ihe ọkụkụ ihe oriri bara uru, dịka site na nitrogen fixation. <ref name="Wagner">{{Cite journal|author=Wagner|first=S. C.|date=2011|title=Biological Nitrogen Fixation|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|volume=3|issue=10|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/biological-nitrogen-fixation-23570419|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Qi|title=Host-secreted antimicrobial peptide enforces symbiotic selectivity in Medicago truncatula|journal=PNAS|volume=114|issue=26|pages=6854–6859|date=2017|doi=10.1073/pnas.1700715114|pmid=28607058}}</ref><ref name="postgate">{{Cite book|author=Postgate|first=J.|year=1998|title=Nitrogen Fixation|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Smil|first=Vaclav|year=2000|title=Cycles of Life|publisher=[[Scientific American Library]]|isbn=978-0716760399}}</ref> === Nchịkwa nke ahụhụ === E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ ịbawanye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche nwere ike inyere aka melite njikwa ahụhụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, omume ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike igbochi ntiwapụ nke ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche nke anụ na-eri ibe ya.<ref name="AltieriNicholls2004">{{Cite book|author=Miguel Angel Altieri|title=Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQI0PCnnbI8C|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781560229230}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ibelata homogeneity nke ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịbawanye ihe mgbochi megide mgbasa nke ihe ndị na-egbu egbu site na ihe ọkụkụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ e si achịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ, nke na-abụkarị ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịa, site na intercropping: * Ịkụ ihe ubi, nke a na-agụnye ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ dị nso nke na-adọrọ mmasị maka ụmụ ahụhụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọkụkụ a na-emepụta, ụmụ ahụhụ ga-elekwasị anya na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ ọ bụghị ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta ihe. * Repellant intercrops, intercrop nke nwere mmetụta na-egbochi ụfọdụ ahụhụ nwere ike iji. Usoro a gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ na-egbochi ihe na-ekpuchi ísì nke ihe ọkụkụ mmepụta iji gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ na ya. * Push-pull cropping, nke a bụ ngwakọta nke ọnyà na-egbochi intercropping. Ihe ọkụkụ mara mma na-adọta ihe otiti ahụ ma jiri ihe ọkụkụ na-egbochi ihe chụpụ ihe otiti.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://learn.uvm.edu/foodsystemsblog/2014/01/09/controlling-pests-with-plants-the-power-of-intercropping/|title=Controlling Pests with Plants: The power of intercropping|date=2014-01-09|work=UVM Food Feed|accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref> ==== Ihe mgbochi ==== Intercropping iji belata mmebi nke nje na ọrụ ugbo, ejirila ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na-adọkpụ enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịdọpụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ na obere ụlọ, ubi na nnwale ubi, naanị obere akụkụ nke osisi ndị a egosila na ha na-ebelata mmebi nke ihe ọkụkụ n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu. ] Ọzọkwa, ịbawanye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche site na intercropping anaghị eme ka ọnụnọ nke ndị na-eri anụ na-egbu egbu. N'ime nyocha nke akwụkwọ, na 2008, na ọmụmụ ihe ndị a nyochara, ndị na-eri anụ ndị na-efe efe na-abawanye n'okpuru usoro dị iche iche nke ihe ọkụkụ na naanị pasent 53 nke ọmụmụ, na ụdị dị iche iche na-eduga na mmụba nke ihe ọkpọ na naanị 32% nke ọmụmụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Poveda|first=Katja|date=2008-12-01|title=Diversification practices: their effect on pest regulation and production|journal=Revista Colombiana de Entomología|volume=34|issue=2|pages=131–144|doi=10.25100/socolen.v34i2.9269}}</ref> Nkọwa a na-ahụkarị maka ọdịda nke ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà a kọrọ, bụ na osisi ọnyà mara mma na-echebe osisi ndị dị nso ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ alaghachighị n'ime ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi. N'ime nyocha nke ihe atụ 100 nke ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na 2006, ọ bụ naanị ihe ọkụkụ 10 ka e kewara dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma na ahịa, na n'ọnọdụ niile na-aga nke ọma, a gbakwunyere ihe ọkụkụ a na-eji usoro nchịkwa nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke ụmụ ahụhụ site na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ ọnyà laghachi n'ime ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode="packed"> Usòrò:Pepper_intercropped_with_coffee,_Colombia.jpg|alt=Chili pepper intercropped with coffee in Colombia's southwestern Cauca Department|Chili oseintercropped na[[kọfị]]<nowiki/>n'ime[[Colombia]]<nowiki/>ndịda ọdịda anyanwụNgalaba Cauca Usòrò:Intercropping_coconut_n_Tagetes_erecta.jpg|alt=Coconut and Mexican marigold, a multilayer cropping in India|Akị bekeenaIhe mgbochi mmiri nke Mexico, ihe na-egbutu ọtụtụ ihe<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X3996E/x3996e37.htm#P1_33 ''Improving nutrition through home gardening''], Home Garden Technology Leaflet 13: Multilayer cropping, [[FAO]], 2001</ref>n'ime[[Ndia|India]] Usòrò:Mixed_intercropping_of_oat_and_rye_2.jpg|alt=Mixed intercropping of oat and rye in Brastad, Sweden|Ngwakọta nkeoatnaRyen'imeObi ọjọọ, Sweden </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Agrivoltaics * Companion planting * [[Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi|Ecological sanitation]] * [[Usoro nri|Food-feed system]] * Monoculture * [[Ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta ihe|Organic farming]] * Permaculture * Sustainable agriculture * Three Sisters (agriculture) == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2q9rlj475o0osatl4upa273kcbofwth 0 51419 674899 186019 2026-07-10T07:32:46Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Titica por Rachel Teixeira.jpg|thumb|Titica]] '''Titica''' bụ onye [[Angola]] kuduro na-eti egwu na onye na-agba egwu. BBC kpọrọ ya "ihu ọhụrụ" nke kuduro.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17628726|title=Transsexual artist Titica takes Angola by storm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=April 12, 2012|work=BBC News|date=2012-04-12|author=Redvers|first=Louise}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Titica na Luanda. Aha ọkwa ya bụ Portuguese maka "abaghị uru" ma ọ bụ "abaghị uru"; ọ họọrọ aha iji nwetaghachi okwu ịkpọasị nke a na-eduzi ya dị ka nwanyị trans..<ref>Young, Hershini. “‘Sound of Kuduro Knocking at My Door’: Kuduro Dance and the Poetics of Debility.” African American Review, vol. 45, no. 3, 2012, pp. 391–402., doi:10.1353/afa.2012.0037.</ref> Titica malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-agba egwu na-akwado ihe omume dịka Noite & Dia, Propria Lixa, na Puto Portugues.[1] [3] Ndekọ mbụ ya nke otu emeghị atụmatụ. Mgbe ọ na-enyere Noite & Dia aka ịzụlite ukwe maka egwu, e dekọrọ olu Titica maka egwu ahụ, malite ọrụ ịdekọ egwu ya. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="Red Bull Music Academy">{{Cite web|author=Mistry|first=Anupa|title=Titica|url=http://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/titica|work=Red Bull Music Academy|publisher=Red Bull|accessdate=14 December 2018}}</ref> N'October 2011, Titica wepụtara album mbụ ya, Chão..., na-ebupụta ya na ọganiihu mba ụwa. Otu ọba egwu "Olha o Boneco," nke gosipụtara onye na-agụ egwú Afrịka-Portuguese Ary, nke e debere na nọmba nke mbụ maka izu 3 na mmemme egwu Portuguese TOP + na maka izu 7 na ihe nkiri Brazil Rolando Música..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mmetụta == Titica bụ ọha na eze gbasara nzụlite Congo na mmetụta nke a nwere n'egwú ya. N'okwu nkuzi Red Bull Music Academy nke 2018, ọ kọwara na ọ na-ege ntị "ọtụtụ egwu sitere na Congo." Ọ tụlere ka egwu ya si ejikọta kuduro na ụdị Kongo nke kallé na n'dombolo wee kpọọ Pépé Kallé na Koffi Olomide kpọmkwem dị ka ihe mkpali.[4] Ọ kpọkwara onye na-ese ihe kuduro Fofandó dị ka "otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri kachasị mkpa na ọnọdụ kuduro" wee kwuo na "kuduro nwere eze nwanyị nke kpaliri anyị na m lere anya.".<ref name="Red Bull Music Academy" /> == Mgbalị na Nkwado == N'afọ 2013, a kpọrọ Titica [[Onye nnọchi anya Goodwill|onye nnọchi anya obiọma]] maka UNAIDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osisa.org/lgbti/blog/angolas-transsexual-un-ambassador|title=Angola's transsexual UN ambassador|date=2012-02-29|work=Open Society Initiative of Southern Africa (OSISA)|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-05|archivedate=2017-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004090322/http://osisa.org/lgbti/blog/angolas-transsexual-un-ambassador}}</ref> Site na ọrụ a na ewu ewu ya n'ụwa niile, Titica emeela ka a mara ihe ize Nje HIV na ọgwụgwọ, ahụike mmekọahụ, na nsogbu na-emetụta ndị LGBT mba ụwa.<ref name="Okay Africa">{{Cite web|title=Titica|url=https://100women.okayafrica.com/articles/2018/2/28/titica|work=Okay Africa|accessdate=14 December 2018|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141239/https://100women.okayafrica.com/articles/2018/2/28/titica}}</ref> Na nkwupụta e wepụtara n'oge ọ nọ na UNAIDS, Titica kwuru, sị: "A kụrụ m ihe ma tụba m nkume maka onye m bụ. A na-eweda m ihere nke ukwuu, mana adị m njikere iduzi site n'ihe nlereanya ma nyere aka merie ihere na ịkpa ókè na mba m na karịa".<ref name="UNAIDS Angolan Goodwill Ambassadors">{{Cite web|title=UNAIDS appoints Angolan music icons, C4 Pedro and Titica as National Goodwill Ambassadors|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2013/october/20131008angolagwa|work=UNAIDS|accessdate=14 December 2018}}</ref> == Nkọwapụta == * ''Chão...'' (2011) * Site na Última ruo Primeira (2014) * ''Pra Quê Julgar?'' (2018) == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 833ctlzywdn385odidh42tyrwhxq2o2 0 51437 674710 186050 2026-07-09T21:22:25Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674710 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Marco Giampaolo.jpg|thumb|Marco Giampaolo]] '''Marco Giampaolo''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmarko dʒamˈpaːolo}}</link> ; amụrụ 2 Ọgọst 1967) bụ onye njikwa [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Italiantali na onye bụbu ọkachamara egwuregwu onye gbara egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ egwuregwu . Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọgbakọ Sampdoria na nso nso a. == Ọrụ egwuregwu == Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ na Bellinzona, Switzerland, Giampaolo tolitere na Giulianova, ebe ezinụlọ ya si malite. O nwere nwanne nwoke, Federico Giampaolo, onye bụbu onye ọkpọ. N'oge ọ na-egwu egwu, ọ bụ onye ọkpọ egwuregwu na-egwuri egwu maka ọtụtụ ndị otu Serie C, gụnyere Giulianova, Gubbio, Licata na Siracusa, tupu ya emee Serie B mbụ maka Fidelis Andria na 1995. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1997, mgbe ya na Gualdo gwusịrị oge, na-esochi mmerụ ahụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ. == Ọrụ nchịkwa == Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, Giampaolo bịanyere aka na ya dị ka scout maka Serie B n'akụkụ Pescara, ma kwalitere ya dị ka onye nchịkwa nchịkwa na 2000. Na 2001, a họpụtara ya osote onye nchịkwa nke Serie C1 n'akụkụ Giulianova, na-akwado Adriano Buffoni. Ha abụọ hapụrụ n'April 2002, n'agbanyeghị na ndị otu ahụ na-etinye aka n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ọgụ maka ntinye egwuregwu, na-ekwu na mmekọrịta ọjọọ na ndị nlekọta ụlọ ọrụ. Na 2002-03, ma Buffoni na Giampaolo bịanyere aka na Treviso nke Serie C1, na-eduga ndị otu ahụ na nkwalite ozugbo na Serie B ma na-azọpụta ndị otu ahụ site na nkwụsị na oge na-esote. Na 19 Jenụwarị 2022, a họpụtara ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Sampdoria. <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2022|title=Bentornato mister: Giampaolo allenatore della Sampdoria|url=https://www.sampdoria.it/news/club/2022/01/19/bentornato-mister-giampaolo-e-lallenatore-della-sampdoria/|accessdate=19 January 2022|work=U.C. Sampdoria|language=it-IT}}</ref> A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ na 2 Ọktoba 2022 ka Monza meriri 3-0 n'ụlọ, na-ahapụ Sampdoria na ebe ikpeazụ na tebụl otu egwuregwu Serie A 2022-23 . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-02|title=U.C. Sampdoria: comunicato stampa del 2 ottobre 2022|url=https://www.sampdoria.it/news/club/2022/10/02/u-c-sampdoria-comunicato-stampa-del-2-ottobre-2022/|accessdate=2022-10-02|work=U.C. Sampdoria|language=it-IT}}</ref> == Nchịkọta njikwa == {{updated|match played 2 October 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Managerial record by team and tenure ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |From ! rowspan="2" |To ! colspan="8" |Record |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | align="left" |Ascoli | align="left" |14 June 2004 | align="left" |20 June 2005 {{WDL|47|18|12|17|for=55|against=58|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Cagliari | align="left" |13 June 2006 | align="left" |19 December 2006 {{WDL|19|4|10|5|for=17|against=19|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Cagliari | align="left" |26 February 2007 | align="left" |13 November 2007 {{WDL|26|8|5|13|for=29|against=37|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Siena | align="left" |27 May 2008 | align="left" |29 October 2009 {{WDL|50|14|10|26|for=45|against=61|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Catania | align="left" |30 May 2010 | align="left" |18 January 2011 {{WDL|23|7|7|9|for=27|against=31|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Cesena | align="left" |4 June 2011 | align="left" |30 October 2011 {{WDL|10|1|3|6|for=4|against=12|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Brescia | align="left" |2 July 2012 | align="left" |23 September 2013 {{WDL|7|2|3|2|for=9|against=8|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Cremonese | align="left" |17 November 2014 | align="left" |15 June 2015 {{WDL|26|9|10|7|for=33|against=30|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Empoli | align="left" |15 June 2015 | align="left" |26 May 2016 {{WDL|39|12|10|17|for=40|against=50|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Sampdoria | align="left" |4 July 2016 | align="left" |15 June 2019 {{WDL|123|49|26|48|for=183|against=177|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Milan | align="left" |19 June 2019 | align="left" |8 October 2019 {{WDL|7|3|0|4|for=6|against=9|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Torino | align="left" |7 August 2020 | align="left" |18 January 2021 {{WDL|21|4|8|9|for=31|against=36|diff=yes}} |- | align="left" |Sampdoria | align="left" |19 January 2022 | align="left" |2 October 2022 {{WDL|25|6|3|16|for=22|against=39|diff=yes}} |- ! colspan="3" |Career total {{WDLtot|423|137|107|179|for=501|against=567|diff=yes}} |} == Ntụaka == bụbu onye ọkpọ. N'oge ọ na-egwu egwu, ọ bụ onye ọkpọ egwuregwu na-egwuri egwu maka{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] awa3frflvqnpn851s7dauuv8442zffx 0 51623 674853 187192 2026-07-10T06:25:56Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar | image = Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar.jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|05|18|}} | birth_place = [[Comilla District|Gangra]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rsdebate.nic.in/rsdebate56/bitstream/123456789/224499/2/PQ_215_17022009_S21_p1_p17.pdf | title=OBITUARY REFERENCES | publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] | accessdate=8 March 2019}}</ref> | office = 6th [[List of Chief Ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister of Tripura]] | term_start = 5 February 1988 | term_end = 19 February 1992 | party = [[Indian National Congress]] | spouse = Milan Prava Majumdar | caption = Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar }} '''Sudhir Ranjan Majumdar''' (18 May 1939 – 4 January 2009) was the [[:en:List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Tripura|Chief Minister of Tripura]] in [[:en:India|India]] from 5 February 1988 to 19 February 1992. He was a school teacher before entering politics. He was also a member of the [[:en:Upper_House|Upper House]] of Indian parliament the [[:en:Rajya_Sabha|Rajya Sabha]] as a member of the [[:en:Indian_National_Congress|Indian National Congress]] representing [[:en:Tripura|Tripura]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/04tripura-sudhir-ranjan-mazumdar-dead.htm|title=Former Tripura CM Sudhir Majumder dead|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=4 January 2009|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/former-tripura-chief-minister-sudhir-ranjan-majumder-dies/story-UP6xXCXmNCH0eaLP7vS1VL.html|title=Former Tripura chief minister Sudhir Ranjan Majumder dies|date=4 January 2009|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tripura.html|title=Tripura Legislative Assembly|publisher=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in|accessdate=22 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232359/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tripura.html|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/m.pdf|title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952 - 2003|publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]]|accessdate=22 May 2016}}</ref> == Ihe odide == 6sljq49ltkva5q628wpu6petnp05na9 0 51714 674629 187388 2026-07-09T18:04:00Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | children = 25 May 2011 | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br>from [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpur]] | term_start = 25 June 2024 | party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] | residence = [[Naihati|Bijoynagar]] | education = [[M.Com.]] | alma_mater = [[Rishi Bankim Chandra College]] (1987) | image = Partha Bhowmick.png | caption = Partha Bhowmick }} Partha Bhowmick (amụrụ 22 Jenụwarị 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India na onye na-ese ihe nkiri bụ onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu (MP) na Lok Sabha maka Barrackpore kemgbe ntuli aka izugbe 2024. Onye otu Trinamool Congress, ọ nọchitere anya mbụ dị ka onye otu ọgbakọ omebe iwu (MLA) na West Bengal Assembly sitere na Naihati n'etiti 2011 na 2024. Bhowmick jere ozi n'ọkwa dị iche iche na gọọmentị West Bengal kemgbe 2019, gụnyere minista minista n'okpuru onye isi ala Mamata Banerjee n'etiti 2022 na 2024. == Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri == Bhowmick bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ihe nkiri otu tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bharat|first=E. T. V.|date=2023-08-05|title=Partha Bhowmick: মুঠোফোনে মন্ত্রীমশাই ! পার্থর মুদ্রাদোষও ব্যবহার হয়েছে ‘আবার প্রলয়ে’|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/tv-and-theater/wb-minister-partha-bhowmick-to-show-his-talent-in-abar-proloy/wb20230805190213924924712|accessdate=2024-06-04|work=ETV Bharat News|language=bn}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri <ref>{{Cite web|author=MPost|date=2023-08-30|title=CM praises TMC’s Partha Bhowmick, Madan Mitra for their acting skills|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/cm-praises-tmcs-partha-bhowmick-madan-mitra-for-their-acting-skills-531141|accessdate=2024-06-04|work=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en}}</ref> === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Asụsụ !Ihe odide |- |2023 |''Abar Proloy'' |Onye Nnyocha Karali |Bengali |Usoro Weebụ |- |} == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0ls4thfqqmym1w36x903x0z3ptfgdzc 0 51821 675034 187597 2026-07-10T10:20:05Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Md. Nadimul Haque|image=|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1969|9|20|df=y}}|birth_place=|residence=|death_date=|death_place=|office=[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]|term_start=3 April 2012|term_end=|predecessor=|successor=|constituency=[[West Bengal]]|party=[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|spouse=|children=|website=|date=|year=|source=}} Nadimul Haque (amụrụ: 20 Septemba 1969) bụ onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya All India Trinamool Congress na Rajya Sabha si West Bengal.[1] [2] Ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede site n'ọrụ.<ref name="india-gov-in">{{Cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Shri Md. Nadimul Haque|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2198|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Saifee Golden Jubilee English Public School (Saifee Hall) na Kolkata. Ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor nke nka na nsọpụrụ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na St. Xavier's College, Kolkata n'okpuru Mahadum Calcutta. <ref name="prs-india">{{Cite web|title=Md. Nadimul Haque|url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/mdnadimulhaque|work=PRSIndia.com|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Md Nadimul Haque Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/md-nadimul-haque.html/|accessdate=2022-04-28|work=Elections in India}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A họpụtara ya n'afọ May 2012 na Rajya Sabha si West Bengal . <ref name="prs-india">{{Cite web|title=Md. Nadimul Haque|url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/mdnadimulhaque|work=PRSIndia.com|accessdate=12 October 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/mdnadimulhaque "Md. Nadimul Haque"]. ''PRSIndia.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Na mbụ n'oge Ọktoba 2009 ruo Machị 2012 ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Rajyasabha nke Ministry of Railways na n'April 2010 ruo Machị 2012 ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ọrụ Ndị njem nke Ministry of Railway. Site na Mee 2011 gaa n'ihu ọ ghọrọ ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche nke gọọmentị West Bengal viz kọmitii nzere nta akụkọ, West Bengal Minority Development & Finance Corporation, Òtù Na-achị Isi nke Urdu Academy, Mohammedan Burial Board nke Kolkata Municipal Corporation, kọmitii ụmụ amaala nke Kolkata Police na Nazrul Academy. Site na Mee 2012 gaa n'ihu ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii na-ahụ maka mmepe obodo, nke ụlọ omebe iwu India. == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f32ltffov5ml8dctvo8fj6jzrui1whl 675035 675034 2026-07-10T10:21:19Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Md. Nadimul Haque|image=|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1969|9|20|df=y}}|birth_place=|residence=|death_date=|death_place=|office=[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]|term_start=3 April 2012|term_end=|predecessor=|successor=|constituency=[[West Bengal]]|party=[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|spouse=|children=|website=|date=|year=|source=}} Nadimul Haque (amụrụ: 20 Septemba 1969) bụ onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya All India Trinamool Congress na Rajya Sabha si West Bengal.[1] [2] Ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede site n'ọrụ.<ref name="india-gov-in">{{Cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Shri Md. Nadimul Haque|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2198|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Saifee Golden Jubilee English Public School (Saifee Hall) na Kolkata. Ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor nke nka na nsọpụrụ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na St. Xavier's College, Kolkata n'okpuru Mahadum Calcutta. <ref name="prs-india">{{Cite web|title=Md. Nadimul Haque|url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/mdnadimulhaque|work=PRSIndia.com|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Md Nadimul Haque Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/md-nadimul-haque.html/|accessdate=2022-04-28|work=Elections in India}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A họpụtara ya n'afọ May 2012 na Rajya Sabha si West Bengal . Na mbụ n'oge Ọktoba 2009 ruo Machị 2012 ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Rajyasabha nke Ministry of Railways na n'April 2010 ruo Machị 2012 ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Ọrụ Ndị njem nke Ministry of Railway. Site na Mee 2011 gaa n'ihu ọ ghọrọ ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche nke gọọmentị West Bengal viz kọmitii nzere nta akụkọ, West Bengal Minority Development & Finance Corporation, Òtù Na-achị Isi nke Urdu Academy, Mohammedan Burial Board nke Kolkata Municipal Corporation, kọmitii ụmụ amaala nke Kolkata Police na Nazrul Academy. Site na Mee 2012 gaa n'ihu ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii na-ahụ maka mmepe obodo, nke ụlọ omebe iwu India. == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b1k01jxfs3yzsbxbt37fo3g0tces6yu 0 52206 674882 194394 2026-07-10T07:01:41Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Omak Apang Lok Sabha photo.jpg|thumb|Omak Apil]] Omak Apang (amụrụ 11 Maachị 1971) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India si Arunachal Pradesh. A mụrụ ya na nne na nna ndị Adi. Ọ bụ nwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Gegong Apang, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi ala Arunachal Pradesh n'etiti 1980 na 1999 na ọzọ n'etiti 2003 na 2007. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ala maka njem nlegharị anya na ozi Vajpayee nke abụọ dị ka onye ozi kacha nta na 1998-99. [1] Ọ bụ onye otu Bharatiya Janata Party, Arunachal Congress yana Indian National Congress na ugbu a, onye otu Bharatiya Janata Party mgbe ọ gbasịrị arụkwaghịm na isi na isi na onye isi na ndị isi Indian National Congress na February 2014 wee sonye na BJP na 2014. Febụwarị 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Congress stalwart Gegong Apang joins BJP|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Congress-stalwart-Gegong-Apang-joins-BJP/articleshow/30727186.cms|work=Times Of India|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527195_1_lok-sabha-polls-agp-northeast-india |title=Geogang Apang resigns Congress to join BJP |accessdate=2024-09-16 |archivedate=2016-08-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807211916/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527195_1_lok-sabha-polls-agp-northeast-india }}</ref> <ref>[http://myneta.info/an2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=95 My Neta Profile]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindunet.org/hvk/articles/0398/0074.html |title=Omak Apang cuts his hair |accessdate=2024-09-16 |archivedate=2016-07-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701225915/http://www.hindunet.org/hvk/articles/0398/0074.html }}</ref><ref>[http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp? Apang’s family seeks CBI probe]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160625011651/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article142800.ece?service=print Double blow for former CM]</ref> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu si Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency) n'afọ 1998 mana n'afọ 1999, ọ nọkwa na Arunachal East na-abịa nke abụọ na vootu 70,760, 30,07% na mpaghara ahụ.<ref>[http://www.elections.in/arunachal-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/arunachal-west.html Arunachal West at Election in]</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ekkrscvn0ncxlvkgyrhl7l4vsl7cwam 0 52517 674571 515013 2026-07-09T15:08:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Hania Aamir''' (amụrụ 12 February 1997) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/amp-articles/pak-actress-hania-aamir-cuts-another-cake-to-celebrate-her-27th-bday-netizen-says-aur-kitne-din-49332|title=Hania Aamir Cuts Another Cake To Celebrate Her 27th Birthday|work=Bollywoodshaadi|accessdate=16 February 2024}}</ref> bụ onye omere Pakistan na-arụ ọrụ na telivishọn Urdu na ihe nkiri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị ''Janaan'' (2016). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistani 'Janaan' all set to release on Eidul Azha|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/59275|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|date=4 September 2016|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> Aamir mere ihe ngosi telivishọn ya na ''Titli'' (2017) wee pụta na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya ''Anaa'' . <ref name="Daily Pakistan Global">{{Cite news|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/hania-amir-from-janaan-set-to-make-her-television-debut/|title=Hania Amir from 'Janaan' set to make her Television debut|work=Daily Pakistan Global|accessdate=25 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ mekwara ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị ''Na Maloom Afraad 2'' (2017), ihe nkiri ọgụ ọgụ ''Parwaaz Hai Junoon'' (2018) na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya 2020 ''Ishqiya'' . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Momin Ali Munshi|date=12 September 2017|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2017/09/12/box-office-na-maloom-afraad-10-days/|title=Box Office: Na Maloom Afraad 2 scores big numbers in its first 10 days of release!|publisher=Galaxy Lollywood|accessdate=14 September 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/322530-|title=Why Parwaaz Hai Junoon release is pushed to Eid-ul-Azha|accessdate=28 May 2018|work=[[The News International|The News]]|author=NewsBytes}}</ref> Ọ nwetara ama ama na ''Mere Humsafar'' dị egwu (2022) wee pụta kemgbe na ịhụnanya ''Mujhe Pyaar Hua Tha'' (2023). Onye mbụ nwetara ya Lux Style Award maka nhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kacha mma . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/the-release-of-parwaz-hai-junoon-postponed-till-eid-ul-azha/|title=The release of Parwaz Hai Junoon postponed till Eid-ul-Azha|accessdate=25 May 2018|work=[[The News International|The News]]|author=News Desk}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Aamir na 12 February 1997 na Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan nye nna Punjabi sitere na Murree na nne Hindkowan . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mbụ (2016-2019) === Aamir na-agụ akwụkwọ na Foundation for Advancement of Science and Technology (FAST-NUCES), mgbe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ihe nkiri ịhụnanya ''Janaan'' (2016). <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.luxstyle.pk/lsa2017/nominees/|title=Nominees|work=Lux Style|accessdate=25 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-janaan-idUSKCN11K2G8|title=Film 'Janaan' seeks positive global spotlight for Pakistan|first=Serena|author=Chaudhry|work=Reuters|date=14 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Iqra Sarfaraz">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/252534-|title=Hania Amir|accessdate=18 December 2017|work=[[The News International|The News]]|author=Iqra Sarfaraz}}</ref> Aamir mechara mee ihe nkiri dị ka nwanyị na- ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi mara mma na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya 2017 ''Titli'' . Ngosipụta ya na ihe nkiri ihunanya nke Hum TV ''Phir Wohi Mohabbat'' (2017), nwetara ya ihe kacha mma na-ahụ maka onyonyo onyonyo na Hum Awards . N'otu afọ ahụ, Aamir gbara nwunye onye isi ike na ihe nkiri heist ''Na Maloom Afraad 2'' . N'afọ sochirinụ, Aamir pụtara na ''Parwaaz Hai Junoon'' n'akụkụ Hamza Ali Abbasi, Ahad Raza Mir na Kubra Khan . Ihe ngosi ya na-esote bụ nwa agbọghọ na-esote ụzọ na melodrama ''Visaal'' (2018), na-emegide Zahid Ahmed na Saboor Aly . <ref name="Urdu 1 TV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.urdu1.tv/titli|title=Titli Urdu1 Pakistani Drama Serial Episodes Repeat Timings|date=17 November 2023|work=Urdu1 TV|accessdate=2 October 2024|archivedate=23 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223214550/https://www.urdu1.tv/titli}}</ref> <ref name="Daily Pakistan Global"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/413830-|title=Upcoming plays of 2019|author=|first=|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|accessdate=16 January 2019}}</ref> === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''Titli'' |Naila Ahmad | | |- |''Phir Wohi Mohabbat'' |Alishba Ashar | | |- |''Mujhay Jeenay Do'' |Saira Naseeb | | |- |2018 |''Visaal'' |Pari | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-Apr-2018/hania-aamir-and-zahid-ahmed-starrer-visaal-doesn-t-quite-live-up-to-expectations|title=Hania Aamir and Zahid Ahmed starrer 'Visaal' doesn't quite live up to expectations|work=DailyPakistan|date=9 April 2018|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Anaa'' |Daneen Saif |Also singer {{Érèkọbalà|for title}} song |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1181802|title=Hania Aamir is making her TV comeback with drama Anaa|work=ImagesDawn|date=9 February 2019|accessdate=9 February 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Ishqiya'' |Romaisa Siddique | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.springmediabubble.com/feroze-khan-and-hania-amir-will-be-sharing-screen-for-badar-mehmoods-next-directorial-venture/|title=Feroze Khan and Hania Amir will be sharing screen for Badar Mehmood's next directorial venture|work=SpringMediaBubble|date=2 September 2019|accessdate=2 September 2019}}</ref> |- |''Dil Ruba'' |Sanam Jameel | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2020/02/27/dilruba-hania-amir/?amp=1|title=Hania Amir's Next Has Her Playing A 'Dil Phaink' To A Host Of Hunks|work=GalaxyLollywood|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=27 February 2020|archivedate=7 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207231902/https://galaxylollywood.com/2020/02/27/dilruba-hania-amir/?amp=1}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Mere Humsafar'' |Hala Ahmad | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mykarachialerts.com/hania-aamir-and-farhan-saeed-to-star-in-drama-mere-humsafar/|title=Hania Aamir And Farhan Saeed to Star In Drama 'Mere Humsafar.|work=MyKarachiAlert|date=23 December 2021|accessdate=23 December 2021|archivedate=12 March 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312132907/http://mykarachialerts.com/hania-aamir-and-farhan-saeed-to-star-in-drama-mere-humsafar/}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''Sang-e-Mah'' |Gul Meena | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1189105|title=Hania Aamir's upcoming drama Sang-e-Mah highlights the 'social evil' of 'ghag'|work=ImagesDawn|date=25 December 2021|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> |- |2023 | scope="row" |''Mujhe Pyaar Hua Tha'' |Maheer Hussain | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebrownidentity.com/hania-aamir-wahaj-alis-upcoming-drama-serial-mujhe-pyar-hua-tha-teaser-out-now/|title=Hania Aamir, Wahaj Ali's upcoming drama 'Mujhe Pyar Hua Tha' teaser out now|work=The Brown Identity|date=2 December 2022|accessdate=12 December 2022|archivedate=4 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204210254/https://thebrownidentity.com/hania-aamir-wahaj-alis-upcoming-drama-serial-mujhe-pyar-hua-tha-teaser-out-now/}}</ref> |- |2023 | scope="row" |''Siyaah'' |Nosheen "Noshi" Faryad |Episode: "Un Ko Chutti Na Milli" | |- |2024-present | scope="row" |''Kabhi Main Kabhi Tum'' |Sharjeena Mustafa | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/showbiz/2024/06/fahad-mustafa-and-hania-aamir-drama-teaser-out-now/|title=Fahad Mustafa and Hania Aamir's drama 'Kabhi Main Kabhi Tum' teaser out now|work=Bol News|date=13 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Kaisi Hai Ye Ruswai'' |Ayline | | |} === Usoro webụ === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu ! class="unsortable" | Ref. |-| {{TBA}}| {{Pending film|Jo Bachay Hain Sang Samait Lo}} | TBA | Ịse ihe nkiri | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fawad Khan, Sanam Saeed, Mahira Khan, Ahad Raza Mir to star in Netflix’s first Pakistan-themed original|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/fawad-khan-pakistan-netflix-jo-bachay-hain-sang-samait-lo-1235701929/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=Variety|language=en}}</ref> |} === Ihe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu ! class="unsortable" | Ref. |- | 2018 | ''Band Toh Baje Ga'' | Mariam Sohail | | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mukhtar|first=Shabana|date=2019-12-26|title=Telefilm Review {{!}} Band Toh Baje Ga|url=https://theothermeunfolded.com/pakistani-content/pakistani-telefilm-reviews/telefilm-review-band-toh-baje-ga/|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=The Other Me Unfolded|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''Pyaar Kahani'' | Masha Rehman | | |- | 2021 | ''Dil Ke Chor'' | zipu | | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Web Desk|date=2021-04-29|title='Dil Ke Chor' – Hania Aamir, Momin Saqib pair up for first time in telefilm|url=https://pakobserver.net/dil-ke-chor-hania-aamir-momin-saqib-pair-up-for-first-time-in-upcoming-telefilm/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=[[Pakistan Observer]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |} === Vidio egwu === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Onye na-ese ihe ! class="unsortable" | Ref. |- | 2023 | "Jani Door Gaye" | Hadiqa Kiani | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadiqa Kiani’s "Jani Door Gaye" starring Hania Aamir and Wahaj Ali is now streaming to pull at worldwide sufi music lovers’ heartstrings|url=https://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1159835|accessdate=2023-11-15|work=HIP In Pakistan|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award !Category !Work !Result !Ref |- |2017 |Lux Style Awards |Best Supporting Actress |''Janaan'' |{{Nom}} |<ref name="dawn/19april2017">{{Cite news|author=Images Staff|title=Here's what's going down at the Lux Style Awards 2017 right now [LIVE]|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177454|accessdate=19 April 2017|work=DAWN Images|date=19 April 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |Hum Awards |Best Television Sensation Female |''Phir Wohi Mohabbat'' |{{Won}} | |- |International Pakistan Prestige Awards |Best Actress (Film) |''Na Maloom Afraad 2'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ippawards.org/nomination-2018/|title=Nomination & Voting 2018|work=IPP Awards|accessdate=21 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Hum Style Awards |{{Érèkọbalà|Most Stylish}} Film Actress |{{N/A}} |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1180791|title=Here's a list of who won at the Hum Style Awards 2018|work=Dawn|accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |PISA Awards |Best Television Actress |''Anaa'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1184279|title=Nominations for the first ever Pakistan International Screen Awards are out|author=Images Staff|date=24 December 2019|work=Images|language=en|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> |- |Hum Style Awards |Most Stylish Actress |{{N/A}} |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1184511|title=The Hum Style Awards 2020 are tomorrow. Here are the nominations|author=Images Staff|date=24 January 2020|work=Images|language=en|accessdate=25 January 2020}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 | rowspan="2" |ARY People's Choice Awards |Favourite Actress in a {{Érèkọbalà|Role of Sister}} | rowspan="3" |''Ishqiya'' |{{Won}} | |- |Favourite Jodi with Feroze Khan |{{Nom}} | |- |2nd PISA Awards |Best TV Actress (Popular) |{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="3" |Lux Style Awards |Best Film Actress - Viewer's choice |''Parde Mein Rehne Do'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/2438044/lux-style-awards-2023-nominations-out-now-pasoori-joyland-mere-humsafar-reign-supreme%3famp=1|title=Lux Style Awards 2023 nominations out now: Pasoori, Joyland, Mere Humsafar reign supreme|work=Tribute.com|accessdate=27 September 2023}}</ref> |- |Best TV Actress | rowspan="2" |''Mere Humsafar'' |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24newshd.tv/28-Sep-2023/-lux-style-awards-2023-nominations-out-now|title=Lux Style Awards 2023 nominations are out now|work=24newshd|accessdate=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |Best TV Actress Critics Choice |{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Hum Style Awards |Most Stylish Television Actor {{small|Female}} |{{N/A}} |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24newshd.tv/12-May-2024/here-are-the-prominent-victories-of-kashmir-hum-style-awards-2024|title=Here are the prominent victories of Kashmir Hum Style Awards 2024|work=24NewsHd|accessdate=12 May 2024}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == nwetara ya ihe kacha mma na-ahụ maka onyonyo onyonyo na Hum Awards . N'otu afọ ahụ, Aamir gbara nwunye onye isi ike na{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm8357469}} * Hania Aamir on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0b6ikhk540xnmkkg1hut33xzervbyi9 674572 674571 2026-07-09T15:08:17Z KiranBOT 25138 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 674572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Hania Aamir''' (amụrụ 12 February 1997) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/articles/pak-actress-hania-aamir-cuts-another-cake-to-celebrate-her-27th-bday-netizen-says-aur-kitne-din-49332|title=Hania Aamir Cuts Another Cake To Celebrate Her 27th Birthday|work=Bollywoodshaadi|accessdate=16 February 2024}}</ref> bụ onye omere Pakistan na-arụ ọrụ na telivishọn Urdu na ihe nkiri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị ''Janaan'' (2016). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistani 'Janaan' all set to release on Eidul Azha|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/59275|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|date=4 September 2016|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref> Aamir mere ihe ngosi telivishọn ya na ''Titli'' (2017) wee pụta na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya ''Anaa'' . <ref name="Daily Pakistan Global">{{Cite news|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/hania-amir-from-janaan-set-to-make-her-television-debut/|title=Hania Amir from 'Janaan' set to make her Television debut|work=Daily Pakistan Global|accessdate=25 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ mekwara ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị ''Na Maloom Afraad 2'' (2017), ihe nkiri ọgụ ọgụ ''Parwaaz Hai Junoon'' (2018) na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya 2020 ''Ishqiya'' . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Momin Ali Munshi|date=12 September 2017|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2017/09/12/box-office-na-maloom-afraad-10-days/|title=Box Office: Na Maloom Afraad 2 scores big numbers in its first 10 days of release!|publisher=Galaxy Lollywood|accessdate=14 September 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/322530-|title=Why Parwaaz Hai Junoon release is pushed to Eid-ul-Azha|accessdate=28 May 2018|work=[[The News International|The News]]|author=NewsBytes}}</ref> Ọ nwetara ama ama na ''Mere Humsafar'' dị egwu (2022) wee pụta kemgbe na ịhụnanya ''Mujhe Pyaar Hua Tha'' (2023). Onye mbụ nwetara ya Lux Style Award maka nhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kacha mma . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.globalvillagespace.com/the-release-of-parwaz-hai-junoon-postponed-till-eid-ul-azha/|title=The release of Parwaz Hai Junoon postponed till Eid-ul-Azha|accessdate=25 May 2018|work=[[The News International|The News]]|author=News Desk}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Aamir na 12 February 1997 na Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan nye nna Punjabi sitere na Murree na nne Hindkowan . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mbụ (2016-2019) === Aamir na-agụ akwụkwọ na Foundation for Advancement of Science and Technology (FAST-NUCES), mgbe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ihe nkiri ịhụnanya ''Janaan'' (2016). <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.luxstyle.pk/lsa2017/nominees/|title=Nominees|work=Lux Style|accessdate=25 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-janaan-idUSKCN11K2G8|title=Film 'Janaan' seeks positive global spotlight for Pakistan|first=Serena|author=Chaudhry|work=Reuters|date=14 September 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Iqra Sarfaraz">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/252534-|title=Hania Amir|accessdate=18 December 2017|work=[[The News International|The News]]|author=Iqra Sarfaraz}}</ref> Aamir mechara mee ihe nkiri dị ka nwanyị na- ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi mara mma na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya 2017 ''Titli'' . Ngosipụta ya na ihe nkiri ihunanya nke Hum TV ''Phir Wohi Mohabbat'' (2017), nwetara ya ihe kacha mma na-ahụ maka onyonyo onyonyo na Hum Awards . N'otu afọ ahụ, Aamir gbara nwunye onye isi ike na ihe nkiri heist ''Na Maloom Afraad 2'' . N'afọ sochirinụ, Aamir pụtara na ''Parwaaz Hai Junoon'' n'akụkụ Hamza Ali Abbasi, Ahad Raza Mir na Kubra Khan . Ihe ngosi ya na-esote bụ nwa agbọghọ na-esote ụzọ na melodrama ''Visaal'' (2018), na-emegide Zahid Ahmed na Saboor Aly . <ref name="Urdu 1 TV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.urdu1.tv/titli|title=Titli Urdu1 Pakistani Drama Serial Episodes Repeat Timings|date=17 November 2023|work=Urdu1 TV|accessdate=2 October 2024|archivedate=23 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223214550/https://www.urdu1.tv/titli}}</ref> <ref name="Daily Pakistan Global"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/413830-|title=Upcoming plays of 2019|author=|first=|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|accessdate=16 January 2019}}</ref> === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" |Ref |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |''Titli'' |Naila Ahmad | | |- |''Phir Wohi Mohabbat'' |Alishba Ashar | | |- |''Mujhay Jeenay Do'' |Saira Naseeb | | |- |2018 |''Visaal'' |Pari | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/09-Apr-2018/hania-aamir-and-zahid-ahmed-starrer-visaal-doesn-t-quite-live-up-to-expectations|title=Hania Aamir and Zahid Ahmed starrer 'Visaal' doesn't quite live up to expectations|work=DailyPakistan|date=9 April 2018|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Anaa'' |Daneen Saif |Also singer {{Érèkọbalà|for title}} song |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1181802|title=Hania Aamir is making her TV comeback with drama Anaa|work=ImagesDawn|date=9 February 2019|accessdate=9 February 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Ishqiya'' |Romaisa Siddique | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.springmediabubble.com/feroze-khan-and-hania-amir-will-be-sharing-screen-for-badar-mehmoods-next-directorial-venture/|title=Feroze Khan and Hania Amir will be sharing screen for Badar Mehmood's next directorial venture|work=SpringMediaBubble|date=2 September 2019|accessdate=2 September 2019}}</ref> |- |''Dil Ruba'' |Sanam Jameel | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2020/02/27/dilruba-hania-amir/?amp=1|title=Hania Amir's Next Has Her Playing A 'Dil Phaink' To A Host Of Hunks|work=GalaxyLollywood|date=27 February 2020|accessdate=27 February 2020|archivedate=7 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207231902/https://galaxylollywood.com/2020/02/27/dilruba-hania-amir/?amp=1}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Mere Humsafar'' |Hala Ahmad | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mykarachialerts.com/hania-aamir-and-farhan-saeed-to-star-in-drama-mere-humsafar/|title=Hania Aamir And Farhan Saeed to Star In Drama 'Mere Humsafar.|work=MyKarachiAlert|date=23 December 2021|accessdate=23 December 2021|archivedate=12 March 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312132907/http://mykarachialerts.com/hania-aamir-and-farhan-saeed-to-star-in-drama-mere-humsafar/}}</ref> |- | scope="row" |''Sang-e-Mah'' |Gul Meena | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1189105|title=Hania Aamir's upcoming drama Sang-e-Mah highlights the 'social evil' of 'ghag'|work=ImagesDawn|date=25 December 2021|accessdate=25 December 2021}}</ref> |- |2023 | scope="row" |''Mujhe Pyaar Hua Tha'' |Maheer Hussain | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebrownidentity.com/hania-aamir-wahaj-alis-upcoming-drama-serial-mujhe-pyar-hua-tha-teaser-out-now/|title=Hania Aamir, Wahaj Ali's upcoming drama 'Mujhe Pyar Hua Tha' teaser out now|work=The Brown Identity|date=2 December 2022|accessdate=12 December 2022|archivedate=4 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204210254/https://thebrownidentity.com/hania-aamir-wahaj-alis-upcoming-drama-serial-mujhe-pyar-hua-tha-teaser-out-now/}}</ref> |- |2023 | scope="row" |''Siyaah'' |Nosheen "Noshi" Faryad |Episode: "Un Ko Chutti Na Milli" | |- |2024-present | scope="row" |''Kabhi Main Kabhi Tum'' |Sharjeena Mustafa | |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/showbiz/2024/06/fahad-mustafa-and-hania-aamir-drama-teaser-out-now/|title=Fahad Mustafa and Hania Aamir's drama 'Kabhi Main Kabhi Tum' teaser out now|work=Bol News|date=13 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Kaisi Hai Ye Ruswai'' |Ayline | | |} === Usoro webụ === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu ! class="unsortable" | Ref. |-| {{TBA}}| {{Pending film|Jo Bachay Hain Sang Samait Lo}} | TBA | Ịse ihe nkiri | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fawad Khan, Sanam Saeed, Mahira Khan, Ahad Raza Mir to star in Netflix’s first Pakistan-themed original|url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/fawad-khan-pakistan-netflix-jo-bachay-hain-sang-samait-lo-1235701929/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=Variety|language=en}}</ref> |} === Ihe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu ! class="unsortable" | Ref. |- | 2018 | ''Band Toh Baje Ga'' | Mariam Sohail | | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mukhtar|first=Shabana|date=2019-12-26|title=Telefilm Review {{!}} Band Toh Baje Ga|url=https://theothermeunfolded.com/pakistani-content/pakistani-telefilm-reviews/telefilm-review-band-toh-baje-ga/|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=The Other Me Unfolded|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''Pyaar Kahani'' | Masha Rehman | | |- | 2021 | ''Dil Ke Chor'' | zipu | | <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Web Desk|date=2021-04-29|title='Dil Ke Chor' – Hania Aamir, Momin Saqib pair up for first time in telefilm|url=https://pakobserver.net/dil-ke-chor-hania-aamir-momin-saqib-pair-up-for-first-time-in-upcoming-telefilm/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=[[Pakistan Observer]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |} === Vidio egwu === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Onye na-ese ihe ! class="unsortable" | Ref. |- | 2023 | "Jani Door Gaye" | Hadiqa Kiani | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hadiqa Kiani’s "Jani Door Gaye" starring Hania Aamir and Wahaj Ali is now streaming to pull at worldwide sufi music lovers’ heartstrings|url=https://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1159835|accessdate=2023-11-15|work=HIP In Pakistan|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Award !Category !Work !Result !Ref |- |2017 |Lux Style Awards |Best Supporting Actress |''Janaan'' |{{Nom}} |<ref name="dawn/19april2017">{{Cite news|author=Images Staff|title=Here's what's going down at the Lux Style Awards 2017 right now [LIVE]|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177454|accessdate=19 April 2017|work=DAWN Images|date=19 April 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |Hum Awards |Best Television Sensation Female |''Phir Wohi Mohabbat'' |{{Won}} | |- |International Pakistan Prestige Awards |Best Actress (Film) |''Na Maloom Afraad 2'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ippawards.org/nomination-2018/|title=Nomination & Voting 2018|work=IPP Awards|accessdate=21 August 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Hum Style Awards |{{Érèkọbalà|Most Stylish}} Film Actress |{{N/A}} |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1180791|title=Here's a list of who won at the Hum Style Awards 2018|work=Dawn|accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |PISA Awards |Best Television Actress |''Anaa'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1184279|title=Nominations for the first ever Pakistan International Screen Awards are out|author=Images Staff|date=24 December 2019|work=Images|language=en|accessdate=29 December 2019}}</ref> |- |Hum Style Awards |Most Stylish Actress |{{N/A}} |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1184511|title=The Hum Style Awards 2020 are tomorrow. Here are the nominations|author=Images Staff|date=24 January 2020|work=Images|language=en|accessdate=25 January 2020}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 | rowspan="2" |ARY People's Choice Awards |Favourite Actress in a {{Érèkọbalà|Role of Sister}} | rowspan="3" |''Ishqiya'' |{{Won}} | |- |Favourite Jodi with Feroze Khan |{{Nom}} | |- |2nd PISA Awards |Best TV Actress (Popular) |{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="3" |Lux Style Awards |Best Film Actress - Viewer's choice |''Parde Mein Rehne Do'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/2438044/lux-style-awards-2023-nominations-out-now-pasoori-joyland-mere-humsafar-reign-supreme%3famp=1|title=Lux Style Awards 2023 nominations out now: Pasoori, Joyland, Mere Humsafar reign supreme|work=Tribute.com|accessdate=27 September 2023}}</ref> |- |Best TV Actress | rowspan="2" |''Mere Humsafar'' |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24newshd.tv/28-Sep-2023/-lux-style-awards-2023-nominations-out-now|title=Lux Style Awards 2023 nominations are out now|work=24newshd|accessdate=28 September 2023}}</ref> |- |Best TV Actress Critics Choice |{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Hum Style Awards |Most Stylish Television Actor {{small|Female}} |{{N/A}} |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.24newshd.tv/12-May-2024/here-are-the-prominent-victories-of-kashmir-hum-style-awards-2024|title=Here are the prominent victories of Kashmir Hum Style Awards 2024|work=24NewsHd|accessdate=12 May 2024}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == nwetara ya ihe kacha mma na-ahụ maka onyonyo onyonyo na Hum Awards . N'otu afọ ahụ, Aamir gbara nwunye onye isi ike na{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm8357469}} * Hania Aamir on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rpf37qvwxryntbbp7xxgx35m41fwuyx 0 52918 674696 189898 2026-07-09T21:10:15Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Saịtị Balloon, Coventry bụ eserese mmanụ na-akwa akwa mere na 1942 nke onye omenkà Britain Laura Knight mere. Ọ na-egosi otu ndị mmadụ-karịsịa ndị inyom-na-arụ ọrụ iji malite balloon na mpụga Coventry, obodo mmepụta ihe dị na Midlands bụ nke e bu n'obi wakpo bọmbụ German na November 1940, mgbe a tụbara ihe karịrị 10,000 bọmbụ na-agba ọkụ n'ebe ahụ. obodo. Knight sere In for Repairs, na-egosi ndị otu Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) ka ha na-arụzi balloon barrage mebiri emebi, na mbido 1942. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu masịrị ha nke ukwuu nke na ha gwara ya ka ọ na-ese WAAF n'ọrụ. Kọmitii Advisory War Artists' (WAAC) nyere ya ọrụ ma kwụọ 100 guineas maka ọrụ ahụ, bụ nke e mere na July na August 1942. E gosipụtara saịtị Balloon na 1943 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, tinyere Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech. - mgbanaka (1943).   == Background == [[Usòrò:Royal_Air_Force_Balloon_Command,_1939-1945._CH21007.jpg|thumb|Ndị otu Women's Auxiliary Air Force na-adọkpụ balloon na ebe dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.]] From March 1939, Coventry had been protected by barrage balloons; the city was an industrial target and contained aircraft factories on the outskirts. The balloons were filled with hydrogen and were either set in fixed sites, or adapted for mobile deployment. They were fixed by steel cables which forced bombers to fly at a higher altitude than they would have preferred. In this way the bombing was less accurate, and the aeroplanes more vulnerable to ground-based anti-aircraft fire.{{sfn|"A Balloon Site, Coventry". ''Imperial War Museums''}}{{sfn|McGrory|2015|loc=Ch. 1}}{{sfn|Lambourne|2001|p=47}} The protection was not infallible, and, on 14 November 1940 Coventry was the target of a German bombing raid when over 10,000 incendiary bombs were dropped on the city.{{sfn|Hill|2010|p=95}} From April 1941 women were used to operate the balloons, a crew of fourteen women replacing the ten men that did so previously.{{sfn|"A Balloon Site, Coventry". ''Imperial War Museums''}} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], gọọmentị Britain guzobere Kọmitii ndụmọdụ ndị na-ese ihe (WAAC) n'okpuru onyeisi oche nke Sir Kenneth Clark, onye nduzi nke National Gallery. Kọmitii ahụ bụ "depụta ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe ruru eru idekọ agha ahụ n'ụlọ na mba ofesi". [5] Otu n'ime ndị e nyere iwu n'ọtụtụ oge bụ onye Britain na-ese ihe Laura Knight, onye sere ihe maka gọọmentị Canada n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. [6] Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1942, o sere foto anọ maka WAAF; nke kachasị ọhụrụ bụ In for Repairs, na-egosi ndị otu Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) na-edozi balloon mebiri emebi. Ministri ụgbọelu nwere mmasị na foto ahụ na ikike ya iji nyere aka n'ịkpọbata ndị ọrụ. Ministri ahụ jụrụ WAAF ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike inye Knight ọrụ ọzọ, ma, n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1941, ọ natara arịrịọ site n'aka Maazị Dickey, odeakwụkwọ nke WAAC, ka ọ see ndị otu Women's Auxiliary Air Force nke dị na RAF Wythall - isi ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara nke RAF Balloon Command - nke dị kilomita isii (kilomita iri) site na Birmingham.[7] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na July na August 1942, ma kwụọ ya 100 guineas maka ọrụ ahụ. [8][9] E gosipụtara Balloon Site na 1943 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, dị ka Ruby Loftus Screwing a Breech-ring, ihe osise Knight ka dechara. A nabatara ọrụ abụọ ahụ nke ọma. [8] Ka ọ na-erule 2024, ihe osise ahụ dị n'aka Imperial War Museum.[1] == Ihe osise == A Balloon Site bụ Ihe osise mmanụ na ákwà na-atụle 102.5 site na 127 sentimita (3.36 . Ọ na-egosi ịgbapụ bọl na mpụga Coventry. N'etiti etiti bụ ọtụtụ ụlọ mebiri emebi, na akụkụ mkpọmkpọ ebe Coventry gosipụtara n'azụ. [10][9] N'ihu, ìgwè abụọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ịgba bọl ahụ. Ìgwè ahụ dị n'ihu - nke ụmụ nwanyị atọ na otu nwoke mejupụtara - nọ n'okpuru nduzi nke Jean Brydon, onye isi nwanyị. A na-egosi otu nke abụọ n'akụkụ dị anya nke bọl ahụ. [10][11][12] Dị ka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Teresa Grimes, Judith Collins na Oriana Baddeley si kwuo, A Balloon Site na In For Repairs "na-ekwu maka ọrụ, itinye uche na itinye uche n'ọrụ nke otu mgbalị na-emepụta bụ isi ihe mejupụtara ha. " [13] == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka == === Sources === hwlc63vjunoaypbtpi7oewiivjfwabz 0 53052 675044 190042 2026-07-10T10:35:38Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jane Louisa Willyams''' (20 Ọktoba 1786 - 28 Mee 1878) bụ onye odeakụkọ na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Britain. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'okpukpe Protestant oge mbụ na Europe. Jane Louisa Willyams mụrụ na 20 October 1786 na Carnaton House na Cornwall. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ asatọ James Willyams. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=8 June 1878|title=Obituary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoOt3K-gW6IC|journal=[[The Academy (periodical)|The Academy]]|pages=508}}</ref> Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Charlotte Champion Willyams Pascoe o dere akwụkwọ akụkọ, Coquetry (1818), nke e bipụtara site na enyemaka nke Sir Walter Scott.<ref name=":1" /> Willyams alụghị di. Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na 1828, Willyams ghọrọ onye bi n’ụlọ nri ndị nọn Protestant na Bristol, Association of Ladies’s Association. Ọ hapụrụ n'afọ sochirinụ, na-ede banyere "mmechuihu ya n'ịchọtaghị ọha mmadụ nke ndị Kraịst na-agbanwe agbanwe na ndị na-agọnahụ onwe ha." Mgbe ọnwa anọ nọrọ na Chillon Castle, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Chillon: ma ọ bụ, ndị Protestant nke narị afọ nke iri na isii. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na 1845.<ref name=":1" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, o bipụtara traktị na-emegide Katọlik, The Reason Rendered: A Few Words Addressed to the Inhabitants of M - , na Cornwall . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Gleadle|first=Kathryn|url=https://academic.oup.com/british-academy-scholarship-online/book/20033|title=Borderline Citizens: Women, Gender and Political Culture in Britain, 1815-1867|date=2009-09-24|publisher=British Academy|isbn=978-0-19-726449-2|edition=1|language=en|doi=10.5871/bacad/9780197264492.001.0001}}</ref> O bipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Waldo, otu òtù jụrụ okwukwe hiwere na narị afọ nke 12 a na-ahụkarị dị ka proto-Protestant, na 1855 na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Hapsburgs, Ụlọ Elu nke Hawk, na 1871.<ref name=":1" /> Jane Louisa Willyams nwụrụ na 28 Mee 1878 na Budleigh Salterton.<ref name=":1" /> == Akwụkwọ == * Coquetry, 1818<ref name=":1" /> * ''Chillon: ma ọ bụ, ndị Protestant nke narị afọ nke iri na isii. Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme''. Mpịakọta 2. London: Hatchard, 1845.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Author: Jane Louisa Willyams|url=https://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=2563|accessdate=2022-12-15|work=At the Circulating Library: A Database of Victorian Fiction, 1837–1901}}</ref> * Ihe kpatara ya: Okwu ole na ole e degaara ndị bi na M - , na Cornwall. London, 1845.<ref name=":3" /> * Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke Chọọchị Walden na ndagwurugwu Piedmont: Site n'oge mbụ ruo n'oge a, 1855<ref name=":1" /> * Ụlọ elu nke Hawk: Ụfọdụ akụkụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ụlọ Hapsburg. 1 mpịakọta London: Hatchard, 1871.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 6cjtiik6uorgdejz5swnj7zuimrgd6u 0 53414 674613 674175 2026-07-09T17:50:57Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haslina Taib''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Brune nke bụ onye isi njikwa nke Dynamik Teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ IT dabere na Brunei Darussalam, kemgbe Eprel 2007. A makwaara Haslina maka ije ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ASEAN Business Advisory Council (ASEAN BAC). Tupu ọ jide ọkwa a, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Council maka APEC Business Advisory Council (2010–2016). == Agụmakwụkwọ == Haslina nwere [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Masters na Business Administration]] na Mahadum Harvard na Mahadum Cranfield . Ọ bụkwa onye otu nke Association of Chartered Certified Accountants . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ASEAN BAC Brunei Haslina Taib|url=https://www.aseanbacbrunei.com.bn/web/content/1119?unique=43fba61ec499058babc81c97a9065f99a58f6c43|work=ASEAN BAC Brunei}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ịbanye Dynamik Teknụzụ, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bakar|first=Rasidah Hj Abu|date=2018-10-31|title=BAG Networks rebrands as Dynamik Technologies after buyout|url=http://thescoop.co/2018/10/31/bag-networks-rebrands-as-dynamik-technologies-after-buyout/|accessdate=|work=The Scoop|language=en-GB}}</ref> Haslina sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka KPMG, Panel Kerr Foster, Andersen, WPP, Hill Knowlton Europe, na Dorchester Group of Companies na Europe na North America. <ref name=":0"/> === Dynamik Teknụzụ === N'okpuru Dynamik Teknụzụ, Haslina eduzila ịnyefe ọtụtụ ọrụ mgbanwe dijitalụ nke mba, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-30|title=Haslina Taib, CEO, BAG Networks: Interview - Asia 2014 - Oxford Business Group|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/articles-interviews/obg-talks-to-haslina-taib-ceo-bag-networks-interview|accessdate=|language=en-US}}</ref> wee webata AKREDI, ASEAN Digital Credentials Platform, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Azahari|first=Izah|date=September 15, 2022|title=Regional digital credentials one step closer to reality|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/regional-digital-credentials-one-step-closer-to-reality/}}</ref> na kwadoro teknụzụ na-apụta dị ka fintech, blockchain, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kon|first=James|date=June 20, 2021|title=Talk discusses way forward to formalise blockchain community|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/talk-discusses-way-forward-to-formalise-blockchain-community/}}</ref> na obere koodu <ref>{{Cite news|date=June 19, 2021|title=Promoting low-code development through competition|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/promoting-low-code-development-through-competition/}}</ref> na Brunei Darussalam. Na mgbakwunye, Haslina etinyela aka n'ịzụlite ụlọ ọrụ ICT nke mba site na ọzụzụ nka na ngalaba nkeonwe, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rosli|first=Sobrina|date=27 February 2008|title=Skills development, private-public partnership vital for Brunei ICT growth|work=Brunei Times|url=https://btarchive.org/news/national/2008/02/27/skills_development_private_public_partnership_vital_for_brunei_ict_growth}}</ref> na-emepe emepe ụlọ ọrụ dị njikere gụsịrị akwụkwọ, <ref>{{Cite news|first=|date=September 10, 2021|title=2 Mahasiswi UBD Ikuti Headstart Program|work=Pelita Brunei|url=https://www.brudirect.com/news.php?id=127351}}</ref> na ịgba ume agụmakwụkwọ STEM na ndị ntorobịa nwere mmemme dị ka “Kids Can Code”. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brunei Kids Can Code {{!}} Our Communities {{!}} Dynamik Technologies|url=https://www.dynamiktechnologies.com.bn/our-communities/brunei-kids-can-code/|accessdate=|work=Dynamik Home {{!}} Dynamik Technologies Sdn Bhd|language=en-US}}</ref> === Mmemme ndị ọzọ === Haslina nọchitere Brunei dị ka Onye isi oche nke ASEAN Business na Investment Summit 2021 dị ka onye so na ASEAN Business Advisory Council. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kon|first=James|date=March 20, 2022|title=ASEAN-BAC urges concrete action|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/asean-bac-urges-concrete-action/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Azahari|first=Izah|date=September 23, 2022|title=Meeting harmonises work streams: ASEAN-BAC Brunei chair|work=Borneo Bulletin|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/meeting-harmonises-work-streams-asean-bac-brunei-chair/}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu Universiti Brunei Darussalam Council, Brunei Darussalam Accounting Standards Council, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brunei Darussalam Accounting Standards Council Members|url=https://bdasc.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/Council-Members.aspx|work=Brunei Darussalam Accounting Standards Council|accessdate=2024-10-15|archivedate=2024-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916025401/https://bdasc.mofe.gov.bn/SitePages/Council-Members.aspx}}</ref> na Onye isi oche nke ASEAN Digital Transformation Working Group. <ref>{{Cite news|date=September 16, 2022|title=ASEAN Economic Ministers' Meeting|work=RTB News|url=https://www.brudirect.com/news.php?id=153085}}</ref> == Nkwenye na onyinye == * Nzukọ Ụmụ nwanyị Brunei Ndị inyom nwetara mmeri na ngalaba ụlọọrụ (2010) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Thien|first=Rachel|date=August 6, 2010|title=Four Bruneian Women Honoured for Achievements|work=Brunei Times|url=https://asiaincforum.com/press-release-four-bruneian-women-honoured-for-achievements/}}</ref> * Ihe nrite ndị ọchụnta ego pụtara ìhè maka nrite ụlọ ọrụ Asia Pacific Enterprise (2010) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Pacific Enterprise Awards Hall of Fame 2010|url=https://apea.asia/brunei/hall-of-fame-br-2010/|work=Asia Pacific Enterprise Awards|accessdate=2024-10-15|archivedate=2024-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205032330/https://apea.asia/brunei/hall-of-fame-br-2010/}}</ref> * 50 nke ụmụ nwanyị Brunei kacha emetụta Brunei site na Inspire (2014) <ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Most Influential Women Brunei by Inspire|url=https://inspirebn.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/inspire-2nd-issue-lr.pdf|work=Inspire Magazine Brunei}}</ref> * Akara ngosi LinkedIn 50 kacha akpali akpali nke Brunei (2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brunei's 50 Most Inspiring LinkedIn Icons of 2021|url=https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/|work=The Bruneian News|accessdate=2024-10-15|archivedate=2024-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416175654/https://thebruneian.news/2022/01/03/bruneis-50-most-inspiring-linkedin-icons-2021/}}</ref> * Onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị Asia (Ọgọst 2022) * Ihe nrite pụrụiche Cambodia (November 2022) * Onye isi na-akpali akpali nke Eshia (2022) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Haslina Taib Wins Asia's Most Inspiring Executives 2022 {{!}} ACES Awards|url=https://www.acesawards.com/stories/leadership/haslina-taib/|accessdate=|work=www.acesawards.com|archivedate=2024-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241013064352/https://www.acesawards.com/stories/leadership/haslina-taib/}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jn629zd9oog3ky8y3uoxib9uyuxirgg 0 53430 675069 190602 2026-07-10T11:25:54Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Janice Daniel-Hodge''' (amụrụ 17 Eprel 1962 na England <ref name="candidateprofile">{{Cite web|title=Candidate profiles: Meet Dr. Janice Daniel-Hodge|url=https://www.nrp2020.com/candidates|work=Nrpproject|language=en|accessdate=2022-08-07|archivedate=2022-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816131221/https://www.nrp2020.com/candidates}}</ref> ) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndụmọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na Saint Kitts na Nevis . == Ọrụ == Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na St. Francis College dị na New York na nzere biology. Na 1987 ọ nwetakwara nzere na Mahadum Alabama A&amp;amp;M na microbiology. O nwekwara akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Virgin Islands . <ref name="candidateprofile" /> Ọ bụ onye nduzi na onye isi oche nke [[The Bank of Nevis Ltd.|Bank of Nevis Ltd.]] site na 2006 ruo 2016, ma bụrụ onye nduzi ugbu a na Bank of Nevis International, Ltd. <ref name="candidateprofile" /> Na 2020, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ onye ndu otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba ahụ, na-eduga Nevis Reformation Party (NRP). Na 2021, ọ hapụrụ na Bank of Nevis International ka ọ lekwasị anya n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye ndu NRP. <ref>{{Cite web|author=AdminControl|date=2021-08-14|title=BANI announces departure of Janice Daniel Hodge|url=https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/bani-announces-departure-of-janice-daniel-hodge/|accessdate=2022-08-05|work=The St Kitts Nevis Observer|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Ọ bụ ada nke mbụ Premier Nevis Simeon Daniel . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=Junior Minister of Gender Affairs on Nevis commends Dr. Janice Daniel-Hodge, first woman to lead a political party in SKN|url=https://nia.gov.kn/junior-minister-of-gender-affairs-on-nevis-commends-dr-janice-daniel-hodge-first-woman-to-lead-a-political-party-in-skn/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=NIA - Nevis Island Administration|language=en-CA}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ọchịchị na mba ahụ, na-eduga Nevis Reformation Party (NRP). Na {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ov5deu2zxmze8nb8xh14ymgw6y250l7 0 53485 674760 406774 2026-07-09T22:50:00Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=[[Managing Director]] of [[Nation Media Group]]|image=File:Susan Nsibirwa.png|image caption=Susan Nsibirwa}} '''Susan Nsibirwa''', bụ onye ahịa [[Uganda|Ugandan]] na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na-eje ozi na onye isi njikwa nke National Media Group, kemgbe Jenụwarị 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=NMG-U's first female boss: Who is Susan Nsibirwa|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nmg-u-s-first-female-boss-who-is-susan-nsibirwa--4469726|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=MANDELA|first=NELSON|date=2023-12-19|title=Susan Nsibirwa replaces Tony Glencross as Nation Media Group Managing Director|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2023/12/susan-nsibirwa-replaces-tony-glencross-as-nation-media-group-managing-director.html|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=PML Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri Tonny Glencross, onye jere ozi n'ọrụ ahụ kemgbe 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-20|title=Marketer Susan Nsibirwa is new NMG Uganda MD|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/80102-marketer-susan-nsibirwa-is-new-nmg-uganda-md|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nsibirwa na Kampala, Uganda nye John na Oriakụ Allen Nsibirwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nsibirwa personified feminine power|url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/NV_149972|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=Bukedde|language=en|archivedate=2023-12-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223174835/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/NV_149972}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwa Katikkiro nke Buganda Martin Lurther Nsibirwa. Ọ gara nwanne nne Clare Kindergarten Namirembe, Kitante Primary School maka PLE, Nabisunsa Girls Secondary School maka O-level na Gayaza High School maka A-level . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kasyate|first=Simon|date=2016-10-10|title=Meet Nsibirwa, a journalist and marketing guru|url=https://observer.ug/news-headlines/46899-meet-nsibirwa-a-journalist-and-marketing-guru|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|archivedate=2016-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114233312/http://www.observer.ug/news-headlines/46899-meet-nsibirwa-a-journalist-and-marketing-guru}}</ref> Mgbe a nabatara ya na Mahadum Makerere, na Kampala, isi obodo [[Uganda]], ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na '''Bachelor na Mass Communication''' degree na 1987. Nzere nke abụọ ya bụ '''Master of Administration''' nwetara na Mahadum Nicosia, na Saịprọs . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=Susan Nsibirwa Replaces Glencross as Monitor Publications MD|url=https://chimpreports.com/susan-nsibirwa-replaces-glencross-as-monitor-publications-md/|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=ChimpReports|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi ahịa na nkwukọrịta na Vision Group site na February 2011 ruo February 2019. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọ weere ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Uganda Media Owners Association (UMOA) site na November 2016 ruo December 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=NMG-U's first female boss: Who is Susan Nsibirwa|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nmg-u-s-first-female-boss-who-is-susan-nsibirwa--4469726|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Nsibirwa ghọrọ onye mmekọ njikwa na Urge Uganda site na Maachị 2019 ruo June 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=Susan Nsibirwa Replaces Glencross as Monitor Publications MD|url=https://chimpreports.com/susan-nsibirwa-replaces-glencross-as-monitor-publications-md/|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=ChimpReports|language=en-US}}</ref> Na mbụ, ọ nọrọ n'ọnọdụ onye isi njikwa na Ayiva Consulting Solutions kemgbe June 2022 tupu ọ were ọrụ dị ka onye isi njikwa nke Nation Media Group Uganda na Disemba 22, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Susan Nsibirwa Named Monitor Publications Managing Director {{!}} The Kampala Post|url=https://kampalapost.com/content/susan-nsibirwa-named-monitor-publications-managing-director|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=kampalapost.com}}</ref> == Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ == Nsibirwa na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye otu bọọdụ n'otu dị iche iche, gụnyere Uganda Marketers Society kemgbe 2020, Obodo Innovation kemgbe Ọktoba 2023, African Center for Media Excellence kemgbe March 2021 (Oche oche), Monitor Publications Ltd kemgbe May 2022, na Greenhill Academy. Ltd kemgbe June 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-19|title=NMG-U's first female boss: Who is Susan Nsibirwa|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nmg-u-s-first-female-boss-who-is-susan-nsibirwa--4469726|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=NELSON MANDELA {{!}} PML Daily|date=2023-12-19|title=Susan Nsibirwa replaces Tony Glencross as Nation Media Group Managing Director|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2023/12/susan-nsibirwa-replaces-tony-glencross-as-nation-media-group-managing-director.html|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=PML Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'August 2024, Susan pụtara 5th n'etiti ndị isi otu narị ndị isi na ndị isi na-enwe mmasị na Uganda. Ọ bụkwa onye nnata nrite mba (Diamond Jubilee) na ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa 2020, ihe nrite nke Onye isi ala Yoweri Museveni nyefere. <ref>https://www.ceo.co.ug/ugandas-100-leading-and-most-admired-ceos-2024/</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tue7oqfaexaovafzvned3gw1pncde8d 0 53513 675030 190725 2026-07-10T10:15:35Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nadine Byarugaba''', bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego nke Uganda, na onye ndụmọdụ njikwa. Ọ bụ onye isi ugbu a nke ndị isi oche nke Absa Bank Uganda Limited, dị irè na 28 Julaị 2020. Tupu nke ahụ, site na Septemba 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'otu bọọdụ ahụ, dị ka onye isi oche na-arụ ọrụ, nọchiri Swithin Munyantwali, onye a họpụtara na-abụghị onye isi nchịkwa na bọọdụ Absa Group Limited . <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceo.co.ug/absa-uganda-appoints-nadine-byarugaba-as-new-board-chairperson/|title=Absa Uganda Appoints Nadine Byarugaba As New Board Chairperson|publisher=CEO Magazine Uganda|date=29 July 2020|author=Samuel Muhimba|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web|title=Absa appoints Nadine Byarugaba board chair|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Finance/Absa-appoints-Nadine-Byarugaba-board-chair--/688608-5600880-format-xhtml-jp5vrcz/index.html|date=29 July 2020|author=Martin Luther Oketch|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref> == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nadine na Uganda wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta bachelor na Mahadum Makerere . O nwekwara nzere [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Master of Business Administration]], na Mahadum Heriot-Watt, na Edinburgh Scotland. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|url=https://www.softpower.ug/nadine-byarugaba-is-absa-banks-new-board-chair/|title=Nadine Byarugaba Is Absa Bank's New Board Chair|publisher=SoftPower Uganda|accessdate=1 August 2020|author=SoftPower}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ahụmahụ ụlọ akụ ya laghachiri opekata mpe afọ 25, dịka nke 2020. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Standard Chartered Uganda, n'ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere (a) dị ka Regional Head of eCommerce Sales, Africa (b) dị ka isi nke Global Markets (c) dị ka Isi nke Internal Control na (d) dị ka Systems Administrator. A họpụtara ya na bọọdụ Absa Bank Uganda (n'oge ahụ Barclays Bank Uganda) na Jenụwarị 2016. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web|date=30 July 2020|accessdate=1 August 2020|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1523660/nadine-byarugaba-appointed-absa-uganda-board-chairperson|title=Nadine Byarugaba Appointed ABSA Uganda Board Chair|author=Ali Twaha}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == Na mgbakwunye na ibu ọrụ ya na Absa Uganda, ọ na-anọdụkwa na bọọdụ New Faces New Voices, otu ndị na-akwado Pan-African, n'okpuru [[Graça Machel|Graca Machel]] Trust. Ihu ọhụrụ olu ọhụrụ na-elekwasị anya n'ịgbasawanye ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ego. Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ onye otu bọọdụ nke Uganda Reinsurance Company Limited, ebe ọ bụ onye isi na-abụghị onye isi. == Hụkwa == * Economy Uganda * Absa Group * Ụlọ akụ Uganda * Ụlọ akụ na Africa == Ntụaka == n'otu bọọdụ ahụ, dị ka onye isi oche na-arụ ọrụ, nọchiri Swithin Munyantwali, onye a{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bh8en8mww5vy0saa06kh454rt0ob0cf 0 53690 675043 190969 2026-07-10T10:33:06Z Ebube Clara 43871 675043 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jane Jones''' (nwụrụ 1739) bụ onye na-ebi akwụkwọ Irish, onye na-ere akwụkwọ na onye nwe akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref name="Hourican">{{Cite book|author=Hourican|first=Bridget|editor=McGuire|title=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Jane Jones ''In'' Jones, Theophilus}}</ref> == Ndụ == [[Usòrò:Dublin_Evening_Post_1734.jpg|thumb| Masthead maka ''akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbede Dublin'' na 1734]] Jane Jones bụ nwunye [[Theophilus Jones (printer)|Theophilus Jones]], onye na-ere akwụkwọ, onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, onye nwe akwụkwọ akụkọ na onye nwere ike ịbụ nwa Sir Theophilus Jones . A kọwara ya dị ka "nwanyị a mụrụ." Mgbe Jones nwụsịrị n'April 1736, ọ mara ọkwa na ya ga-aga n'ihu n'ahịa di ya iji kwado ezinụlọ ya buru ibu. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ebipụta ''Post Evening Post site'' na Clarendon Street ruo 31 Maachị 1739. O bipụtakwara ''Life of Prince Eugene of Saxony'' (1737), ''Amusements de Spa'' nke Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz (1737), ''ndị ahịa Bekee zuru ezu'' nke Daniel Defoe (1738), na ''akwụkwọ ozi e degaara nwanyị, iji too mmụta ụmụ nwanyị'' nke [[Wetenhall Wilkes|Wetenhall Wilkes dere.]] (1739). Jones malitere ọrụ na ''History of the bishọp nke Ireland'' site n'aka Sir James Ware na 1739, ma ọ nwụrụ na May nke afọ ahụ tupu ọ gụchaa ya. Nwa ya nwanyị, Elizabeth, weghaara azụmahịa ahụ, ikekwe site n'enyemaka nke ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ. Ha gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ site na Clarendon Street ruo afọ abụọ ọzọ, na-ebipụta ọrụ Ware zuru ezu yana ''History of the Civil Wars nke France'' site n'aka Enrico Caterino Davila (1740). Elizabeth Jones lụrụ onye na-ese ihe, Thomas Dixon, na 1756, n'oge ahụ ọ kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebi akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ onye na-ere akwụkwọ. <ref name="Hourican" /> <ref name="Kinane">{{Cite journal|author=Kinane|first=Vincent|title=Irish Booklore: A Galley of Pie: Women in the Irish Book Trades|journal=The Linen Hall Review|date=1991|volume=8|issue=4|pages=10–13|issn=0266-1500}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Masthead from The Dublin Evening Post, July 1734|url=http://www.dublincity.ie/image/libraries/wea36-evening-post-1734|work=Dublin City Council|accessdate=30 May 2020|archivedate=8 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608201551/http://www.dublincity.ie/image/libraries/wea36-evening-post-1734}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na ndị mbipụta tupu 1800 == Ntụaka == ga-aga n'ihu n'ahịa di ya iji kwado ezinụlọ ya buru ibu. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ebipụta Post Evening{{Reflist}} likk116j7xpprpzutfa0hp3slchg0v3 0 54398 674652 207058 2026-07-09T18:27:55Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Amy-Archer-Gilligan.png|thumb|Amy-Archer-Gilligan]] Amy Duggan “Sister” Archer-Gilligan (October 31, 1873[1] - Eprel 23, 1962) [2] bụ onye nwe ụlọ ndị nọọsụ na onye na-egbu ọchụ sitere na Windsor, Connecticut. O gburu opekata mpe mmadụ ise site n'itinye ha nsị. Otu n’ime ndị o metụtara bụ di ya nke abụọ, Michael Gilligan; ndị ọzọ bụ ndị bi n’ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi ya. O kwere omume na Archer-Gilligan tinyere aka na ọnwụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị ọchịchị gụrụ mmadụ iri anọ na asatọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi ya, "Ụlọ Archer maka ndị agadi na ndị nwere nkwarụ". Ikpe ahụ dọtara mgbasa ozi zuru oke n'oge ahụ ma kwuo ya dị ka ihe mkpali maka egwuregwu Arsenic na Old Lace. == Oge ọ bụ nwata na alụmdi na nwunye == A mụrụ Amy E. Duggan na October 31, 1873, nwa James Duggan na Mary Kennedy na Milton, Connecticut, nwa nke asatọ n'ime ụmụ iri. Ọ gara Milton School na New Britain Normal School na 1890. <ref name="milton">{{Cite book|title=Chronicles of Milton: Village Left Behind by Time|publisher=Milton Women's Club|location=Milton, Connecticut}}</ref> Amy Duggan lụrụ James Archer na 1897. A mụrụ nwa nwanyị, Mary J. Archer na Disemba 1897.[1] Ndị na-agba ụta ghọrọ ndị nlekọta nke mbụ na 1901, e goro ọrụ ilekọta John Seymour, bụ́ agadi nwanyị di ya nwụrụ. Ha kwagara n'ụlọ ya na Newington, Connecticut. Seymour nwụrụ na 1904. Ndị nketa ya gbanwere ebe obibi ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ obibi maka ndị agadi, ndị na-agba ụta nọgidere na-elekọta ndị agadi maka ego. Ha kwụrụ ezinụlọ Seymour ụgwọ ụlọ.[2] Ha na-elekọta ụlọ obibi ahụ dị ka ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi Nwanna Nwanyị Amy. Na 1907, ndị nketa Seymour kpebiri ire ụlọ ahụ. Ndị na-agba ụta kwagara Windsor, Connecticut ma jiri ego ha nwetara zụta ebe obibi nke ha na Prospect Street na Windsor Center. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ha gbanwere ya ka ọ bụrụ azụmahịa, Archer Home maka ndị agadi na ndị na-adịghị ike. James Archer nwụrụ na 1910, <ref name="aaol" />{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}</ref> o doro anya na ọ bụ ihe sitere n'okike. Ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ Ọrịa Bright, okwu a na-akpọ ọrịa akụrụ.<ref name="aaol" /> Amy Archer wepụtara akwụkwọ mkpuchi n'ahụ ya izu ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya. Uru iwu ahụ mere ka ọ gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ Archer Home. Na 1913, Amy lụrụ Michael W. Gilligan, onye di ya nwụrụ nwere ụmụ nwoke anọ toro eto. A kọrọ na ọ bara ọgaranya ma nwee mmasị na Amy na itinye ego na Archer Home. Otú ọ dị, na Febụwarị 20, 1914, mgbe ọ lụsịrị Amy naanị ọnwa atọ, Michael nwụrụ. <ref name="mwgsdeath">{{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.2/MDV2-1MM/p1|title=Connecticut Deaths and Burials record|work=familysearch.org|accessdate=October 28, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415031422/https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.2/MDV2-1MM/p1|archivedate=April 15, 2012}}</ref><ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}</ref> Ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ "oké mwakpo bile" (n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, nsogbu siri ike). <ref name="aaol" /> Amy nwere ego ọzọ n'ihi na n'oge alụmdi na nwunye ha dị mkpirikpi, di ọhụrụ ya edepụtara akwụkwọ testament nke hapụrụ ya ihe onwunwe ya niile. A ga-emecha chọpụta na ọ bụ ihe adịgboroja n'ihi na o doro anya na edere ya n'aka nke kwekọrọ na nke Amy Archer-Gilligan.<ref name="aaol" /> == Ogbugbu == N'agbata 1907 na 1917, mmadụ iri isii nwụrụ n'ụlọ Archer. Ndị ikwu nke ndị ahịa ya malitere inyo ha enyo ka ha na-agbakọ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ. Naanị mmadụ iri na abụọ nwụrụ n'agbata afọ 1907 na 1910, mana mmadụ iri anọ na asatọ nwụrụ n'etiti afọ 1911 na 1916. Otu n'ime ha bụ Franklin R. Andrews, nwoke yiri ka ọ nwere ahụike. N'ụtụtụ May 29, 1914, Andrews na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ Archer. Ọnọdụ ahụike ya siri ike kara njọ n'otu ụbọchị ma nwụọ n'uhuruchi. Ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya bụ Ọnyá afọ. Mgbe ụmụnne Andrews (gụnyere Nellie Pierce) nwetara ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ozi ya, ha kwuru oge Amy Archer-Gilligan na-achọ nwanne ha nwoke maka ego.<ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBovsun">Bovsun, Mara. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html "True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'"]. ''NYDailyNews.com''.</cite></ref> Ndị ahịa Amy gosipụtara usoro ọnwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ha nyesịrị ya nnukwu ego. Ka ọnwụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu, Nellie Pierce kọọrọ onye ọka iwu mpaghara ahụ na-enyo ya enyo, mana ọ na-elegharakarị ya anya.[1] Ya mere o wegara akụkọ ya na Hartford Courant. Na May 9, 1916, e bipụtara nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ akụkọ banyere "Ụlọ ọrụ igbu mmadụ."[2] Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ndị uwe ojii malitere inyocha okwu ahụ nke ọma. Nnyocha ahụ were ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ imecha ya.. E gwupụtara ozu Gilligan, Andrews, na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ bi na ya. Mmadụ ise ahụ nwụrụ site na nsị, ma ọ bụ arsenic ma ọ bụ strychnine. Ndị ahịa obodo ahụ nwere ike ịgba akaebe na Amy anọwo na-azụta nnukwu arsenic, nke a na-eche na ọ ga-egbu òké. Nnyocha nke uche Gilligan gosipụtara na ọ bụ n'ezie ihe adịgboroja nke Amy dere.<ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBovsun">Bovsun, Mara. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html "True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'"]. ''NYDailyNews.com''.</cite></ref> Dị ka M. William Phelps, onye dere The Devil's Rooming House, si kwuo, nyocha yiri ka ọ na-egosi na Amy na-azụta arsenic iji gbuo ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke òké. Agbanyeghị, o yiri ka ọ zụghị arsenic niile nke gburu ndị ọrịa ya. Dọkịta na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọrịa bịanyere aka ịzụta ya. Nnyocha ahụ gara n'ihu Dr. King n'ihi na ihe akaebe ndị ọzọ na-agbakọta megide ya, mana ebubo ndị a na-enyo enyo laghachiri na Amy mgbe mmadụ tụrụ aro ka ọ nyochaa ihe ndekọ niile nke arsenic zụrụ. Mgbe a chọtara ihe akaebe na Amy na-eziga ndị ọrịa ya n'ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ iji zụta arsenic buru ibu, ndị uwe ojii nwere ike ijide ma maa ya ikpe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Phelps|first=M. William|year=2010|title=The Devil's Rooming House|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsroominghou0000phel|location=Guilford, Connecticut|publisher=Lyons Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/devilsroominghou0000phel/page/166 166]–169|isbn=9781599216010}}</ref> == Ikpe == E jidere Archer-Gilligan ma kpee ya ikpe maka igbu ọchụ, na mbụ na ebubo ise. N'ikpeazụ, onye ọka iwu ya jisiri ike belata ebubo ahụ ruo otu ọnụ ọgụgụ, ogbugbu Franklin R. Andrews. Na June 18, 1917, ndị ọka ikpe mara ya ikpe, a mara ya ikpe ọnwụ. Archer-Gilligan                   kp M           d kw ` ım  m  mkp o a  ma  chè ch[ch[ ikpe ]b n’afọ 1919. N’oge ikpe a, o kwuru na ya onwe ya ga-agba ara. Mary Archer gbara akaebe na nne ya riri ahụ morphine. A mara Archer-Gilligan ikpe ọzọ maka igbu ọchụ, ma na nke ugbu a, a mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ndụ..<ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBovsun">Bovsun, Mara. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html "True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'"]. ''NYDailyNews.com''.</cite></ref> == Ọnwụ == N'afọ 1924, e kwupụtara na Archer-Gilligan bụ onye isi mgbaka nwa oge ma kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Connecticut maka ndị isi mgbaka na Middletown, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'April 23, 1962. <ref name="courant">{{Cite news|work=[[The Hartford Courant]]|title=Archer-Gilligan obituary}}</ref><ref name="aaol">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html|first=Mara|author=Bovsun|title=True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'|work=NYDailyNews.com}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBovsun">Bovsun, Mara. [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/01/17/2010-01-17_comedy_and_killing_truth_to_arsenic__old_lace.html "True crime story behind classic comedy, 'Arsenic & Old Lace'"]. ''NYDailyNews.com''.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ na United States * Ndepụta nke ndị na-egbu egbu na ndị na-eme ihe ike * Ndepụta nke ndị na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ na aha njirimara "Borgia" == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oxvl7ncc2jqfzw2wslibt2cil55udas 0 54485 674759 671362 2026-07-09T22:47:16Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = Entrevista a Mayuli Martínez en "Los Otros Datos" de Click Noticias (cropped 3-4).png | office = [[LXIV Legislature of the Mexican Congress|Senator of the Congress of the Union]] <br> from [[Quintana Roo]] <br> {{small|First Minority}} | termstart = 1 September 2018 | termend = 8 April 2021 | predecessor = [[Luz María Beristain]] | successor = | alongside = | party = [[National Action Party (Mexico)|PAN]] | status = | title = | caption = Mayuli Latifa Martínez Simón }} '''Mayuli Latifa Martínez Simón''' (amụrụ 13 Jenụwarị 1984) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Mexico sitere na National Action Party . Site na 2018 ruo 2021, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Senator Quintana Roo n'oge omebe iwu nke 64th . <ref name="senado">{{Cite web|url=https://www.senado.gob.mx/64/senador/1171|title=Senadora Mayuli Latifa Martínez Simón|accessdate=10 May 2020|year=2020|publisher=Senado de México}}</ref> == Afọ mbụ == Mayuli Latifa Martínez Simón mụrụ na 13 Jenụwarị 1984 na Chetumal, Quintana Roo . O nwetara akara ugo mmụta iwu na Mahadum Quintana Roo . <ref name="gobernacion">{{Cite web|url=http://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Librerias/pp_PerfilLegislador.php?Referencia=9221709|title=Perfil del legislador. Martínez Simón, Mayuli Latifa|accessdate=10 May 2020|date=2020|publisher=Secretaría de Gobernación}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Martínez sonyeere National Action Party (PAN) na 2002. Site na 2013 ruo 2016, ọ bụ onye kansụl nke obodo Othón P. Blanco, n'oge onyeisi obodo Eduardo Espinosa Abuxapqui . Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Quintana Roo State Congress na ụlọ omebe iwu XV na-anọchite anya mpaghara XV, yana isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Chetumal ka nke 24 Maachị 2016. N'ime ọgbakọ, ọ bụ onye nhazi nke otu ndị omeiwu PAN, bụ onye isi oche nke kọmishọna na-emegide nrụrụ aka, nsonye ụmụ amaala na ndị nwere onwe. Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe omebe iwu na kọmitii na-ahụ maka atụmatụ na mmepe akụ na ụba. <ref name="gobernacion">{{Cite web|url=http://sil.gobernacion.gob.mx/Librerias/pp_PerfilLegislador.php?Referencia=9221709|title=Perfil del legislador. Martínez Simón, Mayuli Latifa|accessdate=10 May 2020|date=2020|publisher=Secretaría de Gobernación}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congresoqroo.gob.mx/diputados/73/|title=Dip. Mayuli Latifa Martínez Simón|accessdate=10 May 2020|year=2016|publisher=Congreso del Estado de Quintana Roo}}</ref> Na 27 Maachị 2018, ọ rịọrọ ka ọ hapụ ọrụ ya ka ọ nwee ike isonye na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti 2018 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://quintafuerza.mx/quintana-roo/presenta-mayuli-martinez-hoy-su-licencia-a-la-diputacion/|title=Presenta Mayuli Martínez hoy su licencia a la diputación|accessdate=10 May 2020|author=Miriam Barrios|date=27 March 2018|publisher=Quinta Fuerza}}</ref> === Senator nke Republic === Site na 1 Septemba 2018 ruo 8 Eprel 2021, Martínez bụ onye omebe iwu na-anọchite anya Quintana Roo na ọgbakọ omebe iwu 64th nke Congress nke Union dị ka onye nnọchi anya obere obere Quintana Roo. N'ime Senate, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Prime Legislative Studies Commission. <ref name="senado" /> Ọ meriri ntuli aka ọzọ dị ka otu n'ime ndị omebe iwu Quintana Roo na ntuli aka ndị omebe iwu nke 2024, na-ewere ọnọdụ mbụ na usoro aha abụọ nke ''Fuerza y Corazón por México'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elecciones 2024: Candidatas y candidatos|url=https://candidaturas.ine.mx/|publisher=Instituto Nacional Electoral|accessdate=28 May 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Senadurías: Quintana Roo|url=https://computos2024.ine.mx/senadurias/nacional/entidad/23/candidatura|work=Cómputos Distritales 2024|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional Electoral|INE]]|accessdate=11 September 2024}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 42ei05tl3is1cd1odsi6s2s95p1rw9c 0 54574 674957 193186 2026-07-10T09:07:17Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gani Festival ma ọ bụ Sallar Gani na akara Hausa, bụ emume omenala a na-eme kwa afọ nke ndị isi anọ dị na Northern Nigeria na-eme ememe nke okpukpe Borno emirate, Hadejia emirate, Daura Emirate, na Gumel Emirate.[1]  [2]  Ememe a na-eme n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka Ememe Durbar nke Eid al-Fitr na Eid al'Adha.    A na-eme emume a site na 12th nke Rabi'al-Awwal kwa afọ iji cheta nke Onye Amụma Muhammad.  Emir na ndị kansụl ya na-agba ịnyịnya ndị e ji ihe ngosi mma gburugburu obodo ahụ.  obodo na-eyi uwe iche n'ụbọchị a ma na-eme nri nri iji soro ndị na-eso na ndị enyi kerịta.  A na-eme egwu egwu Hausa, abụdị na-eto onye Hel, na ịgba n'oge emee ahụ.  Mgbe mgbe eze, eze la ihie n'obí eze ebe ọ ga-eso ndị kansụl ya akpa okwu gbasara okwu gbasara ihe gbasara nsogbu na eze.  Emume a na-ụka uche ndị njem njem n'ihi na ọ na- dhee nke Hausas, Northern Nigeria na Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gani Durbar Festival Jigawa State :: Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Jigawa/Gani-Durbar-Festival-Jigawa.html|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Festivals & Games {{!}} Katsina State Government|url=https://www.katsinastate.gov.ng/about-katsina/festivals-games/|accessdate=2022-12-16|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216054740/https://www.katsinastate.gov.ng/about-katsina/festivals-games/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Webmaster|date=2017-12-12|title=Sallar Gani: Daura’s biggest festival|url=https://dailytrust.com/sallar-gani-daura-s-biggest-festival/|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=Daily Trust|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> 2qtd9jh4sabga79i72bkgt10vn5hfnw 0 55650 674822 671946 2026-07-10T05:02:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jalila Khamis Koko''' (nakwa Jalila Khamis Kuku) bụ onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọndọrọ onye Sudan. Na Maachị 2012, ndị Sudanese National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) nwụchiri ya ma bo ya ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru.[1] Mgbe ejichara ọnwa 10, a tọhapụrụ ya na Jenụwarị 2013.[2] Na December 2013, e nyere Khamis onyinye nke European Union na Sudan "Heroes for Human Rights Award 2013". <ref name="EU (2013)">{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Day: Ambassador Tomas says Europe will continue to protect human rights defenders worldwide|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/sudan/press_corner/all_news/news/2013/20131211_en.htm|publisher=Delegation of the European Union to Sudan|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=12 December 2013}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Jalila Khamis gburugburu 1968 na South Kordofan na mpaghara Nuba Mountain nke Sudan na ọ bụ agbụrụ Nubian.[1] [2] Kemgbe etiti 1980s, ewezuga obere oge afọ isii n'etiti 2005 na 2011, esemokwu emetụtala mpaghara ugwu Nuba.[3] Amaghi ama ka Darfur, otu n'ihi na mpaghara di anya na ihe siri ike inweta ya,[4] esemokwu a bu agha kacha ogologo n'Afrika. <ref name="Dickie (2014)">{{Cite news|author=Dickie|first=John|title=Eyes of Nuba|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/witness/2014/01/eyes-nuba-201412214233201165.html|accessdate=27 February 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera Media Network|date=27 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Boswell (2013)">{{Cite news|author=Boswell|first=Alan|title=Civil war still rages in Nuba Mountains, thwarting Sudan, South Sudan Peace|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/01/07/179205/civil-war-still-rages-in-nuba.html|accessdate=27 February 2015|publisher=McClatchy Newspapers|date=January 7, 2013}}</ref> Ya na di ya na ụmụ ya ise bi,[1] na Khartoum, ebe ọ bụbu onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ bụ onye otu pati mmegide a chụpụrụ n'iwu, Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North, ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na NGO maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Sudan..<ref name="AWID" /> == Mgbalị == Mgbe edere Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke na 2005 iji kwụsị esemokwu afọ 25 n'ala nna ya, Khamis laghachiri ileta obodo ya, <ref name="Hogan (2012)" /> Katcha, na mpaghara Buram. <ref name="AWID">{{Cite web|title=Sudan: Nuba Woman Activist Detained For 40 Days|url=http://www.awid.org/Library/Sudan-Nuba-Woman-Activist-Detained-for-40-days|publisher=Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID)|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=25 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114401/http://www.awid.org/Library/Sudan-Nuba-Woman-Activist-Detained-for-40-days|archivedate=2 April 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID). 25 April 2012. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114401/http://www.awid.org/Library/Sudan-Nuba-Woman-Activist-Detained-for-40-days the original] on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'inwe nchegbu n'ihi na ụmụaka nọ n'ógbè ahụ ga-aga ogologo oge gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ nwetara akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa maka imeghe ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo. Khamis wee hazie onyinye maka iwu na ihe ndị ọzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ndị nkuzi site na Khartoum.<ref name="Elsanosi (2013)">{{Cite web|author=Elsanosi|first=Maha|title=Jalila Khamis: a beacon of inspiration|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/maha-elsanosi/jalila-khamis-beacon-of-inspiration|publisher=openDemocracy|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=10 February 2013|archivedate=24 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924150020/https://www.opendemocracy.net/maha-elsanosi/jalila-khamis-beacon-of-inspiration}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, mgbe agha malitere ọzọ na Ugwu Nuba, ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nkịtị ghọrọ ndị agha ahụ lekwasịrị anya. Ọtụtụ iri puku ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gbapụrụ n'ógbè ahụ gaa Khartoum na [[South Sudan]].<ref name="Gorani (2012)">{{Cite web|author=Gorani|first=Amel|title=South Kordofan: activism, resilience and sacrifice|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/amel-gorani/south-kordofan-activism-resilience-and-sacrifice|publisher=Open Democracy|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=29 November 2012|archivedate=24 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145928/https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/amel-gorani/south-kordofan-activism-resilience-and-sacrifice}}</ref> Khamis tụgharịrị ụlọ ya na Khartoum ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ nchebe nwa oge maka ndị na-agba ọsọ na esemokwu ahụ <ref name="Gorani (2012)" /> ma kpọọ uche na nsogbu ndị mmadụ kpatara site na ihe ọ kpọrọ 'atụmatụ agha a haziri ahazi iji mee ka ndị Nuba dị ọcha. <ref name="Hogan (2012)">{{Cite web|author=Hogan|first=Louise|title=History repeats itself in Sudan|url=http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/history-repeats-itself-in-sudan|publisher=Women's Media Center Women Under Siege|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=November 12, 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHogan2012">Hogan, Louise (November 12, 2012). [http://www.womenundersiegeproject.org/blog/entry/history-repeats-itself-in-sudan "History repeats itself in Sudan"]. Women's Media Center Women Under Siege<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> N'ime arịrịọ maka udo na njedebe nke ọgụ, <ref name="Gorani (2012)" /> vidiyo Khamis Koko na-akatọ mmeso onye isi ala Sudan Omar al-Bashir mesoro Ndị Nuba na YouTube ma mee ka e jide ya. <ref name="Hogan (2012)"/> E boro ya ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru ma gbochie ya ịnweta ndị ọka iwu ya, mana òtù ụmụ nwanyị gbakọtara iji ruo mgbasa ozi mba ụwa site na mkpọsa blọọgụ, mbọ mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, na ngagharị iwe nke GIRIFNA - Sudanese Non-Violent Resistance Movement haziri. E mere arịrịọ GIRIFNA maka ikpe ziri ezi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị nke Omdurman, ebe a na-ejide Khamis.<ref name="Haj-Omar (2014)" /> Na Jenụwarị, 2013, a tọhapụrụ ya ma ụlọ ikpe kwetara na "enweghị ihe ndabere maka ebubo megide ya". A mara Khamis ikpe maka naanị ebubo nke "ịgbasa akụkọ ụgha" ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ.<ref name="Al Noujomi (2013)">{{Cite news|author=Al Noujomi|first=Maysoon|title=A non-violent victory in Sudan|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/01/24/a-non-violent-victory-in-sudan/|accessdate=27 February 2015|work=Foreign Policy New Magazine|date=January 24, 2013}}</ref> == Ihe Nketa == Akụkọ Kahmis mere ka akụkọ na mpaghara ahụ lekwasị anya na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na onye na-emepụta mgbasa ozi Egypt ''OnTV'' na-agba ọsọ akụkụ dum na nsogbu ndị mmadụ nke Sudan. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị isi otu ndị ntorobịa ghọtara mmetụta nke mkpọsa dijitalụ nwere ike inwe, n'agbanyeghị ịdọ aka ná ntị sitere n'aka ndị ọka iwu na nlebara anya mgbasa ozi ga-emebi ikpe ahụ.<ref name="Haj-Omar (2014)">{{Cite web|author=Haj-Omar|first=Dalia|title=Lessons from the Digital Campaign for Nuba Mountains Detainee Jalila Khamis|url=http://www.sawtna.net/learned-digital-campaign-nuba-mountains-detainee-jalila-khamis/|work=Sawtna.net|publisher=Sawtna|accessdate=27 February 2015|date=15 July 2014|archivedate=14 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224116/http://sawtna.net/learned-digital-campaign-nuba-mountains-detainee-jalila-khamis/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHaj-Omar2014">Haj-Omar, Dalia (15 July 2014). . ''Sawtna.net''. Sawtna. Archived from [http://www.sawtna.net/learned-digital-campaign-nuba-mountains-detainee-jalila-khamis/ the original] on 14 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qyn9oove6cxrir5ulosnbxyrrxnxi9h 0 56066 674994 204353 2026-07-10T09:34:07Z Anastesia chi 23720 674994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Madeline Nyamwanza-Makonese''' bụ nwanyị dọkịta mbụ nke [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean]], nwanyị Africa nke abụọ ghọrọ dọkịta, na nwanyị Africa mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Rhodesia ụlọ akwụkwọ ọgwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=All Africa Stories|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200502280104.html}}</ref><ref name="newspapers1">{{Cite web|date=1970-12-28|title=Arizona Republic from Phoenix, Arizona · Page 10|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/19958461/|accessdate=2015-03-22}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Rhodesia ụlọ akwụkwọ ọgwụ n'afọ 1970. <ref name="newspapers1" /> Ihe ịga nke ọma Madeline dị ịrịba ama ma bụrụ nnukwu nzọụkwụ n'ihu maka ụmụ nwanyị na Zimbabwe, ebe a na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-ahaghị nhata na ụmụ nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture of Zimbabwe - history, people, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social|url=http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Zimbabwe.html|accessdate=2017-09-23|work=everyculture.com}}</ref> == ndabere == Ọ bụ nwa nke asaa n'ezinụlọ ya di mmadụ itoolu. A mụrụ ya na St Augustine Mission, Penhalonga ebe nna ya na-arụ ọrụ na ugbo ozi ala ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nyamwanza|first=DoctorMadeline Nyamwanza-MakoneseBornMadeline NyamwanzaEducationUniversity of RhodesiaKnown forBeing the first Zimbabwean female doctorSpouseEben MakoneseFamilyMafingei|date=2020-04-11|title=Madeline Nyamwanza|url=https://www.pindula.co.zw/Madeline_Nyamwanza|accessdate=2022-10-12|work=Pindula|language=en}}</ref> == False Scandal == N'afọ 2014, e nwere ihe ihere ka a na-ebo di Madeline, osote onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ahụike ama dika otu [[Cimas Medical Aid Society]], metụtara nhọpụta nke nwanne di ya na-erughị eru dị ka onye nduzi ọrụ ahụike nke otu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-18|title=Bulawayo24 NEWS &#124; Nepotism scandal rocks Cimas|url=http://bulawayo24.com/public/txt/index-id-business-sc-companies-byo-46281.html|accessdate=2015-03-22|publisher=Bulawayo24.com|archivedate=2015-05-20|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150520203202/http://bulawayo24.com/public/txt/index-id-business-sc-companies-byo-46281.html}}</ref> Ihe a si na Sunday Mail nke dị n'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ na afọ 2014 gosiri: : '''CIMAS: Ịtọ ndekọ ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi''' : ''N'ime mbipụta anyị nke Eprel 20-26, 2013, anyị bu otu isiokwu bu "Nepotism scandal rocks Cimas".'' : ''Kemgbe ahụ, anyị amatala na enweghị ihe ndabere maka ebubo ndị e mere na akụkọ ahụ. N'ihi ya, anyị na-arịọ mgbaghara na Cimas Medical Aid Society, onye bụbu osote onyeisi oche ya Maazị Eben Makonese, onye isi nchịkwa nke ngalaba ọrụ ahụike ya Maazir Mafingei Nyamwanza, na ndị ọzọ a kpọrọ aha na isiokwu ahụ, ya bụ: Enest Samanga, Roselyn Magaramombe, Sarapia Sibanda, Sandra Mavuto na Erica Chidziva.'' : : ''Anyị na-akwa ụta maka ihere ọ kpatara onye ọ bụla n'ime ha.'' - Onye nchịkọta akụkọ == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2975ltzj94ldn52brgqehcnkx1oqnng 0 56144 674849 516737 2026-07-10T06:22:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674849 wikitext text/x-wiki   Jasim Uddin Ahmed (1 Jenụwarị 1933 - 21 September 2022) bụ onye na-eme ihe gbasara Bangladesh, onye na-ahụ maka physics ụlọ, onye na-ede uri na onye edemede.  Ọ natara onyinye Ekushey Padak na 2016 maka nhọrọ ya na Language Movement. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moca.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/moca.portal.gov.bd/page/7e22de29_5250_4bed_bd62_a032ea740a55/Ekushe%20Padak%20list%20up%20to%2018.pdf|accessdate=16 January 2020|language=bn|work=Ministry of Cultural Affairs|title=Archive copy|archivedate=5 January 2020|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200105102005/https://moca.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/moca.portal.gov.bd/page/7e22de29_5250_4bed_bd62_a032ea740a55/Ekushe%20Padak%20list%20up%20to%2018.pdf}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A Business Ahmed na 1 Jenụwarị 1933 na Galiarchar, Daudkandi nke Comilla .  [1] Ọ bụ mkpa nke Language Movement ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Dhaka.  Ọ nọ n'ihu nke ọnụ iwe na 21 Febụwarị 1952. N'oge na-iwe iwe ndị a, ndị uwe ojii gbara mịrị ahụ ahụ égbè, a gbagbu Abul Barkat, onye guzo n'ụdị ya.<ref name="a">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2015/02/05/17498.php|date=5 February 2015|accessdate=16 January 2020|work=Bhorer Kagoj|language=bn}}</ref> Ahmed ihi ọrụ ya na Dhaka College na 1956 tupu ọ kwaga United States maka MS ya na Mahadum Rochester, na Ph.D.  ya na Machị Michigan.[1]  Ọ sonyeere Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka na 1963 wee kwaga na International Atomic Energy Agency na Vienna, Austria na 1970. [1] O mechara onye isi nke Ngalaba Nchebe Nuklia nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  Ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọkwa ahụ na 1994.<ref name="b">{{Cite news|url=https://m.bdnews24.com/bn/detail/bangladesh/1102880|date=10 February 2015|accessdate=16 January 2020|work=bdnews24.com|language=bn}}</ref> Ahmed edeela ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 36, [1] ma nata Ekushey Padak na 2016 maka nhọrọ ya na Language Movement.  Ọrọ n'ụzọ iche na ihe nkiri nkiri Noishobdo Joddha nke a na-agbasa na 19 Febụwarị 2016 na ATN Bangla.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/m/entertainment/news/79849|date=9 February 2016|accessdate=16 January 2020|work=Jagonews24.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2016/02/10/74742.php|date=10 February 2016|accessdate=16 January 2020|language=bn|archivedate=16 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116102551/https://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2016/02/10/74742.php}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Ahmed nwụrụ na 21 Septemba 2022 na Bangkok Hospital, Thailand . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jasim Uddin Ahmed dies|url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/181825/jasim-uddin-ahmed-dies|accessdate=2023-08-28|work=New Age|language=en|archivedate=2023-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828193504/https://www.newagebd.net/article/181825/jasim-uddin-ahmed-dies}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} kjjpo8s43w72989g8i6lngo4msj7uaj 0 56292 674835 594812 2026-07-10T06:09:04Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Landeo, Pablo -FILSA 20181027 -fRF02.jpg|thumb|Pablo Landed Muñoz]]   '''Pablo Landeo Muñoz''' (amuru 1959) bu onye Peruvian odee, onye ntughari na onye nkuzi nke asusu na akwukwo. Edere akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ Quechua na Spanish. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Pablo Landeo Muñoz gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Mba [[Peru]] nke San Marcos na Lima, ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ na nke masta. Ugbu a ọ na-emecha ọmụmụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na INALCO nke Paris ebe ọ na-akụzi asụsụ na ọdịbendị Quechua. N'afọ 2019 ọ bụ onye edemede bi na mmemme Quechua nke Mahadum Pennsylvania na Philadelphia, ebe o kwuru okwu banyere akwụkwọ Quechua.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.sas.upenn.edu/quechua/2019/10/16/pablo-landeo-irma-alvarez-ccoscco/|title=Quechua writers Pablo Landeo-Muñoz & Irma Álvarez-Ccoscco – Quechua at Penn|work=web.sas.upenn.edu|accessdate=2025-03-04|archivedate=2025-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304094903/https://web.sas.upenn.edu/quechua/2019/10/16/pablo-landeo-irma-alvarez-ccoscco/}}</ref> Landeo-Muñoz bụ onye nduzi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede Atuqpa Chupan ("The fox tail" na Quechua), nke a na-ebipụta kwa afọ ma na-ede ya kpamkpam na Quechua. == Akwụkwọ edemede == Na 2011 o bipụtara akwụkwọ Los hijos de Babel na Spanish. Na 2013 o bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ sitere na Huancavelica na Quechua Ayacucho n'okpuru aha Wankawilka, nke nsụgharị n'asụsụ Spanish na ọmụmụ na Quechua kwadoro. === Ihe nrite mba Peru maka edemede === N'afọ 2016, Landeo-Muñoz bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Aqupampa, nke e weere na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ bụ isi nke e dere na Quechua na-enweghị nsụgharị Spanish. N'afọ 2018, e nyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke mba Peru, otu nke asụsụ ụmụ amaala. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-akọwa akụkọ banyere ịkwaga n'ime ime obodo n'isi obodo Peru, Pueblos jóvenes, na ime ihe ike nke ụzọ na-egbuke egbuke na narị afọ nke 20. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americasquarterly.org/fulltextarticle/why-a-quechua-novelist-doesnt-want-his-work-translated/|title=Why a Quechua Novelist Doesn't Want His Work Translated}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == === Akwụkwọ nyocha === * 2014: ''Ụdị Andes maka ịbịaru willakuy nso. '' ''Umallanchikpi kaqkuna'' Nzukọ nke mba nke ndị isi, Lima. (Nkwupụta nke Masters) === Abụ n'asụsụ Spanish === * 2011: ''Ụmụ Babel''. Peru Grupo Pakarina, Lima === Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na Quechua === * 2013: ''Wankawillka. Hanaqpacha ayllukunapa willakuynin''. Perú Grupo Pakarina, Lima === Akwụkwọ akụkọ n'asụsụ Quechua === * 2016: ''Aqupampa''. Peru Grupo Pakarina, French Institute of Andino Studies, Lima. peeji nke 106.   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Vidio: abalị akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Quechua na Pablo Landeo Muñoz, [[Irma Alvarez Ccoscco]] na [[Américo Mendoza Mori]] na Kelly Writers House, Mahadum Pennsylvania [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVATlX60Tlc&feature=youtu.be] * [https://hawansuyo.com/2015/05/20/aqupampa-quyllur-pablo-landeo/ Pablo Landeo Muñoz ''Aqupampa Quyllur''], akụkụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Aqupampa'', 20 Mee 2015. * Pablo Landeo Muñoz, Atuqpa Chupan. Runasimipi qillqaqmasiykunata qayakuy (mirror), 29 Machị 2013. ([http://hawansuyo.com/2013/03/29/runasimipi-qillqaqmasiykunata-qayakuy-pablo-landeo/ Mirror]), 29 March 2013. * [http://www.librosperuanos.com/autores/autor/5310/Landeo-Munoz-Pablo Akwụkwọ ndị Peru: Pablo Landeo Muñoz] * Caesar Itier Akupampa, nke Pablo Landeo Muñoz dere, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ e dere n'asụsụ Quechua ([https://hawansuyo.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/itier-aqupampa-1.pdf PDF]) . 17 Julaị 2016. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160804141518/http://www.mali.pe/modulo/upload/1453496818NPMALIofreceenquechuaelrecorridoporsussalaspermanentesvf.pdf Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Lima na-enye n'asụsụ Quechua njem n'ime ụlọ ngosi ya na-adịgide adịgide]. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5ndghq8e7ixh1jocg5wkh5gbfurzbsn 0 56459 674540 201271 2026-07-09T13:03:06Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 674540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mohammad Toaha|native_name=মোহাম্মদ তোয়াহা|native_name_lang=bn|birth_date={{birth date|1922|1|2|df=y}}|birth_place=Hajirhat village, [[Ramgati Upazila]], [[Lakshmipur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]|nationality=Bangladeshi|alma_mater=[[Calcutta University]]|death_date={{death date and age|1987|11|29|1922|1|2|df=y}}}} Mohammad Toaha (2 Jenụwarị 1922 - 29 Nọvemba 1987) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ nke 1952 na onye ọzụzụ ọzụzụ a ma ama si Bangladesh. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohammad Toaha remembered|url=http://newagebd.net/71558/mohammad-toaha-remembered/|work=New Age|date=29 November 2014|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Hossain|first=Abu Md. Delwar|title=Toaha, Mohammad|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Toaha,_Mohammad|work=[[Banglapedia]]|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ Toaha na 2 Jenụwarị 1922 n'obodo Hajirhat na Ramgati nke Lakshmipur District.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Calcutta na 1939. O mechara megharịa MA ya na-eji ụkwụ ike na 1948.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Toaha dị ka onye na-eme ọnụ iwe na Sylhet Referendum n'okpuru Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani na 1946. N'afọ 1947, ọ akwụkwọ East Pakistan Students Federation, otu ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na-arụ ọrụ n'aka ekpe n'Ebe Ọwụwa ozugbo Bengal.  Aha ya na nnapụta nke Awami Muslim League na 1949. === Òtù Asụsụ Bengali === Toaha bụ onye mbụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge ọrụ nke aha Bengali.  N'iji iri na otu n'anyị Machị n'afọ 1948, mgbe otu ndị otu Toaha duziri gara Secretariat iji nye Khawaja Nazimuddin ihe ebe, ndị uwe ojii jidere ya.  Mgbe e hụ, ha tara ya ndu ma otu izu n'iche ọgwụ maka mgbake.  Dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi nke Kọmitii Rashtrabhasha Shangram (Komiti Ọrụ Asụsụ Steeti), a na-eji Toaha ngwaọrụ na ngwaọrụ niile ya na ọrụ.  Ọ bụkwa onye akụkụ anya Fazlul Haque Hall nke Mahadum Dhaka.  Mgbe Muhammad Ali Jinnah gara ebe ahụ, Toaha njem ya ihe ihe kpatara ntanye ha.  Ọ na-ekwukwa okwu na egwu na-eme ide Bengali na edemede Arabic.  Ọ bụ onye anya Jubo League na Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrabhasha Kormoporishod (All-party Central Language Committee of Action).  Ka e hụ n'afọ 1952, e jidere ya maka njikọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ. === 1954–1970 === Mgbe a tụhapụrụ ya na 1954, o ngwaọrụ na mbụ aka nke United Front meri.[1]  N'ebe ahụ, a mgbaàmà ya dị ka onye otu Provincial Assembly.  N'afọ 1956, o adi otu ndị ọrụ a na-akpọ Purba Pakistan Majdur Federation ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi oche ya.  N'afọ 1957, e mgba Toaha na National Awami Party nke Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani ma akara họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ ibu ibu ukwu ya.  Site na iwu agha nke Ayub Khan na 1958, Tokaaha la nchekwa na-enyere ndị na-eso ụzọ.  N'afọ 1969, ọ tọ otu n'ime ndị na-hazi òtù ndị na-anya Ayub. <ref name=":0" /> === Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Bangladesh === <ref>{{Cite news|author=Alim|first=Syed Fattahul|date=1 February 2012|title=Has Left Politics any Future?|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2012/february/left.htm|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|accessdate=12 July 2016}}</ref> Toaha mgbasa ndị Kọmunist Sukhendu Dastider na Abdul Haq nke East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) akwụkwọ isonye n'agha akwụkwọ onwe maka Bangladesh. === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị === Mgbe akwụkwọ onwe nke Bangladesh nchebe, e nyere ya akwụkwọ ikike ma ọ gara zoo.  Mgbe ọnwụchara akwụkwọ ikike na 1976 ọ la ike na ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ.  A ahụmahụ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Jatiya Sangsad na 1979. N'afọ 1986, Toaha ngwaọrụ na mbụ aka Jatiya Sangsad dị ka onye a na site na njikọ 8-Party.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọnwụ == Toaha nwụrụ na 29 Nọvemba 1987 n'obodo ya bụ Hajirhat, Lakshmipur District . <ref name=":0" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} p8xr8fke87a0wu55xux3h5wyke70e04 0 56571 675042 214026 2026-07-10T10:32:48Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 675042 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Portrait of Debtera Tewelde Medhin of Welkait.jpg|thumb|Debtera]] Onye ụgwọ (ma ọ bụ dabtara; [1] Ge'ez/Tigrinya/Amharic: DEBTERA (Däbtära); otutu, Ge'ez\Tigrinya: debterat, Amharic: debtrawoch [2]) bụ onye okpukperechi na-eme njem na Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Etiopia na nke Eritrea, [3] na Beta Israel, [4] na-abụ abụ na ndị na-abụ abụ maka ụka anwansi ọcha iji nyere ọgbakọ aka.[1][5][6] Onye ji ụgwọ ga-azọrọ njirimara nke ụka[7] wee na-akpa àgwà dị ka n'ime obere iwu.[8]. Enwere ike chie ha echichi dịka ndị dikọn, [1] ma ọ bụ nwee ike ime ihe na-abụghị ndị isi Ụka.[9] Ndị obodo na-atụkarị ha egwu. <ref name="Finneran">[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30035127?uid=3739896&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21100952249093 Ethiopian evil eye belief and the magical symbolism of iron working, by Niall Finneran, Folklore 114 (2003):427-433]</ref> <ref name="Mirecki">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xMDHgzjSU_MC&dq=debtera&pg=PA170 Magic and Ritual in the Ancient World, Part 4 edited by Paul Allan Mirecki, Marvin W. Meyer, Published by BRILL, 2002, p.170]</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ gọọmentị == [[Faịlụ:Yared.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Dị ka ọdịnala Ndị Kraịst si kwuo, ọ bụ Yared, onye nsọ, mepụtara egwu debtera.<ref name="Munro-Hay p52-53">{{Cite book|author=Munro-Hay|first=Stuart|authorlink=Stuart Munro-Hay|title=Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWNTfztz5KoC&pg=PA53|year=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-744-4}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Ethiopian_Painting_2005_SeanMcClean.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Ihe osise nke ime debteras]] A na-ahọrọkarị ụgwọ n'aka ezinụlọ nke ndị ọzọ ji ụgwọ, ma na-azụ ya site na nwata[1] dị ka ndị odeakwụkwọ[2] (ịmụ Geʽez[3] [1]) na dịka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ. A na-akuziri ha ọgwụ ọdịnala na usoro mmemme.[4] Mgbe ha na-agụ akwụkwọ, ha na-ebikarị site na ịrịọ arịrịọ, ịzụ ahịa, ma ọ bụ na-eme ọgwụ ọdịnala.[1] Otú ọ dị, nzube bụ́ isi maka ọmụmụ ihe ha bụ nke e dere na akụkọ ifo banyere ọrụ okpukpe, ule maka ngụsị akwụkwọ bụ iburu ọbụ abụ n'isi. Tupu a na-eje ozi, ha na-asa ahụ ma na-eyi uwe na-acha ọcha, akwa akwa, [1] na uwe elu akwa akwa akwa nke a na-akpọ shamma. Ndị Debteras na-ebu osisi ekpere n'ebe a na-eje ozi, bụ́ ebe ha na-abụ abụ, na-agba egwú, na-akụkwa ịgbà na sistra n'èzí chọọchị ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nzukọ n'oge ememe okpukpe..<ref name="Munro-Hay p52-53"/> Ndị ụkọchukwu (Beta Israel equivalent ''Kahens'') na ''debteras'' bụ ọrụ abụọ dị iche iche, <ref name="Munro-Hay p47">{{Cite book|author=Munro-Hay|first=Stuart|authorlink=Stuart Munro-Hay|title=Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWNTfztz5KoC&pg=PA47|year=2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-744-4}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchụso ọrụ abụọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Crummey|first=Donald|title=Land and Society in the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia: From the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Di0w6h0qHGMC&pg=PA174|year=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-02482-5}}</ref> Chọọchị ndị Ọtọdọks Tewahedo na-ahụ nkewa dị n'etiti onye ụkọchukwu na debtera dị ka ịgbaso ihe nlereanya nke ndị Izrel oge ochie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Milkias|first=Paulos|title=Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu9mnXhvSswC&pg=PA175|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-258-6}}</ref> === Debteras na Chọọchị Etiopia === N'oge ozi Lent, ''debteras'' na-akụ osisi ekpere iji nọgide na-aga n'ihu. Chọọchị Etiopia na-akwado arụmọrụ nke ''debteras'', na-ezo aka n'akụkọ ahụ na 2 Ndị Eze Devid na-agba egwú n'ụlọ nsọ na Abụ Ọma 47:1 ("O kụọ aka gị") maka ihe atụ Bible. Egwuregwu ndị a na-egosikwa akara ndị metụtara Passion nke Jizọs: ntụgharị nke sistrum na ịkụ ọkpọ na-anọchite anya ntụgharị nke Kraịst mgbe ọ na-atachi obi na-eti ihe, na ịpị osisi ekpere na-anọchi anya ịpịa Kraịst ihe. <ref name="Munro-Hay p47"/> === N'etiti Beta Israel === N'etiti Beta Israel, ọnọdụ nke debtera bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na ọmụmụ ịghọ kahen. N'adịghị ka kahens zuru oke, ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla nke debtera, debteras na-abịaru ndị nkịtị nso, na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka ndị ogbugbo n'etiti ha na ndị ụkọchukwu. Onye kahen nke na-ahapụ ọnọdụ ya ma ọ bụ chụpụ ya nwere ike ije ozi dị ka debtera. == Ọgwụgwọ okpukpe na anwansi == Debteras na-ekere òkè na liturgy dị ka ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị na-eti egwu na, n'èzí ndị na-agwọ ọrịa okpukpe na anwansi site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ ọgwụ, ndị na-enyo kpakpando, ndị na'anya ọdịnihu wdg. Ụfọdụ ndị edemede Etiopia na-ewere ndị ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ndị a dị ka 'ndị na-agbake ime mmụọ' ebe ha bụ ndị na-eme anwansi okpukpe. Ụfọdụ ọrụ Debteras na-arụ anaghị anabata Chọọchị Etiopia. Ọtụtụ debteras na-ekesa ahịhịa mgbochi afọ ime nye ụmụ nwanyị ma na-eme anwansi iji rụọ ọrụ mgbochi afọ ojuju, na-emegide nguzo nke oge a nke Chọọchị Etiopia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica|authorlink=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&pg=PA4|year=2003|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05607-6}}</ref> A na-ekwukwa na ụfọdụ na-amụ anwansi ojii na-akpọku ndị mmụọ ọjọọ n'akụkụ mmụta ha dị mma.<ref name="Molvaer">{{cite book|last=Molvaer|first=Reidulf Knut|authorlink=Reidulf Knut Molvaer|title=Socialization and Social Control in Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6dW0EPJiVAC&pg=PA34|year=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03662-7|pages=34, 44, 50, 67, 70, 111, 142, and 259}}</ref> Ụfọdụ Debteras na-emepụta Ọtụmọkpọ apotropaic iji chebe onye na-eyi ya pụọ na mmụọ ọjọọ. A na-ejikarị ọlaọcha eme ọtụmọkpọ ndị a ma ama maka iji ha eme ihe megide anya ọjọọ ma ọ bụ Buddha na megide mmụọ zār. Ha nwekwara ike ịmụ ihe dịgasị iche iche na-emegide anwansi, ekpere, na ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ. Ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye ekpere, ngọzi nke mmiri nsọ (nke onye nwere mmụọ na-aṅụ), ọkụ mgbọrọgwụ, na ịgba afa site na Magic Star Book. Ụfọdụ amulet nwere ike iwere ụdị obere akwụkwọ mpịakọta echekwara n'akpa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya, nke e ji akpụkpọ ewu ma ọ bụ nwa atụrụ a chụrụ n'àjà mee ka ọbara ya dị ọcha. Ụfọdụ na-eme (ma ọ bụ karịa na-agafe) [[Astrology|ịgụ kpakpando]], site n'inye ndị na-enweghị ihu ọma kpakpando ọhụrụ site n'ịgbanwe aha ha. Otú ọ dị, ndị obodo ahụ nwere ike iwere nke a dị ka "ịghọ aghụghọ". A chọpụtakwala na ụfọdụ Debteras na-eji jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) eme ihe iji mee ka mmadụ hụ ihe.<ref name="Molvaer"/>{{Cite book|author=Molvaer|first=Reidulf Knut|authorlink=Reidulf Knut Molvaer|title=Socialization and Social Control in Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6dW0EPJiVAC&pg=PA34|year=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03662-7|pages=34, 44, 50, 67, 70, 111, 142, and 259}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Onye debtera nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka amara ya, ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ, na omume ịgụ kpakpando, mana ọ bụghị ọrụ liturgical.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lulat|first=Y. G-M|title=A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis: A Critical Synthesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J00xEkY-vTEC&pg=PA56|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-06866-9}}</ref> Ọ bụghị ọrụ na ọgwụgwọ niile nke Debteras bụ ihe karịrị nke mmadụ. Debteras na-etinye ihe na-emenye ụjọ n'ubi ugbo iji chebe ha ma kpụọ isi iji gbochie ntiwapụ nke ikpuru. Tupu Mgbanwe Ọchịchị nke Etiopia, ndị a ma ama na-akwụkarị Debteras ụgwọ iji zụọ ụmụ ha.<ref name="Molvaer"/> Nnukwu ọdịiche dị na nkà mmụta okpukpe n'omume ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ụkọchukwu ma ọ bụ kahens na debteras bụ na maka ndị ụkọchị /kahens, mmehie megide omume ọma ma ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ megide Chineke bụ ihe ndabere maka ọrịa na ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Ya mere, ha na-enye iwu ka ekpere, Mmiri dị nsọ, baptizim, ibu ọnụ, na penance dị ka ihe ngwọta. Maka debteras ọ bụ mmụọ ọjọọ megide ụmụ mmadụ; ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrịa niile bụ nke mmụọ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ nke mmụọ Ọjọọ kpatara, ya mere, ekpere na mmiri dị nsọ na-aghọ akụkụ dị mkpa nke emume ọgwụgwọ okpukpe ọ bụla. E wezụga ndị a, a na-akwadebe kitab ma ọ bụ ọtụmọkpọ ma nye ha ka ha yiri ya iji chụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ na ''Buddha'' [nkọwa dị mkpa].  N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị ụkọchukwu ma ọ bụ kahens na-eji omume nke nkwupụta, ibu ọnụ, penance na ịga Chọọchị dị ka ụzọ isi gwọọ ya na ụdị ndụmọdụ na nduzi ụfọdụ. Nna mkpụrụ obi, nke a na-akpọ ''yafs abbat'', bụ ụdị dọkịta ime mmụọ ezinụlọ, nke a maara n'ọtụtụ ebe na-eleta ụlọ ugboro ugboro ma na-arụ ọrụ dịka achọrọ. == Hụkwa == * Abụ ndị Etiopia (''Zema'') == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bdia61z7ne84os9fxe0dd6r3avearg0 0 57281 675058 202321 2026-07-10T11:08:27Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675058 wikitext text/x-wiki Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Shareing of Benefits Bilitere site na ojiji ha na Convention on Biological Diversity, nke a makwaara dị ka Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), bụ nkwekọrịta mgbakwunye 2010 na 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Ebumnobi ya bụ mmejuputa otu n'ime ebumnobi atọ nke CBD: òkè ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke uru na-esite na iji akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa eme ihe, si otú a na-enye aka na nchekwa na ijigide ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Ọ na-ewepụta ọrụ maka ndị otu ya na-eme nkwekọrịta ime ihe gbasara ịnweta akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ikekọrịta uru na nnabata. A nakweere ụkpụrụ ahụ na 29 October 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na 12 October 2014. Dị ka Eprel 2022, ndị otu 137 kwadoro ya, nke gụnyere mba 136 ndị otu UN na European Union.. A nakweere ngwaọrụ na 29 October 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, wee malite ọrụ na 12 October 2014. Dị ka akwụkwọ 2022, ndị otu 137 akwụkwọ ya, nke akpọ mba 136 ndị otu UN na European Union.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844|title=When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year=2018|doi=10.1126/science.aat9844|accessdate=2018-11-28|author=Prathapan|first=K. Divakaran|volume=360|issue=6396|pages=1405–1406|pmid=29954970}}</ref> == Ebumnuche na oke == Nagoya Protocol na-emetụta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke CBD na-ekpuchi, yana uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ha. Usoro ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe ọmụma ọdịnala metụtara ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke CBD na-ekpu na uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ya. Ebumnuche ya bụ mmejuputa otu n'ime ebumnuche atọ nke CBD: ịkekọrịta uru ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke sitere na iji ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, si otú a na-enye aka na nchekwa na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/|title=Nagoya Protocol|date=9 June 2015}}</ref> == Nkwado na nkwado == A nabatara usoro ahụ na 29 Ọktoba 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, na nzukọ nke iri nke Nzukọ nke Ndị otu, nke e mere site na 18 ruo 29 Ọkቶba 2010 <ref name="stratplan2011-2020">{{Cite web|title=Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Targets|work=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.cbd.int/sp/|accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> wee malite na 12 Ọktobe 2014. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ . Ndị otu 137 akwadowo ya, nke gụnyere mba 136 so na UN na European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parties to the Nagoya Protocol|work=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=1 January 1970|url=https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/|accessdate=2 June 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nagoya Protocol na-esetịpụ ọrụ maka ndị otu nkwekọrịta ya iji mee ihe gbasara ịnweta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ịkekọrịta uru na nrubeisi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọrụ nnweta === Nzọụkwụ nnweta nke ụlọ na-achọ:   * Mepụta ihe doro anya, ihe doro anya na ihe doro anya * Nye iwu na usoro ziri ezi na nke na-abụghị nke aka ike * Tinye iwu na usoro doro anya maka nkwenye a maara tupu oge eruo na nkwekọrịta abụọ na okwu * Nye maka inye ikike ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya mgbe enyere ohere * Mepụta ọnọdụ iji kwalite ma gbaa ume nyocha na-enye aka na nchekwa dị iche iche na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide * Kụọ ụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọnọdụ mberede dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke na-abịanụ nke na-eyi ahụike mmadụ, anụmanụ, ma ọ bụ osisi egwu * Tụlee mkpa ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị maka nri na ọrụ ugbo maka nchekwa nri === Ọrụ ịkekọrịta uru === Nzọụkwụ ịkekọrịta uru dị n'ụlọ na-ezube inye maka ịkekọrịta bara uru n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke sitere na iji ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ndị nkwekọrịta na-enye ihe onwunwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nketi. Ojiji na-agụnye nyocha na mmepe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa, yana ngwa na azụmaahịa na-esote. Ịkekọrịta na-adabere na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta. Uru nwere ike ịbụ ego ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị ego dịka ụgwọ ọrụ na ịkekọrịta nsonaazụ nyocha.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọrụ ndị a na-arụ === Ọrụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ iji kwado nrubeisi na iwu ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị a chọrọ n'ịchịkwa nke onye nkwekọrịta na-enye ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọrụ nkwekọrịta gosipụtara na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, bụ ihe ọhụrụ dị mkpa nke Nagoya Protocol.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * Mee ihe ndị na-enye na enwetala ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa eji eme ihe n'ime ikike ha dịka nkwenye a maara na mbụ, nakwa na e guzobere nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, dịka onye nkwekọrịta ọzọ chọrọ. * Na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ha mebiri ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme nkwekọrịta chọrọ * Na-agba ume ndokwa nkwekọrịta maka ngwọta esemokwu n'ụzọ kwekọrịtara * Gbaa mbọ hụ na enwere ohere ịchọ ihe enyemaka n'okpuru usoro iwu ha mgbe esemokwu bilitere site na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta (MAT) * Mee ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi * Nyochaa ojiji nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe ha hapụrụ mba site na ịhọpụta ebe nyocha dị irè na ọkwa ọ bụla nke usoro uru: nyocha, mmepe, ihe ọhụrụ, tupu azụmaahịa, ma ọ bụ azụmaahịa == Mmejuputa == [[Faịlụ:National-biodiversity-strategy-align-with-aichi-target-9_(OWID_0646).png|thumb|Atụmatụ dị iche iche nke mba nke kwekọrọ na Aichi Target 9 (a na-achọpụta ụdị na ụzọ ndị na-awakpo ma na-ebute ụzọ, a na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ụdị ndị dị mkpa ma mee ihe iji gbochie iwebata na ịmepụta ha) ]] Ihe ịga nke ọma nke Nagoya Protocol ga-achọ mmejuputa dị irè na mpaghara ụlọ. Ngwá ọrụ na usoro dị iche iche nke Nagoya Protocol nyere ga-enyere ndị na-eme nkwekọrịta aka gụnyere:   * Ịtọlite ebe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na mba (NFPs) na ndị ọchịchị mba ruru eru (CNAs) iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ebe kọntaktị maka ozi, ohere inye onyinye, ma ọ bụ nrubeisi * Ụlọ nnweta na ịkekọrịta uru iji kesaa ozi, dị ka ihe ABS chọrọ ma ọ bụ ozi gbasara NFP na CNA * Ikike-iwulite iji kwado akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmejuputa. * Mepụta iwu ABS n'ime ụlọ iji mejuputa Nagoya Protocol * Mkparịta ụka n'okwu ndị kwekọrịtara * Mepụta ikike nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ na mba * Mee ka a mara ya * Nkà na ụzụ mbufe * Nkwado ego maka iwulite ikike na atụmatụ mmepe site na GEF == Mmekọrịta ya na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ndị ọzọ == Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke Nkwekọrịta Azụmaahịa (PTAs) gụnyere ndokwa metụtara ịnweta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ịkekọrịta uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ha. N'ezie, ụfọdụ nkwekọrịta azụmahịa na-adịbeghị anya, nke sitere na mba Latin America, na-enye usoro ụfọdụ e mere iji mee ka mmejuputa ndokwa ABS dị na Nagoya Protocol dị mfe, gụnyere usoro metụtara enyemaka teknụzụ, nghọta na ngwọta esemokwu. == Nkatọ == Otú ọ dị, enwere nchegbu na bureaucracy na iwu agbakwunyere ga-emebi nlekota na nchịkọta nke ụdị dị iche iche, nchekwa, mmeghachi omume mba ụwa maka ọrịa na-efe efe, na nyocha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Biopiracy ban stirs red-tape fears|year=2014|doi=10.1038/514014a|author=Cressey|first=Daniel|journal=Nature|volume=514|issue=7520|pages=14–15|pmid=25279894}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika|title=A plea for open science on Zika|work=www.sciencemag.org|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ekwupụtala nchegbu banyere usoro ahụ, na-atụ egwu na mmụba nke red tape ga-egbochi mgbochi ọrịa na mgbalị nchedo, nakwa na egwu nke ịtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma mkpọrọ ga-enwe mmetụta na-eme ka nchọpụta dị jụụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Biopiracy ban stirs red-tape fears|year=2014|doi=10.1038/514014a|author=Cressey|first=Daniel|journal=Nature|volume=514|issue=7520|pages=14–15|pmid=25279894}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCressey2014">Cressey, Daniel (2014). [[doi:10.1038/514014a|"Biopiracy ban stirs red-tape fears"]]. ''Nature''. '''514''' (7520): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.514...14C 2014Natur.514...14C]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1038/514014a|10.1038/514014a]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25279894 25279894]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4457904 4457904].</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika|title=A plea for open science on Zika|work=www.sciencemag.org|accessdate=2016-04-02}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika "A plea for open science on Zika"]. ''www.sciencemag.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-abụghị ndị na-azụ ahịa dị ka ebe ngosi ihe mere eme na-atụ egwu idebe nchịkọta ihe ndị dị ndụ na mgbanwe ihe n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ga-esi ike. Enweghị mmejuputa na ọkwa mba a na-ekwukarị dị ka isi ihe kpatara ọdịda nke Nagoya Protocol.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dunne|first=Daisy|date=2024-10-15|title=COP16: More than 85% of countries miss UN deadline to submit nature pledges|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop16-countries-miss-un-deadline-to-submit-nature-pledges/|accessdate=2024-10-21|work=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ihe onwunwe nke anụmanụ maka nri na ọrụ ugbo|Ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka nri na ọrụ ugbo]] * Ụkpụrụ Bermuda * Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, usoro mgbakwunye ọzọ nke CBD nabatara * Nkwekọrịta Oké Osimiri (BBNJ Agreement) * Nkwekọrịta WIPO na Ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi, Ihe onwunwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala jikọtara ya (GRATK) == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9bjy1vx6u6c2tqh106ylnzpm0mk0nri 675061 675058 2026-07-10T11:13:33Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675061 wikitext text/x-wiki Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Shareing of Benefits Bilitere site na ojiji ha na Convention on Biological Diversity, nke a makwaara dị ka Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), bụ nkwekọrịta mgbakwunye 2010 na 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Ebumnobi ya bụ mmejuputa otu n'ime ebumnobi atọ nke CBD: òkè ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke uru na-esite na iji akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa eme ihe, si otú a na-enye aka na nchekwa na ijigide ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Ọ na-ewepụta ọrụ maka ndị otu ya na-eme nkwekọrịta ime ihe gbasara ịnweta akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ikekọrịta uru na nnabata. A nakweere ụkpụrụ ahụ na 29 October 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na 12 October 2014. Dị ka Eprel 2022, ndị otu 137 kwadoro ya, nke gụnyere mba 136 ndị otu UN na European Union.. A nakweere ngwaọrụ na 29 October 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, wee malite ọrụ na 12 October 2014. Dị ka akwụkwọ 2022, ndị otu 137 akwụkwọ ya, nke akpọ mba 136 ndị otu UN na European Union.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat9844|title=When the cure kills—CBD limits biodiversity research|journal=Science|year=2018|doi=10.1126/science.aat9844|accessdate=2018-11-28|author=Prathapan|first=K. Divakaran|volume=360|issue=6396|pages=1405–1406|pmid=29954970}}</ref> == Ebumnuche na oke == Nagoya Protocol na-emetụta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke CBD na-ekpuchi, yana uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ha. Usoro ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe ọmụma ọdịnala metụtara ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke CBD na-ekpu na uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ya. Ebumnuche ya bụ mmejuputa otu n'ime ebumnuche atọ nke CBD: ịkekọrịta uru ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke sitere na iji ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, si otú a na-enye aka na nchekwa na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ụdị dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/|title=Nagoya Protocol|date=9 June 2015}}</ref> == Nkwado na nkwado == A nabatara usoro ahụ na 29 Ọktoba 2010 na Nagoya, Japan, na nzukọ nke iri nke Nzukọ nke Ndị otu, nke e mere site na 18 ruo 29 Ọkቶba 2010 <ref name="stratplan2011-2020">{{Cite web|title=Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including Aichi Biodiversity Targets|work=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=21 January 2020|url=https://www.cbd.int/sp/|accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> wee malite na 12 Ọktobe 2014. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ . Ndị otu 137 akwadowo ya, nke gụnyere mba 136 so na UN na European Union.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parties to the Nagoya Protocol|work=Convention on Biological Diversity|date=1 January 1970|url=https://www.cbd.int/abs/nagoya-protocol/signatories/|accessdate=2 June 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nagoya Protocol na-esetịpụ ọrụ maka ndị otu nkwekọrịta ya iji mee ihe gbasara ịnweta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ịkekọrịta uru na nrubeisi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọrụ nnweta === Nzọụkwụ nnweta nke ụlọ na-achọ:   * Mepụta ihe doro anya, ihe doro anya na ihe doro anya * Nye iwu na usoro ziri ezi na nke na-abụghị nke aka ike * Tinye iwu na usoro doro anya maka nkwenye a maara tupu oge eruo na nkwekọrịta abụọ na okwu * Nye maka inye ikike ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya mgbe enyere ohere * Mepụta ọnọdụ iji kwalite ma gbaa ume nyocha na-enye aka na nchekwa dị iche iche na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide * Kụọ ụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọnọdụ mberede dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ nke na-abịanụ nke na-eyi ahụike mmadụ, anụmanụ, ma ọ bụ osisi egwu * Tụlee mkpa ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị maka nri na ọrụ ugbo maka nchekwa nri === Ọrụ ịkekọrịta uru === Nzọụkwụ ịkekọrịta uru dị n'ụlọ na-ezube inye maka ịkekọrịta bara uru n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke sitere na iji ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ndị nkwekọrịta na-enye ihe onwunwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ ihe nketi. Ojiji na-agụnye nyocha na mmepe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa, yana ngwa na azụmaahịa na-esote. Ịkekọrịta na-adabere na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta. Uru nwere ike ịbụ ego ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị ego dịka ụgwọ ọrụ na ịkekọrịta nsonaazụ nyocha.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọrụ ndị a na-arụ === Ọrụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ iji kwado nrubeisi na iwu ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị a chọrọ n'ịchịkwa nke onye nkwekọrịta na-enye ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọrụ nkwekọrịta gosipụtara na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, bụ ihe ọhụrụ dị mkpa nke Nagoya Protocol.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> * Mee ihe ndị na-enye na enwetala ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa eji eme ihe n'ime ikike ha dịka nkwenye a maara na mbụ, nakwa na e guzobere nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, dịka onye nkwekọrịta ọzọ chọrọ. * Na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'okwu ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ha mebiri ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme nkwekọrịta chọrọ * Na-agba ume ndokwa nkwekọrịta maka ngwọta esemokwu n'ụzọ kwekọrịtara * Gbaa mbọ hụ na enwere ohere ịchọ ihe enyemaka n'okpuru usoro iwu ha mgbe esemokwu bilitere site na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta (MAT) * Mee ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi * Nyochaa ojiji nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mgbe ha hapụrụ mba site na ịhọpụta ebe nyocha dị irè na ọkwa ọ bụla nke usoro uru: nyocha, mmepe, ihe ọhụrụ, tupu azụmaahịa, ma ọ bụ azụmaahịa == Mmejuputa == [[Faịlụ:National-biodiversity-strategy-align-with-aichi-target-9_(OWID_0646).png|thumb|Atụmatụ dị iche iche nke mba nke kwekọrọ na Aichi Target 9 (a na-achọpụta ụdị na ụzọ ndị na-awakpo ma na-ebute ụzọ, a na-achịkwa ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ụdị ndị dị mkpa ma mee ihe iji gbochie iwebata na ịmepụta ha) ]] Ihe ịga nke ọma nke Nagoya Protocol ga-achọ mmejuputa dị irè na mpaghara ụlọ. Ngwá ọrụ na usoro dị iche iche nke Nagoya Protocol nyere ga-enyere ndị na-eme nkwekọrịta aka gụnyere:   * Ịtọlite ebe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na mba (NFPs) na ndị ọchịchị mba ruru eru (CNAs) iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ebe kọntaktị maka ozi, ohere inye onyinye, ma ọ bụ nrubeisi * Ụlọ nnweta na ịkekọrịta uru iji kesaa ozi, dị ka ihe ABS chọrọ ma ọ bụ ozi gbasara NFP na CNA * Ikike-iwulite iji kwado akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmejuputa. * Mepụta iwu ABS n'ime ụlọ iji mejuputa Nagoya Protocol * Mkparịta ụka n'okwu ndị kwekọrịtara * Mepụta ikike nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ na mba * Mee ka a mara ya * Nkà na ụzụ mbufe * Nkwado ego maka iwulite ikike na atụmatụ mmepe site na GEF == Mmekọrịta ya na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ndị ọzọ == Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke Nkwekọrịta Azụmaahịa (PTAs) gụnyere ndokwa metụtara ịnweta ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ịkekọrịta uru ndị na-esite na ojiji ha. N'ezie, ụfọdụ nkwekọrịta azụmahịa na-adịbeghị anya, nke sitere na mba Latin America, na-enye usoro ụfọdụ e mere iji mee ka mmejuputa ndokwa ABS dị na Nagoya Protocol dị mfe, gụnyere usoro metụtara enyemaka teknụzụ, nghọta na ngwọta esemokwu. == Nkatọ == Otú ọ dị, enwere nchegbu na bureaucracy na iwu agbakwunyere ga-emebi nlekota na nchịkọta nke ụdị dị iche iche, nchekwa, mmeghachi omume mba ụwa maka ọrịa na-efe efe, na nyocha. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Biopiracy ban stirs red-tape fears|year=2014|doi=10.1038/514014a|author=Cressey|first=Daniel|journal=Nature|volume=514|issue=7520|pages=14–15|pmid=25279894}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika|title=A plea for open science on Zika|work=www.sciencemag.org|accessdate=2016-04-02}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ekwupụtala nchegbu banyere usoro ahụ, na-atụ egwu na mmụba nke red tape ga-egbochi mgbochi ọrịa na mgbalị nchedo, nakwa na egwu nke ịtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma mkpọrọ ga-enwe mmetụta na-eme ka nchọpụta dị jụụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika|title=A plea for open science on Zika|work=www.sciencemag.org|accessdate=2016-04-02}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.science.org/content/article/plea-open-science-zika "A plea for open science on Zika"]. ''www.sciencemag.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-abụghị ndị na-azụ ahịa dị ka ebe ngosi ihe mere eme na-atụ egwu idebe nchịkọta ihe ndị dị ndụ na mgbanwe ihe n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ga-esi ike. Enweghị mmejuputa na ọkwa mba a na-ekwukarị dị ka isi ihe kpatara ọdịda nke Nagoya Protocol.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dunne|first=Daisy|date=2024-10-15|title=COP16: More than 85% of countries miss UN deadline to submit nature pledges|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop16-countries-miss-un-deadline-to-submit-nature-pledges/|accessdate=2024-10-21|work=Carbon Brief|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ihe onwunwe nke anụmanụ maka nri na ọrụ ugbo|Ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka nri na ọrụ ugbo]] * Ụkpụrụ Bermuda * Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, usoro mgbakwunye ọzọ nke CBD nabatara * Nkwekọrịta Oké Osimiri (BBNJ Agreement) * Nkwekọrịta WIPO na Ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi, Ihe onwunwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala jikọtara ya (GRATK) == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bfffgivpn5i2u0nslcz511o0f1zu7xy 0 58214 675047 203504 2026-07-10T10:43:43Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675047 wikitext text/x-wiki Janet Asana Nabla bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana. Ọ bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala maka People's National Party na ntuli aka izugbe Ghana nke afọ 2024<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-12|title=Our country's systems not working – Janet Nabla|url=https://www.classfmonline.com/news/politics/Our-country-s-systems-not-working-Janet-Nabla-52326|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=classfmonline.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2024-09-03|title=PNP chooses Janet Nabla as Flagbearer|url=https://gna.org.gh/2024/09/pnp-chooses-janet-nabla-as-flagbearer/|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=[[Ghana News Agency]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Eric|first=Nana|title=Election 2024: Former PNC Secretary Janet Nabla named flagbearer for PNP|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1338246/former-pnc-secretary-janet-nabla-named-flagbearer.html|work=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Nabla bụ n'otu oge odeakwụkwọ ukwu maka People's National Convention .<ref name=":1" /> ==== Nkwado onye isi ala ==== Akpọrọ Nabla aha ọkọlọtọ maka People's National Party (PNP) mgbe ọgbakọ ndị isi otu National Executive Committee na 1 Septemba 2024.[1] [2] Nabla bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala na Ghana ya na Dr. Ayesu dịka onye na-eso ya <ref>{{Cite web|author=GTonline|date=2024-09-13|title=3 more presidential candidates file nominations to contest Dec 7 polls|url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/3-more-presidential-candidates-file-nominations-to-contest-dec-7-polls/|accessdate=2024-09-17|work=Ghanaian Times|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ntuli aka nke Ghana na 2024 * ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ghana == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ow3gb2j7dtmsss9d3vtdpc5fb322epg 0 58230 674865 630931 2026-07-10T06:40:17Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674865 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Benedicta Lasi in 2023.jpg|thumb|Benedicta Lasi na 2023]] Benedicta Lasi (amụrụ 15 Ọgọst 1987) bụ onye ọka iwu Ghana, onye ndụmọdụ itinye ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye otu National Democratic Congress (NDC), amatala ya maka nnukwu ntinye aka ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa, ọkachasị site na ọrụ ya na Socialist International dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu na Feminist Foreign Policy Progressive Voices Collective.. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="ghanaweb.com" /><ref name=":1" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Lasi gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ghana, ebe ọ nwetara nzere na Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Sociology, na Iwu, yana nzere masta na njikwa amụma akụ na ụba na nke ọzọ na Conflict, Peace, and Security. Ọ malitere ọrụ aka ya na mmepe azụmahịa na iwu, mechaa mebere Edfields Attorneys na Ghana. Lasi arụọla ọrụ dị iche iche n'ime NDC, gụnyere ije ozi n'oge ntorobịa na ọnọdụ metụtara ntuli aka <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-11-26|title=Benedicta Lasi becomes first African woman and youngest Secretary General elect of the Socialist International|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Benedicta-Lasi-becomes-first-African-woman-and-youngest-Secretary-General-elect-of-the-Socialist-International-1669880|accessdate=2023-12-01|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Modern Ghana. "Article 25 (2) Not Ambiguous On Government Support For Private Schools—Lawyer Benedicta Lasi."|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1028863/article-25-2-not-ambiguous-on-government-support.html}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Benedicta Lasi Biography: Age, Awards, Wiki, Trends, Net Worth, Lawyer|url=https://todaysprofile.org/biography/benedicta-lasi/|accessdate=2023-12-01|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212104317/https://todaysprofile.org/biography/benedicta-lasi/}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, a họpụtara Lasi dị ka nwanyị Africa mbụ na onye kachasị nta ije ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Socialist International. Tụkwasị na nke a, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Feminist Foreign Policy Progressive Voices Collective site na Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS), ọrụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịkpụzi ụkpụrụ na-aga n'ihu na iwu mba Europe.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="ghanaweb.com">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-06|title=Ghana's Benedicta Lasi appointed Co-Chair of Feminist Foreign Policy Progressive Voices Collective|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghana-s-Benedicta-Lasi-appointed-Co-Chair-of-Feminist-Foreign-Policy-Progressive-Voices-Collective-1875761|accessdate=2023-12-01|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwado na Mmetụta == A maara Lasi maka nkwado ya na agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe ndị ntorobịa. Dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere NDC, ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere itinye ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na mmemme SHS Free nke Ghana. Mgbalị ya na idu ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emesi ike inye ụmụ nwanyị ike na ịkwalite itinye aka na ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speaker Bagbin lauds women potential in political leadership|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1239985/speaker-bagbin-lauds-women-potential-in-political.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-17|title=Socialist Int'l secretary general to address PNP conference|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20230917/socialist-intl-secretary-general-address-pnp-conference|accessdate=2023-12-01|work=jamaica-gleaner.com|language=en}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Lasi, Benedicta}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4b99hm093m12fznfqumva3218hwh8bx 0 58729 674869 204083 2026-07-10T06:44:03Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Joyce Osogo.jpg|thumb|Joyce Osogo]] Joyce Atieno Osogo Bensuda bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya sitere na Orange Democratic Movement. A họpụtara ya na Mgbakọ Mba maka Homa Bay Town na ntuli aka izugbe 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joyce Atieno Osogo Bensuda|url=https://www.wfd.org/who-we-are/people/joyce-atieno-osogo-bensuda|accessdate=2024-02-19|work=Westminster Foundation for Democracy|language=en}}</ref> == Mmụta == Osogo gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Nairobi . <ref>{{Cite web|title=HON. OSOGO JOYCE ATIENO BENSUDA {{!}} The Kenyan Parliament Website|url=http://www.parliament.go.ke/index.php/the-national-assembly/hon-osogo-joyce-atieno-bensuda|accessdate=2024-02-19|work=www.parliament.go.ke}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Osogo bụ onye na-agụ egwú nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-14|title=From tailor to MP: The untold story of Bensuda, woman rep with distinctive oration|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/gender/from-tailor-to-mp-the-untold-story-of-bensuda-woman-rep-with-distinctive-oration-4369100|accessdate=2024-02-19|work=Nation|language=en}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Hụkwa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b4uyu75w9sg9oqgog6e3m43t2z6ccbu 0 58920 674697 204324 2026-07-09T21:11:29Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asụsụ Bagvalal''' (Bagulal) bụ asụsụ Avar–Andic nke ndị Bagvalals na-asụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Dagestan, [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]], n'akụkụ aka nri nke osimiri [[Andi-Koisu]] na ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu, na nso oke ala Georgian . Ọ dị ka Tindi, onye ikwu ya kacha nso. Onu ogugu ndi Russia nke 2020 dekọrọ 2,297 ndị na-ekwu okwu Bagvalal. == Olumba == Bagvalal nwere olumba atọ nke akpọrọ aha obodo nta ndị a na-asụ na ya, bụ Kwanada, Khushtada, na Tlisi. Naanị [[Tlisi dialect|olumba Tlisi]] ka a mụrụ n'otu ihe dị mkpa, n'ihi myirịta ya na asụsụ Tindi . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ebu ụzọ kpọtụrụ Bagvalal aha na narị afọ nke 19, ma ọ bụ nanị ole na ole ka edekọtara asụsụ ahụ. Enweela nyocha asụsụ dị ntakịrị nke emere na asụsụ ahụ, ewezuga akwụkwọ 2001. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm49211943|title=Bagvalinskiĭ i︠a︡zyk: grammatika, teksty, slovari|date=2001|publisher=IMLI RAN, "Nasledie"|isbn=978-5-9208-0048-0|editor=Kibrik|location=Moskva|oclc=ocm49211943}}</ref> == fonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable standard" ! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Labial ! colspan="2" |Dental ! colspan="2" |Lateral ! colspan="2" |Sibilant ! colspan="2" |Postalveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Uvular ! rowspan="2" |Pharyngeal ! colspan="2" |Laryngeal |- align="center" !<small>plain</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwUw">lab.</small></nowiki> !<small>plain</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwWA">lab.</small></nowiki> !<small>plain</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwXQ">lab.</small></nowiki> !<small>plain</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwYg">lab.</small></nowiki> !<small>plain</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwZw">lab.</small></nowiki> !<small>plain</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwbA">lab.</small></nowiki> !<small>plain</small> !<nowiki><small id="mwcQ">lab.</small></nowiki> |- align="center" ! rowspan="3" |Plosive & affricate ! colspan="2" |<nowiki><small id="mweA">voiced</small></nowiki> |{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPAlink|d}} |{{IPAlink|dʷ}} | | | | |{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} | | |{{IPAlink|g}} |{{IPAlink|gʷ}} | | | | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |<nowiki><small id="mwkw">voiceless</small></nowiki> |{{IPAlink|p}} |{{IPAlink|t}} |{{IPAlink|tʷ}} | | |{{IPAlink|t͡s}} |{{IPAlink|t͡sʷ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡ʃʷ}} | |{{IPAlink|k}} |{{IPAlink|kʷ}} |{{IPAlink|q}} |{{IPAlink|qʷ}} | | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |<nowiki><small id="mwsw">ejective</small></nowiki> | |{{IPAlink|tʼ}} |{{IPAlink|tʷʼ}} |{{IPAlink|tɬʼ}} |{{IPAlink|tɬʷʼ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡sʼ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡sʷʼ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡ʃʼ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡ʃʷʼ}} | |{{IPAlink|kʼ}} |{{IPAlink|kʷʼ}} |{{IPAlink|qʼ}} |{{IPAlink|qʷʼ}} | |{{IPAlink|ʔ}} | |- align="center" ! rowspan="4" |Fricative ! colspan="2" |<nowiki><small id="mw1w">voiced</small></nowiki> | | | | | |{{IPAlink|z}} |{{IPAlink|zʷ}} |{{IPAlink|ʒ}} |{{IPAlink|ʒʷ}} | | | |{{IPAlink|ʁ}} |{{IPAlink|ʁʷ}} |{{IPAlink|ʕ}} | | |- align="center" ! rowspan="2" |<small>'''voiceless'''</small> !<small>'''lenis'''</small> | | | |{{IPAlink|ɬ}} | |{{IPAlink|s}} |{{IPAlink|sʷ}} |{{IPAlink|ʃ}} |{{IPAlink|ʃʷ}} | |{{IPAlink|x}} | |{{IPAlink|χ}} |{{IPAlink|χʷ}} |{{IPAlink|ħ}} |{{IPAlink|h}} |{{IPAlink|hʷ}} |- align="center" !<small>'''fortis'''</small> | | | |{{IPAlink|ɬ̄}} | |{{IPAlink|s̄}} |{{IPAlink|s̄ʷ}} |{{IPAlink|ʃ̄}} | | | | |{{IPAlink|χ̄}} |{{IPAlink|χ̄ʷ}} | | | |- align="center" ! colspan="2" |<nowiki><small id="mwATI">ejective</small></nowiki> | | | | | |{{IPAlink|sʼ}} |{{IPAlink|sʷʼ}} |{{IPAlink|ʃʼ}} |{{IPAlink|ʃ̄ʷʼ}} | | | | | | | | |- align="center" ! colspan="3" |Nasal |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- align="center" ! colspan="3" |Liquid | |{{IPAlink|r}} |{{IPAlink|rʷ}} |{{IPAlink|l}} |{{IPAlink|lʷ}} | | | | | | | | | | | | |- align="center" ! colspan="3" |Glide |{{IPAlink|w}} | | | | | | | | |{{IPAlink|j}} | | | | | | | |} == Lexicon == Bagvalal nwere ọtụtụ okwu mbinye ego sitere na asụsụ ndị dị ka [[Arabic]], Russian, Turkish na Avar . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">na</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> eji ya naanị dị ka asụsụ ọnụ; A na-eji Avar ma ọ bụ Russian dị ka asụsụ ederede. N'oge a, a na-eji Bagvalal naanị na ntọala ezinụlọ, na-eji Avar ma ọ bụ Russian maka mpaghara nkwurịta okwu ọ bụla. == Ntụaka == dị na phonology bara nnukwu uru, ọ bụkwa isi ih ederede. N'oge a, a na-eji{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/bagulals.shtml Ndị mmadụ nke Akwụkwọ Uhie: Bagulals] d7amjcyu9i97ngv4zp5gqrzs0r5aoq4 0 59005 674985 204487 2026-07-10T09:29:14Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asụsụ Bantawa''' (a na-akpọkwa ya dị ka An Yüng, Bantaba, Bantawa Dum, Bantawa Yong, Bantawa Yüng, Bontawa, Kirawa Yüng), bụ asụsụ Kiranti na-asụ n'ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Himalayan nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Nepal site n'aka agbụrụ Kirati Bantawa. Ha na-eji usoro mkpụrụedemede syllabic mara dị ka Kirat Rai . N'etiti ndị Khambu ma ọ bụ Rai nke Eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Darjeeling na Kalimpong na India, Bantawa bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/43902|title=Language use among the Bantawa: Homogeneity, education, access, and relative prestige|date=2013-01-28|work=SIL International|accessdate=2017-02-10|language=en}}</ref> Dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ mba 2001 siri dị, opekata mpe 1.63% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Nepal na-asụ Bantawa. Ihe dị ka 370,000 na-asụ asụsụ Bantawa na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nepal (2001). Ọ bụ ezie na Bantawa so na ụdị asụsụ Bantawa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe, ọ dabara n'ụdị asụsụ 100,000 dị n'ihe egwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://robbie.eugraph.com/bantawa/report.html|title=Bantawa: observations of a threatened language|work=robbie.eugraph.com|accessdate=2017-02-10}}</ref> Ọ na-enwe mgbanwe asụsụ na Nepali, ọkachasị na mpaghara ugwu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bap|title=Bantawa|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=2017-02-10}}</ref> A na-asụ Bantawa n'usoro isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa, na enweghị akara aha ma ọ bụ okike. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bap|title=Bantawa|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=2017-02-10}}</ref> == Olumba == Ọtụtụ n'ime ezinụlọ Bantawa bi ugbu a na Bhojpur, Dharan, Illam, na Dhankuta. Ọnụọgụ na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ọtụtụ n'ime ha bi na Dharan. A na-asụ Bantawa na mpaghara ndị a na Nepal ( ''Ethnologue'' ). * Mpaghara No. 1 : Mpaghara Bhojpur, Mpaghara Dhankuta, Mpaghara Ilam, Mpaghara Jhapa, Mpaghara Khotang, Mpaghara Morang, Mpaghara Okhaldhunga, Mpaghara Panchthar, Mpaghara Sunsari, Mpaghara Taplejung na Udayapur District * Sikkim, Darjeeling, Kalimpong nke India Olumba dị ka ndị a ( ''Ethnologue'' ). * Northern Bantawa (Dilpali) :: ''Olumba ndị ugwu: Mangpahang, Raipachha, Awaichha, Rungchenbung na Yangma'' * Ndịda Bantawa (Chewali, Okhreli, Hatuwali, Hangkhim) :: ''Southern na Northern Bantawa, nke yiri ya, enwere ike ijikọ ọnụ dị ka 'Intermediate Bantawa'.'' * Eastern Bantawa (Dhankuta) :: ''Olumba ọwụwa anyanwụ bụ nke kacha dị iche.'' ''Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Dungmali, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere njikọ na asụsụ Puma, [[asụsụ Sampang]] na asụsụ Chhintange .'' * Western Bantawa (Amchoke, Amchauke) :: ''Olumba Amchaucke: Sorung, Saharaja, Lulam, na Sukita'' * Wana Bantawa (nke a na-akpọkwa Bantawa), nke ndị obere Bantawa na-asụ. A na-asụ olumba Amchoke na mpaghara Limbu, ọkachasị na mpaghara Ilam. A na-ahụtakwa Bantawa dị ka ezinụlọ kacha elu na ezinụlọ Kiranti. A kọkwara na a na-eji Bantawa eme ihe dị ka ''asụsụ asụsụ'' n'etiti ndị obere Rai na Himalayan Sikkim, Darjeeling Kalimpong Na India na Bhutan . Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ewebata asụsụ ahụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ole na ole na ọkwa mbụ (Afọ 1 - Afọ 5) <ref name="unwritten">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdqy7PKHUXQC&q=bantawa&pg=PA341|title=Morphosyntactic transparency in Bantawa|author=Jadranka Gvozdanovic|accessdate=2007-09-12|format=.pdf|year=2004|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110178418}}</ref> site na iji edemede Devanagari . <ref name="Devanagari"> {{Cite web|url=http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code1/2040.html|title=The Bantawa Rai of Nepal|accessdate=2007-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305001655/http://kcm.co.kr/bethany_eng/p_code1/2040.html|archivedate=2008-03-05}}</ref> <ref name="language">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bap|title=Bantawa, A language of Nepal|accessdate=2007-09-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201093507/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bap|archivedate=December 1, 2007}}</ref> Asụsụ Waling na-apụ apụ nke agbanyere na njedebe narị afọ nke 19 nwere ike ịbụ ụdị Bantawa dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị olumba Hatuwali ndị Waling na-asụ taa. == Asụsụ Bantawa == {| class="wikitable" !Bantawa !IPA !Nepali !English |- |Sewa सेवा |sewä |नमस्ते |Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening, |- |Kok कोक |kok |भात |Food, Rice |- |Khan खान |kʰän |तरकारी |Curry |- |Münachi मनाचि |mɨnätsi |मानिसहरू |People |- |Diwa दिवा |diwä |बाजे |Grandfather |- |Dima दिमा |dimä |बजू |Grandmother |- |Papa पापा |päpä |बुबा |Father |- |Mama मामा |mämä |आमा |Mother |- |Nana नाना |nänä |दिदी |Elder-sister |- |Nichhama निछामा |nitsʰmä |बहिनी |Little-Sister |- |Dewa देवा |dewä |ठूलो बुबा |Uncle elder to dad |- |Dema देमा |demä |बडी आमा |Aunt Elder to Dad/ Dad's elder sister-in-law |- |Baŋa बाङा |bäŋä |काका |Uncle younger to Dad |- |Chhɨna छ़ना |tsʰɨnä |काकी |Younger uncle wife |- |Büwa ब़वा |bɨwä |दाजु |Elder Brother |- |Nichha निछा |nit͡sʰä |भाइ |Younger Brother |- |Nichha'o Chhachi निछा:ओ छाची |nitsʰäʔo tsʰätsi |भाइबहिनीका छोराछोरी |Brothers' or sisters' children |- |Aachhuwa, chhuwa आछुवा, छुवा |ätsʰuwa tsʰuwa |मामा |Mother's younger Brother |- |Phekwa फेकवा |pek-wa |पैसा |Money |- |Teet तित |tit |लुगा |Cloths |- |Cha'wa चा:वा |t͡säʔwä |पानी |Water |- |Mi मि |mi |आगो |Fire |- |Thuli थुलि |tʰuli |पिठो |Flour |- |Sampicha साम्पिचा |sämpit͡sä |कोदो |Millet |- |Khabat, Wachhon खाबात, वाछोन |kʰäwät wät͡sʰon |जाड |Locally brew wine |- |Hengmawa हेङमावा |heŋmäwä |रक्सी |Rum/Whisky/Brandy |- |Sa सा |sä |मासु |Meat |- |Chhüna छ़ना |t͡sʰɨnä |फुपु |Aunt (Father's sister) |- |Diwa, Dima दिवा, दिमा |diwä dimä |हजुरबुवा, हजुरआमा |Grandfather, Grandmother |- |Oyatni ओयात्नी |ohyätni |यहाँ तिर |Here |- |Moyatni मोयात्नी |moyätni |त्यहाँ तिर |There |- |Khada खादा |kʰädä |कहाँ |Where |- |Demni देम्नी |demni |कति |How |- |Unni उन्नी |unni |यति मात्र |This much |- |Chama चामा |t͡sämä |खानु |to Eat |- |Tücha त़चा |tɨ t͡sä |खाने हो? |Do you want to eat? |- |Kok Tücha? कोक त़चा ? |kok tɨ t͡sä |खाना खाने हो ? |Do you eat rice? |- |Küng |kɨŋ |दात |teeth |- |Ütlo |ɨt-lo |नराम्रो, खराब |bad |- |Munima मुनिमा |munimä |बिरालो |Cat |- |} == fonology == === Udaume === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Ụdaume ! rowspan="2" | ! N'ihu ! Central ! rowspan="2" | Azu |- ! colspan="2" | <small>na-agbaghị gburugburu</small> |- ! Mechie | i ᤀᤡ ⟨ इ ⟩ | rowspan="3" | ɨ ~ ə ⟨ ⟩ | u ᤀᤢ ⟨ उ ⟩ |- ! N'etiti etiti | e ᤀᤣ ⟨ ⟩ | o ᤀᤥ ⟨ ⟩ |- ! Oghere-etiti | | ʌ ⟨ अ ⟩ |- ! Mepee | | ä ⟨ आ ⟩ | |} * ʌ vowel comes in Bantawa due to influence of Nepali language and it is rarely used like in other Tibetan Burmese language. * nowadays some dialect or in region may pronounce /ɨ/ as [ʌ], [u], or [ə]. Ọmụmaatụ: {{IPA|mɨk}} (anya) akpọ {{IPA|mʌk}}, {{IPA|pɨ}} (agwọ) dị ka {{IPA|pʌ}} . === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bantawa consonant phonemes ! colspan="3" | !Bilabial !Dental !Apico-<br /><br />alveolar !Lamino-<br /><br />alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="3" |Nasal |{{IPAlink|m}} ᤔ {{angbr|म}} | |{{IPAlink|n}} ᤏ {{angbr|न}} | | |{{IPAlink|ŋ}} ᤅ {{angbr|ङ}} | |- ! rowspan="4" |Plosive/<br /><br />Affricate ! rowspan="2" |<small>voiceless</small> !<small>unaspirated</small> |{{IPAlink|p}} ᤐ {{angbr|प}} |{{IPAlink|t̪}} ᤋ {{angbr|त}} |{{IPAlink|t}} ᤋ {{angbr|ट}} |{{IPAlink|t͡s}} ᤆ {{angbr|च}} | |{{IPAlink|k}} ᤁ {{angbr|क}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} ᤹ {{angbr|:}} |- !<small>aspirated</small> |{{IPAlink|pʰ}} ᤑ {{angbr|फ}} |{{IPAlink|t̪ʰ}} ᤌ {{angbr|थ}} |{{IPAlink|tʰ}} ᤌ {{angbr|ठ}} |{{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}} ᤇ {{angbr|छ}} | |{{IPAlink|kʰ}} ᤂ {{angbr|ख}} | |- ! rowspan="2" |<small>voiced</small> !<small>unaspirated</small> |{{IPAlink|b}} ᤒ {{angbr|ब}} |{{IPAlink|d̪}} ᤍ {{angbr|द}} |{{IPAlink|d}} ᤍ {{angbr|ड}} |{{IPAlink|d͡z}} ᤈ {{angbr|ज}} | |{{IPAlink|ɡ}} ᤃ {{angbr|ग}} | |- !<small>aspirated</small> |{{IPAlink|bʱ}} ᤓ {{angbr|भ}} |{{IPAlink|d̪ʱ}} ᤎ {{angbr|ध}} |{{IPAlink|dʱ}} ᤎ {{angbr|ढ}} |{{IPAlink|d͡zʱ}} ᤉ {{angbr|झ}} | |{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}} ᤄ {{angbr|घ}} | |- ! colspan="3" |Fricative | | |{{IPAlink|s}} ᤛ {{angbr|स}} | | | |{{IPAlink|ɦ}} ᤜ {{angbr|ह}} |- ! colspan="3" |Trill | | |{{IPAlink|r}} ᤖ {{angbr|र}} | | | | |- ! colspan="3" |Lateral | | |{{IPAlink|l}} ᤗ {{angbr|ल}} | | | | |- ! colspan="3" |Approximant |{{IPAlink|w}} ᤘ {{angbr|व}} | | | |{{IPAlink|j}} ᤕ {{angbr|य}} | | |} * Glotta stop [ ʔ ] bụ otu n'ime consonants nke asụsụ Bantawa nke na-anọchi anya ya site na iji ⟨ : ⟩ . * Consonant eze na Apico-alveolar anaghị eme ihe ọ bụla mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu. * Iji dee asụsụ Bantawa Kirat Sirijunga lipi na Devanagari lipi ka a na-eji na Nepal. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Oge oyi, Werner. 2003. ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bantawa'' . Ọnọdụ na linguistics - akwụkwọ 20. Mouton de Gruyter: New York. * Doornenbal, Marius. 2009. ''A Grammar nke Bantawa'' . Mahadum Leiden PhD Thesis. Usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ LOT: Utrecht. * == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/14326 A Grammar nke Bantawa] * [http://robbie.eugraph.com/bantawa/report.html Bantawa: Nleba anya nke asụsụ egwu] 0mknk6c2ms62cweba8q16nkqxjpahts 0 59039 674962 204549 2026-07-10T09:11:40Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Mahadum Abubakar Tafawa Balewa bụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi gọọmentị etiti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nke dị na [[Bauchi]], Bauchi Steeti, Naijiria.Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ugbu a bụ Yusuf Bara Jibril . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-30|title=Cholera: MSF sets up treatment centre in Bauchi, admits 243 patients in 10 days|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/cholera-msf-sets-treatment-centre-bauchi-admits-243-patients-10-days-2/|accessdate=2022-06-21|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-24|title=ATBUTH Bauchi celebrates 10th year anniversary|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/atbuth-bauchi-celebrates-10th-year-anniversary/|accessdate=2022-06-21|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> __TOC__ == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi Mahadum Abubakar Tafawa Balewa na 2010. A maara ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ n'oge gara aga dị ka Specialist Hospital, Bauchi . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Abdulhamid|first=Hafsat|date=2021-08-07|title=Resident doctors' strike: We are overstressed - Bauchi Specialist's Hospital CMD cries out|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/08/07/resident-doctors-strike-we-are-overstressed-bauchi-specialists-hospital-cmd-cries-out/|accessdate=2022-06-21|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ na Ngalaba == ATBUTH na-enye ọtụtụ ọrụ ahụike n'ofe ngalaba dị iche iche: * Anaesthesia na ICU * Ọrịa Ọgwụ * Ọgwụ Obodo * Ịwa Ahụ Ezé & Mkpịsị MkpịỊwa Ahụ n'ihu * Ntị, imi, na akpịrị (ENT) * Ọgwụ Ezinụlọ * Nchịkwa Ozi Ahụike * Ọbara na Mmịnye ọbara * Ọrịa Ọrịa Na-egbu Ọrịa * Ọgwụ nke Ime * Ọgwụ Microbiology * Ahụike Ọha na Eze * Laboratory nke Ọrịa Na-efe efe * Ọrụ Nọọsụ * Ọmụmụ nwanyị na Ọmụmụ Ụmụaka * Ọrịa anya * Ọgwụ ụmụaka * Ụlọ ọgwụ * Ọgwụgwọ ahụike * Ọrịa Uche * Radiology * Ịwa Ahụ * Mmetụta na Ọkpụkpụ Ọkpụ == CMD == Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ugbu a bụ Yusuf Bara Jibril. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-02|title=Grieving journalist narrates how doctors abandoned dying son; teaching hospital launches probe - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/242226-grieving-journalist-narrates-doctors-abandoned-dying-son-teaching-hospital-launches-probe.html,%20https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/242226-grieving-journalist-narrates-doctors-abandoned-dying-son-teaching-hospital-launches-probe.html|accessdate=2022-06-21|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-19|title=Bauchi: Mohammed commissions multi-million naira dialysis centre built by RCCG at ATBU Teaching Hospital|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/bauchi-mohammed-commissions-multi-million-naira-dialysis-centre-built-by-rccg-at-atbu-teaching-hospital/|accessdate=2022-06-21|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ozi mkpọtụrụ == * '''Adreesị''': Hospital Road off Yandoka Rd, Bauchi, Nigeria. * '''E-mail''': pro@atbuth.gov.ng * '''Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ''': ATBUTH Official Website[https://www.atbuth.gov.ng Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ATBUTH] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} exac6tep36wz1cv5eqyedckx2yvfmwm 0 59166 674857 515660 2026-07-10T06:30:20Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Monica Chakwera 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Monica Chakwera ]] Monica Chakwera bụ nwunye mbụ na nwunye nke Lazarus Chakwera, onye isi ala nke mba Malawi.[1] A mụrụ ya na 30 Septemba 1953;O si obodo Mwazisi, T/A Chikulamayembe, na Rumphi District, n'ebe ugwu Malawi. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere Chakwera n'akụkụ ugwu Malawi. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ego <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fiko|first=Mike|date=2020-08-07|title=Malawi: First Lady Opens Up - Born-Again Christian, Met Chakwera During Scom Meetings in College|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202008070818.html|accessdate=2021-09-09|work=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> na onye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zimba|first=Steve|title=First Lady Monica Chakwera courts Malawians In Diaspora On Social Work|url=https://www.zodiakmalawi.com/nw/national-news/64-news-in-northern-region/3754-first-lady-monica-chakwera-courts-malawians-in-diaspora-on-social-work|accessdate=2021-09-09|work=www.zodiakmalawi.com|language=en-gb|archivedate=2021-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909144221/https://www.zodiakmalawi.com/nw/national-news/64-news-in-northern-region/3754-first-lady-monica-chakwera-courts-malawians-in-diaspora-on-social-work}}</ref> nwere nzere Bachelor of Arts na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n'otu na Mahadum nke North, na South Africa. == Alụmdi na nwunye Lazarọs Chakwera == Chakwera lụrụ Lazarọs na 8 Ọktoba 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-04|title=Malawi on the road to 2014: Rev. Dr. Lazarous Chakwera {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/04/15/malawi-on-the-road-to-2014-rev-dr-lazarous-chakwera/|accessdate=2021-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075249/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/04/15/malawi-on-the-road-to-2014-rev-dr-lazarous-chakwera/|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ na ụmụ ụmụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Chakwera tọrọ ntọala Shaping Our Future Foundation, otu nzukọ na-eche banyere mmepe nwa agbọghọ obodo. A malitere usoro a n'obí eze. Ọ bụghị gọọmenti kwadoro ya kama ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-03|title=First Lady launches her charity organisation Soff to promote Malawi girl child|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/first-lady-launches-her-charity-organisation-soff-to-promote-malawi-girl-child/|accessdate=2021-09-09|work=Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d2kszxtayl4dni57461t06ubep9vh5b 0 59476 674801 364166 2026-07-10T03:43:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674801 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Izabela Zubko''' (amụrụ 2 June 1974) bụ onye na-ede uri Polish. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na Warsaw, nke a zụlitere na Dęblin, [[Poland]] . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Literary-Artistic ọmụmụ na ngalaba nke Polish Studies na Jagiellonian University na Cracow . Ọ bụ onye so na [[Polish Writers’ Union|Polish Writers 'Union]] ( ''Związek Literatów Polskich'' ), Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Odee Polish nke 2nd Warsaw Alaka ( ''Stowarzyszenie Autorów Polskich'' ), otu edemede-egwu egwu "Terra Poetica <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://terrapoetica.npx.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=2|title=Terra Poetica|work=terrapoetica.npx.pl|accessdate=2019-03-18|archivedate=2019-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023633/http://terrapoetica.npx.pl/viewpage.php?page_id=2}}</ref> ", na Association of Culture Stoginators na Warsaw ( ''Warskiwózenie'' ). A sụgharịrị uri ya n'asụsụ dị iche iche: Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Russian, English, [[Asụsụ French|French]], Telugu, Hungarian . Ọrụ ya dị n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere nchịkọta mba ụwa, n'etiti ndị ọzọ: ''Poeci naszych czasów'' (The Poets of our Times) na ''Anthology of Slavic Poetry'' . Enwere ike ịchọta aha ya na ''Mini-słownik biograficzny polskich współczesnych poetów religijnych (Biographical Mini-Dictionary of the Polish Modern Religious Authors'' ). Ihe egwu egwu sitere na uri ya ''Romantyka'' (Romanticism) ghọrọ ihe ngosi egwu nke duet "Neoclassic". Na 2007 Aleksander Chodakowski, onye na-ede egwú, na Natalia Miżygórska, onye na-agụ egwú, nyere ihe nrite nke onye nnọchiteanya Poland na Ukraine maka mpempe egwu a. Ha na-anọchi anya [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na egwu a n'oge International Poetry Festival aha ya bụ Maria Konopnicka na Przedbórz . Ndị sonyere na ogbako olu na Omenala dị na Dęblin na onye ọbụ abụ Alina Małachowska na-abụ abụ Izabela Zubko nke Michał Pastuszak haziri. N'ime afọ 2007-2017 Izabela Zubko bụ onye otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Myśl Literacka'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mysl-polska.pl/taxonomy/term/3|title=Myśl literacka {{!}} Myśl Polska|work=www.mysl-polska.pl|accessdate=2019-03-18|archivedate=2019-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315070452/http://mysl-polska.pl/taxonomy/term/3}}</ref> (Literary Thinking), mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu ''Myśl Polska'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mysl-polska.pl/|title=Myśl Polska {{!}} Najstarszy polski tygodnik - ukazuje się od 1941 roku|work=www.mysl-polska.pl|accessdate=2019-03-18|archivedate=2019-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315084858/http://mysl-polska.pl/}}</ref> (Echiche Polish). Na 2017 ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ''Metafora Współczesności'' (The Metaphor of Contemporariness), oge nke otu akwụkwọ edemede mba ụwa ''Kwadrat'' (The Square). Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na magazin omenala ọha na eze ''Własnym Głosem'' (Na Voice nke m) nke Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị malitere ( ''Robotnicze Stowarzyszenie Twórców Kultury'' ) bipụtara. == Na-arụ ọrụ == === Abụ === * ''Gołębie'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbl.ibl.poznan.pl/dostep/index.php?s=d_biezacy&f=zapisy_szczeg&p_zapis=263669|title=Polska Bibliografia Literacka (PBL)|work=pbl.ibl.poznan.pl|accessdate=2019-01-14}}</ref> (1993) [nduru] * ''Stratus'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbl.ibl.poznan.pl/dostep/index.php?s=d_biezacy&f=zapisy_szczeg&p_zapis=315260|title=Polska Bibliografia Literacka (PBL)|work=pbl.ibl.poznan.pl|accessdate=2019-01-14}}</ref> (1995) [Stratus] * ''Niebieski domek'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Niebieski Domek|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|date=1996|isbn=83-903927-3-9|location=Warszawa}}</ref> (1996) [Obere Blue House] * ''Nocą budzi się sen'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nocą budzi się sen|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|date=2004|publisher=Rafał Jarnicki|isbn=8392153804|location=Warszawa|pages=|oclc=749472757}}</ref> (2004) [N'abalị the Dream Awakes] * ''Obraz w wierszu wiersz w obrazie'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Obraz w wierszu, wiersz w obrazie|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|date=2006|publisher=Rafał Jarnicki|isbn=9788392153818|location=Warszawa|oclc=749739653}}</ref> (2006) * ''Łącząc brzegi przepaści'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Łącząc brzegi przepaści|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|date=2010|publisher=Rafał Jarnicki|isbn=9788392153832|location=Warszawa|oclc=750952380}}</ref> (2010) * ''Świat wygasłych lamp'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Świat wygasłych lamp = The world of extinct lamps|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|date=2017|publisher=Rafał Jarnicki|isbn=9788392153856|location=Warszawa|oclc=995389040}}</ref> (2017) [Ụwa nke oriọna na-apụ apụ] * Wierszariusz słowiański <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|title=Wierszariusz Słowiański|publisher=Rafał Jarnicki|year=2020|isbn=978-83-921538-6-3|location=Warsaw, Poland|language=Polish}}</ref> (2020) [Egwu Slav] * ''Gdy Anioł przychodzi'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|title=Gdy Anioł przychodzi|publisher=Michalineum|others=Karolina Ludwin, Rafał Kamiński|year=2022|isbn=978-83-7019-738-4|location=Marki, Poland|language=Polish}}</ref> (2022) [Mgbe mmụọ ozi ahụ na-abịa] * ''Kontury myśli'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|title=Kontury myśli|publisher=KryWaj|others=Helena Lena Kołodziejek, Małgorzata Wielgosz, Emilia Kuna|year=2022|isbn=978-83-67080-22-4|location=Koszalin, Poland|language=Polish}}</ref> (2022) [Nhazi nke echiche] === Triptych okpukperechi === * ''W imię Ojca...'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=W imię Ojca...|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|date=2008|publisher=Rafał Jarnicki|isbn=9788392153825|location=Warszawa|pages=|oclc=297776825}}</ref> (2008) [N'aha nke Nna...] * ''W imię Syna…'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=W imię Syna...|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|date=2015|publisher=Wydawnictwo św. Macieja Apostoła|isbn=9788364585739|location=Lubliniec|pages=|oclc=934689920}}</ref> (2015) [N'aha nke Ọkpara...] * ''W imię Ducha…'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=W imię Ducha...|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|date=2018|publisher=Wydawnictwo św. Macieja Apostoła|isbn=9788365757661|location=Lubliniec|pages=|oclc=1077335611}}</ref> (2018) [N'aha nke Mụọ Nsọ...] === Marian Diptych === * ''Kwiaty z Niebieskiego Ogrodu'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|title=Kwiaty z Niebieskiego Ogrodu|publisher=Rafał Jarnicki|others=Władysław Zych|year=2021|isbn=978-83-921538-8-7|location=Brunary, Poland|language=Polish}}</ref> (2021) [Okooko osisi si n'ogige Eluigwe] * ''Maryjne zakątki'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|title=Maryjne zakątki|publisher=Wydawnictwo św. Macieja Apostoła|others=Bernadeta Krawiec|year=2022|isbn=978-83-66461-82-6|location=Lubliniec, Poland|language=Polish}}</ref> (2022) [Marian Nooks] === Prose === * ''Mały pisarczyk z Małoszyc'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mały pisarczyk z Małoszyc: album artysty|author=Stanik|first=Stanisław|date=2017|publisher=Studio Graficzne AGAT|isbn=9788394526726|location=Warszawa|oclc=1005171844}}</ref> (2017), artysty album / Stanisław Stanik, Izabela Zubko [Onye ode akwụkwọ Litte sitere na Małoszyce, ọba onye nka] * ''Dotykam słów'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zubko|first=Izabela|title=Dotykam słów|publisher=Wydawnictwo Rafał Jarnicki; Wydawnictwo DOBROTA|year=2023|isbn=978-83-966723-0-8|location=Konin, Poland|language=Polish}}</ref> (2023), recenzje, wstępy, posłovia [M na-emetụ okwu ndị ahụ (2023), nyocha, okwu mmalite, epilogues] == Ihe nrite == * baajị ọla ọcha nke otu ndị ọrụ nke ndị malitere omenala (2010) * Akara ọla edo nke Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Omenala Ndị malitere (2015) * Akpụrụ akpụ akpọrọ aha Stanisław Moniuszko (2016, Lithuania) * Ihe ịchọ mma nke nsọpụrụ [[:pl:Odznaka_honorowa_„Zasłużony_dla_Kultury_Polskiej”|nsọpụrụ maka ọdịbendị Polish]] (2017) * [[:pl:Krzyż_Zasługi|Bronze Cross of Merit]] (2018) * Ihe nrite ncheta “ [[:pl:Pro_Masovia|Pro Masovia]] ” (2020) * Ihe nrite akwụkwọ edemede mba ụwa " [http://perorusi.ru/blog/2021/09/итоги-2021-золотое-перо-руси/ Rusy Golden Pen] " (2021) * Stefan Żeromski Award Literary (2021) * Bronze " Nrite maka nkwanye ugwu maka ọdịbendị - Gloria Artis " (2022) * Cross Silver of Merit (2024) == Ntụaka == akwara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị St Louis Senior dị na Kumasi iji nweta asambodo ọkwa ọkwa GCE ya. Na 1981, ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Ghana maka nzere bachelọ nke Arts na French na Spanish . [1] [2] Amoakohene nwetara agụmakwụkwọ postgraduate ya na Mahadumgakwara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị St Louis Senior dị na Kumasi iji nweta asambodo ọkwa ọkwa GCE ya. Na 1981, ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Ghana maka nzere bachelọ nke Arts na French na Spanish . [1] [2] Amoakohene nwetara agụmakwụkwọ postgraduate ya na Mahadumgakwara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị St Louis Senior dị na Kumasi iji nweta asambodo ọkwa ọkwa GCE ya. Na 1981, ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Ghana maka nzere bachelọ nke Arts na French na Spanish . [1] [2] Amoakohene nwetara agụmakwụkwọ postgraduate ya na Mahadum{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Izabela Zubko on Facebook [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g0fp8gbig5s785hrhk5qeawqm14abhr 0 59752 674521 205715 2026-07-09T12:26:14Z 10kdollz 19775 674521 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mosobila Kpamma bụ onye ụgbọ ụkwụ Ghana na onye otu ndị omeiwu mbụ nke mba Ghana nke abụọ na- ndị anya mpaghara Talensi-Nabdam na mpaghara elu nke Ghana n'okpuru otu Progress Party (PP)). <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register 1969-70.|publisher=Office of the National Assembly, Accra.|year=1969}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mosobila na 1934. Ọ gara Tamale Teacher Training College. ebe o nwetara asambodo ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi tupu ọ banye n'ụlọ omebe iwu.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == .Kpamma ike ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi tupu ọ banye na njem agha.  Ọ hụ ndị agha ndị na-eso ya n'afọ 1969 mgbe ọ, onye omeiwu na- anya mpaghara ya bụ Talensi-Nabdam na mpaghara dị elu nke Ghana tupu nke mbụ aka ndị omeiwu Ghana nke afọ 1969<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCH8wK8ACDIC&q=Mosobila+Kpamma|title=Ghana Year Book|date=1971|publisher=Daily Graphic|language=en}}</ref> A ṅụrụ iyi n'ime Ndị Omeiwu Mbụ nke Republic nke echiche nke Ghana na 1 Ọktoba 1969, mgbe a elele na ọ bụ onye mmeri na mmeri aka Ghana nke 1969 nke e mere na 26 Ọgọst 1969. na oge ọ nọ n' mama na 13 January 1972. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Assembly|first=Ghana National|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9t8VAQAAMAAJ&q=Mosobila+Kpamma|title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report|date=1970|publisher=Ghana Publishing Corporation|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ onye isi n'obodo ya, Onye Kraịst n'okwukwe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ladouceur|first=Paul André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WbVAAAAMAAJ&q=Mosobila+Kpamma|title=Chiefs and Politicians: The Politics of Regionalism in Northern Ghana|date=1979|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-64646-9|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] putxq93uh8n819i8ia9b5glhfkyk49g 0 59766 674601 205764 2026-07-09T17:26:19Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:EFF Deputy Secretary-General Leigh-Ann Mathys.png|thumb|Leigh-Ann Mathys]] Leigh-Ann Mathys bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa sitere na Economic Freedom Fighters. A họpụtara ya nso nso a osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka onye na-echekwa ego nke Economic Freedom Fighters ruo Disemba 2019, mgbe Omphile Maotwe nọchiri ya.[1] A họpụtara ya na nzuko omeiwu South Africa na North West na ntuli aka izugbe South Africa 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Leigh-Ann Mathys|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/leigh-ann-mathys/|accessdate=2023-04-17|work=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu National Assembly nke 26th Parliament nke South Africa == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] crk29x41c565vhoez7laajkoee9pds3 0 59776 675064 205777 2026-07-10T11:21:15Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675064 wikitext text/x-wiki Janet Yetta Love (amụrụ 21 Disemba 1957) bụ onye ọrụ obodo South Africa, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye bụbu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jerela ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Electoral Commission of South Africa kemgbe 2018. Tupu nhọpụta ya na Electoral Commission na 2016, ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwa oge na South Africa Human Rights Commission site na 2009 ruo Shei bụ 2016 Legal site na 2009 ruo 2010 Legal. 2018. N'oge apartheid, Love bụ onye otu Umkhonto we Sizwe ma rụọ ọrụ maka African National Congress (ANC) na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'ikpeazụ dị ka onye uweojii na-arụ ọrụ Vula. Ọ nọchitere anya ndị ANC na mkparita ụka ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma mesịa jee ozi na oche ANC na National Assembly site na 1994 ruo 1999, mgbe ọ banyere n'ọrụ obodo. Ọ bụ onye otu National Executive Committee nke ANC site na 2007 ruo 2010. == Mbido ndụ na ime ihe ike == A mụrụ Love na Johannesburg <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jews and the struggle for human rights|url=https://sajmarchives.com/jews-and-the-struggle-for-human-rights-janet-love-interview|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=South African Jewish Museum Archives at Jewish Digital Archive Project}}</ref> na 21 Disemba 1957. Nne na nna ya kwagara South Africa na 1949: nne ya, Dora Rabinowitz, bụ onye Juu na onye lanarịrị Ogige ịta ahụhụ Stutthof, ebe nna ya, Frank Love, bụ onye agha Britain.<ref name=":1" /> Ịhụnanya gụsịrị nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Mahadum Wits, yana diplọma postgraduate na Wits na Mahadim London.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2009-08-04|title=Book of SA Women: Gender and Human Rights|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-08-04-book-of-sa-women-gender-and-human-rights/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Wits, ọ bụ onye otu kansụl nnọchiteanya ụmụ akwụkwọ ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na National Union of South African Students na-mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na kọmitii ụgwọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1975, a nabatara ya n'ime òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress (ANC), mgbe ahụ a machibidoro ya iwu n'ime South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ hapụrụ mba ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1977, n'oge mmegide ọchịchị nke sochiri Nnupụisi Soweto; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ezube ịhapụ maka oge dị mkpirikpi, ọ nọgidere na-agba ọsọ ndụ ruo afọ iri sochirinụ, na-esonyere Umkhonto we Sizwe ma na-arụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mba ofesi nke ANC na South African Congress of Trade Unions . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1987, a kpọghachiri ya na South Africa iji sonye na Operation Vula ọhụrụ na nzuzo nke ANC.<ref name=":1" /> N'ịbụ onye bi na Johannesburg, ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ nkwukọrịta maka Vula, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toupin|first=Sophie|date=2022-11-02|title=Fugitive infrastructure in the fight against South African apartheid|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23802014.2022.2140190|journal=Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal|volume=8|issue=1–3|language=en|pages=121–135|doi=10.1080/23802014.2022.2140190|issn=2380-2014}}</ref> ma mgbe Ngalaba Nchebe kpughere ọrụ ahụ na 1990, ọ gara zoo iji zere njide. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 1990|title=Four More ANC Members Sought in Alleged Plot|url=https://apnews.com/article/03ee99e045697a98d05d45cb90d65238|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> Na Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Love choro ma nata mgbaghara maka itinye aka na Vula nwere ma kesaa ngwá agha n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 March 2000|title=Hanekom pardoned for passing arms to ANC|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/hanekom-pardoned-for-passing-arms-to-anc-30004|accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref> Site na 1991, ọ bụ onye otu ndị nnọchi anya ANC na mkparịta ụka ndị kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, <ref name=":1" /> ọ bụkwa onye otu njikwa na Convention for a Democratic South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vice-Chairperson: Ms Janet Love|url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/Dynamic.aspx?id=1013|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=Electoral Commission}}</ref> == Ọrụ mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị == Na ntuli aka ochichi onye kwuo uche ya nke mbụ nke South Africa na 1994, a họpụtara ịhụnanya ka ọ nọchite anya ANC na National Assembly, ụlọ obere ụlọ omeiwu ọhụrụ South Africa.[1] Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ iwu mmadụ iri abụọ na abụọ bụ onye duziri usoro nke idebe iwu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ,[2] ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo, ihe gbasara mmiri na oke ọhịa.[3]. A họpụtara ya ọzọ ịbụ oge nke abụọ na mgbakọ ahụ na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1999, ma ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya site na 1 August 1999..<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=The National Assembly List of Resinations and Nominations|url=http://parliament.gov.za/na/resign.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000203010351/http://parliament.gov.za/na/resign.htm|archivedate=3 February 2000|accessdate=2023-04-02|work=Parliament of South Africa}}</ref> O mechara banye n'ọrụ gọọmentị, na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Ronnie Kasrils na Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry; dị ka ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' si kwuo, mmetụta ya dị ukwuu nke na a kpọrọ ya na ozi na ngalaba dị ka "onye nnọchi anya minista" Kasrils.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=1999-11-12|title=The people behind the Cabinet: Who does|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-11-12-the-people-behind-the-cabinet-who-does/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> O mechara nọrọ afọ ise dị ka onye njikwa na South African Reserve Bank, na-eduga nyocha atụmatụ na ngalaba ego.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2006, ọ bụ ezie na ya onwe ya abụghị onye ọka iwu, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi mba nke Legal Resources Centre, ụlọ ọrụ ọka iwu kachasị ukwuu na South Africa, nke a maara maka ọrụ pro bono ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vice-Chairperson: Ms Janet Love|url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/Dynamic.aspx?id=1013|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=Electoral Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elections.org.za/content/Dynamic.aspx?id=1013 "Vice-Chairperson: Ms Janet Love"]. ''Electoral Commission''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Tupu Nzukọ Mba nke 52 nke ANC na Disemba 2007, Congress of South African Trade Unions kwadoro Ịhụnanya maka nhọpụta na National Executive Committee (NEC) nke ANC. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-10-25|title=Cosatu's wish list|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-10-26-cosatus-wish-list/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ afọ ise na NEC; site na ọnụ ọgụgụ vootu a natara, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 45 n'ime ndị 80 a họpụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-20|title=Shake-up in ANC national executive|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-12-20-shakeup-in-anc-national-executive/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ: 2009-2016 == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2009, ndị omeiwu tụrụ aro ka a họpụta Love dị ka onye kọmishọna na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge na South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-10-09|title=To err is human, says Mushwana|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-10-09-to-err-is-human-says-mushwana/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ọkwá ọ mechara nwee maka afọ asaa nke gwụchara n'afọ 2016. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vice-Chairperson: Ms Janet Love|url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/Dynamic.aspx?id=1013|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=Electoral Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elections.org.za/content/Dynamic.aspx?id=1013 "Vice-Chairperson: Ms Janet Love"]. ''Electoral Commission''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2010, o guzobere kọmitii SAHRC pụrụ iche gbasara mmetọ mmiri na ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-06|title=Lawyers tackle mega dump plan|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-06-lawyers-tackle-mega-dump-plan/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'ihi na nhọpụta ya bụ nke nwa oge, ọ nọgidekwara bụrụ onye nduzi mba na LRC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-16|title=Richard Calland's all-female Cabinet dream for SA|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-16-richard-callands-all-female-cabinet-dream-for-sa/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na ANC NEC iji were ọkwa SAHRC. Nke a kpatara esemokwu mgbe, na Septemba 2010, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ANC [[Gwede Mantashe]] kwuru na Love so n'ime ndị otu NEC gbara arụkwaghịm iji "nweta na ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ steeti".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-08|title=Zille steps up HRC criticism|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-08-zille-hits-hard-at-hrc-hangberg-probe/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmegide Democratic Alliance kwadoro nhọpụta Love, onye ndú nke pati ahụ, [[Helen Zille]], kwuru na nhazi Mantashe kwesịrị "ịtọ mgbịrịgba mgbaàmà maka onye ọ bụla na-achọ nnwere onwe" nke SAHRC na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke Isi nke itoolu.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-22|title=No love lost for Janet|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-22-no-love-lost-for-janet/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Nkatọ Zille na-aga n'ihu kpaliri arụmụka sara mbara banyere iwu ANC nke Ntinye ndị isi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-19|title=An independent cadre is a contradiction in terms amid party loyalty|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-19-an-independent-cadre-is-a-contradiction-in-terms-amid-party-loyalty/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-12|title=Jobs for pals are sometimes okay|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-12-jobs-for-pals-are-sometimes-okay/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-15|title=The wool has been pulled over your eyes|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-15-the-wool-has-been-pulled-over-your-eyes/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na ọha mmadụ na iwu - gụnyere Geoff Budlender, Zackie Achmat, Paul Verryn, Pierre de Vos, Richard Calland, na Judith February nke Institute for Democratic Alternatives - bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi emeghe nke gbachitere Ịhụnanya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-29|title=Love furore just 'toilet' politics|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-29-love-furore-just-toilet-politics/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru n'akụkụ ụfọdụ:<blockquote>Ọ tụrụ anyị n'anya ma wụọ anyị akpata oyi n'ahụ maka ihe Premier Helen Zille na-ekwu na [Ịhụnanya] agaghị eme ihe n'onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi na ikike ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. N'okpuru nduzi nke Janet Love, LRC lụrụ ọgụ n'atụghị egwu maka ikike nke ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike, na-enweghị ihu ọma na ANC ma ọ bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-22|title=No love lost for Janet|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-22-no-love-lost-for-janet/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-22-no-love-lost-for-janet/ "No love lost for Janet"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 22 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref></blockquote>N'otu afọ ahụ, mgbe a jụrụ ya ma ọ ka bụ onye otu ANC, Love zara, "Nke ahụ bụ azụmahịa nke m," mana o kwuru na ọ bụghị onye otu ọfịs ma ọ bụ usoro mkpebi nke pati ahụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-29|title=Love furore just 'toilet' politics|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-29-love-furore-just-toilet-politics/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-29-love-furore-just-toilet-politics/ "Love furore just 'toilet' politics"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 29 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2014, o kwuru na ya enweghịzi "mmekọrịta ọ bụla" na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, ma e wezụga ịtụ vootu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 November 2014|title=IEC candidates quizzed on political ties|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/iec-candidates-quizzed-on-political-ties-20141120|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Na March 2016, na-agbaso usoro ajụjụ ọnụ, National Assembly kwadoro na a ga-ahọpụta ịhụnanya dị ka onye nlekọta na Electoral Commission of South Africa (IEC), na-ejuputa ohere nke Raenette Taljaard hapụrụ. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị atọ kachasị ukwuu na-akwado nkwado ya - ANC, Democratic Alliance, na Economic Freedom Fighters[1] - ụlọ ahụ kwadoro nhọpụta ya n'otu n'otu. O sonyeere IEC dị ka onye kọmishọna nwa oge na Eprel 2016 wee họpụta ya n'ọkwa oge niile dị ka osote onye isi oche nke IEC na Nọvemba 2018.[3] Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye isi ala nke LRC ruo etiti afọ 2018, [4] mgbe Nersan Govender nọchiri ya.. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-01|title=LRC allows 'harasser' to resign|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-01-00-lrc-allows-harasser-to-resign/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2018-07-05|title=The Legal Resources Centre appoints new National Director|url=https://lrc.org.za/press-release-legal-resources-centre-appoints-new-national-director/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Legal Resources Centre|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dtf80nm8c2da8l20zb0953k1n6uwglz 675067 675064 2026-07-10T11:23:24Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675067 wikitext text/x-wiki Janet Yetta Love (amụrụ 21 Disemba 1957) bụ onye ọrụ obodo South Africa, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye bụbu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jerela ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Electoral Commission of South Africa kemgbe 2018. Tupu nhọpụta ya na Electoral Commission na 2016, ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwa oge na South Africa Human Rights Commission site na 2009 ruo Shei bụ 2016 Legal site na 2009 ruo 2010 Legal. 2018. N'oge apartheid, Love bụ onye otu Umkhonto we Sizwe ma rụọ ọrụ maka African National Congress (ANC) na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'ikpeazụ dị ka onye uweojii na-arụ ọrụ Vula. Ọ nọchitere anya ndị ANC na mkparita ụka ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma mesịa jee ozi na oche ANC na National Assembly site na 1994 ruo 1999, mgbe ọ banyere n'ọrụ obodo. Ọ bụ onye otu National Executive Committee nke ANC site na 2007 ruo 2010. == Mbido ndụ na ime ihe ike == A mụrụ Love na Johannesburg <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jews and the struggle for human rights|url=https://sajmarchives.com/jews-and-the-struggle-for-human-rights-janet-love-interview|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=South African Jewish Museum Archives at Jewish Digital Archive Project}}</ref> na 21 Disemba 1957. Nne na nna ya kwagara South Africa na 1949: nne ya, Dora Rabinowitz, bụ onye Juu na onye lanarịrị Ogige ịta ahụhụ Stutthof, ebe nna ya, Frank Love, bụ onye agha Britain.<ref name=":1" /> Ịhụnanya gụsịrị nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Mahadum Wits, yana diplọma postgraduate na Wits na Mahadim London.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2009-08-04|title=Book of SA Women: Gender and Human Rights|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-08-04-book-of-sa-women-gender-and-human-rights/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Wits, ọ bụ onye otu kansụl nnọchiteanya ụmụ akwụkwọ ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na National Union of South African Students na-mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na kọmitii ụgwọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1975, a nabatara ya n'ime òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress (ANC), mgbe ahụ a machibidoro ya iwu n'ime South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ hapụrụ mba ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1977, n'oge mmegide ọchịchị nke sochiri Nnupụisi Soweto; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ezube ịhapụ maka oge dị mkpirikpi, ọ nọgidere na-agba ọsọ ndụ ruo afọ iri sochirinụ, na-esonyere Umkhonto we Sizwe ma na-arụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mba ofesi nke ANC na South African Congress of Trade Unions . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1987, a kpọghachiri ya na South Africa iji sonye na Operation Vula ọhụrụ na nzuzo nke ANC.<ref name=":1" /> N'ịbụ onye bi na Johannesburg, ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ nkwukọrịta maka Vula, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toupin|first=Sophie|date=2022-11-02|title=Fugitive infrastructure in the fight against South African apartheid|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23802014.2022.2140190|journal=Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal|volume=8|issue=1–3|language=en|pages=121–135|doi=10.1080/23802014.2022.2140190|issn=2380-2014}}</ref> ma mgbe Ngalaba Nchebe kpughere ọrụ ahụ na 1990, ọ gara zoo iji zere njide. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 1990|title=Four More ANC Members Sought in Alleged Plot|url=https://apnews.com/article/03ee99e045697a98d05d45cb90d65238|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> Na Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Love choro ma nata mgbaghara maka itinye aka na Vula nwere ma kesaa ngwá agha n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 March 2000|title=Hanekom pardoned for passing arms to ANC|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/hanekom-pardoned-for-passing-arms-to-anc-30004|accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref> Site na 1991, ọ bụ onye otu ndị nnọchi anya ANC na mkparịta ụka ndị kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, <ref name=":1" /> ọ bụkwa onye otu njikwa na Convention for a Democratic South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vice-Chairperson: Ms Janet Love|url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/Dynamic.aspx?id=1013|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=Electoral Commission}}</ref> == Ọrụ mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị == Na ntuli aka ochichi onye kwuo uche ya nke mbụ nke South Africa na 1994, a họpụtara ịhụnanya ka ọ nọchite anya ANC na National Assembly, ụlọ obere ụlọ omeiwu ọhụrụ South Africa.[1] Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ iwu mmadụ iri abụọ na abụọ bụ onye duziri usoro nke idebe iwu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ,[2] ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo, ihe gbasara mmiri na oke ọhịa.[3]. A họpụtara ya ọzọ ịbụ oge nke abụọ na mgbakọ ahụ na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1999, ma ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya site na 1 August 1999..<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=The National Assembly List of Resinations and Nominations|url=http://parliament.gov.za/na/resign.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000203010351/http://parliament.gov.za/na/resign.htm|archivedate=3 February 2000|accessdate=2023-04-02|work=Parliament of South Africa}}</ref> O mechara banye n'ọrụ gọọmentị, na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Ronnie Kasrils na Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry; dị ka ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' si kwuo, mmetụta ya dị ukwuu nke na a kpọrọ ya na ozi na ngalaba dị ka "onye nnọchi anya minista" Kasrils.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=1999-11-12|title=The people behind the Cabinet: Who does|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-11-12-the-people-behind-the-cabinet-who-does/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> O mechara nọrọ afọ ise dị ka onye njikwa na South African Reserve Bank, na-eduga nyocha atụmatụ na ngalaba ego.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2006, ọ bụ ezie na ya onwe ya abụghị onye ọka iwu, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi mba nke Legal Resources Centre, ụlọ ọrụ ọka iwu kachasị ukwuu na South Africa, nke a maara maka ọrụ pro bono ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Tupu Nzukọ Mba nke 52 nke ANC na Disemba 2007, Congress of South African Trade Unions kwadoro Ịhụnanya maka nhọpụta na National Executive Committee (NEC) nke ANC. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-10-25|title=Cosatu's wish list|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-10-26-cosatus-wish-list/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ afọ ise na NEC; site na ọnụ ọgụgụ vootu a natara, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 45 n'ime ndị 80 a họpụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-20|title=Shake-up in ANC national executive|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-12-20-shakeup-in-anc-national-executive/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ: 2009-2016 == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2009, ndị omeiwu tụrụ aro ka a họpụta Love dị ka onye kọmishọna na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge na South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-10-09|title=To err is human, says Mushwana|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-10-09-to-err-is-human-says-mushwana/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ọkwá ọ mechara nwee maka afọ asaa nke gwụchara n'afọ 2016. <ref name=":3" /> N'afọ 2010, o guzobere kọmitii SAHRC pụrụ iche gbasara mmetọ mmiri na ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-06|title=Lawyers tackle mega dump plan|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-06-lawyers-tackle-mega-dump-plan/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'ihi na nhọpụta ya bụ nke nwa oge, ọ nọgidekwara bụrụ onye nduzi mba na LRC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-16|title=Richard Calland's all-female Cabinet dream for SA|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-16-richard-callands-all-female-cabinet-dream-for-sa/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na ANC NEC iji were ọkwa SAHRC. Nke a kpatara esemokwu mgbe, na Septemba 2010, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ANC [[Gwede Mantashe]] kwuru na Love so n'ime ndị otu NEC gbara arụkwaghịm iji "nweta na ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ steeti".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-08|title=Zille steps up HRC criticism|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-08-zille-hits-hard-at-hrc-hangberg-probe/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmegide Democratic Alliance kwadoro nhọpụta Love, onye ndú nke pati ahụ, [[Helen Zille]], kwuru na nhazi Mantashe kwesịrị "ịtọ mgbịrịgba mgbaàmà maka onye ọ bụla na-achọ nnwere onwe" nke SAHRC na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke Isi nke itoolu.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-22|title=No love lost for Janet|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-22-no-love-lost-for-janet/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Nkatọ Zille na-aga n'ihu kpaliri arụmụka sara mbara banyere iwu ANC nke Ntinye ndị isi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-19|title=An independent cadre is a contradiction in terms amid party loyalty|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-19-an-independent-cadre-is-a-contradiction-in-terms-amid-party-loyalty/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-12|title=Jobs for pals are sometimes okay|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-12-jobs-for-pals-are-sometimes-okay/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-15|title=The wool has been pulled over your eyes|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-15-the-wool-has-been-pulled-over-your-eyes/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na ọha mmadụ na iwu - gụnyere Geoff Budlender, Zackie Achmat, Paul Verryn, Pierre de Vos, Richard Calland, na Judith February nke Institute for Democratic Alternatives - bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi emeghe nke gbachitere Ịhụnanya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-29|title=Love furore just 'toilet' politics|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-29-love-furore-just-toilet-politics/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru n'akụkụ ụfọdụ:<blockquote>Ọ tụrụ anyị n'anya ma wụọ anyị akpata oyi n'ahụ maka ihe Premier Helen Zille na-ekwu na [Ịhụnanya] agaghị eme ihe n'onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi na ikike ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. N'okpuru nduzi nke Janet Love, LRC lụrụ ọgụ n'atụghị egwu maka ikike nke ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike, na-enweghị ihu ọma na ANC ma ọ bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>N'otu afọ ahụ, mgbe a jụrụ ya ma ọ ka bụ onye otu ANC, Love zara, "Nke ahụ bụ azụmahịa nke m," mana o kwuru na ọ bụghị onye otu ọfịs ma ọ bụ usoro mkpebi nke pati ahụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-29|title=Love furore just 'toilet' politics|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-29-love-furore-just-toilet-politics/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-29-love-furore-just-toilet-politics/ "Love furore just 'toilet' politics"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 29 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2014, o kwuru na ya enweghịzi "mmekọrịta ọ bụla" na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, ma e wezụga ịtụ vootu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 November 2014|title=IEC candidates quizzed on political ties|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/iec-candidates-quizzed-on-political-ties-20141120|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Na March 2016, na-agbaso usoro ajụjụ ọnụ, National Assembly kwadoro na a ga-ahọpụta ịhụnanya dị ka onye nlekọta na Electoral Commission of South Africa (IEC), na-ejuputa ohere nke Raenette Taljaard hapụrụ. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị atọ kachasị ukwuu na-akwado nkwado ya - ANC, Democratic Alliance, na Economic Freedom Fighters[1] - ụlọ ahụ kwadoro nhọpụta ya n'otu n'otu. O sonyeere IEC dị ka onye kọmishọna nwa oge na Eprel 2016 wee họpụta ya n'ọkwa oge niile dị ka osote onye isi oche nke IEC na Nọvemba 2018.[3] Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye isi ala nke LRC ruo etiti afọ 2018, [4] mgbe Nersan Govender nọchiri ya.. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-01|title=LRC allows 'harasser' to resign|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-01-00-lrc-allows-harasser-to-resign/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2018-07-05|title=The Legal Resources Centre appoints new National Director|url=https://lrc.org.za/press-release-legal-resources-centre-appoints-new-national-director/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Legal Resources Centre|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] id0ad7qmoy0tpthvc0lqll84bxycl2d 675068 675067 2026-07-10T11:24:20Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675068 wikitext text/x-wiki Janet Yetta Love (amụrụ 21 Disemba 1957) bụ onye ọrụ obodo South Africa, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye bụbu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jerela ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Electoral Commission of South Africa kemgbe 2018. Tupu nhọpụta ya na Electoral Commission na 2016, ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwa oge na South Africa Human Rights Commission site na 2009 ruo Shei bụ 2016 Legal site na 2009 ruo 2010 Legal. 2018. N'oge apartheid, Love bụ onye otu Umkhonto we Sizwe ma rụọ ọrụ maka African National Congress (ANC) na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'ikpeazụ dị ka onye uweojii na-arụ ọrụ Vula. Ọ nọchitere anya ndị ANC na mkparita ụka ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma mesịa jee ozi na oche ANC na National Assembly site na 1994 ruo 1999, mgbe ọ banyere n'ọrụ obodo. Ọ bụ onye otu National Executive Committee nke ANC site na 2007 ruo 2010. == Mbido ndụ na ime ihe ike == A mụrụ Love na Johannesburg <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jews and the struggle for human rights|url=https://sajmarchives.com/jews-and-the-struggle-for-human-rights-janet-love-interview|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=South African Jewish Museum Archives at Jewish Digital Archive Project}}</ref> na 21 Disemba 1957. Nne na nna ya kwagara South Africa na 1949: nne ya, Dora Rabinowitz, bụ onye Juu na onye lanarịrị Ogige ịta ahụhụ Stutthof, ebe nna ya, Frank Love, bụ onye agha Britain.<ref name=":1" /> Ịhụnanya gụsịrị nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Mahadum Wits, yana diplọma postgraduate na Wits na Mahadim London.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2009-08-04|title=Book of SA Women: Gender and Human Rights|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-08-04-book-of-sa-women-gender-and-human-rights/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Wits, ọ bụ onye otu kansụl nnọchiteanya ụmụ akwụkwọ ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na National Union of South African Students na-mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na kọmitii ụgwọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1975, a nabatara ya n'ime òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress (ANC), mgbe ahụ a machibidoro ya iwu n'ime South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ hapụrụ mba ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1977, n'oge mmegide ọchịchị nke sochiri Nnupụisi Soweto; ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ezube ịhapụ maka oge dị mkpirikpi, ọ nọgidere na-agba ọsọ ndụ ruo afọ iri sochirinụ, na-esonyere Umkhonto we Sizwe ma na-arụ ọrụ maka ọrụ mba ofesi nke ANC na South African Congress of Trade Unions . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1987, a kpọghachiri ya na South Africa iji sonye na Operation Vula ọhụrụ na nzuzo nke ANC.<ref name=":1" /> N'ịbụ onye bi na Johannesburg, ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ nkwukọrịta maka Vula, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toupin|first=Sophie|date=2022-11-02|title=Fugitive infrastructure in the fight against South African apartheid|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23802014.2022.2140190|journal=Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal|volume=8|issue=1–3|language=en|pages=121–135|doi=10.1080/23802014.2022.2140190|issn=2380-2014}}</ref> ma mgbe Ngalaba Nchebe kpughere ọrụ ahụ na 1990, ọ gara zoo iji zere njide. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 1990|title=Four More ANC Members Sought in Alleged Plot|url=https://apnews.com/article/03ee99e045697a98d05d45cb90d65238|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=AP News|language=en}}</ref> Na Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Love choro ma nata mgbaghara maka itinye aka na Vula nwere ma kesaa ngwá agha n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 March 2000|title=Hanekom pardoned for passing arms to ANC|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/hanekom-pardoned-for-passing-arms-to-anc-30004|accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref> Site na 1991, ọ bụ onye otu ndị nnọchi anya ANC na mkparịta ụka ndị kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, <ref name=":1" /> ọ bụkwa onye otu njikwa na Convention for a Democratic South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vice-Chairperson: Ms Janet Love|url=https://www.elections.org.za/content/Dynamic.aspx?id=1013|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=Electoral Commission}}</ref> == Ọrụ mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị == Na ntuli aka ochichi onye kwuo uche ya nke mbụ nke South Africa na 1994, a họpụtara ịhụnanya ka ọ nọchite anya ANC na National Assembly, ụlọ obere ụlọ omeiwu ọhụrụ South Africa.[1] Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ iwu mmadụ iri abụọ na abụọ bụ onye duziri usoro nke idebe iwu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ,[2] ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo, ihe gbasara mmiri na oke ọhịa.[3]. A họpụtara ya ọzọ ịbụ oge nke abụọ na mgbakọ ahụ na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1999, ma ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya site na 1 August 1999..<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=The National Assembly List of Resinations and Nominations|url=http://parliament.gov.za/na/resign.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000203010351/http://parliament.gov.za/na/resign.htm|archivedate=3 February 2000|accessdate=2023-04-02|work=Parliament of South Africa}}</ref> O mechara banye n'ọrụ gọọmentị, na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Ronnie Kasrils na Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry; dị ka ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' si kwuo, mmetụta ya dị ukwuu nke na a kpọrọ ya na ozi na ngalaba dị ka "onye nnọchi anya minista" Kasrils.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=1999-11-12|title=The people behind the Cabinet: Who does|url=https://mg.co.za/article/1999-11-12-the-people-behind-the-cabinet-who-does/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> O mechara nọrọ afọ ise dị ka onye njikwa na South African Reserve Bank, na-eduga nyocha atụmatụ na ngalaba ego.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2006, ọ bụ ezie na ya onwe ya abụghị onye ọka iwu, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi mba nke Legal Resources Centre, ụlọ ọrụ ọka iwu kachasị ukwuu na South Africa, nke a maara maka ọrụ pro bono ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Tupu Nzukọ Mba nke 52 nke ANC na Disemba 2007, Congress of South African Trade Unions kwadoro Ịhụnanya maka nhọpụta na National Executive Committee (NEC) nke ANC. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-10-25|title=Cosatu's wish list|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-10-26-cosatus-wish-list/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ afọ ise na NEC; site na ọnụ ọgụgụ vootu a natara, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 45 n'ime ndị 80 a họpụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-20|title=Shake-up in ANC national executive|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-12-20-shakeup-in-anc-national-executive/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ: 2009-2016 == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2009, ndị omeiwu tụrụ aro ka a họpụta Love dị ka onye kọmishọna na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge na South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC), <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-10-09|title=To err is human, says Mushwana|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-10-09-to-err-is-human-says-mushwana/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ọkwá ọ mechara nwee maka afọ asaa nke gwụchara n'afọ 2016. <ref name=":3" /> N'afọ 2010, o guzobere kọmitii SAHRC pụrụ iche gbasara mmetọ mmiri na ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-05-06|title=Lawyers tackle mega dump plan|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-06-lawyers-tackle-mega-dump-plan/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'ihi na nhọpụta ya bụ nke nwa oge, ọ nọgidekwara bụrụ onye nduzi mba na LRC.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-16|title=Richard Calland's all-female Cabinet dream for SA|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-16-richard-callands-all-female-cabinet-dream-for-sa/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na ANC NEC iji were ọkwa SAHRC. Nke a kpatara esemokwu mgbe, na Septemba 2010, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ANC [[Gwede Mantashe]] kwuru na Love so n'ime ndị otu NEC gbara arụkwaghịm iji "nweta na ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ steeti".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-08|title=Zille steps up HRC criticism|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-08-zille-hits-hard-at-hrc-hangberg-probe/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmegide Democratic Alliance kwadoro nhọpụta Love, onye ndú nke pati ahụ, [[Helen Zille]], kwuru na nhazi Mantashe kwesịrị "ịtọ mgbịrịgba mgbaàmà maka onye ọ bụla na-achọ nnwere onwe" nke SAHRC na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke Isi nke itoolu.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-22|title=No love lost for Janet|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-22-no-love-lost-for-janet/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Nkatọ Zille na-aga n'ihu kpaliri arụmụka sara mbara banyere iwu ANC nke Ntinye ndị isi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-19|title=An independent cadre is a contradiction in terms amid party loyalty|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-19-an-independent-cadre-is-a-contradiction-in-terms-amid-party-loyalty/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-12|title=Jobs for pals are sometimes okay|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-12-jobs-for-pals-are-sometimes-okay/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-15|title=The wool has been pulled over your eyes|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-15-the-wool-has-been-pulled-over-your-eyes/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na ọha mmadụ na iwu - gụnyere Geoff Budlender, Zackie Achmat, Paul Verryn, Pierre de Vos, Richard Calland, na Judith February nke Institute for Democratic Alternatives - bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi emeghe nke gbachitere Ịhụnanya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2010-10-29|title=Love furore just 'toilet' politics|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2010-10-29-love-furore-just-toilet-politics/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru n'akụkụ ụfọdụ:<blockquote>Ọ tụrụ anyị n'anya ma wụọ anyị akpata oyi n'ahụ maka ihe Premier Helen Zille na-ekwu na [Ịhụnanya] agaghị eme ihe n'onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi na ikike ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. N'okpuru nduzi nke Janet Love, LRC lụrụ ọgụ n'atụghị egwu maka ikike nke ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike, na-enweghị ihu ọma na ANC ma ọ bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref name=":6" /></blockquote>N'otu afọ ahụ, mgbe a jụrụ ya ma ọ ka bụ onye otu ANC, Love zara, "Nke ahụ bụ azụmahịa nke m," mana o kwuru na ọ bụghị onye otu ọfịs ma ọ bụ usoro mkpebi nke pati ahụ.<ref name=":7" /> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2014, o kwuru na ya enweghịzi "mmekọrịta ọ bụla" na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, ma e wezụga ịtụ vootu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 November 2014|title=IEC candidates quizzed on political ties|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/iec-candidates-quizzed-on-political-ties-20141120|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Na March 2016, na-agbaso usoro ajụjụ ọnụ, National Assembly kwadoro na a ga-ahọpụta ịhụnanya dị ka onye nlekọta na Electoral Commission of South Africa (IEC), na-ejuputa ohere nke Raenette Taljaard hapụrụ. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị atọ kachasị ukwuu na-akwado nkwado ya - ANC, Democratic Alliance, na Economic Freedom Fighters[1] - ụlọ ahụ kwadoro nhọpụta ya n'otu n'otu. O sonyeere IEC dị ka onye kọmishọna nwa oge na Eprel 2016 wee họpụta ya n'ọkwa oge niile dị ka osote onye isi oche nke IEC na Nọvemba 2018.[3] Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye isi ala nke LRC ruo etiti afọ 2018, [4] mgbe Nersan Govender nọchiri ya.. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-01|title=LRC allows 'harasser' to resign|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-01-00-lrc-allows-harasser-to-resign/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2018-07-05|title=The Legal Resources Centre appoints new National Director|url=https://lrc.org.za/press-release-legal-resources-centre-appoints-new-national-director/|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=The Legal Resources Centre|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4sefk014swnp7yzswgn00sx4xbrv7xl 0 59783 674717 497246 2026-07-09T21:26:41Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674717 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nyerere with Bibi Titi (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bibi Titi Mohamed]]   '''Bibi Titi Mohammed''' (June 1926 - 5 November 2000) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-eme ihe ike na Tanzania. A mụrụ ya na June 1926 na Dar es Salaam, n'oge ahụ isi obodo nke Tanganyika. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ma kwado onye isi ala mbụ nke [[Tanzania]], Julius Nyerere. Bibi Titi Mohammed bụ onye otu Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), otu na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe nke Tanzania, ma nwee ọkwa dị iche iche.<ref name="awaazmagazine.com">{{Cite web|first=Joseph|author=Lwannia|url=http://awaazmagazine.com/previous/index.php/latest-issue/special-features/item/551-bibi-titi-mohamed-and-the-historical-context-of-the-time-in-tanzania|title=Bibi Titi Mohamed and the historical context of the time in Tanzania|date=January 30, 2015|work=Awaaz Magazine|accessdate=March 25, 2025|archivedate=May 23, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523155123/https://awaazmagazine.com/previous/index.php/latest-issue/special-features/item/551-bibi-titi-mohamed-and-the-historical-context-of-the-time-in-tanzania}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtiwadawa.co/2016/01/bibi-titi-mohammed-mama-wa-watanganyika/|title=BIBI TITI MOHAMMED MAMA WA WATANGANYIKA ALIYE SAHAULIWA|author=Don|date=January 23, 2016|work=Mtiwadawa|language=en-US|accessdate=December 9, 2018|archivedate=December 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210064735/https://www.mtiwadawa.co/2016/01/bibi-titi-mohammed-mama-wa-watanganyika/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1969, a mara ya ikpe maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ abụọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ natara mgbaghara onye isi ala. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === Ka ọ na-etolite n'ebo Matumbi, nna ya jụrụ iziga ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'ihi na ọ na-atụ egwu na ọ ga-efunahụ okwukwe ndị Alakụba ya. Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, nne ya kpebiri iziga ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'ihi na ọ hụrụ mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị maka nwa agbọghọ.<ref name="awaazmagazine.com"/> Mmetụta nne Bibi Titi nyeere Bibi aka ịlụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ma nyere ya aka n'ọgụ ya maka nnwere onwe. === Alụmdi na nwunye na ụmụ === Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ lụrụ nwoke tọrọ ya, onye ọ gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe amuchara nwa mbụ ya, nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Halima. N'ihi echiche Bibi Titi, ekweghị ka nwa ya nwanyị lụọ di, ruo mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Bibi Titi mechara lụọ di ọzọ ma gbaa di abụọ ọzọ alụkwaghịm.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/bibi-titi-mohamed-tanzania/|title=Bibi Titi Mohamed|date=March 14, 2016|work=African Feminist Forum|accessdate=November 25, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Bibi Titi Mohammad malitere ọrụ ihu ọha ya dị ka onye na-agụ egwú na ngoma (otu egwu na egwu), ebe ọ na-eme emume ọmụmụ onye amụma [[Muhammad|Mohammed]] n'oge Maulidi. N'afọ 1950, mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, ọ malitere itinye aka na mmegharị mba na Tanzania na July 7, 1954, Julius Nyerere kere TANU. Ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi ya, mgbe onye ọkwọ ụgbọala nke ezinụlọ mara ya na 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Meena|first=Ruth|title=Gender and Political Empowerment: a Conversation with Tanzanian Political Veteran Bibi Titi|url=http://www.gwsafrica.org/knowledge/bibi.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724081227/http://www.gwsafrica.org/knowledge/bibi.html|archivedate=July 24, 2007|work=GWS – Feminist Knowledge – Politics|date=July 24, 2007}}</ref> N'afọ 1955, Mohammed ghọrọ onye isi oche nke 'Umoja wa Wanawake wa Tanzania' (UWT - United Women of Tanzania), nke bụ alaka ụmụ nwanyị nke TANU. N'ime ọnwa atọ ọ batara n'ọkwa ahụ, o nwere ike idebanye aha ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 5,000 na TANU ma nyere aka rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọgụ maka nnwere onwe megide ọchịchị ndị Britain. Mohammed nwere ike iweta echiche UWT n'etiti ndị mmadụ ma jikọta ụmụ nwanyị megide ọchịchị ndị agha site n'inye ha otu olu.<ref name=":0"/> Tanzania ghọrọ mba nwere onwe ya na 1961, ndị ndu ya nyekwara aka dee iwu ahụ na 1964. Ọ ghọrọ obere minista maka ụmụ nwanyị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma nweta ọnọdụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ọchịchị Tanzania. Ọzọkwa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta All African Women Conference. N'afọ 1965, Bibi Titi tụfuru oche omeiwu ya, nke pụtara na ọ tụfuru ike. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1967, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na kọmitii etiti nke pati ahụ. Ọ na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ndokwa dị na Arusha Declaration, atụmatụ Nyerere maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa. Nkwupụta a machibidoro ndị otu kọmitii etiti niile ịgbazite ụlọ. N'ihi enweghị agụmakwụkwọ nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị, ikike ịgbazite ụlọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ole na ole nyeere ha aka inweta ego siri ike.<ref name=":0"/> === UWT === Bibi Titi Mohammed bụ onye dị mkpa maka ịmepụta TANU (Tanganyika African National Union), nke ghọrọ nnukwu òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tanzania. Mmekọrịta Mohammed malitere mgbe ọ zutere Julius Nyerere, onye ga-emesị bụrụ onye isi ala mbụ. Mohammed na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ka Sofia Kawawa nwere ike ijide ọkwa ndị ndu na TANU, karịsịa n'ihi nkwenye Nyerere na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. Inye ụmụ nwanyị anya bụ isi ihe kachasị mkpa na iwu Nyerere, na-enye Mohammed ikpo okwu ọ chọrọ. Bibi Titi Mohammed bụ onye ndú nke ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke TANU, nke a na-akpọ Umoja wa Wanawake wa Tanzania (UWT). Nzukọ a bụ isi ihe na-akwalite nkwenkwe na echiche nke TANU. UWT bụkwa ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịdị n'otu ụmụ nwanyị na Tanzania dum. === Njide na njide === N'October 1969, e jidere Bibi Titi na onye bụbu Minista Labour Michael Kamaliza, tinyere ndị ọrụ agha anọ, ebubo na ha na-akpa nkata ịkwatu ọchịchị.[1] Ahụrụ ya dị ka onye kpatara ngagharị iwe, a gbara ya ikpe maka ịkpara nkata iweghara ọchịchị Tanzania. Ekpere ikpe ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru nke Tanzania, na mgbe ikpe ụbọchị 127 gasịrị, a mara Mohammed ikpe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndụ; a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n’ụlọ. Mgbe a na-ekpe ya ikpe, ndị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gọnahụrụ ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị enyi ya gbahapụrụ ya. Mgbe ọ nọ n’ụlọ mkpọrọ, di ya, bụ́ onye ihere ya mere, gbara ya alụkwaghịm ma hapụ naanị ya iji gbalịa igosi na aka ya dị ọcha. Mgbe afọ abụọ gachara mkpọrọ ndụ ya, Nyerere weghaara mkpọrọ ya, a tọhapụrụ ya n’ụlọ mkpọrọ. === Ọnwụ na nkwenye n'oge na-adịghị anya === Bere a Bibi Titi fii afiase no, ɔkɔɔ so yɛɛ adwuma wɔ asɛnka adwuma no mu wɔ Johannesburg, South Africa.[1][2][3] N'afọ 1991, mgbe Tanzania na-eme mmemme afọ 30 nke nnwere onwe, Bibi Titi pụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ pati na-achị achị dị ka "Onye dike nke Uhuru (Freedom) Struggle". Na Nọvemba 5, 2000, Mohammed nwụrụ n'ụlọọgwụ Net Care dị na Johannesburg, ebe a na-agwọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Back to Work After Election Riots|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/36/342.html|work=www.hartford-hwp.com}}</ref> == Ihe Nketa == Ihe nketa Bibi Titi Mohammed na-adị na Tanzania. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na agụmakwụkwọ na nha anya ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ lụrụ ọgụ megide ọchịchị ya maka ihe o kweere, ọ bụrụgodị na ọ kpataara ya nsogbu. Taa, otu n'ime okporo ụzọ Dar es Salaam bụ aha Mohammed maka nkwanye ugwu maka nnukwu ihe ọ rụpụtara na nnwere onwe Tanzania. N'afọ 2020, ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Deutsche Welle 'African Roots' <ref>{{Cite web|author=Deutsche Welle|date=2020-02-24|title=African Roots: DW relaunches successful history format {{!}} DW {{!}} 24.02.2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/african-roots-dw-relaunches-successful-history-format/a-52465853|accessdate=2021-05-15|work=www.dw.com|language=en-GB|quote=... a unique collaboration employing African sources, historians, cultural scientists, writers, journalists and cartoonists. It targets the young generation, which makes up the vast majority of Africa's population.}}</ref> maka ndị na-eto eto n'Africa mepụtara akụkọ na vidiyo banyere ndụ ya. == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Gary L.|date=2007|title=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1452265650}} * {{Cite book|author=Cornwall|first=Andrea|date=2005|title=Readings in Gender in Africa|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0253345170}} * {{Cite book|author=Sheldon|first=Kathleen E.|date=2005|title=Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0810853310}} == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4fxkcmlqugiplgjo0f0waj7j8b7c2p6 0 59787 675079 657552 2026-07-10T11:56:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 675079 wikitext text/x-wiki Joyce Ludovick Kinabo (amuru 1955, dika Joyce Chisawilo) bu onye okacha amara na onye nyocha nke Tanzania.[1] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) na Morogoro, Tanzania, na Ngalaba Nkà na Ụzụ Nri, ebe ọ na-eme nchọpụta ma kuzie akụkụ dị iche iche nke sayensị nri nri..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coa.sua.ac.tz/afood/index.php/86-staff?start=30|title=Prof Joyce Kinabo Sokoine University of Agriculture Profile|accessdate=2025-03-25|archivedate=2021-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205144/https://www.coa.sua.ac.tz/afood/index.php/86-staff?start=30}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Joyce Kinabo, PhD {{!}} IANDA|url=https://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/joyce-kinabo-phd|accessdate=2022-03-10|work=ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu|archivedate=2021-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203102/https://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/joyce-kinabo-phd}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-10</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Joyce Kinabo - AGRIDIET|url=https://agridiet.ucc.ie/2013/02/19/joyce-kinabo/|accessdate=2022-03-10|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203658/https://agridiet.ucc.ie/2013/02/19/joyce-kinabo/|archivedate=24 June 2021}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na nsọpụrụ == A mụrụ Kinabo na 22 Julaị 1955 n'aka David Peter Chisawilo na Ekilia David Chitungo-Chisawilo na Mpwapwa, mpaghara Dodoma, Tanzania. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, a họpụtara Joyce ka ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị Kilakala na 1975 ma mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụchara afọ ọrụ mmanye nke ọrụ ọha.[1] N'afọ 1980, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na ọrụ ugbo site na isi na Sayensị nri na teknụzụ sitere na Mahadum Dar es Salaam. Ọ gara ọrụ na Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center . <ref name="Mrindoko 2012">{{Cite news|author=Mrindoko|first=Sebastian|title=Joyce Kinabo: Prof Who Has Excelled in Human Nutrition|url=https://www.dailynews.co.tz/news/joyce-kinabo-prof-who-has-excelled-in-human-nutrition.aspx|accessdate=21 June 2021|work=Daily News|date=March 15, 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1984 ọ nwetara nzere Master of Science na sayensị nri na Mahadum Leeds na England ma na 1990 nata Doctor of Science na Nutritional Physiology na Mahadim Glasgow. Scotland <ref name=":0"/><ref name="Nations 2019 p. 72">{{Cite book|author=Nations|first=F.A.O.U.|title=International Symposium on Fisheries Sustainability: Strengthening the science-policy nexus|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|year=2019|isbn=978-92-5-131898-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecS8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|accessdate=21 June 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Andrew Tarimo - Injinia na-agba mmiri na Tanzania == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c8d8vtrptqwdwyy6nt72sh32lgy30oo 0 59876 674812 540325 2026-07-10T04:32:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674812 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg''', amụrụ na 17 Disemba 1937, na [[Cape Town]], bụ onye ọcha South Africa na-etinye aka na nkwụsi ike nke ime apartheid . Mgbe ọ kuchiri nwa ogbi na-enyere ndị isi ojii aka n'oge dị iche iche, ọ chụpụrụ onwe ya na [[Netherlands]], wee gaa [[New Zealand]], bụ ebe ọ gara n'ihu n'ọgụ ya. Ọ laghachiri [[South Africa]] na 2004. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ntorobịa na omume mbụ === Amụrụ ya na 17 Disemba 1937, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg|accessdate=2024-07-21|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=2022-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023323/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg}}</ref> na [[Cape Town]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Jacqueline Daane-van Rensburg (1937 - )|url=https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937|work=Official website of the Presidency of South Africa|accessdate=2025-03-27|archivedate=2025-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626164238/https://www.presidency.gov.za/jacqueline-daane-van-rensburg-1937}}</ref> Nsogbu ya na ndị ọchịchị malitere n'afọ 1956, mgbe ọ kuchiri nwa ogbi nke na-enweghị isi ma kpebie iziga ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche dị na Worcester, nke dị na Cape Town. <ref name=":0" /> Ndị uwe ojii manyere ya ịkwaga, <ref name=":0" /> na mgbakwunye, di ya na di ya tụfuru ọrụ ha. <ref name=":2" /> N'ịbụ onye biri na Claremont, ọ chere nsogbu ihu ngwa ngwa ọzọ. N'afọ 1958, ọ gbara otu onye uwe ojii akwụkwọ mgbe ọ gbachara akaebe na ọ na-eti otu nwoke ojii ihe. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ihe omume ndị a gasịrị, Daane-van Rensburg aghaghị ịkwaga ọzọ. <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1959, o nyeere onye India nke ụgbọ ala kụrụ aka wee nweta ịdọ aka ná ntị sitere n'aka ndị uwe ojii Claremont. <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ sochirinụ, ndị uwe ojii ji égbè jide onye South Africa mgbe o nyesịrị ndị isi ojii mmiri ya n'oge ngosi. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> === Nchụpụ === Ọ họọrọ ịga biri n'ala ọzọ na 1960 ya na ezinụlọ ya ma kwaga [[Netherlands]], bụ ebe ọ kpọtụụrụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ozugbo . <ref name=":0" /> Daane-van Rensburg wee nọrọ oge ụfọdụ na [[New Zealand]], ebe ọ haziri otu ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma na-akpakọrịta na ọtụtụ ndị praịm minista obodo <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> karịsịa ka ọ rụọ ọrụ iji kagbuo njem Springbok . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> === laghachi === Mgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị, e kwere ka ọ laghachi South Africa na 2004. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> Na 27 Maachị 2009, ọ natara Order nke Luthuli maka "nkwụsị obi ya megide ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mgbasa ozi ya na-agwụ ike maka ntọhapụ nke South Africa na nyiwe mba ụwa". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-27-march-2009|title=National Orders awards 27 March 2009 &#124; South African Government|accessdate=21 July 2024|archivedate=20 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120122304/https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-27-march-2009}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j5kvclyw92rdx3no27qu1k985t5gwy7 0 59931 675056 208711 2026-07-10T11:03:39Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Janet Smith|office=[[First Lady of Zimbabwe|Spouse of the Prime Minister of Rhodesia]]|term_label=In role|honorific_suffix={{Post nominals|country=ZAR|CLM|size=100%}}|image=|predecessor=Barbara Field|primeminister=[[Ian Smith]]|successor=Maggie Muzorewa|termend=1 June 1979|termstart=13 April 1964|birth_name=Janet Watt|birth_date=1915|birth_place=[[Cape Town]], Cape Province, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]|death_date=3 December 1994 (aged 79)|death_place=[[Harare]], Zimbabwe|resting_place=[[Shurugwi]], Zimbabwe|spouse={{marriage|[[Piet Duvenage]]|1942|1947|end=died}}<br />{{marriage|[[Ian Smith]]|August 1948}}|relations=[[Owen Horwood]] <small>(brother-in-law)</small><br />[[Clem Tholet]] <small>(son-in-law)</small>|children=Robert<br />Jean<br />[[Alec Smith|Alec]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cape Town]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small>|occupation=Teacher; farmer|awards={{MilAward Stack|CLM|size=x12px}}}} '''Janet Duvenage Smith''' CLM ( ''née'' '''Watt''' ; 1915 – 3 Disemba 1994), bụ nwunye Ian Smith, Prime Minister nke Rhodesia site na 1964 ruo 1979. Amụrụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Cape Town wee bụrụ onye nkuzi. Na 1942, ọ lụrụ [[Piet Duvenage]], onye egwuregwu rugby, ma mụọ ụmụ abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ na ihe mberede na ubi rugby na 1947. N'afọ sochirinụ, obere nleta ya na ezinụlọ ya na Southern Rhodesia bịara bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ natara ọrụ nkuzi na Selukwe . N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye si na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] lọta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. N'afọ 1948, di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ ma zụta otu ugbo, a họpụtakwara Ian n'Òtù Ndị Omeiwu Southern Rhodesia . N'afọ 1964, mgbe Ian Smith ghọrọ Prime Minister nke Rhodesia, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n'ụlọ ndị praịm minista na Salisbury . Smith kewara oge ya n'etiti ọrụ steeti na ijikwa ugbo azụ na Selukwe. Mgbe [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe nwechara onwe ya]] na United Kingdom, e meriri di ya na ntuli aka 1980, mana ọ nọgidere na nzuko omeiwu nke Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Smith gara n'ihu kewaa oge ya n'etiti Harare na ugbo ruo mgbe ọrịa kansa nwụrụ ya na 1994. == Ndụ mmalite, agụmakwụkwọ, na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ == A mụrụ Janet Watt na [[Cape Town]] na Union of South Africa na 1915. Ndị mụrụ ya si Scotland, nna ya bụkwa dọkịta na-awa ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxcJAAAAIAAJ|title=Rhodesia and Independence|author=Young|first=Kenneth|date=1967|publisher=J. H. Heineman|pages=125|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gara Mahadum Cape Town, ebe ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, geology, na nkà ihe ọmụma ụfọdụ, ma bụrụ onye egwuregwu egwuregwu hockey egwuregwu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqpBAAAAYAAJ|title=Smith of Rhodesia|author=White|first=Matthew C.|date=1 January 1978|publisher=Printpak|isbn=9780909238360|pages=16|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ|title=Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography|author=Joyce|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Graham Publishing|isbn=9780869210000|location=Salisbury|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1056|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008|author=Goldman|first=Lawrence|date=7 March 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199671540|pages=1056|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ịgba hockey maka Western Province . <ref name=":4" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere obere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye nọ na campus dị ka onye òtù rugby na-eleta Rhodes University.<ref name=":3" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Watt nwetara nzere nkuzi ya wee bụrụ onye nkuzi akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ|title=Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography|author=Joyce|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Graham Publishing|isbn=9780869210000|location=Salisbury|pages=65|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJoyce1974">Joyce, Peter (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ ''Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography'']. Salisbury: Graham Publishing. p.&nbsp;65. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780869210000|<bdi>9780869210000</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Na 1942, ọ lụrụ [[Piet Duvenage]], dibịa na onye egwuregwu rugby. <ref name=":3" /> Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Robert, na otu nwa nwanyị, Jean. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1056|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008|author=Goldman|first=Lawrence|date=7 March 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199671540|pages=1056|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGoldman2013">Goldman, Lawrence (7 March 2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1056 ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008'']. OUP Oxford. p.&nbsp;1056. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780199671540|<bdi>9780199671540</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Piet Duvenage nwụrụ na mberede mberede n'ọhịa n'oge egwuregwu ịgba rugby na Mee 1947. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27900003/1006413|title=Trove news archives}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Nwatakịrị nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, a hapụrụ ya ka ọ na-azụ ụmụ ya abụọ n'ụgwọ onye nkụzi. <ref name=":6" /> == Gaa na Southern Rhodesia na Ian Smith == Na 1947, Duvenage kpọọrọ ụmụ ya abụọ gaa Selukwe, Southern Rhodesia, ka ya na ezinụlọ nọrọ maka obere ezumike. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith]]|author=Smith|first=Ian|publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]]|year=1997|isbn=1-85782-176-9|location=London|pages=28–29}}</ref> Nkwagharị ahụ ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ nakweere ọrụ sitere na Selukwe Primary School. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith|author=Berlyn|first=Phillippa|publisher=M O Collins|year=1978|location=Salisbury|pages=81–88|oclc=4282978}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, site n'aka nwanne ya nwanyị, ọ matara Ian Smith, bụ onye lọghachiri n'obodo ya na nso nso a ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na Gwebi College of Agriculture . <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ|title=Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography|author=Joyce|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Graham Publishing|isbn=9780869210000|location=Salisbury|pages=65|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJoyce1974">Joyce, Peter (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ ''Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography'']. Salisbury: Graham Publishing. p.&nbsp;65. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780869210000|<bdi>9780869210000</bdi>]].</cite></ref> O mechara dee na àgwà kacha dọtara ya n'ebe Janet nọ bụ ọgụgụ isi ya, obi ike ya na "mmegide ya n'ụkpụrụ isi n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ ịgbanahụ okwu.&nbsp;... ọchịchọ ya bụ ịhọrọ mkpebi nke chọrọ obi ike, n'adịghị ka ụzọ dị mfe isi pụta." <ref name=":7" /> N'afọ 1948, ya na Smith malitere ọrụ, ọ malitekwara ọkwa ọhụrụ dị ka onye isi mgbakọ na mwepụ na geoography na Chaplin High School na Gwelo dị nso. <ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ ugbo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Faịlụ:Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg|thumb| Ian Smith, ihe dịka 1954]] Na July 1948, a kpọrọ ntuli aka izugbe na Southern Rhodesia mgbe ọchịchị United Party, nke Prime Minister, Sir Godfrey Huggins na-achị, tụfuru votu na-atụghị anya ya na Mgbakọ omebe iwu . <ref name=":1" /> N'August, ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu ụbọchị ntuli aka, ndị otu Liberal Party na-emegide Ian Smith bịakwutere ya ka ọ gbaa ntuli aka na Selukwe. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ian-smith-rhodesian-prime-minister-who-attempted-to-prevent-black-rule-by-declaring-independence-758993.html|title=Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black|date=22 November 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Jacob Smit 's Liberal, n'agbanyeghị aha ha, bụ ndị na-enweghị isi, na-anọchite anya ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa, ngwuputa ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Rhodesia|author=Blake|first=Robert|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]]|year=1977|isbn=978-0-413-28350-4|location=London|pages=237}}</ref> Smith nwere mmasị na mbụ, na-ekwu na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịhazi ndụ ya ka ọ kwụ ọtọ, ma kwetara mgbe otu n'ime ndị ọrụ Liberal tụrụ aro na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike inye ya ohere ịgbachitere ụkpụrụ ndị ọ lụrụ ọgụ na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] . N'ịbụ ndị agbamakwụkwọ ha ji obere abalị iri na anọ pụọ, Smith tụrụ n'anya ịnụ maka mkpebi di ya ịgba ọsọ maka Mgbakọ omebe iwu Southern Rhodesian, ebe ọ nụtụbeghị mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ jụrụ ya, "Ị nwere mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị?" <ref name=":1" /> Ọ zaghachiri, sị, "Enweghị m ike ịsị na m nwere mmasị n'ezie na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pati, mana m na-enwekarị mmasị na ọchịchị dị mma." <ref name=":1" /> Na mgbakwunye na ịghọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, August 1948 dị mkpa maka Smiths n'ụzọ abụọ ọzọ: ọ bụ ọnwa ha lụrụ, na ọnwa ha zụtara ugbo mbụ ha. <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1056|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008|author=Goldman|first=Lawrence|date=7 March 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199671540|pages=1056|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ian-smith-rhodesian-prime-minister-who-attempted-to-prevent-black-rule-by-declaring-independence-758993.html|title=Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black|date=22 November 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> 3,600-acre (15 km ugbo bụ ala siri ike nke dị nso na Selukwe, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Lundi na Impali na mmiri doro anya gbawara agbawa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith]]|author=Smith|first=Ian|publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]]|year=1997|isbn=1-85782-176-9|location=London|pages=28–29}}</ref> Ha na-akpọ ya "Gwenoro", na-eji aha ndị Karanga nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-ezo aka na iyi, [ 12 ] ma guzobe ebe a na-azụ anụ ebe ha na-azụ ehi na-akụ ụtaba na ọka. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith|author=Berlyn|first=Phillippa|publisher=M O Collins|year=1978|location=Salisbury|pages=81–88|oclc=4282978}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBerlyn1978">Berlyn, Phillippa (1978). ''The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith''. Salisbury: M O Collins. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">81–</span>88. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4282978 4282978].</cite></ref> Ian kuchiri ụmụ ya, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spitfiresocietytrustza.org/ian-smith-altimeter/|title=Ian Smith and his Altimeter – The Spitfire Society Trust ZA|date=30 March 2017|work=The Spitfire Society Trust ZA|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> na-ewere ọrụ nke ịbụ nna ozugbo, akụkụ ụfọdụ, dịka ọ kọwara, "n'ihi na amaara m [Piet Duvenage] nke ọma" site n'ịgba rugby megide ya. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ|title=Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography|author=Joyce|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Graham Publishing|isbn=9780869210000|location=Salisbury|pages=65|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJoyce1974">Joyce, Peter (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ ''Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography'']. Salisbury: Graham Publishing. p.&nbsp;65. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780869210000|<bdi>9780869210000</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ahụ gasịrị, na ụbọchị ole na ole 'honiimuunu na Victoria Falls, Smiths laghachiri n'ụlọ wee banye ozugbo na mkpọsa ntuli aka. <ref name=":8" /> Na ntuli aka na 15 Septemba, Ian Smith meriri na votu 361, nnukwu ntuli aka 100+ karịa onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Labour nke abụọ. Na 28 afọ, ọ ghọrọ ọdụdụ MP na Southern Rhodesian akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a911d08-97a8-11dc-9e08-0000779fd2ac|title=Obituary: Ian Smith, architect of white-minority rule in Rhodesia|author=Holman|first=Michael|date=20 November 2007|work=Financial Times|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye tolitere na mpaghara [[Cape Town]] nke ukwuu nke na ọ na-enwetụbeghị ntuli aka, Smith echeghị na ịbanye di ya na nzuko omeiwu ga-agbanwe ndụ ha ma ọlị. "Nke mbụ, m na-alụ onye ọrụ ugbo," ka o mesịrị kwuo, "ugbu a ọ ga-abụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ya mere, m sịrị, 'Ọfọn, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere mmasị n'ezie na ya, gaa n'ihu.'...&nbsp;Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bịara m—ịbụ onye na-adịghị aghọta ihe banyere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị—na ndụ anyị ga-emetụta n’obere ogo.” <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith|author=Berlyn|first=Phillippa|publisher=M O Collins|year=1978|location=Salisbury|pages=81–88|oclc=4282978}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n’oge na-adịghị anya, ọ bịara pụta ìhè na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke di ya mere ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge pụọ na Selukwe na-arụ ọrụ na Salisbury, nke pụtara na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'oge ọ na-anọghị ya.<ref name=":3" /> Na 20 May 1949, otu nwa ha nwoke, Alec, mụrụ na Gwelo . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/ "Heart attack kills Smith's only son"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 25 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alec-smith-6110082.html|title=Alec Smith|date=2 February 2006|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> == Nwunye onye isi ala == Ian Smith gbapụrụ na Liberal Party gaa na United Federal Party, wee jee ozi dị ka Chief Whip site na 1958 gawa. Ọ hapụrụ na 1961 na mkpesa na iwu ọhụrụ nke ókèala ahụ, n'afọ sochirinụ nyeere Winston Field aka iguzobe Rhodesian Front (RF) na-acha ọcha, na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke kpọrọ maka nnwere onwe na-enweghị mgbanwe ozugbo na ọchịchị ndị isi ojii. Echiche ziri ezi nke di ya abụghị nsogbu nye Smith, onye echiche ya gbasara agbụrụ siri ike karịa nke ya. <ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1569986/Ian-Smith.html|title=Ian Smith|date=21 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Ian ghọrọ onye osote onye isi ala na-esochi mmeri ntuli aka nke Rhodesian Front na Disemba 1962, wee rute na onye isi ala mgbe Field gbara arụkwaghịm na Eprel 1964. Ndị Smith hapụrụ njikwa nke ugbo ahụ nye ndị ọzọ, ma kwaga Salisbury ịkwaga na State House, ebe obibi onye isi ala. <ref name=":11" /> Na 11 Nọvemba 1965, n'ihi ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na Britain dara ada, Ian Smith na ndị otu ya kwuputara nnwere onwe dị ka Rhodesia . Smith ga-ejide ọkwa praịmarị ihe dịka afọ iri na ọkara na-abịa. Dị ka nwunye Prime Minister, Smith ji ọtụtụ oge ya tinye aka na ihe gbasara steeti, <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alec-smith-6110082.html|title=Alec Smith|date=2 February 2006|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> nke mere na nwa ya nwoke bụ Alec kọwara ya dị ka "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ikuku" nye ya n'oge ahụ. <ref name=":10" /> N'ịbụ onye ndị nne na nna na-adịghị na-elekọta ya, Alec dị afọ iri na ụma ghọrọ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe nile na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na ọgwụ ike. <ref name=":10" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ma Janet na Ian nwere mmasị na oge ya na premiership. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpG90n8YLOwC&pg=PA302|title=A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969|author=Wood|first=J. R. T.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934092|language=en}}</ref> Janet, nwanyị mara mma, nwere ọgụgụ isi, na nke siri ike, dabara nke ọma n'ọrụ ya dị ka nwunye Prime Minister. <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzC9kX39iZ0C&pg=PA295|title=So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965|author=Wood|first=Jrt|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934085|pages=295|language=en}}</ref> Ihe na-emekarị, ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ihe ndabere, mkparị nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụlọ ya ji megide Ian bụ na nwunye ya bụ "ike dị n'azụ ocheeze ahụ." <ref name=":13" /> Na ihu mmachi akụ na ụba nke United Nations, yana nkwado nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa, na, ruo 1974, Portugal, ọchịchị Rhodesia diri. Ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na UK enweghị isi, Ian Smith na Rhodesian Front nọgidere n'ọchịchị site na ọtụtụ mmeri ntuli aka ndị ọzọ. Agha Rhodesian Bush malitere na 1972, na ndị mba Africa na-alụso ọchịchị ndị ọcha ọgụ na-arịwanye elu na nnọchibido na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ọnwụ == Na 1978, Ian Smith na ndị mba na-abụghị ndị agha gụnyere Abel Muzorewa bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nke Internal Settlement, n'okpuru nke ọ gbadara na onye isi ala na obodo ahụ ghọrọ Zimbabwe Rhodesia dị irè na 1 June 1979. N'ịgbaso Agreement House Lancaster, Robert Mugabe na ndị mba ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ malitere ọchịchị na [[Zimbabwe]] nwere onwe ya na 1980. Agbanyeghị na ọ bụghịzi onye isi ala, Ian nọgidere bụrụ [[Leader of the Opposition (Zimbabwe)|onye ndu nke mmegide]] wee nọrọ oche na nzuko omeiwu Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Di na nwunye a ka nwere ebe obibi na Harare (aha ọhụrụ maka Salisbury), Smith gara n'ihu na-elekọta Gwenoro Farm ebe di ya lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1569979/Former-Rhodesian-PM-Ian-Smith-dies.html|title=Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies|author=Blair|first=David|date=20 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa na Harare n'abalị nke 3 Disemba 1994. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/ "Heart attack kills Smith's only son"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 25 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1994/12/03/janet-smith/|title=Janet Smith|date=3 December 1994|work=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> E liri ya n'obodo ya bụ Shurugwi (nke bụbu Selukwe). Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, di ya were otu onye ọrụ na-elekọta ugbo ha. <ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1569979/Former-Rhodesian-PM-Ian-Smith-dies.html|title=Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies|author=Blair|first=David|date=20 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ezinụlọ == Smith mụrụ ụmụ abụọ na di mbụ ya, Jean na Robert. N'afọ 1967, Jean lụrụ Clem Tholet, onye na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ nke a maara nke ọma maka abụ ndị Rhodesian ya dị ka " Ndị Rhodesia Anwụghị Anwụ ". <ref name=":3" />Janet na Ian Smith nwere otu nwa nwoke, Alec, onye mechara bụrụ ụkọchukwu nke ndị agha mba Zimbabwe . Ụmụ ha atọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Chaplin na Gweru. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ|title=Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography|author=Joyce|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Graham Publishing|isbn=9780869210000|location=Salisbury|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> Nwanne Smith Helen lụrụ Owen Horwood, onye bụ Minista nke ego na ọchịchị South Africa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpG90n8YLOwC&pg=PA302|title=A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969|author=Wood|first=J. R. T.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934092|language=en}}</ref> Smith, dị ka di ya, bụ onye Presbyterian na-aga chọọchị, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na onye egwuregwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5gtd06c4qmrzjyoap2slb4yrts0bav4 675059 675056 2026-07-10T11:10:07Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Janet Smith|office=[[First Lady of Zimbabwe|Spouse of the Prime Minister of Rhodesia]]|term_label=In role|honorific_suffix={{Post nominals|country=ZAR|CLM|size=100%}}|image=|predecessor=Barbara Field|primeminister=[[Ian Smith]]|successor=Maggie Muzorewa|termend=1 June 1979|termstart=13 April 1964|birth_name=Janet Watt|birth_date=1915|birth_place=[[Cape Town]], Cape Province, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]|death_date=3 December 1994 (aged 79)|death_place=[[Harare]], Zimbabwe|resting_place=[[Shurugwi]], Zimbabwe|spouse={{marriage|[[Piet Duvenage]]|1942|1947|end=died}}<br />{{marriage|[[Ian Smith]]|August 1948}}|relations=[[Owen Horwood]] <small>(brother-in-law)</small><br />[[Clem Tholet]] <small>(son-in-law)</small>|children=Robert<br />Jean<br />[[Alec Smith|Alec]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cape Town]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small>|occupation=Teacher; farmer|awards={{MilAward Stack|CLM|size=x12px}}}} '''Janet Duvenage Smith''' CLM ( ''née'' '''Watt''' ; 1915 – 3 Disemba 1994), bụ nwunye Ian Smith, Prime Minister nke Rhodesia site na 1964 ruo 1979. Amụrụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Cape Town wee bụrụ onye nkuzi. Na 1942, ọ lụrụ [[Piet Duvenage]], onye egwuregwu rugby, ma mụọ ụmụ abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ na ihe mberede na ubi rugby na 1947. N'afọ sochirinụ, obere nleta ya na ezinụlọ ya na Southern Rhodesia bịara bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ natara ọrụ nkuzi na Selukwe . N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye si na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] lọta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. N'afọ 1948, di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ ma zụta otu ugbo, a họpụtakwara Ian n'Òtù Ndị Omeiwu Southern Rhodesia . N'afọ 1964, mgbe Ian Smith ghọrọ Prime Minister nke Rhodesia, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n'ụlọ ndị praịm minista na Salisbury . Smith kewara oge ya n'etiti ọrụ steeti na ijikwa ugbo azụ na Selukwe. Mgbe [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe nwechara onwe ya]] na United Kingdom, e meriri di ya na ntuli aka 1980, mana ọ nọgidere na nzuko omeiwu nke Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Smith gara n'ihu kewaa oge ya n'etiti Harare na ugbo ruo mgbe ọrịa kansa nwụrụ ya na 1994. == Ndụ mmalite, agụmakwụkwọ, na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ == A mụrụ Janet Watt na [[Cape Town]] na Union of South Africa na 1915. Ndị mụrụ ya si Scotland, nna ya bụkwa dọkịta na-awa ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxcJAAAAIAAJ|title=Rhodesia and Independence|author=Young|first=Kenneth|date=1967|publisher=J. H. Heineman|pages=125|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gara Mahadum Cape Town, ebe ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, geology, na nkà ihe ọmụma ụfọdụ, ma bụrụ onye egwuregwu egwuregwu hockey egwuregwu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqpBAAAAYAAJ|title=Smith of Rhodesia|author=White|first=Matthew C.|date=1 January 1978|publisher=Printpak|isbn=9780909238360|pages=16|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ|title=Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography|author=Joyce|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Graham Publishing|isbn=9780869210000|location=Salisbury|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1056|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008|author=Goldman|first=Lawrence|date=7 March 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199671540|pages=1056|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ịgba hockey maka Western Province . <ref name=":4" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere obere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye nọ na campus dị ka onye òtù rugby na-eleta Rhodes University.<ref name=":3" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Watt nwetara nzere nkuzi ya wee bụrụ onye nkuzi akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> Na 1942, ọ lụrụ [[Piet Duvenage]], dibịa na onye egwuregwu rugby. <ref name=":3" /> Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Robert, na otu nwa nwanyị, Jean. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":5" /> Piet Duvenage nwụrụ na mberede mberede n'ọhịa n'oge egwuregwu ịgba rugby na Mee 1947. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27900003/1006413|title=Trove news archives}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Nwatakịrị nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, a hapụrụ ya ka ọ na-azụ ụmụ ya abụọ n'ụgwọ onye nkụzi. <ref name=":6" /> == Gaa na Southern Rhodesia na Ian Smith == Na 1947, Duvenage kpọọrọ ụmụ ya abụọ gaa Selukwe, Southern Rhodesia, ka ya na ezinụlọ nọrọ maka obere ezumike. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith]]|author=Smith|first=Ian|publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]]|year=1997|isbn=1-85782-176-9|location=London|pages=28–29}}</ref> Nkwagharị ahụ ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ nakweere ọrụ sitere na Selukwe Primary School. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith|author=Berlyn|first=Phillippa|publisher=M O Collins|year=1978|location=Salisbury|pages=81–88|oclc=4282978}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, site n'aka nwanne ya nwanyị, ọ matara Ian Smith, bụ onye lọghachiri n'obodo ya na nso nso a ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na Gwebi College of Agriculture . <ref name=":4" /> O mechara dee na àgwà kacha dọtara ya n'ebe Janet nọ bụ ọgụgụ isi ya, obi ike ya na "mmegide ya n'ụkpụrụ isi n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ ịgbanahụ okwu.&nbsp;... ọchịchọ ya bụ ịhọrọ mkpebi nke chọrọ obi ike, n'adịghị ka ụzọ dị mfe isi pụta." <ref name=":7" /> N'afọ 1948, ya na Smith malitere ọrụ, ọ malitekwara ọkwa ọhụrụ dị ka onye isi mgbakọ na mwepụ na geoography na Chaplin High School na Gwelo dị nso. <ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ ugbo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Faịlụ:Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg|thumb| Ian Smith, ihe dịka 1954]] Na July 1948, a kpọrọ ntuli aka izugbe na Southern Rhodesia mgbe ọchịchị United Party, nke Prime Minister, Sir Godfrey Huggins na-achị, tụfuru votu na-atụghị anya ya na Mgbakọ omebe iwu . <ref name=":1" /> N'August, ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu ụbọchị ntuli aka, ndị otu Liberal Party na-emegide Ian Smith bịakwutere ya ka ọ gbaa ntuli aka na Selukwe. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ian-smith-rhodesian-prime-minister-who-attempted-to-prevent-black-rule-by-declaring-independence-758993.html|title=Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black|date=22 November 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Jacob Smit 's Liberal, n'agbanyeghị aha ha, bụ ndị na-enweghị isi, na-anọchite anya ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa, ngwuputa ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Rhodesia|author=Blake|first=Robert|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]]|year=1977|isbn=978-0-413-28350-4|location=London|pages=237}}</ref> Smith nwere mmasị na mbụ, na-ekwu na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịhazi ndụ ya ka ọ kwụ ọtọ, ma kwetara mgbe otu n'ime ndị ọrụ Liberal tụrụ aro na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike inye ya ohere ịgbachitere ụkpụrụ ndị ọ lụrụ ọgụ na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] . N'ịbụ ndị agbamakwụkwọ ha ji obere abalị iri na anọ pụọ, Smith tụrụ n'anya ịnụ maka mkpebi di ya ịgba ọsọ maka Mgbakọ omebe iwu Southern Rhodesian, ebe ọ nụtụbeghị mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ jụrụ ya, "Ị nwere mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị?" <ref name=":1" /> Ọ zaghachiri, sị, "Enweghị m ike ịsị na m nwere mmasị n'ezie na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pati, mana m na-enwekarị mmasị na ọchịchị dị mma." <ref name=":1" /> Na mgbakwunye na ịghọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, August 1948 dị mkpa maka Smiths n'ụzọ abụọ ọzọ: ọ bụ ọnwa ha lụrụ, na ọnwa ha zụtara ugbo mbụ ha. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ian-smith-rhodesian-prime-minister-who-attempted-to-prevent-black-rule-by-declaring-independence-758993.html|title=Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black|date=22 November 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> 3,600-acre (15 km ugbo bụ ala siri ike nke dị nso na Selukwe, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Lundi na Impali na mmiri doro anya gbawara agbawa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith]]|author=Smith|first=Ian|publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]]|year=1997|isbn=1-85782-176-9|location=London|pages=28–29}}</ref> Ha na-akpọ ya "Gwenoro", na-eji aha ndị Karanga nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-ezo aka na iyi, [ 12 ] ma guzobe ebe a na-azụ anụ ebe ha na-azụ ehi na-akụ ụtaba na ọka. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith|author=Berlyn|first=Phillippa|publisher=M O Collins|year=1978|location=Salisbury|pages=81–88|oclc=4282978}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBerlyn1978">Berlyn, Phillippa (1978). ''The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith''. Salisbury: M O Collins. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">81–</span>88. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4282978 4282978].</cite></ref> Ian kuchiri ụmụ ya, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spitfiresocietytrustza.org/ian-smith-altimeter/|title=Ian Smith and his Altimeter – The Spitfire Society Trust ZA|date=30 March 2017|work=The Spitfire Society Trust ZA|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> na-ewere ọrụ nke ịbụ nna ozugbo, akụkụ ụfọdụ, dịka ọ kọwara, "n'ihi na amaara m [Piet Duvenage] nke ọma" site n'ịgba rugby megide ya.<ref name=":4" /> Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ahụ gasịrị, na ụbọchị ole na ole 'honiimuunu na Victoria Falls, Smiths laghachiri n'ụlọ wee banye ozugbo na mkpọsa ntuli aka. <ref name=":8" /> Na ntuli aka na 15 Septemba, Ian Smith meriri na votu 361, nnukwu ntuli aka 100+ karịa onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Labour nke abụọ. Na 28 afọ, ọ ghọrọ ọdụdụ MP na Southern Rhodesian akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a911d08-97a8-11dc-9e08-0000779fd2ac|title=Obituary: Ian Smith, architect of white-minority rule in Rhodesia|author=Holman|first=Michael|date=20 November 2007|work=Financial Times|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye tolitere na mpaghara [[Cape Town]] nke ukwuu nke na ọ na-enwetụbeghị ntuli aka, Smith echeghị na ịbanye di ya na nzuko omeiwu ga-agbanwe ndụ ha ma ọlị. "Nke mbụ, m na-alụ onye ọrụ ugbo," ka o mesịrị kwuo, "ugbu a ọ ga-abụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ya mere, m sịrị, 'Ọfọn, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere mmasị n'ezie na ya, gaa n'ihu.'...&nbsp;Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bịara m—ịbụ onye na-adịghị aghọta ihe banyere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị—na ndụ anyị ga-emetụta n’obere ogo.” <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith|author=Berlyn|first=Phillippa|publisher=M O Collins|year=1978|location=Salisbury|pages=81–88|oclc=4282978}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n’oge na-adịghị anya, ọ bịara pụta ìhè na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke di ya mere ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge pụọ na Selukwe na-arụ ọrụ na Salisbury, nke pụtara na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'oge ọ na-anọghị ya.<ref name=":3" /> Na 20 May 1949, otu nwa ha nwoke, Alec, mụrụ na Gwelo . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/ "Heart attack kills Smith's only son"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 25 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alec-smith-6110082.html|title=Alec Smith|date=2 February 2006|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> == Nwunye onye isi ala == Ian Smith gbapụrụ na Liberal Party gaa na United Federal Party, wee jee ozi dị ka Chief Whip site na 1958 gawa. Ọ hapụrụ na 1961 na mkpesa na iwu ọhụrụ nke ókèala ahụ, n'afọ sochirinụ nyeere Winston Field aka iguzobe Rhodesian Front (RF) na-acha ọcha, na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke kpọrọ maka nnwere onwe na-enweghị mgbanwe ozugbo na ọchịchị ndị isi ojii. Echiche ziri ezi nke di ya abụghị nsogbu nye Smith, onye echiche ya gbasara agbụrụ siri ike karịa nke ya. <ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1569986/Ian-Smith.html|title=Ian Smith|date=21 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Ian ghọrọ onye osote onye isi ala na-esochi mmeri ntuli aka nke Rhodesian Front na Disemba 1962, wee rute na onye isi ala mgbe Field gbara arụkwaghịm na Eprel 1964. Ndị Smith hapụrụ njikwa nke ugbo ahụ nye ndị ọzọ, ma kwaga Salisbury ịkwaga na State House, ebe obibi onye isi ala. <ref name=":11" /> Na 11 Nọvemba 1965, n'ihi ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na Britain dara ada, Ian Smith na ndị otu ya kwuputara nnwere onwe dị ka Rhodesia . Smith ga-ejide ọkwa praịmarị ihe dịka afọ iri na ọkara na-abịa. Dị ka nwunye Prime Minister, Smith ji ọtụtụ oge ya tinye aka na ihe gbasara steeti, <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alec-smith-6110082.html|title=Alec Smith|date=2 February 2006|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> nke mere na nwa ya nwoke bụ Alec kọwara ya dị ka "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ikuku" nye ya n'oge ahụ. <ref name=":10" /> N'ịbụ onye ndị nne na nna na-adịghị na-elekọta ya, Alec dị afọ iri na ụma ghọrọ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe nile na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na ọgwụ ike. <ref name=":10" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ma Janet na Ian nwere mmasị na oge ya na premiership. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpG90n8YLOwC&pg=PA302|title=A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969|author=Wood|first=J. R. T.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934092|language=en}}</ref> Janet, nwanyị mara mma, nwere ọgụgụ isi, na nke siri ike, dabara nke ọma n'ọrụ ya dị ka nwunye Prime Minister. <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzC9kX39iZ0C&pg=PA295|title=So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965|author=Wood|first=Jrt|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934085|pages=295|language=en}}</ref> Ihe na-emekarị, ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ihe ndabere, mkparị nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụlọ ya ji megide Ian bụ na nwunye ya bụ "ike dị n'azụ ocheeze ahụ." <ref name=":13" /> Na ihu mmachi akụ na ụba nke United Nations, yana nkwado nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa, na, ruo 1974, Portugal, ọchịchị Rhodesia diri. Ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na UK enweghị isi, Ian Smith na Rhodesian Front nọgidere n'ọchịchị site na ọtụtụ mmeri ntuli aka ndị ọzọ. Agha Rhodesian Bush malitere na 1972, na ndị mba Africa na-alụso ọchịchị ndị ọcha ọgụ na-arịwanye elu na nnọchibido na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ọnwụ == Na 1978, Ian Smith na ndị mba na-abụghị ndị agha gụnyere Abel Muzorewa bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nke Internal Settlement, n'okpuru nke ọ gbadara na onye isi ala na obodo ahụ ghọrọ Zimbabwe Rhodesia dị irè na 1 June 1979. N'ịgbaso Agreement House Lancaster, Robert Mugabe na ndị mba ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ malitere ọchịchị na [[Zimbabwe]] nwere onwe ya na 1980. Agbanyeghị na ọ bụghịzi onye isi ala, Ian nọgidere bụrụ [[Leader of the Opposition (Zimbabwe)|onye ndu nke mmegide]] wee nọrọ oche na nzuko omeiwu Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Di na nwunye a ka nwere ebe obibi na Harare (aha ọhụrụ maka Salisbury), Smith gara n'ihu na-elekọta Gwenoro Farm ebe di ya lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1569979/Former-Rhodesian-PM-Ian-Smith-dies.html|title=Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies|author=Blair|first=David|date=20 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa na Harare n'abalị nke 3 Disemba 1994. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/ "Heart attack kills Smith's only son"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 25 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1994/12/03/janet-smith/|title=Janet Smith|date=3 December 1994|work=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> E liri ya n'obodo ya bụ Shurugwi (nke bụbu Selukwe). Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, di ya were otu onye ọrụ na-elekọta ugbo ha. <ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1569979/Former-Rhodesian-PM-Ian-Smith-dies.html|title=Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies|author=Blair|first=David|date=20 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ezinụlọ == Smith mụrụ ụmụ abụọ na di mbụ ya, Jean na Robert. N'afọ 1967, Jean lụrụ Clem Tholet, onye na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ nke a maara nke ọma maka abụ ndị Rhodesian ya dị ka " Ndị Rhodesia Anwụghị Anwụ ". <ref name=":3" />Janet na Ian Smith nwere otu nwa nwoke, Alec, onye mechara bụrụ ụkọchukwu nke ndị agha mba Zimbabwe . Ụmụ ha atọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Chaplin na Gweru. <ref name=":4" /> Nwanne Smith Helen lụrụ Owen Horwood, onye bụ Minista nke ego na ọchịchị South Africa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpG90n8YLOwC&pg=PA302|title=A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969|author=Wood|first=J. R. T.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934092|language=en}}</ref> Smith, dị ka di ya, bụ onye Presbyterian na-aga chọọchị, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na onye egwuregwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t3tkhf4bbgemurrnws37xvd4lru6tfh 675060 675059 2026-07-10T11:13:04Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Janet Smith|office=[[First Lady of Zimbabwe|Spouse of the Prime Minister of Rhodesia]]|term_label=In role|honorific_suffix={{Post nominals|country=ZAR|CLM|size=100%}}|image=|predecessor=Barbara Field|primeminister=[[Ian Smith]]|successor=Maggie Muzorewa|termend=1 June 1979|termstart=13 April 1964|birth_name=Janet Watt|birth_date=1915|birth_place=[[Cape Town]], Cape Province, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]|death_date=3 December 1994 (aged 79)|death_place=[[Harare]], Zimbabwe|resting_place=[[Shurugwi]], Zimbabwe|spouse={{marriage|[[Piet Duvenage]]|1942|1947|end=died}}<br />{{marriage|[[Ian Smith]]|August 1948}}|relations=[[Owen Horwood]] <small>(brother-in-law)</small><br />[[Clem Tholet]] <small>(son-in-law)</small>|children=Robert<br />Jean<br />[[Alec Smith|Alec]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cape Town]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small>|occupation=Teacher; farmer|awards={{MilAward Stack|CLM|size=x12px}}}} '''Janet Duvenage Smith''' CLM ( ''née'' '''Watt''' ; 1915 – 3 Disemba 1994), bụ nwunye Ian Smith, Prime Minister nke Rhodesia site na 1964 ruo 1979. Amụrụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Cape Town wee bụrụ onye nkuzi. Na 1942, ọ lụrụ [[Piet Duvenage]], onye egwuregwu rugby, ma mụọ ụmụ abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ na ihe mberede na ubi rugby na 1947. N'afọ sochirinụ, obere nleta ya na ezinụlọ ya na Southern Rhodesia bịara bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ natara ọrụ nkuzi na Selukwe . N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye si na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] lọta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. N'afọ 1948, di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ ma zụta otu ugbo, a họpụtakwara Ian n'Òtù Ndị Omeiwu Southern Rhodesia . N'afọ 1964, mgbe Ian Smith ghọrọ Prime Minister nke Rhodesia, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n'ụlọ ndị praịm minista na Salisbury . Smith kewara oge ya n'etiti ọrụ steeti na ijikwa ugbo azụ na Selukwe. Mgbe [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe nwechara onwe ya]] na United Kingdom, e meriri di ya na ntuli aka 1980, mana ọ nọgidere na nzuko omeiwu nke Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Smith gara n'ihu kewaa oge ya n'etiti Harare na ugbo ruo mgbe ọrịa kansa nwụrụ ya na 1994. == Ndụ mmalite, agụmakwụkwọ, na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ == A mụrụ Janet Watt na [[Cape Town]] na Union of South Africa na 1915. Ndị mụrụ ya si Scotland, nna ya bụkwa dọkịta na-awa ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxcJAAAAIAAJ|title=Rhodesia and Independence|author=Young|first=Kenneth|date=1967|publisher=J. H. Heineman|pages=125|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gara Mahadum Cape Town, ebe ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, geology, na nkà ihe ọmụma ụfọdụ, ma bụrụ onye egwuregwu egwuregwu hockey egwuregwu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqpBAAAAYAAJ|title=Smith of Rhodesia|author=White|first=Matthew C.|date=1 January 1978|publisher=Printpak|isbn=9780909238360|pages=16|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ|title=Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography|author=Joyce|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Graham Publishing|isbn=9780869210000|location=Salisbury|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1056|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008|author=Goldman|first=Lawrence|date=7 March 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199671540|pages=1056|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ịgba hockey maka Western Province . <ref name=":4" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere obere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye nọ na campus dị ka onye òtù rugby na-eleta Rhodes University.<ref name=":3" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Watt nwetara nzere nkuzi ya wee bụrụ onye nkuzi akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> Na 1942, ọ lụrụ [[Piet Duvenage]], dibịa na onye egwuregwu rugby. <ref name=":3" /> Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Robert, na otu nwa nwanyị, Jean. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":5" /> Piet Duvenage nwụrụ na mberede mberede n'ọhịa n'oge egwuregwu ịgba rugby na Mee 1947. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27900003/1006413|title=Trove news archives}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Nwatakịrị nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, a hapụrụ ya ka ọ na-azụ ụmụ ya abụọ n'ụgwọ onye nkụzi. <ref name=":6" /> == Gaa na Southern Rhodesia na Ian Smith == Na 1947, Duvenage kpọọrọ ụmụ ya abụọ gaa Selukwe, Southern Rhodesia, ka ya na ezinụlọ nọrọ maka obere ezumike. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith]]|author=Smith|first=Ian|publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]]|year=1997|isbn=1-85782-176-9|location=London|pages=28–29}}</ref> Nkwagharị ahụ ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ nakweere ọrụ sitere na Selukwe Primary School. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith|author=Berlyn|first=Phillippa|publisher=M O Collins|year=1978|location=Salisbury|pages=81–88|oclc=4282978}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, site n'aka nwanne ya nwanyị, ọ matara Ian Smith, bụ onye lọghachiri n'obodo ya na nso nso a ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na Gwebi College of Agriculture . <ref name=":4" /> O mechara dee na àgwà kacha dọtara ya n'ebe Janet nọ bụ ọgụgụ isi ya, obi ike ya na "mmegide ya n'ụkpụrụ isi n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ ịgbanahụ okwu.&nbsp;... ọchịchọ ya bụ ịhọrọ mkpebi nke chọrọ obi ike, n'adịghị ka ụzọ dị mfe isi pụta." <ref name=":7" /> N'afọ 1948, ya na Smith malitere ọrụ, ọ malitekwara ọkwa ọhụrụ dị ka onye isi mgbakọ na mwepụ na geoography na Chaplin High School na Gwelo dị nso. <ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ ugbo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Faịlụ:Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg|thumb| Ian Smith, ihe dịka 1954]] Na July 1948, a kpọrọ ntuli aka izugbe na Southern Rhodesia mgbe ọchịchị United Party, nke Prime Minister, Sir Godfrey Huggins na-achị, tụfuru votu na-atụghị anya ya na Mgbakọ omebe iwu . <ref name=":1" /> N'August, ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu ụbọchị ntuli aka, ndị otu Liberal Party na-emegide Ian Smith bịakwutere ya ka ọ gbaa ntuli aka na Selukwe. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ian-smith-rhodesian-prime-minister-who-attempted-to-prevent-black-rule-by-declaring-independence-758993.html|title=Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black|date=22 November 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Jacob Smit 's Liberal, n'agbanyeghị aha ha, bụ ndị na-enweghị isi, na-anọchite anya ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa, ngwuputa ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Rhodesia|author=Blake|first=Robert|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]]|year=1977|isbn=978-0-413-28350-4|location=London|pages=237}}</ref> Smith nwere mmasị na mbụ, na-ekwu na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịhazi ndụ ya ka ọ kwụ ọtọ, ma kwetara mgbe otu n'ime ndị ọrụ Liberal tụrụ aro na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike inye ya ohere ịgbachitere ụkpụrụ ndị ọ lụrụ ọgụ na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] . N'ịbụ ndị agbamakwụkwọ ha ji obere abalị iri na anọ pụọ, Smith tụrụ n'anya ịnụ maka mkpebi di ya ịgba ọsọ maka Mgbakọ omebe iwu Southern Rhodesian, ebe ọ nụtụbeghị mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ jụrụ ya, "Ị nwere mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị?" <ref name=":1" /> Ọ zaghachiri, sị, "Enweghị m ike ịsị na m nwere mmasị n'ezie na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pati, mana m na-enwekarị mmasị na ọchịchị dị mma." <ref name=":1" /> Na mgbakwunye na ịghọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, August 1948 dị mkpa maka Smiths n'ụzọ abụọ ọzọ: ọ bụ ọnwa ha lụrụ, na ọnwa ha zụtara ugbo mbụ ha. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ian-smith-rhodesian-prime-minister-who-attempted-to-prevent-black-rule-by-declaring-independence-758993.html|title=Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black|date=22 November 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> 3,600-acre (15 km ugbo bụ ala siri ike nke dị nso na Selukwe, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Lundi na Impali na mmiri doro anya gbawara agbawa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith]]|author=Smith|first=Ian|publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]]|year=1997|isbn=1-85782-176-9|location=London|pages=28–29}}</ref> Ha na-akpọ ya "Gwenoro", na-eji aha ndị Karanga nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-ezo aka na iyi, [ 12 ] ma guzobe ebe a na-azụ anụ ebe ha na-azụ ehi na-akụ ụtaba na ọka. <ref name=":8" /> Ian kuchiri ụmụ ya, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spitfiresocietytrustza.org/ian-smith-altimeter/|title=Ian Smith and his Altimeter – The Spitfire Society Trust ZA|date=30 March 2017|work=The Spitfire Society Trust ZA|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> na-ewere ọrụ nke ịbụ nna ozugbo, akụkụ ụfọdụ, dịka ọ kọwara, "n'ihi na amaara m [Piet Duvenage] nke ọma" site n'ịgba rugby megide ya.<ref name=":4" /> Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ahụ gasịrị, na ụbọchị ole na ole 'honiimuunu na Victoria Falls, Smiths laghachiri n'ụlọ wee banye ozugbo na mkpọsa ntuli aka. <ref name=":8" /> Na ntuli aka na 15 Septemba, Ian Smith meriri na votu 361, nnukwu ntuli aka 100+ karịa onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Labour nke abụọ. Na 28 afọ, ọ ghọrọ ọdụdụ MP na Southern Rhodesian akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a911d08-97a8-11dc-9e08-0000779fd2ac|title=Obituary: Ian Smith, architect of white-minority rule in Rhodesia|author=Holman|first=Michael|date=20 November 2007|work=Financial Times|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye tolitere na mpaghara [[Cape Town]] nke ukwuu nke na ọ na-enwetụbeghị ntuli aka, Smith echeghị na ịbanye di ya na nzuko omeiwu ga-agbanwe ndụ ha ma ọlị. "Nke mbụ, m na-alụ onye ọrụ ugbo," ka o mesịrị kwuo, "ugbu a ọ ga-abụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ya mere, m sịrị, 'Ọfọn, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere mmasị n'ezie na ya, gaa n'ihu.'...&nbsp;Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bịara m—ịbụ onye na-adịghị aghọta ihe banyere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị—na ndụ anyị ga-emetụta n’obere ogo.” <ref name=":8" /> Otú ọ dị, n’oge na-adịghị anya, ọ bịara pụta ìhè na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke di ya mere ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge pụọ na Selukwe na-arụ ọrụ na Salisbury, nke pụtara na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'oge ọ na-anọghị ya.<ref name=":3" /> Na 20 May 1949, otu nwa ha nwoke, Alec, mụrụ na Gwelo . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/ "Heart attack kills Smith's only son"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 25 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alec-smith-6110082.html|title=Alec Smith|date=2 February 2006|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> == Nwunye onye isi ala == Ian Smith gbapụrụ na Liberal Party gaa na United Federal Party, wee jee ozi dị ka Chief Whip site na 1958 gawa. Ọ hapụrụ na 1961 na mkpesa na iwu ọhụrụ nke ókèala ahụ, n'afọ sochirinụ nyeere Winston Field aka iguzobe Rhodesian Front (RF) na-acha ọcha, na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke kpọrọ maka nnwere onwe na-enweghị mgbanwe ozugbo na ọchịchị ndị isi ojii. Echiche ziri ezi nke di ya abụghị nsogbu nye Smith, onye echiche ya gbasara agbụrụ siri ike karịa nke ya. <ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1569986/Ian-Smith.html|title=Ian Smith|date=21 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Ian ghọrọ onye osote onye isi ala na-esochi mmeri ntuli aka nke Rhodesian Front na Disemba 1962, wee rute na onye isi ala mgbe Field gbara arụkwaghịm na Eprel 1964. Ndị Smith hapụrụ njikwa nke ugbo ahụ nye ndị ọzọ, ma kwaga Salisbury ịkwaga na State House, ebe obibi onye isi ala. <ref name=":11" /> Na 11 Nọvemba 1965, n'ihi ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na Britain dara ada, Ian Smith na ndị otu ya kwuputara nnwere onwe dị ka Rhodesia . Smith ga-ejide ọkwa praịmarị ihe dịka afọ iri na ọkara na-abịa. Dị ka nwunye Prime Minister, Smith ji ọtụtụ oge ya tinye aka na ihe gbasara steeti, <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alec-smith-6110082.html|title=Alec Smith|date=2 February 2006|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> nke mere na nwa ya nwoke bụ Alec kọwara ya dị ka "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ikuku" nye ya n'oge ahụ. <ref name=":10" /> N'ịbụ onye ndị nne na nna na-adịghị na-elekọta ya, Alec dị afọ iri na ụma ghọrọ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe nile na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na ọgwụ ike. <ref name=":10" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ma Janet na Ian nwere mmasị na oge ya na premiership. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpG90n8YLOwC&pg=PA302|title=A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969|author=Wood|first=J. R. T.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934092|language=en}}</ref> Janet, nwanyị mara mma, nwere ọgụgụ isi, na nke siri ike, dabara nke ọma n'ọrụ ya dị ka nwunye Prime Minister. <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzC9kX39iZ0C&pg=PA295|title=So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965|author=Wood|first=Jrt|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934085|pages=295|language=en}}</ref> Ihe na-emekarị, ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ihe ndabere, mkparị nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụlọ ya ji megide Ian bụ na nwunye ya bụ "ike dị n'azụ ocheeze ahụ." <ref name=":13" /> Na ihu mmachi akụ na ụba nke United Nations, yana nkwado nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa, na, ruo 1974, Portugal, ọchịchị Rhodesia diri. Ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na UK enweghị isi, Ian Smith na Rhodesian Front nọgidere n'ọchịchị site na ọtụtụ mmeri ntuli aka ndị ọzọ. Agha Rhodesian Bush malitere na 1972, na ndị mba Africa na-alụso ọchịchị ndị ọcha ọgụ na-arịwanye elu na nnọchibido na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ọnwụ == Na 1978, Ian Smith na ndị mba na-abụghị ndị agha gụnyere Abel Muzorewa bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nke Internal Settlement, n'okpuru nke ọ gbadara na onye isi ala na obodo ahụ ghọrọ Zimbabwe Rhodesia dị irè na 1 June 1979. N'ịgbaso Agreement House Lancaster, Robert Mugabe na ndị mba ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ malitere ọchịchị na [[Zimbabwe]] nwere onwe ya na 1980. Agbanyeghị na ọ bụghịzi onye isi ala, Ian nọgidere bụrụ [[Leader of the Opposition (Zimbabwe)|onye ndu nke mmegide]] wee nọrọ oche na nzuko omeiwu Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Di na nwunye a ka nwere ebe obibi na Harare (aha ọhụrụ maka Salisbury), Smith gara n'ihu na-elekọta Gwenoro Farm ebe di ya lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1569979/Former-Rhodesian-PM-Ian-Smith-dies.html|title=Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies|author=Blair|first=David|date=20 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa na Harare n'abalị nke 3 Disemba 1994. <ref name=":6" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1994/12/03/janet-smith/|title=Janet Smith|date=3 December 1994|work=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> E liri ya n'obodo ya bụ Shurugwi (nke bụbu Selukwe). Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, di ya were otu onye ọrụ na-elekọta ugbo ha. <ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1569979/Former-Rhodesian-PM-Ian-Smith-dies.html|title=Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies|author=Blair|first=David|date=20 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ezinụlọ == Smith mụrụ ụmụ abụọ na di mbụ ya, Jean na Robert. N'afọ 1967, Jean lụrụ Clem Tholet, onye na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ nke a maara nke ọma maka abụ ndị Rhodesian ya dị ka " Ndị Rhodesia Anwụghị Anwụ ". <ref name=":3" />Janet na Ian Smith nwere otu nwa nwoke, Alec, onye mechara bụrụ ụkọchukwu nke ndị agha mba Zimbabwe . Ụmụ ha atọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Chaplin na Gweru. <ref name=":4" /> Nwanne Smith Helen lụrụ Owen Horwood, onye bụ Minista nke ego na ọchịchị South Africa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpG90n8YLOwC&pg=PA302|title=A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969|author=Wood|first=J. R. T.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934092|language=en}}</ref> Smith, dị ka di ya, bụ onye Presbyterian na-aga chọọchị, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na onye egwuregwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":6" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ktzl1wxlxikdswac3bf04d2n9ol5t5v 675062 675060 2026-07-10T11:16:09Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Janet Smith|office=[[First Lady of Zimbabwe|Spouse of the Prime Minister of Rhodesia]]|term_label=In role|honorific_suffix={{Post nominals|country=ZAR|CLM|size=100%}}|image=|predecessor=Barbara Field|primeminister=[[Ian Smith]]|successor=Maggie Muzorewa|termend=1 June 1979|termstart=13 April 1964|birth_name=Janet Watt|birth_date=1915|birth_place=[[Cape Town]], Cape Province, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]|death_date=3 December 1994 (aged 79)|death_place=[[Harare]], Zimbabwe|resting_place=[[Shurugwi]], Zimbabwe|spouse={{marriage|[[Piet Duvenage]]|1942|1947|end=died}}<br />{{marriage|[[Ian Smith]]|August 1948}}|relations=[[Owen Horwood]] <small>(brother-in-law)</small><br />[[Clem Tholet]] <small>(son-in-law)</small>|children=Robert<br />Jean<br />[[Alec Smith|Alec]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cape Town]] <small>([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])</small>|occupation=Teacher; farmer|awards={{MilAward Stack|CLM|size=x12px}}}} '''Janet Duvenage Smith''' CLM ( ''née'' '''Watt''' ; 1915 – 3 Disemba 1994), bụ nwunye Ian Smith, Prime Minister nke Rhodesia site na 1964 ruo 1979. Amụrụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Cape Town wee bụrụ onye nkuzi. Na 1942, ọ lụrụ [[Piet Duvenage]], onye egwuregwu rugby, ma mụọ ụmụ abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ na ihe mberede na ubi rugby na 1947. N'afọ sochirinụ, obere nleta ya na ezinụlọ ya na Southern Rhodesia bịara bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ natara ọrụ nkuzi na Selukwe . N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye si na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] lọta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. N'afọ 1948, di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ ma zụta otu ugbo, a họpụtakwara Ian n'Òtù Ndị Omeiwu Southern Rhodesia . N'afọ 1964, mgbe Ian Smith ghọrọ Prime Minister nke Rhodesia, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n'ụlọ ndị praịm minista na Salisbury . Smith kewara oge ya n'etiti ọrụ steeti na ijikwa ugbo azụ na Selukwe. Mgbe [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe nwechara onwe ya]] na United Kingdom, e meriri di ya na ntuli aka 1980, mana ọ nọgidere na nzuko omeiwu nke Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Smith gara n'ihu kewaa oge ya n'etiti Harare na ugbo ruo mgbe ọrịa kansa nwụrụ ya na 1994. == Ndụ mmalite, agụmakwụkwọ, na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ == A mụrụ Janet Watt na [[Cape Town]] na Union of South Africa na 1915. Ndị mụrụ ya si Scotland, nna ya bụkwa dọkịta na-awa ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxcJAAAAIAAJ|title=Rhodesia and Independence|author=Young|first=Kenneth|date=1967|publisher=J. H. Heineman|pages=125|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gara Mahadum Cape Town, ebe ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, geology, na nkà ihe ọmụma ụfọdụ, ma bụrụ onye egwuregwu egwuregwu hockey egwuregwu. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqpBAAAAYAAJ|title=Smith of Rhodesia|author=White|first=Matthew C.|date=1 January 1978|publisher=Printpak|isbn=9780909238360|pages=16|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpcNAQAAIAAJ|title=Anatomy of a Rebel: Smith of Rhodesia: a Biography|author=Joyce|first=Peter|date=1974|publisher=Graham Publishing|isbn=9780869210000|location=Salisbury|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1056|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2005-2008|author=Goldman|first=Lawrence|date=7 March 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780199671540|pages=1056|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ịgba hockey maka Western Province . <ref name=":4" /> N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere obere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Ian Smith, bụ onye nọ na campus dị ka onye òtù rugby na-eleta Rhodes University.<ref name=":3" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Watt nwetara nzere nkuzi ya wee bụrụ onye nkuzi akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> Na 1942, ọ lụrụ [[Piet Duvenage]], dibịa na onye egwuregwu rugby. <ref name=":3" /> Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Robert, na otu nwa nwanyị, Jean. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":5" /> Piet Duvenage nwụrụ na mberede mberede n'ọhịa n'oge egwuregwu ịgba rugby na Mee 1947. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/27900003/1006413|title=Trove news archives}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/2006/01/heart-attack-kills-smiths-only-son/|title=Heart attack kills Smith's only son|date=25 January 2006|work=The Zimbabwean|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Nwatakịrị nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, a hapụrụ ya ka ọ na-azụ ụmụ ya abụọ n'ụgwọ onye nkụzi. <ref name=":6" /> == Gaa na Southern Rhodesia na Ian Smith == Na 1947, Duvenage kpọọrọ ụmụ ya abụọ gaa Selukwe, Southern Rhodesia, ka ya na ezinụlọ nọrọ maka obere ezumike. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith]]|author=Smith|first=Ian|publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]]|year=1997|isbn=1-85782-176-9|location=London|pages=28–29}}</ref> Nkwagharị ahụ ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide mgbe ọ nakweere ọrụ sitere na Selukwe Primary School. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith|author=Berlyn|first=Phillippa|publisher=M O Collins|year=1978|location=Salisbury|pages=81–88|oclc=4282978}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, site n'aka nwanne ya nwanyị, ọ matara Ian Smith, bụ onye lọghachiri n'obodo ya na nso nso a ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na Gwebi College of Agriculture . <ref name=":4" /> O mechara dee na àgwà kacha dọtara ya n'ebe Janet nọ bụ ọgụgụ isi ya, obi ike ya na "mmegide ya n'ụkpụrụ isi n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ ịgbanahụ okwu.&nbsp;... ọchịchọ ya bụ ịhọrọ mkpebi nke chọrọ obi ike, n'adịghị ka ụzọ dị mfe isi pụta." <ref name=":7" /> N'afọ 1948, ya na Smith malitere ọrụ, ọ malitekwara ọkwa ọhụrụ dị ka onye isi mgbakọ na mwepụ na geoography na Chaplin High School na Gwelo dị nso. <ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ ugbo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Faịlụ:Ian_Smith_1950s.jpg|thumb| Ian Smith, ihe dịka 1954]] Na July 1948, a kpọrọ ntuli aka izugbe na Southern Rhodesia mgbe ọchịchị United Party, nke Prime Minister, Sir Godfrey Huggins na-achị, tụfuru votu na-atụghị anya ya na Mgbakọ omebe iwu . <ref name=":1" /> N'August, ihe dị ka otu ọnwa tupu ụbọchị ntuli aka, ndị otu Liberal Party na-emegide Ian Smith bịakwutere ya ka ọ gbaa ntuli aka na Selukwe. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ian-smith-rhodesian-prime-minister-who-attempted-to-prevent-black-rule-by-declaring-independence-758993.html|title=Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black|date=22 November 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Jacob Smit 's Liberal, n'agbanyeghị aha ha, bụ ndị na-enweghị isi, na-anọchite anya ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa, ngwuputa ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Rhodesia|author=Blake|first=Robert|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]]|year=1977|isbn=978-0-413-28350-4|location=London|pages=237}}</ref> Smith nwere mmasị na mbụ, na-ekwu na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịhazi ndụ ya ka ọ kwụ ọtọ, ma kwetara mgbe otu n'ime ndị ọrụ Liberal tụrụ aro na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ike inye ya ohere ịgbachitere ụkpụrụ ndị ọ lụrụ ọgụ na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] . N'ịbụ ndị agbamakwụkwọ ha ji obere abalị iri na anọ pụọ, Smith tụrụ n'anya ịnụ maka mkpebi di ya ịgba ọsọ maka Mgbakọ omebe iwu Southern Rhodesian, ebe ọ nụtụbeghị mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ jụrụ ya, "Ị nwere mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị?" <ref name=":1" /> Ọ zaghachiri, sị, "Enweghị m ike ịsị na m nwere mmasị n'ezie na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pati, mana m na-enwekarị mmasị na ọchịchị dị mma." <ref name=":1" /> Na mgbakwunye na ịghọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, August 1948 dị mkpa maka Smiths n'ụzọ abụọ ọzọ: ọ bụ ọnwa ha lụrụ, na ọnwa ha zụtara ugbo mbụ ha. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ian-smith-rhodesian-prime-minister-who-attempted-to-prevent-black-rule-by-declaring-independence-758993.html|title=Ian Smith: Rhodesian prime minister who attempted to prevent black|date=22 November 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> 3,600-acre (15 km ugbo bụ ala siri ike nke dị nso na Selukwe, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Lundi na Impali na mmiri doro anya gbawara agbawa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=[[The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith]]|author=Smith|first=Ian|publisher=[[John Blake Publishing]]|year=1997|isbn=1-85782-176-9|location=London|pages=28–29}}</ref> Ha na-akpọ ya "Gwenoro", na-eji aha ndị Karanga nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-ezo aka na iyi, [ 12 ] ma guzobe ebe a na-azụ anụ ebe ha na-azụ ehi na-akụ ụtaba na ọka. <ref name=":8" /> Ian kuchiri ụmụ ya, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spitfiresocietytrustza.org/ian-smith-altimeter/|title=Ian Smith and his Altimeter – The Spitfire Society Trust ZA|date=30 March 2017|work=The Spitfire Society Trust ZA|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> na-ewere ọrụ nke ịbụ nna ozugbo, akụkụ ụfọdụ, dịka ọ kọwara, "n'ihi na amaara m [Piet Duvenage] nke ọma" site n'ịgba rugby megide ya.<ref name=":4" /> Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ahụ gasịrị, na ụbọchị ole na ole 'honiimuunu na Victoria Falls, Smiths laghachiri n'ụlọ wee banye ozugbo na mkpọsa ntuli aka. <ref name=":8" /> Na ntuli aka na 15 Septemba, Ian Smith meriri na votu 361, nnukwu ntuli aka 100+ karịa onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Labour nke abụọ. Na 28 afọ, ọ ghọrọ ọdụdụ MP na Southern Rhodesian akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3a911d08-97a8-11dc-9e08-0000779fd2ac|title=Obituary: Ian Smith, architect of white-minority rule in Rhodesia|author=Holman|first=Michael|date=20 November 2007|work=Financial Times|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye tolitere na mpaghara [[Cape Town]] nke ukwuu nke na ọ na-enwetụbeghị ntuli aka, Smith echeghị na ịbanye di ya na nzuko omeiwu ga-agbanwe ndụ ha ma ọlị. "Nke mbụ, m na-alụ onye ọrụ ugbo," ka o mesịrị kwuo, "ugbu a ọ ga-abụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ya mere, m sịrị, 'Ọfọn, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere mmasị n'ezie na ya, gaa n'ihu.'...&nbsp;Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bịara m—ịbụ onye na-adịghị aghọta ihe banyere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị—na ndụ anyị ga-emetụta n’obere ogo.” <ref name=":8" /> Otú ọ dị, n’oge na-adịghị anya, ọ bịara pụta ìhè na ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke di ya mere ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge pụọ na Selukwe na-arụ ọrụ na Salisbury, nke pụtara na ọ ga-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'oge ọ na-anọghị ya.<ref name=":3" /> Na 20 May 1949, otu nwa ha nwoke, Alec, mụrụ na Gwelo . <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alec-smith-6110082.html|title=Alec Smith|date=2 February 2006|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> == Nwunye onye isi ala == Ian Smith gbapụrụ na Liberal Party gaa na United Federal Party, wee jee ozi dị ka Chief Whip site na 1958 gawa. Ọ hapụrụ na 1961 na mkpesa na iwu ọhụrụ nke ókèala ahụ, n'afọ sochirinụ nyeere Winston Field aka iguzobe Rhodesian Front (RF) na-acha ọcha, na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke kpọrọ maka nnwere onwe na-enweghị mgbanwe ozugbo na ọchịchị ndị isi ojii. Echiche ziri ezi nke di ya abụghị nsogbu nye Smith, onye echiche ya gbasara agbụrụ siri ike karịa nke ya. <ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1569986/Ian-Smith.html|title=Ian Smith|date=21 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> Ian ghọrọ onye osote onye isi ala na-esochi mmeri ntuli aka nke Rhodesian Front na Disemba 1962, wee rute na onye isi ala mgbe Field gbara arụkwaghịm na Eprel 1964. Ndị Smith hapụrụ njikwa nke ugbo ahụ nye ndị ọzọ, ma kwaga Salisbury ịkwaga na State House, ebe obibi onye isi ala. <ref name=":11" /> Na 11 Nọvemba 1965, n'ihi ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na Britain dara ada, Ian Smith na ndị otu ya kwuputara nnwere onwe dị ka Rhodesia . Smith ga-ejide ọkwa praịmarị ihe dịka afọ iri na ọkara na-abịa. Dị ka nwunye Prime Minister, Smith ji ọtụtụ oge ya tinye aka na ihe gbasara steeti, <ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/alec-smith-6110082.html|title=Alec Smith|date=2 February 2006|work=The Independent|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> nke mere na nwa ya nwoke bụ Alec kọwara ya dị ka "ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ikuku" nye ya n'oge ahụ. <ref name=":10" /> N'ịbụ onye ndị nne na nna na-adịghị na-elekọta ya, Alec dị afọ iri na ụma ghọrọ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe nile na ịṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya na ọgwụ ike. <ref name=":10" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ma Janet na Ian nwere mmasị na oge ya na premiership. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpG90n8YLOwC&pg=PA302|title=A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969|author=Wood|first=J. R. T.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934092|language=en}}</ref> Janet, nwanyị mara mma, nwere ọgụgụ isi, na nke siri ike, dabara nke ọma n'ọrụ ya dị ka nwunye Prime Minister. <ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzC9kX39iZ0C&pg=PA295|title=So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965|author=Wood|first=Jrt|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934085|pages=295|language=en}}</ref> Ihe na-emekarị, ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ihe ndabere, mkparị nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụlọ ya ji megide Ian bụ na nwunye ya bụ "ike dị n'azụ ocheeze ahụ." <ref name=":13" /> Na ihu mmachi akụ na ụba nke United Nations, yana nkwado nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa, na, ruo 1974, Portugal, ọchịchị Rhodesia diri. Ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na UK enweghị isi, Ian Smith na Rhodesian Front nọgidere n'ọchịchị site na ọtụtụ mmeri ntuli aka ndị ọzọ. Agha Rhodesian Bush malitere na 1972, na ndị mba Africa na-alụso ọchịchị ndị ọcha ọgụ na-arịwanye elu na nnọchibido na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. == Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ọnwụ == Na 1978, Ian Smith na ndị mba na-abụghị ndị agha gụnyere Abel Muzorewa bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nke Internal Settlement, n'okpuru nke ọ gbadara na onye isi ala na obodo ahụ ghọrọ Zimbabwe Rhodesia dị irè na 1 June 1979. N'ịgbaso Agreement House Lancaster, Robert Mugabe na ndị mba ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ malitere ọchịchị na [[Zimbabwe]] nwere onwe ya na 1980. Agbanyeghị na ọ bụghịzi onye isi ala, Ian nọgidere bụrụ [[Leader of the Opposition (Zimbabwe)|onye ndu nke mmegide]] wee nọrọ oche na nzuko omeiwu Zimbabwe ruo 1987. Di na nwunye a ka nwere ebe obibi na Harare (aha ọhụrụ maka Salisbury), Smith gara n'ihu na-elekọta Gwenoro Farm ebe di ya lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1569979/Former-Rhodesian-PM-Ian-Smith-dies.html|title=Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies|author=Blair|first=David|date=20 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa na Harare n'abalị nke 3 Disemba 1994. <ref name=":6" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1994/12/03/janet-smith/|title=Janet Smith|date=3 December 1994|work=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref> E liri ya n'obodo ya bụ Shurugwi (nke bụbu Selukwe). Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, di ya were otu onye ọrụ na-elekọta ugbo ha. <ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1569979/Former-Rhodesian-PM-Ian-Smith-dies.html|title=Former Rhodesian PM Ian Smith dies|author=Blair|first=David|date=20 November 2007|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ezinụlọ == Smith mụrụ ụmụ abụọ na di mbụ ya, Jean na Robert. N'afọ 1967, Jean lụrụ Clem Tholet, onye na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ nke a maara nke ọma maka abụ ndị Rhodesian ya dị ka " Ndị Rhodesia Anwụghị Anwụ ". <ref name=":3" />Janet na Ian Smith nwere otu nwa nwoke, Alec, onye mechara bụrụ ụkọchukwu nke ndị agha mba Zimbabwe . Ụmụ ha atọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Chaplin na Gweru. <ref name=":4" /> Nwanne Smith Helen lụrụ Owen Horwood, onye bụ Minista nke ego na ọchịchị South Africa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpG90n8YLOwC&pg=PA302|title=A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969|author=Wood|first=J. R. T.|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781466934092|language=en}}</ref> Smith, dị ka di ya, bụ onye Presbyterian na-aga chọọchị, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na onye egwuregwu na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":6" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6h6oc14u06ykr1gzkk78ubbc5lcgsf8 0 60090 674723 452722 2026-07-09T21:36:01Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=|website=|image=File:Virginia Mabiza of Zimbabwe (cropped).jpg|image caption=Virginia Mabiza}} Virginia Mabiza, bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Zimbabwe. Na 2018 ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. == Ndụ == Mabiza ruru eru dị ka onye ọka iwu nwere akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum nke Zimbabwe. nzere masta ya na idu ndú na njikwa mgbanwe bụ Mahadum Leeds Metropolitan . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alphaassetzimbabwe.com/virginia-mabiza/|title=Virginia Mabiza – Alpha Asset Management Zimbabwe|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-25|archivedate=2020-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215130440/http://www.alphaassetzimbabwe.com/virginia-mabiza/}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, o tinyere aka n'iyi egwu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe #thisflag. Ngagharị iwe nke Pastor kpaliri gụnyere ọgbaghara nke mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Nkwa Mkwananzi kpọrọ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ka ha leghara Mabiza anya bụ ndị kwuru na ire ma ọ bụ iji ọkọlọtọ Zimbabwe eme ihe iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-37428673|title=Zimbabwean 'flag abusers' face jail|date=21 September 2016|work=BBC|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ministry of Justice, Legal And Parliamentary Affairs, ebe Ziyambi Ziyambi bụ minista na-ahụ maka ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.zw/|title=Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs – Home|work=www.justice.gov.zw|accessdate=2020-02-25}}</ref> Mabiza tinyere aka n'iwepụta nkwa onye isi ala nye ndị ogbugbu Gukurahundi gburu. Mabiza kwuru na ya ga-agakwuru ndị ikwu ya ka o mee atụmatụ maka igbupụ na olili ọzọ. Ọ ga-enye aka na asambodo ọmụmụ na ọnwụ efu na-efu, ọ bụ ezie na omume ndị a nwere ike ịchọ iwu ọhụrụ iji kwe ka ihe omume a chọrọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zbcnews.co.zw/president-to-speedup-reburial-of-gukurahundi-victims/|title=President to speedup reburial of Gukurahundi victims – ZBC NEWS|author=by|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-25|archivedate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225172209/https://www.zbcnews.co.zw/president-to-speedup-reburial-of-gukurahundi-victims/}}</ref> N'afọ 2019 ọ mara ọkwa na Zimbabwe ga-anabata nzukọ mba ụwa (WIPO). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zimbabwe-should-simplify-its-ip-laws-says-government-official/|title=Zimbabwe should simplify its IP laws, says government official|date=2019-11-07|work=Zimbabwe Situation|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, Mabiza ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ Attorney-General nke Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lawyers hail Mabiza appointment|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/lawyers-hail-mabiza-appointment/|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=The Herald|language=en}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l5l4antd5ssfnao7arzvcxuzigsfftk 0 60092 674722 587932 2026-07-09T21:34:32Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Barbara Makhalisa.jpg|thumb|Barbara Makhalisa]] Barbara Makhalisa (amụrụ 1949), [1] makwaara aha ọlụlụ ya dị ka Barbara Nkala, bụ onye nkuzi, onye ode akwụkwọ Zimbabwe, onye ntụgharị Ndebele, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye mbipụta, otu n'ime ndị edemede nwanyị izizi ebipụtara na Zimbabwe.[2] Ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e dere na Ndebele, yana n'asụsụ Bekee, nke ụfọdụ ejirila dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.[4] Barbara lụrụ Shadreck Nkala. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ toro eto na ụmụ ụmụ isii. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Barbara Clara Makhalisa na Zimbabwe, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Gweru Teachers' College, na-amụ Ndebele na Bekee ("n'oge a na-ewere ihe niile a na-achị achị ka ọ dị elu").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nyaradzo.co.zw/storage/2022/02/Sahwira-Spotlight-FIRST-EDITION.pdf|title=Arts Legends {{!}} Barbara Makhalisa-Nkala – Taking pride in the development of local languages|work=Sahwira Spotlight|date=February 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ edemede ya malitere mgbe o meriri asọmpi mba ya na akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''Qilindini'', ihe nchọpụta na-akpali akpali nke e dere na Ndebele, n'oge ahụ ọ bụ naanị nwanyị edemede nke abụọ na Ndebele. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, akwụkwọ Ndebele ''Umendo'' ("Alụmdi na nwunye bụ ịgba chaa chaa", 1977, Mambo Press, 1977), a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe ochie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How women have stormed the literary world|first=Joyce|author=Jenje Makwenda|url=https://www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/how-women-have-stormed-the-literary-world/|work=The Patriot|date=23 March 2016}}</ref> O kwuru, sị: "Echere m na ndị mmadụ kwesịrị ide n'asụsụ ala ha.... A na-echekwa ọdịbendị anyị niile n'asụsụ, akwụkwọ bụkwa ụlọ nchekwa maka ọdịbendị. "<ref name=Kelso>Casey Kelso, [http://www.icwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/CCK-11.pdf "If it's written in English, is it really African literature?"], Institute of Current World Affairs, 15 September 1992, p. 2.</ref> Ihe odide ya n'asụsụ Bekee gụnyere The Underdog and Other Stories (Mambo Press, 1984) na Eva's Song: A Collection of Short Stories (Harper Collins, 1996). Akụkọ ya "Different Values" pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Margaret Busby]] nke 1992 Daughters of Africa . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/meet-gogo-nkala-the-matriarch-with-swagger/|title=Meet Gogo Nkala, the matriarch with swagger|first=Mbulelo|author=Mpofu|work=The Chronicle|date=22 January 2022|accessdate=29 March 2025|archivedate=12 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212165939/https://www.chronicle.co.zw/meet-gogo-nkala-the-matriarch-with-swagger/}}</ref> Na 1981 ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ndị na-ebipụta Longman Zimbabwe.[1] Na 1991 ọ hapụrụ Longman wee soro di ya rụkọọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ezinụlọ ruo afọ ise tupu a kpọọ ya onye isi International Bible Society Zimbabwe (IBS Zimbabwe) dị ka onye nduzi mba na Malawi na Zimbabwe. ọ haziri nsụgharị na ibipụta Bible ọhụrụ IBS Shona na Ndebele, yana Chichewa New Testament. Ọ hapụrụ IBS na 2005. Ọ na-arụkwa ụlọ ọrụ a na-akpọ Radiant Publishing Company, [2] onye ọhụụ ya bụ ibipụta maka mgbanwe.. N'afọ 2015, ọ natara akara ugo mmụta na National University of Science and Technology (NUST) na Bulawayo . Nkala bụ onye otu Brethren In Christ Church na Zimbabwe. Dị ka onye okenye na ụka ya, ọ nọdụrụ n'ọtụtụ bọọdụ enyemaka. Mmetụta ya na ụka agbaala ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto ume ide akụkọ ha ma bipụta ọtụtụ n'ime ha na Good Words / Amazwi Amahle na Zimbabwe. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya mpaghara nke nzukọ Mennonite World Conference <ref>{{Cite web|author=pwadmin|date=2019-07-29|title=Regional Representatives|url=https://mwc-cmm.org/regional-representatives|accessdate=27 April 2021|work=Mennonite World Conference|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429184627/https://mwc-cmm.org/regional-representatives}}</ref> Southern Africa na-ekpuchi South Africa, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, na Zimbabwe. Nkala na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ gosipụtara na Doris Dube's Silent Labourers . <ref>.{{Cite book|author=Dube|first=Doris|title=Silent labourers|date=2002|publisher=Radiant|isbn=0-7974-2444-X|location=Harare|oclc=818622306}}</ref> === Akụkọ ifo === * ''Qilindini (Cheat!'' Ndebele, novel 1974, Longman Zimbabwe){{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} * ''Umendo'' ( Marriage is a gamble. Ndebele, novel, 1977, Mambo Press)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Makhalisa|first=Barbara|title=Umendo|publisher=Mambo Press|year=1977|isbn=0869226193|location=Gweru|pages=1–136}}</ref> * ''Umhlaba lo!'' (What a world!; Ndebele, 1977, Mambo Press)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Nkala|url=http://www.bcmnliterarytrust.org/the-author/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130021/http://www.bcmnliterarytrust.org/the-author/|archivedate=2021-04-12}}</ref> * ''Impilo yinkinga'' (Life is a Mystery, Ndebele novel, 1984, Mambo Press)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Makhalisa|first=Barbara|title=Impilo Yinkinga|publisher=[[Longman]]|year=1983|isbn=9780582587175|location=Harare|pages=1–163}}</ref> * ''The Underdog and Other Stories'', Mambo Press, 1984 ({{ISBN|978-0869223345}}) * ''Calfy Says'' (Children's stories, 1991, Longman Zimbabwe){{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} * ''Eva's Song'', Harper Collins, 1996 ({{ISBN|978-1779040114}}) * ''Beasty Bones and other Baddies'' (Children's instructions on Health story, 1991, Longman Zimbabwe){{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} * ''Ujojojo KaMaNtombi'' (Ndebele Children's story, 1991, Longman Zimbabwe) * ''Woza Lazo'' (co-authored, Ndebele infant Rhymes 1991, Longman Zimbabwe) * Primary Ndebele Texts for schools Grade 6 and 7. Longman Zimbabwe * Various English and Ndebele poems and short stories (Zimbabwe Women Writers Anthology, 1994) * ''Vus' Inkophe/Masimba'', 1997<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vus' inkophe: isiphala sezindatshana zeZimbabwe Women Writers|date=1996|publisher=Zimbabwe Women Writers|editor=Barbara Nkala|isbn=0-7974-1609-9|location=Harare|oclc=37722220}}</ref> * ''The Book Fair Book'', 1993{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} * ''Giya Giya'' (Poetry, 1990){{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Giya Giya|publisher=Radiant|year=2021|isbn=9781779216557|editor=Makhalisa Nkala|location=Zimbabwe|pages=1–328}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ma ọ bụ onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ === * Ime emume ọhụụ: Otu narị afọ nke ịgha mkpụrụ na owuwe ihe ubi, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Celebrating the vision: a century of sowing and reaping|date=1998|publisher=Brethren in Christ Church|editor=Barbara Nkala|isbn=0-7974-1836-9|location=Bulawayo, Zimbabwe|oclc=40774018}}</ref> Baptist Publishing House, 1998 * ''Rainbow After a Storm: Akụkọ nke Mfu, iru uju na ọgwụgwọ'', Radiant, 2008 * Thaph' uluju: iqoqo lezindatshana, ilifa lakho, 2010<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nkala|first=Barbara|title=Thaph' uluju: iqoqo lezindatshana, ilifa lakho|date=2010|publisher=Radiant Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7974-4279-5|location=Harare|oclc=671238627}}</ref> * ''Sithini IsiNdebele?'' site n'aka Issac N Mpofu, 2011<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mpofu|first=I. N.|title=Sithini isiNdebele?|date=2011|publisher=Radiant Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7974-4280-1|location=Harare, Zimbabwe|oclc=755905987}}</ref> * ''Izinyawo Zayizolo'' nke Tsitsi Nomsa Ngwenya, 2016 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ngwenya|first=Tsitsi Nomsa|title=Izinyawo zayizolo|date=2016|isbn=978-0-7974-7241-9|location=Harare, Zimbabwe|oclc=960043403|publisher=Radiant Publishing Company}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|work=This Is Africa|first=Priviledge|author=Mugejo|title=Interview — Ndebele novelist Tsitsi Nomsa Ngwenya is seeking the ancient paths|date=19 May 2022|url=https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/interview-ndebele-novelist-tsitsi-nomsa-ngwenya/|accessdate=2023-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Umkhosi Wenhliziyo'' nke Olivia M. Sibanda, 2020 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Sibanda|first=Olivia Mahwaya|authorlink=Olivia Sibanda|title=Umkhosi wenhliziyo|date=2020|isbn=978-1-77925-359-0|location=Harare, Zimbabwe|publisher=Radiant Publishing Company|oclc=1264735172}}</ref> * ''Uhambo Lwempilo'' nke Lindani Phiri, 2020 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Phiri|first=Lindani|title=Uhambo lwempilo|date=2020|isbn=978-1-77925-467-2|location=Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe|publisher=Radiant Publishing Company|oclc=1268543172}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ === * ''Inkondlo'' (Nchịkọta nke Abụ site n'aka ndị edemede nwanyị Zimbabwe) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zimbabwe Women Writers|title=Selections Inkondlo|publisher=Zimbabwe Women Writers|year=1998|location=Harare|pages=28–30, 37, 48–50}}</ref> * Golide: Gogo Khokho, biri, hụ ya n'anya ma hapụ ihe nketa, Radiant, 2011<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dube|first=Doris|title=Golide: gogo khokho-- lived, loved & left a legacy|date=2011|publisher=Radiant Publishing Company|editor=Barbara Nkala|isbn=978-0-7974-4660-1|location=Harare, Zimbabwe|oclc=781940002}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Growing and branching out: Brethren in Christ Church in Zimbabwe and southern Africa|date=2014|editor=Nkala|isbn=978-0-7974-5977-9|edition=First|location=Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe|publisher=Radiant Publishing Company|oclc=928047296}}</ref> * Ịzụlite na ịpụ apụ: Ụmụnna na Chọọchị Kraịst na Zimbabwe na ndịda Afrịka, Radiant, 2014 <ref name="ReferenceA" /> * ''Umusa Wansuku zonke: Ugwalo 2'', Radiant 2006<ref>{{Cite book|title=Umusa Wansuku Zonke Ugwalo 2|publisher=Radiant Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=0797431128|location=Harare}}</ref> * Okwu mmalite nke ''Isichazamazwi SesiNdebele'' (Ndebele Dictionary) 2001 site na African Languages Research Institute, UZ Harare <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hadebe|first=Samukele|title=Isichazamazwi Sesindebele|date=2001|publisher=College Press [in conjunction with the] African Languages Research Institute|others=ALLEX Project, University of Zimbabwe. African Languages Research Institute|isbn=1-77900-404-4|location=Harare, Zimbabwe|oclc=48619090}}</ref> === Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na ihe nrite === * PHd si NUST <ref>{{Cite web|author=Chronicle|first=The|title=President caps 2,388 at Nust|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/president-caps-2388-at-nust/|accessdate=24 May 2022|work=The Chronicle|date=14 November 2015|language=en-GB}}</ref> * 40 National Arts Merit Awards (NAMA) Legends Award<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe: NAMA 2021 a Thunderous Triumph, But... {{!}} NAMA Legends|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202103290092.html|first=Tafadzwa|author=Zimoyo|work=The Herald|date=29 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506104853/https://allafrica.com/stories/202103290092.html|archivedate=6 May 2021}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === * Ntụziaka<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Makhalisa Nkala|url=https://barbaramnkala.blogspot.com/p/authors-biography.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412130023/https://barbaramnkala.blogspot.com/p/authors-biography.html|archivedate=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=pwadmin|date=1 August 2019|title='God greatly sustained me'|url=https://mwc-cmm.org/renewal-2027/stories/%E2%80%9Cgod-greatly-sustained-me%E2%80%9D|accessdate=27 April 2021|work=Mennonite World Conference|language=en|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427081156/https://mwc-cmm.org/renewal-2027/stories/%E2%80%9Cgod-greatly-sustained-me%E2%80%9D}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> * Barbara Nkala Literary Trust <ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome To BCMN Literary Trust – Barbara Clara Makhalisa Nkala Literary Trust|url=http://www.bcmnliterarytrust.org/|accessdate=27 April 2021|language=en}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT: Makhalisa, Barbara}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ajr3mu3htnw5hwejurguomjcwbr1ehw 0 60147 674714 206386 2026-07-09T21:25:11Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674714 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nadia Yassine.jpg|thumb|Nadia Yassine]] Nadia Yassine (Arabic: نادية ياسين) (amuru Disemba 1958) bu onye isi ngalaba umu nwanyi nke Moroccan Islamist movement Al Adl Wa Al Ihssane (Ikwa nke Ikpe na Ime Mmụọ).[1] Amụrụ na Casablanca, Morocco, ọ bụ ada nke onye guzobere otu nzukọ Cheikh Abdesslam Yassine.. <ref name="Sada 10 Jan">{{Cite web|author=Masbah|first=Mohammed|date=January 10, 2013|title=In Yassine's Footsteps|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2013/01/10/in-yassine-s-footsteps/f0nj|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325133702/http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2013/01/10/in-yassine-s-footsteps/f0nj|archivedate=2013-03-25|accessdate=10 January 2013|publisher=Sada}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7eqh7m8tx0zhniuzev2o6qkumly20a0 0 60171 675070 393162 2026-07-10T11:27:20Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 675070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Janice Rule''' (August 15, 1931 - Ọktoba 17, 2003) <ref>{{Cite web|title=United States Social Security Death Index|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JPT9-MP5?cid=fs_copy|accessdate=2024-03-22|work=FamilySearch}}</ref> bụ onye omere America na onye na-ahụ maka mmụọ mmụọ, na-enweta PhD ya mgbe ọ ka na-eme ihe, wee na-eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ọhụrụ ya. == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ iwu na Norwood, Ohio, nye nne na nna sitere na Irish. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ahịa diamond ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ malitere ịgba egwu na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Chez Paree na Chicago mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, nke kwụrụ ụgwọ maka nkuzi ballet, <ref name="Guerin" /> ma bụrụ onye ịgba egwu na mmepụta 1949 Broadway nke ''Miss Liberty'' . Rule gụkwara ime ihe na Chicago Professional School. <ref name="PLAYBILLOBIT" /> == Ọrụ == E sere ya na mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Life'' na Jenụwarị 8, 1951, dị ka onye ga-ekiri na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. N'inweta nkwekọrịta site na Warner Bros., ọrụ ihuenyo mbụ ya kwadoro dị ka Virginia na ''Goodbye, My Fancy'' (1951), nke gosipụtara Joan Crawford na-edu ndú. Kpakpando ahụ guzosiri ike na-eleda nwanyị nke nta anya, na-eme ka ọrụ Rule na fim ahụ sie ike, ọ bụ ezie na Crawford afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị degara akwụkwọ ozi ịrịọ mgbaghara na Rule maka imeso ya ihe ọjọọ na fim a. E kwere ka nkwekọrịta nke Warner Rule kwụsị mgbe naanị ihe nkiri abụọ gasịrị. <ref name="Bergan">{{Cite news|author=Bergan|first=Ronald|authorlink=Ronald Bergan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/oct/23/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries|title=Janice Rule|work=The Guardian|date=October 23, 2003|accessdate=March 31, 2021}}</ref> Àgwà nke ịma mma ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri na mmalite 1950s nyere ya nsogbu: "N'ihi na m na-atụ egwu na a ga-apụnara m onye m n'otu n'otu, m na-alụ ọgụ na ndị na-edozi ahụ, ndị na-edozi isi, na aghọtaghị m nsogbu nke ngalaba mgbasa ozi," ka a kọrọ na 1957. Ọchịchị dị na mbụ 1953 Broadway cast of William Inge 's ''Picnic'' (n'ọrụ Madge Owens, ịma mma na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ, nke Kim Novak na-egwuri na ụdị ihe nkiri), <ref name="Bergan" /> nke ụlọ ọrụ ya gụnyekwara Paul Newman na Broadway mpụta mbụ. Nkwenye a mere ka ọ jụ ọrụ Eva Marie Saint mechara rụọ na ''On the Waterfront'' (1954). "Amaara m na apụghị m ịse ihe nkiri n'ụbọchị nile ma na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ebe n'abalị ma na-eme ike m n'ihe abụọ ahụ," Hedda Hopper nke ''Los Angeles Times'' kwuru na 1966. N'ime ihe ngosi Broadway ya ndị ọzọ bụ ''The Flowering Peach'', ''Nwa agbọghọ kacha nwee obi ụtọ n'ụwa'', na Michael V. Gazzo 's ''Night Circus'', mmepụta 1958 nke mere naanị otu izu, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://playbill.com/production/the-night-circus-john-golden-theatre-vault-0000008454|title=The Night Circus @ John Golden Theatre|work=[[Playbill]]|publisher=Playbill, Inc.|accessdate=February 3, 2018}}</ref> ma webatara Iwu Ben Gazzara, bụ onye ghọrọ di nke atọ. <ref name="Bergan" /> Ihe nkiri ya ndị ọzọ na 1950 gụnyere ''A Woman's Devotion'' (1956), Western ''Gun for a Coward'' (1957) na ''Bell, Book and Candle'' (1958), nke ọ gbara nwanyị ọlụlụ nke tụfuru onye mbipụta 'Shep' Henderson ( James Stewart ) na onye na-agba afa Gillian Holroyd (Kim Novak). Na telivishọn, ọ pụtara na ihe omume nke ''Checkmate'' ("Mask of Vengeance", 1960), ebe ọ na-egwuri Elena Nardos, onye bi na Cloris Leachman 's agwa, Marilyn Parker. Ọ gbara Helen Foley na ''The Twilight Zone'' S1 E29 " Nightmare as a Child " nke ekesara na Eprel 29, 1960. Ọ pụtara dị ka agwa dị iche iche na nkeji atọ nke ''Ụzọ 66'' . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Barbara Webb na Barbara Wells ya na David Janssen na akụkụ abụọ nke ''The Fugitive'' akpọrọ "Onye na-egbu nwunye" na "Mgbidi abalị". O nwekwara nnukwu ọrụ dị ka Nancy Reade na "Mgbịrịgba atọ ruo Perdido", ihe omume mpụta mbụ nke Richard Boone western ''Have Gun - Will Travel'' . Iwu nwekwara kpakpando, ịgba ụgwọ nke abụọ nye Yul Brynner, na ihe nkiri ọdịda anyanwụ ''Invitation to a Gunfighter'' (1964). == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọchịchị nwere obere njikọ aka na Farley Granger na 1956. Ha pụtara na egwuregwu Broadway ''The Carefree Tree'' na 1955. Ọzọ sochiri mmekọrịta ya na Ralph Meeker ; Meeker egwuri egwu Hal na ''picnic'' . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ọchịchị lụrụ obere oge, n'oge 1955, nye onye edemede telivishọn na ihe nkiri N. Richard Nash . Alụmdi na nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ onye na-ede ihe nkiri na telivishọn bụ Robert Thom na 1956; <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cook|first=Joan|title=Robert Thom, Writer Of Plays, Screenplays, Novels and Poems, 49|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/12/archives/robert-thom-writer-of-plays-screenplays-novels-and-poems-49-worked.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 12, 1979|page=6}}</ref> ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị, Kate, tupu ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1961. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Obituaries: Janice Rule, Actress turned Psychologist|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/janice-rule-37372.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 October 2003}}</ref> Alụmdi na nwunye ikpeazụ ya bụ onye omee Ben Gazzara na 1961, na-enwe otu nwa nwanyị tupu ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1979. N'ime 1960s, ọ nwere mmasị na psychoanalysis . Ọ malitere akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya na 1973, ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ibe ya, wee nata PhD 10 afọ ka e mesịrị site na Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute na Los Angeles. Ọ na-eme ihe na New York na Los Angeles, ma nọgide na-eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ site na ọbara ọgbụgba ụbụrụ na 2003. E&amp;nbsp;kpọrọ ya ọkụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=janice+rule+cremated+scott+wilson&pg=PA650|title=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.|first=Scott|author=Wilson|date=August 19, 2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476625997}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri onyonyo ==   == Ọrụ telivishọn ==   Site na ndaba ndaba, Iwu pụtara na nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ nke usoro ihe onyonyo anọ na-eme ogologo oge: ''Have Gun – Will Travel'' episode 1; ''Ụzọ 66'' ihe omume 2; ''Okporo ámá nke San Francisco'' ihe omume 2; na, ''Barnaby Jones'' ihe omume 2. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=40sEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78 "Ihe nkiri: Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'elu ọkwa ama ama; Janice Rule na-agba egwu ma na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị site na Glen Ellyn, Ill. gaa Hollywood, Calif."] . ''Ndụ'' . Ọnwa Mbụ 8, 1951. pp.&nbsp;78–79 * Ọchịchị, Janice (November 1973) [https://archive.org/details/sim_mental-health-digest_1973-11_5_11/mode/2up?q=%22janice+rule%22+%22actor%27s+identity+crises%22 " Nsogbu njirimara onye na-eme ihe nkiri (Ntụgharị uche nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri)"] . ''Ngwakọta ahụike uche'' . pp.&nbsp;54–58 == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0750023}} * Janice Rule at the Internet Broadway Database * Janice Rule at the Internet Off-Broadway Database rizhvjz9sh7vr6m8a08kl7zb9cy7wn4 675072 675070 2026-07-10T11:28:50Z Ebube Clara 43871 675072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Janice Rule''' (August 15, 1931 - Ọktoba 17, 2003) <ref>{{Cite web|title=United States Social Security Death Index|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JPT9-MP5?cid=fs_copy|accessdate=2024-03-22|work=FamilySearch}}</ref> bụ onye omere America na onye na-ahụ maka mmụọ mmụọ, na-enweta PhD ya mgbe ọ ka na-eme ihe, wee na-eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ọhụrụ ya. == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ iwu na Norwood, Ohio, nye nne na nna sitere na Irish. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ahịa diamond ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ malitere ịgba egwu na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Chez Paree na Chicago mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, nke kwụrụ ụgwọ maka nkuzi ballet, ma bụrụ onye ịgba egwu na mmepụta 1949 Broadway nke ''Miss Liberty'' . Rule gụkwara ime ihe na Chicago Professional School. == Ọrụ == E sere ya na mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Life'' na Jenụwarị 8, 1951, dị ka onye ga-ekiri na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. N'inweta nkwekọrịta site na Warner Bros., ọrụ ihuenyo mbụ ya kwadoro dị ka Virginia na ''Goodbye, My Fancy'' (1951), nke gosipụtara Joan Crawford na-edu ndú. Kpakpando ahụ guzosiri ike na-eleda nwanyị nke nta anya, na-eme ka ọrụ Rule na fim ahụ sie ike, ọ bụ ezie na Crawford afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị degara akwụkwọ ozi ịrịọ mgbaghara na Rule maka imeso ya ihe ọjọọ na fim a. E kwere ka nkwekọrịta nke Warner Rule kwụsị mgbe naanị ihe nkiri abụọ gasịrị. <ref name="Bergan">{{Cite news|author=Bergan|first=Ronald|authorlink=Ronald Bergan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/oct/23/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries|title=Janice Rule|work=The Guardian|date=October 23, 2003|accessdate=March 31, 2021}}</ref> Àgwà nke ịma mma ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ihe nkiri na mmalite 1950s nyere ya nsogbu: "N'ihi na m na-atụ egwu na a ga-apụnara m onye m n'otu n'otu, m na-alụ ọgụ na ndị na-edozi ahụ, ndị na-edozi isi, na aghọtaghị m nsogbu nke ngalaba mgbasa ozi," ka a kọrọ na 1957. Ọchịchị dị na mbụ 1953 Broadway cast of William Inge 's ''Picnic'' (n'ọrụ Madge Owens, ịma mma na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ, nke Kim Novak na-egwuri na ụdị ihe nkiri), <ref name="Bergan" /> nke ụlọ ọrụ ya gụnyekwara Paul Newman na Broadway mpụta mbụ. Nkwenye a mere ka ọ jụ ọrụ Eva Marie Saint mechara rụọ na ''On the Waterfront'' (1954). "Amaara m na apụghị m ịse ihe nkiri n'ụbọchị nile ma na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ebe n'abalị ma na-eme ike m n'ihe abụọ ahụ," Hedda Hopper nke ''Los Angeles Times'' kwuru na 1966. N'ime ihe ngosi Broadway ya ndị ọzọ bụ ''The Flowering Peach'', ''Nwa agbọghọ kacha nwee obi ụtọ n'ụwa'', na Michael V. Gazzo 's ''Night Circus'', mmepụta 1958 nke mere naanị otu izu, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://playbill.com/production/the-night-circus-john-golden-theatre-vault-0000008454|title=The Night Circus @ John Golden Theatre|work=[[Playbill]]|publisher=Playbill, Inc.|accessdate=February 3, 2018}}</ref> ma webatara Iwu Ben Gazzara, bụ onye ghọrọ di nke atọ. <ref name="Bergan" /> Ihe nkiri ya ndị ọzọ na 1950 gụnyere ''A Woman's Devotion'' (1956), Western ''Gun for a Coward'' (1957) na ''Bell, Book and Candle'' (1958), nke ọ gbara nwanyị ọlụlụ nke tụfuru onye mbipụta 'Shep' Henderson ( James Stewart ) na onye na-agba afa Gillian Holroyd (Kim Novak). Na telivishọn, ọ pụtara na ihe omume nke ''Checkmate'' ("Mask of Vengeance", 1960), ebe ọ na-egwuri Elena Nardos, onye bi na Cloris Leachman 's agwa, Marilyn Parker. Ọ gbara Helen Foley na ''The Twilight Zone'' S1 E29 " Nightmare as a Child " nke ekesara na Eprel 29, 1960. Ọ pụtara dị ka agwa dị iche iche na nkeji atọ nke ''Ụzọ 66'' . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Barbara Webb na Barbara Wells ya na David Janssen na akụkụ abụọ nke ''The Fugitive'' akpọrọ "Onye na-egbu nwunye" na "Mgbidi abalị". O nwekwara nnukwu ọrụ dị ka Nancy Reade na "Mgbịrịgba atọ ruo Perdido", ihe omume mpụta mbụ nke Richard Boone western ''Have Gun - Will Travel'' . Iwu nwekwara kpakpando, ịgba ụgwọ nke abụọ nye Yul Brynner, na ihe nkiri ọdịda anyanwụ ''Invitation to a Gunfighter'' (1964). == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọchịchị nwere obere njikọ aka na Farley Granger na 1956. Ha pụtara na egwuregwu Broadway ''The Carefree Tree'' na 1955. Ọzọ sochiri mmekọrịta ya na Ralph Meeker ; Meeker egwuri egwu Hal na ''picnic'' . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ọchịchị lụrụ obere oge, n'oge 1955, nye onye edemede telivishọn na ihe nkiri N. Richard Nash . Alụmdi na nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ onye na-ede ihe nkiri na telivishọn bụ Robert Thom na 1956; <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cook|first=Joan|title=Robert Thom, Writer Of Plays, Screenplays, Novels and Poems, 49|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/12/archives/robert-thom-writer-of-plays-screenplays-novels-and-poems-49-worked.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 12, 1979|page=6}}</ref> ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị, Kate, tupu ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1961. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Obituaries: Janice Rule, Actress turned Psychologist|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/janice-rule-37372.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 October 2003}}</ref> Alụmdi na nwunye ikpeazụ ya bụ onye omee Ben Gazzara na 1961, na-enwe otu nwa nwanyị tupu ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1979. N'ime 1960s, ọ nwere mmasị na psychoanalysis . Ọ malitere akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ya na 1973, ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ibe ya, wee nata PhD 10 afọ ka e mesịrị site na Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute na Los Angeles. Ọ na-eme ihe na New York na Los Angeles, ma nọgide na-eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ site na ọbara ọgbụgba ụbụrụ na 2003. E&amp;nbsp;kpọrọ ya ọkụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&q=janice+rule+cremated+scott+wilson&pg=PA650|title=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.|first=Scott|author=Wilson|date=August 19, 2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476625997}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri onyonyo ==   == Ọrụ telivishọn ==   Site na ndaba ndaba, Iwu pụtara na nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ nke usoro ihe onyonyo anọ na-eme ogologo oge: ''Have Gun – Will Travel'' episode 1; ''Ụzọ 66'' ihe omume 2; ''Okporo ámá nke San Francisco'' ihe omume 2; na, ''Barnaby Jones'' ihe omume 2. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=40sEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78 "Ihe nkiri: Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'elu ọkwa ama ama; Janice Rule na-agba egwu ma na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị site na Glen Ellyn, Ill. gaa Hollywood, Calif."] . ''Ndụ'' . Ọnwa Mbụ 8, 1951. pp.&nbsp;78–79 * Ọchịchị, Janice (November 1973) [https://archive.org/details/sim_mental-health-digest_1973-11_5_11/mode/2up?q=%22janice+rule%22+%22actor%27s+identity+crises%22 " Nsogbu njirimara onye na-eme ihe nkiri (Ntụgharị uche nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri)"] . ''Ngwakọta ahụike uche'' . pp.&nbsp;54–58 == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0750023}} * Janice Rule at the Internet Broadway Database * Janice Rule at the Internet Off-Broadway Database p4hbrpo0c8ico3qwagfng53fuqvwpgq 0 63478 674881 577656 2026-07-10T06:59:54Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Temidayo Ibitoye|birth_date=|birth_place=Ilorin, Nigeria|known_for=Storytelling for social impact|alma_mater=|nationality={{flag|Nigeria}}|citizenship=[[Nigeria]]|education=[[New York Film Academy]] <br> [[Harvard Kennedy School]] <br> [[Pan-Atlantic University]]<br> [[Ahmadu Bello University]]|organization=Dinovate Solutions<br> [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)|occupation=Journalist, Filmmaker}} [[Faịlụ:Temidayo Ibitoye.jpg|thumb|Temidayo Ibitoye]] '''Temidayo Ibitoye''' bụ onye nta akụkọ Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye ọchụnta ego na-elekọta mmadụ.[1]  A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta akụkọ na-enyocha ndụ obodo ndị a kpapụrụ n'ofe Africa.[2][3]  Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Dinovate, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke na-akwado ịkọ akụkọ maka mmetụta mmadụ, nsonye, ​​na mmepe. == Ndụ Mbido na Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ibitoye na Ilorin, Nigeria.  O nwetara nzere bachelọ na Chemical Engineering na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria,[5] na nzere Master na Media and Communication si n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi na nzikọrịta ozi, Mahadum Pan-Atlantic, Nigeria.  Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na New York Film Academy ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe nkiri.  Ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ nchịkwa na Harvard Kennedy School of Government, United States. == Ọrụ == Temidayo Ibitoye malitere ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke The Nation Newspaper, [7] tupu ọ gbanwee n'ime akụkọ ọhụụ, mmepụta ihe nkiri, na mgbasa ozi mmepe. Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma na òtù ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile gụnyere World Bank, [8] [9] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Mastercard Foundation na The African Development Bank, na-emepụta ọdịnaya mgbasa ozi dị mkpa na-elekwasị anya na mmepe, nkwụsi ike, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, na mgbanwe obodo. Ọ na-eduga Media, Nkwukọrịta na Nhụta na UNDP Resilience Hub maka Africa nke dabere na Nairobi, Kenya Ọ bụ onye guzobere Dinovate, ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta nke dị na Naijiria na United States, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịkọ akụkọ, mmepụta mgbasa ozi, nyocha, na ọzụzụ Akpọrọ Temidayo Ibitoye ka ọ kwuo okwu n'ọtụtụ ọgbakọ mba ụwa, mahadum, na ọgbakọ mmepe. [11] Ntinye aka ya lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu ndị dị ka ịkọ akụkọ maka mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkwurịta okwu mmepe, na ịkwalite olu ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa site na mgbasa ozi. == Ọrụ Ndị A Ma Ama == * Borderlands: Usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ Ibitoye mepụtara ma duzie ya, Borderlands na-enyocha ndụ kwa ụbọchị na ihe ịma aka n'ime mpaghara oke ala Africa. [13] Usoro a enwetala nnabata mba ụwa ma gosipụta ya na mmemme ihe nkiri na mmemme gụnyere docUNight site na UN Copenhagen na Mahadum Utrecht. * Nigeria for Women Project: Na mmekorita ya na World Bank, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/03/05/voices-from-western-and-central-africa-standing-up-for-the-power-of-girls|title=Voices from Western and Central Africa: Standing Up for the Power of Girls|work=World Bank}}</ref> usoro a dekọrọ akụkọ banyere inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike, na-egosi mmetụta nke atụmatụ mmepe na-elekwasị anya na okike gafee Naịjirịa. == Onyinye na Nkwado == * Onye a họpụtara maka ihe nkiri mba ụwa kachasị mma, Begin Film Festival, Los Angeles (2024) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beginfilmfestival.com/official-selections-2024|title=2024 Official Selections|work=Begin Film Festival|accessdate=2025-07-04|archivedate=2025-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622090614/https://www.beginfilmfestival.com/official-selections-2024}}</ref> * Onye a họpụtara maka ihe nkiri kacha mma, NGO Film Festival, Rome (2024) * Onye a họpụtara, Global Entrepreneurship Festival Award (2024) * Onye a họpụtara, Africa Excellence Awards, AMEA Markets (2025) * Onye a họpụtara, Nigeria Blog Awards, (2013) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/11/view-nominees-for-nigerian-blog-awards-2013-vote-for-your-favourite-blogs/|title=View Nominees for Nigerian Blog Awards 2013 & Vote For Your Favourite Blogs|date=November 15, 2013}}</ref> * Onye mmeri, Cocacola/The Nation Prize for journalism (2010) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/empathy-chasm/|title=The empathy chasm|first=The|author=Nation|date=December 18, 2013}}</ref> * Onye mmeri, Nigeria Blog Awards, Technology Category (2012) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-campuslife-reporter-wins-blog-award/|title=Ex-CAMPUSLIFE reporter wins Blog award|first=The|author=Nation|date=December 20, 2012}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kjf4pkhsk0vqj1ec4vt08t4zdwbzytc 674883 674881 2026-07-10T07:03:22Z NiferO 20385 Re-added image to Infobox 674883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Temidayo Ibitoye|birth_date=|birth_place=Ilorin, Nigeria|known_for=Storytelling for social impact|alma_mater=|nationality={{flag|Nigeria}}|citizenship=[[Nigeria]]|education=[[New York Film Academy]] <br> [[Harvard Kennedy School]] <br> [[Pan-Atlantic University]]<br> [[Ahmadu Bello University]]|organization=Dinovate Solutions<br> [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)|occupation=Journalist, Filmmaker|image=File:Temidayo Ibitoye.jpg|image caption=Temidayo Ibitoye}} '''Temidayo Ibitoye''' bụ onye nta akụkọ Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye ọchụnta ego na-elekọta mmadụ.[1]  A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta akụkọ na-enyocha ndụ obodo ndị a kpapụrụ n'ofe Africa.[2][3]  Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Dinovate, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke na-akwado ịkọ akụkọ maka mmetụta mmadụ, nsonye, ​​na mmepe. == Ndụ Mbido na Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ibitoye na Ilorin, Nigeria.  O nwetara nzere bachelọ na Chemical Engineering na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria,[5] na nzere Master na Media and Communication si n'ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi na nzikọrịta ozi, Mahadum Pan-Atlantic, Nigeria.  Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na New York Film Academy ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe nkiri.  Ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ nchịkwa na Harvard Kennedy School of Government, United States. == Ọrụ == Temidayo Ibitoye malitere ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke The Nation Newspaper, [7] tupu ọ gbanwee n'ime akụkọ ọhụụ, mmepụta ihe nkiri, na mgbasa ozi mmepe. Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma na òtù ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile gụnyere World Bank, [8] [9] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Mastercard Foundation na The African Development Bank, na-emepụta ọdịnaya mgbasa ozi dị mkpa na-elekwasị anya na mmepe, nkwụsi ike, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, na mgbanwe obodo. Ọ na-eduga Media, Nkwukọrịta na Nhụta na UNDP Resilience Hub maka Africa nke dabere na Nairobi, Kenya Ọ bụ onye guzobere Dinovate, ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta nke dị na Naijiria na United States, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịkọ akụkọ, mmepụta mgbasa ozi, nyocha, na ọzụzụ Akpọrọ Temidayo Ibitoye ka ọ kwuo okwu n'ọtụtụ ọgbakọ mba ụwa, mahadum, na ọgbakọ mmepe. [11] Ntinye aka ya lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu ndị dị ka ịkọ akụkọ maka mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkwurịta okwu mmepe, na ịkwalite olu ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa site na mgbasa ozi. == Ọrụ Ndị A Ma Ama == * Borderlands: Usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ Ibitoye mepụtara ma duzie ya, Borderlands na-enyocha ndụ kwa ụbọchị na ihe ịma aka n'ime mpaghara oke ala Africa. [13] Usoro a enwetala nnabata mba ụwa ma gosipụta ya na mmemme ihe nkiri na mmemme gụnyere docUNight site na UN Copenhagen na Mahadum Utrecht. * Nigeria for Women Project: Na mmekorita ya na World Bank, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/03/05/voices-from-western-and-central-africa-standing-up-for-the-power-of-girls|title=Voices from Western and Central Africa: Standing Up for the Power of Girls|work=World Bank}}</ref> usoro a dekọrọ akụkọ banyere inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike, na-egosi mmetụta nke atụmatụ mmepe na-elekwasị anya na okike gafee Naịjirịa. == Onyinye na Nkwado == * Onye a họpụtara maka ihe nkiri mba ụwa kachasị mma, Begin Film Festival, Los Angeles (2024) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beginfilmfestival.com/official-selections-2024|title=2024 Official Selections|work=Begin Film Festival|accessdate=2025-07-04|archivedate=2025-06-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622090614/https://www.beginfilmfestival.com/official-selections-2024}}</ref> * Onye a họpụtara maka ihe nkiri kacha mma, NGO Film Festival, Rome (2024) * Onye a họpụtara, Global Entrepreneurship Festival Award (2024) * Onye a họpụtara, Africa Excellence Awards, AMEA Markets (2025) * Onye a họpụtara, Nigeria Blog Awards, (2013) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/11/view-nominees-for-nigerian-blog-awards-2013-vote-for-your-favourite-blogs/|title=View Nominees for Nigerian Blog Awards 2013 & Vote For Your Favourite Blogs|date=November 15, 2013}}</ref> * Onye mmeri, Cocacola/The Nation Prize for journalism (2010) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/empathy-chasm/|title=The empathy chasm|first=The|author=Nation|date=December 18, 2013}}</ref> * Onye mmeri, Nigeria Blog Awards, Technology Category (2012) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-campuslife-reporter-wins-blog-award/|title=Ex-CAMPUSLIFE reporter wins Blog award|first=The|author=Nation|date=December 20, 2012}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o11lwswrs5ixqc60o3wlul252s8sltl 828 64027 674679 656784 2026-07-09T20:19:47Z Grufo 27039 [[:mw:Module:Params|Upstream]] updates 674679 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey] = val src[skey] = nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `let`, `here`, -- `in_substack`, `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local ctx = {} ctx.frame = child_frame:getParent() ctx.opipe = child_frame.args ctx.oparams = ctx.frame.args ctx.firstposonly = static_iface ctx.iterfunc = pairs ctx.sorttype = 0 ctx.n_parents = 0 ctx.n_children = 0 ctx.n_available = maxfill return ctx end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 local vname local chr for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] amap[key] = nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local newparams = {} local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local tmp = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if tmp == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false end tmp = sortfunctions[tmp] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false end return tmp or nil, 2, true end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let]|[...][number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after) local tbl, pin = {}, start_from local tnamed while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin]:match'^%s*let%s*$' and src[pin + 1] ~= nil and src[pin + 2] ~= nil do tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])] = src[pin + 2] pin = pin + 3 end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end local tmp = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp ~= nil and math.floor(tmp) == tmp then if tmp < 0 then tmp = -1 end local shf = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp do tbl[idx + shf] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style) local style local shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, nargs = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, nargs, tmp, karg, varg end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 local keyw for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from local trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu = tmp[1], tmp[2] optslots[1] = nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc] optslots[2] = nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc] optslots[3] = nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix local gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix = '' gid = key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local skel = {} local canvas = {} local idx = 1 local s_pos = 1 local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key local val local spos1 local spos2 local pos1 local pos2 local pos3 = 0 local idx = 1 local lenplone = #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx] = val idx = idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local vars = {} local sortfn, tmp, do_sort = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) local argc = set_strings(vars, opts, tmp + 1) if argc < tmp then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache local len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else cache = {} len = 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp = cache[idx] pmap[nss + 1] = pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset ~= -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) local sequence = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if sequence[nums[idx]] then fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc = ipairs ctx.subset = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc = pairs ctx.subset = -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'here' then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'in_substack' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen] = key store[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end nnums = nnums + 1 tmp[key] = val end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = '' end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin local nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift] = tbl[idx] tbl[idx] = nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} local nmax local nmin for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 local tmp for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] local tmp2 local argc local pos local refp if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl tmp1 = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to add cannot be zero', 0) end if tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 0 or math.floor(tmp1) ~= tmp1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp2 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + tmp1 - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp2] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + tmp1 + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tmp local ptn local tbl = ctx.params local newparams = {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch local ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') local nomatch local ptn for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') local yesmatch local ptn for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let]|[...][number of additional parameters]|[parameter -- 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let]|[...][number of additional arguments]|[argument -- 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only) value_maps[looptype](ctx.params, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1] local tbl = ctx.params if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) local cache local len if do_sort then local words local wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else cache = {} len = 0 for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let]|[...][number of additional parameters]|[parameter -- 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let]|[...][number of additional arguments]|[argument -- 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only) map_names(ctx.params, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn] = nil tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let]|[...]|[number of additional arguments]|[argument -- 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe local tmp if opts[1] ~= nil then tmp = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local argc tmp, argc = load_child_opts(opts, 2, 0) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end local groups = make_groups(ctx.params) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0] = gid model.args = group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local cache = {} local mix_k, mix_v = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', ctx.pipe[2] local tmp if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort order]|setting -- directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do stack[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(ctx.oparams) do stack[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params = ctx.children[currsnap] ctx.children[currsnap] = nil ctx.n_children = currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local parent local tmp = ctx.n_parents if tmp < 1 then parent = ctx.oparams else parent = ctx.parents[tmp] end tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1 ctx.n_children = currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] local child = ctx.params ctx.params = parent ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = nil ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent = ctx.params local currsnap = ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap] = nil ctx.n_children = currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2] -- |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = key ret[nss + 3] = kvs ret[nss + 4] = val nss = nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = val nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = '' ret[nss + 3] = '' ret[nss + 4] = val nss = nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = key ret[nss + 3] = kvs ret[nss + 4] = val nss = nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key] = opts[tmp] opts[tmp] = nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1] = pps ret[nss + 2] = table.concat(cnv) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = key opts[2] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...] -- |[named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = key opts[2] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = key opts[2] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local tname if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname local fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1] -- |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) opts[1] = val ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params( ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0] = gid model.args = group ret[nss + 1] = ccs ret[nss + 2] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) nss = nss + 2 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) bx8a2av95b6jpca3zvf7xnia4bz7hsf 0 65375 674950 450697 2026-07-10T09:00:29Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  "Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery of the Nonaligned Countries (Serbo-Croatian) bụ ụlọ ngosi nka na Titograd (nke oge a Podgorica) na Socialist Republic of Montenegro, otu n'ime ndị gọọmentị etiti nke Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Ọ bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Non-Aligned Movement guzobere.<ref name="Stubbs">{{Cite book|editor=Paul Stubbs|author=Bojana Piškur|chapter=Non-Aligned Cross-Cultural Pollination: A Short Graphic Novel|title=Socialist Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement: Social, Cultural, Political, and Economic Imaginaries|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|isbn=9780228014652|pages=156–175|date=2023}}</ref> E guzobere Ụlọ ngosi ahụ na 1 Septemba 1984 na ebumnuche nke nchịkọta, nchekwa na ngosi nke nka na ọdịbendị nke mba ndị na-esoghị na mba ndị na - emepe.<ref name="Nero">{{Cite web|url=https://www.neroeditions.com/non-aligned-countries/#:~:text=The%20Gallery%20of%20Art%20of%20the%20Non-Aligned%20Countries,from%2056%20non-aligned%20and%20developing%20countries%20was%20formed.|title=NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES: On "The Art of Holding Hands" at the Montenegro Pavilion|author=Natalija Vujošević|date=3 May 2022|publisher=Nero Magazine|accessdate=5 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="L'Internationale">{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationaleonline.org/research/alter_institutionality/78_solidarity_in_arts_and_culture_some_cases_from_the_non_aligned_movement/|title=Solidarity in Arts and Culture. Some cases from the Non-Aligned Movement|author=Bojana Piškur|date=1 October 2016|publisher=L'Internationale|accessdate=5 April 2023|archivedate=11 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011153028/https://www.internationaleonline.org/research/alter_institutionality/78_solidarity_in_arts_and_culture_some_cases_from_the_non_aligned_movement/}}</ref> E webatara akwụkwọ ahụ na nguzobe nke gallery ahụ na 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement na Harare, Zimbabwe ebe a na-atụ anya ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nkịtị nke mba ndị na-adịghị etinye aka na nhazi nke Triennial art sitere na mba NAM nke na njedebe emeghị n'ihi agha Yugoslavia.. <ref name="L'Internationale" /> N'ime afọ nke ịdị adị ya, ọ nwetara nchịkọta nke ihe osise 800 site na mba 56 na-abụghị nke kwekọrọ na nke na-emepe emepe.<ref name="Nero"/> O nwere "ọrụ nka dị mma na nke a na-etinye n'ọrụ; oche, ngwá egwu na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa pụrụ iche; ethnological, anthropological, archaeological, geological na isiokwu ndị metụtara ihe omume ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme; na ihe ochie".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Kontić|first=Jelena|date=26 September 2024|title=The art collection of the non-aligned became a cultural asset|url=https://en.vijesti.me/culture/725922/the-art-collection-of-the-unaligned-became-a-cultural-asset|accessdate=29 September 2024|work=[[Vijesti]]}}</ref> E mechiri ụlọ ngosi ahụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 4 Eprel 1995 mgbe Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Montenegro guzobere Centre for Contemporary Art of Montenegro nke ketara ego nke "Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="Vijesti">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vijesti.me/kultura/574205/dokumenti-60-godina-nesvrstanosti|title=Dokumenti - 60 godina nesvrstanosti|author=Jelena Kontić|date=5 November 2021|work=[[Vijesti]]|accessdate=5 April 2023}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ikpeazụ nke Summit 7th nke Òtù Na-enweghị Nkwekọrịta na New Delhi, India na Nzukọ Mbụ nke Ndị Minista nke Culture of the Non-Aligned Movement, Pyongyang, North Korea, ma na 1983, kpọrọ mba ndị òtù ahụ ka ha kwadoo gallery ọhụrụ ahụ.Nzukọ nke ndị minista ọdịbendị na-esote na Havana, Cuba tụrụ aro ịnakwere gallery dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nkịtị.<ref name="Vijesti" /> E guzobere "Josip Broz Tito" Art Gallery na 1 Septemba 1984. <ref name="Nero"/> Obodo Titograd nyere onye nnọchi anya Podgorica Royal Palace n'ak ụkụ osimiri Morača iji kwado gallery ahụ.<ref name="Marović">{{Cite journal|author=Marović|first=Milan|date=1989|title=Galerija umjetnosti nesvrstanih zemalja "Josip Broz Tito" Titograd|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/144964|journal=Informatica museologica|volume=20|issue=3-4|pages=47–48|doi=}}</ref> N'afọ 1986, a matara gallery ahụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nkịtị nke mba ndị otu NAM na 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement na Harare, Zimbabwe ebe gallery ahụ haziri ihe ngosi dị ka akụkụ nke nzukọ ahụ.<ref name="Marović" /> E gosipụtara ihe ngosi a na Lusaka, Dar es Salaam, Delhi na Cairo.<ref name="Marović" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, UNESCO kwadoro nhazi nke The First Symposium on Art and Development na gallery. <ref name="Marović" /> Ụlọ ngosi ahụ jere ozi dị ka oghere a na-ahụkarị iji kesaa n'otu ebe mmepụta ọdịbendị sitere na mba Ụwa nke Atọ na iji gbochie Eurocentrism na nka na ọdịbendị. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na gallery na obodo ukwu ndị bụbu ndị ọchịchị, e guzobere ego niile nke gallery ahụ site na onyinye na onyinye sitere na steeti ndị na-abụghị ndị otu.<ref name="Stubbs"/> [[Bernard Matemera]] mepụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ marble ọcha ya a na-akpọ "Family" n'oge ọ nọrọ na gallery na 1987. 1988 Non-Aligned Broadcasting Conference na Limassol, Saịprọs kpebiri ịhazi asọmpi TV kwa afọ na gallery na mba 19 na-ekere òkè na 1988 na mba 20 na 1989. <ref name="Marović"/> A nabatara ọnọdụ mba ụwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 9th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement na Belgrade, SR Serbia na 1989. <ref name="Marović" /> Nhọrọ mba nke onyinye maka gallery ahụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mba ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọkachamara na ikpe a ma ama bụ nhọrọ India nke e mere na nkwado nke National Gallery of Modern Art si New Delhi.<ref name="Marović" /> Ụlọ ngosi ahụ gosipụtara ozu a na-akpọ Nesmin site na nchịkọta Ijipt ya na ụlọ ngosi ahụ site na 1986 ruo 1991 mgbe e weghachiri ya na National Museum of Serbia na Belgrade na arịrịọ nke Ngalaba Archaeology na Faculty of Philosophy, Mahadum Belgrade. <ref name="REFF">{{Cite web|url=https://reff.f.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/492|title=Nesminov kovčeg - identifikacija beogradske mumije|author=n.a.|date=n.d.|publisher=REFF - Faculty of Philosophy Repository, [[University of Belgrade]]|accessdate=5 April 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, ndị omeiwu nke Montenegro guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ maka nka oge a nke Montenegro site na ijikọta ụlọ ngosi ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala nke mba Montenegro.<ref name="CSUCG">{{Cite web|url=https://csucg.me/history|title=O nama|author=n.a.|date=n.d.|publisher=Centre for Contemporary Art of Montenegro|accessdate=5 April 2023|archivedate=20 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320153927/https://csucg.me/history}}</ref> Ọrụ nke ihe ngosi ahụ dọtara mmasị ọhụrụ na nhazi nke ihe ngosi 2019 Southern Constellations na Ljubljana, Slovenia, ihe ngosi 2020 Solidarity Spores na Gwangju, South Korea, ihe ngosi 2021 Southern Constellations na Rijeka, Croatia na 2022 Podgorica Botanical Center for Montegrone Art Center for Montegro.<ref name="Kombinat">{{Cite web|url=https://portalkombinat.me/izlozba-kolekcija-umjetnosti-nesvrstanih-zemalja/|title=Izložba "Kolekcija umjetnosti nesvrstanih zemalja"|author=n.a.|date=7 June 2022|publisher=Kombinat|accessdate=5 April 2023|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405162244/https://portalkombinat.me/izlozba-kolekcija-umjetnosti-nesvrstanih-zemalja/}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> Na Septemba 2024, nchịkwa maka nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe omenala nke Montenegro nyere ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi na nchịkọta "ọnọdụ nke ihe onwunwe omenala mbugharị nke mba dị mkpa.Mkpebi a bịara n'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndị nlekọta nke Contemporary Art Center (Marina Šaranović, Anita Ćulafić, Nađa Baković na Natalija Vujošević) bụ ndị rịọrọ arịrịọ ahụ na 2022. == Hụkwa == * Yugoslavia na Òtù Na-abụghị nke A Na-ejikọta * [[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Africa, Belgrade]] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} 97iz8oi814m4cy5ub9cez4jh1e5vkiz 0 65494 674628 450455 2026-07-09T18:03:56Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Ali Hafiz''' (Arabic: محمد علي حافظ) nke Federation for Scouts na Girl Guides jere ozi na World Scout Committee of the World Organisation of Scout Movement site na afọ 1957 ruo 1963 na ọzọ site na 1965 ruo 1971 . N'afọ 1957, e hiwere Arab Scout Bureau, yana Hafiz dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ. . N'afọ 1963, e nyere Hafez Bronze Wolf, bụ naanị ihe dị iche iche nke World Organisation of Scout Movement, nke Kọmitii Scout World nyere maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na Scouting ụwa .<ref name="wolfie">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/List|title=List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award|publisher=[[World Organization of the Scout Movement|WOSM]]|work=scout.org|accessdate=2019-05-01|archivedate=2016-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129145907/https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/list}}</ref> == ESnsibia == {{Reflist}} * Dr. László Nagy, ''250 Million Scouts'', The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985, complete list through 1981 * ''Scouting Round the World'', John S. Wilson, first edition, Blandford Press 1959 p.&nbsp;275, p.&nbsp;282 == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/11624/94866/file/]  0u6qxbbdwh8i56uh67x2f9c6zy6q0s1 0 65659 674841 452448 2026-07-10T06:15:47Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Amy Frances May Gordon Jacot Guillarmod.jpg|thumb|Amy Jacot Guillarmod ]] '''Amy Frances May Gordon Jacot Guillarmod''' (née Hean) (23 Mee 1911 – 1992), bụ onye South Africa botanist na limnologist, kwuru maka ọrụ ya na flora nke Basutoland na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ 200, gụnyere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na ala mmiri, ahịhịa na sponges. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Durban Girls' High School, ọ hapụrụ Edinburgh n'oge na-adịghị anya. Enyere Jacot Guillarmod nzere MA na Bekee na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum St Andrews, mana sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, gbanwere mmasị wee malite akara mmụta MSc na Botany na Zoology n'otu mahadum ahụ. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ kụziri nwa obere oge na Durban wee họpụta ya onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na ngalaba nke Botany na Plant Pathology nke Ngalaba Agriculture na Pretoria. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya kwuru gbasara ọrịa na-efe efe nke ụtaba na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ nọrọ n'agbata afọ 1940 na 1957 na Basutoland. N'afọ 1956/7 ọ ghọrọ Onye isi nke Ngalaba Botany nke Pius XII College na Rom. Jacot Guillarmod guzobere Roma Herbarium na 1956. N'afọ 1958, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Grahamstown mgbe ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Botany nke Mahadum Rhodes. E chefughị njikọ ya na Basutoland, na 1967 ọ natara DSc site na Mahadum St Andrews maka nyocha ya na osisi nke Basutolland. A na-echeta ya na ''Merxmuellera guillarmodiae'' Conert, ''Navicula jacotiae'' F.R. Schoeman, ''Pinnularia guillarmodiae'' F.R' Schoeman na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Mpịakọta 50, akụkụ 1 (1988) nke The Flowering Plants of Africa raara ya nye. Ihe atụ ya dị ihe dị ka 10 000 ma bụrụ ndị sitere na [[Lesotho]] na Eastern Cape, nke dị na herbaria ndị a: PREM, PRE, RUH, GRA, MASE, K na MO. [a] == Ihe edeturu n'onwe ya == N'oge ọ nọrọ na Pretoria n'afọ ndị 1930 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo, ọ chọtara oge igwu hockey, ma nọchite anya Northern Transvaal. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ zutere onye ọrụ ibe ya na onye ga-abụ di ya, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ Charles Frédéric Jacot-Guillarmod (1912-1979), onye mechara bụrụ onye nlekọta nke Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Albany. O so ụbọchị ọmụmụ Linnaeus ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka emume jikọrọ aka kwa afọ. N'agbanyeghị na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ ya na-akpọ aha ha, ọ siri ọnwụ na ha agaghị eme otú ahụ. == Ọrụ == * {{Cite journal|title=The Flora of Basutoland: 3. Water Plants and Waterside Plants|year=1962|author=Jacot-Guillarmod|first=Amy|journal=Basutoland Notes and Records|volume=3|pages=7–15}} * {{Cite book|author=Jacot Guillarmod|first=A.|title=Flora of Lesotho (Basutoland)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIHQPAAACAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Lubrecht & Cramer|isbn=978-3-7682-0719-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Jacot Guillarmod|first=Amy|title=Limnological Bibliography for Africa South of the Sahara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUSrmwEACAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Institute for Freshwater Studies, [[Rhodes University]]|location=[[Grahamstown]]}} == Edemsibia == k6ms266m2bf4a312clrmnulv3e65qn7 0 65709 674826 671380 2026-07-10T05:50:10Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Büste von E. F. Kelaart - Bildhauer Henry Weigall.jpg|thumb|Edward Frederick Kelaart ]] Lieutenant Colonel Edward Frederick Kelaart (21 Nọvemba 1819 – 31 Ọgọst 1860) bụ onye dọkịta na onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike ndị Ceylon.  O mere ụfọdụ n'ime nchọpụta usoro nhazi mbụ site na mpaghara ahụ ma kọwaa ọtụtụ osisi na anụmanụ si Sri Lanka. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Edward Frederick (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Fredric) Kelaart na 21 Nọvemba 1819 na Colombo, Sri Lanka. Ezinụlọ ahụ bụ ndị Dutch na ndị Germany.Ọ bụ ọkpara William Henry Kelaart na Anna Frederika.[1] William rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka apothecary na ndị agha. Ezinụlọ ahụ ebirila na Sri Lanka gburugburu 1726. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, Edward sonyeere ọchịchị Ceylon dị ka onye enyemaka ahụike. Na 1838 ọ gara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Edinburgh, nata MD site na Royal College of Surgeons na 1841. Ọ laghachiri Ceylon ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka Staff Surgeon na ndị agha na 1841 ma zigara ya na 1843 na Gibraltar dị ka onye na-awa ahụ ndị agha. O bipụtara ''Flora Calpensis'', Flora of Gibraltar, n'afọ 1845. A họpụtara ya dịka Fellow nke Linnean Society na 17 February 1846, nke J. D. Hooker na Ray Lankester kwadoro. N'afọ 1848, ọ laghachiri Ceylon wee malite ime ọmụmụ ihe.<ref name="pethiyagoda">{{Cite journal|journal=J. South Asian Nat. Hist.|year=1997|volume=2|issue=2|pages=217–246|title=The life and work of Edward Fredric Kelaart|author=Pethiyagoda, Rohan & K. Manamendra-Arachchi|url=http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-2-number-2/Pethiyagoda%20R.%20%20K.%20Manamendra-Arachchi.%20The%20life%20and%20work%20of%20E.F.%20Kelaart%201819-1860.pdf|accessdate=2014-12-22}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu Geological Society nke London, ọ bụ ezie na o bipụtaghị banyere isiokwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Address delivered at the Anniversary meeting of the Geological Society of London on the 21st of February 1873|author=Duke of Argyll|year=1873|url=https://archive.org/stream/addressdelivered00argy#page/18/mode/2up/}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye e buliri n'ọkwa Staff Surgeon na 1852, ọ gara Sri Lanka ma karịsịa mụọ mpaghara ugwu nke Nuwara Eliya. O mere nnukwu nchịkọta anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ na Nuwara Eliya wee ziga ha na ebe ngosi nka curator-zoologist Edward Blyth. Na 1856, e mere ya Naturalist na Gọọmentị Ceylon. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ịmụ banyere igbu azụ pel.<ref name="pethiyagoda">{{Cite journal|journal=J. South Asian Nat. Hist.|year=1997|volume=2|issue=2|pages=217–246|title=The life and work of Edward Fredric Kelaart|author=Pethiyagoda, Rohan & K. Manamendra-Arachchi|url=http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-2-number-2/Pethiyagoda%20R.%20%20K.%20Manamendra-Arachchi.%20The%20life%20and%20work%20of%20E.F.%20Kelaart%201819-1860.pdf|accessdate=2014-12-22}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPethiyagoda,_Rohan_&_K._Manamendra-Arachchi1997">Pethiyagoda, Rohan & K. Manamendra-Arachchi (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141222054728/http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-2-number-2/Pethiyagoda%20R.%20%20K.%20Manamendra-Arachchi.%20The%20life%20and%20work%20of%20E.F.%20Kelaart%201819-1860.pdf "The life and work of Edward Fredric Kelaart"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''J. South Asian Nat. Hist''. '''2''' (2): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>246. Archived from [http://www.wht.lk/zeylanica/volume-2-number-2/Pethiyagoda%20R.%20%20K.%20Manamendra-Arachchi.%20The%20life%20and%20work%20of%20E.F.%20Kelaart%201819-1860.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-22</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://archive.org/stream/madrasjournalofl03madr#page/88/mode/2up|title=Introductory Report on the Natural History of the Pearl Oyster of Ceylon|author=Kelaart, E.F.|pages=89–105|journal=Madras Journal of Literature and Science|year=1857|volume=3|issue=5}}</ref> Onyinye taxonomic ya gụnyere nkọwa nke ụdị 16 nke Turbellaria, ụdị 22 nke Actiniaria na ụdị 63 nke Nudibranchia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eliot, Charles|year=1906|title=On the nudibranchs of southern India and Ceylon, with special reference to the drawings by Kelaart and the collections belonging to Alder & Hancock preserved in the Hancock Museum at Newcastle-on-Tyne|journal=Proc. Zool. Soc. London|pages=636–691|url=https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_109785_onthenudibranchsofsouthernindi1833/onthenudibranchsofsouthernindi1833#page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref> Na 1852 o bipụtara ''Prodromus faunae Zeylanicae'', na Ceylonese vertebrate fauna. Kelaart nwụrụ n'ụgbọ S.S. ''Ripon'' n'ụzọ ịga England na 31 Ọgọstụ 1860 ma lie ya na Southampton.<ref name="pethiyagoda" /> Onye na-akpụ ihe bụ Henry Weigall mere bust nke Kelaart.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/royalacademyart01gravgoog#page/n204/mode/2up|title=The Royal Academy of Arts. A complete dictionary of contributors and their works from its foundation in 1769 to 1904. Volume 8. Toft to Zwecker|publisher=Henry Graves and Co|location=London|year=1906|author=Graves, Algernon}}</ref> A na-akpọ ụdị nnụnụ abụọ a chọtara na Sri Lanka aha ya: munia na-acha oji (Lonchura kelaarti) na ugo-eagle Nisaetus kelaarti. Ụdị nke Sri Lankan nke ọhịa abalị, Caprimulgus indicus kelaarti, na-ezokwa aka na Kelaart. Kelaartia monotypic a na-adịghị eji eme ihe ( bulbul na-acha odo odo) na-echetakwa ya. Toad Adenomus kelaartii bụkwa aha ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Beolens|first=Bo|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJY3BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111|date=2013|publisher=Pelagic Publishing|isbn=978-1-907807-42-8}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * (1846) [[iarchive:floracalpensisco00kelarich|''Flora calpensis; onyinye maka botany na topography nke Gibraltar, na agbata obi ya'']]. * (1853) Prodromus Faunæ Zeylanicæ; ịbụ onyinye na Zoology nke Ceylon[[iarchive:prodromusfaunze00layagoog|''Prodromus Faunæ Zeylanicæ; ịbụ onyinye nye Zoology nke Ceylon '']] * (1854) Nkọwa nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị a na-amaghị nke ọma na Ceylon. Annals na Magazine of Natural History (2) 13: 25-30. * (1854) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22193469 ''Ndepụta nke anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ anakọtara na Ceylon'']. Ann Mag. Ọ bụ n'oge a mụrụ ya Hist. 13:137-140. * (1857) ''Akụkọ mmeghe banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Pearl Oyster nke Ceylon'' * (1859) ''Enyemaka na Marine Zoology; ịbụ nkọwa nke Ceylon Nudibranchiate Molluscs, Sea Anemones na Entozoa'', Colombo. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 3j6ocqq1h89zkuv3lmak5ul5gvg60dm 0 65714 674828 452561 2026-07-10T05:51:36Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Paul Allard (1841–1916).png|thumb|Paul Allard ]]   '''Paul Allard (15 Septemba 1841 - 4 Disemba 1916) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France.''' == Akụkọ ndụ == A nabatara ya n'ụlọikpe ma rụọ ọrụ iwu nwa oge n'obodo ya, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye ọka ikpe nke ụlọ ikpe obodo. Akwụkwọ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya mere ka ọ hapụ ọrụ ya ma tinye onwe ya na akụkọ ntolite nke Chọọchị Katọlik na narị afọ anọ mbụ ya. O nyere aka ugboro ugboro na Revue des Questions Historiques, bụ́ nke ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na 1904, na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche.  Na 1874 ọ sụgharịrị James Spencer Northcote na W. R. Brownlow's Roma Sotterranea, na-eme ọtụtụ mgbakwunye na nkọwa na ya. Mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na Giovanni Battista de Rossi na ọmụmụ nke ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche, dugara ya n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mkpagbu Ndị Kraịst tara n'aka ndị ọchịchị Rom. Paul Allard na Alexander nke Richemont jikọtara ọnụ na de Rossi n'ihi ọdịmma nke ọrụ ha. A haziri ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ sara mbara. Allard nwere obere ihe ọmụma banyere nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Ndị Kraịst, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara Catacombs nke Rom; ọ mụrụ ọnọdụ nke ndị ohu Ndị Kraịst, ma nwee ihe ọmụma zuru oke banyere epigraphy na akụkọ nchịkwa na iwu nke Rom. == ''Akụkọ banyere Mkpagbu ahụ'' == Echiche bụ isi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mkpagbu nke Allard bụ na ndị ọchịchị Rom mesoro Ndị Kraịst n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. O kwetaghị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla n'etiti mgbasa nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na ịdịgide adịgide nke Alaeze Ukwu Rom,ọ bụ ezie na nnabata nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke ndị mmadụ pụtara n'ezie ikpochapụ nkwenkwe ochie ndị Rom.  Ihe ndị ọchịchị Rom mere, o weere ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma na nke obi ọjọọ.  Dị ka Allard si kwuo, mmeso ha mesoro Ndị Kraịst sitere n'enweghị ihe kpatara ịchịisi ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nrube isi n'iwu ọdịnala, kama ọ dabere kpamkpam n'ebumnobi dị ala na nke na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Ihe kpatara mkpagbu ọ na-ahụ na ịkpọasị kpuru ìsì nke ndị ọchịchị Rom megide "agbụrụ nke atọ" a, na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi, ma ọ bụ iwe ọha. Anabatabeghị nkwubi okwu ya n'ozuzu. == Ọrụ == Ọrụ ya ndị bụ isi bụ * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Ndị ohu Ndị Kraịst site n'oge mbụ nke Chọọchị ruo na njedebe nke ọchịchị ndị Rom n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Didier, 1876. * Nkà ndị ọgọ mmụọ n'okpuru Ndị Eze Ukwu Ndị Kraịst, Didier, 1879. * Akụkọ banyere mkpagbu n'oge ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke atọ (Septime Severus, Maximin, Dèce), Paris, V. Lecoffre, 1881. * ''Akụkọ banyere mkpagbu n'ime narị afọ abụọ mbụ'', V. Lecoffre, 1892. * ''Mkpagbu Diocletian na mmeri nke Chọọchị'', 2 Vol. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Ndị Kraịst na Alaeze Ukwu Rom, site na Nero ruo Theodosius, V. Lecoffre, 1896. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà mmụta ihe ochie'', V. Lecoffre, 1898. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Julien onye jụrụ okwukwe'', ụgbọ elu abụọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Ụlọ Ndị Nsọ Jọn na Pọl nwụrụ n'ihi okwukwe ha na Ugwu Celius, Rom, Vespasiani, 1900 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}  == Njikọ mpụga == '''Akụkọ banyere mkpagbu dị na mpịakọta ise''' * [[iarchive:HistoireDesPersecutions1|Akụkọ banyere mkpagbu n'ime narị afọ abụọ mbụ]] * [[iarchive:HistoireDesPersecutions2|Akụkọ banyere mkpagbu n'oge ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke atọ]] * [[iarchive:HistoireDesPersecutions3|Mkpagbu ndị ikpeazụ e kpagburu na narị afọ nke atọ]] * [[iarchive:HistoireDesPersecutions4|Mkpagbu Diocletian na mmeri nke Chọọchị Nkebi 1]] * Mkpagbu nke Diocletian na mmeri nke Chọọchị 2 + ndepụta mkpụrụ akwụkwọ nke mpịakọta ise '''Ọrụ ndị ọzọ''' * Works by or about Paul AllardnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet t1chnjrs3gkonxev4sr6isqcrpyvec8 0 65723 674836 452620 2026-07-10T06:10:08Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674836 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Anna Amelia Obermeyer.jpg|thumb|Anna Amelia Obermeyer]]   Anna Amelia Mauve (née Obermeyer) (1907-2001) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na South Africa onye rụrụ ọrụ na Botanical Research Institute na Pretoria. Ọ depụtara ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 4,000 sitere na mpaghara Kalahari na Soutpansberg. O nyere nnukwu onyinye na akwụkwọ akụkọ Flowering Plants of Africa na Bothalia. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Obermeyer na 30 Julaị 1907 na Pretoria ma gaa Oost Eind Skool (East End School). Ọ nwetara BSc ya na 1928 na MSc na 1931 site na Transvaal University College, Pretoria, n'okpuru C.E.B Bremekamp. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na Transvaal Museum site na 1929 ruo 1938. Ọ lụrụ Anton Mauve na 1938 ma ghara ịlaghachi n'ọrụ ọkachamara ya ruo 1957 mgbe ọ sonyeere National Herbarium . N'ezie, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ mbụ ya ka ebufere nchịkọta ihe ọkụkụ nke Transvaal Museum na National Herbarium na 1953. Ebe ọrụ ya na National Herbarium bụ petaloid monocots ma ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa a ruo mgbe ọ ruru afọ ezumike nká na July 1972. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1972, mgbe ezumike dị mkpirikpi gasịrị, ọ laghachiri na National Herbarium na ikike nwa oge, mgbe afọ iri na abụọ gachara, n'afọ 1984, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nchọpụta ọrụ ugbo nke nwa oge. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1985, ọ lara ezumike nká ma kwaga Pinelands, Cape Town. Ọ nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2001 na Cape Town . == Mpaghara ọmụmụ == N'ebe ngosi nka nke Transvaal, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Acanthaceae na karịsịa Barleria, Blepharis na Petalidium. Ọ depụtara nnukwu mkpokọta osisi sitere na njem Vernay-Lang ruo Kalahari, na-emepụta otu n'ime ndekọ mbụ nke osisi nke mpaghara a. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke njem, ya na Schweickerdt na Verdoorn, gaa Soutpansberg Salt Pan ma dee akụkọ banyere ụdị osisi ndị anakọtara.<gallery> Faịlụ:Odontonema_flwrs.jpg|''Acanthaceae'' Faịlụ:Starr_050517-1490_Barleria_cristata.jpg|''Barleria'' Faịlụ:Blepharis_attenuata_1.jpg|''Blepharis'' Faịlụ:Petalidium_oblongifolium,_blom,_Voortrekkerbad,_c.jpg|''Petalidium'' </gallery>N'afọ 1957, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na petaloid monocots, na-akọwa ụdị ọhụrụ ọ bụla ma nyekwa ya ederede maka ihe oyiyi e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Flowering Plants of Africa. E nyefere ya Mpịakọta 42 nke magazin a. Ọ mechakwara nyocha nke Anthericum, Dipcadi na Lagarosiphon. Ọ chịkọtara ihe karịrị puku ihe atụ 4,000 na njem nleta dị iche iche na South Africa na Rhodesia (nke bụzi Zimbabwe) na ụlọ ọrụ V.F.M. FitzSimons.<gallery> Faịlụ:Anthericum_ramosum_250605.jpg|''Anthericum'' Faịlụ:Dipcadi_serotinum-IMG_4331.jpg|''Dipcadi'' </gallery> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == E nyere ya ihe nrite South African Association of Botanists (SAAB) maka botany na nkwupụta na o nyere aka na ọrụ ahụ karịa onye ọ bụla ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ. Ọ bụ onye otu South African Biological Society ma dezie akwụkwọ akụkọ nke South African Biology Society. Ọ bụ onye guzobere South African Association of Botanists, onye otu Association pour l'Étude Taxonomique de la Flore d'Afrique Tropicale (AETFAT) na onye otu S₂ (South African Association for the Advancement of Science). == Aha ndị ọzọ == A na-echeta Obermeyer na aha osisi ndị a: * ''Asparagus obermeyerae'' * ''Barleria ameliae'' * ''Blepharis obermeyerae'' * ''Hemizygia obermeyerae'' * ''Lachenalia ameliae'' == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe karịrị 4,000 nke osisi ndị Obermeyer depụtara na ndepụta nke akwụkwọ ndị a: * Bremekamp, C.E.B. & Obermeyer, A.A. 1935 Serum Kalahariense, ndepụta nke osisi anakọtara. ''Ihe ndekọ nke Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Transvaal'' 16: 399-442 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchọpụta anatomical na peduncle nke ''Xyris capensis'' (Xyridaceae). ''Bothalia'' 12: 637-639. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Gladiolus'': mmezigharị nke ụdị South Africa. Journal of South African Botany, Suppl. ụgbọelu. 10: 1-316. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Xyridaceae. ''Flora nke ndịda Afrịka'' 4,2: 1-8. * Mauve A.A. 1966a. Osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko n'ime mmiri na South Africa. Fauna & Flora 17: 19-23. * Mauve A.A. 1967 Mmiri-lilies na South Africa. Fauna & Flora 18: 31-35. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Petalidium bracteatum'' Osisi Ndị na-agbasa okooko n'Africa 33: t. 1317 * Obermeyer, A.A. 1933a. Ihe edeturu na nkesa nke ''Copaifera mopane'' Kirk. South African Journal of Science 30: 266-269. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Choananthus cyrtanthiflorus'' The Flowering Plants of Africa 34: t. 1340. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1961a. Ihe edeturu na ndekọ ọhụrụ nke osisi South Africa: ''Barleria argillicola'' Oberm. ''Bothalia'' 7: 444, 445. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1962a. Ntụziaka nke ụdị South Africa nke ''Anthericum'', ''Chlorophytum'' na ''Trachyandra''. ''Bothalia'' 7: 669-767. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1963a. ''Haemanthus'' ọhụrụ na ''Tritonia'' ọhụrụ sitere na ndịda Afrịka. ''Kirkia'' 3: 22-24. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1964a. ''Aponogeton'' Journal of the Limnological Society of South Africa 1: 12. 13. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Potamogeton'' Journal of the Limnological Society of South Africa 2: 27-35. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụdị abụọ ọhụrụ nke ''Bulbine'' (Liliaceae). ''Bothalia'' 9: 342-344. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1968a. ''Nri ahịhịa''. The Flowering Plants of Africa 39: t. 1524. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1970a. ''Droseraceae. Rondulaceae. Podostemaceae. Flydrostachyaceae''. ''Flora nke ndịda Afrịka'' 13: 187-213. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1971a. Ụdị ''Ornithogalum'' ọhụrụ abụọ sitere na South-West Africa. ''Bothalia'' 10: 355-358. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Clivia gardenii'' Osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko n'Africa 42: t. 1641. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1973a. Ihe edeturu na Laurembergia repens (Flalorrhagidaceae). ''Bothalia'' 11: 116. 117. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụdị ọhụrụ na Tumeraceae. ''Bothalia'' 11: 288-290. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1976a. ''Elatinaceae. Frankeniaceae Tamaricaceae''. ''Flora nke ndịda Afrịka'' 22: 23-39. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1977a. ''Babiana pygmaea'' Osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko n'Africa 44: t. 1731 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ornithogalum'': mmezigharị nke ụdị ndịda Afrịka. ''Bothalia'' 12: 323-376. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụdị ''Sypharissa'' (Liliaceae). ''Bothalia'' 13: 111-114. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1981a. Ụdị ọhụrụ nke ''Strumaria'' (Amarvllidaceae). ''Bothalia'' 13' 435. * Obermeyer, A.A. 1982a. Ụdị ọhụrụ nke ''Gladiolus'' (Iridaceae). ''Bothalia'' 14: 78. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ntụziaka nke ụdị ''Myrsiphyllum'' Willd. (Liliaceae). ''Bothalia'' 15: 77-88. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụdị ''Protasparagus'' (Asparagaceae) na ndịda Afrịka. ''Bothalia'' 15: 548, 549. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ebe a na-edebe ọgwụ ''Flora nke ndịda Afrịka'' 5,3: 5-9. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Gonatopus rhizomatosus'' Osisi Ndị na-agbasa okooko n'Africa 45: t. 1782. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ochnaeeae'' ''Flora nke ndịda Afrịka'' 22: 1-13. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Commelinaceae''. ''Flora nke ndịda Afrịka'' 4,2: 23-60. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Asparagaceae''. ''Flora nke ndịda Afrịka'' 5,3: 11-82. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Drosera hurkeana'' The Flowering Plants of Africa 48: t. 1886. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ndepụta nke osisi ndị anakọtara n'ebe ugwu Transvaal. ''Bothalia'' 3: 223-258. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụdị ọhụrụ nke ''Raphia'' sitere n'ebe ugwu Zululand na Mozambique (Arecaceae). ''Bothalia'' 10: 29-37. == Hụkwa == {{Cite book|author=Gunn, M.|editor=Codd|title=Botanical Exploration Southern Africa|date=1981|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780869611296|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC|accessdate=28 February 2019}} == Edemsibia == 89xroh6quo7jt78kwj4t9xt1bn8ainl 0 65724 674829 516289 2026-07-10T05:53:52Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Anna Atkins 1861.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Anna Atkins na 1861]]   '''Anna Atkins''' (née Children; 16 March 1799 - 9 June 1871 <ref name="Grove" /> bụ onye England botanist na foto. A na-elekarị ya anya dị ka onye mbụ bipụtara akwụkwọ e ji ihe onyonyo eserese gosi.<ref name="Parr" /><ref name="James" /><ref name="NYPLSeeing" /> Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ mepụtara foto.<ref name="James" /><ref name="NYPLSeeing" /><ref name="Schaaf" /><ref name="Clarke" /> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Atkins na Tonbridge, Kent, England na 1799.<ref name="Grove">{{Cite web|title=Art encyclopedia. The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art. Anna Atkins|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004852|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/abstract/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000004852|accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref> Nne ya, Hester Anne Children, "agbakeghị site na mmetụta nke ịmụ nwa" wee nwụọ na 1800. <ref name="Schaaf"/> Anna nọ nna ya nso bụ John George Children, onye a ma ama na-ahụ maka kemịkalụ, ọkà mmụta mineral na ọkà mmụta anụmanụ..<ref name="Ware" /> Anna "nwetara agụmakwụkwọ sayensị pụrụ iche maka nwanyị nke oge ya. " E ji ihe osise ya zuru ezu nke mkpokoro mee ihe iji gosipụta nsụgharị nna ya nke Lamarck's Genera of Shells . <ref name="HalsteadParish" /><ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222071833/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/atkins_anna.shtml|archivedate=22 December 2005|title=Historic figures. Anna Atkins (1799–1871)|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> Na 1825, ọ lụrụ John Pelly Atkins, onye na-ere ahịa London West India, onye na-azụ ahịa sheriff, na onye na-akwado ụgbọ okporo ígwè; N'ime otu afọ a, ọ kwagara Halstead Place, ụlọ ezinụlọ Atkins na Halstead, na nso Sevenoaks, Kent.<ref name="HalsteadParish">{{Cite web|author=Halstead Parish Council|title=Parish history: Anna Atkins|url=http://www.halsteadparish.org.uk/Parish_History/Anna_Atkins/anna_atkins.html|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schaaf|first=Larry|date=1979|title=The First Photographically Printed and Illustrated Book|journal=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America|volume=73|issue=2|doi=10.1086/pbsa.73.2.24302456|issn=0006-128X}}</ref> Ha enweghị ụmụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Pelly Atkins|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/592811670|work=Legacies of British Slave-Ownership|publisher=University College London|accessdate=16 March 2015}}</ref> Atkins gbasoro mmasị ya na botany site na ịnakọta osisi kpọrọ nkụ, nke nwere ike iji mee ihe dị ka foto mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="HalsteadParish" /> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu London Botanical Society na 1839.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd5cAgAAQBAJ&q=Anna%20Atkins'%20Cyanotypes:%20An%20Experiment%20in%20Photographic%20Publishing&pg=PA93|title=Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography|author=Hannavy|first=John|date=16 December 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-87327-1|language=en}}</ref> == Foto == John George Children na John Pelly Atkins bụ enyi William Henry Fox Talbot.<ref name="HalsteadParish"/> Anna Atkins mụtara kpọmkwem site na Talbot banyere abụọ n'ime ihe ndị o mepụtara metụtara foto: usoro "photogenic drawing" (nke a na-etinye ihe na akwụkwọ na-emetụta ìhè ma kpughee ya n'anyanwụ iji mepụta onyinyo).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean flowers: Anna Atkins's cyanotypes of British algae|url=http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/explore/dgexplore.cfm?col_id=188|publisher=New York Public Library Digital Gallery|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Roger Taylor|title=Impressed by the Light: British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840–1860|publisher=NY, Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2007}}</ref> A maara Atkins dị ka onye nwere ike ịnweta igwefoto site na 1841. <ref name="HalsteadParish"/> Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na Atkins bụ nwanyị mbụ na-ese foto, <ref name="James">{{Cite book|author=James|first=Christopher|title=The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes|edition=2nd|publisher=Delmar Cengage Learning|year=2009|location=Clifton Park, NY|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofalternativ0000jame|isbn=978-1-4180-7372-5|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> <ref name="NYPLSeeing">{{Cite news|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|title=Seeing is believing. 700 years of scientific and medical illustration. Photography. Cyanotype photograph. Anna Atkins (1799–1871).|date=23 October 1999|url=http://seeing.nypl.org/235bt.html|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> <ref name="Schaaf"/> ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu maka aha a bụ Constance Fox Talbot. [4] <ref name="Clarke">{{Cite book|author=Clarke|first=Graham|title=The Photograph|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-284248-X|url=https://archive.org/details/photograph00clar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Laura|author=Cumming|title=Things aren't what they seem. The V&A's exhibition of its vast photo archive shows how the camera can transform even the humblest object|work=The Observer|date=10 March 2002|accessdate=13 August 2009|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2002/mar/10/1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Glauber|first=Carole|title=Book review. ''Seizing the light: a history of photography''|work=F2 eZine|date=April–June 2001|url=http://www.womeninphotography.org/archive06-Apr01/gallery/f2/book2.html|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Vivienne|title=Talbot, Constance: Woman at forefront of photography|work=Derby Evening Telegraph|url=http://bygonederbyshire.co.uk/articles/Talbot,_Constance:_Woman_at_forefront_of_photography|accessdate=11 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204154339/http://bygonederbyshire.co.uk/articles/Talbot%2C_Constance:_Woman_at_forefront_of_photography|archivedate=4 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The positive image: women photographers in turn of the century America|author=Gover|first=C Jane|year=1988|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|isbn=0-88706-533-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgS38ImtQGgC&pg=PA6|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị foto ndị dabeere na igwefoto nke Anna Atkins, <ref name="HalsteadParish" /> ma ọ bụ foto nke Constance Talbot, nwere ike ọ gaghị edozi nsogbu ahụ.<ref name="Smith" /> == ''Foto nke British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions'' == [[Faịlụ:Anna_Atkins_algae_cyanotype.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|foto cyanotype nke Atkins mere nke bụ akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1843, Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions''Foto nke British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions'']] Sir John Herschel, enyi nke Atkins na Children, chepụtara usoro foto cyanotype na 1842.. <ref name="Grove"/> N'ime otu afọ, Atkins tinyere usoro ahụ na algae (karịsịa, seaweed) site n'ime foto cyanotype nke e bipụtara <ref name="Grove" /> "site na itinye algae a na-etinyeghị n'elu akwụkwọ cyanotype". <ref name="Schaaf">{{Cite book|author=Atkins|first=Anna|title=Sun Gardens: Victorian photograms|publisher=Aperture|year=1985|location=New York|isbn=0-89381-203-X}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Anna_Atkins_Title_Page_of_Photographs_of_British_Algae_Cyanotype_Impressions_(Detail).jpg|thumb|Nkọwa nke isiokwu peeji nke Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions''Foto nke British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions'']] Atkins bipụtara foto ya n'onwe ya na nke mbụ nke Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions na Ọktoba 1843. <ref name="Parr">{{Cite book|author=Parr|first=Martin|title=The Photobook: a history|publisher=Phaidon|year=2004|location=London|isbn=0-7148-4285-0}}</ref> O mere atụmatụ inye ihe atụ nye William Henry Harvey's A Manual of British Algae nke e bipụtara na 1841. <ref name="Horniman_Cyanotypes_Algae" />Ọ bụ ezie na e bipụtara ya na nzuzo, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke mbipụta, yana ederede ejiri aka dee, Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions ka a na-ewere dị ka akwụkwọ mbụ ejiri ihe onyonyo eserese gosi. <ref name="Parr" /> <ref name="James"/><ref name="NYPLSeeing"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Peres|first=Michael R.|title=The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science|edition=4th|publisher=Elsevier/Focal Press|year=2007|location=Amsterdam and Boston|isbn=978-0-240-80740-9}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa asatọ gachara, na June 1844, a tọhapụrụ akwụkwọ mbụ nke William Henry Fox Talbot's The Pencil of Nature; akwụkwọ ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ mbụ e sere foto nke e bipụtara n'ahịa" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Glasgow University Library|first=Special Collections Department|title=Book of the month. William Henry Fox Talbot. ''The Pencil of Nature''|date=February 2007|url=http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/Feb2007.html|accessdate=11 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611071313/https://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/month/Feb2007.html|archivedate=11 June 2011}}</ref> ma ọ bụ "akwụkwọ izizi e bipụtara na ahịa nke e sere foto". <ref>{{Cite web|title=William Henry Fox Talbot: ''The Pencil of Nature'' (1994.197.1-.6)|work=Timeline of Art History|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=October 2006|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1994.197.1-.6|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> Atkins mepụtara ngụkọta nke mpịakọta atọ nke Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions n'etiti 1843 na 1853. <ref name="Guardian1996" /> Naanị mbipụta iri na asaa nke akwụkwọ ahụ ka a maara na ọ dị, n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke izu ezu.<ref name="Christies" /> Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-ejide mbipụta ugbu a, n'etiti ndị ọzọ:<ref name="Schaaf"/><ref name="Ware">{{Cite book|author=Ware|first=Mike|title=Cyanotype: the future, science and art of photographic printing in Prussian blue|publisher=National Museum of Photography, Film & Television|year=1999}}</ref> * British Library, London, nke na-enye nyocha nke peeji 429 nke mbipụta ya (nke nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ) n'ịntanetị. O gosipụtara mpịakọta ndị a na British Museum site na J. E. Gray n'etiti afọ 1843 na 1853. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalogue of photographically illustrated books. Atkins, Anna. ''Photographs of British algae. Cyanotype impressions.''|url=http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/photographyinbooks/record.asp?RecordID=3048|publisher=British Library|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> * Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow, Scotland. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Benjamin|author=Genocchio|title=Art review; Where art and botany coupled, photography evolved|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/04/nyregion/art-review-where-art-and-botany-coupled-photography-evolved.html|work=New York Times|date=4 July 2004|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Works of art. Photographs. ''Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions''|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/Works_of_Art/collection_database/Photographs_of_British_algae_Cyanotype_impressions_Gilman_Paper_Company_Collection/objectview.aspx?OID=190040263&collID=19&dd1=19|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> * New York Public Library, nke na-enye nyocha nke peeji 285 nke mbipụta ya n'ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalog entry for ''Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions''|url=http://catalog.nypl.org/record=b11861683~S1|publisher=New York Public Library|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="NYPLcopy">{{Cite web|title=NYPL digital gallery. Browse source titles. ''Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions''|url=http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital_dev/dgtitle_tree.cfm?level=1&title_id=100174|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611063317/http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital_dev/dgtitle_tree.cfm?level=1&title_id=100174|archivedate=11 June 2008|publisher=New York Public Library|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> * The Royal Society, London, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ naanị akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka Atkins bu n'obi. <ref name="Christies" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Still life|url=http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=7847|publisher=Royal Society|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> * Victoria na Albert Museum, London, nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ mbụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ ha. * The Linnean Society of London, nke akwụkwọ ya enweghị akụkụ nke 7 nke Mpịakọta 1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalog entry for ''Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions''|url=http://linnlibrarycat.cirqahosting.com/HeritageScripts/Hapi.dll/search2?searchTerm0=C18670|publisher=The Linnean Society of London|accessdate=18 January 2014}}</ref> * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie na Ogige Horniman nwere akwụkwọ zuru ezu nke nwere peeji 14 nke ederede na efere 443. O nyere efere ndị ọzọ nwere ihe oyiyi nke otu ụdị ahụ mgbe ọ chọtara ihe atụ ka mma, a na-ejigidekwa ihe ndị a na mbipụta a.<ref name="Horniman_Cyanotypes_Algae">{{Cite web|title=Anna Atkins & Algae: Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions.|url=https://horniman.ac.uk/collections/stories/anna-atkins-algae|work=Horniman Museum and Gardens|accessdate=26 February 2020|archivedate=26 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226183336/https://horniman.ac.uk/collections/stories/anna-atkins-algae}}</ref> * Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rijksmuseum acquires PHOTO Book by First Female Photographer|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/press/press-releases/rijksmuseum-acquires-photo-book-by-first-female-photographer|publisher=Rijksmuseum|accessdate=14 May 2018|archivedate=26 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726045402/https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/press/press-releases/rijksmuseum-acquires-photo-book-by-first-female-photographer}}</ref> * Mahadum Montreal, Montreal <ref>{{Cite web|title=Photographs of British algae: cyanotype impressions|url=https://atrium.umontreal.ca/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=UM-ALEPH000134618&context=L&vid=UM&search_scope=Tout_sauf_articles&tab=default_tab&lang=fr_FR|work=Université de Montréal Library|publisher=Université de Montréal|accessdate=2 March 2019}}</ref> Otu akwụkwọ nke nwere efere 411 na mpịakọta atọ rere maka £ 133,500 na ire ere na 1996. <ref name="Ware"/><ref name="Guardian1996">{{Cite news|title=Rare book by woman pioneer goes to auction|work=The Guardian (London)|date=19 June 1996}}</ref> Otu akwụkwọ ọzọ nwere mbipụta 382 na mpịakọta abụọ nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Robert Hunt (1807-1887) rere maka £ 229,250 na ire ere na 2004.<ref name="Christies">{{Cite web|title=Anna Atkins (1799–1871), Photographs of British Algæ. Cyanotype Impressions., Robert Hunt's copy|url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=4278518|date=19 May 2004|publisher=Christie's Inc|accessdate=13 August 2009}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ọha na New York meghere ihe ngosi banyere ndụ na ọrụ Atkins, na-egosi nsụgharị dị iche iche nke Photographs of British Algae . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Prints: The Pioneering Photographs of Anna Atkins|url=https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/blue-prints-pioneering-photographs-anna-atkins|work=New York Public Library|accessdate=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Farago|first=Jason|title=She Needed No Camera to Make the First Book of Photographs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/15/arts/design/she-needed-no-camera-to-make-the-first-book-of-photographs.html|accessdate=2 March 2019|work=New York Times|date=15 November 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị == [[Faịlụ:Anna_Atkins_woodhorsetail_cyanotype.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cyanotype photogram nke Wood Horsetail site na akwụkwọ 1853 Cyanotypes of British and Foreign Ferns nke Atkins na Dixon]] Na mgbakwunye na Photographs of British Algae, Atkins bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ise n'etiti 1852 na 1863.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT94|title=Atkins, Anna|author=Boase|first=Frederic|authorlink=Frederic Boase|year=1908|work=Modern English biography. Volume IV|publisher=Netherton and Worth|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.authorandbookinfo.com/ngcoba/at.htm|title=New general catalog of old books and authors. Author names starting with At|accessdate=11 August 2009}}</ref> Ndị a gụnyere The Perils of Fashion, ''Murder will Out: akụkọ nke ndụ n'ezie'', na A Page from the Peerage. N'afọ 1850, Atkins so Anne Dixon (1799-1864), onye "dị ka nwanne nwanyị" ya rụkọọ ọrụ, iji mepụta ọ dịkarịa ala abọm ngosi atọ nke foto cyanotype: <ref name="Schaaf"/> * Cyanotypes of British and Foreign Ferns (1853), ugbu a na J. Paul Getty Museum; * Cyanotypes of British and Foreign Flowering Plants and Ferns (1854), nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ndị nchịkọta dị iche iche nwere peeji nke ya. * Otu abọm e dere maka "Captain Henry Dixon," nwa nwanne Anne Dixon (1861). Atkins jigidere algae, ferns na osisi ndị ọzọ o jiri rụọ ọrụ ya na 1865 nyere onyinye ahụ n'aka British Museum..<ref name="Guardian-June2017">{{Cite news|author=Moorhead|first=Joanna|title=Blooming marvellous: the world's first female photographer – and her botanical beauties|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/jun/23/blooming-marvellous-the-worlds-first-female-photographer-and-her-botanical-beauties|accessdate=24 June 2017|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=23 June 2017}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Halstead Place na 1871 site na "paralysis, rheumatism, na ike ọgwụgwụ" mgbe ọ dị afọ 72. <ref name="Schaaf"/> == N'omenala a ma ama == N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2015, ihe nchọgharị ịntanetị [[Google]] mere emume nchọgharị afọ 216 nke Atkins site na itinye ihe oyiyi Google Doodle nke ọdịdị akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'azụ gbara ọchịchịrị na ibe ọchụchọ ya iji nọchite anya ọrụ cyanoprint ya.<ref name="doodle">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/anna-atkins-google-doodle-celebrates-216th-birthday-of-botanist-who-produced-first-photographic-book-10109935.html|title=Anna Atkins: Google Doodle celebrates 216th birthday of botanist who produced first photographic book|date=16 March 2015|accessdate=16 March 2015|publisher=Independent Digital News and Media Ltd|work=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Atkins' 216th Birthday|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/anna-atkins-216th-birthday/|work=Google Doodle Archive|accessdate=2 March 2019}}</ref> Ọrụ Atkins bụ isi ihe na New Realities Photography na ngosi nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke emere na Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, June - September 2017.<ref name="Rijksmuseum-2017">{{Cite web|title=New Realities. Photography in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/new-realities|accessdate=24 June 2017}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Atkins|first=Anna|title=Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions (Sir John Herschel's Copy)|year=2020|origdate=1843|publisher=Gerhard Steidl Druckerei und Verlag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADvZtQEACAAJ|isbn=978-3-95829-510-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Atkins|first=Anna|title=The Perils of Fashion|location=London|year=2013|origdate=1853|oclc=220806058|publisher=Colburn and Co|isbn=978-1-230-43184-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Atkins|first=Anna|title=The Colonel: a story of fashionable life. By the author of "The Perils of Fashion"|location=London|publisher=Hurst & Blackett|year=1853|oclc=264999460}} * {{Cite book|author=Atkins|first=Anna|title=Memoir of J. C. Children, including some unpublished poetry by his father and himself|location=London|publisher=John Bowye Nichols and Sons|year=1853|id={{OCLC|54191950|556415937}}}} * {{Cite book|author=Atkins|first=Anna|title=Murder will Out: a story of real life. By the author of "The Colonel", etc|location=London|year=1859|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUdWAAAAcAAJ|id={{OCLC|855529436|23919904}}|publisher=Routledge, Warne, & Routledge}} * {{Cite book|author=Atkins|first=Anna|title=A Page from the Peerage. By the author of "The Colonel"|location=London|year=1863|id={{OCLC|23919986|557432962|156090327}}|publisher=T. Cautley Newby}} == Hụkwa == * Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|30em}} * {{Cite book|author=Armstrong|first=Carol|authorlink=Carol Armstrong|title=Ocean flowers: impressions from nature|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2004|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=0-691-11948-1}} * Atkins, Anna; Rolf Sachsse, na Marion Blomeyer (2021) Anna Atkins: Blue Prints. Nke Russell Stockman sụgharịrị. Munich: Hirmer. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783777438283|<bdi>9783777438283</bdi>]] &nbsp; * [[Gerhard Bissell]], [https://www.degruyter.com/view/AKL/_42150149?rskey=n0KVbd&result=1&dbq_0=atkins%2C+anna&dbf_0=akl-name&dbt_0=name&o_0=AND ''Atkins, Anna''], na: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (Ndị na-ese ihe nke Ụwa), Suppl. I, Saur, Munich 2005, site na peeji nke 514 (n'asụsụ German).&nbsp; * {{Cite book|author=Schaaf|first=Larry|title=Sun gardens: Victorian photograms|date=1985|publisher=Aperture|location=New York|isbn=0-89381-203-X|oclc=433088631}} * {{Cite book|author=Schaaf|first=Larry|title=Sun gardens: cyanotypes by Anna Atkins|date=2018|publisher=New York Public Library|location=New York|isbn=978-3-7913-5798-0|oclc=1057896789}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum|url=http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1507/anna-atkins-british-1799-1871/|title=Anna Atkins|accessdate=11 August 2009}} * {{Cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/anna-atkins-216th-birthday/|title=Anna Atkins' 216th Birthday|accessdate=16 March 2015}} * {{Cite web|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/photography/photographerframe.php?photographerid=ph005|title=Exploring photography. Photographers. Anna Atkins|accessdate=11 August 2009|archivedate=11 December 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211235711/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/photography/photographerframe.php?photographerid=ph005}} * {{Cite web|author=Rudnick|first=Les|title=The photogram – a history. Photographic adventures in the creation of photogram images in the early 1800s|url=http://www.photograms.org/chapter02.html|accessdate=11 August 2009}} * Scans nke Photographs nke British algae: cyanotype impressions na New York Public Library (public domain). E nwetara ya na 6 Jenụwarị 2016. * Ihe Nchịkọta Anna Atkins [http://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/atkins-anna/A6428/] na Victoria na Albert MuseumEbe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Victoria na Albert {{19th-century English photographers}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 31e60od13kiqcb5osmvz2lw10kozq73 0 65726 674830 452624 2026-07-10T05:55:43Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674830 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MaurizioAnna1960.JPG|thumb|Anna '''Maurizio''']]   '''Anna Maurizio''' (26 Nọvemba 1900<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Anna+Maurizio+26+November+1900|title=Anna Maurizio 26 November 1900 - Google Search|work=www.google.com|accessdate=Apr 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://geboren.am/26-november-1900|title=Geburtsdatum 26. November 1900|work=geboren.am|accessdate=Apr 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mujeresconciencia.com/2017/11/26/anna-maurizio-biologa/|title=Anna Maurizio, bióloga &#124; Efemérides|date=Nov 26, 2017|work=Mujeres con ciencia|accessdate=Apr 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044201/https://mujeresconciencia.com/2017/11/26/anna-maurizio-biologa/|archivedate=March 6, 2019}}</ref> - 24 Julaị 1993) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maurizio-anna-1900-1993|title=Maurizio, Anna (1900–1993) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|work=www.encyclopedia.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011417/http://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maurizio-anna-1900-1993|archivedate=2017-10-23}}</ref> bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị na Switzerland nke gụrụ aṅụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ na Ngalaba Bees na Liebefeld Federal Dairy Industry na Bacteriological Institute, ebe ọ mepụtara ụzọ ọhụrụ iji chọpụta oke pollen na mmanụ aṅụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Louveaux|first=J.|title=L'oeuvre d'Anna Maurizio|journal=Apidologie|date=1990|volume=21|issue=5|pages=397–416|doi=10.1051/apido:19900503|url=http://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/abs/1990/05/Apidologie_0044-8435_1990_21_5_ART0003/Apidologie_0044-8435_1990_21_5_ART0003.html|accessdate=2016-04-05}}</ref> A mụrụ Maurizio na Zurich, ada nke onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Adam Maurizio. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mgbatị ahụ dị na Lviv, wee gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke ọrụ ugbo na Dubliany (nke dị nso na Lviv) na 1923 wee banye na bayoloji na 1927 na Lviv. na 1923 wee gụsịrị ihe ọmụmụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na 1927 na Lviv. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Federal Station of Dairy and Bacteriology na Liebefeld-Bern na 1928 wee laa ezumike nká na 1966.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Louveaux|first=J.|date=1990|title=L'oeuvre d'Anna Maurizio|url=https://www.apidologie.org/articles/apido/abs/1990/05/Apidologie_0044-8435_1990_21_5_ART0003/Apidologie_0044-8435_1990_21_5_ART0003.html|journal=Apidologie|language=fr|volume=21|issue=5|pages=397–416|doi=10.1051/apido:19900503|issn=0044-8435|accessdate=2017-11-26}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Switzerland, mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 93.  == Ọrụ == * ''Zur Biologie und Systematik der Pomaceen bewohnenden Podosphaeren''. Nkwupụta. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Beobachtungen über die Lebensdauer und den Futterverbrauch geützen gehaltener Bienen. Beitrag zur Methodik von Fütterungsversuchen''. Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka e si nweta ya. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung 1946, Beiheft; H. 13 - Bd. 2. * ''Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen an Honig und Pollenhöschen''. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung 1949, Beiheft; H. 18 = Bd. 2. * Weitere Untersuchungen an Pollenhöschen. Beitrag zur Erfassung der Pollentrachtverhältnisse in mulking Gegenden der Schweiz. Schweizerische Bienen-Zeitung 1953, Beiheft; H. 20 = Bd. 2. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Verlag der Deutschen Bienenwirtschaft München 1960. * Werner Kloft, Anna Maurizio na Walter Kaeser: ''Das Waldhonigbuch. '' ''Herkunft und Eigenschaften nke ndị Waldhonig''. Ehrenwirth Verlag München 1965; 2. Erg. U. Ọ bụ n'afọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] unter Mitarbeit von A. Fossel unter dem Titel ''Waldtracht und Waldhonig na der Imkerei. ''. Herkunft, Gewinnung und Eigenschaften nke Waldhonigs. Ebd. 1985. * Anna Maurizio und Ina Grafl: ''Das Trachtenpflanzenbuch. '' Nektar und Pollen - die wichtigsten Nahrungsquellen der Honigbiene. Ehrenwirth Verlag München 1969; 2. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1980; 3. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1982; 4. überarbeitete und wesentlich erweiterte Aufl. von Anna Maurizio und Friedgard Schaper, ebd. 1994. * ''Der Honig Herkunft, Gewinnung, Eigenschaften und Untersuchung nke Honigs''. Erste Auflage 1927 von Enoch Zander und Albert Koch. Völlig neu bearbeitet von Anna Maurizio. Handbuch der Bienenkunde na Einzeldarstellungen, 2. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 6, Verlag Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart 1975. == Akwụkwọ == * Otto Morgenthaler: ''Zum Rücktritt von Dr. Anna Maurizio''. Na: ''Zeitschrift für Bienenforschung'', Bd. 8 (1965/66), Heft 5, peeji nke 130-140, (na ndepụta mbipụta na foto na peeji nke 129).&nbsp;&nbsp; * Joachim Evenius: ''Dr. Maurizios Verdienste a die praktische Bienenzucht''. Na: ''Zeitschrift für Bienenforschung'', Bd. 8 (1965/66), Heft 5, peeji nke 141-142.&nbsp; * Jean Louveaux: In memoriam. ''Anna Maurizio (1900-1993) ''. N'ime: ''Apidology'', Bd. 24 (1993), peeji nke 536, (n'asụsụ French).&nbsp; * Peter Fluri und Jean-Daniel Charrière: ''Anna Maurizio, Pionierin der Bienenbotanik,'' ma ọ bụ 100-jährig. Na: ''Schweizerische Bienenzeitung'' Jg. 123 (2000), Heft 11, p. 660-661, (gụnyere foto).&nbsp; * Irmgard Jung-Hoffmann: ''Frauen und andere Merkwürdigkeiten''. Na: Deutsches Bienen-Journal, Jg. 16 (2008), Heft 7, p. 308-309, (akụkọ ndụ dị mkpirikpi, na foto).&nbsp; == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} hra7ght4awi2pn1okx4p5sria8lv3b0 0 65727 674838 452626 2026-07-10T06:13:28Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Anna Murray Vail.jpg|thumb|Anna Murray Vail]]   '''Anna Murray Vail''' (January 7, 1863 - Disemba 18, 1955) bụ onye ọka mmụta ihe ọkụkụ America na onye ọdee akwụkwọ mbụ nke Ogige Botanical New York. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na ọkà mmụta mbara ala Nathaniel Lord Britton, onye ya na ya nyeere aka ịchọta Ogige Botanical New York. == Oge ọ malitere == Anna was born in New York's east side, the first child of David Olyphant Vail and Cornelia Georgina (Nina) Van Rensselear. N'akụkụ nne ya, o sitere na ezinụlọ abụọ ama ama na New York, ndị Van Rensselears na Van Cortlandts. Nna nna ya bụ General Robert Van Rensselaer, onye lụrụ ọgụ na Fort Ticonderoga n'oge Mgbanwe America n'okpuru iwu nke nwanne nne nne ya, General Philip Schuyler.. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Vail's father, David Olyphant Vail, was the son of Benjamin C. and Eliza Ann (née Archer) Vail. Mmekọrịta David O. Vail na ezi na ụlọ Olyphant sitere na nne nne ya, Ann Mckenzie (1782 - Nọvemba 5, 1857). Di mbụ ya bụ Zeno Archer, onye ọ lụrụ na 1803. Nwa ha nwanyị bụ Eliza Ann lụrụ Benjamin Vail. Mgbe Zeno nwụsịrị, Ann McKenzie Archer lụrụ David W.C. Olyphant. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-edepụta David O. Vail dị ka "onye ahịa" na akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri 1862 ma n'akụkọ ezinụlọ Van Rensselaer a kọwara ya dị ka "...onye bi n'ụlọ Olyphant &amp;amp; Company na Shanghai, China. " Nkwupụta ọnwụ ya kọwara ya dị hiwere ya dị ka onye "... n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke China...", mana ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ebe ma ọ bụ ihe ọ nwụrụ na 1865 mgbe ọ dị afọ 32.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1865/04/18/news/died.html|title=Died|date=April 18, 1865|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 29, 2013}}</ref> Aha ya nke abụọ, Olyphant, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Olyphant & Company gosipụtara njikọ ya na ezinụlọ ahụ n'akụkụ nne ya. Olyphant and Company, nke David WC Olyphant na Charles N. Talbot guzobere na 1827, bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke Old China Trade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1878/12/08/archives/a-widereaching-failure-disaster-to-an-oldestablished-firm-olyphant.html|title=A Wide-Reaching Failure|date=December 8, 1878|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 29, 2013}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ Vail dị na Europe, mana ka ọ na-erule afọ 1895, ọ laghachiri na United States, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Columbia na Nathaniel Lord Britton, onye ya na nwunye ya Elizabeth Gertrude Britton guzobere New York Botanical Garden. Na Jenụwarị 1900, Vail ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ nke New York Botanical Garden, ọrụ ọ rụrụ ruo Septemba 1907. Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, o dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ sayensị iri na abụọ. Ihe odide ya, nke echekwara na Archives and Manuscripts collection nke New York Botanical Garden, gụnyere ihe osise nke ụfọdụ osisi ọ mụrụ. [[Faịlụ:Pen_&_ink_sketch_of_Cynanchum_sp_by_Anna_Murray_Vail.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise Pen & ink nke Cynanchum sp nke Anna Murray Vail. Nke a bụ Ms. Vail kere na 1899 mgbe ọ bụ onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ na New York Botanical Garden.]] N'afọ 1898, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Henry Hurd Rusby bipụtara Vailia, nke bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko osisi nke ezinụlọ Apocynaceae ma kpọọ aha ya na nsọpụrụ Anna Murray Vail.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Vailia'' Rusby {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:3785-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1903, Vail gara Paris, France, maka ire akwụkwọ botanical nke Prọfesọ Claude Thomas Alexis Jordan nwụrụ anwụ. O nwetara ihe karịrị 400, gụnyere mpịakọta iri nke ''Flora graeca'' nke John Sibthorp.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Callery|first=Bernadette G.|title=Collecting Collections: Building the Library of the New York Botanical Garden|journal=Brittonia|date=January 1, 1995|volume=47|issue=1|pages=44–56|doi=10.2307/2807247}}</ref> Vail dere n'ọtụtụ isiokwu botanical; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ ya na 1898 (ya na Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, n'etiti ndị ọzọ), nkọwa "New or Rare Mosses," dị ka ''[[Anacamptodon Splachnoides]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Britton|first=Elizabeth G.|title=New or Rare Mosses|journal=The Bryologist|date=April 1898|volume=1|issue=2|pages=41|doi=10.2307/3238611}}</ref> Akụkọ dị na ndekọ nke New York Botanical Garden gosipụtara arụkwaghịm Vail na Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ogige ahụ n'ihi iwe ya maka ebubo na ọ na-ese siga n'ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ozi dị na faịlụ nke Nathaniel Lord Britton nke e dere na Septemba 28, 1907, nke kwuru na ọpụpụ ya bụ n'ihi nkewa dị ogologo na nne ya, onye bi na France, na-arụ ụka. N'afọ 1911, Vail kwagara France. N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na American Fund for French Wounded, mesịa bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ ya. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi e degaara onye isi nzukọ ahụ, Oriakụ Schuyler Van Rensselaer, na ''The New York Times''. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1918/08/08/archives/our-wounded-splendid-want-to-get-back-into-fight-miss-vail-writes.html|title=Our Wounded Splendid|date=August 8, 1918|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 29, 2013}}</ref> Otu akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-agụ:<blockquote>Ngalaba ọ bụla nke Red Cross agbaziri ndị nọọsụ na ndị enyemaka, anyị nke American Fund enyewo ihe niile anyị nwere maka ọnọdụ mberede. Ọ bụrụ na ọ ka njọ, m ga-enye ọrụ nke m, n'ihi na enwere m ike ime àkwà ma sachaa ya, ọ dịghịkwa akụkụ nke ọrụ ahụ ga-emenye m egwu, ọbụlagodi na abụghị m onye nọọsụ a zụrụ azụ.</blockquote> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == Mgbe ọ bi na France, Vail nwetara ụlọ na Héricy, ebe o biri ndụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ ruo mgbe [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|ìsì]] manyere ya ịla ezumike nká.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anna Murray Vail Papers (PP)|url=https://www.nybg.org/library/finding_guide/archv/vail_ppf.html|accessdate=January 5, 2021|work=New York Botanical Garden}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Vieux Logis na Disemba 18, 1955, e lie ya n'ebe ili ozu obodo dị na Héricy . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-05|title=A Héricy : un cimetière en bord de Seine|url=http://77000.canalblog.com/archives/2021/04/05/38903186.html|accessdate=2021-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418150231/http://77000.canalblog.com/archives/2021/04/05/38903186.html|archivedate=April 18, 2021}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == == Akwụkwọ ==   == Hụkwa == * Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p768d5che9i4kvu1dl7pkzby4auenu4 0 65735 674834 452644 2026-07-10T06:08:06Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Annie Lorrain Smith (5a).jpg|thumb|Annie Lorrain Smith]] '''Annie Lorrain Smith''' (23 Ọktoba 1854 – 7 Septemba 1937) bụ ọkà mmụta lichen nke Britain nke Lichens (1921) bụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ dị mkpa ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ọ bụkwa onye mycologist na onye nchoputa nke British Mycological Society, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi ala maka oge abụọ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == ya na ezi na ụlọ ya biri na ime obodo Dumfriesshire ebe nna ya Walter bụ onye ozi ụka efu nke Scotland na Half Morton parish dị kilomita ole na ole n'ebe ugwu Gretna Green. Nne ya bụ Annie Lorrain née Brown.[1] O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụnne nwere nkà, gụnyere ọkà mmụta ọrịa, Prọfesọ James Lorrain Smith. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Edinburgh ọ gara mba ọzọ ka ọ mụọ French na German, wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọchịchị. Ọ kwagara Lọndọn, malite ịmụ ihe gbasara ahịhịa n'ihe dịka 1878 gara ọmụmụ na Royal College of Science nke DH Scott kuziri. == Ọrụ == Scott chọtara ọrụ maka Lorrain-Smith na Natural History Museum iji dozie nchịkọta Anton de Bary nke slides nke microscopical fungi, <ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Maroske|first=Sara|date=2018-03-01|title=Naming names: the first women taxonomists in mycology|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=89|pages=63–84|doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.001|pmid=29910514|issn=0166-0616}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> mana a ghaghị ịkwụ ya ụgwọ site na ego pụrụ iche n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịchọpụta ọtụtụ n'ime fungus ndị rutere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ọ chọpụtara ma kọọ banyere fungi ọhụrụ a chịkọtara, nke si mba ọzọ nakwa site na UK, ma rụọ ọrụ na cryptogamic herbarium nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie site na 1892 ruo 1933. O bipụtara akwụkwọ dị iche iche site na 1895 ruo 1920. Smith duziri nyocha [[Laiken|lichen]] nke Clare Island, nke dị na mpụga Clew Bay na Ireland, na 1910 na 1911. Nnyocha Clare Island gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị ndị Irish kamakwa ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Europe bụ ndị niile na-ele akụkụ dị iche iche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agwaetiti ahụ. A na-eto ndị otu ahụ na ọrụ mbụ e mere iji gosipụta otu mpaghara biogeographic.<ref name="Ask About Ireland - Irish Scientists">{{Cite web|title=Ask About Ireland - Irish Scientists - Matilda Knowles|url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/life-society/science-technology/irish-scientists/knowles-matilda/|work=Ask About Ireland - Irish Scientists|accessdate=2 November 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 1921, Smith dere akwụkwọ Handbook of British [[Laiken|''Lichens'']] nke nwere ihe osise nke bụ isi ihe maka British lichens niile a maara. N'otu afọ ahụ, e bipụtara Lichens ma guzobe ya ngwa ngwa dị ka ederede ochie.  Ọkọlọtọ ndebiri nke ode akwụkwọ A.L.Sm. a na-eji gosi onye a dị ka odee mgbe ọ na-ehota aha botanical. == Nsọpụrụ == Na Disemba 1904 a họpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ Fellows nke Linnaean Society (ndị ọzọ gụnyere Ethel Sargant na Margaret Jane Benson) mgbe mgbanwe na iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. O mechara bụrụ onye otu kansụl ha (1918 -1921). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Maroske|first=Sara|date=2018-03-01|title=Naming names: the first women taxonomists in mycology|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=89|pages=63–84|doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.001|pmid=29910514|issn=0166-0616}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guz[[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] British Mycological Society ma bụrụ onye isi oche ugboro abụọ (1907, 1917). N'afọ 1931, mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri asaa na asaa, e nyere ya ezumike nká "n'ihi ọrụ ya na sayensị botanical" ma ọ lara ezumike nkwe n'afọ sochirinụ. N'afọ 1934, OBE bịara: "Miss Annie Lorrain-Smith, F. L. S. maka onyinye na mycology na lichenology. " == Ihe ọmụma ndị ọzọ == Ọ raara onwe ya nye ihe gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ikike ụmụ nwanyị ma nwee mmasị na njem mba ọzọ. Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ ya biri afọ iri ise ma ọnwụ ya na 1933 metụtara ya. Lorrain Smith lara ezumike nká na 1934 wee nwụọ na London na 1937. == Akara aha ya == Matilda Cullen Knowles nyere fungus ''Verrucaria lorrain-smithiae'' aha ya.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Maroske|first=Sara|date=2018-03-01|title=Naming names: the first women taxonomists in mycology|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=89|pages=63–84|doi=10.1016/j.simyco.2017.12.001|pmid=29910514|issn=0166-0616}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite book|author=Crombie|first=James M.|title=A Monograph of Lichens Found in Britain: Being a Descriptive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum, Part 1|year=1894|location=London|publisher=British Museum (Natural History)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USJVAAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book|author=Wrigley|first=M.|title=Studies of Trees and Flowers|date=1911|publisher=Methuen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyMyAQAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book|author=Smith|first=Annie Lorrain|title=A Monograph of Lichens Found in Britain: Being a Descriptive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum, Volume 2|date=1911|publisher=London, Trustees of the British Museum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvZ_3mE0ZwAC}} * {{Cite book|author=Smith|first=Annie Lorrain|title=Lichens|date=1921|publisher=University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/lichenssmith00smitiala}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke British lichens''. Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Britain == Hụkwa == * Ụdị:Taxa aha ya bụ Annie Lorrain Smith * Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraAnnie Lorrain Smithna Wikimedia Commons * [http://archive.scotsman.com/ Ihe ndekọ Scotsman] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901045713/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/pdf/manton.pdf The Admission of Ladies - postscript to a Linnaean Society biography of Irene Manton by Barry Leadbetter (Blackwell 2004)] {{Authority control}} lu9cperjztjvsts8zziskco27oz6b4t 0 65737 674831 452647 2026-07-10T05:57:42Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674831 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Poyarkova A.I.jpg|thumb|Antonina Pojarkova]]   '''Antonina Ivanovna Pojarkova''' (1897-1980) bụ ọkachamara Russia na osisi nke Caucasus, nwere mmasị na ferns na osisi mkpụrụ. Pojarkova dere aha ụdị osisi 230 nke ala, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke asatọ kachasị elu nke aha ndị nwanyị ọ bụla dere..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindon|first=Heather L.|title=Fewer than three percent of land plant species named by women: Author gender over 260 years|journal=Taxon|date=5 May 2015|volume=64|issue=2|pages=209–215|doi=10.12705/642.4}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Pojarkova bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ bụ isi na B. N. Gorodkov na onye edemede nke ọtụtụ akụkụ nke usoro mpịakọta 5 nke Flora nke Murmansk (Flora Murmanskoj oblasti) nke USSR Academy of Sciences bipụtara. yana Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov nke usoro iri atọ ''Flora SSSR'', nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka ''Flora nke USSR''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrVnwgEACAAJ|title=Flora of the USSR: Flora URSS.|date=1987|publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books|isbn=978-3-87429-241-2|language=en}}</ref> Tinyere ịchọpụta ụdị ọhụrụ, ọrụ ya bụ ihe a ma ama maka ịmepụta ìgwè [[wiktionary:infrageneric|infrageneric]], dị ka akụkụ Acer ''Trilobata'' na usoro ''Crataegus'' Orientales. E bipụtara nchịkọta ya maka ọmụmụ sayensị. A na-akpọ ụdị ''Pojarkovia'' n'ime ezinụlọ daisy Asteraceae iji sọpụrụ ya.   == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} bku08723jrirsuw8uf5pyvaw8r4n63x 0 65739 674837 516345 2026-07-10T06:11:42Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Augusta V. Duthie.jpg|thumb|Augusta Vera Duthie]]   '''Augusta Vera Duthie''' (18 Julaị 1881 Belvidere, Knysna – 8 Ọgọst 1963 Belvidere, Knysna) bụ onye Saụt Afrịka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-amụ ihe ọkụkụ nke Western Cape ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi a ma ama bụ onye nkuzi nkuzi gbasara ahịhịa ndụ cryptogamic. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi mahadum mbụ na botany bụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na South Africa.A na-eji abbreviation ode akwụkwọ ọkọlọtọ A.V.Duthie gosi onye a dị ka onye odee mgbe ọ na-ehota aha botanical..   == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Otu n'ime ụmụ ise, a mụrụ Archibald Hamilton na Augusta Vera Duthie na na Knysna, South Africa..<ref name="LadiesLab" /> O nwetara nzere B.A. sitere na Huguenot College na 1901, MA sitere na South Africa College na 1910, na D.Sc. sitere na Mahadum South Africa na 1929. <ref name="BotanicalExplorersSA">{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=Mary|title=Botanical Exploration Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC&pg=PA142|year=1981|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-86961-129-6}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nkuzi botany na Victoria College, ugbu a Mahadum Stellenbosch na 1902. N'afọ 1912, ọ gara Mahadum Cambridge ma soro Albert Seward rụọ ọrụ. N'afọ 1929, ọ rụchara osisi nke Stellenbosch Flats, mpaghara alluvial gbara kọleji ahụ gburugburu. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1939, ọ laghachiri iji jikwaa ugbo ezinụlọ ya Belvidere ebe ọ nwụrụ na 1963.<ref name="LadiesLab">{{Cite book|author=Creese|first=Mary R.S.|title=Ladies in the laboratory III South African, Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian women in science : nineteenth and early twentieth centuries : a survey of their contributions|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=9780810872899|pages=14–17}}</ref> N'ime testament ya, o nyere St Andrew's College ego, ebe ọ kụziri, iji kwado agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Beolens, Bo.|title=The eponym dictionary of mammals|date=2009|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|others=Watkins, Michael, 1940-, Grayson, Michael.|isbn=978-0-8018-9533-3|location=Baltimore|pages=118|oclc=593239356}}</ref> == Aha ndị ọzọ == * ''Duthiastrum'' * Mkpụrụ osisi ọla edo nke Duthie ''Chlorotalpa duthieae'' Broom * ''Impatiens duthieae'' * ''Ischyrolepis duthieae'' (Pillans) H. P. Linder * ''Ornithogalum duthiae'' * ''Psilocaulon duthieae'' * ''Romulea duthieae'' * ''Ruschia duthiae'' * ''Stomatium duthieae'' == Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa == {{Cite book|author=Duthie|first=Augusta Vera|title=Vegetation and Flora of the Stellenbosch Flats with List of Vascular Cryptogams and Flowering Plants Found in that Area|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zus5HAAACAAJ|year=1900|publisher=University of South Africa|location=Pretoria}} == Ememe ncheta == A na-echeta ya site na windo enyo na mgbidi ugwu nke Holy Trinity Church na Belvidere nso Knysna, nna nna ya, Thomas Henry Duthie, tọrọ ntọala chọọchị ahụ.<ref name="holy_Chur">{{Cite web|title=History of Holy Trinity Church, Belvidere|author=|work=Holy Trinity Anglican Church|date=|accessdate=13 May 2019|url=http://www.holytrinitybelvidere.org/history.html|quote=|archivedate=13 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513104629/http://www.holytrinitybelvidere.org/history.html}}</ref> == Ndepụta Nkwupụta == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Biography of Augusta Vera DuthienaS2A3Biographical Database nke Southern African Science hgwxprbhq4wuklpaqs39ffuq9ojqyz5 0 65742 674832 539187 2026-07-10T05:59:12Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Barbara Pickersgill (cropped).jpg|thumb|Barbara Pickersgill]]   '''Barbara Pickersgill''' (amụrụ 1940) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na Britain nwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'ime ụlọ nke ihe ọkụkụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, taxonomy, na bayoloji evolushọn nke osisi akọpụtara, na ichekwa ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche. Akwụkwọ edemede ya na 1966 maka ogo nke Dọkịta nke Nkà Ihe Ọmụma sitere na Mahadum Indiana Bloomington metụtara taxonomy nke Capsicum chinense. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Variability and Relationships of ''Capsicum Chinense'' JACQ.|author=Barbara Pickersgill|publisher=Indiana University|year=1966}}</ref> Onye ndụmọdụ doctoral ya bụ Charles B. Heiser. Mgbe e nyere ya Ihe nrite Linnean, e kwuru na "a maara ya nke ọma n'ụwa niile maka nyocha ya pụrụ iche na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, cytology na sistematics nke ụdị ''Capsicum''". Tinyere nyocha mmalite nke ụdị ose a na-azụ n'ụlọ, ọ nyochakwa mmalite nke osisi ndị ọzọ a na-akụ, gụnyere ''Vicia'', Psophocarpus, ''Lens'', ''Cicer'', ''Arachis'', ''Ananas'', ''Gossypium'', ''Ipomoea'' na ''Zea''. O mekwara njem nchịkọta na Peru, Brazil, Belize na Papua New Guinea. <ref name="Linnean" /> N'afọ 2005, ọ lara ezumike nká na School of Biological Sciences na Mahadum nke Reading, ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme nchọpụta. Ọrụ nyocha ya gụnyere: * Usoro nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ na ojiji nke ụdị ọhịa na mmelite nke chilis a na-azụlite (''Capsicum'') * Nnyocha banyere domestication nke ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachasị bean nkịtị, ''Phaseolus vulgaris'', na-arụ ọrụ na Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) na Colombia * Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche, nchekwa na mmelite nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ dịka: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), na-arụkọ ọrụ na Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) na Peru Banana (ụdị Musa) sitere na East African Highlands ** Quinoa (''Chenopodium quinoa''), na-arụ ọrụ na Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) na Peru ** Banana (ụdị <nowiki><i id="mwPA">Musa</i></nowiki>) sitere na East African Highlands[[Matoke|site na Ugwu Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka]] == Nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 1993, Linnean Society nke London nyere Pickersgill Ihe nrite Linnean maka enyemaka ya na botany.<ref name="Linnean">{{Cite journal|date=August 1993|title=Record of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society|volume=9|issue=3|pages=30}} [[Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical]]</ref> N'afọ 2000 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Society for Economic Botany . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cms.gogrid.econbot.org/index.php?module=content&func=view&pid=11|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130704002629/http://cms.gogrid.econbot.org/index.php?module=content&func=view&pid=11|archivedate=2013-07-04|publisher=The Society for Economic Botany|title=Past Presidents (listed by first year of office)}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2006, Linnean Society nke London haziri otu nnọkọ otu ụbọchị iji sọpụrụ Pickersgill.   == Edemsibia == <div class="reflist"> <references responsive="1"></references> </div> == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=40069 Mahadum Harvard Herbaria, Index of Botanists, Author Ajụjụ maka 'Pickersgill'] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Pickersgill, Barbara}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9aq9l8qkq6rrd1rvs4idq2kzlsfjuey 0 65750 674843 516381 2026-07-10T06:17:17Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Olieverfschildering portret van Berthe Hoola van Nooten door M. Calisch TMnr 5575-1.jpg|thumb|Berthe Hoola van Nooten]]   '''Berthe Hoola van Nooten''' (née Bartha Hendrica Philippina van Dolder; 12 Ọktoba 1817 na Utrecht – 12 Eprel 1892 na Tanah Abang) bụ onye na-ese ihe ọkụkụ Dutch, nke ekwuru maka efere ahịhịa ya nke na-egosi "Fleurs, Mkpụrụ osisi na Feuillages Choisis de l'Ile de 6 Java" na Hoola van Nooten bụ mbiri nke odee Hoola van Nooten gosipụtara mgbe ọ na-ehota aha botanical'''.'''. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Brummitt|first=R. K.|title=Authors of Plant Names|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|year=1992|isbn=1-84246-085-4}}</ref> == Ndụ == Berthe bụ ada Johannes Wilhelmus van Dolder, bụ onye vicar, na nwunye ya Philippina Maria Batenburg. Na 11 Julaị 1838 na Wageningen, ọ lụrụ Dirk Hoola van Nooten, onye ọka ikpe na Paramaribo. N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị na ihe ọkụkụ, ọ na-ezigakarị ụdị osisi ndị a kụrụ n'ubi n'ubi osisi na Netherlands, bụ ndị anakọtara na njem ya na di ya na Suriname. Ya na di ya mechara kwaga New Orleans ebe ha hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ Protestant maka ụmụ agbọghọ jikọtara na Chọọchị Episcopal Protestant. Ọdachi nke onwe ya dakwasịrị na ọnwụ di ya site na ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya na 1847, hapụrụ ya na ezinụlọ na-eto eto dị mmadụ ise. Ndị chọọchị weere ya na o ruru eru ma kwe ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ nọrọ na Europe, e guzobeghachiri ụlọ akwụkwọ New Orleans na Plaquemine, Louisiana, na 1850. Ọ kwagara Galveston. Na Jenụwarị 1854, The Galveston News kọrọ na Mrs. van Nooten's Young Ladies Institute, nke ọ zụrụ 'ebe obibi buru ibu ma mara mma', na-arụ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Nọvemba 1855, otu akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara iwu ụlọ ikpe ugboro ugboro maka B. H. van Nooten, onye kwuru na ọ bụghị onye bi na Texas, ka ọ pụta maka Justice of the Peace iji zaghachi ndị ji ụgwọ. Mgbe ahụ, ya na nwanne ya nwoke, onye ahịa na-aga nke ọma na azụmaahịa shuga, igwe na mkpuchi ndụ, gara agwaetiti Java. Mgbe ọ bịarutere na Java, ọ tinyere akwụkwọ maka enyemaka gọọmentị maka ịmepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Protestant iji kwado mmetụta nke seminarị Roman Katọlik. Hoola van Nooten nwekwara mmasị na osisi ndị Java ma nye nkuzi ise ihe, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidcoppoolse.com/2012/10/29/de-hand-van-boeddha-berthe-hoola-van-nooten-en-haar-javaanse-vingercitroen/|title=De 'Hand van Boeddha'. Berthe Hoola van Nooten en haar Javaanse vingercitroen|author=Coppoolse|first=David Apollonius|date=2012-10-29|work=Magazijn van Natuurlijke Historie|language=nl|accessdate=2019-03-29}}</ref> ebe ọ ghọrọ enyi onye na-ese ihe osise nke Javanese, Radhen Salikin, onye maara osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. O mepụtara efere iri anọ na-egosi ụdị osisi na-adọrọ mmasị sitere na Java, na-agbaso ihe Maria Sibylla Merian na Elizabeth Blackwell setịpụrụ. Ihe osise ahụ ga-eme ka ọrụ ihe osise Fleurs, Fruits et Feuillages, choisis de l'île Java: peints d'après nature. Ihe osise ndị ahụ na-esonyere nkọwa na French na Bekee, na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na ojiji nke osisi ahụ. E bipụtara ọrụ ahụ na Brussels na 1863, a raara ya nye Sophia Mathilde, nwunye Eze William nke Atọ nke Netherlands, onye ọ nwetara nkwado ya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/466|title=Fleurs, fruits et feuillages choisis de l'ille de Java :peints d'après nature /|author=Nooten|first=Berthe Hoola van.|date=1880|publisher=C. Muquardt|location=Bruxelles}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Berthe_Hoola_van_Nooten53.jpg|thumb|{{center|''[[Annona reticulata]]'' - Custard-apple}}]] Ọ bụ Pieter De Pannemaeker, onye Belgium na-arụ ọrụ na Ledeberg na Ghent, mere chromolithographs ndị e mere nke ọma.   N'afọ 1872, Hoola van Nooten zutere Alexei Alexandrovitch, nwa eze Alexander nke Abụọ nke Russia, onye na-eleta Batavia maka azụmahịa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Hoola van Noten nyere ya akwụkwọ Fleurs, Fruits, et Feuillages ma nye ya mgbaaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1872-10-22|title=[short message about] Madame Berthe Hoola van Noten...|journal=Nieuwsblad voor den boekhandel|volume=39|issue=85|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=dts:2726086:mpeg21:0006|language=nl}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ n'ọtụtụ mbipụta, Hoola van Nooten nwụrụ na ịda ogbenye na Tanah Abang mgbe ọ dị afọ 74. A na-akwanyere aha ezinụlọ Hoola van Nooten ùgwù taa na Netherlands, ma depụta ya na [[:nl:Nederlands Patriciaat|Nederlands Patriciaat]], ndekọ nke ezinụlọ Dutch ndị keere òkè dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ Dutch n'ime afọ 150 gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/gateways/issues/98/story09.html|title=National Library Acquires Rare Botanical Work by Dutch Female Artist - GATEWAYS - National Library of Australia|work=www.nla.gov.au}}</ref> {{Commons category|Berthe Hoola van Nooten}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12006476 Botanicus] * [http://www.illustratedgarden.org/mobot/rarebooks/taxa.asp?relation=QK3714N661880 Ubi Ubi nke Missouri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230327/http://www.forumrarebooks.com/Hoola-Nooten-Berthe-Fleurs-fruits-et-feuillages-choisis.html Akwụkwọ Ndị Dị Mkpa] * [http://beeld.teylersmuseum.nl/Digital_Library/Emags/Lade_19b_132/index.html#/1 Akwụkwọ ị ga-enyocha na saịtị nke Teylers Museum, Haarlem, The Netherlands] 01wlj8jfb8sko4ongp8trqpo4gnkg72 0 65764 674844 516171 2026-07-10T06:18:43Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674844 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu - 53553527633.jpg|thumb|Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu ]] '''Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu''' (Amharic: ይርጋለም ፍсሃ መብraቱ; amụrụ n'afọ pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị asatọ na otụ) bụ onye mba Eritrea na-ede uri, onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ. N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na itoolu, gọọmentị mba Eritrea jidere ya ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ. Kemgbe afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na asatọ, ọ na-ebi na Munich na nkwado nke PEN Center Germany. == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya n'afo pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị asatọ na otụ na mba Adi Keyh, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu|url=https://www.literaturportal-bayern.de/autorenlexikon?task=lpbauthor.default&pnd=1257705288|accessdate=11 November 2022|work=www.literaturportal-bayern.de|language=de-de}}</ref> Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu edeela uri kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Site n'etiti afọ ndị afọ pụkụ na narị itoolu na ịrị itọọlu, ọ sonyere n'ihe omume edemede, nke mbụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya ma mesịa na mgbasa ozi onwe onye na nke steeti. Ya na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-eto eto guzobere Adi Keyh Literature Club, nke bụ akụkụ nke netwọk nke ìgwè ndị yiri ya a na-ewere dị ka ndị na-eme ka akwụkwọ Eritrea dịghachi ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=International|first=P. E. N.|date=19 March 2019|title='Becoming a writer is an offense in the eyes of…|url=https://pen-international.org/news/writing-is-an-offense-in-the-eyes-of-the-regime-an-interview-with-yirgalem-fisseha-mebrahtu|accessdate=11 November 2022|work=PEN International|language=en|archivedate=11 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111205654/https://pen-international.org/news/writing-is-an-offense-in-the-eyes-of-the-regime-an-interview-with-yirgalem-fisseha-mebrahtu}}</ref> Ruo mgbe [[Eritrea|A machibidoro mgbasa ozi onwe onye n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na otụ]], ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ nwere onwe ya ma bipụta uri na magazin akwụkwọ. N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na abụọ, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi na isi obodo Asmara. Site na n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na atọ ruo n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na itoolu, ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe ngosi na onye nduzi mmemme na redio [[Radio Bana|Redio Bana]] nke Ministry of Education nke Eritrea. N'ebe ahụ, o mepụtara akụkọ ahụike, gbaa ndị dọkịta ajụjụ ọnụ ma nye ozi gbasara HIV.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Schriever|first=Julia|title=München: Die Freiheit, zu sagen, was ist|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-mebrahtu-pressefreiheit-lyrikerin-portraet-1.5085035|accessdate=11 November 2022|work=Süddeutsche.de|date=26 October 2020|language=de}}</ref> == Mkpọrọ na nchụpụ == N'onwa Febụwarị n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na itoolu, e jidere ya na ihe dị ka mmadụ rụrụ ịrị atọ ndị ọzọ n'ụlọ ọrụ redio ahụ, ọ bụkwa naanị nwanyị n'etiti ndị e jidere.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UPdE81rfSYC&dq=Yirgalem+Fisseha+Mebrahtu&pg=PA249|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended|date=2010|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref> E boro ya ebubo na ya na ndị mgbasa ozi mba ọzọ nwere njikọ, ebubo ndị ọzọ gụnyere ebubo na ọ na-akpa nkata igbu onye isi ala na imerụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu|url=https://www.fritz-bauer-forum.de/datenbank/yirgalem-fisseha-mebrahtu/|accessdate=11 November 2022|work=Fritz Bauer Forum|language=de-DE|archivedate=6 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206120246/https://www.fritz-bauer-forum.de/datenbank/yirgalem-fisseha-mebrahtu/}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ mbụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya na ụlọ mkpọrọ [[Mai Swra]], ebe a mekwara ya ahụhụ. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ isii n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ebughị ebubo na n'ebuteghị ikpe, a tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na ise. N'ihe dị ka n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na asaa, ọ nwara ịgbapụ na mba Eritrea mana e jidere ya n'ókè ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ ọzọ ọnwa anọ. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, o jisiri ike gbalaga mba Uganda. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Noch immer am Leben|url=https://www.falter.at/zeitung/20191113/noch-immer-am-leben/_3bceda15e6|accessdate=11 November 2022|work=www.falter.at|date=13 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yirgalem Fisseha Mebrahtu {{!}} Deutscher Kulturrat|date=27 May 2019|url=https://www.kulturrat.de/author/yirgalemfissehamebrahtu/|accessdate=11 November 2022|language=de-DE}}</ref> Ndị nta akụkọ ndị ọzọ natara mmeso ọjọọ yiri nke ahụ gụnyere: [[Bereket Misghina]], [[Basilios Zemo]], na [[Meles Negusse Kiflu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Srinivasan|first=Indira|date=1 June 2016|title=Journalists' safety in the world's most restricted regime|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC-80deb7068|journal=Global Media Journal - African Edition|volume=10|issue=2|pages=35–67}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na asatọ, ọ bịara Munich dị ka onye natara onyinye Writers-in-Exile site na PEN Center Germany. <ref>{{Cite web|title=WiE-Stipendiat/innen|url=https://www.pen-deutschland.de/de/writers-in-exile/aktuelle-stipendiaten/|accessdate=11 November 2022|work=PEN-Zentrum Deutschland|language=de-DE|archivedate=11 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111205653/https://www.pen-deutschland.de/de/writers-in-exile/aktuelle-stipendiaten/}}</ref> Onye nọchiri ya n'ụlọ PEN bụ [[Stella Nyanzi]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Scherf|first=Martina|title=Fünf für München: Doppelgänger, Farbenpracht und Sprachgewalt|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/muenchen-deutsches-museum-bumillo-stella-nyanzi-1.5522402|accessdate=11 November 2022|work=Süddeutsche.de|date=6 February 2022|language=de}}</ref> == Abụ uri == N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị na itọọlu, o bipụtara uri narị na ịrị atọ e dere tupu a tụọ ya mkpọrọ na mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ebe a chụgara ya. Ha pụtara na mbụ dị ka ኣለኹ (M dị ndụ) nke e dere na [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]; n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị abụọ na abụọ e bipụtara nsụgharị German. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ich bin am Leben – Verlag Das Wunderhorn|url=https://www.wunderhorn.de/?buecher=ich-bin-am-leben|accessdate=11 November 2022|work=www.wunderhorn.de}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-ebipụta ya si kwuo, uri ndị ahụ na-adaba n'ụdị abụọ: "ịdị jụụ, ụjọ na obi umeala na obi ike" n'otu aka na "ebe kachasị elu nke esemokwu, agha nke omume rụrụ arụ na omume ọma, ime ihe ike na ikpe ziri ezi, mbibi na ịga n'ihu nke ọgbọ" n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, mkpagbu na ọnwụ. " N'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ịrị abụọ na abụọ, e bipụtara akụkọ mkpirikpi na edemede rụrụ onugugo ịrị atọ na atọ na mba Tigrinya ebe ọ tọhapụrụ onwe ya na mkpagbu ya ma họrọ isiokwu ndị nweere onwe ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ኣለኹ (Alekhu)|url=https://www.emkulu.com/product/%e1%8a%a3%e1%88%88%e1%8a%b9/|accessdate=11 November 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Edemsibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f6igvgexm7jar3hemzflluvbekndj6g 0 65765 674847 580079 2026-07-10T06:20:24Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Chike.png|thumb|Chike ]] '''Chike Ezekpeazu Osebuka''' (A mụrụ ya na 28 Jenụwarị 1993), amụrụ aha ya dị ka Chike, bụ onye Naijiria na-abụ abụ, na-ede abụ na onye na-eme nkiri.O wee bụrụ onye a ma ama mgbe ọ sonyere na Project Fame West Africa. O mechara gosi nkà ya na The Voice Nigeria, ebe ọ nwetara ebe nke abụọ n’oge mbụ (Season 1). Chike bidoro ime ihe nkiri mgbe o mere mbipụta mbụ ya dika Mayowa Badmus na telenovela nke Africa Magic Showcase a kpọrọ Battleground. Ọ pụtakwara n’afịm Gang of Lagos, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ Ify. Chike wepụtara album mbụ ya n'ụlọ ọrụ egwu, Boo of the Booless, n'ụbọchị 14 Febrụwarị afọ 2020. Album nke abụọ ya, The Brother's Keeper, wepụtara ya n'afọ 2022. Chike bụ onye Naịjirịa na-abụ abụ, na-ede abụ, na onye na-eme nkiri. Ụdị egwu ya bụ ngwakọta nke R&B, soul, na Afro-pop. Chike nwetara ewu ewu site n’abụ ya a ma ama “Amen”, kemgbe ahụ, o wepụtara ọtụtụ abụ na album ndị gara nke ọma. Egwu Chike amaara ya maka ụda ya juputara na mkpụrụ obi na mmetụta, a kpọkwara ya ugwu maka ụda olu ya sara mbara na nka o nwere n’ide abụ. A Dịka onye na-eme nkiri, Chike apụtala na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Naijiria na usoro telivishọn, gụnyere usoro telivishọn a ama "BattleGround". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Chike bụ onye obodo Onitsha[[Onịchạ|, Anambra Steeti]] na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] ma bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ anọ. Mkpebi Chike ịga n’ihu ọrụ na == Ọrụ == === Project Fame na The Voice Naịjirịa === E gosipụtara Chike dị ka onye na-asọ mpi na ''Project Fame West Africa'' . Otú ọ dị, ewepụ ya mgbe ọ ruru Nke Onye ke iri. Chike sonyere n’ọsọ The Voice Nigeria site n’ime egwu nke James Arthur's "Roses" ma ọ họọrọ isonyere Team Patoranking.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Voice Nigeria Chike 'Ranking' Goes to Battle – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/06/19/the-voice-nigeria-chike-ranking-goes-to-battle/|accessdate=2022-07-10|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> N'ọgụ ahụ, ọ rụrụ Mario's "Let Me Love You" Ya na onye ọzọ nke otu Team Patoranking sonyere na asọmpi, a họpụtara ya ka ọ gaa n’ọkwa ọzọ. ==== 2016–2024 ==== Mgbe The Voice Nigeria gasịrị, Chike bịanyere aka na Universal Republic tinyere ndị ọzọ anọ na-asọmpi na ihe ngosi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Free Download: Top 5 songs by Chike - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/free-download-top-5-songs-by-chike/|accessdate=2023-06-04|work=dailytrust.com|date=14 April 2022}}</ref> O weputara egwu izizi ya Fancy U na Disemba 2016 n'okpuru Universal Republic, na vidiyo egwu ya na mbido 2017. E mekwara Chike onye nnọchi anya Airtel Nigeria tinyere ndị asọmpi asaa ndị ọzọ nke The Voice Nigeria. N'ọnwa Eprel 2017, Africa Magic tụbara Chike ka ọ rụọ ọrụ Mayowa Badmus n' ihe[[Asake|Nri]] telivishọn akpọrọ Battleground . Chike hapụrụ Universal Republic na Nọvemba 2017 ka ọ bụrụ onye egwu kwụụrụ onwe ya. O weputara abụ ya ọzọ, nke a kpọrọ "Beautiful People," na Febụwarị 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-28|title=Chike - Beautiful People (Prod by Doron Clinton) « tooXclusive|url=https://tooxclusive.com/chike-beautiful-people-prod-doron-clinton/|accessdate=2021-01-22|work=tooXclusive|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128220153/https://tooxclusive.com/chike-beautiful-people-prod-doron-clinton/}}</ref> Chike wepụtara abọm izizi ya nke iri na anọ, Boo of the Booless, n'oge ọ na-eme ihe ngosi na 2020 Big Brother Lockdown TV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/tv-shows/1494678-bbnaija-housemates-wild-chike-performs-live-lipton-finale-party/|title=BBNaija: Housemates Go Wild as Chike Performs Live for Them at the Lipton Finale Party|date=3 October 2022|work=Legit|accessdate=31 January 2024}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023, E kwupụtara Chike dịka onye nnọchiteanya ika maka ụlọ ọrụ Glo telecommunication ọnụ na Asake, [[Kizz Daniel]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/asake-kizz-daniel-chike-sign-multi-million-naira-deals-with-glo/|title=Asake, Kizz Daniel, Chike sign multi-million Naira deals with Glo|date=1 October 2023|work=Thenation|accessdate=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/globacom-signs-asake-kizz-daniel-chike-to-inspire-young-nigerians/|title=Globacom signs Asake, Kizz Daniel, Chike to inspire young Nigerians|date=3 October 2022|work=Businessday|accessdate=31 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/asake-chike-kizz-daniel-join-glo-league-of-ambassadors/|title=Asake, Chike, Kizz Daniel Join Glo League Of Ambassadors|date=30 September 2022|work=Independent|accessdate=31 January 2024}}</ref> Chike kwupụtara na album nke atọ ya n'ụlọ ọrụ egwu, Son of Chike, ga-apụta na July 19, 2024.. Abọm ahụ gụnyere egwu dịka "Unto You", "Lifetime Love", na "Ego Oyibo". Ọ na-egosipụta mmekọrịta ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Naijiria dị ka [[Olamide]], [[Ladipoe]], na [[Qing Madi]].Chike kọwara dị ka ọrụ nke onwe nke na-egosipụta omenala ya na ahụmịhe ya, nke na-achọ ịjikọta ndị na-ege ntị n’ụzọ nkemmetụta obi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-03|title=Chike Announces New Album, "Son of Chike"|url=https://tooxclusive.com/news/chike-announces-new-album-son-of-chike/|accessdate=2024-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, Chike nwetara ụbọchị kacha elu ya n'ihe ntanetị egwu == Ndepụta abụ == === Abọm === * ''Boo nke ndị na-enweghị isi'' * ''Onye Na-elekọta Nwanne'' * ''Nwa Chike'' === Ụda abụ === * "On Fire (Pana Time) " maka Gangs nke Lagos<ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2023-04-11|title=Listen to Chiké's Latest Single "On Fire (Pana Time)" for Prime Video's "Gangs of Lagos"|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/04/chike-on-fire-pana-time/|accessdate=2023-11-07|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Onye|first=Harry|date=2023-04-11|title=Music: Chike's 'On Fire (Pana Time)'; The new soundtrack to your weekend parties|url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/music/music-chikes-on-fire-pana-time-the-new-soundtrack-to-your-weekend-parties/|accessdate=2023-11-07|work=Kemi Filani News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndepụta ịhe nkiri == * Ndị òtù ọjọọ nke Lagos (2023) dị ka Ify * Knee Down (2022) dị ka Chima * ''Ndụ Dị Ka Ọ Dị'' (2019 TV Mini Series) dị ka Junior * AMCOP: Clandestine (2019) dị ka George * Agha: Africa Magic (2017 TV Series) dị ka Mayowa Bhadmus == Nrite na ntuli aka == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Onye e nyere ya !Nsonaazụ !Nkwupụta |- | rowspan="4" |2020 |Onyinye Egwú nke City People |Album nke Afọ |"Boo nke ndị na-enweghị isi"|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="3" |Ndị isi 2020 |Egwú Kasị Mma (Nwoke) |"Chike - "Ghaara"&nbsp;|{{Nom}} | |- |Album R&B kacha mma |Boo nke ndị na-enweghị isi - Chike&nbsp;&nbsp;|{{Nom}} | |- |Album nke Afọ |Boo nke ndị na-enweghị isi - Chike&nbsp;&nbsp;|{{Nom}} | |- |2021 |Nsọpụrụ Net |Abụ RnB a na-akpọkarị |"Running to You" (nke Simi gosipụtara) (featuring Simi)|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chike – Ego Oyibo (Full Lyrics)|url=https://codedwap.com/lyrics/ego-oyibo-lyrics/|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=Codedwap|date=22 July 2023|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2022 | rowspan="4" |Ndị isi 2022 |R&B Single kacha mma |"Running (To You) " - Chike feat. Simi|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/532119-headies-2022-wizkid-davido-portable-bag-nominations-full-nomination-list.html|title=HEADIES 2022: Wizkid, Davido, Portable bag nominations (FULL NOMINATION LIST)|date=24 May 2022|work=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> |- |Vidio Egwú Kasị Mma |"Roju" - (Chike) - Nke Pink duziri|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leadership.ng/2022-headies-awards-wizkidtemsothers-lead-nominees-list/|title=2022 Headies Awards: Wizkid,Tems,Others Lead Nominees List|work=Leadership|date=29 July 2022|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/full-nominee-list-for-the-headies-awards-2022/j062hdf|title=Academy announce nominations for Headies Awards 2022 [Full Nominee List]|date=24 May 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> |- |Njikọ Kasị Mma |"Running (To You) " - Chike feat. Simi|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/headies-releases-2022-next-rated-nominees-list/|title=HEADIES RELEASES 2022 NEXT RATED NOMINEES LIST|date=24 May 2022|work=Guardian Nigeria|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/headies-2022-full-list-of-nominees-2/|title=Headies 2022: Full list of nominees|date=24 May 2022|work=Tribune Nigeria|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> |- |Single rap kacha mma |"Na-eku ume" - A-Q feat Chike&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-wizkid-davido-get-2022-headies-nominations/|title=Full list: Wizkid, Davido get 2022 Headies nominations|date=24 May 2022|work=Punch Nigeria|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61568073|title=Headies award 2022 nominees: Portable, Ayra Starr, Tems, see oda artistes wey make dis year nomination|date=24 May 2022|work=BBC|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2023 | rowspan="4" |Ndị isi 2023 |R&B Single kacha mma |"O siri ike ịchọta" - Chike|{{Nom}} | |- |Egwú Kasị Mma (Nwoke) |"Ọtụmọkpọ (remix) " - Chike|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-2023-headies-nominations/|title=Full list: 2023 Headies nominations|date=12 July 2023|work=Punch|accessdate=31 January 2024}}</ref> |- |Vidio Egwú Kasị Mma |"Spell" - (Chike) - Nke Pink duziri|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o|title=Burna Boy, Asake, Tiwa Savage plus oda artistes wey make di 2023 Headies nomination list|date=12 July 2023|work=BBC|accessdate=31 January 2024}}</ref> |- |Album R&B kacha mma |"Onye Na-elekọta Nwanne" - Chike|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/2023-headies-awards-full-winners-list/|title=2023 Headies Awards: Full Winners List|date=4 September 2023|work=Vanguard|accessdate=31 January 2024}}</ref> |- |2024 |Ihe nrite Egwú TurnTable |Nke 1 Vidio Egwú |"Egwu"|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The TurnTable 2024 Music Awards|url=https://www.turntablecharts.com/magazine/6th/134|work=TurnTable Charts|publisher=TurnTable|accessdate=2 April 2025}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2025 | rowspan="5" |Ndị isi 2024 |Njikọ Kasị Mma |"Egwu" - Chike & MohBad|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/music/here-is-the-full-nominations-list-for-the-17th-headies-awards-2025021215214372549|title=Here is the full nominations list for the 17th Headies Awards|date=12 February 2025|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=20 January 2025}}</ref> |- |Afrobeats Single nke Afọ |"Egwu" - Chike & MohBad|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/full-list-of-2025-headies-awards-nominations/|title=Full list of 2025 Headies Awards nominations|date=13 February 2025|work=Business Day Nigeria|accessdate=20 January 2025}}</ref> |- |Nhọrọ nke ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri |"Egwu" - Chike & MohBad|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c62je7k97nro.amp|title=Headies Award 2025 winners full list: Davido, Odumodu BLVCK, Tems, Rema and odas wey win for di 17th edition|accessdate=30 April 2025|work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/news/full-list-of-nominees-for-the-headies-awards-2025/|title=Full list of nominees for the Headies Awards 2025|date=13 February 2025|work=Notjustok|accessdate=20 January 2025}}</ref> |- |Abụ Afọ |"Egwu" - Chike & MohBad|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/cy8pz16l100o|title=Wizkid, Mohbad, Qing Madi and odas artistes wey make 2025 Headies nomination list|date=12 February 2025|work=BBC|accessdate=20 January 2025}}</ref> |- |Vidio Egwú Kasị Mma |"Egwu" - Chike & MohBad - Nke Pink duziri|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/02/12/full-list-mohbad-odumodu-blvck-ayra-starr-lead-2025-headies-nomination-list/|title=FULL LIST Mohbad, Odumodu Blvck, Ayra Starr Lead 2025 Headies Nomination List|date=12 February 2025|work=Channels TV|accessdate=20 January 2025}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite Trace &amp;amp; Ememme |Onye na-ese ihe kacha mma (Western Africa Anglophone) |Ịgba ọsọ|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2025/01/nigerian-artisis-nominated-for-2025-trace-awards/|title=Tems, Burna Boy, Yemi Alade, Asake & More Nominated for 2025 Trace Awards|date=4 January 2025|work=Bella Naija|accessdate=20 January 2025}}</ref> |} == Mmasị == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160805133056/http://m.thevoicenigeria.dstv.com/talent/chike Chike peeji na DSTV The Voice Nigeria peeji] * {{IMDb name|9964313}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Osebuka, Chike Ezekpeazu}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e0s6hufi1w0egf2s10o5g66tg1t2mxa 0 65855 674848 638542 2026-07-10T06:21:50Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674848 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Vector at the lafiaji sunday shoot.jpg|thumb|Vector ]]   '''Olanrewaju Ogunmefun''', aha ama ama ya bụ '''Vector''', bụ onye Naijiria na-akụ abụ rap, na-abụ abụ,ma na ede abụ. O weputara abom atọ n'ulo egwu, gụnyere State of Surprise na The Second Coming (2012). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2012/12/bn-bytes-the-second-coming-of-vector-view-the-ace-lyricists-sophomore-album-art-tracklist/|title=BN Bytes: The "Second Coming" of Vector! View the Ace Lyricist's Sophomore Album Art & Tracklist|author=Onos|work=BellaNaija|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> N'ịtụ anya abọm studio nke abụọ ya, ọ wepụtara mixtape akpọrọ Bar Racks . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2012/08/06/download-vectors-bar-racks-mixtape/|title=DOWNLOAD:DOWNLOAD Vector's Bar-Racks (MixTape) –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=3 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203113927/http://notjustok.com/2012/08/06/download-vectors-bar-racks-mixtape/}}</ref> ''Lafiaji'', e wepụtara abọm studio nke atọ ya na Disemba 2016. O weputara mixtape na Ọktoba 2018, The Rap Dialogue, na mgbalị iji mee ka mmụọ nke hip-hop Naijiria dị ndụ. N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2019, a tọpụtara abọm n'ulo egwu ya nke anọ, Vibes Before Teslim: A Journey to Self-Discovery. Ọ bụ olu dị n’azụ [[Sprait|Sprite]] nke a na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ redio gafee Naịjirịa kemgbe afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/09/vector-debuts/|title=Vector debuts|date=3 February 2016|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> O nwekwara "rap kachasị ogologo na Naịjirịa".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Haliwud|date=22 August 2015|title=Vector Sets New Record For Longest Freestyle by an African Rapper|url=https://www.informationng.com/2015/08/vector-sets-new-record-for-longest-freestyle-by-an-african-rapper.html|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Information Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Novemba afọ 2019, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwado azụmahịa ọnụ na Starstruck Management Inc. na Create Music Group iji wepụta ọrụ studio ya nke anọ Extended play akpọrọ "Vibes Before Teslim: A Journey To Self-Discovery".<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIBES BEFORE TESLIM: A Journey To Self Discovery by Vector|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/vibes-before-teslim-the-journey-to-self-discovery/1488178899|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|date=26 November 2019|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ndụ mbu == A mụrụ Lanre na Lagos State, nọpụtazị na Ogun State, Ọ bụ nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ ise. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Naijiria, gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụaka bụ Command, Ijebu Ode Grammar School, Government College Victoria Island na Saint Gregory's College Ikoyi Lagos. Ọ malitere njem ya n’ụzọ hip-hop mgbe ọ nọ na klas sekọndrị mbụ n’afọ 1994. Na St. Gregory's College, ọ na-etinye aka na mmemme ọha na eze dị iche iche nke e mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'elu ụlọ ngosi egwu. N'afọ 1999, Ọ hiwere otu aha ya bụ Badder Boiz, ndị na-ede abụ onwe ha, ma n’afọ ahụkwa, ha malitere igosipụta egwu ha dịka ndị atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/Olanrewaju_Ogunmefun|title=Olanrewaju Ogunmefun|work=museumstuff.com|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> Ha dere demo mbụ ha na 1999 ma gara ngosi nka. Vector na-aga n'ụzọ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Dị ka ndị atọ nke mejupụtara Vector, Krystal na Blaze, ha nọkọtara ruo afọ 2004 mgbe Krystal did n'otu ahụ pụọ n'ihi nsogbu ndị a gaghị edozi . Ọ gara [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]], gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2008 na nzere bachelọ na nkà ihe ọmụma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2009/06/26/vector-notjustok-hype/|title=DOWNLOAD:Vector (notjustOk Hype) –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034937/http://notjustok.com/2009/06/26/vector-notjustok-hype/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Vector tọpụtara abụ ya mbụ abụ gọọmentị nke a kpọrọ "Kilode" maka abọm State of Surprise na Febụwarị 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2010/01/04/premiere-vector-kilode-ft-emmsong/|title=DOWNLOAD:Premiere: Vector – Kilode ft Emmsong –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=17 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217163115/http://notjustok.com/2010/01/04/premiere-vector-kilode-ft-emmsong/}}</ref> O mechara tọpụta vidio maka abụ a n'onwa June 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2010/06/09/video-vector-kilode-ft-emmsong/|title=DOWNLOAD:VIDEO: Vector – Kilode ft Emmsong –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034941/http://notjustok.com/2010/06/09/video-vector-kilode-ft-emmsong/}}</ref> Otu egwu nke abụọ ya bụ "Mary Jane" nke e wepụtara n'ọnwa Eprel nke otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2010/03/12/premiere-vector-mary-jane/|title=DOWNLOAD:Premiere: Vector – Mary Jane –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=3 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203214559/http://notjustok.com/2010/03/12/premiere-vector-mary-jane/}}</ref> A tọpụtara abọm ahụ na 29 Ọktoba afọ 2010, Eloka "Culture" Oligbo bụ onye nyere nduzi mmepụta ya. Ọ gosipụtara 2 Face Idibia, General Pype, Chuddy K, Ade Piper, Emmsong, Sista Soul na mmepụta sitere na H-Code, Sam Klef, Da Piano, J-Smith, Xela Xelz na Vibez Production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olamildentertainment.com/2009/11/general-pype-bio.html|title=神州斗地主-官网首页|accessdate=12 June 2012|archivedate=1 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101145100/http://www.olamildentertainment.com/2009/11/general-pype-bio.html}}</ref> O tọpụtara vidio maka egwu "Get Down" nke nwere 2Face Idibia na ya n'onwa Juuni afọ 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.soundcity.tv/stories/221/New-Video-Vector-Get-Down-ft-2face|title=New Video: Vector – 'Get Down' ft 2face · Soundcity|work=soundcity.tv|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614234251/http://www.soundcity.tv/stories/221/New-Video-Vector-Get-Down-ft-2face|archivedate=2011-06-14}}</ref> Na Nigerian Music Video Awards 2011, a họpụtara ya maka "Best Mainstream Hip Hop Video".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladybrillenigeria.com/2011/10/nigerian-music-video-awards-releases-2011-nominees-list.html|title=Nigerian Music Video Awards Releases 2011 Nominees list|work=LadybrilleNigeria|date=31 October 2011|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=5 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205180325/http://ladybrillenigeria.com/2011/10/nigerian-music-video-awards-releases-2011-nominees-list.html}}</ref> A họpụtara ya na 2010 Nigeria Entertainment Awards maka "Best Collaboration With Vocals" na egwu "Champion" nke nwere General Pype na ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladybrillenigeria.com/2010/07/nigeria-entertainment-awards-nominees-da-grin-genevieve-nnaji-obi-asika-stephanie-okereke-deola-sagoe-mi-omawumi.html|title=Nigeria Entertainment Awards Nominees: DA GRIN, Genevieve Nnaji, Obi Asika, Stephanie Okereke, Deola Sagoe, MI, Omawumi|work=LadybrilleNigeria|date=8 July 2010|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=5 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205173505/http://ladybrillenigeria.com/2010/07/nigeria-entertainment-awards-nominees-da-grin-genevieve-nnaji-obi-asika-stephanie-okereke-deola-sagoe-mi-omawumi.html}}</ref> Abụ nke ya "Angeli" ft. [[9ice|9Ice]] na "Mr. Vector" nke nwere Jazzy, nke Sagzy rụrụ mmepụta, ka e tọpụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2011/05/18/vector-angeli-ft-9ice-mr-vector-ft-jazzy/|title=DOWNLOAD:Vector – Angeli Ft 9ice + Mr Vector Ft Jazzy –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045801/http://notjustok.com/2011/05/18/vector-angeli-ft-9ice-mr-vector-ft-jazzy/}}</ref> na 19 Mee 2011 ma na-agbanwe agbanwe na redio gburugburu mba ahụ. E wepụtara vidiyo maka "Angeli" n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2011/10/25/video-vector-ft-9ice-angeli/|title=DOWNLOAD:VIDEO: Vector ft. 9ice – Angeli –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|date=25 October 2011|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ya na Bigtril, Tọpụtara egwu a kpọrọ "OG" nke nwere Raezy na Larry Gaaga. Ya na pallaso nwere mmekọrịta ọzọ, nke a na-akpọ bubble remix. Vector tọpụtara egwu a kpọrọ "Born Leader"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get Familiar: Vector – Born Leader Ft Mavado|url=http://www.360nobs.com/2012/10/get-familiar-vector-born-leader-ft-movado/|work=360nobs.com|publisher=360NoBS|accessdate=22 June 2015|archivedate=22 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622204605/http://www.360nobs.com/2012/10/get-familiar-vector-born-leader-ft-movado/}}</ref> Mavado of DJ Khaled's We the Best Music Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2012/10/11/vector-ft-mavado-born-leader/|title=DOWNLOAD:Vector ft. Mavado – Born Leader –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=20 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220041024/http://notjustok.com/2012/10/11/vector-ft-mavado-born-leader/}}</ref> “Born Leader” bụ abụ nke atọ Vector wepụtara n’akwụkwọ egwu ya nke abụọ aha ya bụ The Second Coming. Ọ mere vidio ahụ na Miami, Florida, onye kpọrọ ya bụ Antwan Smith.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.notjustok.com/2012/11/07/video-vector-ft-mavado-born-leader/|title=DOWNLOAD:VIDEO: Vector ft Mavado – Born Leader –notjustOk|work=notjustOk|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=20 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220041031/http://notjustok.com/2012/11/07/video-vector-ft-mavado-born-leader/}}</ref> N’ọnwa Ọgọst 2013, Pheelz, onye na-emepụta egwu, kpọrọ ya ka ọ soro ya na abụ aha ya bụ “Popular,” nke nọrọ na redio dị iche iche gafee Naịjirịa. N’ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2015, Vector wepụtara abụ rap akpọrọ "King Kong" ma wepụta vidio ya apụtakwara n'otu ọnwa ahụ. Vector wepụtara remiks abụọ, nke mbụ ọ na-akọrọ abụ ọnụ aha ha bụ [[Phyno]], Reminisce, Classiq na Uzi, na remix nke abụọ gosipụtara onye rapper Ghana [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodia]] nke a tọhapụrụ na May na June 2015 n'otu n'otu. Vidio maka remiks mbụ pụtara n’ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015. N’ụbọchị iri na ise n'ọnwa Julaị, o wepụtara abụ ọhụrụ aha ya bụ "Kanawan Dabo", N'ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị , O wepụtara abụ a sị n’onwe ya bụ "8". N’ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2020, ọ bịanyere aka n'okwunye ndekọ abụ na Def Jam Africa, flagship nke Def Jam Recordings na Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Alake|first=Motolani|title=Vector, Larry Gaaga join Def Jam Africa|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/universal-music-group-announces-the-launch-of-def-jam-africa/433x667|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=10 May 2022|language=en|date=26 May 2020|archivedate=10 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510101658/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/universal-music-group-announces-the-launch-of-def-jam-africa/433x667}}</ref> N’ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, E nwere oge a kpọrọ Vector Africa Cypher (Hennessy Cypher) nke mere na Naijiria, Ebe Vector so na ya. Ndị ọzọ so na Cypher a bụ A-Reece, [[M.I Abaga]], M.anifest na Octopizzo. == Nkewa echiche == Onye na-abụ abụ Naịjịrịa aha ya bụ Reminisce dere abụ mwakpo <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenetng.com/2012/03/16/hip-hop-feud-reminisce-battles-vector/|title=Hip-Hop Feud: Reminisce Battles Vector {{!}} Nigerian Entertainment Today|work=thenetng.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319011037/http://www.thenetng.com/2012/03/16/hip-hop-feud-reminisce-battles-vector|archivedate=2012-03-19}}</ref> "ATA (Street Kitchen Reply) " na ahịrị, "V-E what shit ki lo'n je be. Shebi Iowa lo rap ju shit o ma pe'n nbe" "Azịza nye vees Vector n'ime abụ"KitcheStreet" nke Saucekid, ebe Vector kwuru sị "Maka ụmụ okorobịa niile na-achọ igosipụta". Ti e ba fe ma form pe eyin lata ani tomato to ma to ma to".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://popoffcentral.blogspot.com/2012/03/new-music-ata-vector-diss-reminisce.html|title=Redirecting|work=popoffcentral.blogspot.com|accessdate=3 February 2016|archivedate=12 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312083923/http://popoffcentral.blogspot.com/2012/03/new-music-ata-vector-diss-reminisce.html}}</ref> Mgbe ihe a mere gasịrị,Vector nyere azịza site n’abụ "Distractions (Reminisce Diss) ", nke ọ rụkọrọ na ya ọnụ na onye na-ede abụ ama ama, A-Q. Vector, were ahịrị okwu gbagbuo ya! "Ka ị na-acha ọcha akpụkpọ ahụ gị apụtaghị na ị na-enwu gbaa, Pig. Abụ m isi na ndị ọrụ m siri ike, ị pụghị ịbụ ihe kachasị mma ị nwere otu abụ nzuzu" na "Ma eme m oh, ọ dịkwa n'ihu ọha. Mana gị, ndụ gị dị ka vidiyo gị, obere mmefu ego. "Ọ soro kwa na mpi asụ egwu rap elu-isi ya na [[M.I Abaga|Jude "M.I" Abaga]], na dis egwu dịka "The Purge" (The featuring Vader and a Payper) na #Judas's).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijawhistle.com/2012/06/vector-disses-reminisce.html|title=凯时国际欧洲杯,凯时共赢共欢,凯时娱人生就是博,凯时kb88可来就送38|accessdate=2025-09-19|archivedate=2012-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614104952/http://www.naijawhistle.com/2012/06/vector-disses-reminisce.html}}</ref> Na afọ 2020, Vector na [[M.I Abaga|Jude "M.I" Abaga]] yiri ka ha kwụsịrị mpi ha mgbe ha zutere na akụkụ nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke "The Conversation", Otu ịhe onyonyo Hennessy Nigeria nke dabeere na esemokwu dị n'etiti M.I na Vector, mere ka ha abụọ zutere ihu na ihu ma tụlee ihe niile gara aga n’etiti ha. Ụmụ rapa abụọ kọwara ihe kpatara esemokwu ha na echiche ha banyere ibe ha. M.I kwuru na o chere na Vector enweghị mmasị na ya, ebe Vector kwuru na ya kwenyere na M.I bụ onye amamihe dị aghụghọ na onye isi atọ. Mgbe onye nyocha ajụrụ Vector ma o nwere Ike imekọrịta ọrụ, Vector zara na: "Ọ bụrụ na ike a dị ọcha, mgbe ahụ, ọ nweghị ụzọ m ga-esi hụ na imekọ ọrụ na-eme". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title=M.I And Vector Ends Beef, Possible Collaboration Underway|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/life/m-i-and-vector-ends-beef-possible-collaboration-underway/|accessdate=2020-10-13|work=The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=13 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013062931/https://editor.guardian.ng/life/m-i-and-vector-ends-beef-possible-collaboration-underway/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title="The Conversation" Hennessy Nigeria, Youtube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vp36eGk3QOU}}</ref> Ọ sịkwazị na n'onwa Febụwarị afọ 2021, esemokwu ya na M.I rere ha ndekọ egwu."O kwuru "Anyị ji egwu ehi mee ego? Ee, e rere ihe ndekọ ahụ. Ee, ndị na-akwado ya chọrọ egwu ehi. A na-agụ egwu anyị nke ukwuu; M na-ekwu, anyị nọ n'ọnọdụ mbụ na Genius.com, Weebụsaịtị maka abụ, nke pụtara na ndị Naijiria nwere ike ịbanye dee ihe ka ụwa gụụọ ma nwee obi ụtọ".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-14|title=My beef with MI sold us records – Vector confesses|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/my-beef-with-mi-sold-us-records-vector-confesses/|accessdate=2021-02-27|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya onwe ya na [[M.I Abaga]] mechara kwụsị esemokwu ha n'afọ 2021, ma mesịa soro onwe ha rụkọọ ọrụ n’abụ rap a kpọrọ "Crown of Clay". "Abụ a soro kwa onye mmepụta si Naijiria rụọ ya, , [[Pheelz]], <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=The African Spirit Pulsates: 'Crown of Clay' {{!}} #Music #HipHop, Saving Mungo Park #Nigeria|url=https://www.ubuntufmafrica.com/article/66/reviews/african-spirit-pulsates-crown-clay|accessdate=2024-09-24|work=www.ubuntufmafrica.com|language=en}}</ref> mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ya na M.I gara n'ihu sonye na mbipụta abụọ nke Hennessy Cypher na 2021, na 2023. == Ndepụta abụ niile onye na-abụ abụ wepụtara == === “Albom ndị e dekọrọ na studio === * Ọnọdụ nke Ihe ijuanya (2010) * ''Ọbịbịa nke Abụọ'' (2012) * ''Lafiaji'' (2016) * Vibes Before Teslim: Njem Ịchọpụta Onwe Onye (2019) * ''Teslìm: Ike ka dị n'ime m'' (2022) === Ntụnye abụ nchikota === * ''Bar-Racks The Mixtape'' (2012) * ''A7'' (2014) ==== Ntụnye abụ dị mkpirikpi ==== * ''Mkparịta ụka Rap'' (2018) * Uche Africa (2020) ==== Abọm ndị otu jikọrọ ọnụ ==== * ''Crossroads EP (With Masterkraft) (2020) '' == Ndepụta ihe nkiri onye sonyere == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe odide !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2018 |June |Adewale | |<ref>{{Cite web|title=June (2018) – nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting|url=https://nlist.ng//title/june-1127/|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=nlist.ng|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2018 |[[Lara na Beat|''Lara na Beat'']] |Sally.aka Maazị Beats | | |} == Igbe onyonyo na Usoro ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe odide !Nkwupụta |- |2019 |''Shuga Naija'' |''Onwe ya'' | | |- |2020 |''Shuga Naija: Nanị n'Otu Web Series'' |''Onwe ya'' | |<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 April 2020|title=MTV Shuga: Alone Together – Vector Makes a Cameo in Episode 6!|url=https://radiostream.com.ng/blog/mtv-shuga-alone-together-vector-makes-a-cameo-in-episode-6/|accessdate=19 June 2020|work=Radio Stream – Latest Entertainment and Breaking News|language=en-US|archivedate=22 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622132458/https://radiostream.com.ng/blog/mtv-shuga-alone-together-vector-makes-a-cameo-in-episode-6/}}</ref> |} == Abụ naanị otu == {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="3" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" |<small>Ndị na-alụbeghị di</small> |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" !<small>Afọ</small> !<small>Aha ya</small> |- |2011 |Ọrụ Angeli.9ice |- |2015 |"King Kong" (Remix) <small> (nke gosipụtara [[Phyno]], Reminisce, ClassiQ na Uzi) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|title=MUSIC: Vector – King Kong (Remix) Ft. Phyno, Reminisce, Classiq & Uzi|url=http://www.360nobs.com/2015/05/music-vector-king-kong-remix-ft-phyno-reminisce-classiq-uzi/|work=360nobs.com|publisher=360NoBS|accessdate=22 June 2015}}</ref> |- |2015 |"King Kong" (Remix) (nke Sarkodie gosipụtara) |- |2016 |"Agege" <small> (Splash na-egosi Vector) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New Music Splash – 'Agege' ft Vector|url=http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-splash-agege-ft-vector-id4589140.html|work=Pulse.ng|date=21 January 2016|publisher=Joey Akan|accessdate=25 January 2016|archivedate=23 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123010617/http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-splash-agege-ft-vector-id4589140.html}}</ref> |- |2017 |"Gunshot" |- |2017 |"Gee Boys" <small> (nke gosipụtara [[CDQ (rapper)|CDQ]]) </small> |- |2017 |"Dị ka Papa m" |- |2017 |"Seaside" (nke gosipụtara Korede Bello) <small> (nke [[Korede Bello]] gosipụtara) </small> |- |2018 |"Nke a bụ"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/this-one-is-single/1401009769|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005073331/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/this-one-is-single/1401009769|archivedate=5 October 2018|title=This One is – Single by Vector|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|date=21 June 2018}}</ref> |- |2018 |"Mad"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/mad-single/1402944861|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005073326/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/mad-single/1402944861|archivedate=5 October 2018|title=Mad – Single by Vector|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|date=21 June 2018}}</ref> |- |2018 |"Be Happy" <small> (nke gosipụtara [[Daddy Showkey]]) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/be-happy-feat-dj-magnum-daddy-showkey-single/1442915534|title=Be Happy (Feat. Dj Magnum & Daddy Showkey) – Single by Vector}}</ref> |- |2019 |"Sector Sef a" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/this-vector-sef-single/1455091886|title=This Vector Sef – Single by Vector|date=15 February 2019}}</ref> |- |2019 |"Comfort" <small> (na-egosi) [ (Davido) ]</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/comfort/1487348662?i=1487348666|title=Comfort by Vector & Davido|date=14 November 2019}}</ref> |- |2021 |"Izikikere" <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-03|title=[Video] Vector – "License" « tooXclusive|url=https://tooxclusive.com/video-vector-license/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=tooXclusive|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903192611/https://tooxclusive.com/video-vector-license/}}</ref> |} == Abọm na EP == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya |- |2010 |Ọnọdụ nke Ihe ijuanya [LP] <small> (nke gosipụtara [[2Baba]], H-Code, Emmsong, General Pype, Sista Soul, Slygriff, Shogun, Chuddy K & Ade Piper) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Surprise by Vector|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/state-of-surprise/405879542|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|date=3 November 2010|language=en-gb|archivedate=16 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216033154/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/state-of-surprise/405879542}}</ref> |- |2012 |The Second Coming [LP] (nke gosipụtara <small>Mavado, Shank, [[Del B|Del-B]], Muno, [[Sound Sultan]], Rocksteady, Emmsong, Modenine, Badman Floss, Jazzy & 9ice) </small> |- |2016 |''Lafiaji'' [LP] <small> (nke gosipụtara, [[D'banj]], Rotex, Shola Vibrate, Emmsong, [[Jesse Jagz]], [[CDQ (rapper)|CDQ]], [[Falz]], [[J. Martins|J-Martins]], Vanessa Mdee, Obadice & Legeley) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lafíaji by Vector|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/laf%C3%ADaji/1189665303|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|date=24 December 2016|language=en-gb|archivedate=1 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101022946/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/laf%C3%ADaji/1189665303}}</ref> |- |2019 |Vibes Before Teslim: A Journey to Self-Discovery [EP] <small> (nke [[Davido]], Slimcase, Dj Niyor, BrisB & YinxDjinx gosipụtara) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|title=VIBES BEFORE TESLIM: The Journey To Self Discovery by Vector|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/vibes-before-teslim-the-journey-to-self-discovery/1488178899|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|date=26 November 2019|language=en-gb}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Crossroads [EP] <small> (nke gosipụtara [[DJ Neptune]], Masterkraft) </small> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Crossroads – EP by Vector & Mastaa|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/crossroads-ep/1510133353|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|date=22 May 2020|language=en-gb|archivedate=24 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624065657/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/crossroads-ep/1510133353}}</ref> |- |Uche Africa [EP]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Audiomack: Music Streaming and Sharing|url=https://audiomack.com/vectorthaviper/album/the-african-mind-voems-collection-ep|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=audiomack.com|language=en}}</ref> |- |2022 |Teslim: The Energy Still Lives in Me [LP] <small> (nke gosipụtara Wande Coal, Nasty C, Seun Kuti, [[Erigga]], [[Ladipoe]], Cracker Mallo, Ichaba, Milare, Seyi Vibez, GoodGirl LA, A.O - Machine, na Shado Chris) </small> |} == Ụlọ mmeri na ntinye aha == {| class="wikitable" |+ !'''Afọ''' !'''Ememe mmeri.''' !'''Ụdị Ihe Nrite''' !'''Onye Nwetara ya / Ọrụ''' !'''Nsonaazụ''' |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |Ihe nrite vidio egwu nke Naịjirịa (NMVA) |Vidio Hip-Hop Kasị Mma <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jodie, Darey Wins Big At The 2011 Nigerian Music Video Awards – Complete Winners List – HiphopSouth – Watch Us Bring It On|url=http://hiphopsouth.wordpress.com/2011/11/28/jodie-darey-wins-big-at-the-2011-nigerian-music-video-awards-complete-winners-list/|accessdate=3 February 2016|work=HiphopSouth – Watch Us Bring It On|date=28 November 2011}}</ref> |''Get Down <small> (nke gosipụtara [[2Baba]]) </small> ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get Down (feat. Tuface Idibia) by Vector|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/get-down-feat-tuface-idibia/405879542?i=405879545|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|date=3 November 2010|language=en-gb|archivedate=21 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721015237/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/get-down-feat-tuface-idibia/405879542?i=405879545}}</ref>|{{Won}} |- |Onyinye Ndị Ntorobịa niile |Ihe Omume Ọhụrụ Kasị Mma <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=2011 DYNAMIX AWARDS: And The Nominees Are … (Full Nominations List x Voting Info)|url=http://campusheathq.com/2011-dynamix-awards-and-the-nominees-are-full-nominations-list-x-voting-info/|accessdate=3 February 2016|work=Campus Heat|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080344/http://campusheathq.com/2011-dynamix-awards-and-the-nominees-are-full-nominations-list-x-voting-info/}}</ref> |Ya onwe ya <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vector on Apple Music|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/artist/vector/1189665450|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|language=en-gb}}</ref>|{{Nom}} |- | |Ndị isi |Onye na-ede abụ na Roll |Ya onwe ya <ref name=":3" />|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="5" |2012 |Onyinye Ndị Ntorobịa niile |Ihe nrite mmata <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vector Joins The League of Nigerian Artiste's|url=https://koko.ng/vector-joins-league-nigerian-artistes-replying-m-i/|accessdate=18 August 2022|archivedate=16 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116110214/https://koko.ng/vector-joins-league-nigerian-artistes-replying-m-i/}}</ref> |Ya onwe ya <ref name=":3" />|{{Won}} |- |Ndị isi |Single rap kacha mma |Ya onwe ya <ref name=":3" />|{{Won}} |- |Ndị isi |Onye na-ede abụ na Roll |Ya onwe ya <ref name=":3" />|{{Won}} |- |Ihe nrite ntụrụndụ nke Nigeria |Egwuregwu Rap Kasị Mma <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Damilare Aiki|title=BN Exclusive: All the Buzz Stories, Arrival, Backstage & Inside Photos from the 2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards in New York City – Full List of Winners|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/09/05/bn-exclusive-all-the-buzz-stories-arrival-backstage-inside-photos-from-the-2012-nigeria-entertainment-awards-in-new-york-city-full-list-of-winners/|accessdate=3 February 2016|work=BellaNaija|date=5 September 2012}}</ref> |Ya onwe ya <ref name=":3" />|{{Won}} |- |Nigerian Music Video Awards (NMVA) 2012 |Vidio Afro Hip-Hop Kasị Mma <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Music Video holds awards|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/local-entertainment/nigerian-music-video-holds-awards/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222155807/http://www.punchng.com/spice/local-entertainment/nigerian-music-video-holds-awards/|archivedate=22 February 2014|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> |''Angeli (feat [[9ice|9Ice]]).''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angeli (feat. 9ice) – Single by Vector|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/angeli-feat-9ice-single/439265959|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|date=19 May 2011|language=en-gb}}</ref>|{{Won}} |- |2015 |Ndị isi |Onye na-ede abụ na Roll, Best Rap Single <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Headies 2015 The winners' list|url=http://pulse.ng/buzz/headies-2015-the-winners-list-id4514731.html|accessdate=6 January 2016|work=Pulse.ng|publisher=Princess Irede Abumere|archivedate=6 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106024327/http://pulse.ng/buzz/headies-2015-the-winners-list-id4514731.html}}</ref> |Ya onwe ya <ref name=":3" />|{{Won}} |- |2015 |Ndị isi |Single rap kacha mma |''King Kong''<ref>{{Cite web|title=King Kong – Single by Vector|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/king-kong-single/1499199641|accessdate=15 June 2020|work=Apple Music|date=20 July 2015|language=en-gb}}</ref>|{{Won}} |- |2021 |Afro X Digitals Awards |Single Rap Kasị Mma nke Afọ |Okpueze ụrọ|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afrodigital Award winners|url=https://www.afroxdigital.com/winners-details.php?nominees-token=FBN785623049|work=AfroxDigital.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |Ndị isi |Album Rap Kasị Mma |Teslim: Ike ka dị n'ime m |Ndị a họpụtara |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinyode|first=Peace|date=2023-07-12|title=Full list: 2023 Headies nominations|url=https://punchng.com/full-list-2023-headies-nominations/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Onye na-ede abụ na akwụkwọ |Ndị na-eme ihe ọchị |Ndị a họpụtara | |} == Lee kwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eti egwu na Naijiria == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * VectornaTwitter * VectornaInstagram * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200615040441/https://www.vectorthaviperlive.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 730k7cfslr16k9fbw8zd32pdfhzizxh 0 67074 674523 515554 2026-07-09T12:28:18Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674523 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lucile Adams-Campbell at NIH Director's Wednesday Afternoon Lecture Series.jpg|thumb|Lucile L Adams-Campbell ]] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Adams-Campell na Washington, D.C..[1] Nna ya, David, bụ ọkachamara n'asụsụ, nne ya, Florence, bụkwa onye nkuzi.[1] Adams-Campbell nwetara nzere bayọlọji na bayọlọji na Mahadum Drexel.[1][2] Dịka nwa akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-amụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha mmiri.[1] Ọ nọgidere na Mahadum Drexel maka agụmakwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, na-emecha mmemme masta na Sayensị Biomedical.[2] Maka ọmụmụ doctorate ya, Adams-Campbell sonyeere Mahadum Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ na PhD na epidemiology na 1983.[1][2] Nnyocha doctorate ya tụlere ọbara mgbali elu na ndị isi ojii.[1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Pittsburgh dị ka onye nyocha postdoctoral ruo 1987.[1] == Nnyocha na ọrụ == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ik13yklms2gle4ubff7o5r5lgpibrvg 0 67092 674518 515640 2026-07-09T12:22:50Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Berry Carlotta-11800.jpg|thumb|Berry Carlotta]]   ----Berry nwetara nzere bachelọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ (1992) na injinịa eletriki (1993) site na mmemme nzere abuo n'etiti Spelman College na Georgia Tech. Na Georgia Tech ọ hụrụ ụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ America America na ngalaba n'ime mmemme injinia, nke kpalitere ọchịchọ ya ịghọ prọfesọọ injinia iji gbaa ume itinye aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-enweghị atụ na ọrụ ahụ.[1] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ mgbazinye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya [2] ka ọ na-agbaso akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na Mahadum Wayne State. O nwetara nna ukwu ya na sistemu njikwa na Mahadum Wayne State na 1996, ma otu afọ gachara hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ wee nweta akara mmụta doctoral na Mahadum Vanderbilt.[3] Berry bụ akụkụ nke Vanderbilt University Intelligent Robotics Laboratory (IRL), na Kazuhiko Kawamura na Julie Adams dụrụ ya ọdụ. Usoro mmụta doctoral ya bụ na mmepe interface mmadụ-robot maka rọbọt mkpanaka, kpọmkwem nkwalite nke interface site na nhụta eserese nke ebe nchekwa robot ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ.[4] Berry bụ prọfesọ nke injinịa eletriki na kọmpụta na Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, ebe mmasị agụmakwụkwọ ya gụnyere robotics mobile mmụta, mmekọrịta mmadụ na robot, na iwere na njigide nke ndị mmadụ na-akọwaghị ya na injinia.[1] Na 2008, Berry na onye ọrụ ibe ya Deborah Walter mepụtara mmemme Rose Building Undergraduate Diversity (ROSE-BUD), nke na-adọta ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkà na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweghị atụ na sayensị kọmputa na eletriki, kọmputa, na ngwanrọ software site na scholarships na mmemme mmemme ndị ọzọ.[2] Berry rụkwara ọrụ na otu ngalaba ngalaba na-ahụ maka ngalaba na Rose-Hulman iji guzobe mmemme obere ogo robotics multidisciplinary, [3] nke ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ngalaba. Berry abụrụla onye na-ekwu okwu ọbịa n'ọtụtụ mmemme izipu ụmụ nwanyị na injinia, [4] ma dee akụkọ maka New York Times [5] na akwụkwọ akụkọ ASEE Prism [6] na ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye prọfesọ sitere na otu ndị anaghị anọchite anya ya. Berry anatala ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya na-abawanye iche iche na ngalaba STEM gụnyere ihe nrite Women and Hi Tech Leading Light [1] na Insight Into Diversity Inspiring Women in STEM award.[2] N'afọ 2020, aha Berry bụ Indiana FIRST Game Changer, [3] Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 30 na Robotics Ikwesiri ịma banyere [4] na ntinye akwụkwọ akụkọ Interview of the Year award na ebumnuche na mmasị.[5] N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ Berry Dr. Lawrence J. Giacoletto Onye isi oche maka igwe eletriki na kọmpụta.[6] E nyekwara ya ihe nrite TechPoint Foundation for Youth Bridge Builder dị ka akụkụ nke onyinye TechPoint Mira.[7],[8],[9] Na June 2021, Berry bụ onye American Society for Engineering Education na IEEE Senior Fellow kpọrọ onye ọpụrụiche.[1] Na 2022, ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nkwanye ugwu na onyinye gụnyere 2023 IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award, [7] Society of Women Engineers 2022 Distinguished Engineering Educator Award, [8] 2022 Distinguished Educator Award from the American Society of Engineering Education Electrical and Computer Engineering Division,[92] na Openblail 2020. N'afọ 2023, AnitaB.org nyere Berry ihe nrite Abie Educational Innovation Award na Grace Hopper Celebration na Orlando, FL.[11] Na 2024 aha ya na Forbes 50 karịrị 50 n'okpuru ndepụta ọhụrụ.[12] Ọzọkwa na 2024, a kpọrọ ya IEEE Education Society Distinguished Lecturer [13] na Children's Museum of Indianapolis Visiting Scientist.[14] * Berry, Carlotta A., na Brandeis Marshall. Ibelata ajọ mbunobi na Machine Learning. McGraw-Hill, Ọktoba 2024.   * Berry, Carlotta A., ''Gịnị bụ ihe na Orbit'', Rebellion Lit, October 2024. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9798990893528|<bdi>9798990893528</bdi>]] &nbsp; * Berry, Carlotta A., E nwere Robot na ndị agha m, Rebellion Lit, July 2024. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9798990893511|<bdi>9798990893511</bdi>]] &nbsp; * Berry, Carlotta A., ''E nwere robot na klas m'', Rebellion Lit, June 2024. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9798990893504|<bdi>9798990893504</bdi>]] &nbsp; * Berry, Carlotta A., ''E nwere robot na Summer Camp m'', Rebellion Lit, May 2024. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9798218436025|<bdi>9798218436025</bdi>]] &nbsp; * Berry, Carlotta A., There's a Robot at my Afterschool, Rebellion Lit, April, 2024. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781736555293|<bdi>9781736555293</bdi>]] &nbsp; * Berry, Carlotta A., E nwere robot n'ime ụlọ nkwakọba ihe m, Rebellion Lit, July 2023. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781736555286|<bdi>9781736555286</bdi>]] &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bdh8l4mxxl7ivnbx7t2iulcw2r84h7e 0 67136 674864 672537 2026-07-10T06:40:00Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon.jpg|thumb|Christiaan Hendrik Persoon]]   '''Christiaan Hendrik Persoon''' (31 Disemba 1761<ref name="The Life and Work of Christiaan Hen">{{Cite journal|author=Gorter|first=GJMA|title=The Life and Work of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|journal=Mycologist|date=1990|volume=4|issue=3|pages=106–107|doi=10.1016/S0269-915X(09)80034-7}}</ref> &#x2013; 16 Nọvemba 1836) bụ onye nwere akara ugo mmụta mycology si mba Caoe Colony, onye a na-ekwu na o so na ndị chọpụtara mycological taxonomy. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Persoon na Cape Colony na Cape of Good Hope, nwa nke atọ nke nna onye Pomerania, Christiaan Daniel Persoon si mba ọzọ kwafeta, yana nne onye [[Netherlands|Dutch]], Wilhelmina Elizabeth Groenwald.<ref name="The Life and Work of Christiaan Hen" /> Nne ya nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe amuchara ya. N'afọ 1775, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, e zigara ya Europe maka agụmakwụkwọ ya. Nna ya nwụrụ ka otu afọ gasịrị n'afọ 1776.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ainsworth|first=Geoffrey Clough|title=Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1761–1836)|journal=Nature|date=1962|volume=193|issue=4810|doi=10.1038/193022a0}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ nke nkà mmụta okpukpe na Halle na mbụ, Persoon gbanwere ọmụmụ ya gaa na ọmụmụ ọgwụ, nke ọ gbasoro na Leiden na [[Göttingen]]. Ọ natara nzere ọkankuzi site na Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher na Erlangen n'afọ 1799. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == Ọ kwagara Paris tupu afọ 1803, ebe ọ nọrọ ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, na-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ dị n'elu n'akụkụ ndị dara ogbenye nke obodo ahụ. O doro anya na ọ bụ onye na-enweghị ọrụ, alụghị di, dara ogbenye na onye na-anọ naanị ya, ọ bụ ezie na ya na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Europe niile na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi. N'ihi nsogbu ego ya, Persoon kwetara inye Ụlọ Orange ụlọ ọgwụ ya, iji nweta akwụm ụgwọ ezumike nká zuru oke maka oge ndụ ya. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == A maghị maka mmalite nke mmasị Persoon gbasara ihe ọkụkụ. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ''Abbildungen der Schwämme'' (''Ihe osise'' nke fungus), nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ atọ, n'afọ 1790, 1791, na 1793. N'afọ 1794, Persoon webatara okwu lirella maka ụdị ascomata nwere oghere nke agbụrụ lichen bụ Graphis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mitchell|first=M.E.|year=2014|title=De Bary's legacy: the emergence of differing perspectives on lichen symbiosis|journal=Huntia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–22 [13]|url=https://www.huntbotanical.org/admin/uploads/02hibd-huntia-15-1-pp05-22.pdf}}</ref> Site na 1805 ruo 1807, o bipụtara mpịakọta abụọ nke Synopsis plantarum ya (Archived 20 May 2011 na Wayback Machine), ọrụ a ma ama na-akọwa ụdị puku iri abụọ nke ụdị akụmakụ niile. Mana ọrụ ndị mbụ ya bụ gbasara fungi, nke o bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ maka, na-amalite na Synopsis methodica fungorum (1801); ọ bụ mmalite maka aha nke Uredinales, Ustilaginales, na Gasteromycetes. Persoon kọwara ọtụtụ ụdị polypore; ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na nchịkọta nke ya na Europe etiti, ebe e zigaara ya ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ sitere na nchịkọta nke onye France na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré mere n'oge njem ya gburugburu ụwa. Fungi ndị a e wetara ka emesịrị so na polypores mbụ a kọwara n'ebe okpomọkụ. N'afọ 1815, a họpụtara Persoon ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Persoon bụ onye malitere ụdị fungal ọhụrụ, ebe ọ kọwara puku abụọ, narị abụọ na iri isii na itoolu n'ọrụ ya.<ref name="Lücking 2020">{{Cite journal|authorlink=Robert Lücking|author=Lücking|first=Robert|title=Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective|journal=Megataxa|volume=1|issue=1|year=2020|doi=10.11646/megataxa.1.1.16|pages=78–103 [85]}}</ref> == Nkwanye Ùgwù == A kpọrọ ụdị ''Persọnia'', bụ ụdị obere osisi na obere ahịhịa dị iche iche nke Australia, aha ya. A na-enyekwa aha <nowiki><i id="mwXw">Persọnia</i></nowiki> na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-ebipụta kwa afọ abụọ gbasara molecular phylogeny and evolution of fungi, nke National Herbarium nke Netherlands na CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre jikọrọ aka ebipụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PERSOONIA - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi|url=http://www.persoonia.org/Default.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224113615/http://www.persoonia.org/Default.aspx|archivedate=24 February 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ụdị:Taxa ndị Christiaan Hendrik Persoon nyere aha == Edensibịa == * Duane Isely, One hundred and one botanists (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp. 124-126.&nbsp; {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Ryvarden 1973">{{cite journal |author=Ryvarden, Leif |author-link=Leif Ryvarden |year=1973 |title=Type studies in the Polyporaceae–I. Tropical species described by C. H. Persoon |journal=Persoonia |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=305–312 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/61056/0007/002/0305.htm}}</ref>}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Authors/Persoon21.html Christian Hendrik Persoon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091203185713/http://www.persoonia.org/persoon.aspx Persọnia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725185827/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Archives/Archives-HR/Persoon.shtml Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Hunt Institute] p1n6e5mv0mxjkfdbkmxje37ywad7qc7 0 67142 674846 577374 2026-07-10T06:19:39Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674846 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lewis Wolpert.jpg|thumb|Lewis Wolpert]]   '''Lewis Wolpert''' CBE FRS FRSL FMedSci (19 Ọktoba 1929 - 28 Jenụwarị 2021) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na mba Saụt Afrịka, onye edemede, na onye mgbasa ozi. Wolpert mere ka ihe nlereanya ọkọlọtọ French ya nke mmepe nwa ebu n'afọ pụta ìhè, na-eji agba nke ọkọlọtọ French dị ka ihe enyemaka anya iji kọwaa otu mkpụrụ ndụ nwa ebu n'afọ si akọwa koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka igosipụta njirimara nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịkọwa otu mgbaàmà dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ na mmalite morphogenesis nwere ike isi gwa mkpụrụ ndụ nwere otu netwọk usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ọnọdụ na ọrụ ha.. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị, gụnyere: Mmeri nke Embryo (1991), Mwute Ọjọọ (1999), Ihe Isii Na-agaghị Eme Tupu Nri Ụtụtụ: Mmalite Evolutionary nke Nkwenye (2006), na Otu Anyị Si Ebi Ndụ na Ihe Mere Anyị Ji Nwụọ: Ndụ Nzuzo nke Mkpụrụ Ndụ (2009). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Wolpert na 19 Ọktoba 1929, na Johannesburg <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/voices-of-science/interviewees/lewis-wolpert|title=Lewis Wolpert|work=The British Library|accessdate=29 January 2021|archivedate=29 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129193900/https://www.bl.uk/voices-of-science/interviewees/lewis-wolpert}}</ref> [1] nye Sarah (née Suzman) na William Wolpert n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu South Africa nke sitere na Lithuania bụ ndị Juu. <ref>{{Cite news|date=24 May 2012|title=Professor Lewis Wolpert CBE FRS|language=en|work=Humanists UK|url=https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/distinguished-supporters/professor-lewis-wolpert/|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref> Nna ya bụ onye njikwa ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na onye na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|date=29 January 2021|title=Lewis Wolpert obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jan/29/lewis-wolpert-obituary|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=the Guardian|language=en}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Nwanne nne ya, Helen Suzman, bụ onye na-mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. Ọ gụchara BSc ya na injinia obodo na Mahadum Witwatersrand dị na Johannesburg ebe ọ hụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu na echiche ndị kọmunist, wee zute Nelson Mandela na 1952.Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye enyemaka nye onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ụlọ na Pretoria, tupu ọ gaa Israel ma rụọ ọrụ na ngalaba nhazi mmiri. Ọ gara n'ihu mụọ maka nhazi ala na Imperial College London ma mechaa gụchaa doctorate ya na King's College London n'okpuru ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara ndụ James Danielli.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Wolpert gbanwere uche ya site n'itinye ihe ọmụma ya banyere usoro ala n'ịmụ sayensị nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ na aro nke enyi ya na South Africa. Ya na Trygve Gustafson na-arụkọ ọrụ iji tụọ ike igwe na nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na King's College London . Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejide ọkwa nke Emeritus Professor of Biology dị ka Applied to Medicine na Ngalaba Anatomy and Developmental Biology na Mahadum College London ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká mgbe ọ dị afọ 74.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=8 February 2019|title=Lewis Wolpert|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/biosciences/people/lewis-wolpert|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125121659/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/biosciences/people/lewis-wolpert|archivedate=25 November 2020|accessdate=29 January 2021|work=UCL Division of Biosciences|language=en}}</ref> A họpụtara Wolpert ka ọ bụrụ onye American Philosophical Society n'afọ 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Lewis+Wolpert&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|accessdate=2021-07-06|work=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> === Ihe nlereanya nke ọkọlọtọ France === A maara Wolpert nke ọma maka ihe nlereanya ọkọlọtọ French nke mmepe nwa ebu n'afọ, nke o tinyere n'akwụkwọ 1969 nke akpọrọ Positional Information and the Spatial Pattern of Cellular Difference in the Journal of Theoretical Biology. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Wolpert|first=L.|title=Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation|journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology|date=October 1969|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1–47|doi=10.1016/S0022-5193(69)80016-0|pmid=4390734}}</ref> Ihe nlereanya ahụ na-eji ọkọlọtọ tricolor nke France iji gosipụta n'ụzọ anya otu mkpụrụ ndụ embryonic si akọwa koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta otu usoro ahụ, ọbụlagodi mgbe ewepụrụ ụfọdụ akụkụ nke embryo. Ihe nlereanya ahụ gara n'ihu na-akọwa etu esi eji mgbaàmà n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ na mmalite nke morphogenesis mee ihe iji mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ nwere otu netwọk na-achịkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mara ọnọdụ na ọrụ ha.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe nlereanya ahụ dabeere na nyocha Wolpert na àkwá sea urchin ma nye usoro maka nyocha na Gastrulation, usoro embryonic nke a na-eguzobe atụmatụ ahụ nke ihe dị ndụ. A na-eto Wolpert na okwu a: "Ọ bụghị ọmụmụ, alụmdi na nwunye, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ, kama gastrulation nke bụ n'ezie oge kachasị mkpa na ndụ gị. " Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na-amata Wolpert maka ịkọwapụta na ịkwado echiche nke ozi ọnọdụ na uru ọnọdụ: mgbaàmà nke mkpụrụ ndụ na nzaghachi mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'ime ha nke na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ aka ime ihe ziri ezi n'ebe kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge mmepe embryonic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Humanists UK mourns Professor Lewis Wolpert CBE FRS (1929–2021)|url=https://humanism.org.uk/2021/01/28/humanists-uk-mourns-professor-lewis-wolpert-cbe-frs-1929-2021/|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=Humanists UK|language=en}}</ref> Isi ihe nke echiche ndị a bụ na e nwere usoro a raara nye maka nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ, otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị na n'ofe ọkwa na anụ ahụ dị iche iche.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Green|first=Jeremy B. A.|title=Positional information and reaction-diffusion: two big ideas in developmental biology combine|journal=Development|date=April 2015|volume=142|issue=7|pages=1203–1211|doi=10.1242/dev.114991|pmid=25804733}}</ref> Nchọpụta nke koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa Hox na ụmụ ahụhụ na vertebrates akwadowo echiche Wolpert nke uru ọnọdụ, ebe nchọpụta nke morphogens na-eto eto n'ọtụtụ ụdị akwadowo ozi ọnọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Durston|first=Antony J.|title=A Tribute to Lewis Wolpert and His Ideas on the 50th Anniversary of the Publication of His Paper 'Positional Information and the Spatial Pattern of Differentiation'. Evidence for a Timing Mechanism for Setting Up the Vertebrate Anterior-Posterior (A-P) Axis|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|date=7 April 2020|volume=21|issue=7|pages=2552|doi=10.3390/ijms21072552|pmid=32272563}}</ref> === Echiche === N'otu edemede nke afọ 2005 nke akpọrọ "Spiked", ''The Guardian'' jụrụ usoro ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị "Gịnị bụ otu ihe onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịmụta banyere sayensị?" Wolpert zaghachiri:<blockquote>Aga m akụziri ụwa na sayensị bụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji ghọta ụwa, nakwa na maka usoro ọ bụla nke nchọpụta, enwere naanị otu nkọwa ziri ezi. Ọzọkwa, sayensị enweghị uru, dịka ọ na-akọwa ụwa dịka ọ dị. Nsogbu omume na-ebilite naanị mgbe a na-etinye sayensị na teknụzụ - site na ọgwụ gaa na ụlọ ọrụ.</blockquote>Banyere akwụkwọ ya How We Live & Why We Die: The Secret Lives of Cells, Wolpert kwuru na ndị na-ege akwụkwọ ya ntị bụ ọha na eze. O kwuru na o chere na ọ dị mkpa ka ọha na eze ghọta na ndị mmadụ bụ otu mkpụrụ ndụ, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ ịghọta ụmụ mmadụ. Wolpert kwekwaara na otu ajụjụ dị ezigbo mkpa, na nke a na-edozighị, na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ bụ mmalite na evolushọn nke mkpụrụ ndụ mbụ, yana ajụjụ nke omume mkpụrụ ndụ, nke n'echiche ya ga-aba uru maka ọmụmụ ọrịa dịka ọrịa kansa ma ọ bụ Ọrịa Alzheimer. Wolpert rụrụ ụka na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Christian William Lane Craig banyere ịdị adị nke Chineke, Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe Christian Hugh Ross banyere ma enwere ikpe maka onye okike, na William Dembski na isiokwu nke imewe nwere ọgụgụ isi. N'okwu ihu ọha akpọrọ "Is Science Dangerous?" ọ gbakwunyere na nke a, na-ekwu, sị: "M na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume iji nyochaa akụkụ ọ bụla nke ịnwa ịghọta ọdịdị nke ụwa anyị. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Science Dangerous?|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel/nobel-foundation/symposia/interdisciplinary/ns120/lectures/wolpert.pdf|accessdate=6 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507083014/http://nobelprize.org/nobel/nobel-foundation/symposia/interdisciplinary/ns120/lectures/wolpert.pdf|archivedate=7 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolpert|first=Professor Lewis|date=11 March 2002|title=Who's to blame?|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2002/mar/11/medicalscience.research1|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Na 25 Mee 1994, Wolpert gbara Francis Crick ajụjụ ọnụ were otu awa nke akpọrọ "How the Brain 'sees'" maka The Times Dillon Science Forum; Just Results Video Productions mepụtara vidiyo nke ajụjụ ọnụ maka The Times. Na 15 Jenụwarị 2004, Wolpert na ''Oge'' na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ / ''Oge'' na-amụ banyere uche Rupert Sheldrake sonyere na arụmụka na-adị ndụ na ihe akaebe maka Telepathy, nke emere na Royal Society of Arts na London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Telepathy Debate, Royal Society of Arts, London, 15th January 2004|url=http://www.sheldrake.org/controversies/telepathy_debate.html|accessdate=6 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709001952/http://www.sheldrake.org/controversies/telepathy_debate.html|archivedate=9 July 2007}}</ref> Wolpert ekwenyeghị na Sheldrake na ohere nke igosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ embryo na kọmputa, nke Wolpert kwenyere na ọ ga-enweta n'ime afọ 20. O kwuru na o kwenyere na ime nke a ga-ebu amụma n'ụzọ zuru ezu otú mkpụrụ ndụ ga-esi akpa àgwà, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwetara na ihe isi ike nke ọrụ a n'ihi netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke protein, mmekọrịta protein na protein, na oke nke molecules na mkpụrụ ndụ. Tinyere akwụkwọ sayensị na nyocha ya, o dere gbasara ahụmịhe ya nke ịda mbà n'obi n'akwụkwọ "Malignant Stress: The Anatomy of Depression" (1999). O gosipụtara ihe omume telivishọn atọ dabere na akwụkwọ ahụ ma kpọọ ya "A Living Hell" na BBC2. E mere ya Fellow nke Royal Society <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tickle FRS|first=Cheryll|date=2024|title=Lewis Wolpert. 19 October 1929 — 28 January 2021|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=76|pages=477–499|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2023.0048}}</ref> na 1980 ma nye ya [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] na 1990. Ọ ghọrọ Fellow nke Royal Society of Literature na 1999 na otu n'ime ndị mbụ Fellows nke Academy of Medical Sciences na 1998. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Humanists UK. N'afọ 1986, a kpọrọ Wolpert ka ọ kwuo okwu Krismas nke Royal Institution na Frankenstein's Quest: Development of Life . N'afọ 2018 ọ natara Royal Medal. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Medals &#124; Royal Society|url=https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/royal-medal/|accessdate=29 January 2021|work=royalsociety.org}}</ref> Wolpert bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka nghọta ọha na eze nke sayensị n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1998. Ọ bụ onye natara Michael Faraday Medal na Prize maka nkwurịta okwu sayensị site na Royal Society na 2000.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ jụrụ nchegbu gbasara ụmụ mmadụ na nyocha nke nwa e bu n'afọ, ọ bụ ezie na o kwupụtara nguzo megide ụmụ mmadụ na-ekwu, "nwatakịrị ahụ ga-arịa ọrịa ma ọ bụ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma". Ọ bụ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke ma sonye na arụmụka ọha na eze banyere sayensị na okpukpe, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwetara na ụfọdụ ndị na-erite uru site na ahụmịhe okpukpe. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke British Humanist Association . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=29 January 2021|title=Lewis Wolpert obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jan/29/lewis-wolpert-obituary|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa enyi ogologo oge nke onye South Africa ibe ya na onye edemede Jillian Becker, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Atheist Conservative . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jillian Becker|url=https://www.jewishlivesproject.com/profiles/jillian-becker|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=Jewish Lives Project|language=en|archivedate=25 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025072404/https://www.jewishlivesproject.com/profiles/jillian-becker}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi == [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer_and_Lewis_Wolpert_on_After_Dark_on_30_May_1994.jpg|thumb|Mpụta ya na Germaine Greer na After Dark na 1994]] Na mbido afọ 1980, ọ malitere mgbasa ozi na [[BBC Radio 4|Redio 4]]">BBC Radio 3 na Radio 4 dị ka onye na-akọwa sayensị, na mkparịta ụka mgbasa ozi ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị bipụtara dị ka A Passion for Science (1988). <ref name=":0"/>Ọ gara n'ihu dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị ama ama, gụnyere The Unnatural Nature of Science (1994), Six Impossible Things Before Breakfast: The Evolutionary Origins of Belief (2006), Triumph of the Embryo (1991) na How We Live And Why We Die: The Secret Lives of Cells (2009). Akwụkwọ ya bụ Malignant Sadness (1999) nyochara ahụmịhe nke ya na ịda mbà n'obi mgbe ọ dị afọ 65. Na 2011, Wolpert bipụtara akwụkwọ a nke akpọrọ "You're Looking Very Well", nke na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na sayensị gbasara ịka nká. Onye bipụtara akwụkwọ a wepụrụ ya n'ahịa na 2014 mgbe achọpụtara na o nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ e depụtaghachiri na-enweghị nkọwa sitere na akwụkwọ sayensị na weebụsaịtị dị iche iche, gụnyere Wikipedia.<ref name="guardian-2014">{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Nicola|date=18 January 2014|title=Eminent scientist Lewis Wolpert sorry for using others' work|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jan/19/lewis-wolpert-sorry-using-others-work}}</ref> Mbipụta nke akwụkwọ Wolpert na-abịanụ, Gịnị mere na nwanyị enweghị ike ịbụ nwoke? , e mekwara ka ọ ghara ịdị ngwa mgbe achọpụtara na e depụtaghachiri akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ n'enweghị onye na-akọwa ya. Wolpert rịọrọ mgbaghara ma were ibu ọrụ maka njehie ahụ na nkọwa "n'amaghị ama na n'ihi enweghị uche". <ref name="guardian-2014" /> <ref name=":0"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Wolpert lụrụ nwunye mbụ ya Elizabeth Brownstein na 1961 n'alụmdi na nwunye nke mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.<ref name=":0"/> O mechara lụọ onye edemede Australia bụ Jill Neville ma ha nọgidere na-alụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe Neville nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 1997. Ọ lụrụ Alison Hawkes n'afọ 2016, di na nwunye ahụ nọgidere na-alụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Wolpert mụrụ ụmụ anọ gụnyere Miranda Wolpert na Daniel Wolpert, ndị prọfesọ na neuroscience na psychology, site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya, na ụmụ di na nwunye abụọ.. Na 28 Jenụwarị 2021, Wolpert nwụrụ na University College Hospital na London site na nsogbu metụtara COVID-19, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na England. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jan/29/lewis-wolpert-obituary|title=Lewis Wolpert obituary|first=Georgina|author=Ferry|date=29 January 2021|work=The Guardian}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|year=1988|author=Wolpert, Lewis|title=A Passion for Science|location=Oxford, U.K|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-854213-5|url=https://archive.org/details/passionforscienc00wolp}} * {{Cite book|year=1991|author=Wolpert, Lewis|title=The Triumph of the Embryo|location=Oxford, UK & New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-854243-7|url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofembryo0000wolp}} * Paperback ISBN Nke mbụ Faber & Faber bipụtara na 1992, London.{{Cite journal|author=Wolpert|first=Lewis|journal=The Lancet|date=1993|title=The Unnatural Nature of Science|volume=341|issue=8840|doi=10.1016/0140-6736(93)92665-g|pmid=8093949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67Mr-fhfZmQC&q=%22the+unnatural+nature+of+science%22|accessdate=14 November 2010}}  * {{Cite book|year=1999|author=Wolpert|first=Lewis|title=Malignant Sadness: The Anatomy of Depression|location=New York|publisher=Free Press|isbn=0-684-87058-4|url=https://archive.org/details/malignantsadness00wolp|accessdate=14 November 2010}} * {{Cite book|author=Wolpert|first=Lewis|title=Principles of development|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford New York|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-955428-7}} * {{Cite book|year=2006|author=Wolpert|first=Lewis|title=Six impossible things before breakfast, The evolutionary origins of belief|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=0-393-06449-2|url=https://archive.org/details/siximpossiblethi00lewi}} * {{Cite book|year=2009|author=Wolpert|first=Lewis|title=How We Live and Why We Die: The secret lives of cells, Norton|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0571239122}} * {{Cite book|year=2011|author=Wolpert|first=Lewis|title=You're Looking Very Well: The Surprising Nature of Getting Old|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0571250653}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Nkwupụta nkwenkwe Salon.com ajụjụ ọnụ * [https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=5817998 Ihe mere anyị ji kwere na ihe ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume] * [http://webofstories.com/gl/lewis.wolpert Lewis Wolpert] vidiyo na Web of Stories[http://webofstories.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Akụkọ] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] njg036p0ix32u1vbs57h2uvh0y38565 0 67144 674850 580093 2026-07-10T06:23:14Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674850 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Smith with the second coelacanth ever caught 2.png|thumb|J. L. B. Smith]]   '''James Leonard Brierley Smith''' (26 September 1897 – 8 January 1968) was a South African ichthyologist, organic chemist, and university professor.<ref name="mmsmith">{{Cite book|title=J.L.B. Smith: his life and work|publisher=[[Rhodes University]]|location=Grahamstown}}</ref> Ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ chọpụtara azụ̀ a na-akpọ taxidermied dị ka coelacanth, nke e chere na ọ gbanyụrụla kemgbe. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Graaff-Reinet, na 26 Septemba 1897, Smith bụ okenye n'ime ụmụ nwoke abụọ nke Joseph Smith na nwunye ya, Emily Ann Beck. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo na Noupoort, De Aar, na Aliwal North, o mechara banye na 1914 na Diocesan College, Rondebosch . O nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na chemistry na Mahadum Cape of Good Hope na 1916 na nzere Master of Science na chemistry n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Stellenbosch na 1918. Smith gara United Kingdom, ebe ọ natara PhD ya na Mahadum Cambridge na 1922. Mgbe ọ laghachiri South Africa, ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi dị elu ma mesịa bụrụ osote prọfesọ nke kemịkalụ kemịkal na Mahadum Rhodes dị na Grahamstown.<ref name="mmsmith" /> From 1922 to 1937, he was married to Henrietta Cecile Pienaar, who was a descendant of Andrew Murray, and whose father was a minister of the NG Kerk at Somerset West. Three children resulted from the marriage. Na Grahamstown, ọ zutere Margaret Mary Macdonald, amụrụ na Indwe na Eastern Cape na 26 Septemba 1916. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Rhodes, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science na physics na chemistry. O bu n'obi ịmụ ọgwụ, mana n'afọ 1938, ọ lụrụ Smith wee bụrụ onye enyemaka ya na Ngalaba Ichthyology na mahadum ahụ. Mmasị ya na ichthyology malitere mgbe ọ bụ nwata n'oge ezumike na Knysna.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clymer|first=Eleanor|title=Search for a Living Fossil|publisher=Scholastic|year=1966}}</ref> == Nchọpụta nke coelacanth == N'afọ 1938, a gwara Smith banyere nchọpụta nke azụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe na nke a na-amaghị aha ya site n'aka Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, onye nlekọta nke East London Museum. Mgbe ọ rutere n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ London na Febụwarị 1939, ọ nwere ike ịmata ya ozugbo dị ka coelacanth, nke a na-eche na ọ dịghịzi kemgbe ihe karịrị nde afọ 65, ọ gụrụ ụdị ''Latimeria'' n'aha ya. Na Disemba 1952, Prọfesọ Smith nwetara ihe atụ ọzọ nke onye ọkụ azụ aha ya bụ Ahmed Houssein <ref>{{Cite web|title=The coelacanth story, Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, JLB Smith|url=https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/the-coelacanth/|accessdate=2022-01-03|work=www.knysnamuseums.co.za|language=en}}</ref> si n'Agwaetiti Comoros pụọ. Onye ahịa obodo ahụ bụ Eric Hunt kpọọrọ Smith waya, onye mekwara ka gọọmentị South Africa jiri ụgbọelu SAAF Dakota kpọta azụ̀ echekwara maka ọmụmụ ihe na Grahamstown. Smith na nwunye ya Margaret rụkọtara ọrụ na Sea Fishes nke Southern Africa, nke e bipụtara na 1949, akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ sochiri ruo 1968. N'etiti ndị a bụ ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 500 gbasara azụ na aha nke ihe dị ka ụdị azụ ọhụrụ 370. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Smith gburu onwe ya na Jenụwarị 8, 1968 site na nsị cyanide mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọgụ megide kansa gasịrị. N'otu afọ ahụ, Mahadum Rhodes guzobere J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology iji cheta ya ma sọpụrụ ihe ndị o rụzuru ná ndụ ya na ichthyology. Nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, Prọfesọ Margaret Smith, onye ya na di ya rụkọrọ ọrụ ruo afọ 30, ka a họpụtara ịbụ onye nduzi mbụ, ya na ndị ọrụ ise. Margaret Smith malitere ọrụ ịkpọ ndị ọkà mmụta ichthyologists na ịzụ ndị ọkà mmụta ichthyologists Africa. Na 1977, e meghere nnukwu ụlọ elu atọ, nke e mere ma wuo na Somerset Street iji mee ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ biri, n'ihu ọha..<ref>{{Cite book|title="Historical highlights: the JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology and the Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, 1946–1996" In: ''The JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology: 50 years of Ichthyology'', PH Skelton & JRE Luteharms (eds.).|author=Pote|first=Jean|publisher=JLB Smith Institute of Ichthyology|year=1997|isbn=0958395829|location=Grahamstown|pages=6}}</ref> This is now the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity in Grahamstown. Smith's son was renowned South African television science and mathematics teacher William Smith. == Taxon aha ya bụ iji sọpụrụ ya == * '''''Meiacanthus smithi''''', '''disko blenny''', <ref name="ETYFish">{{Cite web|url=http://www.etyfish.org/blenniiformes2/|title=Order BLENNIIFORMES: Family BLENNIIDAE|work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database|accessdate=1 April 2019|date=26 October 2018|author=Christopher Scharpf|publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> aha ya. * ''Omobranchus smithi'' <small> (Rao, 1974) </small> bụ ụdị combtooth blenny aha ya.<ref name="ETYFish1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.etyfish.org/blenniiformes2/|title=Order BLENNIIFORMES: Family BLENNIIDAE|accessdate=1 March 2021|author=Christopher Scharpf|work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database|publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara|date=22 September 2018}}</ref> == Taxa nke ọ kọwara == * Lee Category:Taxa aha ya bụ J. L. B. SmithỤdị: Ụtụ isi aha ya bụ J. L. B. Smith == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|title=J.L.B. Smith: his life, work, bibliography and list of new species|year=1969|publisher=Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University|location=Grahamstown}} * {{Cite book|author=Smith|first=J.L.B.|title=The search beneath the sea – The story of the coelacanth|year=1956|publisher=Holt|location=New York}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Gobiidae. peeji nke 774-807. Na M.M. Smith na P.C. Heemstra (ed.) azụ mmiri Smiths. Springer-Verlag, Berlin&nbsp; == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fish/letters.html Nkwurịta okwu Smith mgbe ọ chọpụtara Coelacanth] * [http://www.stellenboschwriters.com/smithjlb.html Akụkọ ndụ dị mkpirikpi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250903062224/https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository?sort=ss_dateNormalized+desc%2Csort_ss_title+asc&query=&collection=vital%3A91 Akụkọ Ikthyological] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250831041034/https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Repository?query=&collection=vital%3A92&sort=ss_dateNormalized+desc%2Csort_ss_title+asc Akwụkwọ Nchịkọta JLB Smith] {{Authority control}} csdw5nv249cso7gho2r1xkb1e17r6nm 0 67152 674856 596183 2026-07-10T06:28:35Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Tumuheirwe Florence.jpg|thumb|Tumuheirwe Florence]] '''Tumuheirwe Florence''' (5 Maachị 1963) bụ onye [[Uganda]]" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Demographics of Uganda">Ugandan na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ Onye isi nchịkwa nke Kigezi Women in Development (KWID) - otu ụmụ nwanyị na-eduzi nke e guzobere n'afọ 1996 na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara Kigezi, na South Western Uganda. Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, nkwado ahụike, ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe, ikpe ziri aga nke akụ na ụba, na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Kigezi Women in Development (KWID) – WOUGNET|url=https://wougnet.org/members/kigezi-women-in-development-kwid/|accessdate=2025-04-02|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250926123909/https://wougnet.org/members/kigezi-women-in-development-kwid/}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Florence n'obodo Rweikonko, Kamwezi sub-county, Rukiga District. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School ma nwee nzere na akụ na ụba na mmepe obodo, yana ọzụzụ pụrụ iche na nkwado psychosocial, ahụike ọmụmụ, na nkwado.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-11-01|title=CS25_Florence Tumuheirwe|url=https://www.nairobisummiticpd.org/speaker/cs25florence-tumuheirwe|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Nairobi Summit|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == '''Kigezi Women in Development (KWID) ''' Tumuheirwe Florence bụ onye guzobere na onye isi nchịkwa nke Kigezi Women in Development. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nantaba|first=Lukia|date=2024-07-09|title=Kigezi women journalists urged to remain steadfast|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/206911/kigezi-women-journalists-urged-to-remain-steadfast|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Nilepost News|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabale Women in Development (KWID)|url=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/our-partnership/member-directory/kabale-women-in-development-kwid/|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Girls Not Brides|language=en}}</ref> N'okpuru nduzi Florence, KWID emeela mmemme na mmekorita ya na òtù ndị dị ka Amref Health Africa, Ministry of Water and Environment (Uganda), Girls Not Brides, Click Rukiga, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit - GIZ Uganda, ActionAid, Women of Uganda Network ([[WOUGNET]]), CSBAG na Forum for Women in Democracy (FOWODE).<ref name=":1"/>{{Cite web|title=KWID|url=https://www.clickrukiga.org.uk/kwid|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=CLICKRukiga|language=en}}</ref> N'iso Amref Health Africa rụkọọ Ọrụ, ọ duziri Health Systems Advocacy Partnership Project nke ebumnuche ya bụ imeziwanye ohere nlekọta ahụike, ọkachasị na ahụike nne na atụmatụ ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Health Systems Advocacy – HEPS Uganda|url=https://www.heps.or.ug/heps_project/health-systems-advocacy/|accessdate=2025-04-02|language=en-US}}</ref> Florence duziri mkpọsa na Kabale iji mụbaa nnweta nke ọrụ atụmatụ ezinụlọ ogologo oge na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike dị ala, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Independent|date=2020-10-30|title=Lower health centres in Kabale now provide long term family planning services|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lower-health-centres-in-kabale-now-provide-long-term-family-planning-services/|accessdate=2025-04-01|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> iji dozie obere òkè nwoke na atụmatụ ezinụlọ site na ịme mmemme mmata obodo <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabale Men Shun Family Planning Services|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/kabale-men-shun-family-planning-services|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref> ọ kwadoro maka ọzụzụ aka maka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum na omume na-adịgide adịgide iji lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ. N'afọ 2018, ọ mepụtara ma nyefee akwụkwọ mkpesa Loy Zikampereza, onye na-ekwuchitere gọọmentị Mpaghara Kabale, iji melite Maziba Health Center IV. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=Conservationists appeal for hands-on training for university students|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-appeal-for-hands-on-training-for-university-students-4944950|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tugume|first=Godfrey|date=2018-12-12|title=Ndorwa Residents Petition Kabale District Speaker Over Health Centre|url=https://chimpreports.com/ndorwa-residents-petition-kabale-district-speaker-over-health-centre/|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=ChimpReports|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị mmadụ 2,306 na-eji ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ahụike ahụ bịanyere aka na mkpesa ahụ. Mpaghara ahụ kwadoro narị nde anọ (400 M) maka imezigharị na iwu ụlọ ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maziba Health Center Stuck with Dilapidated Staff Houses, Leaking Roof|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/maziba-health-centre-iv-stuck-with-dilapidated-staff-houses-leaking-roof|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Health – KWID|url=https://kwidug.org/what-we-do/thematic-areas/health/|accessdate=2025-04-02|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Habasa|first=Tobias|date=2023-03-28|title=Sigh of relief as Maziba Health Centre IV Maternity ward is Renovated.|url=https://kabale.go.ug/thigh-of-relief-as-maziba-health-centre-iv-maternity-ward-is-renovated/|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Kabale District Local Government|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Habasa|first=Tobias|date=2024-01-08|title=Construction of four twin Staff houses launched at Maziba H/C IV.|url=https://kabale.go.ug/construction-of-four-twin-staff-houses-launched-at-maziba-h-c-iv/|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Kabale District Local Government|language=en-US}}</ref> '''Forum for Women in Democracy (FOWODE) ''' Florence rụrụ ọrụ na FOWODE dị ka onye ọrụ n'ọhịa maka ụlọ ọrụ Kabale site na 2010 - 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|author=fowodeblog|date=2016-07-18|title=KABALE FOWODE OFFICE SITS WITH THE SPEAKER OF PARLIAMENT|url=https://fowodeblog.wordpress.com/2016/07/18/kabale-fowode-office-sits-with-the-speaker-of-parliament/|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=fowodeblog|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akatọ ụtụ isi na-agbadata (dịka, ụtụ isi bara uru na ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka shuga na kerosene), na-ekwu na iwu ndị dị otú ahụ na-emerụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala. N'afọ 2014, a nabatara ya maka enyemaka ya n'oge mkpọsa ụtụ isi ugbo anyị. Ọ chịkọtara ihe karịrị 1,000 ndị ọrụ ugbo bịanyere aka ma bụrụ onye na-eduga n'ịkpọ akwụkwọ mkpesa nke nyere [[Rebecca Kadaga]], onye isi oche nke ụlọ omebe iwu, maka CSBAG n'afọ 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-21|title=Kadaga backs farmers' petition to scrap taxes on agro inputs|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kadaga-backs-farmers-petition-to-scrap-taxes-on-agro-inputs-1582720|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1 Million Farmers Petition Parliament over Agro-Input Taxes|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/1-million-farmers-petition-parliament-over-agro-input-taxes?districtId=0|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ka na-edu ndị mmadụ n'ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ, ọkachasị n'ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ, na inye nlekọta ahụike. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ekwu okwu ugboro ugboro na redio na telivishọn, na-eme ka obodo mara ihe gbasara ikike ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ikpe ziri ezi gbasara ego. Ọ na-adụkwa ụmụ nwanyị ndị nta akụkọ ọdụ ka ha mee ka olu ndị a na-anaghị asọpụrụ dịkwa mma.. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nantaba|first=Lukia|date=2024-07-15|title=Kigezi religious leaders urged to join fight against teenage pregnancies, early marriages|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/uganda,Ugandan%2520News/207548/kigezi-religious-leaders-urged-to-join-fight-against-teenage-pregnancies-early-marriages|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Nilepost News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kigezi CSOs Back UNATU on Strike|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/kigezi-csos-back-unatu-on-strike-?districtId=502|accessdate=2025-04-02|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref> Ọ na-edu KWID ugbu a na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Kabale, na Mahadum Ugwu nke Ọnwa, na-emejuputa Strengthening Smallholder Farmer Resilience nye mgbanwe ihu igwe site na mmụta ọnụ, mmepe na nyocha nke Contextualized Solutions ikpe nke ọrụ Rwenzori na Kigezi highland Regions of Uganda (SFR2CC). <ref>{{Cite web|author=MMU_Admin|date=2024-09-10|title=Strengthening Smallholder Farmer Resilience to Climate Change Project launched by Mountains of the Moon University and JESSE. - Mountains of the Moon University|url=https://mmu.ac.ug/news/strengthening-smallholder-farmer-resilience-to-climate-change-project-launched-by-mountains-of-the-moon-university-and-jesse/|accessdate=2025-07-28|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Staff|date=2025-02-28|title=Women Urged to Lead Climate Action as Uganda Battles Intense Heatwave|url=https://thesource.co.ug/current-affairs/women-urged-to-lead-climate-action-as-uganda-battles-intense-heatwave/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=The Source Reports|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Project Launch: Enhancing Smallholder Farmer Resilience to Climate Change – KWID|url=https://kwidug.org/kigezi-women-in-development-kwid-is-proud-to-announce-the-launch-of-a-new-project-strengthening-smallholder-farmer-resilience-to-climate-change-through-joint-learning-development-and-evaluation/|accessdate=2025-07-28|language=en-US}}</ref> N'okpuru ọrụ SFR2CC, ọ rịọrọ maka ọzụzụ aka maka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum iji nye ha nkà ndị a na-ebufe. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=Conservationists appeal for hands-on training for university students|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/conservationists-appeal-for-hands-on-training-for-university-students-4944950|accessdate=2025-08-09|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Josephine Nabukenya * [[Hilda Flavia Nakabuye]] * [[Esther Nakajjigo]] * [[Vanessa Nakate]] * [[Stella Nyanzi]] * [[Evelyn Acham]] * [[Rita Aciro]] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 75crh2709r3ocyewvvk6i9j8087zqby 0 67154 674852 516504 2026-07-10T06:25:05Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kuku in suit.jpg|thumb|Kingsley Kuku]]    '''Kingsley Kuku''' (amụrụ 14 Febụwarị n'afọ1970) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na gburugburu ebe obibi Naijiria, onye bụbu onye ndụmọdụ pụrụiche nye onye isi ala mbụ Goodluck Jonathan nke Naijiria na ihe gbasara Niger Delta na onye isi oche nke Mmemme Mgbaghara Onye isi ala. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ijawmonitor.org/news.php?article=1130&ct=3|title=Ijaw Leader Lauds Kuku Over Amnesty Donation to Victims|author=Ijaw Monitoring Group|publisher=IMG|accessdate=20 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=Between Kingsley Kuku and his critics|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/between-kingsley-kuku-and-his-critics/|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge mahadum ya, Kuku bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndu na otu oge National Association of Nigerian Students mobilization. O sonyeere mkpọsa maka ịlaghachi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Naijiria. Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na mmepe na iweghachi udo na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara Niger Delta nke Nigeria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php/news/recent-news/271-ijaw-youth-council-urges-speedy-clean-up-of-niger-delta|title=Ijaw Youth Council Urges Speedy Clean-up of Niger Delta|publisher=SharpEdgeNews|accessdate=1 November 2011}}</ref> Kuku mgbe ọ ahụ ndị́ na-akpọ Ijaw, gbara ọsọ ma họpụta ya dị ka onye otu Ondo State House of Assembly ma àgwà Ifịji oche nke kọmitii ụlọ ruo apụ apụ. A mgbagwoju ya dị ka onye iche iche nye onye bụbu onye isi ala Goodluck Jonathan n'afọ 2011.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/fg-enlists-30000-ex-militants-in-amnesty-programme/|title=FG enlists 30,000 ex-militants in Amnesty Programme|author=Agency Reporter|publisher=The Nation Newspaper, Nigeria|accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Kuku bụ ọkà okwu ọbịa na Chatham House, ụlọ ọrụ maka ihe gbasara mba ụwa, ebe o nyere akwụkwọ. Ọ natara ọtụtụ nri na Atlanta, Georgia, na United States. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/category/country/nigeria?page=1|title=APPG Nigeria Report – Too Many to Count? Human Rights, Justice and Accountability in Nigeria: 2013 Country Visit Report|author=APPG Members|publisher=Chatham House|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201184217/http://www.chathamhouse.org/category/country/nigeria?page=1|archivedate=1 February 2014}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==   A mụrụ Kingsley Kuku na 14 Febrụwarị n'afọ 1970 n'ezinụlọ Ndị Kraịst na Arogbo, isi ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala nke agbụrụ agbụrụ Ijaw, na Ondo State, Nigeria. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị n'agbata afọ 1977 na 1988 n'Arogbo. O wee gụchaa nzere bachelọ na asụsụ bekee na mahadum Ondo State University, Akure . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2021|title=Kingsley Kuku Biography, Age, Wife, Net Worth, Facts > Naija Gossip 247 » NGNews247|url=https://www.ngnews247.com/kingsley-kuku-biography-age-wife-net-worth/|accessdate=12 March 2022|work=NGNews247|language=en-US|archivedate=27 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027234144/https://www.ngnews247.com/kingsley-kuku-biography-age-wife-net-worth/}}</ref> Ọ gara Patrick Catholic Primary School, Arogbo, Ondo State (1977–1983). Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Ijaw National High School, Arogbo, Ondo State (1983–1988). O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Education na asụsụ bekee na mahadum Ondo State, Ado Ekiti, ugbu a Ekiti State University n'afọ 1995; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Profiling Hon Kingsley Kuku, Ondo's Irrepressible Guber Star|url=https://www.ondoevents.com/archives/1275|accessdate=2022-04-17|work=Ondo Events|language=en-US}}</ref> na MSc na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na usoro ọmụmụ na Mahadum Igbinedion, Okada Edo State (2011-2012), Nigeria. O nwetakwara nzere na mahadum nke Cambridge, ebe o nwetara asambodo maka nbibi esemokwu n'afọ 2008. N'igosipụta ọrụ ya na nkwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Naijiria, e nyere Kuku nzere nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na November n'afọ 2013 site na Mahadum Igbinedion, Okada Edo State, Nigeria. Hon. Kingsley Kemebradigha Kuku bụ Senior Stat. Nwa akwukwo iwu nke UCLAN, England, United Kingdom. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=15 August 2021|title=Kingsley Kuku Biography, Age, Wife, Net Worth, Facts > Naija Gossip 247 » NGNews247|url=https://www.ngnews247.com/kingsley-kuku-biography-age-wife-net-worth/|accessdate=12 March 2022|work=NGNews247|language=en-US|archivedate=27 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027234144/https://www.ngnews247.com/kingsley-kuku-biography-age-wife-net-worth/}}</ref> Ọ na-ejide Dọkịta nke Nkà Ihe Ọmụma si Selinus University of Sciences and Literature in international relationship (udo studies) na Executive Certificate in Public Leadership si Harvard Kennedy School of Government. == Mgbalị == Kuku nabatara ime ihe ike n'oge ọ bụ na mahadum dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ Naijiria na-eto eto na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ ndị iwe ji maka ọchịchị ndị agha na ọchịchị aka ike na Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye ndú ụmụ akwụkwọ na otu oge onye ọrụ mba nke National Association of Nigerian Students (NANS) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-07|title=Between Kingsley Kuku and his critics|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/between-kingsley-kuku-and-his-critics/|accessdate=2022-04-17|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mkpọsa na ọgụ maka ịhapụ ndị agha nke ndị Naijiria na nloghachi zuru oke nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Naijiria. Ahụmahụ ya n'ịchịkwa ụmụ akwụkwọ kachasị elu na Naịjirịa setịpụrụ ikpo okwu ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ọtụtụ òtù ndị e guzobere iji dozie ikpe na-ezighị ezi na nchịkwa na-adịghị mma n'ime usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Naịjaria. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Ijaw Youth Council (IYC), otu agbụrụ a ma ama na Naijiria; ọ bụkwa ọnụ na-ekwuru kansụl ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php/news/recent-news/271-ijaw-youth-council-urges-speedy-clean-up-of-niger-delta|title=Ijaw Youth Council Urges Speedy Clean-up of Niger Delta|publisher=SharpEdgeNews|accessdate=1 November 2011}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye bịanyere aka na nkwupụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Kaiama . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unitedijaw.com/kaiama.htm|title=The Kaiama Declaration|author=Felix Tuodolo, Ogoriba, Timi Kaiser-Wilhelm|publisher=IYC|accessdate=3 November 2013}}</ref> Kuku anọgidewo na-abụ olu na onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka mmepe na iweghachi udo na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara Niger Delta nke Naijiria. [[Faịlụ:Kuku_with_ex-agitators.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Kuku na ndị bụbu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Niger Delta bụ ndị gụsịrị ọzụzụ dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọelu site na mmemme Amnesty nke onye isi ala]] [[Faịlụ:Hon_Kuku_with_Embassy_Staff.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Kuku na ndị ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya nke US na ụfọdụ mba Europe na Naijiria mgbe nzukọ na [[Abuja]], Naijiria]] == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbe ọ sonyere na Ijaw Youth Council, Kuku sonyere ma họpụta ya dị ka onye otu Ondo State House of Assembly wee bụrụ Onye isi oche nke House Committee on Information ruo afọ anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vanguard Nigeria|date=17 April 2022|title=Kingsley Kuku, architect of peaceful Delta|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/kingsley-kuku-architect-of-peaceful-niger-delta-at-51/amp/?relatedposts_hit=1&relatedposts_origin=1695026&relatedposts_position=0}}</ref> Ọ bụ n'oge dị iche iche onye enyemaka pụrụ iche na onye isi nke Ngalaba Nchịkwa esemokwu na Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC); onye otu Kọmitii Onye isi ala na Amnesty; na odeakwụkwọ nke Kọmitii onye isi ala na Udo na mkpebi esemokwu na Niger Delta. Na Jenụwarị n'afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye onye isi ala Naijiria, Dr Goodluck Jonathan, na Niger Delta na onye isi oche Niger Delta Presidential Amnesty Programme. Onye isi ala Jonathan họpụtara ya ọzọ n'otu ọkwa ahụ na July n'afọ 2011 mgbe ntuli aka n'ozuzu ya n'afọ 2011. Dị ka onye isi oche nke Presidential Amnesty Programme maka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'obodo ndị nwere mmanụ na Niger Delta, Kuku lekọtara mwepụ na mwepụ nke ndị na-emepụta ihe 30,000 ma ọ na-elekọta mkpochapụ na iweghachi ndị ntorobịa a n'ime obodo. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/fg-enlists-30000-ex-militants-in-amnesty-programme/|title=FG enlists 30,000 ex-militants in Amnesty Programme|author=Agency Reporter|publisher=The Nation Newspaper, Nigeria|accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/45466/1/jonathan-committed-to-reintegration-of-ex-militant.html|title=Jonathan Committed to Reintegration of Ex-Militants – Alaibe|author=NBF News|publisher=The Nigerian Voice|accessdate=14 December 2012}}</ref> Akụkụ na-aga n'ihu nke mmemme Mgbaghara, nke a na-eme maka iwulite ikike n'ime ndị ntorobịa Niger Delta na-enweghị ego na-edebanye aha na mmemme Mgbaghara nke onye isi ala, enwetala oke nke ebumnuche ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/05/10/208-ex-militants-on-scholarship-at-igbinedion-university-kuku/|title=208 Ex-militants On Scholarship At Igbinedion University -Kuku|author=Jethro Ibileke-Benin City|publisher=PM News|accessdate=10 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/cover/4-years-of-amnesty-in-ndelta-the-pains-the-gains/|title=4 years of Amnesty in N/Delta: The pains, the gains|author=Dan Onwukwe|publisher=Sun Newspaper|accessdate=24 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624153157/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/cover/4-years-of-amnesty-in-ndelta-the-pains-the-gains/|archivedate=24 June 2013}}</ref> Kuku na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke na ikike nchịkwa n'ime oke nke mmefu ego e guzobere, na-eguzo ihe dị ka ijeri N60 naira na 2012 (ihe dị ka US $ 350 nde), na iwu gọọmentị na-arụ; ma na-enyefe ọrụ dị iche iche na ọtụtụ ndị isi ngalaba na nzukọ a haziri ahazi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asabapost.blogspot.com/2011/12/budget-nsa-to-spend-n124bn-as-amnesty.html|title=Budget: NSA to spend N124bn, as amnesty gets N74bn|author=Newswire|date=19 December 2011|publisher=ASABA POST}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nanngronline.com/section/politics/presidency-sends-fund-request-to-nass-for-amnesty-programme-others|title=Presidency Sends Fund Request to Nass for Amnesty Programme, Others|author=NAN-H-105|publisher=News Agency of Nigeria|accessdate=17 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109153429/http://www.nanngronline.com/section/politics/presidency-sends-fund-request-to-nass-for-amnesty-programme-others|archivedate=9 January 2014}}</ref> N'ụbọchị ncheta nke atọ nke mmemme Amnesty n'afọ 2012, Kuku kwupụtara na mkparịta ụka ndị nta akụkọ na a na-eweghachi udo na mpaghara Niger Delta, site na nhazi nke mmemme Amnesty, emeela ka ikike mmepụta nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ mmanụ na mpaghara Niger delta dịkwuo ukwuu ma chekwaa ego Naịjirịa na-agba ọtụtụ ijeri dollar na ego mmanụ n'ime naanị afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/06/amnesty-yielded-n6trn-in-3yrs-kuku/|title=Amnesty yielded N6trn in 3yrs – Kuku|author=Emma Ujah, Abuja Bureau Chief|publisher=Vanguard Newspaper|accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kingsley Kuku {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/3510/Kingsley_Kuku|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=www.africa-confidential.com|language=en}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Ịmegharị Delta Niger: Ihe ịma aka na Ohere == [[Faịlụ:Kuku_launch.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Remaking The Niger Delta: Ihe ịma aka na Ohere - nke Kingsley Kuku dere]] Ọ bụghị ndị na-eme ngagha iwe ole na ole, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ọkachamara na mmepe mba ụwa welitere nchegbu banyere nnupụisi na mpaghara Niger Delta karịsịa n'oge esemokwu dị n'etiti afọ 2004 n'afọ 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bornblackmag.com/Crises-Niger-Delta.html|title=The Complexity Behind Nigeria's Niger Delta Crisis|author=Onigu Otite|authorlink=Onigu Otite|publisher=BBM|accessdate=10 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611044854/http://bornblackmag.com/Crises-Niger-Delta.html|archivedate=11 June 2011}}</ref> Nchegbu, nke dabeere na mmetụta nke ọgba aghara na mpaghara ahụ na ego niile nke Federal Republic of Nigeria nke ihe karịrị 80% nke ego mba ahụ na-enweta site na ego nke ọrụ mmanụ na-aga na Niger Delta, ka a kpọgara n'ihu nke okwu mba maka gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa ya iji bilie megide ihe ịma aka nke mwakpo ndị na-elekwasị anya ọ bụghị naanị na mkpụrụ obi akụ na ụba nke Naịjirịa kamakwa na udo na nchekwa nke mba ahụ; na mgbalị gọọmentị Naị Naị Nchịkwa na-eme iji kwado iwu mba ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elombah.com/index.php/write-for-us/12262-nigeria-s-oil-revenue-climbs-22-to-n824bn-in-july|title=Nigeria's Oil Revenue Climbs 22% to N824bn In July|author=Elombah.com|publisher=Elombah|accessdate=16 August 2012}}</ref> Dị ka ndị ọzọ hụrụ mba n'anya na ndị na-etinye aka na mmepe nke Niger Delta, Kuku emeela nkwupụta maka mgbanwe na ngosipụta maka uto nke mpaghara ahụ na ọganihu nke Naịjirịa ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ itinye aka dị ka Niger Delta Development Commission, Amnesty Programme (nke Kingsley Kuku duziri), Ministry of Niger Delta na atụmatụ ndị ọzọ a na-eme iji weta nsogbu na steeti na-emepụta mmanụ Naịjiria, hụ na udo na ịzụlite akụ na ụba mba ahụ ka mma. Kuku, onye kwuru n'otu n'ime mkparịta ụka mgbasa ozi ya na, "na Mee n'afọ 2009, tupu nkwupụta mgbaghara, mmepụta mmepụta agbadata na barrels 680,000 kwa ụbọchị, site na barel nde 2.2 kwa ụbọchị. N'ihi mmemme mgbaghara, ngwongwo mmanụ mba ahụ taa dị ihe dị ka barel nde 2.7 kwa ụbọchị na ebumnuche nke barel nde 4.5 kwa ụbọchị bụ ihe kwere omume, ma ọ bụrụ na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ndị ọzọ na-achọ ịmegharị azụmahịa na ndị ọzọ na ndị ọzọ nwere nchegbu. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/amnesty-looks-to-the-future/138388/|title=Amnesty Looks to the Future|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper|accessdate=4 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309041903/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/amnesty-looks-to-the-future/138388|archivedate=9 March 2013}}</ref> dọkwara aka na ntị n'akwụkwọ ya Remaking the Niger Delta: Challenges and Opportunities na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ya enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na azụmahịa dịka ha na-emebu ebe ya na ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ nwere nchegbu na-aga n'ihu na-agbasi mbọ ike ịmaliteghachi na iweghachite ndị mbụ na-akpasu iwe. O kwusiri ike na mkpesa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kpatara ndị agha na ọgba aghara kwesịrị ka e lebara ya anya dị ka Naijiria ji ya n'aka ọgbọ dị ugbu a na ndị na-abịa n'ihu iji tinye mmezigharị gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro ihe omume ma hụ na a na-enweta ọrụ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze zuru oke site na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na Niger Delta obodo maka mmepe bara uru n'ime ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ ozugbo na Nigeria maka udo na nchekwa obodo..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/recipe-for-peace/122709/|title=Recipe for Peace|author=ThisDay Live|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper|accessdate=19 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822191057/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/recipe-for-peace/122709/|archivedate=22 August 2012}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Kuku kwuputara nkwupụta nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Naijiria na-akọ na ọ kọwara udo na-adị na Naijiria dị ka ihe na-adịghị ike ma dọọ ọdụ na udo dị na mpaghara ahụ nwere ike ịlaghachi n'ụdị ọzọ nke nkwụsịtụ, ma ọ gwụla ma ụlọ ọrụ mmepe dị mkpa gbasie mbọ ike ịgbanwe ihu eriri mmanụ ala mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saturday.tribune.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8650:niger-delta-may-boil-again-unless-kuku-&catid=44:news&Itemid=105|title=Niger Delta May Boil Again Unless... –Kuku|author=Donald Ojogo|publisher=Tribune Newspaper|accessdate=22 September 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113811/http://saturday.tribune.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8650%3Aniger-delta-may-boil-again-unless-kuku-&catid=44%3Anews&Itemid=105|archivedate=24 December 2013}}</ref> Otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa nke mmemme mgbaghara nke Kuku na-eduzi bụ mmetụta ya na ndụ ndị agha gara aga, ọtụtụ n'ime ha agbanweela ugbu a ka ha bụrụ ụmụ amaala ka mma bụ ndị na-echegbu onwe ha ọ bụghị naanị maka nkwalite onwe onye kamakwa ọganihu na mmepe nke ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu ya. A na-egosipụta nke a n'ihe ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ugbu a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye ndú nke ndị agha gara aga na Ondo Steeti guzobere ebe nnweta nkà na steeti maka ebumnuche nke ịzụ ndị ntorobịa gafee mba ahụ na nkà dị iche iche nke ga-eme ka ha daba maka ọrụ, ọkachasị site na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị iche iche na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/10077-niger-delta-life-after-militancy-amnesty|title=Niger Delta: Life after militancy, amnesty|author=Yinka Oladoyinbo|publisher=Tribune Newspaper|accessdate=22 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105546/http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/component/k2/item/10077-niger-delta-life-after-militancy-amnesty|archivedate=24 December 2013}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, n'ihi oke idei mmiri nke kpagburu ọtụtụ obodo na Nigeria, gụnyere akụkụ nke Niger Delta, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị agha mbụ nyere ego na ihe enyemaka iji kwado na imeziwanye ọnọdụ nke ndị idei mmiri ahụ metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/national/ex-militants-donate-n52-7m-relief-materials-to-flood-victims-in-ndelta/|title=Ex-militants donate N52.7m relief materials to flood victims in N'Delta|author=CHRIS ANUCHA|publisher=Sun Newspaper|accessdate=31 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105021146/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/national/ex-militants-donate-n52-7m-relief-materials-to-flood-victims-in-ndelta/|archivedate=5 November 2012}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta mba ụwa / nkwanye ùgwù ==    Ebe ọ bụ na esemokwu nke ime ihe ike na ọgba aghara n'ime Niger Delta n'oge gara aga abụghị naanị na Naijiria na ndị Naijiria, ọtụtụ mba ọzọ na ụmụ amaala ha dọrọ aka ná ntị banyere njedebe dị ize ndụ nke ọgba aghụghọ nke na-emetụta mpaghara Niger Delta nke nwere mmanụ nke bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-eweta mmanụ ala na ahịa mba ụwa. Ọnọdụ ahụ, nke dọtara uche nke mba ụwa nke na-arịọ maka udo na nchekwa gburugburu ụwa ma na-akwalite mmụba nke azụmahịa mba ụwa n'etiti mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe, nyere mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ dị ka United Kingdom ka ha nye ụdị ntinye aka ụfọdụ n'ịdozi ihe ịma aka nke enweghị nchebe na ime ihe ike na mpaghara Niger Delta iji chebe ndụ akụ na ụba Naịjirịa ma gbochie ịrị elu nke nsogbu gafee mba ahụ na n'ime mpaghara West Africa. N'etiti atụmatụ ndị ahụ, nyere Naijiria dị ka nkwado, n'ịkwụsị ọgba aghara na nnupụisi sitere n'aka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Niger Delta bụ nguzobe nke All Party Parliamentary Group na Niger Delta site na ndị omeiwu Britain na ndị otu ahụ sitere na ndị otu (MP) gafee usoro pati.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/category/country/nigeria?page=1|title=APPG Nigeria Report – Too Many to Count? Human Rights, Justice and Accountability in Nigeria: 2013 Country Visit Report|author=APPG Members|publisher=Chatham House|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201184217/http://www.chathamhouse.org/category/country/nigeria?page=1|archivedate=1 February 2014}}</ref> N'ịghọta echiche ndị mba ọzọ dị iche iche na òtù mba ụwa tụrụ aro na mbụ na-arụ ọrụ megide ọdịda iwu na usoro zuru oke na Niger Delta, Kuku gara n'ihu iji gakwuru ndị mmekọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị na mba ọzọ, site na mmekọrịta mba na mba, maka nkwado teknụzụ iji nweta ọrụ ya dị ka Onye isi oche nke mmemme Amnesty nke Onye isi ala na onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na Niger-Delta nye Onye isi ala Naijiria, Goodluck Jonathan. N'afọ 2011, Kuku bụ onye ọbịa na-ekwu okwu na ụlọ ọrụ a ma ama n'ụwa niile maka ihe gbasara mba ụwa, Chatham House London, ebe o wepụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ "Amnesty in the Niger Delta: Sustaining Peace and Surmounting Challenges".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chathamhouse.org/events/view/176485|title=Amnesty in the Niger Delta: Sustaining Peace and Surmounting Challenges|author=Chatham House African Programme|publisher=Chatham House|accessdate=14 June 2011}}</ref> Ememe ahụ bụ ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka Kuku iji kesaa ọganihu na ihe ịma aka nke ọrụ ya na ọchịchị Nigeria na mba ụwa n'ebumnobi inwekwu ntinye aka na nkwado aka na ụgbọ mmiri iji belata nsogbu nke Niger-Delta. N'otu aka ahụ, n'afọ 2013 Kuku bụ ndị njikwa mmemme nke Wilson Center na United States kpọrọ oku. Na Wilson Center, Kuku kwuru okwu n'isiokwu - Nkọwa okwu na Niger Delta: Ebe ihe guzoro - nke o kwuru banyere mgba nke onwe ya na ndị otu ya na Amnesty Office na-atụgharị na mbibi nke ọdachi na Niger Delta ruo ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/briefing-the-niger-delta-where-things-stand|title=A Briefing on the Niger Delta: Where Things Stand|author=Programme Coordinator|publisher=Wilson Center|accessdate=14 June 2011}}</ref> Mgbe ihe omume ahụ gasịrị, Wilson Center bipụtara nsonaazụ nke mkparịta ụka ahụ na okwu mmeghe nke na-agụ - "Ọ dị oke mkpa iji kwurịta ihe Niger Delta bụ ugbu a, ọ bụghị ihe ọ bụ." - The Honorable Kingsley Kuku ", n'igosi ohere na nkwa nke Niger Delta ọhụrụ dị ka Kuku kwuru na Wilson Center. N'ihe a na-ewere dị ka ihe omume diplomatic smart, Kuku mere ndepụta nke ụfọdụ ndị a ma ama n'ụwa nile bụ ndị gara nri abalị pụrụ iche maka President Obama inuguration na US. A hụrụ Kuku na ụfọdụ foto pụrụ iche ya na President Obama na nwunye ya, Michellecy na nwunye ya, Michellecy nke ọma dị ka onye isi oche nke President Obama na nwunye ya, bụ́ Michellecy. ndị mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmepe mba ụwa. Na mbido Eprel n'afọ 2015, A họpụtara Kuku dị ka otu n'ime ndị nnata nsọpụrụ nwa amaala nke steeti Georgia dị na United States site na Georgia Legislative Black Caucus (GLBC). Dịkwa ka akụkọ nke otu akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ isi na Naijiria si kwuo banyere ọkwa nke onyinye ahụ nyere Kuku site na Georgia Legislative Black Caucus, "Ịja mma na nsọpụrụ sitere na steeti Georgia bụ maka nkwado gị (Kuku) na-enweghị atụ maka ọganihu na mmepe akụ na ụba nke Nigeria, na-eduga na Presidential Amnesty Programme n'ụzọ doro anya ma rụọ ọrụ dị egwu nke na-enye aka n'ịkwado ndị na-arụ ọrụ ike na-enye aka n'ịkwado ndị na-arụ ọrụ ike. na mmanụ & gas, ụgbọ elu, lọjistik na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Nigeria na Africa n'ozuzu"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/united-states-honours-kingsley-kuku/208764/|title=United States Honours Kingsley Kuku|author=ThisDay Reporter|publisher=ThisDay Newspaper Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511191942/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/united-states-honours-kingsley-kuku/208764/|archivedate=11 May 2015}}</ref> Na mmemme Commendation & Award, nke e mere na 9 Mee afọ 2015 na Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Kuku kwuru okwu nnabata ma nyefee nsọpụrụ ahụ nye Onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] nke Naijiria onye Kuku kọwara dị ka nwoke "nke nyere m ohere iwepụ, zụlite ma tinye nkà m n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ọrụ na ọganihu nke Naijeria".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://poligist.com/commendations-as-kuku-dedicates-us-award-to-jonathan/|title=Commendations as Kuku dedicates US award to Jonathan|author=Gbenga Smith|publisher=Poligist Online|accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kuku na-enwe mmasị ide na ịmụ ihe.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://poligist.com/commendations-as-kuku-dedicates-us-award-to-jonathan/|title=Commendations as Kuku dedicates US award to Jonathan|author=Gbenga Smith|publisher=Poligist Online|accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-akwado ụkpụrụ na mmekọrịta ezinụlọ ka ọ lụrụ nwunye ya, Oriakụ Nnamani-Kuku.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Desk|first=Naija News|date=16 August 2021|title=Kingsley Kuku Biography, Net Worth, Age, Wife, Facts|url=https://ejesgist.com/kingsley-kuku-biography-net-worth-age-wife-facts.html|accessdate=15 March 2022|work=Ejes Gist Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Kingsley Kuku}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuku, Kingsley}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oxw2qmrj1t67z43lx0t36cooxwl728g 0 67165 674854 654064 2026-07-10T06:26:49Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:DRIEFONTEIN SAUL MKHIZEVILLE.jpg|thumb|Sọl Mkhize]]   '''Saul Vusumzi Mkhize''' (ụbọchị ịsii n'onwa June n'afọ 1935 - ụbọchị abụọ n'onwa Eprel n'afọ 1983) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na mba South Africa na onye nnọchi anya ndị Driefontein, Mpumalanga bụ ndị na-alụ ọgụ megide iwepụ ha n'ike n'ala ha site na gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name="sahra">{{Cite web|title=The unveiling of liberation struggle hero Mr. Vusumzi Saul Mkhize statue|url=http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/about/news/unveiling-liberation-struggle-hero-mr-vusumzi-saul-mkhize-statue|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181912/http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/about/news/unveiling-liberation-struggle-hero-mr-vusumzi-saul-mkhize-statue|archivedate=2017-12-27|accessdate=2017-12-27|work=SAHRA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mpumalanga.gov.za/mpumalangabook/pdf/Mpum%2006.pdf|title=Sharing the Island|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-11-05}}</ref> Ndị uwe ojii gbagburu Mkhize mgbe ọ na-ahazi njem udo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/driefontein-mourns-their-leader-saul-mkhize|title=Driefontein mourns their leader - Saul Mkhize|author=kyle|date=2016-02-22|work=South African History Online|accessdate=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-16|title=Saul Mkhize Statue unveiled - Excelsior News Piet Retief, Mkhondo|url=http://www.excelsiornews.co.za/2015/03/saul-mkhize-statue-unveiled/|accessdate=2017-12-27|work=Excelsior News Piet Retief, Mkhondo|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} c2wsrpku0fq5zvo4s1py8u8g29byh55 0 67181 674868 516610 2026-07-10T06:43:25Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Samuel Nguiffo (11421058183) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Samuel Nguiffo]]   '''Samuel Nguiffo''' bụ onye ọka iwu si Cameroon. Ọ bụ onye njikwa nke Center for Environment and Development na Yaoundé.<ref name="Foundation">{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=Cameroon NGOs ask U.S. to investigate palm oil venture|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20130709090129-hxdkr/|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=news.trust.org}}</ref> Enyere ya ihe nrite gburugburu ebe obibi Goldman n'afọ 1999, maka mbọ ya na nchekwa nke oke ọhịa nke Central Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/138|title=Africa 1999. Samuel Nguiffo.Cameroon. Forests|publisher=[[Goldman Environmental Prize]]|accessdate=18 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064817/http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/138|archivedate=15 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Koenenn|first=Connie|date=1999-04-19|title=To Those Who Love Earth and Humanity|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-19-cl-28795-story.html|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmezu == N'afọ 2001, Samuel Nguiffo dere akụkọ na Dja Reserve nke Forest Peoples Programme bipụtara. Ebe nchekwa ahụ abụrụla ihe kpatara esemokwu n'etiti obodo ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ na ndị ọchịchị Dja Reserve<ref>{{Cite web|author=Watch|first=Conservation|date=2016-12-02|title=Under Threat: Cameroon's Dja Reserve and the Credibility of the UNESCO World Heritage System|url=https://medium.com/conservationwatch/under-threat-cameroons-dja-reserve-and-the-credibility-of-the-unesco-world-heritage-system-8ec5851e6d82|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=conservationwatch|language=en}}</ref> Na July 13, n'afọ 2003 N'okpuru nduzi ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Center for Environment and Development (CED), CED n'akụkụ Network for the Fight against Hunger (RELUFA) degaara Gọọmenti US akwụkwọ ozi gbasara inweta ala na nrigbu nke ugbo nkwụ nke US; Ugbo Herakles na Cameroon Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Foundation">{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=Cameroon NGOs ask U.S. to investigate palm oil venture|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20130709090129-hxdkr/|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=news.trust.org}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == E nyere Samuel Nguiffo na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi asaa na San Francisco na 10th annual Goldman Prizes, ọ nwetakwara $ 125,000 site na Goldman Environmental Foundation . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Koenenn|first=Connie|date=1999-04-19|title=To Those Who Love Earth and Humanity|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-19-cl-28795-story.html|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemsibia ==  {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h5tcet9a3bog61ldrqbavkp1vxtwo4l 0 67186 674870 516619 2026-07-10T06:45:15Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674870 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:FaustineFotso.jpg|thumb|Faustine Fotso]]   '''Honorable Faustine Villanneau Chebou Kamdem Fotso''' mụrụ na 12th nke June, n'afọ1965, bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọkàiwu si Cameroon. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2012, Fotso bụ osote onye isi obodo Baham nke mbụ, obodo dị na Western Cameroon. N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya MP na nzuko omeiwu mba, na-anọchite anya ugwu ugwu nke Mpaghara ọdịda anyawu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assnat.cm/index.php/en/members-of-parliament/current-legislative-period?start=60|title=Current Legislative Period : List of 180 members|website=www.assnat.cm|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-08}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>Ọ na-anọdụ na kọmitii iwu gbasara iwu ma bụrụ onye otu Cameroon People's Democratic Movement . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201611110862.html|title=Cameroun: Hon Fotso Faustine - " Nous voulons parler le langage de la vérité à Baham "|work=allAfrica.fr|accessdate=2018-03-08|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Fotso dere akwụkwọ "Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na French na Cameroonian Law" na 2009 dị ka akụkụ nke Masters Programme nke International na Environmental Law na University of Limoges.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.memoireonline.com/11/09/2904/m_Etude-dimpact-environnemental-en-droit-franais-et-camerounais23.html#_Toc239438882|title=Memoire Online - Etude d'impact environnemental en droit français et camerounais - Faustine Villannaeau FOTSO CHEBOU KAMDEM|work=Memoire Online|accessdate=2018-03-08}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Fotso bụ onye guzobere otu ọrụ ebere "ọkụ nke ịhụnanya, nke udo na ikpe ziri ezi" nke nwere nzukọ mmeghe ya na Septemba 20, n'afọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://camer.be/54983/11:1/cameroun-fotso-faustinenous-voulons-faire-bloc-pour-les-causes-humainesdans-les-hauts-plateaux-cameroon.html|title=Nous Voulons Faire Bloc Pour Les Causes Humaines|author=NSANGOU|first=MAMA|date=3 October 2016|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Onyinye == Na May 20, n'afọ 2016, e nyere Fotso ihe nrite ndị nkịtị n'ọkwa onye ọrụ nke usoro uru na 44th National Day of Unity of Unity na Baham.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://actucameroun.com/2016/05/26/cameroun-20-mai-2016-hauts-plateaux-fotso-fostine-vedette-baham-cameroon/|title=Cameroun, 20 Mai 2016 dans les Hauts-plateaux : Fotso Fostine en vedette en Baham :: CAMEROON|author=Cameroun|first=Actu|date=2016-05-26|work=Actu Cameroun|accessdate=2018-03-08|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fotso lụrụ Lucas Fotso, onye nduzi mpaghara maka ụlọ ọrụ eletrik Cameroon Aes Sonel Littoral . Ha nwere ụmụ ise ọnụ. == Edemsibia == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2jb6iyj3tlafefb6g58m0pqt8jcwnuj 0 67196 674749 537942 2026-07-09T22:28:29Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Simeo Muwanga Nsubuga 02.jpg|thumb|Simeo Muwanga Nsubuga]] '''Simeo Muwanga Nsubuga''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Uganda, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba na mba, na onye na-agbachitere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nwere ahụmịhe n'ịmmanye iwu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=UHRC Commissioners|url=https://uhrc.ug/uhrc-commissioners/|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC)|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Deputy Speaker urges government to address Police welfare|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_180780|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ababaka baagala minisita Mayanja abeetondere olw’okwonoona amannya gaabwe|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/BUK_119517|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye bụbu Onye omeiwu Mityana South n'okpuru pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị National Resistance Movement. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-09-30|title=God Answers ‘Togikwatako’ MP Nsubuga’s Prayers, M7 Appoints Him Human Rights Boss…|url=https://www.thegrapevine.co.ug/god-answers-togikwatako-mp-nsubugas-prayers-m7-appoints-him-human-rights-boss/|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=Grapevine News|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726192731/https://www.thegrapevine.co.ug/god-answers-togikwatako-mp-nsubugas-prayers-m7-appoints-him-human-rights-boss/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-29|title=Kyuma Kya Yesu has done NRM’s anti-age limit supporters a favour|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/columnists/nicholas-sengooba/kyuma-kya-yesu-has-done-nrm-s-anti-age-limit-supporters-a-favour-1714090|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-29|title=On NRM LC polls victory and the ‘purchase’ of Uganda Airlines|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/on-nrm-lc-polls-victory-and-the-purchase-of-uganda-airlines-1770716|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-16|title=NRM Parliamentary Caucus Meets Museveni over Land Bill|url=https://chimpreports.com/nrm-parliamentary-caucus-meets-museveni-over-land-bill/|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=ChimpReports|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bwanika|first=Elisha Z.|date=2019-08-30|title=‘Kiconco’ returns to evict hundreds in Kassanda, 200 homes razed|url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20190830/75959/kiconco-returns-to-evict-hundreds-in-kassanda-200-homes-razed.html|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=Watchdog Uganda|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A ṅụrụ Nsubuga iyi dịka Kọmishọna maka Commissioner Rights Commission na Uganda na Tuzdee, n'ọnwa Disemba ụbọchị ịrị abụọ, n'afọ 2022. <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Onye isi ikpe Richard Butera ṅụrụ iyi na ngalaba ụlọ ikpe dị elu na Kampala.<ref name=":0" /> Nsubuga rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ndị uwe ojii ọzụzụ maka African Union Mission na Somalia na dị ka onye ndụmọdụ mmanye iwu maka United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na South Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> O tinyere aka n'ịmepụta akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọzụzụ dị iche iche maka UNDP.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị omeiwu na-atụ vootu maka iwu afọ ole a machibidoro iwu na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda iji nye Onye isi ala Museveni ohere ịchọ nhọpụta ọzọ n'afọ 2021 mgbe ọ ruru afọ iri asaa na ise. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaaya|first=Sadab Kitatta|date=2017-07-12|title=Museveni is still capable to lead - Simeo Nsubuga|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/53801-museveni-is-still-capable-to-lead-simeo-nsubuga.html|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|archivedate=2024-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213100304/https://observer.ug/news/headlines/53801-museveni-is-still-capable-to-lead-simeo-nsubuga.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaaya|first=Sadab Kitatta|date=2019-08-28|title=Simeo Nsubuga: NRM is burying me|url=https://www.observer.ug/news/headlines/61798-simeo-nsubuga-nrm-is-burying-me|accessdate=2024-07-25|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Kitatta Kaaya|first=Sadab|date=18 October 2017|title=Uganda: We Need Protection From Voters On Age Limit - Simeo Nsubuga|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201710180076.html|accessdate=25 July 2024|work=All Africa|pages=1}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Ọ bụ otu n'ime kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 10, 2017|title=The Human Rights Committee of Parliament Meets the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) Over Recommendations Made in the 18th Report of the Uganda Human Rights Commission (UHRC)|url=https://eoc.go.ug/2017/05/human-rights-committee-parliament-meets-equal-opportunities-commission-eoc/|accessdate=25 July 2024|work=Equal Opportunities Commission|archivedate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007163132/https://eoc.go.ug/2017/05/human-rights-committee-parliament-meets-equal-opportunities-commission-eoc/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Kipoi Tonny Nsubuga * [[Evelyn Anite]] * Ann Maria Nankabirwa == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3e7rr6kuvknfefxmele3v74uvw3iaex 0 67197 674862 644574 2026-07-10T06:36:52Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674862 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sydney Brenner OIST 2008 (33208371153) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sydney Brenner ]]   '''Sydney Brenner''' CH FRS FMedSci MAE (13 Jenụwarị 1927 - 5 Eprel 2019) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/obituaries/sydney-brenner-dead.html|title=Sydney Brenner, a Decipherer of the Genetic Code, Is Dead at 92|first=Nicholas|author=Wade|date=5 April 2019|work=The New York Times|accessdate=8 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=John|date=2020|title=Sydney Brenner. 13 January 1927—5 April 2019|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=69|pages=78–108|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2020.0022}}</ref> bụ onye [[South Africa]] nwere akara ugo mmụta maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. N'afọ 2002, ya na H. Robert Horvitz na Sir John E. Sulston kerịtara [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]].<ref name="fried" /> Brenner nyere aka dị ukwuu n'ịrụ ọrụ na koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke molecular biology mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Laboratory of Molecular Biology nke Medical Research Council (MRC) na Cambridge, England. O guzobere òkpò ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' dị ka ihe nlereanya maka nnyocha nke ihe ọmụmụ developmental biology, ma guzobe Molecular Sciences Institute na Berkeley, California, mba Amerika. <ref name="hodgkin">{{Cite journal|author=Hodgkin|first=JA|title=Mutations causing transformation of sexual phenotype in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.|journal=Genetics|volume=86|issue=2 Pt. 1|year=1977|issn=0016-6731|pmid=560330|pages=275–87|doi=10.1093/genetics/86.2.275}}</ref> <ref name="BrennerElgar1993">{{Cite journal|author=Brenner|first=S.|title=Characterization of the pufferfish (Fugu) genome as a compact model vertebrate genome|journal=Nature|volume=366|issue=6452|year=1993|pages=265–68|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/366265a0|pmid=8232585}}</ref><ref name="de Chadarevian2009">{{Cite journal|author=de Chadarevian|first=Soraya|title=Interview with Sydney Brenner|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=40|issue=1|year=2009|pages=65–71|issn=1369-8486|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.12.008|pmid=19268875}}</ref><ref name="Friedberg2008">{{Cite journal|author=Friedberg|first=Errol C.|title=Sydney Brenner|journal=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology|volume=9|issue=1|year=2008|pages=8–9|issn=1471-0072|doi=10.1038/nrm2320|pmid=18159633}}</ref><ref name="googlescholar">{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sydney+brenner|title=Sydney Brenner publications|publisher=[[Google Scholar]]|accessdate=28 September 2008|archivedate=18 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918170110/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sydney+brenner}}</ref>&nbsp; == Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Brenner n'obodo Germiston dị na Transvaal mgbe ahụ (nke dị na Gauteng taa), South Africa, na 13 Jenụwarị 1927. Nne na nna ya, Leah<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cshlpress.com/pdf/sample/BrennerBio.pdf|title=Errol C. Friedberg. Sydney Brenner: A Biography|work=cshlpress.com|accessdate=5 April 2019|archivedate=6 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406060300/https://www.cshlpress.com/pdf/sample/BrennerBio.pdf}}</ref> (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Blecher) na Morris Brenner, bụ [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] kwagara mba ọzọ. Nna ya, onye na-eme akpụkpọ ụkwụ, si [[Lithunia|Lithuania]] bịa South Africa n'afọ 1910, nne ya si Riga, Latvia, n'afọ 1922. O nwere otu nwanne nwanyị, Phyllis.<ref name="autobiography">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/biographical/|publisher=nobelprize.org|accessdate=6 April 2019|title=Sydney Brenner, Biographical|archivedate=23 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023073829/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/biographical/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sydney_Brenner.aspx|title=Brenner, Sydney (1927– ) World of Microbiology and Immunology|publisher=encyclopedia.com|accessdate=27 July 2016|archivedate=20 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820164238/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sydney_Brenner.aspx}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Germiston High School na Mahadum Witwatersrand . Ebe ọ sonyeere mahadum ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, a chọpụtara n'afọ nke abụọ ya na ọ ga-adị ntorobịa ukwuu itozu maka ịrụ ọrụ ahụike na ngwụcha afọ isii ya, ya mere e nyere ya ohere inweta nzere Bachelor of Science na Anatomy na Physiology. N'oge a, Joel Mandelstam kụziiri ya physical kemịstrị, [[Alfred Oettle]] kụziiri ya microscopy, ebe [[Harold Daitz]] kụziiri ya neurology. Ọ nwetakwara nkuzi izizi banyere anthropology na paleontology site n'aka Raymond Dart na [[Robert Broom]]. Onye gụrụ histology bụ [[Joseph Gillman]] bụkwa onye nduzi nnyocha na ngalaba Anatomy rụgidere Brenner ka ọ gaa n'ihu inweta nzere mbụ ya ma karịa, inwetakwa nzere MSc. Brenner kwetara ọ bụ ezie na nke a ga-apụta na ọ gaghị agụsị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke ha-akwụsịkwa ego a na-akwụ ya. Ọ kwadoro onwe ya n'oge a site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nnyocha. Ọ bụ n'oge a, n'afọ 1945, ka Brenner ga-ebipụta ọrụ ndị sayensị mbụ ya. Akwụkwọ edemede inweta nzere Masta ya bụ na ngalaba cytogenetics na mbipụta n'oge a n'ọ́gbọ́ ọmụmụ Brenner ga-emecha kpọọ Cell Physiology.<ref name="autobiography" /> N'afọ 1946, Wilfred Le Gros Clark kpọrọ Brenner na Ngalaba Anatomy ya na Oxford, n'oge ọ gara njem nleta South Africa. A gbara Brenner ume ka ọ gụchaa agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba ahụike ya. Brenner laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ebe ọ dara ọmụmụ ọgwụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa ịwa ahụ ma nweta nzere klas mbụ na Obstetrics na Gynecology. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, Brenner agụgharịchaala Medicine and Surgery ma n'afọ 1951 nweta nzere Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBCh). <ref name="autobiography" /> Brenner natara ime ngosi agụmakwụkwọ n'ezi nke afọ 1851 site na Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 nke nyeere ya aka ịgụzu ma nweta nzere Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) na Mahadum Oxford dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị Mahadum na Exeter College, Oxford, nke Cyril Hinshelwood lekọtara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-sydney-brenner/|title=Dr Sydney Brenner|work=Exeter College|language=en|accessdate=6 April 2019|archivedate=6 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406012421/https://www.exeter.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-sydney-brenner/}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ime nnyocha == Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị DPhil ya, Brenner mere nnyocha na-esi inweta nzere ọkankuzi na [[California]],_Berkeley" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of California, Berkeley">Mahadum California, Berkeley . <ref name="berkeley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.salk.edu/faculty/brenner.html|title=Sydney Brenner: Senior Distinguished Fellow of the Crick-Jacobs Center|publisher=Salk Institute|accessdate=25 August 2015|archivedate=1 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001010916/http://www.salk.edu/faculty/brenner.html}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ na Laboratory of Molecular Biology na Cambridge. N'ebe ahụ, n'ime afọ ndị 1960, o mere ntinye na molecular biology, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ ngalaba na-apụta apụta. N'afọ 1976, ọ sonyeere Salk Institute na California . Ya na Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, Leslie Orgel, na [[Beryl M. Oughton]], ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na Eprel 1953 ịhụ ihe nlereanya nke ọdịdị DNA, nke Francis Crick na James Watson wuru; n'oge ahụ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba Kemịstrị nke Mahadum Oxford. Ihe nlereanya DNA ọhụrụ ahụ masịrị ha niile, ọkachasị Brenner, onye mechara soro Crick rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha Cavendish dị na Mahadum Cambridge na ụlọ nyocha ahụike e mepere ọhụrụ Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB). Dị ka Beryl Oughton, onye mechara bụrụ Rimmer, si kwuo, ha niile ji ụgbọala abụọ mee njem mgbe Dorothy Hodgkin gwara ha na ha na-aga Cambridge iji hụ ihe nlereanya nke ọdịdị DNA. Brenner mere ọtụtụ ihe ntinye dị mkpa na ngalaba Molecular Biology na-apụta apụta na afọ ndị 1960 (lee Phage group). Nke mbụ bụ igosi na usoro koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa niile na-ekpuchi ekpuchi agaghị ekwe omume. Nghọta a kewara ọrụ koodu site na mgbochi nhazi dị ka George Gamow chepụtara na koodu dị nkọ. Nke a mere ka Francis Crick chepụta echiche nke molekụl a na-eche n'echiche (nke e mechara mara dị ka transfer RNA ma ọ bụ tRNA) nke na-ebufe ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na RNA gaa na protein. Brenner nyere aha ahụ "adaptor hypothesis" n'afọ 1955.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Crick|first=Francis|date=1955|title=On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club|url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584582X73-doc|accessdate=2022-07-21|work=National Library of Medicine|archivedate=16 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816132804/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584582X73-doc}}</ref> Nkewa a hụrụ anya n'etiti anticodon na amino acid dị na tRNA bụ ihe ndabere maka ozi na-aga n'otu ụzọ na usoro ndụ nwere koodu. A maara nke a dị ka nkwenkwe dị mkpa nke molecular biology, ya bụ, ozi na-esi na nucleic acid gaa na protein ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-esite na protein gaa na nucleic acid. N'ịgbaso nghọta nkwụnye a, Brenner chepụtara maka messenger RNA n'oge mkparịta ụka Eprel 1960 ya na Crick na François Jacob, nke ọ gara n'ihu ya na Jacob na Matthew Meselson igosi ịdị adị ya n'oge ọkọchị ahụ.<ref name="Cobb">{{Cite journal|author=Cobb|first=Matthew|title=Who discovered messenger RNA?|journal=Current Biology|date=29 June 2015|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2015.05.032|volume=25|issue=13|pages=R526–R532|pmid=26126273}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ya na Crick, Leslie Barnett, na Richard J. Watts-Tobin, Brenner gosipụtara ọdịdị atọ nke koodu ntụgharị protein site na nnwale sayensị nke Crick (Brenner, Barnett, Watts-tobin na ndị òtù ya mere nke afọ 1961, nke chọpụtara frameshift mutations.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/1921227a0|author=Crick|first=Francis|title=General nature of the genetic code for proteins|journal=Nature|volume=192|issue=4809|pages=1227–32|year=1961|pmid=13882203}}</ref> Brenner ịrụkọ ọrụ ya na Sarabhai, Stretton na Bolle n'afọ 1964, na-eji amber mutants nwere nkwarụ na bacteriophage T4D protein isi, gosipụtara na usoro nucleotide nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ na usoro amino acid nke eriri polypeptide na-agakọ. Tinyere ọrụ decoding nke Marshall Warren Nirenberg na ndị ọzọ, nchọpụta nke ọdịdị atọ nke koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị oke mkpa iji kọwaa koodu ahụ.<ref name="NautilusGoldstein">{{Cite web|url=https://nautil.us/issue/72/quandary/the-thrill-of-defeat-rp|title=The Thrill of Defeat: What Francis Crick and Sydney Brenner taught me about being scooped|author=Goldstein|first=Bob|date=May 30, 2019|publisher=Nautilus|accessdate=Jan 21, 2021|archivedate=10 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210101407/https://nautil.us/issue/72/quandary/the-thrill-of-defeat-rp}}</ref> Barnett nyere aka guzobe ụlọ nnyocha Sydney Brenner na Singapore, ka ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2014/02/uncovering-a-scientific-life-in-the-archives/|title=Uncovering a scientific life in the archives|date=19 February 2014|first=L.|author=Kaplish|accessdate=5 April 2019|work=Wellcome Library blog|archivedate=23 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023073941/http://blog.wellcomelibrary.org/2014/02/uncovering-a-scientific-life-in-the-archives/}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:EMLederberg_GStent_SBrenner_JLederberg_1965_wiki.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Esther Lederberg, Gunther Stent, Sydney Brenner na Joshua Lederberg ka esere ha foto n'afọ 1965]] Brenner, ya na George Pieczenik, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rci.rutgers.edu/~piecze/Brenner.pdf|title=Letter by Brenner (primary source)|work=rutgers.edu|accessdate=8 April 2019|archivedate=7 November 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107101749/http://rci.rutgers.edu/~piecze/Brenner.pdf}}</ref> mepụtara nnyocha matrix kọmputa mbụ nke nucleic acid site na iji TRAC, nke Brenner nọgidere na-eji. Crick, Brenner, Klug na Pieczenik laghachiri n'ọrụ mbụ ha ịkọwa koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na akwụkwọ ọsụ ụzọ ha gbasara mmalite nke protein synthesis, ebe ihe ndị mgbochi dịịrị mRNA na tRNA jikọtara aka pụta na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta ise na ntụgharị nke anticodon loop, wee si otú ahụ mepụta usoro ntụgharị koodu atọ n'achọghị ribosome. Ihe nlereanya a chọrọ koodu na-ekpuchi ibe ya nw'obere.<ref name="Klug">{{Cite journal|author=Crick|first=FH|title=A speculation on the origin of protein synthesis.|journal=Origins of Life|date=December 1976|volume=7|issue=4|pages=389–97|pmid=1023138|doi=10.1007/BF00927934}}</ref> Akwụkwọ sayensị e bipụtara dị oke ụkọ n'ihi na ndị rụkọrọ ọrụ iji bipụta ya gụnyere ndị edemede atọ bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị nrite Nobel.<ref name="Another">Crick won a Nobel prize in 1962, Brenner in 2002, and Klug in 1982. However, this is not the only case. See {{Cite journal|author=Barton|first=D. H. R.|title=The constitutions of cevine and some related alkaloids|journal=Experientia|date=March 1954|volume=10|issue=3|pages=81–90|doi=10.1007/BF02158513|pmid=13161888}} Barton (1969), Prelog (1975) and Woodward (1965) all became Nobel winners.</ref> == Ihe nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù == Brenner nwetara ọtụtụ ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ, gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/dual/pauli-dam/04/2004-01_cv.pdf|title=Sydney Brenner CV|work=[[ETH Zurich]]|accessdate=6 April 2019|archivedate=9 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109193742/https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/dual/pauli-dam/04/2004-01_cv.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/cv/|title=Sydney Brenner Curriculum Vitae|work=[[NobelPrize.org]]|accessdate=6 April 2019|archivedate=5 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405215956/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2002/brenner/cv/}}</ref>   == Ndụ onwe onye == Brenner lụrụ May Brenner (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Covitz, mesịrị bụrụ Balkind) site na Disemba 1952 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2010; <ref name="whoswho">{{Who's Who|title=Brenner, Sydney|id=U8635|author=Anon|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U8635|year=2015|edition=online [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> ụmụ ha gụnyere Belinda, Carla, Stefan, na nwa nwunye ya Jonathan Balkind sitere na alụmdi mbụ nwunye ya lụrụ Marcus Balkind. Ọ biri na Ely, Cambridgeshire. Ọ bụ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|title=Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists|author=István Hargittai|date=2006|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9781908977533|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref> Brenner nwụrụ na 5 Eprel 2019, na Singapore, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na abụọ.<ref name="fried">{{Cite journal|author=Friedberg|first=Errol|title=Sydney Brenner (1927–2019) Mischievous steward of molecular biology's golden age|journal=Nature|volume=568|issue=7753|year=2019|pages=459|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01192-9|pmid=30988427|authorlink=Errol Friedberg}}</ref> <ref name="asianscientist">{{Cite web|first=Sim|author=Shuzhen|title=Sydney Brenner, 'father of the worm' and decoder of DNA, dies at 92|url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/04/topnews/sydney-brenner-nobel-laureate-dies-92-c-elegans-obituary/|work=asianscientist.com|date=5 April 2019|accessdate=5 April 2019|archivedate=8 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508102530/https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/04/topnews/sydney-brenner-nobel-laureate-dies-92-c-elegans-obituary/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sydney Brenner (1927–2019)|url=https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/sydney-brenner-1927-2019/|work=MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology|accessdate=6 April 2019|date=5 April 2019|archivedate=6 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406115523/https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/sydney-brenner-1927-2019/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * Soraya De Chadarevian; Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II, CUP 2002, 444 pp;   * Francis Crick; What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990)   * Georgina Ferry; 'Max Perutz na Nzuzo nke Ndụ', (Chatto & Windus 2007) 352pp, . Maka foto a na-enweghị isi.  * Robert Olby; Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, , bipụtara na 25 August 2009.  * Max Perutz; ''Olee oge m nwere: Akwụkwọ ozi ahọpụtara.'' , CSHL Press 2008, 506pp . Maka foto nwere nkọwa.  * Matt Ridley; Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives) nke mbụ e bipụtara na June 2006 na US na UK September 2006, site na HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp, ; na akwụkwọ mpịakọta, site na Atlas Books (na ndepụta), .   * Sydney Brenner Collection Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives * [[Lewis Wolpert]]; Otu anyị si ebi ndụ na ihe mere anyị ji nwụọ, Faber na Faber 2009, 240 peeji;   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1139457 Alan Macfarlane gbara ajụjụ ọnụ 23 Ọgọst 2007 (vidiyo)] * Sydney Brenner gụnyere Nobel Lecture 8 Disemba 2002 Onyinye Nature na Sayensị''Onyinye Okike Maka Sayensị'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5xchkhvg9vcb0abp59jwc9qbruu36n6 0 67198 674866 516678 2026-07-10T06:41:56Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Eugenemarais.jpg|thumb|Eugene Marais ]]   '''Eugène Nielen Marais''' (/ˈjuːdʒiːnmɑːˈreɪ/; 9 Jenụwarị 1871 - 29 Machị 1936) bụ onye ọka iwu South Africa, onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike, onye edemede dị mkpa na onye na-ede uri maudit na Second Language Movement of Afrikaans literature. Kemgbe o gburu onwe ya, a na-eto Marais n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka onye edemede na onye sayensị nwere ọgụgụ isi na dike na ngalaba ọdịbendị Ndị Afrikaner.<ref name="Swart2004">{{Cite journal|author=Swart|first=Sandra|title=The construction of Eugène Marais as an Afrikaner hero|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=4|pages=847–867|doi=10.1080/0305707042000313059|url=http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/marais_hero.pdf}}</ref> == Afọ ndị mbụ ya, tupu na n'oge Agha Boer == A mụrụ Marais na Pretoria, nwa nke iri na atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke Jan Christiaan Nielen Marais na Catharina Helena Cornelia van Niekerk. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Pretoria, Boshof na Paarl, ọtụtụ n'ime agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ n'asụsụ Bekee, dịka uri ndị mbụ ya. Ọ bara mahadum ịgụ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. Ezinụlọ ya na-asụ asụsụ [[Afrikaans language|Asụsụ Afrikaans]], Dutch, na [[South African English|Bekee]] nke ọma. N'oge Marais dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ malitere ide uri bekee ma jiri anyaukwu rie amaokwu nke [[William Shakespeare]], John Milton, Robert Burns, ndị na-ede uri Lake, na ndị Romantics Bekee. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Pretoria dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ iwu ma mesịa bụrụ onye nta akụkọ tupu ọ bụrụ onye nwe (1891, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ) nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpọ Land en Volk (mba na ndị (Afrikaner)). O timiri onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo. N'ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, Marais ghọrọ onye na-akatọ Paul Kruger, onye isi ala a na-asọpụrụ nke mba Transvaal, nke mere ka Marais bụrụ onye a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọ malitere ịṅụ opiates mgbe ọ dị obere ma gafee na morphine (nke a na-ewere mgbe ahụ dị ka nke na-dịghị àmá ahụ ma dịkwa mma) n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. Ọ ghọrọ onye nke ahụ riri ahụ, ịňụ ọgwụ ọjọọ ya ewee na-achịkwa omume na àgwà ya niile n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ma ọ bụ dị ala n'oge ndụ ya niile. Mgbe a jụrụ ya ihe mere o ji na-aňụ ọgwụ ọjọọ, o jiri ahụike rịọ arịrịọ ugboro ugboro, ehighị ụra nke ọma, yana ka e mesịrị, ọnwụ nke nwunye ya dị ntorobịa n'oge ọmụmụ nke naanị nwa o nwere. Ka oge gara ofụma, o boro ebubo na ọ bụ iri ahụ n'amaghị ama mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa ịba na [[Mozambique]]. Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ojiji ọ na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe bụ maka ime nnwale ma nwee mmetụta nke nkà ihe ọmụma Thomas De Quincey. Marais lụrụ Aletta "Lettie" Beyers (1871-1895), bụ onye o dere banyere ya n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara enyi ya: "Ọ dịka ọ bụ ya bụ nwanyị zuru oke n'ahụ na uche nke Chineke kụrụ na South Africa. "N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ muchara nwa nwoke, na ọnwa iri na otu n'ime alụmdi na nwunye ahụ, ọ nwụrụ site na ọrịa ịba puerperal, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ dọkịta mmanya na-egbu nke mụụrụ ya nwa kpatara. Nwatakịrị ahụ, Eugène Charles Gerard Marais (1895-1977) bụ naanị nwa Marais nwere. Ọnwụ ahụ ghasasịrị Marais ma mee ka ọ dabakwuo n'ịṅụ ọgwụ ike morphine.<ref name="University of Johannesburg 2022">{{Cite web|title=03 Eugene Marais - Wife|work=University of Johannesburg|date=2022-01-05|url=https://www.uj.ac.za/library/information-resources/special-collections/online-exhibitions/eugene-marais/03-eugene-marais-wife/|accessdate=2023-03-19}}</ref> == Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị == Marais gbanwere site n'ide uri n'asụsụ Bekee gaa n'ide ya n'asụsụ Afrikaans n'oge nkụda mmụọ nke sochiri mmeri ndọrọ n'agha nke mba Boer abụọ. Dị ka onye ndú nke Second Afrikaans Language Movement, a sụgharịrị ọrụ Marais gaa n'asụsụ dị iche iche ma ọ bụghị n'oge ndụ ya gwụwara ọ bụrụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Site na 1905 Marais mụrụ maka ihe okike na Waterberg ('Water Mountain'), ebe ọzara dị n'ebe ugwu Pretoria, ma dee n'[[Afrikaans language|Asụsụ Afrikaans]] ya banyere ụmụ anụmanụ ọ hụrụ. Nnyocha ya banyere ndándá mere ka o kwubie na e kwesịrị ka ewere ógbè ahụ dị ka otu ihe dị ndụ, bụ nghọta a na-ahụ anya nke bu ụzọ tupu nkọwa nke echiche ahụ nke Richard Dawkins mere. Na Waterberg, Marais mụkwara maka [[Nwa mamba|mamba ojii]], agwọ cobra na-agbụ asụ na puff adder. Ọzọkwa, ọ hụrụ otu ìgwè ọzọdịmgba n'ogologo, a ma site na ọmụmụ ihe ndị a nweta ọtụtụ edemede magazin ya na akwụkwọ My Friends the Baboons na The Soul of the Ape. Akwụkwọ ya ''Die Siel van die Mier'' (''Mkpụrụ Obi nke Ahụhụ'', ma bụrụ nke a na-enyekarị n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka ''Mkpụrụ Obi nke Ahụhụ Ọcha'') bụ nke onye nwetara ihe nrite [[Ihe nrite Nobel|Nobel]] Maurice Maeterlinck, onye bipụtara La Vie des Termites (nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ bekee dị ka The Life of Termites ma ọ bụ The Life of White Ants), akwụkwọ entomological, sụgharịrị ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ya dere ya, bụ nke David Bignell, ọkammụta biology na Mahadum London kpọrọ "ihe atụ bụ ịgba nke nsụgharị akwụkwọ onye ọzọ site n'aka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ".<ref name="bignell">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biology.qmul.ac.uk/research/staff/bignell/Inaugural.htm|title=Termites: 3000 Variations On A Single Theme|accessdate=2009-07-28|author=Professor David E. Bignell|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915005006/http://www.biology.qmul.ac.uk/research/staff/bignell/Inaugural.htm|archivedate=15 September 2007}}</ref> == Ọnwụ ya == Na Machị 29, 1936, ebe ndị enyi ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya gbahapụrụ ya ma napụ ya morphine ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, Marais gbaziiri égbè na-ekwu na ọ ga-eji ya egbu agwọ agwọ ma gbaa onwe ya égbè ahụ n'obi. Ọnyá ahụ abụghị nke na-egbu egbu, ya mere Marais tinyere egbe ahụ ahụ n'ọnụ ya wee dọọ ọgbamgbọ ya aka. Marais gburu onwe ya n'ugbo Pelindaba, nke enyi ya Gustav Preller nwe. Maka ndị maara ọnọdụ ọjọọ nke ụfọdụ n'ime uri Marais, enwere ihe ọchị dị ojii n'ebe ahụ; n'[[Asụsụ Zulu]], Pelindaba pụtara 'ọgwụgwụ akụkọ' - ọ bụ ezie na nkọwa ya a na-ahụkarị bụ 'Ebe nnukwu nnọkọ'. Robert Ardrey, onye na-enwe mmasị na Eugène Marais, kwuru na Marais igbu onwe ya bụ izuru n'ohi nke Maeterlinck zuuru ọgụgụ isi ya. Ardrey kwuru n'okwu mmeghe ya na The Soul of the Ape, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1969, na 'Dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ọ bụ ọpụrụiche, onye kachasị elu n'oge ya, ma bụrụ onye ọrụ na sayensị a na-amụbeghị.' Ọ na-ezokwa aka n'ọrụ Marais n'ụzọ dị ogologo n'akwụkwọ ya African Genesis. E liri Eugéne Marais na nwunye ya Aletta na Heroes' Acre, Pretoria. == Ihe Ncheta ya == Ọrụ Marais dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe na-enweghị isi n'ụzọ ọbụla (ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ na-eme ethology ma Robert Ardrey na ndị ọzọ kwetara ya ugboro ugboro dị ka nke a), nwetara obere nlebara anya na ekele ọha karịa ọrụ edemede ya. Ọ chọpụtara Waterberg Cycad, nke akpọrọ aha ya (''Encephalartos eugene-maraisii''). Ọ bụ onye mbụ mụrụ maka omume nke anụ ndị dị ka mmadụ bi n'ọhịa, a na-anọgidekwa na-edepụta nchọpụta ndị o megasịrị na nkà mmụta mmalite ihe ndị dị ndụ nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Griffith|first=Jeremy|authorlink=Jeremy Griffith|title=Freedom Book 1|year=2013|publisher=WTM Publishing & Communications|isbn=978-1-74129-011-0|url=http://www.worldtransformation.com/freedom-book1-those-who-tried-to-explain-the-human-condition/|accessdate=28 March 2013}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu na ndị na-ede uri Afrikaner ma bụrụkwa otu n'etiti ndị kasị ewu ewu, ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta ya adịghị nnukwu. Opperman kọwara ya dị ka onye mbụ na-ede uri dịka ọrụ na Afrikaans; Marais kwenyere na inwe ǹkà dị mkpa dị ka ihe mkpali maka ide uri. Dịka J. H. H. de Waal na G. S. Preller, ọ bụ onye ndu na-eduzi nke [[Afrikaans language|Second Afrikaans Language Movement]] n'oge na-eso ozugbo agha nke abụọ nke Boer gasịrị, nke kwụsịrị n'afọ 1902. Ụfọdụ n'ime uri ya kachasị mma na-ekwu maka ihe ịtụnanya nke ndụ na ihe okike, mana o dekwara banyere ọnwụ ya na-enweghị mgbagha. Marais nọpụrụ iche n'ihi ụfọdụ nkwenkwe ya. Ọ bụ onye na-ekwupụta onwe ya na ọ bụ onye kwenyere ma Chineke na ihe okike bụ otu, ma kwuo na naanị oge ọ banyere na ụlọ ụka bụ maka agbamakwụkwọ. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Sandra Swart bipụtara nnyocha nke ọnọdụ Marais dị ka dike Afrikaner.<ref name="Swart2004">{{Cite journal|author=Swart|first=Sandra|title=The construction of Eugène Marais as an Afrikaner hero|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=4|pages=847–867|doi=10.1080/0305707042000313059|url=http://sun025.sun.ac.za/portal/page/portal/Arts/Departemente1/geskiedenis/docs/marais_hero.pdf}}</ref> Marais nwekwara mmasị n'akụkọ ọdịnala, ọdịbendị, na ọdịnala nke Ndị Bantu nke ime obodo Transvaal; a na-ahụkarị nke a na uri dịka "Die Dans van die Reën" (Ịgba Egwu nke mmírí òzùzò). Kemgbe ọnwụ ya, a kpọtụrụla Eugène Marais aha dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ede uri, ndị edemede, na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na-asụ asụsụ Afrikaans na South Africa n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ (1948-1994). Na mbido akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1982, The Adversary Within: Dissident Writers in Afrikaans, [[Jack Cope]] kọwara na esemokwu a ma ama ofụma n'etiti Eugène Marais na Rev. A. J. Louw bụ ihe mgbaàmà nke esemokwu sara mbara na omenala Afrikaner. Ọtụtụ ndị dị mkpa n'Akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrikaans n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ chere n'otu aka ahụ, dị ka André Brink si kwuo, "inwe nseghasị n'etiti inwe njikọ ha na asụsụ ha, ọnọdụ ha, na ndị mmadụ n'otu akụkụ na ọchịchọ ha iweta ihe ọhụrụ, nke a jụrụ ma ọ bụ ghọtaghere. Ndị edemede ahụ na-ahụ onwe ha ịnọ n'ihu ndị ha ukwuu ma nwee ike ịnọpụ iche, bụrụ ndị ọbịa n'ala ha - bụ ọnọdụ Eugène Marais hụtara onwe ya." == Nsụgharị uri == === Nwụrụ n'ime van die reën === '''Ịgba Egwú mmiri ozuzo''' O! Ịgba egwu nke nwanne anyị nwanyị! Nke mbụ n'elu ugwu ọ na-ezoro ezoro, : anya ya na-eme ihere.<br /> : Ọ na-achịkwa ọchị n'ụzọ dị nro. Ma site n'ebe dị anya ọ na-eji otu aka na-akpọ; mgbanaka ya na-egbuke egbuke, nkalaarị ya na-enwu gbaa;[a] : n'ụzọ dị nro, ọ na-akpọ. Ọ na-agwa ifufe nke ịgba egwú okwu ma na-akpọ ha ka ha pụọ, n'ihi na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị obosara na agbamakwụkwọ ahụ dịkwa ukwuu. Nnukwu egwuregwu[b] na-eme ngwa ngwa na mbara ala, : isi mmiri ha[c] dị n'elu ugwu,<br /> meghee oghere imi ha ka ọ dị obosara : ma loda ifufe;[d]<br /> : Ha na-egbere bịa nso ma na-abụ abụ n'ụzọ dị nro:<br /> :: "Nwanne anyị nwanyị! Nwanne anyị nwanyị!" Ị abịala! Ị abịla!" Nkalaarị ya na-ama jijiji, mgbaaka ọla kọpa ya na-enwu mgbe anyanwụ dara.[f] : N'egedege ihu ya bụ ọkụ nke udele ugwu; <br /> :: ọ na-esi n'ebe dị elu na-azọ ụkwụ. : ọ na-agbasa Kaross ya na aka abụọ gbasapụrụ; iku ume nke ifufe ka e wepụrụ. <br /> :: O! ịgba egwú nke Nwanne anyị nwanyị Ebumnuche uri ahụ bụ igosi mmetụta nke inwe nnukwu obi ụtọ nke ndị niile bi n'ọzara, ma anụmanụ ma mmadụ, nwere mgbe mmiri ozuzo rutere. Ọ na-agbaso echiche nke nwanne nwanyị ahụ (mmiri ozuzo / ihu igwe mmiri ozuzo) na-agba egwú gafee ala dị larịị nke ọzara na mmetụta ọ nwere n'ala niile. ==== Ihe edeturu ==== == ''Onye Ọchịchị Dị Mma'' == Ihe nkiri a nke afọ 2012 nke [[Katinka Heyns]] duziri na-enyocha mgbake Marais site na ịba n'ugbo dị na Waterberg. == Ihe nrụtụaka ọdịbendị == * E mere Eugene Marais dịka akụkọ ifo na trilogy Vorrh Nke Brian Catling na nke ikpeazụ nke usoro ahụ, The Cloven . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jones|first=Gwyneth|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/28/the-cloven-by-brian-catling-review-climax-of-an-esoteric-epic|title=The Cloven by Brian Catling review – climax of an esoteric epic|date=2018-07-28|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2020-02-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> * A na-ahụ The Soul of the Ape n'ala nke ụlọ nkwari akụ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na fim afọ 1975 The Passenger nke Michelangelo Antonioni. * The Soul of the Ape na The Soul of The Ant ka a kpọtụrụ aha n'akwụkwọ The Soul of Viktor Tronko nke David Quammen, nke e bipụtara na 1987. == Aha Marais == Ndị malitere Aha marais na mpaghara ahụ bụ Charles na Claude Marais, sitere na mpaghara Paris nke France. Aha Marais anọgidewo na-nsụpe na mkpọpụta French mbụ ya <ref>{{Cite book|author=Donaldson|first=Bruce|title=Colloquial Afrikaans: The Complete Course for Beginners|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415206723|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/459574.Colloquial_Afrikaans|accessdate=19 May 2016}}</ref> na South Africa. == Hụkwa == * [[Akụkọ ọdịnala nke Afrikaans]] * Ihe nrite Eugène Marais * The Soul of the White Ant, 1937, nke e bipụtara mbụ dị ka ''Die Siel van die Mier'' n'afọ 1925, n'asụsụ Afrikaans * The Soul of the Ape, 1919, ebipụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'afọ 1969. == Ihe edeturu == # ^ Ndị France mere South Africa. Nsụgharị: Ndị France mere South Africa. [[Bernard Lugan]] Jenụwarị 1996. '   # ^ Opperman, D.J. Enweghị deeti ma eleghị anya n'afọ 1962. Senior verseboek. Nasionale Boekhandel Bpk, Kaapstad. Negende druk, 185pp  # ^ [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi ahụ gosipụtara encyclopedia South Africa. Central News Agency, Johannesburg. Mbipụta mbụ, ihe dị ka 212pp.  # ^ Rousseau, Leon 1982, The Dark Stream - Akụkọ Eugène Marais. Jonathan Ball Publishers, JeppesTown.  # ^ Hogan, C.Michael, Mark L. Cooke na Helen Murray, The Waterberg Biosphere, Lumina Technologies Inc, 22 Mee 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070324191043/http://www.luminatechnologies.org/lumaw.html]  # ^ Marais, Eugène, Mkpụrụ Obi nke Mkpụrụ Obi, Mmadụ na Rousseau (1937)   # ^ Ardrey, Robert The Territorial Imperative: Nnyocha nkeonwe banyere mmalite anụmanụ nke ihe onwunwe na mba, 1966  # ^ Van Niekerk, H. L. Eugène Marais: Nuwe Feite en Nuwe Na Niw 2010 (Eugène Marais, New Facts and New Insights)   == Edensibịa == == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.eugene-marais.org.za Ntọala Eugène Marais] * [https://eugenenielenmarais.wordpress.com/ Eugène Marais onye na-ede uri] Ụfọdụ uri dị mkpa nke Eugène Maraus (n'asụsụ Afrikaans) * Mmekọrịta South Africa Isiokwu * Mkpụrụ obi nke White Ant online pdf * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/marais,e.htm sahistory.org.za] Ntinye na Eugene Marais * Leon Rousseau, Eugène Marais: Nnukwu agụụ, Sunday Times, 24 Septemba 2000 [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0rw7dc58oi63mh96yq6obmkmsxze5v2 0 67209 674721 516750 2026-07-09T21:32:18Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674721 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Hendrik Brand.jpg|thumb|Sydney Skaife]]   '''Sydney Harold Skaife''' ('Stacey') D.Sc. FRSSAf. (12 Disemba 1889 - 6 Nọvemba 1976) bụ onye ama ama na South Africa na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ na ihe ndị e kere eke. Ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị o bipụtara metụtara mpaghara sara mbara. Karịsịa n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, isi mmasị nnyocha ya bụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na-emekọrịta ihe nakwa usoro mgbanwe ndị dị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachasị na Hymenoptera na Isoptera. O dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị nchọpụta site na iji [[pseudoynm]] '''Hendrik Brand'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=2602|title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nlekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye dere akwụkwọ sayensị na akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama ọfụma, onye mgbasa ozi n'ikuku na onye na-echekwa ihe. N'ime ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụzuru, ihe kachasị ukwuu ya bụ ma eleghị anya ọrụ ya n'idu na nkepụta Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve n'etiti [[Cape Town]] na Cape Point. Ọ biri ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya na Hout Bay na Cape Peninsula. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Skaife na London, England, nye Katherine na John Skaife. Ọ nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Bath, Somerset wee gaa St Marks Grammar School. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Reading, England, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ mbụ na nkà, ọ bụ ezie na mmasị ya dị na Biology. N'afọ 1911, o lere ule Intermediate BA nke Mahadum London n'ihi na Reading n'oge ahụ abụghị mahadum mere na ha enweghị ike inye nzere. Mgbe ahụ, ọ gụrụ maka diplọma onye nkuzi ma gafee ya n'ụzọ dị iche. N'afọ 1912, ọ gara Mahadum Leipzig na Germany, na agbamume nke nwanne nna ya. Ọ nọrọ n'ezinụlọ Schober. N'oge a, ọ kụziri asụsụ Bekee iji nwetakwuo ego. N'afọ 1913, ọ gara Cape Town ịkụzi ihe ọmụmụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na Rondebosch Boys High School. Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ tiwapụrụ n'afọ 1914, ọ nwara ịbanye n'ọrụ, mana a jụrụ ya n'ihi ọrịa n'ihi obi na-akụ ya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke e mesịrị chọpụta na ọ dịghị emerụ ahụ. E nyere ya ma ọrụ na nabata ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ na Rosebank Research Station dị na Cape Town. N'ebe a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụmụ ahụhụ ndị na-eri ọka echekwara. Nke a bụ nsogbu dị ngwa n'oge ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-echekwa nnukwu ọka na Cape dị ka mbọ a na-agba maka agha. == Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị == Na 29 Septemba 1917 ọ lụrụ Elsie Mary Croft, onye na-akpọ piano. Mgbe ọ lụsịrị nwanyị, a kpọfere ya na Cedara College of Agriculture na Natal ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mwakpo ụmụ aṅụ na wattle bagworm. N'afọ 1918, ọ ghọrọ onye South Africa mbụ natara Carnegie Grant maka ịga n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'afọ 1920, o nwetara nzere MSc na Mahadum Natal. Site n'afọ 1921 ruo 1945 ọ bụ onye nyocha sayensị na Ngalaba Mmụta nke Cape. N'afọ 1922, o nwetara nzere Ph.D. na Mahadum Cape Town maka nnyocha ya gbasara ụ̀tụ́ àgwà ma ọ bụ ụdị dịkwa n'ezinụlọ ahụ bụ Bruchinae. Afrịka nwere anụmanụ Bruchid ebe ọ bara ụba, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-adabere na osisi ogwu na osisi ndị ọzọ. N'ime usoro ihe omume dị saraa dị jụụ n'oge ahụ, ọ na-adị achọta ohere mgbe ụfọdụ iji chịkọta ụdị ọhụrụ site na osisi ogwu n'oge nkwụsị. N'oge a, ọ chọtara oge idezi Nature Notes (1924-1931) wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ mere mgbasa ozi redio na South Africa, ebe o kwuru maka akpị (1925). N'afọ 1929, o guzobere Wild Life Protection and Conservation Society (nke a na-akpọ ugbu a Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, WESSA), n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi nchegbu ya na mbibi na-abawanye nke ụmụ anụmanụ n'ala Zulu dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa nchịkwa ahụhụ tsetsefly. N'ọkwa ya dị ka onyeisi oche, o nyere aka guzobe Outeniqua Mountain Zebra Reserve, Bontebok Park, na Addo Elephant Reserve. N'oge 1935-1945 ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Ụlọ Mgbasa Ozi Ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1939, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na mgbalị ya, e guzobere Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Entomological Society of Southern Africa n'afọ 1940, jee ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ Fisheries Department Commission e mepere ọhụrụ site n'afọ 1945 ruo 1951, ma n'otu oge a ọ bụ onye òtù Bọọdụ ndị Gọvanọ nke South African Broadcasting Corporation. N'afọ 1950, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Royal Society of South Africa ma site n'afọ 1950 ruo 1957 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke ndị nlekọta nke Ọbaṅkà South Africa. N'afọ 1951, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka Azụ nke Northern Rhodesia. N'afọ 1952, ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụlọ ya dị na Hout Bay ma mee nnyocha dị ukwuu banyere omume mmekọrịta nke ndanda, aṅụ na wasps nke dugara na mbipụta akwụkwọ ụfọdụ. N'akwụkwọ ya banyere ndanda, na n'akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, o bipụtara ọrụ ọhụrụ na akparamagwa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ahụhụ na ụzọ isi mụọ ha. O dekwara akwụkwọ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị n'isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere ụzọ ndị e nwere ike isi nweta mkpakọrịta n'etiti aṅụ oge ochie dị ka aṅụ kapịnta nke South Africa. N'afọ 1952, South African Association for the Advancement of Science nyere ya ihe nrite South African Medal na Grant maka nnyocha sayensị. N'afọ 1953, ọ gara UK ebe o kwuru maka ọrụ nnyocha ya na BBC ma gaa Nzukọ Kwa afọ nke British Association na Belfast, Northern Ireland. N'afọ 1957, e nyere ya D.Sc. (honoris causa) site na Mahadum Natal, ma n'agbanyeghị na ọ laala ezumike nká, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Zoological Society of South Africa n'afọ 1960. Ọ chọpụtakwara oge ịkụzi ihe gbasara Medical Entomology na Mahadum Cape Town ma bụrụ onye isi oche nke South African Association for the Advancement of Science nke oge ahụ. Ọ bụ ọkà okwu na-atọ ụtọ nakwa nke na-adịghị eme na ọ bụ ihe ọ na-abụghị, onye nwere obi umeala ma marakwa nke o riri kwụọ ụgwọ n'ọrụ ya, mere na ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na South Africa nke ọgbọ ahụ nwere ihe mere ha ga-eji nwee obi ụtọ nye mmesapụ aka ya nye ajụjụ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi. Na 6 Nọvemba 1976 ọ nwụrụ na Hout Bay na Cape Peninsula. A mụrụ nwa nwanyị na nwa nwoke site n'alụmdi na nwunye a: * Mary Katherine Rowan "Bunty" amụrụ 1986 - onye a ma ama na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ na onye odee * John Skaife amụrụ 1927 == Ọrụ ndị O bipụtara == * ''Animal Life In South Africa'' (Miller, Cape Town 1920) * The Strange Old Man (Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1930) * South Africa Nature Notes (Maskew Miller, Cape Town, c1938) * ''African Insect Life'' (Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1953) * Dwellers In Darkness - an introduction to the study of termites (Longmans Green & Co., London, 1956) * Reminiscences of a Naturalist (1958) * The Study of Ants (Longmans, 1961) * The Weaker Sex - Brochure dabeere na usoro okwu isii a na-agbasa n'oge asụsụ Bekee nke SABC n'oge Febụwarị na Maachị 1961. * A Naturalist Remembers (Longmans, Cape Town, 1963) * The Amazing World of the Ant (South African Broadcasting Corporation) * The Outdoor World of Africa (Longmans, Cape Town) * African Insect Life - mbipụta nke Ledger & Bannister (Struik, Cape Town 1979) * ''Adriaan Hugo'' - usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị uwe ojii Afrikaans n'okpuru aha njirimara nke ''Hendrik Brand'' == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} * ''Akụkọ ndụ nke Dr. SH Skaife'' sitere na MK Rowan na African Insect Life e degharịrị == Njikọ mpụga == * Biography of Sydney SkaifenaS2A3Biographical Database nke Southern African Science [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] czy78hbkwn1dwv6rrpr706fl9nr42le 0 67211 674712 516752 2026-07-09T21:23:59Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674712 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Schonland Pretoria.jpg|thumb|Selmar Schonland ]]   '''Selmar Schonland''' (15 Ọgọst 1860 – 22 Eprel 1940), a na-asụpe na mbụ dịka ''Schönland'', onye hiwere ngalaba Botany na Mahadum Rhodes, bụ onye si mba ọzọ kwaga Germany, onye bịara na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Cape Colony n'afọ 1889 iwere ọkwa dịka onye na-elekọta Albany Museum. Ọ bịara na Grahamstown site n'inweta nzere ọkankuzi na Mahadum Hamburg na ọzọ na-esote ya site naMahadum Oxford (1886–1889 dịka onye nlekọta nke [[Fielding Herbarium]] nakwa onye nkuzi mahadum na ngalaba Botany). N'ịrụ ọrụ n'okpuru Prof. Sir Isaac Bayley Balfour ns Prof. Sydney Howard Vines, ọ bịara nwee mmasị n'ezinụlọ ''Crassulaceae'' ma nyefee akaụntụ òtù a n'aka ''Natürl. Pflanzenfamilien nke Engler na Prantl'' Mgbe ọ nọ na Oxford, ya na Edward Bagnall Poulton na Arthur Shipley sụgharịrị "Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems" nke August Weismann. Ịbịa n'ọbanka Grahamstown nyere ya ohere ịgbasawanye mmasị ya ma mepụta ebe ngosi akụmakụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na South Africa nke W. G. Atherstone guzobere n'afọ 1860. Nna nwunye ya, Peter MacOwan, bụ onye nlekọta nsọpụrụ ya site n'afọ 1862 ruo 1869 tupu ọ kwaga Somerset East. Mgbe MacOwan lara ezumike nká n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye nduzi nke [[Cape Town|Cape Town Botanical Garden]] na onye nlekọta nke Cape Government Herbarium, ọ laghachiri Grahamstown ma nyere Schonland aka na mmepe nke ebe ngosi akụmakụ mpaghara. Onye si Ireland Henry George Flanagan nke Eastern Cape nyere aka na nguzobe Herbarium site n'iweta ụdị dị iche iche ndị dị na ya, ma na Grahamstown ma na Cape Town, dị ka Florence Mary Paterson mere n'afọ 1909 na [[Constance Georgina Adams]], onye nyefere nchịkọta ya n'afọ 1919. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Rall|first=Maureen|title=Petticoat Pioneers: The History of the Pioneer Women who Lived on the Diamond Fields in the Early Years|location=Kimberley|publisher=Kimberley Africana Library|year=2002|isbn=978-0-62027-613-9}}</ref> Schonland gakwuuru otu n'ime ndị nkwado Rhodes, Dr. Leander Starr Jameson ka ọ nye aka na ego. Jameson, onye a ga-ahọpụta n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu nke Albany na praịm minista nke Cape Colony, kwere nkwa £50,000 n'ebughị ụzọ jụọ ndị nkwado ibe ya. Na mbụ, ha jụrụ ịkwado onyinye ahụ; mgbe ahụ, Schonland mere ka ha kwenye, ha mere ka De [[De Beers|Beers]] Preference Shares nọ n'ọnụ ego £50,000 gaara Rhodes University College, nke Iwu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu guzobere na Mee 31, 1904. Ka ọ na-erule oge Schonland lara ezumike nká, ngalaba Botany na Mahadum Rhodes aghọwo ebe a na-eme nchọpụta na mmụta taxonomy na South Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nnyocha botanical nke South Africa nke Pole Evans malitere. Ọ bụ onye òtù ntọala nke South African Association for the Advancement of Science, onye òtù nsọpụrụ nke Geological Society of South Africa, onye òtù ntọala na Fellow nke Royal Soc. nke S. Afr. A na-asụpe aha ya na mbụ dịka Schönland, mana o mechara hapụ umlaut. A na-echeta ya na ''Schoenlandia'' L.Bol. , ''Euphorbia schoenlandii'' Pax, ''Brachystelma schonlandianum'' Schltr. na ''Sebaea schoenlandii'' Schinz. Selmar Schonland lụrụ nwa nwanyị Peter MacOwan bụ Flora n'afọ 1895 ma bụrụ nna Sir [[Basil Schonland]] onye mere ntinye nke ukwuu na nnyocha ọkụ na mmepe radar. [a] == Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara == * August Weismann: Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems: Clarendon Press, Oxford (1889): (Onye ntụgharị) * Botanical Survey of SA: Phanerogamic Flora of the Division of Uitenhage and Port Elizabeth: Memoir No.1 (1919) * Botanical Survey of SA: South African Cyperaceae: Memoir No.3 * Revision of the South African species of Rhus : Bothalia (1930)) == Edensibịa == === Ihe edeturu === <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ịgụrụ Gawa ===   == Njikọ mpụga == * Selmar Schonland Herbarium at the Wayback Machine (nke e debere na July 23, 1997) * Biography of Selmar Schonland at the S2A3 Biographical Database nke Southern African Science i9s0dhkunq350zm3r269y5302wfk0wg 0 67212 674719 516754 2026-07-09T21:28:45Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ernest Edward Galpin.jpg|thumb|Ernest Edward Galpin]]   '''Ernest Edward Galpin''' (1858-1941), bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ a mụrụ na Cape Colony. Ọ hapụrụ ihe dị ka akwụkwọ puku iri na isii n'ebw ngosi akụmakụ mba na Pretoria ma bụrụ onye General Smuts kpọrọ "Prince of Collectors". Galpin chọpụtara ụdị genera dị isii na ọtụtụ narị ụdị ọhụrụ. A na-akpọ ọtụtụ ụdị aha ya dịka ''Acacia galpinii'', ''Bauhinia galpinii'' ''Cyrtanthus galpinii''. A na-echeta ya na ụdị ''Galpinia'' N.E.Br . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Quattrocchi|first=Umberto|title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume II, D–L|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8493-2676-9}}</ref> dị ka a na-echetakwa ugbo ya na ụdị ''Mosdenia'' Stent. == Mmalite Ndụ ya == Otu n'ime ụmụ nwoke asaa a mụrụ na Grahamstown nye Henry Carter Galpin, onye na-eme elekere mgbanaka na onye na-ere ọla, yana Georgina Maria Luck, Ernest Galpin malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na St. Andrew's College. N'ihi ọrịa nna ya, Ernest hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ iji nye aka na azụmahịa ahụ. Oge dị mkpirikpi nke ịrụ ọrụ na ókèala sochiri, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ sonyeere Oriental Banking Corporation, e mesịa o sonyere Bank of Africa. Mgbe e zifere ya na Middelburg dị na Cape, ọ bịara nwee mmasị na akụmakụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ ma nọrọ ogologo oge na-akọwa ma na-achọpụta okooko osisi ọhịa site n'enyemaka nke mpịakọta atọ nke ''Flora Capensis'' na Harvey's Genera. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 1888 mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye njikwa ụlọ akụ na Grahamstown, ka nchịkọta ya gbanwere nke ukwuu. N'afọ 1889, e zifere ya na Barberton nke mere na ọ nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na akụmakụ ndị ọ na-amaghị dị n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe nchịkọta ya ugbu a maliteziri igosipụta ọ''dịdị'' anya iru ala ya nke ọma n'ihi na a na-eji nlezianya pịa ha, chekwaa ha ma jiri ihe edeturu kọwaa ha gbasara mpaghara, ebe obibi na ọdịdị osisi. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ọ dị ka ọ dị ya hụrụ ụzọ ha gaa Kew, Zurich na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ ama ama dịka [[Harry Bolus]], John Medley Wood na Peter MacOwan. Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na nchịkọta ya ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile. Na Barberton, ọ ghọrọ enyi onye ọka iwu na-eto eto na onye na-achịkọta ihe ọkụkụ Douglas Gilfillan, ka e mesịrị ghọọ ọgọ ya nwoke site n'alụmdi na nwunye ha na ụmụnne nwanyị de Jongh. Galpin nwere ụfọdụ nchọpụta osisi ọhụrụ nke Marie Elizabeth de Jongh (nwa Countess Mimi von Schönnberg) sere ma lụọ ya n'afọ1892. O doro di ya hụ ndụ ịnọ n'èzí ya n'anya ma soro ya n'ọtụtụ njem ya. == Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị == N'afọ 1892, e zifere Galpin gaa na Queenstown, ebe ọ ga-anọ ruo mgbe ọ ga-ala ezumike nká n'afọ 1917. Ka ọ na-erule ugbu a, ihe atụ ebe nchekwa akụmakụ ya amụbaala ruo ihe dị ka otu puku na narị ise n'ọnụ ọgụgụ. O mere njem nchịkọta dị ukwuu gaa n'ugwu ndị dị na Eastern Cape, gụnyere Great Winterberg, Katberg, Stormberg na Andriesberg. N'afọ 1904, nwunye ya sonyeere ya na njem gaa n'ókè ala Basutoland ebe ha chịkọtara na gburugburu Ben MacDhui na Satsannasberg. N'afọ 1897, ọ malitere njem site na Port Elizabeth gaa Humansdorp, Knysna, George, Riversdale, Swellendam na Caledon, na-akwụsị na Cape Town. N'ebe a ka ọ nọrọ oge ụfọdụ na Bolus Herbarium. N'afọ 1905, ọ gara Rhodesia na British Association, na-achịkọta na Victoria Falls na Matopos. N'afọ 1907, ya na Prọfesọ HHW Pearson, ọ gara njem gaa South West Africa iji mụọ maka ''Welwitschia'', na-akwụsị na Port Nolloth, Lüderitz Bay, Swakopmund, Welwitsch Station ma na-eso Osimiri Swakop gaa Haikamkab. N'afọ 1910, ya na nwunye ya hapụrụ Lourenço Marques gaa [[Kenya]] na [[Uganda]], na-achịkọta na Ugwu Aberdare ma jiri ụdị osisi ''Lobelia'' ọhụrụ laghachi. Site n'afọ 1913 gaa n'ihu, o tinyekwuru ụdị ole na ole na nchịkọta ya, nke ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe dị ka puku iri na isii mgbe a na-erule afọ 1916 mgbe o nyefere nchịkọta ahụ dum n'aka National Herbarium dị na Pretoria. N'afọ 1917, ọ lara ezumike nká gaa n'ugbo ya Mosdene dị na Springbok Flats dị nso na Naboomspruit n'ebe ugwu Pretoria. N'ebe a ka o si nweta mmụọ ịmalite ịme nchịkọta ọzọ. N'ịgbaso nduzi nke Dr. I.B. Pole Evans, ọ malitere nnyocha akụmakụ siri ike nke ime obodo gbara ugbo ya gburugburu. N'agbanyeghị na ọ naghị ahụ ụzọ ofụma, nwa ya nwoke kụziiri ya ịkwọ ụgbọala, ha abụọ wee gaa njem site na Transkei na Eastern Cape. Nwunye ya rịara ajọ ọrịa nkụchi obi na Durban n'afọ 1933 mgbe ọ nọ na njem nlegharị anya n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Transvaal. Ọ bụ onye òtù na ndụ ya niile nke Linnean Society ma sonye na South African Association for the Advancement of Science otu afọ mgbe e guzobesịrị ya. A raara nchịkọta nke iri na atọ nke Flowering Plants of South Africa nye ya, Mahadum nke South Africa nyekwara ya nzere ọkankuzi. == Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara == * {{Cite journal|author=Galpin|first=Ernest E|title=A contribution to the knowledge of the flora of the Drakensberg|journal=Rep. S. Afr. Assoc. Adv. Sci.|volume=6|pages=209–229|date=1909}} * {{Cite book|publisher=Department of Agriculture|title=Botanical Survey of South Africa|author=Galpin|first=Ernest E|chapter=The native timber trees of the Springbok Flats|date=1925}} * "Botanical Survey of the Springbok Flats" ''Botanical Survey Memoir No.12'' (1927) * Biological notes on Boscia rehmanniana na Olea verrucosa". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 23: 255–258. 1935. doi:10.1080/00359193509518895. ya na EA Galpin (nwa ya nwoke) {{Cite journal|title=Biological Notes on ''Boscia rehmanniana'' and ''Olea verrucosa''|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa|volume=23|pages=255–258|year=1935|doi=10.1080/00359193509518895|first=Ernest E|author=Galpin}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Gerbera Park E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060712232432/http://www.sanbi.org/research/nationalherbhistory.htm Pretoria National Herbarium (PRE)] 19m13pjnhfq11yeuxfjwx75k4fs9scq 0 67214 674720 516762 2026-07-09T21:30:12Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674720 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rudolf Marloth.jpg|thumb|Rudolf Marloth]]   '''Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf Marloth''' (28 Disemba 1855 Lübben, Germany – 15 Mee 1931 Caledon, Cape Province) bụ onye German bụ ọkachamara n'ihe ọkụkụ, ọkachamara n'ọgwụ na kemistrị nyocha, onye a maara nke ọma maka akwụkwọ ya Flora nke South Africa nke pụtara na mpịakọta isii e sere nke ọma n'etiti 1913 na 1932. Onye dere ya bụ Marloth na-akọwapụta ihe ọkụkụ a mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka aha ihe ọkụkụ..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brummitt|first=R. K.|title=Authors of Plant Names|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|year=1992|isbn=1-84246-085-4}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === Marloth gụrụ ọgwụ na Lübben site na 1873-1876. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọgwụ dị iche iche na Germany na Switzerland, mgbe ahụ, ọ ruru eru dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na Mahadum Berlin. N'afọ 1883, e nyere ya nzere doctorate maka edemede ya "The protective mechanisms used by seeds against harmful agents". Ọ bịarutere Cape Town na 30 Disemba 1883 mgbe enyi ya ụlọ akwụkwọ nke biri ebe ahụ gbara ya ume ime otú ahụ. N'ime afọ mbụ ya n'ebe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Wentzel na Schleswig. Cape Town na Table Mountain masịrị ya wee malite ozugbo na nchịkọta osisi, n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ gara ebe ndị dị ka Klein Winterhoek, Du Toitskloof, Bainskloof na Sneeukop. N'oge a, ọ malitere azụmahịa nke ya na Cape Town. N'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka locum na Kimberley, o mere njem nchịkọta site na 1885-1886 gaa n'ógbè ndị gbara ya gburugburu dị ka Kuruman na Northern Cape na South West Africa ebe ọ gara Aus, Lüderitz Bay, Walvis Bay, Usakos, Ubib, Karibib, Otjimbingwe na Okahandja. O wepụtara ma kesaa usoro ihe atụ exsiccata austro-africana. <ref>{{Cite web|title='Exsiccata austro-africana: IndExs ExsiccataID=1160158848|work=IndExs – Index of Exsiccatae|publisher=Botanische Staatssammlung München|url=https://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/DatabaseClients/IndExs/Exsiccatae_IndExs_Details.jsp?ExsiccataID=1160158848|accessdate=22 August 2024}}</ref> Engler na ndị ọzọ nọ na Berlin dere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe atụ ya n'okpuru "Plantae Marlothiana". N'afọ 1888, ọ natara ọkwa na ngalaba Kemịstrị na Victoria College (nke mechara bụrụ Mahadum Stellenbosch); obere oge ka nke a gasịrị na 1889, ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ ma nọrọ n'ọkwa a ruo 1892. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kụziri nkuzi na Elsenburg Agricultural School ma n'otu oge ahụ rụọ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ na ọkachamara na kemistrị nyocha na Cape Town. === Ndụ e mesịrị === N'afọ 1891 ọ lụrụ Marian van Wyk nke Clanwilliam. N'ụbọchị ọ bịarutere na Cape Town, ọ rịgooro n'elu Table Mountain. N'ịbụ onye na-etinye oge dị ukwuu na botanising n'ugwu, ọ zutere òtù ndị na-arị ugwu ma keere òkè na ntọala nke Mountain Club nke South Africa na 1891, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche site na 1901-1906 ma nata baajị ọla edo ha na 1906. Ọ nọrọ oge na Groot Winterhoek Peak dị nso na Tulbagh, Michells Pass ma chịkọta na Stellenbosch, Knysna, Matroosberg na Jonkershoek n'etiti 1887 na 1896. N'oge a, ọ chọpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ọhụrụ na ụdị ọhụrụ na ''Gesneriaceae'' nke ọ kpọrọ ''Charadrophila'' Marl. N'afọ 1898, o zutere Andreas Schimper, onye a ma ama na ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na onye na-eme ihe gbasara ọdịdị ala, onye rutere n'ụgbọ mmiri "Valdivia". Ha abụọ gara njem nchịkọta na Montagu na Swartberg passes, wee gaa Knysna. Schimper nwụrụ na 1901 tupu e dee akụkọ ya, nke mere na a gwara Marloth ka o dee akụkọ gbasara ọdịdị ala nke Cape. N'oge ahụ, a kọwara "Cape" ka ọ jupụta n'akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndịda Afrịka. Iji dee akụkọ ahụ, Marloth chere na ọ dị mkpa ịga ogologo njem na Cederberg, Gifberg, Koue Bokkeveld, Swartruggens na Rhodesia. N'oge ọ gara South Africa na 1905, [[Florence, Lady Phillips|Lady Phillips]] nyere Rudolf Marloth ọrụ ime ''Flora nke South Africa'', nnukwu ọrụ e bipụtara na mpịakọta isii n'etiti 1913 na 1932. N'afọ 1917, e bipụtara Dictionary of the Common Names of Plants - nke a bụ mgbakwunye na ''Flora nke South Africa''. Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ Marloth bi bụ Cape Flowers at home (Darter, Cape Town, 1922), The Chemistry of South African Plants and Plant Products (Cape Chemical Society, Cape Town), 1913 ''Das Kapland:insonderheit das Reich der Kapflora, das Waldgebiet und die Karroo, pflanzengeographisch dargestellt'' (Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1908) na Stone-shaped Plants (Speciality Press, Cape Town. A gụrụ ụdị osisi abụọ na-agbasa okooko iji sọpụrụ ya, na 1912 ''Marlothiella'' si Namibia, nke sitere na ezinụlọ Apiaceae, <ref>{{Cite web|title=''Marlothiella gummifera'' H.Wolff {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844895-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=23 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> mgbe ahụ na 1928 ''Marlothistella'' si South Africa, nke sitere n'ezinụlọ Aizoaceae. <ref name="POWO">{{Cite web|title=''Marlothistella'' Schwantes {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:16246-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=27 May 2021|language=en}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa ụdị ''Aloe marlothii'' aha iji sọpụrụ Marloth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Aloe marlothii'' A.Berger {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:529640-1|work=Plants of the World Online|accessdate=23 October 2021|language=en}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa Marloth Park, otu obodo dị mkpa maka nchekwa ihe okike na ezumike na Mpumalanga aha ya bụ onye ọkachamara n'ihe ọkụkụ a ma ama, ewezuga Marloth Nature Reserve na Western Cape. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [[iarchive:floraofsouthafri01marl|Mpịakọta 1 nke 'Flora of South Africa' download]] * [http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1841 Marloth, Prọfesọ Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf. Biographical Database nke Southern African Science] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC&pg=PA244 Nnyocha Botanical Southern Africa] {{Authority control}} ikpx60wgzrtosm30bmffpjcbgstaxwj 0 67223 674725 516821 2026-07-09T21:39:11Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Trefor Jenkins00.jpg|thumb|Trefor Jenkins]] '''Trefor Jenkins''' (24 n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1932 - ụbọchị abụọ n'onwa Julaị n'afọ 2025) bụ onye South African human geneticist, amaara maka ọrụ ya na DNA. Ọ bụ dean nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Mahadum Witwatersrand. == Oge ọ malitere == Jenkins ruru eru na King's College na Westminster Hospital na London. Ọ bịara Afrịka dị ka onye ọrụ ahụike na Southern Rhodesia n'afọ 1960 ebe mbụ ọ zutere ọrịa sickle cell nke malitere mmasị ya na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. == Ọrụ == Jenkins nyere aka nke ukwuu na ihe ọmụma nke akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ndị mmadụ dị iche iche site na ọrụ ya na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mere eme nke ìgwè ọbara na DNA polymorphisms, nke nyeere aka ịkọwa mmalite nke ìgwè ụmụ amaala n'Afrika. Ọ mụtakwara ọrịa nkea bụ sickle cell anaemia na albinism na ọkwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ. O bipụtara ma rụkọọ ọrụ n'ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 300 na akwụkwọ abụọ. == Ụkpụrụ Omume Ọgwụ == Jenkins bụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ na-akụzi ọrụ nkuzi na Medical Ethics na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand ma nye aka dị ukwuu n'ọhịa a, ọkachasị na mmepụta ụkpụrụ nke Molecular Biology. Jenkins bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, ọ bụkwa [[Frances Ames|otu n'ime ndị dọkịta isii]], bụ ndị jụrụ ụkpụrụ omume nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na gọọmentị South Africa gara aga mgbe ọnwụ, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, nke Steve Biko, onye ndú Black Consciousness, n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1977. == Ndụ na ọnwụ == Jenkins lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ prọfesọ oge niile n'afọ 1997, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi na Mahadum Witwatersrand ma na-arụ ọrụ na Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assaf.co.za/awards.html|title=Academy of Science of South Africa|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624122650/http://www.assaf.co.za/awards.html|archivedate=24 June 2007}} Retrieved 8 June 2008.</ref> Jenkins bụ onye isi nke Ngalaba nke Human Genetics, School of Pathology, na South African Institute for Medical Research na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, n'etiti ọnwa June n'afọ 1975 na ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1998. Ọ bụ prọfesọ emeritus na onye nchọpụta prọfesụ na-asọpụrụ yana onye nkuzi na-asọ ùgwù na Biomethics. Jenkins nwụrụ n'ụbọchị abụọ n'onwa Julaị n'afọ 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 92. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Farewell to a pioneer in South African science – ASSAf|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/2025/07/07/farewell-to-a-pioneer-in-south-african-science/|accessdate=2025-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == == Hụkwa == == Edemsibịa == == Njikọ mpụga == 8n82qksbmo71z4xllv173tolej9idsk 0 67235 674738 540438 2026-07-09T21:54:54Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674738 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gloria Majiga-Kamoto at US Embassy in 2019 (sq cropped).jpg|thumb|Gloria Majiga-Kamoto]]   '''Gloria Majiga''' (amụrụ n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1991)bụ onye ọrụ obodo Malawi na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na-enye onyinye ọla edo nke 2021. <ref name="1R" /><ref name="2R" /> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gloria na Malawi Sera 1991. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Malawi na nke abụọ. Ọ na-ejide akara nzere bachelor site na Mahadum Malawi. O debanyela aha n'iwu nke usoro iwu iwu na Mahadum nke London, na agụmakwụkwọ site na Canon Colins Predutional & Iwu . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web|author=Canon Collins Trust|date=July 2021|title=Gloria Majiga: Biography|url=https://www.canoncollins.org/people/gloria-majiga-kamoto/|accessdate=5 July 2021|work=Canon Collins Educational & Legal Assistance Trust}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mmezu nke omumu ihe omumu ya, goro site na etiti maka iwu gburugburu ya na nnabata ebe obibi nke di na nwunye na limi, onye isi obodo Malawi..<ref name="4R" /> E mere ya onye na-ahụ maka "Sustainable Agriculture Lead Farmer Project" nke gụnyere mmemme "pass-on" maka ewu na anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ. Ihe omume ahụ nyere otu onye ọrụ ugbo ewu nwanyị. Mgbe nwanyị ahụ mụrụ nwa, onye ọrụ ugbo ahụ ga-enyefe ewu ahụ na onye ọrụ ugbe ọzọ na ihe ndị ọzọ, ruo mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo niile nọ n'ìgwè ahụ nwere ewu.<ref name="4R"/> Agbanyeghị, mmemme ahụ anaghị aga n'ihu dịka atụmatụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ugbo ahụ tụfuru ewu ha n'ihi na ha riri [[Mmetọ plastik|ihe mkpofu plastik]] gbasasịrị gburugburu ime obodo Malawi wee nwụọ site na mgbochi eriri afọ n'ihi ya.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/malawi-majiga-receives-goldman-prize-for-her-commitment-against-plastic/|title=Malawi: Majiga receives Goldman Prize for her commitment against plastic|work=Afrik21.africa|date=25 June 2021|author=Inès Magoum|accessdate=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="4R"/> == Mgbalị == Malawi nwere n'akwụkwọ ya iwu e wepụtara na 2015, nke machibidoro mbubata, imepụta na nkesa nke plastik a na-eji otu ugboro. Agbanyeghị, a naghị etinye iwu ahụ n'ọrụ. Mgbalị Gloria na ndị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ibe ya mere iji nwee mkparịta ụka obodo na ndị na-emepụta plastik na Malawi jụrụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, ndị na-emepụta plastik na Malawi na-emepụta tọn plastik 75,000 kwa afọ. N'ime nke a, pasent 80 bụ otu ihe eji eme ihe, nke siri ike imegharị. Ihe mkpofu plastik na-ekpuchi ụzọ mmiri ma mgbe anụ ụlọ riri ya, ọ na-egbu ụfọdụ anụmanụ.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R">{{Cite web|work=[[Quartz Africa]]|url=https://qz.com/africa/2022249/goldman-winner-gloria-majiga-kamoto-and-malawis-plastic-problem/|title=How goats helped a Malawian activist win a ban on single-use plastics|date=22 June 2021|author=Tim McDonnell|accessdate=5 July 2021}}</ref> Njikọ nke ndị na-emepụta plastik gbara gọọmentị akwụkwọ, na-agbagha mmachibido iwu nke plastik a na-eji otu ugboro. Ha meriri n'ụlọ ikpe ndị dị ala mana a rịọrọ ikpe ahụ n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke mba ahụ. Gloria na ndị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ibe ya haziri ngagharị iwe ọha na eze iji mee ka "nsogbu plastik" dị na mba ahụ pụta ìhè. Nnyocha nke gọọmentị Malawi nyere iwu, dere na mba ahụ na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu plastik maka onye ọ bụla, karịa mba ọ bụla ọzọ dị na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref name="1R"/><ref name="4R"/> N'ime afọ ise, ikpe ụlọ ikpe ahụ gara n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Malawi. N'ọnwa Julaị 2019, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kpebiri na mmepụta, ahịa, ire na ojiji nke plastik a na-eji eme ihe otu (60 microns ma ọ bụ obere) bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na Malawi. Kemgbe afọ 2019, emechiela ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe atọ ma mechie nke anọ.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web|work=[[Cable News Network]]|date=15 June 2021|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/15/africa/malawi-landscape-plastic-pollution-cmd-intl/index.html|title=Malawi's landscape is clogged with plastic waste that could linger for 100 years. One woman has taken on plastic companies and won|author=Nimi Princewill|accessdate=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="4R"/> N'afọ 2022, a kọrọ na o jiri ụfọdụ n'ime ego mmeri o nwetara mee ihe iji hazie mkpocha obodo na Blantyre, Malawi. Ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi buuru ihe mkpofu plastik ha buuru gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta plastik na mgbasa ozi.<ref name="WhatR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/08/29/1119941550/whatever-happened-to-the-malawian-anti-plastic-activist-inspired-by-goats|work=[[National Public Radio]]|title=Whatever happened to the Malawian anti-plastic activist inspired by goats?|date=29 August 2022|author=Julia Simon|accessdate=9 January 2025}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == Gloria Majiga bụ nne nwere otu nwa nwoke.<ref name="FamR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/06/23/1009081734/she-owes-her-big-environmental-prize-to-goats-eating-plastic-bags|title=Goats and Soda: She Owes Her Big Environmental Prize To Goats Eating Plastic Bags|work=[[National Public Radio]]|date=23 June 2023|author=Julia Simon|accessdate=20 September 2023}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Thai Van Nguyen * Kimiko Hirata * Maida Bilal * Sharon Lavigne == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210730050519/https://africabriefing.org/2021/06/goldman-prize-2021-gloria-majiga-kamoto-battled-against-single-use-plastic-in-malawi-and-won/ Goldman Prize 2021: Gloria Majiga-Kamoto lụrụ ọgụ megide otu plastik eji eme ihe na Malawi wee merie] Archived Wayback Machine As of 15 June 2021. * [https://www.goldmanprize.org/pressroom/2021-press-resources/ Ndị mmeri nke Goldman Environmental Prize na 2021] E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fl35e9mxngjtw72sk7p301peurn78op 0 67236 674740 580069 2026-07-09T21:56:37Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674740 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Chikondi Chabvuti.jpg|thumb|Chikondi Chabvuti]]   '''Chikondi Chabvuta''' bụ onye ikpe ziri ezi na ihu igwe na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị si [[Malawi]]. <ref name="zprofile" /> Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa na nyocha ọrụ ugbo na mmepe (onyinye) ibe ya na ndịda African Admisor Admisor na International . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://conrema.org/2021/12/15/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2025-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Chabvuu ma bulie ya na Malawi, o nwetara B.SC na sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Malawi, ọ nwetakwara akara ngosi nna ya ukwu na sayensị gburugburu. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ndị isi African na-eme atụmatụ (yali) na mbụ. A ghọtara ya dị ka nwa agbọghọ Africa maka mmepe na-eduzi ndu site na nduzi Mormi na-eduzi na mmepe (Milead) .<ref name=":1" /><ref name="y904">{{Cite web|title=African women in Agricultural Research and Development|url=https://awardfellowships.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Chabvuta_Precious.pdf|accessdate=2025-09-12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Chabvuta bụ onye ndụmọdụ na-ahụ maka nkwado nke mpaghara Southern Africa na CARE International. Tupu nke a, ọ rụrụ Ọrụ na Gender Justice na Climate Change maka ActionAid na ndị ọrụ ugbo Union nke Malawi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Somanje|first=Caroline|date=2021-12-11|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ kwupụtara banyere ikpe ziri ezi na ọnọdụ nwoke na nwanyị <ref name="zprofile">{{Cite web|author=Vetter|first=David|title=Fair COP? The African Women Showing Why Gender Justice Equals Climate Justice|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/11/09/fair-cop-the-african-women-showing-why-gender-justice-equals-climate-justice/|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> gụnyere na 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) na Glasgow, <ref name="zprofile" /> ebe ọ kọọrọ ahụmahụ ya nke ịrụ ọrụ na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọrụ ugbo na Malawi ndị na-eche ọtụtụ ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike na-emetụta ndụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Climate Action Network International|date=10 November 2021|title=With four days to go at COP 26, civil society raises concerns over weak proposals on the table|url=https://climatenetwork.org/2021/11/10/with-four-days-to-go-at-cop26-civil-society-raises-concerns-over-weak-proposals-on-the-table-as-gap-widens-between-words-and-actions-2/|accessdate=28 October 2022}}</ref> Tupu ọ gaa COP26 ọ nọ na [[Zimbabwe]] na-ahụ otú Cyclone Idai si gbuo ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,300.<ref name="zprofile" /> N'afọ 2022 ọ na-akọ banyere idei mmiri na mba ya nke gburu mmadụ iri asatọ nke Oké Ifufe Tropical Ana kpatara na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ ka na-agbake site na ajọ ifufe Idai.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gerretsen|first=Isabelle|date=2022-02-01|title=Storm Ana's devastation in southern Africa highlights need for early warnings|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/02/01/storm-anas-devastation-southern-africa-highlights-need-early-warnings/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=Climate Home News|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere okwu ihu igwe nke The Guardian, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=World's poorest bear brunt of climate crisis: 10 underreported emergencies|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jan/14/worlds-poorest-bear-brunt-of-climate-crisis-10-underreported-emergencies|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The Washington Post <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kaplan|first=Sarah|date=28 February 2022|title=Humanity has a 'brief and rapidly closing window' to avoid a hotter, deadly future, U.N. climate report says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/02/28/ipcc-united-nations-climate-change-adaptation/|accessdate=28 October 2022}}</ref> na iNews. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ali|first=Taz|date=2022-01-13|title=Stories on Meghan and J-Lo dwarf coverage of humanitarian crises in Africa, says charity|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/humanitarian-crises-2021-little-media-attention-new-report-neglected-1395921|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=inews.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> The New Statesman hotara nkụda mmụọ ya na njedebe nke COP26 mgbe ọ chọpụtara na mba ahụ na-anwa imebi ederede ikpeazụ e kwekọrịtara iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nuttall|first=Philippa|date=2021-11-13|title="We have been cheated again": Why developing nations feel silenced at Cop26|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/environment/cop26/2021/11/we-have-been-cheated-again-why-developing-nations-feel-silenced-at-cop26|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=New Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gara ọtụtụ fellowships, ntụziaka, mmemme na onye otu maka African Women in Agricultural Research and Development . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Somanje|first=Caroline|date=2021-12-11|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSomanje2021">Somanje, Caroline (2021-12-11). [https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/ "Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast"]. ''The Nation Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Chabvuta bi na Malawi ma lụọ ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Somanje|first=Caroline|date=2021-12-11|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2022-10-28|work=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSomanje2021">Somanje, Caroline (2021-12-11). [https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/ "Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast"]. ''The Nation Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na Mmekọrịta == * African Women in Agricultural Research & Development (AWARD) fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-13|title=Chikondi Precious Chabvuta {{!}} AWARD|url=https://awardfellowships.org/award_fellows/chikondi-precious-chabvuta/|accessdate=2025-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> * Moremi Initiative Leadership Empowerment and Development (Milead) fellowship. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Nation|date=2021-12-11|title=Chikondi Chabvuta: Climate Change enthusiast|url=https://mwnation.com/chikondi-chabvuta-climate-change-enthusiast/|accessdate=2025-09-12|work=Nation Online|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=moremiinitiative.org|url=https://moremiinitiative.org/|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=Moremi Initiative; The Moremi Initiative Leadership Empowerment and Development (MILEAD) Program Award}}</ref> <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chabvuta, Chikondi}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fx9g2h5ha24ns9r1rs2zclvj48q9j9g 0 67244 674554 623316 2026-07-09T13:35:26Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Joshua Amponsem at Sustainable Development Impact Summit 2021.png|thumb|200x200px|Joshua Amponsem ]]   '''Joshua Amponsem''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1991) bụ onye na-akwado [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] na Ghana na onye guzobere Green Africa Youth Organization (GAYO).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Suzuki|first=Mayumi|date=2021-07-28|title=In Ghana, two young men are shaping climate justice for the Global South|url=https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/53751/in-ghana-two-young-men-are-changing-what-climate-justice-looks-like-in-the-global-south/|accessdate=2023-04-29|work=Landscape News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Joshua Amponsem Climate Lead|url=https://www.bloomberg.org/united-nations-climate-action-race-to-zero-and-resilience-forum/joshua-amponsem/|work=[[Bloomberg Philanthropies]]|accessdate=3 November 2022|archivedate=23 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023104750/https://www.bloomberg.org/united-nations-climate-action-race-to-zero-and-resilience-forum/joshua-amponsem/}}</ref>Ọ bụ ya bụ ọkachamara na ihu igwe na ụlọ ọrụ nke odeakwụkwọ ozi netnen na ndị ntorobịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 March 2021|title=Climate and Health: Empowering Women and Youth to Drive Climate Solutions|url=https://ahaic.org/2021/speaker/joshua-amponsem/|work=AHAIC|accessdate=11 November 2025|archivedate=1 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201182909/https://ahaic.org/2021/speaker/joshua-amponsem/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adapt for our Future|url=https://gca.org/reports/adapt-for-our-future-youth-and-climate-change-adaptation/|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=Global Center on Adaptation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2020|title=International Youth Day: engaging youth for climate action|url=https://ehs.unu.edu/news/news/international-youth-day-engaging-youth-for-climate-action.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925105325/https://ehs.unu.edu/news/news/international-youth-day-engaging-youth-for-climate-action.html|archivedate=25 September 2020|work=UNU-EHS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sato|first=Mayumi|date=29 July 2021|title=In Ghana, two young men are changing what climate justice looks like in the Global South|work=Landscape News|url=https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/53751/in-ghana-two-young-men-are-changing-what-climate-justice-looks-like-in-the-global-south/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 January 2021|title=Climate activist Joshua Amponsem urges world leaders to prioritize climate adaptation|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Climate-activist-Joshua-Amponsem-urges-world-leaders-to-prioritize-climate-adaptation-1164577|work=GhanaWeb}}</ref> Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na [[Climate action|Omume ihu igwe]], [[Akụ na ụba okirikiri|akụ na ụba gburugburu]] na Mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Erdiaw-Kwasie|first=Michael Odei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUPSEAAAQBAJ&dq=joshua+amponsem&pg=PA641|title=Circular Economy Strategies and the UN Sustainable Development Goals|date=2023-08-21|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-99-3083-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2021|title=Youth4ClimateLive Episode 8: Driving Adaptation and Resilience|url=https://www.unep.org/events/online-event/youth4climatelive-episode-8-driving-adaptation-and-resilience|work=UNEP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Joshua Amponsem|url=https://www.bloomberg.org/united-nations-climate-action-race-to-zero-and-resilience-forum/joshua-amponsem/|accessdate=2023-01-20|work=Bloomberg Philanthropies|language=en-US|archivedate=23 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023104750/https://www.bloomberg.org/united-nations-climate-action-race-to-zero-and-resilience-forum/joshua-amponsem/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecology versus economy in Ghana – DW – 07/27/2017|url=https://www.dw.com/en/ecology-versus-economy-in-ghana/a-39853669|accessdate=2023-04-29|work=dw.com|language=en}}</ref> O nyela aka na mbipụta sayensị gbasara njikwa ihe mkpofu, resilience na akwụkwọ na-adịbeghị anya gbasara Global Warming na James Hansen.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=James E.|author=Hansen|date=2025-01-02|title=Global Warming Has Accelerated: Are the United Nations and the Public Well-Informed?|journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development|volume=67|issue=1|pages=6–44|doi=10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494|issn=0013-9157}}</ref> A maara ya maka Okwu TED ya banyere enweghị nhata nke ọrụ ihu igwe na otu esi edozi ya. == Nkwado ihu igwe == Amponsem malitere nkwado ihu igwe na 2014 dị ka nwa akwụkwọ Bachelor na [[University of cape coast|Mahadum nke Cape Coast]] ebe mbụ ọ mụtara banyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNFCCC - COP26|url=https://unfccc-cop26.streamworld.de/webcast/futures-lab-just-climate-action-the-great-recovery|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=unfccc-cop26.streamworld.de|archivedate=11 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030930/https://unfccc-cop26.streamworld.de/webcast/futures-lab-just-climate-action-the-great-recovery}}</ref> Amponsem sonyeere [[Ghana Youth Environmental Movement]] iji kwado maka ike ọhụrụ na Accra.<ref>{{Cite web|author=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2015-12-14|title=Climate: Ghanaian activists demand an end to coal|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/12/climate-ghanaian-activists-demand-an-end-to-coal-2/|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=UNEP|first=Samsung Engineering and|title=Earth Day in Ghana - No Coal Our Goal. - Ambassador report - Our Actions - Tunza Eco Generation|url=https://tunza.eco-generation.org/ambassadorReportView.jsp?viewID=37942|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=tunza.eco-generation.org|language=en}}</ref>Ọ hiwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Africa dị ka onye na-amụ ihe iji nye ngwọta ihu igwe. Ihe kpaliri ya bụ "ntụgharị mkparịta ụka na klaasị ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngwọta maka obodo".<ref name=":0" /> Amponsem so dee akwụkwọ, The Power of the Feminine: Facing Shadow Evoking Light . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gender Equality and Mitigating Climate Change|url=https://www.voicesofyouth.org/blog/gender-equality-and-mitigating-climate-change|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=Voices of Youth|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211030930/https://www.voicesofyouth.org/blog/gender-equality-and-mitigating-climate-change}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, ọ gara nzukọ Kọmitii Nkwekọrịta [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]] wee malite ịkwado ego ihu igwe maka obodo ndị dị n'ihu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Asamoah-Gyadu|first=Griselda|date=2022-04-26|title=Joshua Amponsem: Championing Climate Action from Cape Coast to COP26|url=https://medium.com/ecothusiasm/joshua-amponsem-championing-climate-action-from-cape-coast-to-cop26-50ca2027d775|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=Ecothusiasm|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Virtual workshop: Youth engagement to enhance adaptation action|url=http://tep-a.org/technical-expert-meetings-on-adaptation/technical-expert-meeting-on-adaptation-2020/virtual-workshop-youth-engagement-to-enhance-adaptation-action/|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=UNFCCC TEP-A|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Derler|first=Zak|date=2022-02-09|title=How African youth are helping to define climate adaptation|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/02/09/african-youth-helping-define-climate-adaptation/|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=Climate Home News|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209123535/https://www.climatechangenews.com/2022/02/09/african-youth-helping-define-climate-adaptation/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Climate Change on TikTok|url=https://www.tiktok.com/@unclimatechange/video/7029359789217975558|accessdate=2022-12-11|work=TikTok|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e mere == Ọ bụ onye na-eme mgbanwe na Global Center on Adaptation (GCA) kemgbe afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2020|title=Global Center for Adaptation (GCA): high-level speakers call for a strong and efficient partnership for the adaptation of the African continent in the face of climate change|url=https://www.alwihdainfo.com/Centre-mondial-pour-l-adaptation-GCA-des-intervenants-de-haut-niveau-reclament-un-partenariat-fort-et-efficient-pour-l_a93888.html|work=Alwihda Info}}</ref> Ọ bụ olu maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na òtù ndị ntorobịa ihu igwe nke mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=25 September 2021|title=Ghana launches Youth Climate Council|work=Africa Climate Reports|url=https://africaclimatereports.org/2021/09/ghana-launches-youth-climate-council/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=27 July 2017|title=Ecology versus economy in Ghana|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=https://www.dw.com/en/ecology-versus-economy-in-ghana/a-39853669}}</ref> Ọ na-aga ihe omume UN dị mkpa dị ka ọkà okwu iji kwurịta mkpa ndị ntorobịa sonyere na omume ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Climate Change Conference – December 2019|url=https://unfccc.int/conference/un-climate-change-conference-december-2019|work=UNFCCC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Youth, community and green jobs in the developing world|url=https://snv.org/update/youth-community-and-green-jobs-developing-world|work=SNV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 July 2020|title=Virtual workshop: Youth engagement to enhance adaptation action|url=http://tep-a.org/technical-expert-meetings-on-adaptation/technical-expert-meeting-on-adaptation-2020/virtual-workshop-youth-engagement-to-enhance-adaptation-action/|work=UNFCCC TEP-A}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkàikpe nke Afri-Plastics Challenge initiative ebe ọ kpọrọ oku maka itinye ego na njikwa ihe mkpofu iji dozie mmetọ plastik.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bellefeuille|first=Lauren|date=22 September 2021|title=Afri-Plastics Challenge: Meet Our Judges|url=https://afri-plastics.challenges.org/blog/afri-plastics-challenge-meet-our-judges/|work=Afri-Plastics Challenge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Cheam|first=Jessica|date=1 June 2022|title=The Global Plastics Treaty: We need speed, standards, scale and teeth|url=https://www.eco-business.com/opinion/the-global-plastics-treaty-we-need-speed-standards-scale-and-teeth/|work=Eco-Business.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Waruru|first=Maina|date=1 March 2022|title=UNEA 5.2: UN assembly to come up with an agreement on plastic pollution|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/unea-5-2-un-assembly-to-come-up-with-an-agreement-on-plastic-pollution-81747|work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 March 2022|title=Africa's rural communities will be hardest hit by plastic pollution|url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/africas-rural-communities-will-be-hardest-hit-by-plastic-pollution/|work=EnviroNews Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 January 2017|title=Should Ghana ban plastic?|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=https://www.dw.com/en/should-ghana-ban-plastic/a-37122891}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://greenafricayouth.com/ Green Africa Youth Organization (GAYO)] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d7lo9l16fii4o32jmxaqb3un1p56h38 0 67251 674729 516879 2026-07-09T21:41:47Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Vanessa Berhe in 2015.jpg|thumb|Vanessa Tsehaye]]   '''Vanessa Tsehaye''' (nke bụbu '''Vanessa Berhe''') bụ onye Sweden-[[Eritrea]] na-ahụ maka [[Ikike mmadụ|Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ]]. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Vanessa Tsehaye n'afọ 1996 site n'aka nne na nna ya bụ ndị Eritrea na mba Sweden, ebe o toro. N'afọ 2001, a gwara Tsehaye banyere njide nke nwanne nna ya Seyoum Tsehaye, onye bụbu onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn ọha na eze Eri-TV. Tsehaye kọwara na njide ahụ na-eju ya anya. Ọ malitere ịnakọta ego na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, na-enwe olileanya ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ụgbọ elu nnapụta na Eritrea. Ihe ndị a mere ka ọ nwee mmasị n'ịkwado ikike mmadụ nke Eritrea. === Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ọrụ === Vanessa gụsịrị akwụkwọ na iwu na Mahadum SOAS nke London c.2019. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka na-emepụta ihe maka The Listening Post site ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2018 ruo n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2020. == Ịgba mbọ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ == N'afọ 2013, Tsehaye malitere mkpọsa One Day Seyoum iji hụ na ikike mmadụ na Eritrea, na ịtọhapụ ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Eritrea, gụnyere Sehoum; ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa. Tsehaye kọwara ebumnuche nke mkpọsa ya, na-ekwu,   Mgbasa ozi a malitere ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma kemgbe afọ 2018, mgbe e mechara nzukọ udo nke Eritrea na Ethiopia. N'afọ 2021, o hiwere 2001 Magazine iji dee akụkọ ndụ na Eritrea. === Nkwado === N'afọ 2019, ''Asmarino'' kọwara Tsehaye dị ka "otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ a ma ama Eritrea. " Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2021, Tsehaye bụ onye na-eme mkpọsa nke Amnesty International maka Horn of Africa. == Echiche == Tsehaye akpọọla (ab) iji okwu postcolonial mee ihe iji gbochie nkatọ na Eritrea. N'ọnwa febụwarị n'afọ 2021, Tsehaye megidere igbochi ohere enyemaka mmadụ n'Agha Tigray, na-arụ ụka na ọchịchị na-ebelata ụfọdụ arịrịọ ma na-ajụ ndị ọzọ, na-emebi iwu mba ụwa maka ọdịmma mmadụ. O kwuru na mgbochi nkwukọrịta mere ka o siere ndị mmadụ ike ilekwasị anya n'agha ahụ. N'afọ 2018, Tsehaye jụrụ iji Agha Eritrea-Ethiopia nke 1998-2000 mee ihe dị ka "ezi ihe maka ịgbanwe [Eritrea] ka ọ bụrụ ọchịchị aka ike". Ọ jụrụ ije ozi agha Eritrea na-enweghị njedebe, ndina n'ike, ịta ahụhụ na mpụ ndị ọzọ, na Nzukọ Mba na-akpọghị kemgbe afọ 2002, na itinyeghị n'ọrụ Iwu Eritrea na ijide n'enweghị ikpe. == Edemsibịa == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] liwry5f0uwj5uf98o7pzq02tgxjmosh 0 67258 674726 516918 2026-07-09T21:40:22Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674726 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Phyllis Omido, 2014 (cropped).JPG|thumb|Phyllis Omido]]   Phyllis Omido (onye amụrụ Phyllis Indiatsi Omido c. 1978), <ref name="philip" />. A kpọrọ ya "Erin Brockovich nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka", bụ onye Kenya na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ so n'ime mmadụ isii e nyere onyinye Goldman Environmental Prize na 2015.. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/apr/20/east-african-erin-brockovich-wins-prize-for-closing-polluting-lead-smelter|title='East African Erin Brockovich' wins prize for closing polluting lead smelter|first=Fred|author=Pearce|work=the Guardian|date=20 April 2015|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> A maara ya maka ịhazi ngagharị iwe megide ụlọ ọrụ na-ịgbaze anwụrụ dị n'etiti [[Owino Uhuru]], ogige dị nso na Mombasa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-akpata nsị anwụrụ site n'ibuli ihe dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-egbu ndị bi na ya, ọkachasị ụmụaka, ma na-emerụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nwa ya. E mechiri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theburtonwire.com/2014/07/08/culture/meet-phyllis-omido-kenyas-erin-brokovich/|title=Meet Phyllis Omido: Kenya's 'Erin Brokovich'|work=The Burton Wire|accessdate=23 April 2015|archivedate=12 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100507/http://theburtonwire.com/2014/07/08/culture/meet-phyllis-omido-kenyas-erin-brokovich/}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ọ bụ onye guzobere Centre for Justice, Governance and Environmental Action (CJGEA). <ref name="philip">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philsinfo.com/component/content/article/50-cat2/4010-kenyas-phyllis-omido-bags-goldman-environmental-prize.html|title=Kenya's Phyllis Omido bags Goldman Environmental Prize|author=Philip|work=philsinfo.com}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Phyllis Omido n'obodo Kidinye, nke dị na Vihiga County, nye Margaret Omido na Alfred Omido. O nwere ụmụnne nwoke abụọ na otu nwanne nwanyị, nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye bụ George Mukutu, naanị nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Susan Monyani Kasuki, ebe nwanne ya nwoke nke kacha nta bụ Silas Enane. Omido bụ nne na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye nke nwere ụmụ abụọ aha ha bụ Kingdavid Jeremiah Indiatsi <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.takepart.com/feature/2015/04/20/phyllis-omido-goldman-environmental-prize|title=The Single Mom Who Shut Down a Toxic Plant Readies for Round Two: Making Them Pay|work=TakePart|accessdate=2017-12-20|language=en}}</ref> na Margaret Esma Ehwa <ref>{{Cite web|author=NATION|first=AFRICA|date=22 February 2019|title=Mother stages protest outside Mombasa hospital over 'huge' bill-Kenya|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/mombasa/mother-stages-protest-outside-mombasa-hospital-over-huge-bill-141204?view=htmlamp|accessdate=2022-02-24|work=nation.africa|archivedate=17 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417065057/https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/mombasa/mother-stages-protest-outside-mombasa-hospital-over-huge-bill-141204?view=htmlamp}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ Business Administration na Mahadum Nairobi ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na Kenya ihe karịrị afọ 15. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforjgea.com/profile/miss-phyllis-omido|title=Miss Phyllis Omido|work=centerforjgea.com|accessdate=24 April 2015|archivedate=5 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805170223/https://centerforjgea.com/profile/miss-phyllis-omido}}</ref> == Mgbalị == === Nzukọ megide ụlọ ọrụ na-agbaze agbaze === Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere ọrụ na 2009 na Owino Uhuru. Ọ zọpụtara ntu site na batrị ụgbọ ala ochie. Nsonaazụ nke usoro ahụ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ nke a tọhapụrụ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọzọkwa, a naghị edozi mmiri mkpofu acid ma hapụ ya n'iyi ndị bi na ya na-asa ahụ. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ebe ahụ dịka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta obodo, Omido nyere iwu ka a nyochaa mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIA). Ihe ndị a chọpụtara gosiri na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ewepụta lead n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta obodo, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka onye na-agbaze ihe mechie ma mepee ebe ọzọ. Ndị isi ya ekwenyeghị ma nye ya ọrụ ọzọ, kpọta onye ndụmọdụ ọzọ ka ọ rụchaa EIA. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ebe a na-agbaze ihe, nwa Omido dara ọrịa. Ọ kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Na mbụ, ha chere na ọ bụ typhoid ma ọ bụ ịba, mana e kpebiri na ọ bụ nsị na-ebute isi. O kwubiri na ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ sitere na ebe a na-agbaze ihe. Ọ họọrọ ụmụaka atọ, na mberede ma nye ha nyocha ọbara. Onye ọ bụla nwere ọkwa nke na-eduga nke dị n'elu ọkwa dị nchebe dịka ụkpụrụ US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention setịpụrụ. Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya wee malite mkpọsa ya iji mechie ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 2012, ndị ikom ji égbè wakporo Omido, ya na nwa ya nwoke, n'èzí ụlọ ya mana ha jisiri ike gbapụ. Mgbe ọ na-enwetaghị nsonaazụ site n'aka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị iji mechie ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ haziri ngagharị iwe. E jidere ya na ndị otu CJGEA 16 ndị ọzọ mgbe ha na-agba mbọ megide ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu. A wakporo ụlọ ọrụ CJGEA ma weghara akwụkwọ na kọmputa. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị otu abalị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, e boro ya ebubo "ịkpali ime ihe ike" na nzukọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Mgbe ogologo oge nke ikpe gasịrị, onye ọka ikpe jụrụ ikpe ahụ n'okpuru ngalaba 210. Onye majie kwuru na ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ime iwu. O wee malite inweta enyemaka site n'aka Human Rights Watch na otu ndị ọzọ. O zutere onye nnọchiteanya pụrụ iche nke United Nations gbasara ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu. Nke a mere ka ndị omeiwu Kenya bịa n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ịtụle ihe ndị a na-ekwu. Emechiri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Jenụwarị 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saharatribune.com/kenyan-environmental-activist-phyllis-omido-wins-the-prestigious-goldman-prize/|title=Sahara Tribune » Kenyan environmental activist Phyllis Omido wins the prestigious Goldman prize|work=Sahara Tribune|accessdate=24 April 2015|archivedate=30 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530223439/http://saharatribune.com/kenyan-environmental-activist-phyllis-omido-wins-the-prestigious-goldman-prize/}}</ref> === Ụlọ Ọrụ Ikpe Ziri Ezi, Gọọmentị na Ọrụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi === N'afọ 2009, Omido guzobere The Centre for Justice, Governance and Environmental Action (CJGEA). E debara aha ya na Kilifi County ma dabere na Mombasa, e guzobere nzukọ ahụ iji dozie nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị dị nso na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ Kenya. N'ime nke a, CJGEA etinyewokwa aka na idozi nsogbu ndị ọzọ, dị ka ọchịchị, mgbanwe iwu, na ikike mmadụ. Ihe omume ndị nzukọ ahụ na-enye bụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi, ime ihe ike na ikike mmadụ, enyemaka iwu, na agụmakwụkwọ. CJGEA na Human Rights Watch jikọrọ aka na imepụta ihe nkiri gbasara nsị obodo site na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu. Ọ ga-elekwasị anya na okwu ọnwụ na ahụike, yana ntaramahụhụ na nleghara anya maka gburugburu ebe obibi na iwu iwu nke ndị omekome mere. E wepụtara ihe nkiri a na June 24, 2014 iji dakọọ na Mgbakọ UN mbụ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke emere na Nairobi. === Ọrụ ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya === N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2013, na-anọchite anya CJGEA, Omido gara nzukọ ndụmọdụ nke United Nations Environment Programme gbasara ikike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke United Nations Development Program kwadoro. N'afọ 2013, Omido nọchitere anya HRDs nke Kenya na Risk na Dublin, Ireland. N'afọ 2014, ọ gara Geneva, Switzerland ịga nzukọ Universal Rights Group Consultative Forum for Environmental Human Rights Defenders. Site na Septemba 5 ruo 7, 2014, ọ gara 3rd United Nations Institute for Training and Research-Yale Conference on Environmental Governance and Democracy na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], New Haven, Connecticut. Na Septemba 23, 2014, ọ nọ na [http://www.kios.fi KIOS], nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ nke mba Finland. Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-agba gọọmentị ume. N'afọ 2014, e weghachiri ụlọ ọrụ atọ na-emepụta ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu n'ebe ndị dara ogbenye, obodo ukwu n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Mombasa. == Onyinye == Omido bụ otu n'ime mmadụ isii natara onyinye Goldman Environmental Prize nke afọ 2015. Ihe nrite ahụ bụ nke kachasị n'ụwa maka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nke ihe kpatara ya bụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ natara ihe nrite tinyere ego nrite nke US $ 175,000 ma ọ bụ 5.7 nde Kenya Shillings. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/counties/mombasa/Owino-Uhuru-lead-poisoning-activist-to-court/-/1954178/2706768/-/32y0qlz/-/index.html|title=Activist to sue factory over Owino Uhuru lead poisoning|work=Daily Nation|accessdate=2017-11-23|language=en-UK}}</ref> Omido nọ na ndepụta nke BBC's 100 Women mara ọkwa na 23 Nọvemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-23|title=BBC 100 Women 2020: Who is on the list this year?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-55042935|accessdate=2020-11-23}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a gụnyere ya na Time 100, ndepụta Time ''''Oge'''' 100 ndị nwere mmetụta kachasị n'ụwa kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Calma|first=Justine|date=September 15, 2021|title=These climate stars are among the world's most 'influential' people|url=https://www.theverge.com/22675853/climate-change-stars-time-influential-people-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111040416/https://www.theverge.com/22675853/climate-change-stars-time-influential-people-2021|archivedate=11 November 2021|accessdate=November 11, 2021|work=[[The Verge]]|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ ọ nwetara n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ bụ: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Ihe nrite |- |'''2018''' |Onye mmeri gburugburu ebe obibi nke Mombasa County |- |'''2018''' |Italian Bar Association Nwanyị nwere obi ike na onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Bar |- |'''2020''' |Ihe nrite Ethecon Blue Planet.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cece|first=Siago|date=2020-09-24|title=Kenya: Fight to Expose Lead Poisoning Pays Off for Whistle-Blower|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202009240307.html|accessdate=2022-02-24|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|archivedate=24 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224182053/https://allafrica.com/stories/202009240307.html}}</ref> |} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://centerforjgea.com/ Centre for Justice, Governance and Environmental Action (CJGEA)] {{authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 38aqo99gcx7dd4s2y8yg1692lyiybxw 0 67263 674724 537900 2026-07-09T21:37:27Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Richard Leakey (1986).jpg|thumb|Richard Leakey]]   Richard Erskine Frere Leakey FRS <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pilbeam|first=David|date=2025|title=Richard Erskine Frere Leakey. 19 December 1944—2 January 2022|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=78|pages=235–260|doi=10.1098/rsbm.2024.0040}}</ref> (19 Disemba 1944 - 2 Jenụwarị 2022) bụ onye Kenya paleoanthropologist, onye na-echekwa ihe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Anthony|date=2022-01-03|title=Richard Leakey obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jan/03/richard-leakey-obituary|accessdate=2023-04-29}}</ref> Leakey nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị na Kenya, ọkachasị na ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe ochie na nchekwa anụ ọhịa. Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke National Museum of Kenya. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/People-Lake-Richard-Leakey/dp/B003L1T52E|title=People of the Lake|date=January 1978|publisher=Anchor Press/Doubleday|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> Leakey jere ozi n'ọfịs dị ike nke odeakwụkwọ na onye isi ọrụ ọha na eze n'oge ọchịchị onye isi ala Daniel Toroitich Arap Moi. Leakey so hiwe "Turkana Basin Institute" na mmekorita agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Stony Brook, ebe ọ bụ prọfesọ nkà mmụta ihe gbasara mmadụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke Turkana Basin Institute ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-02|title=Richard Leakey, trailblazing conservationist and fossil hunter, dies at 77|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/richard-leakey-trailblazing-conservationist-and-fossil-hunter-dies-at-77|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102220913/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/richard-leakey-trailblazing-conservationist-and-fossil-hunter-dies-at-77|archivedate=2 January 2022|accessdate=2022-01-04|work=Science|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lukpat|first=Alyssa|date=2022-01-03|title=Richard Leakey, Kenyan Fossil Hunter and Conservationist, Dies at 77|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/world/africa/richard-leakey-dead.html|accessdate=2022-01-04}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == === Afọ ndị mbụ === A mụrụ Richard Erskine Frere Leakey na 19 Disemba 1944 na Nairobi . <ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|author=Lukpat|first=Alyssa|date=2022-01-03|title=Richard Leakey, Kenyan Fossil Hunter and Conservationist, Dies at 77|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/world/africa/richard-leakey-dead.html|accessdate=2022-01-03}}</ref> Dị ka obere nwa nwoke, Leakey biri na Nairobi na nne na nna ya: Louis Leakey, onye nlekọta nke Coryndon Museum, na Mary Leakey, umukalamba nke nchọpụta Leakey na Olduvai, na ụmụnne ya abụọ, Jonathan na Filip.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard E. Leakey Biography and Interview|work=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/}}</ref> Ụmụnne Leakey nwere oge nwata na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ụmụ nwoke niile nwere ịnyịnya ibu ma bụrụ ndị otu Langata Pony Club.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kashyap|first=Nitin|title=Kenyan Paleoanthropologist Richard Leakey Passed Away at 77 Family|url=https://www.uptobrain.com/richard-leakey-death-reason-kenyan-paleoanthropologist-richard-leakey-passed-away-at-77-family/|work=Up To Brain|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=3 January 2022|archivedate=28 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628045656/https://www.uptobrain.com/}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, klọb ahụ dum bụ ndị ọbịa na Leakeys maka ezumike na ezumike. Nne na nna Leakey guzobere Dalmatian Club of East Africa ma nweta ihe nrite na 1957. <ref name="louis">{{Cite web|title=Louis Leakey, Famed Paleoanthropolgist and Dalmatian Fancier|url=https://nationalpurebreddogday.com/louis-leakey-famed-paleoanthropolgist-and-dalmatian-fancier/#:~:text=The%20Leakeys%20founded%20the%20Dalmatian,leopards%2C%20snakes%20and%20other%20dangers.|work=National Purebred Dog Day|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=5 August 2017}}</ref> Nkịta na ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ sooro Leakey biri n'ụlọ.<ref name="louis" /> Ụmụ nwoke Leakey sonyere n'egwuregwu ndị okenye na ụmụaka na-eduzi, ebe ha gbalịrị iṅomi ụmụ mmadụ mbụ, na-ejide Springhare na obere antelope n'aka na Serengeti. Ha chụpụrụ ọdụm na nkịta ọhịa site na igbu iji hụ ma ha nwere ike ime ya.<ref name="ancestralpassions18">{{Cite book|first=Virginia|author=Morell|authorlink=Virginia Morell|title=Ancestral Passions|year=1995|chapter=18: Richard Makes his Move}}</ref> === Okpokoro isi gbajiri agbaji === N'afọ 1956, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, Leakey si n'ịnyịnya ya daa, gbajie okpokoro isi ya ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ n'ihi ya.<ref name="natgeo-obit">{{Cite web|author=Stone|first=Andrea|title=Richard Leakey, trailblazing conservationist and fossil hunter, dies at 77|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/richard-leakey-trailblazing-conservationist-and-fossil-hunter-dies-at-77|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102220913/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/richard-leakey-trailblazing-conservationist-and-fossil-hunter-dies-at-77|archivedate=2 January 2022|work=National Geographic|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=2 January 2022}}</ref> N'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, ọ bụ ihe omume a zọpụtara alụmdi na nwunye nne na nna ya.<ref name="natgeo-obit" />Louis chebaara echiche ịhapụ Mary maka odeakwụkwọ ya, Rosalie Osborn. Ka ọgụ na Mary na-aga n'ihu n'ezinụlọ ahụ, Leakey rịọrọ nna ya ka ọ ghara ịpụ. Nke ahụ bụ ihe kpatara ya. Louis kewara na Rosalie, ezinụlọ ahụ bikwara n'udo ruo afọ ole na ole ọzọ. === Onye ọchụnta ego nọ n'afọ iri na ụma === Leakey họọrọ ịkwado onwe ya, gbaziri £500 n'aka ndị mụrụ ya maka Land Rover wee banye n'azụmahịa ịzụ ahịa na inye ihe na Kamoya Kimeu.<ref name="finders">{{Cite web|title=Fossil Finders: Kamoya Kimeu|url=https://leakeyfoundation.org/fossil-finders-kamoya-kimeu/|work=The Leakey Foundation|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-agba ịnyịnya, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'èzí, onye na'ime Land Rover, onye na -amụ ihe mgbe ochie, na onye ndú njem, ọ mụtara ịmata ọkpụkpụ, nkà nke niile gosipụtara ụzọ ọ na-achọghị ka ọ gaa, naanị n'ihi na nna ya nọ na ya. <ref name="wapo">{{Cite news|author=Hendrickson|first=Paul|title=Drive, Luck and the Leakey Genes|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/10/03/drive-luck-and-the-leakey-genes/8c9410c9-b72b-45a4-bcc5-19c067790196/|work=Washington Post|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=3 October 1978}}</ref> Azụmaahịa ọkpụkpụ ghọrọ azụmaahịa safari na 1961. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Portrait: Richard Leakey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,565776,00.html|work=The Guardian|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=9 October 2001}}</ref> N'afọ 1962, ọ nwetara ikikere onye na-anya ụgbọelu onwe ya wee gaa njem na Olduvai Gorge . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lewin|first=Roger|title=The Old Man of Olduvai Gorge|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-old-man-of-olduvai-gorge-69246530/|journal=Smithsonian|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=October 2002|volume=33|issue=7|pages=82–88|pmid=17211962}}</ref> Ọ bụ site na nyocha ụgbọ elu na-enweghị isi ka o kwuru na ikike nke ụsọ Ọdọ Mmiri Natron nwere maka paleontology. Ọ gara ịchọ fossils na Land Rover, mana ọ nweghị nke ọ bụla, ruo mgbe ndị mụrụ ya nyere [[Glynn Isaac]] ka ọ soro ya gaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wood|first=Bernard|title=A Very Special Archaeologist|url=https://cashp.columbian.gwu.edu/very-special-archaeologist|work=Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology|publisher=The George Washington University|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Louis nwere mmasị na nchọpụta ha nke ukwuu nke na o nyere ha ego National Geographic maka njem otu ọnwa. Ha nyochara na nso Peninj dị nso n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe Leakey na-ahụ maka nkọwa nchịkwa. N'ịbụ onye ike gwụrụ, ọ laghachiri Nairobi nwa oge, mana n'oge ahụ, Kamoya Kimeu chọpụtara fossil nke ''Australopithecus boisei''.<ref name="finders"/> Njem nke abụọ mere ka Leakey chee na a na-ewepụ ya n'akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ọrụ ahụ, nyocha sayensị.<ref name="finders" /> === Alụmdi na nwunye === N'afọ 1964, na njem nke abụọ ya na Lake Natron, Leakey zutere onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie aha ya bụ Margaret Cropper.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leakey, Richard|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/leakey-richard|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=3 January 2022}}</ref>Mgbe Margaret lọtara England, Leakey kpebiri ịgbaso otu a iji gụọ akwụkwọ maka nzere ma mata ya nke ọma. O mechara ihe achọrọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ime ọnwa isii; ka ọ dịgodị, Margaret nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na Mahadum Edinburgh..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Leakey obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jan/03/richard-leakey-obituary|work=The Guardian|accessdate=4 January 2022|language=en|date=3 January 2022}}</ref> Ọ gafere ule ịbanye na kọleji, mana na 1965 ya na Margaret kpebiri ịlụ ma laghachi Kenya. Nna ya nyere ya ọrụ na Centre for Prehistory and Palaeontology . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Leakey|url=https://ffrf.org/ftod-cr/item/14913-richard-leakey|work=Freedom from Religion Foundation|date=19 December 1980|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ igwu ala na Lake Baringo ma gaa n'ihu na azụmahịa foto safari ya, na-enweta ego zuru ezu iji zụta ụlọ na Karen, ọmarịcha ógbè Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Church|first=Lauren Belfer|title=A taste of paradise in the Kenyan wilderness|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0608/060859.html|work=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=8 June 1984}}</ref> A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị Anna na 1969, n'otu afọ ahụ Leakey na Margaret gbara alụkwaghịm. Ọ lụrụ onye ọrụ ibe ya Meave Epps na 1970 ma ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Louise (amụrụ 1972) na Samira (1974). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lukpat|first=Alyssa|title=Richard Leakey, Kenyan Fossil Hunter and Conservationist, Dies at 77|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/world/africa/richard-leakey-dead.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=4 January 2022|date=3 January 2022}}</ref> == Palaeontology == Richard guzobere Kenya Museum Associates (nke bụzi Kenya Museum Society) na ndị Kenya nwere mmetụta na 1955. <ref name="kenyamuseum">{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.kenyamuseumsociety.org/about-us/|work=Kenya Museum Society|accessdate=4 January 2022}}</ref> Ha bu n'uche "Kenya" ma melite National Museum.<ref name="kenyamuseum" /> Ha nyere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie £ 5,000, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmefu ego ya kwa afọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-etinye Leakey n'ọnọdụ dị mma, ọ ghọkwara onye na-ekiri ihe na bọọdụ ndị nduzi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Otieno|first=David Okelo|title=A Protective Legislation, Policy and Practice of Archaeological Heritage Management in Kenya|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01149219/document|publisher=IUT des Pays de l'Adour|accessdate=4 January 2022|date=27 November 2013}}</ref> Joel Ojal, onye ọrụ gọọmentị na-elekọta ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ, na onye otu Associates, nyere onye isi oche nke bọọdụ ahụ ntụziaka ka ọ malite itinye ndị Kenya na ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Morell|first=Virginia|title=Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKatWz1z3r8C&pg=PA297|publisher=Simon and Schuster|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=11 January 2011|isbn=9781439143872}}</ref> === Omo === Atụmatụ maka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ etozughị mgbe Louis, n'amaghị ama ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, chọtara ụzọ iji wepụ nwa ya nwoke na-[[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]" id="mwwQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Eze Ukwu n'ebe ahụ. Louis so Emperor Haile Selassie na President Jomo Kenyatta rie nri ehihie.<ref name="slt">{{Cite web|author=Lavine|first=Greg|title=Skulls crown Ethiopia's place in evolutionary studies|url=https://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/healthscience/ci_2581199|work=The Salt Lake Tribune|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=22 February 2005}}</ref> Mkparịta ụka ahụ tụgharịrị gaa na fossils, na Emperor chọrọ ịma ihe mere na ọ dịghị onye a hụrụ na Ethiopia. Louis mere nyocha a ka o kwe ka o gwupụta ihe n'Omo River. <ref name="slt" /> The expedition consisted of three contingents: French, under Camille Arambourg, American, under F. Clark Howell, and Kenyan, led by Richard.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coppens|first=Yves|title=Camille Arambourg et Louis Leakey ou un 1/2 siècle de paléontologie africaine|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27918393|journal=Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française|accessdate=3 January 2022|pages=291–323|language=fr|date=1979|volume=76|issue=10/12|doi=10.3406/bspf.1979.5159}}</ref> Louis could not go because of his arthritis. Crossing the Omo in 1967, Leakey's contingent was attacked by crocodiles, which destroyed their wooden boat.<ref name="wapo"/> Expedition members barely escaped with their lives. Richard radioed Louis for a new, aluminium boat, which the National Geographic Society was happy to supply.<ref name="wapo" /> N'ebe ahụ, Kamoya Kimeu chọtara fossil hominid. Leakey weere ya dị ka ''Homo erectus'', mana Louis kọwara ya dị ka ''Homo sapiens''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Leakey Family|url=https://leakeyfoundation.org/about/the-leakey-family/#:~:text=The%20first%20significant%20hominid%20fossil,and%20called%20it%20Zinjanthropus%20boisei.|work=The Leakey Foundation|accessdate=3 January 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ nke kachasị ochie n'ime ụdị ndị a chọtara n'oge ahụ, nke malitere na afọ 160,000, ọ bụkwa nke mbụ a chọtara na ''Homo neanderthalensis''. N'oge usoro njirimara, Leakey bịara chee na ndị ikom kọleji na-akwado ya. === Koobi n'èzí === N'oge njem Omo nke 1967, Leakey gara Nairobi ma n'ụgbọelu nloghachi onye na-anya ụgbọelu ahụ ji ụgbọelu gafee Lake Rudolph (nke a kpọrọ Lake Turkana site na 1975) iji zere égbè eluigwe.<ref name="stonybrook">{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Brian|title=The First Family of Paleoanthropology|url=https://www.stonybrook.edu/magazine/2016-spring/the-first-family-of-paleoanthropology|work=Stony Brook University|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=Spring 2016}}</ref> Maapụ ahụ mere ka Leakey tụọ anya nkume mgbawa ugwu n'okpuru ya mana ọ hụrụ ihe ndị na-adịghị n'ime ala. Mgbe ọ gara mpaghara ahụ na Howell site na helikọpta, ọ hụrụ ngwaọrụ na ihe ndị e ji amịpụta ihe n'ebe niile. N'uche ya, ọ malitere ịmepụta ọrụ ọhụrụ..<ref name="stonybrook" /> N'afọ 1968, Louis na Richard gara nzukọ nke Kọmitii Nnyocha na Nnyocha nke National Geographic Society iji rịọ maka ego maka Omo.<ref name="alive">{{Cite web|author=Palmer|first=Katie|title="I'M STILL ALIVE."|url=https://www.weareafricatravel.com/interviews/im-still-alive/|work=We Are Africa|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=15 May 2017|archivedate=3 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103044035/https://www.weareafricatravel.com/interviews/im-still-alive/}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hụrụ Louis n'anya, Richard rịọrọ kọmitii ahụ ka ha tụgharịa $25,000 e zubere maka Omo gaa n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ọhụrụ a ga-eme n'okpuru nduzi ya na Koobi Fora. Richard meriri, mana onyeisi oche Leonard Carmichael gwara ya na ọ ka mma ịchọta ihe ma ọ bụ ghara ịbịa "na-arịọ arịrịọ n'ọnụ ụzọ anyị ọzọ".<ref name="alive" /> Louis ji obiọma kelee Richard.<ref name="alive" /> Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ahụ, ndị Kenya na-akwado Richard jupụtara na bọọdụ nke National Museum. Ha họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nchịkwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=One Life|url=https://sites.google.com/a/or.books-now.com/en237/9780718122478-59tarmuGEpaji83|accessdate=3 January 2022}}</ref> Onye nlekọta, Robert Carcasson, gbara arụkwaghịm iji mee mkpesa, ma hapụ Leakey na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'okpuru iwu ya, nke ya, dị ka Louis n'ihu ya, jiri dị ka isi ọrụ. <ref name="alive"/> Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere esemokwu enyi na enyi n'etiti Louis na Richard, mmekọrịta dị mma. Onye ọ bụla weghaara onye nke ọzọ mgbe otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ike, Richard gara n'ihu na-agwa nna ya ozugbo banyere nchọta hominid.<ref name="alive" /> Na njem mbụ gaa Allia Bay na Lake Turkana, ebe ogige Koobi Fora dị, Leakey goro ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eto eto. Ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere John Harris na Bernard Wood. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Frank|title=Early Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/316788a0|journal=Nature|accessdate=3 January 2022|pages=788–792|language=en|doi=10.1038/316788a0|date=August 1985|volume=316|issue=6031|pmid=3929141}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ nọ ebe ahụ bụ otu ndị Afrịka nọ n'okpuru Kamoya: onye na-ahụ maka ala, Paul Abel, na onye na-ese foto, Bob Campbell. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul Abel and Richard Leakey Walking the Shores of Lake Turkana|url=https://vdocument.in/turkana-basin-institute-a-paul-abel-and-richard-leakey-walking-the-shores.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103044034/https://vdocument.in/turkana-basin-institute-a-paul-abel-and-richard-leakey-walking-the-shores.html|archivedate=3 January 2022|work=Turkana Basin Institute|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=3 February 2018}}</ref> Margaret bụ onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie. N'adịghị ka nna ya, Richard na-eduzi ogige a na-adọ aka ná ntị ma dị mma, ọ bụ ezie na, iji chọta fossils, ọ manyere njem ahụ karịa ka ọ chọrọ.<ref name="aoa" /> N'afọ 1969, nchọpụta nke okpokoro isi nke ''Paranthropus boisei'' kpatara nnukwu obi ụtọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Paranthropus boisei: cranium|url=https://www.si.edu/object/3d/paranthropus-boisei-cranium:081d5e0b-7181-4ccb-bfbd-9f906930c620|work=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en}}</ref> Okpokoro isi ''Homo rudolfensis'' (KNM ER 1470) na okpokoro isi ''Homo erectus'' (KNM ER 3733), nke a chọpụtara na 1972 na 1975, so n'ihe ndị kachasị mkpa a chọtara na njem Leakey gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Homo rudolfensis|url=https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-rudolfensis|work=The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, a chọtara okpokoro isi nke ''Homo erectus'' (KNM ER 3883). <ref name="aoa">{{Cite web|title=Richard Leakey, Academy Class of 2007, Part 2|url=https://achievement.org/video/richard-leakey-2/|work=Academy of Achievement|accessdate=3 January 2022}}</ref> Donald Johanson na Leakey nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere evolushọn mmadụ. Ha nwere arụmụka na Cronkite's Universe, ihe ngosi okwu nke Walter Cronkite kwadoro, na 1981. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lewin|first=Roger|title=Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins|year=1987|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-671-52688-X|oclc=15520593|pages=[[iarchive:bonesofcontentio0000unse/page/13/mode/1up|13–14]]}}</ref> === Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Turkana === [[Faịlụ:Turkana_boy_-_steps_of_forensic_facial_reconstruction.jpg|thumb|Turkana Boy - nzọụkwụ nke imezigharị ihu / approximation]] Nwa okorobịa Turkana, nke Kamoya Kimeu, onye otu ndị otu Leakeys, chọtara n'afọ 1984, bụ ọkpụkpụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke Homo ergaster (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ, gụnyere Leakey, na-akpọ ya erectus) onye nwụrụ afọ nde 1.6 gara aga mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 9-12.<ref name="bloomberg" />. Leakey na Roger Lewin kọwara ahụmịhe nke nchọpụta a na nkọwa ha banyere ya, n'akwụkwọ ha bụ Origins Reconsidered (1992). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Leakey|first=Richard E.|title=Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes Us Human|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/98908/origins-reconsidered-by-richard-leakey-roger-lewin/|work=Penguin Random House|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=1 October 1993}}</ref>N'oge na-adịghị anya ka achọpụtara Turkana Boy, Leakey na ndị otu ya mere nchọpụta nke okpokoro isi (KNM WT 17000, nke a maara dị ka "Black Skull") nke ụdị ọhụrụ, Australopithecus aethiopicus (ma ọ bụ Paranthropus aethiopicus). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Detjen|first=Jim|title=Skull Piece Takes Man a Step Back|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1986-11-14-8603250949-story.html|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=14 November 1986}}</ref> Richard hapụrụ paleontology na 1989, mana nwunye ya Meave Leakey na nwa ya nwanyị Louise Leakey na-aga n'ihu na-eme nchọpụta paleontology n'Ebe Ugwu Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meave G. Leakey|url=https://explorer-directory.nationalgeographic.org/meave-g-leakey|work=National Geographic|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Paleontologist: Dr. Louise Leakey|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/real-world-geography-louise-leakey/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509020327/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/real-world-geography-louise-leakey/|archivedate=9 May 2020|work=National Geographic|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=4 April 2012}}</ref> == Nchekwa == [[Faịlụ:Richard_Leakey_cropped.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Leakey na 2010]] N'afọ 1989, Onyeisiala Daniel Arap Moi họpụtara Richard Leakey dị ka onyeisi ngalaba nchekwa na njikwa anụ ọhịa (WMCD) n'ihi mkpu mba ụwa gbasara ịchụ enyí na mmetụta ọ na-enwe n'anụ ọhịa Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Royal African Society|url=http://www.royalafricansociety.org/event/%E2%80%98kenya%E2%80%99s-wildlife-%E2%80%93-predictions-next-decade%E2%80%99-dr-richard-leakey|title='Kenya's wildlife – Predictions for the next decade' with Dr Richard Leakey|date=3 November 2015|accessdate=5 November 2016}}</ref> Ngalaba ahụ nọchiri anya Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) na 1990, Leakey ghọkwara onyeisi oche mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Erskine Leakey|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/richard-erskine-leakey|work=The African Academy of Sciences|accessdate=3 January 2022|archivedate=2 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202060412/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/richard-erskine-leakey}}</ref> Site na nzọụkwụ siri ike, Leakey mepụtara ndị na-egbochi ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị pụrụ iche, ndị e nyere ikike ịgba ndị na-achụ nta n"ụzọ iwu na mberede.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvI-JTP35jMC&q=leakey|title=Lonely Planet Kenya|first=Anthony|author=Ham|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2012|isbn=9781743213063}}</ref> Egwu ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị belatara nke ukwuu. N'ịbụ onye mgbanwe Leakey nke Kenya Wildlife Service masịrị, Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ụwa kwadoro enyemaka ruru $ 140 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Richard Leakey: A swashbuckler with intent|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001433322/dr-richard-leakey-a-swashbuckler-with-intent|work=The Standard|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en}}</ref> Richard Leakey, Onye isi ala Moi, na WMCD mere isi akụkọ mba ụwa mgbe a gbara ụyọkọ nke tọn 12 nke ọdụ́ ọkụ na 1989 na Nairobi National Park.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Perlez|first=Jane|title=Kenya, In Gesture, Burns Ivory Tusks|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/19/world/kenya-in-gesture-burns-ivory-tusks.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=19 July 1989}}</ref>   Ụzọ Richard Leakey si ese okwu gbasara esemokwu mmadụ na anụ ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba emeghị ka ọ bụrụ enyi. Echiche ya bụ na ogige ntụrụndụ bụ usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ nke nwere onwe ha nke a ga-agbachi gburugburu ma gbochie ụmụ mmadụ ịbanye. Àgwà obi ike na nke na-adịghị emebi emebi nke Leakey wutekwara ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Perlez|first=Jane|date=7 January 1990|title=Can He Save the Elephants?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/07/magazine/can-he-save-the-elephants.html|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref>. Na 2016, The Perfect World Foundation kpọrọ Leakey Onye Nchekwa Ihe nke Afọ ma merie ihe nrite "The Fragile Rhino" na Elephant Ball na Gothenburg, Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Another great legend awarded the world's most prestigious conservation prize|url=https://news.cision.com/climate-aid-world-forum/r/another-great-legend-awarded-the-world-s-most-prestigious-conservation-prize,c3466091|work=Climate and World Forum|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=4 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Perfect World Award|url=https://issuu.com/theperfectworldmagazine/docs/the_perfect_world_magazine_english/s/10821636|work=The Perfect World Foundation|accessdate=3 January 2022}}</ref> === Ihe mberede ụgbọelu === In 1993, a small propeller-driven plane piloted by Richard Leakey crashed, crushing his lower legs, both of which were later amputated.<ref name="natgeo-obit"/> Sabotage was suspected but never proven.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Leakey Tries to Save the Elephants—Again|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2014/09/05/richard-leakey-tries-save-elephants-again-267099.html|author=EDT|first=Graham Boynton On 08/28/14 at 6:33 AM|date=28 August 2014|work=Newsweek|language=en|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> While in the hospital, Leakey told President Moi, a religious man, not to pray for him, but act on matters pending for the Kenya Wildlife Service. Thereafter, Richard Leakey walked on artificial limbs.<ref name="guardian2001">{{Cite news|author=Astill|first=James|title=African warrior|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,565776,00.html|work=The Guardian|date=9 October 2001|language=en}}</ref> Around this time the Kenyan government announced that a secret probe had found evidence of corruption and mismanagement in the Kenya Wildlife Service. An annoyed Leakey resigned publicly in a press conference in January 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lorch|first=Donatella|title=Noted Kenya Conservationist Resigning in a Political Storm|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/world/noted-kenya-conservationist-resigning-in-a-political-storm.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=15 January 1994}}</ref> He was replaced by David Western as the head of the Kenya Wildlife Service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leakey Renamed KWS Director|url=https://www.awf.org/news/leakey-renamed-kws-director|work=African Wildlife Foundation|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=1 January 1998}}</ref> Richard Leakey dere banyere ahụmịhe ya na Kenya Wildlife Service n'akwụkwọ ya Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Leakey|first=Richard|title=Wildlife Wars: My Fight to Save Africa's Natural Treasures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iIeWAwAAQBAJ|publisher=Macmillan|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=19 September 2001|isbn=9780312206260}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Faịlụ:Richard_Leakey_2015_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Leakey na 2015]] In May 1995, Richard Leakey joined some Kenyan intellectuals in launching a new political party – the Safina Party,<ref name="reuters">{{Cite web|title=Richard Leakey, Kenyan conservationist who campaigned against ivory trade, has died|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/richard-leakey-kenyan-conservationist-who-campaigned-against-ivory-trade-has-2022-01-02/|work=Reuters|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=3 January 2022}}</ref> which in Swahili means "[[Igbe Noa|Noah's Ark]]".<ref name="reuters" /> The Safina party was routinely harassed and even its application to become an official political party was not approved until 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya: Current information on Safina Party, especially on arrests of its members in 1995|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ac974.html|work=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=1 April 1996}}</ref>   In 1997, international donor institutions froze their aid to Kenya because of widespread corruption.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Donaldson|first=Andrew|title=Time for Zuma to read his obituary - OPINION {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/its-not-to-soon-to-publish-zumas-obituary|work=Politics Web|accessdate=4 January 2022|language=en|date=7 February 2020}}</ref> To placate the donors, Moi appointed Richard Leakey as Cabinet Secretary and head of the civil service in 1999. Leakey's second stint in the civil service lasted two years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard E. Leakey|url=https://www.simonsfoundation.org/people/richard-e-leakey/|work=Simons Foundation|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=10 January 2019}}</ref> Ọ chụpụrụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị 25,000 ma nweta ego ruru nde £250 n'aka International Monetary Fund na World Bank.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Leakey obituary|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/richard-leakey-obituary-ccmf6k9x2|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=3 January 2022|language=en|date=3 January 2022}}</ref> However, Leakey found himself sidelined after the money arrived, and his reforms were blocked in the courts. He was sacked from his cabinet post in 2001.<ref name="guardian2001" />{{Cite news|author=Astill|first=James|title=African warrior|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,565776,00.html|work=The Guardian|date=9 October 2001|language=en}}</ref> == United States == Leakey hapụrụ Kenya gaa US na 2002 wee ghọọ prọfesọ nke anthropology na Mahadum Stony Brook, New York. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Turkana Basin Institute . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bjell|first=Scott|title=About TBI|url=https://www.turkanabasin.org/about/|work=Turkana Basin Institute|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=8 August 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, Leakey guzobere ma bụrụ onyeisi oche WildlifeDirect, otu ọrụ ebere dị na Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribute for Dr. Richard Leakey|url=https://wildlifedirect.org/portfolio-items/tribute-for-dr-richard-leakey/?portfolioCats=77|work=WildlifeDirect|accessdate=3 January 2022}}</ref> E hiwere ọrụ ebere a iji nye ndị na-echekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ n'Africa nkwado ozugbo site na iji blọgụ. Nke a na-enye ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ohere ịrụ ọrụ kpọmkwem na mmekọrịta n'ịlanarị ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ kacha baa uru n'ụwa. Òtù ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzọpụta gorilla ugwu nke Democratic Republic of Congo na Virunga National Park na Jenụwarị 2007 mgbe nnupụisi ndị nnupụisi yiri egwu iwepụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu.<ref name="natgeo-obit"/> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Transparency International's Kenya.<ref name="bloomberg">{{Cite web|title=Richard Leakey, Who Found 'Turkana Boy' Fossil, Dies at 77|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-03/richard-leakey-who-found-turkana-boy-fossil-dies-at-77|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=3 January 2022|date=3 January 2022}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara Leakey ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Society ma nata Golden Plate Award nke American Academy of Achievement . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf|title=Royal Society- Fellows 1660–2007|publisher=Royal Society|accessdate=8 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement|work=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref> Na June 2013, e nyere Leakey onyinye Isaac Asimov Science Award site na American Humanist Association . == Onyinye == Ọrụ Leakey na-eme ka a mata Afrịka dị ka ebe a mụrụ ụmụ mmadụ, nke nyere aka dị ka ihe akaebe na ụmụ mmadụ mbụ biri na kọntinent Afrịka. A maara ya dị ka onye na-eduzi mkpọsa iji kwụsị ịchụ nta na Kenya.<ref name=":1" /> Ewezuga onyinye ya na ọrụ ọha na eze, a maara ya na o nyere aka nke ukwuu na ọrụ ọha; "E wezụga ọrụ ya pụrụ iche na ọrụ ọha, a na-eme Dr Leakey emume maka ọrụ ya dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ nke Kenya ebe o guzobere ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na-elekọta ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, " ka Maazị Kenyatta kwuru.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2022-01-03|title=Richard Leakey: Kenyan conservationist dies aged 77|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59855445|accessdate=2023-04-29}}</ref> == Ịlaghachi Kenya == [[Faịlụ:RichardLeakeyELA.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise nke Richard Leakey (2014), nke Patrick L. Gallegos dere]] Na 2015, Onyeisiala Uhuru Kenyatta họpụtara Leakey onyeisi oche nke bọọdụ nke Kenya Wildlife Service. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onyeisi oche kama ịbụ onye nduzi, Leakey rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na amụma KWS..<ref name="guardian2001" />. O mere nkwekọrịta maka ịgbatị Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway, na-enye ohere ka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee Nairobi National Park na viaduct dị mita 18 n'ogologo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Njugunah|first=Margaret|title=Kenya: SGR to Pass Over the Nairobi National Park|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201609141076.html|work=Capital FM (Nairobi)|date=14 September 2016}}</ref> Leakey chere na viaduct ahụ ga-esetịpụ ihe nlereanya maka Afrịka ndị ọzọ n'ịkwado mmepe akụ na ụba na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ihe na Kenya emegidewo iwu ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kahumbu|first=Paula|title=Opposing camps to hold dialogue on railway through Nairobi National Park|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/africa-wild/2016/oct/25/opposing-camps-to-hold-dialogue-on-railway-through-nairobi-national-park|work=The Guardian|date=25 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> [[Angelina Jolie]] ga-eduzi ihe nkiri banyere ndụ Leakey, na Leakey na mbido 2016 na-ekwupụta obi ike ya na a ga-agba ihe nkiri ahụ na Kenya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Boynton|first=Graham|title=Richard Leakey: What does Angelina Jolie see in this man?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/11114617/Richard-Leakey-What-does-Angelina-Jolie-see-in-this-man.html|work=The Telegraph|date=23 September 2014}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ == Leakey na-asụ asụsụ Kiswahili nke ọma ma na-agagharị n'etiti obodo ndị ọcha na ndị isi ojii n'enweghị nsogbu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị ekwukarị gbasara agbụrụ n'ihu ọha, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na enweghị aha nhata nwoke na nwanyị kpasuru ya iwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kahumbu|first=Paula|date=2022-02-18|title=Richard Leakey (1944—2022)|journal=Science|language=en|volume=375|issue=6582|pages=723|doi=10.1126/science.abo2200|pmid=35175803|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Leakey kwuru na ya bụ Onye na-ekweghị na Chineke na onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Leakey|first=Richard E.|title=One Life: Richard E. Leakey: An Autobiography|date=1984|publisher=Salem House Pub|isbn=978-0881620559}}</ref> Leakey si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie a ma ama. Nne ya, Mary Leakey, chọpụtara ihe akaebe na 1978 na nwoke ahụ gara n'ihu karịa ka e chere. Ya na di ya, Louis Leakey, gwupụtara okpokoro isi nke ụmụ mmadụ mbụ yiri enwe, na-enye ìhè ọhụrụ na ndị nna nna anyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Siad|first=Arnaud|date=2022-01-02|title=World-renowned Kenyan conservationist Richard Leakey dies at 77|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/02/world/richard-leakey-death/index.html|accessdate=2023-04-29|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> A chọpụtara na Leakey nwere ọrịa akụrụ na-egbu egbu na 1969. Afọ iri ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ dara ọrịa nke ukwuu mana nwanne ya nwoke, Philip, gbanwere akụrụ ya, wee gbakee n'ọrịa zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Neuman|first=Scott|date=3 January 2022|title=Famed fossil hunter and conservationist Richard Leakey dies at 77|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/03/1069888035/famed-fossil-hunter-and-conservationist-richard-leakey-dies-at-77|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=NPR|language=en}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na mpụga Nairobi, na 2 Jenụwarị 2022, ihe na-erughị otu ọnwa mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asaa na asaa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.president.go.ke/2022/01/02/message-of-condolence-from-h-e-hon-uhuru-kenyatta-following-the-death-of-former-head-of-public-service-dr-richard-leakey/|title=Message of Condolence from H.E Hon. Uhuru Kenyatta following the death of former Head of Public Service Dr Richard Leakey|first=Uhuru|author=Kenyatta|authorlink=Uhuru Kenyatta|date=2 January 2021|accessdate=12 November 2025|archivedate=2 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102164141/https://www.president.go.ke/2022/01/02/message-of-condolence-from-h-e-hon-uhuru-kenyatta-following-the-death-of-former-head-of-public-service-dr-richard-leakey/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 January 2022|title=Renowned Kenyan conservationist Richard Leakey dies aged 77|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220102-renowned-kenyan-conservationist-richard-leakey-dies-aged-77|accessdate=2 January 2022|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jan/02/fossil-hunter-richard-leakey-who-showed-humans-evolved-in-africa-dies-at-77|title=Fossil hunter Richard Leakey who showed humans evolved in Africa dies at 77|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=2 January 2022}}</ref> Dabere na ọchịchọ ya, e liri ya n'elu ugwu dị n'akụkụ Rift Valley.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2022-01-03|title=Richard Leakey Laid To Rest On A Hill Along Rift Valley|url=https://citizenwitness.co.ke/index.php/2022/01/03/richard-leakey-laid-to-rest-on-a-hill-along-rift-valley/|accessdate=2022-01-03|work=Citizen Witness|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103144326/https://citizenwitness.co.ke/index.php/2022/01/03/richard-leakey-laid-to-rest-on-a-hill-along-rift-valley/}}</ref>{{Leakey family tree}} == Akwụkwọ == [[Faịlụ:Richard_Leakey_(15202106600)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Leakey na 2014]] Ọrụ mbụ Leakey bipụtara gụnyere Origins na The People of the Lake (ha abụọ na Roger Lewin dị ka onye edemede), The Illustrated Origin of Species, na The Making of Mankind (1981). * ''Mmalite ya''(ya na Roger Lewin) (Dutton, 1977) * ''Ndị Ọdọ Mmiri: Ụmụ Mmadụ na Mmalite ya'' (ya na Roger Lewin) (Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978) * Ime nke Ụmụ Mmadụ (Penguin USA, 1981) * ''Otu Ndụ: Akụkọ ndụ'' (Salem House, 1983) * Origins Reconsidered (ya na Roger Lewin) (Doubleday, 1992) * ''Mmalite nke Ụmụ Mmadụ'' (Perseus Books Group, 1994) * The Sixth Extinction (ya na Roger Lewin) (Bantam Dell Pub Group, 1995) * Agha Anụ Ọhịa: Agha m iji chekwaa akụ okike nke Africa (ya na Virginia Morell) (St. Martin's Press, 2001) == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ebe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala '' (nke nwere ndepụta njikọ) '' * Ndepụta nke fossils evolushọn mmadụ '' (nke nwere ihe oyiyi) '' == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2icz16a2sab3f2etns5fcpqocoqcuvl 0 67271 674731 539920 2026-07-09T21:43:14Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Brian Huntley.png|thumb|Brian Huntley]] '''Brian John Huntley''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1944)bụ prọfesọ lara ezumike nka na ọkà mmụta sayensị nchekwa si South Africa, onye a ma ama maka mmepe na ịgbanwe ogige ntụrụndụ mba Africa. O tinyere aka n'ịgbasa National Botanical Institute (nke mechara bụrụ SANBI) iji bụrụ ebe nchekwa ikike maka osisi na anụmanụ na South Africa. Dịka ọkachamara nọọrọ onwe ya, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na òtù mba ụwa, gụnyere United Nations, n'ihe gbasara nchekwa okike. Ya onwe ya so na ọtụtụ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu Africa.. == Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na njem mbụ == A mụrụ Huntley na Durban, South Africa, na 1944. Nne na nna ya na nne na nna nna ya gbara nwata nwoke ahụ ume inwe mmasị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1][2] O nwere ike ịbụ n'ọbara ya; n'afọ 1850, nna nna ya mere ka ndị South Africa mara ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta ụmụaka na ndị na-azụ mkpụrụ osisi, yana inweta osisi mbụ na ndị ọrụ ubi ọlaedo nke Transvaal site na iziga ibu oxwagon n'ebe ugwu site na Pietermaritzburg.[6] Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, Huntley chọpụtara okwu ahụ bụ ''gburugburu ebe obibi'' ma jiri ya kọwaa ụzọ ọrụ ya. Ọ nwere mmasị ịchọpụta ala nke Natal, ma mesịa, site n'ike mmụọ nsọ Ian Garland, Roddy Ward na ndị ọzọ, ọ nọgidere na-enyocha Ngoye, Mkuzi, St Lucia, na akụkụ nke Zululand n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.[6] Iji nweta akara ugo mmụta bachelọ nke sayensị, Huntley nọrọ otu afọ na Mahadum Pretoria, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta masta nke sayensị na Mahadum Natal. Na 1965–1966, o sonyere na njem Biological-Geological to the Prince Edward Islands - njem mbụ ọ gara ebe ahụ - dịka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi osisi. E jiri ihe ndị a chọpụtara na njem ahụ mee ihe maka akwụkwọ MSc ya ma bipụta ya na akwụkwọ njem ahụ. [2][6] == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọrụ mbụ Huntley - na Transvaal Division of Nature Conservation - kpọgara ya na bushveld nke Waterberg na karịa Soutpansberg. [1] [2][6] === Ọrụ na Angola na South Africa (1970-1989) === N'afọ 1970, Huntley gara [[Angola]] na nke mbụ ya.[7] Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ya na nwunye ya kwagara ebe ahụ, na-anabata onyinye ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmentị. Ọ nọrọ afọ anọ na-enyocha mba ahụ, na-emepe ogige ntụrụndụ ọhụrụ, ma na-atụ aro maka nchekwa okike.[2] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1975, mgbe mba ahụ nọ n'ọnụ Agha Obodo, ndị Huntley gbapụrụ na mba ahụ dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ (ya na ihe dị ka 10,000 ndị ọzọ) wee laghachi South Africa.[7] Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Pretoria, ebe Huntley nwetara ọrụ dịka Onye Nchịkọta Sayensị maka Savanna Ecosystem Project, ọmụmụ ihe dị iche iche nke Kansụl maka Nnyocha Sayensị na Ụlọ Ọrụ (CSIR) malitere. Nnyocha a nyere ụdị nyocha e ji mee ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ala South Africa. Huntley rụrụ ọrụ dịka Onye Nchịkọta Sayensị ruo afọ 14.[2] === National Botanical Institute na South African National Biodiversity Institute === N'afọ 1990, e guzobere National Botanical Institute na Kirstenbosch, a họpụtakwara Huntley dị ka onye isi oche mbụ ya. [2] N'afọ 2004, Huntley bịanyere aka na Iwu Biodiversity ọhụrụ nke South Africa, na-agbanwe National Botanical Institute ka ọ bụrụ South African National Biodiversité Institute (SANBI), ụlọ ọrụ South Africa kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ụdị dị iche iche. Ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ ghọrọ ebe nchekwa sayensị nke mba niile ma nwee ọrụ maka nyocha, mmejuputa, na agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche na mba ahụ.[8] N'okpuru nduzi Huntley, SANBI malitere mmemme mpaghara anọ na otu narị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ.[2] Huntley hapụrụ ọnọdụ ya na SANBI na 2007. [2] === Ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị SANBI na 2007, Huntley jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu dị elu na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Njem ruo afọ abụọ, ọ lara ezumike nká na 2009.[2] Òtù mba ụwa dị ka [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UNEP]], UNDP, na UNESCO na-achọkarị echiche Huntley.[7] N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Huntley ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ onwe ya, na-ekere òkè na ọrụ nchekwa na ọtụtụ mba Afrịka, na-arụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ United Nations, ma na-enyocha ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ụwa.[1] === Ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, onyinye sayensị na agụmakwụkwọ === Ka afọ na-aga, Huntley ghọrọ onye otu Academy of Science nke South Africa; Prọfesọ Emeritus na Mahadum Cape Town; na onye na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum Stellenbosch. [4][3] Mgbe ọ laghachiri South Africa na 1975, Huntley malitere ma mechaa ọrụ nyocha atọ: Savanna Ecosystem Project (1975-1990), Fynbos Biome Project (1977-1990), na Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET) (1994-2002). [1] Huntley enweela mmasị na Lusophone Africa, ma na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọrụ nchekwa na [[Angola]] na [[Mozambique]].[3] Ntinye aka ya na kọmitii mba ụwa, dị ka International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) na Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) bara uru dị ukwuu n'ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ na atụmatụ Afrịka na ọkwa ụwa.[3] O sonyekwara n'ọtụtụ kọmitii na kọmitii mba ụwa, gụnyere Kọmitii Sayensị na Nsogbu nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (SCOPE), [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), na Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel nke Global Environment Facility (GEF-STAP). [1] N'oge ọrụ ya, Huntley na-ebipụta ugboro ugboro na nsogbu nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi.[3] == Ndụ onwe onye == N'oge ọrụ ya, Huntley mere njem nke ukwuu. Ọ gara n'ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke Sub-Antarctic na Congo, [1] oké ọhịa nke Zululand, savanna nke ugwu South Africa, ogige ntụrụndụ nke [[Angola]], na ndị ọzọ. [2][3] N'ozuzu, ọ gara ihe karịrị mba 50, na-amụta ịsụ Portuguese na Afrikaans na mgbakwunye na Bekee.[3] Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, Huntley na nwunye ya biri n'otu obere obodo dị nso n'ebe ndịda Afrịka, n'etiti Ugwu Kogelberg na oké osimiri.[3] == Onyinye == Huntley natara Edward T. La Roe III Memorial Award na 2011. E nyere ya maka nkà idu ndú ya na ikike ichebe ụdị dị iche iche na ijikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na South Africa na Southern Africa.[5] == Hụkwa == * KwaZulu-Natal * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ nke South Africa * Ian Garland == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|21em}} == Akwụkwọ ndị e depụtara ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000118608 Profaịlụ na nchekwa data Global Plants] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Huntley, Brian}} gt90ol95ao4n5y79f385swlwzfxti4v 0 67274 674861 641168 2026-07-10T06:36:35Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674861 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Edward Loure.jpg|thumb|Edward Loure]]   '''Edward Loure''' bụ onye na-eme ngagharị iwe agbụrụ nke Tanzania. Ọ bụ onye otu Ndị Maasai. E nyere Loure ihe nrite Goldman Environmental Prize n'afọ 2016, maka mbọ ọ na-agbachitere ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala Maasaian, nke njem nleta azụmahịa na-eyi egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dw.com/en/pastoralists-in-africa-fight-for-their-rights/a-19262085|title=Organization: Ujamaa Community Resource Team, Tanzania|work=m.dw.com|first=Enrique|author=Gili|accessdate=30 July 2017|archivedate=27 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327193827/https://m.dw.com/en/pastoralists-in-africa-fight-for-their-rights/a-19262085}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.org/2016/04/21/green-warriors-honored-continued/|title=Green Warriors Honored|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|first=Jonathan|author=Tourtellot|accessdate=30 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/edward-loure/|title=Edward Loure. 2016 Goldman Prize Recipient Africa|work=goldmanprize.org|accessdate=30 July 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == Edward Loure tolitere n'ime obodo ndị na-azụ atụrụ na mbara ala Simanjiro, nke dịdebere Ogige Mba nke Tarangire. Ezinụlọ ya na-azụ ehi ma na-ebi ndụ nke na-abụghị nke onye na-akwagharị. N'ịbụ onye nzụlite ya kpaliri, ọ raara mbọ ya nye ndị otu Ujamaa Community Resource Team (UCRT) iji chekwaa ụzọ ndụ ndị Maasa.Na omenala, obodo ndị na-azụ anụ na anụ ọhịa ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na-ebikọ ọnụ mgbe ha na-eri nri n'ala. Ndị Maasai na-ebugharị ìgwè ehi ha n'oge, na-elekọta anụ ụlọ ha iji gbochie ịta nri ma nyere aka na-edobe gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe ọ bụ nwa okorobịa, Loure matara na a na-ebelata ala ndị Maasai na amachibidoro ohere ha n'ihi mmụba nke njem nlegharị anya na ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ mba. Nke a emeela ka ụfọdụ ụmụ amaala si n'ala nna ha pụọ, ghọọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ nchekwa. Ọzọkwa, gọọmentị na-ere ala zoro ezo nye safari na ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta egwuregwu na-ebughị ụzọ na-akpakọrịta na ụmụ amaala obodo.<ref name="OE">{{Cite web|title=Environmental Hero: Edward Loure|url=https://www.oneearth.org/environmental-hero-edward-loure/|accessdate=2023-04-24|work=One Earth|language=en}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2023)">better<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>source<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Loure duziri òtù UCRT, na nkwado nke ndị okenye Maasai, iji nweta ikike obodo maka ala ha. Ọrụ a mere ka gọọmentị Tanzania nye onye otu obodo Maasai asambodo mbụ nke ikike obibi (CCRO). Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2021, site na iji CCROs, UCRT enwetala 200,000 acres (81,000 hectare) nke ala ịkpa. UCRT na-ezube ịkwalite ihe nlereanya CCRO na aha ala obodo na Tanzania dum.<ref name="OE"/> == Ebemsibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Loure, Edward}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hq65mfv27e5wcies7u2uv28nbrpa39k 0 67284 674746 517006 2026-07-09T22:25:46Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674746 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Robert Allen Dyer</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Robert_Allen_Dyer00.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-09-21</span>)</span> 21 Septemba 1900<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Pietermaritzburg]], [[South African Republic]]</div><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |26 Ọktoba 1987 <span style="display:none">(1987-10-26)</span> (afọ 87) <div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">[[Johannesburg]], South Africa</div>&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[University of KwaZulu-Natal|Mahadum Natal]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A maara ya maka&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ogige Botanic nke Pretoria, ọrụ na osisi ndị na-atọ ụtọ na [[Amaryllidaceae]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Botany, taxonomy |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |National Herbarium na Pretoria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye edemede dị mkpirikpi. (ihe ọkụkụ) <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |R.A.Dyer |} * [[Faịlụ:Robert Allen Dyer.jpg|thumb|Robert Allen Dyer]]'''Robert Allen Dyer''' (21 Septemba 1900 na Pietermaritzburg - 26 Ọktoba 1987 na Johannesburg) bụ onye South Africa gụrụ maka akụmakụ na ịkpọ ihe aha, na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa na akụmakụ Amaryllidaceae na osisi succulent, na-eme ntinye na idezi ''Bothalia'' na akụmakụ ndị na-awa okooko nke Africa ma na-ejide ọfịs dịka onye isi nduzi nke Botanical Research Institute na Pretoria site n'afọ 1944 ruo 1963. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Ọ gara Michaelhouse na Mahadum Natal 1919-1923, na-enweta nzere M.Sc. n,'afọ1923 na D.Sc. n'afọ 1937. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye enyemaka nye [[Selmar Schonland]] na Grahamstown n'afọ 1925, yana onye nlekọta nkeebe nchekwa akụmakụ nke ọ́bankà Albany. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ afọ atọ (1931-1934) dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta na Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, a kpọfere ya na National Herbarium dị na Pretoria. N'ebe a ka ọ ghọrọ Chief, e mesịa onye isi nchịkwa site n'afọ 1944 ruo 1963. Ọ kpọlitere ngalaba Botanical Survey wee malite Pretoria National Botanic Garden, yana idezi ''Bothalia'', The Flowering Plants of Africa, Memoirs of the Botanical survey of South Africa, na ịmalite Flora of Southern Africa. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1963, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-etinye oge ya n'ịmepụta Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants. Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya dàrà ụda bụ Ceropegia, ''Brachystelma'' na ''Riocreuxia'' ma pụta na Flora of Southern Africa n'afọ 1981. N'ozuzu, o bipụtara ihe dị ka akwụkwọ narị anọ na iri ise. Ihe ntinye ya kachasị ukwuu bụ na ngalaba nke ịkpọ akụmakụ aha ma o mere mbipụta nke ukwuu na Flowering Plants of Africa na ''Bothalia''. A na-echeta ya na ụdị ''Radyera'' Bullock, ''Aridaria dyeri'' N.E.Br. na ''Hereroa dyeri'' L.Bol. Nchịkọta akụmakụ ya karịrị puku isii a ma debe ha na Pretoria, Grahamstown, Kew na Bolus Herbarium. == Akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi O bipụtara == * The Succulent Euphorbiae (1941) yana White & Sloane * ''The South African Cycads'' (Bothalia 1963) * ''Flora of Southern Africa'' - Myrsinaceae, Primulaceae na Plumbaginaceae (1963) * ''Flora of Southern Africa'' - Stangeriaceae, Zamiaceae (yana I.C. Verdoorn 1966) * {{Cite book|author=Dyer|first=R. Allen|authorlink=Robert Allen Dyer|title=The genera of Southern African flowering plants: Flora of southern Africa|date=1975|publisher=Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services|location=Pretoria|isbn=9780621028546|edition=3d|url=http://www.chapter1.co.za/?page=shop/flypage&product_id=4121717|format=vol.&nbsp;1, Dicotyledons 1975; vol.&nbsp;2, Monocotyledons, with Amelia Mauve, A.E. Loxton and [[Peter Goldblatt]] 1976}} == Ihe Nrite na mkpakọrịta == [[Faịlụ:Dr_RA_Dyer-gedenkplaket,_Pretoria_NBT.jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta dị na Ogige Botanical nke Mba Pretoria]] * Onye òtù American Cactus and Succulent Society 1941 * Ihe nrite Herbert (American Amaryllis Society) * Onye isi oche nke ngalaba C nke SA Assoc. maka Adv. nke Sayensị 1941/42 * Onye otu Royal Society of South Africa 1945 * Onye isi oche nke S.A. Biological Society 1948 * Ihe nrite Senior Capt. Scott (S.A. Biological Society) * Onye isi oche nke Pretoria Horticultural Society 1961-1972 * S.A. Assoc. nke Botanists Gold Medal 1973 * Honorary D.Sc. site na Mahadum Witwatersrand 1976 == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Biography of Robert Allen DyernaS2A3Biographical Database nke Southern African Science j161ldueu4r57de2ddph684m9b2ynsw 0 67287 674747 628414 2026-07-09T22:27:12Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Dina Zulfikar by Hatem Moushir.JPG|thumb|Dina Zulfikar]]   '''Dina Ezz El-Dine Zulfikar''' (Arabic: دينا ذو الفقار, ‘Dīna Zū al-Fiqār, ‘Dina Zulficar, ‘Dina Zulfakar; born April 22, 1962) is an Egyptian environmentalist, film distributor and animal, wildlife rights activist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-04-29|title=Dina Zulfikar: Egypt's lead animal welfare activist|url=https://egyptindependent.com/dina-zulfikar-egypts-lead-animal-welfare-activist/|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hayter-Menzies|first=Grant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Imw0DwAAQBAJ&dq=dina+zulfikar&pg=PP211|title=The Lost War Horses of Cairo: The Passion of Dorothy Brooke|date=2018-02-01|publisher=Atlantic Books|isbn=978-1-76063-881-8|language=en}}</ref> She is a member of the Animal welfare and rights in the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Zuhur|first=Sherifa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sP3AVaxQzTUC&dq=dina+zulficar&pg=PP11|title=Revealing Reveiling: Islamist Gender Ideology in Contemporary Egypt|date=1992-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0927-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-28|title=دينا ذو الفقار: لا توجد ثقافة لتربية الحيوانات المستأنسة والبرية في مصر|url=https://almalnews.com/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B0%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD/|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=جريدة المال|language=ar|archivedate=2021-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215041532/https://almalnews.com/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B0%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-20|title=ناشطة تتظاهر أمام "الشورى" لوضع مواد لحماية الحيوانات فى الدستور|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2012/10/20/ناشطة-تتظاهر-أمام-الشورى-لوضع-مواد-لحماية-الحيوانات-فى-الدستور/822236|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=اليوم السابع|language=ar}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dina Zulfikar n'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa Eprel, afọ 1962, n'ógbè Zamalek nke Cairo, n'aka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye bụbu onye agha bụ Ezz El-Dine Zulfikar, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Kawthar Shafik. O nwere nnukwu ọmịiko n'ebe anụmanụ nọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Ọ malitere ịgba mbọ ike ya mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cairo. Zulfikar na enyi ya nwanyị bụ Amina Abaza jikọrọ aka wee guzobe otu SPARE Animal Welfare Society. . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Foundry|first=The Theme|title=Zoe: News & Views - Dina Zulfikar at World Animal Day in Egypt|url=https://www.earthintransition.org/2011/02/the-animal-lover-from-tahrir-square/dina-zulfikar-at-world-animal-day/|accessdate=2023-01-29|work=Earth in Transition|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Zulfikar gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cairo na 1983, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ na Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmekọrịta Ndị Agha US na Egypt, wee guzobe weebụsaịtị Arab Celebrity. O nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ na-ekesa ihe nkiri na Egypt na France, wee tinye onwe ya kpamkpam n'ihe gbasara ikike anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese demand for hides threatens Egypt's donkey population - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/08/chinese-demand-hides-threatens-egypts-donkey-population|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=www.al-monitor.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Dina_Zulfikar_at_Zamalek_by_Hatem_Moushir.jpg|alt=Dina Zulfikar at Zamalek by Hatem Moushir|thumb|200x200px|Zulfikar na-eme ngagharị iwe na Cairo megide igbu nwamba, 2013.]] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Dina Zulfikar kpọrọ oku ka etinye ihe gbasara ọdịmma anụmanụ na nchekwa anụ ọhịa na iwu Egypt. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Animal rights advocates in Egypt call for laws to be activated. - Free Online Library|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Animal+rights+advocates+in+Egypt+call+for+laws+to+be+activated.-a0459802809|accessdate=2023-01-29|work=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hayter-Menzies|first=Grant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYc3DwAAQBAJ&dq=dina+zulfikar&pg=PA166|title=Dorothy Brooke and the Fight to Save Cairo's Lost War Horses|date=2017-11-01|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-1-61234-769-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-13|title=Trois ans de prison pour avoir tué un chien en Égypte|url=https://observers.france24.com/fr/20150313-egypte-chien-torture-animaux-trois-ans-prison-mort-lynchage-chien-egyptiens|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=Les Observateurs - France 24|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ rịọkwara ka e meziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ na itinye n'ọrụ ụkpụrụ mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prominent Egyptian animal rights activist dies in a fire saving her cats - Politics - Egypt|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/135881/Egypt/Politics-/Prominent-Egyptian-animal-rights-activist-dies-in-.aspx|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=Ahram Online}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado ọdịmma anụmanụ nke Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-04-29|title=Dina Zulfikar: Egypt's lead animal welfare activist|url=https://egyptindependent.com/dina-zulfikar-egypts-lead-animal-welfare-activist/|accessdate=2023-01-29|work=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dina Zulfikar Archives|url=https://www.animals24-7.org/tag/dina-zulfikar/|accessdate=2023-01-29|work=Animals 24-7|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Round with Dina|url=https://filmfreeway.com/ARoundwithDina|accessdate=2023-01-29|work=FilmFreeway|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Egyptians fear for historic Giza Zoo as UAE investor steps in|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-uae-giza-zoo-historic-fear-investor-steps-in|accessdate=2023-01-30|work=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ahụike Anụmanụ n'Ijipt * Ndepụta nke ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ anụmanụ == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{Animal rights|advocates}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zulfikar, Dina}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 36fvwxejfjujrqno0sjspsk3yrqbwd9 0 67972 674754 540735 2026-07-09T22:36:47Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674754 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:مكفولة بنت إبراهيم (2022).jpg|thumb|Mekfoula Mint Brahim ]] '''Mekfoula Mint Brahim''' bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ikike ụmụnwaanyị na Mauritania, na-alụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ ma na-ekwu okwu megide oke okpukperechi. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Pour une Mauritania Verte et Democratique ("Maka ndị Green na Democratic Mauritania"). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=afr38%2f7812%2f2018&language=en|title=Mauritania: "A sword hanging over our heads" : The repression of activists speaking out against discrimination and slavery in Mauritania|work=amnesty.org|language=en|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=5 January 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Mekfoula na ngwụcha afọ 1960 (ọ maghị ụbọchị a mụrụ ya n'ihi na nne na nna ya amaghị akwụkwọ) na Tawaz, obodo nta dị na mpaghara Adrar ma nwee ụmụnne nwanyị atọ na ụmụnne nwoke atọ. Ọ lụrụ di ugboro anọ ma nwee nwa nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mariacastroserantes.blogspot.com/2016/10/mekhfoula-brahim-ser-resistencia_70.html|title=RESISTENCIAS: MEKFOULA BRAHIM. Ser resistencia|author=Resistencias|date=29 October 2016|work=RESISTENCIAS|accessdate=5 January 2020}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na National Centre of Oncology . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mozaikrim.over-blog.com/2014/12/mekhfoula-mint-brahim-biologiste-et-activiste-la-juste-de-l-adrar.html|title=Mekfoula Mint Brahim, biologiste et activiste : La Juste de l'Adrar|author=Kane|first=Mamoudou Lamine|work=Mozaikrim|language=fr|date=December 2014|accessdate=4 January 2020}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Mekfoula Mint Brahim bụ Onyeisi nke Pour une Mauritanie Verte et Democratic (Maka Green na Democratic Mauritania), otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị hiwere na 2009 nke na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa iji chebe ma kwalite ikike mmadụ ma na-eduzi ọrụ inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike n'ime ime obodo. Ọ na-eji mgbasa ozi ọdịnala na nke ọha na eze ekwu okwu megide omume ịkpa ókè na Mauritania, gụnyere megide ụmụ nwanyị na ndị otu Haratin na Afro-Mauritania, na megide mmegwara megide ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=afr38%2f7812%2f2018&language=en|title=MAURITANIA: "A SWORD HANGING OVER OUR HEADS"|work=amnesty.org|language=en|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> Ndị otu okpukperechi emeela mkpọsa ụgha na mgbasa ozi ọha, ha enyekwara ya ọtụtụ iyi egwu igbu ya. E tinyere fatwa megide ya na enyi ya na onye otu ya bụ Aminetou Mint El-Moctar n'afọ 2014 mgbe ha kwuru ka a kagbuo ikpe ọnwụ nke onye na-ede blọgụ na onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ Mohamed Mkhaïtir. E boro ya ebubo na o si n'ezi ofufe dapụ nke a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ọnwụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2018, Mekfoula so n'ime ndị isi iri na ise na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ ka e nyere onyinye Franco-German maka ihe ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Iwu Iwu nke na-ekweta "onyinye pụrụ iche maka ichebe na ịkwalite ihe ndị ru ruuru mmadụ na ọchịchị iwu na mba ha na mba ụwa. " Mekfoule so n'etiti ndị Afrịka ise a ma ama, gụnyere Aminata Traoré, [[Mohamed Lotfy (onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ)|Mohamed Lotfy]], Vuyiseka Dubula-Majola na Alfredo Okenve Ndoho . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africatimes.com/2018/11/22/five-africans-awarded-franco-german-prize-for-human-rights/|title=Five Africans awarded Franco-German Prize for Human Rights {{!}} Africa Times|date=22 November 2018|work=africatimes.com|language=en-US|accessdate=5 January 2020|archivedate=22 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122164841/https://africatimes.com/2018/11/22/five-africans-awarded-franco-german-prize-for-human-rights/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2019, onye nnọchi anya France na Mauritania mere ya Chevalier de l'ordre de la Légion d'honneur. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mr.ambafrance.org/Mekfoula-Mint-Brahim-honoree-de-la-medaille-de-Chevalier-de-la-Legion-d-Honneur|title=Mekfoula Mint Brahim honorée de la médaille de Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur|work=La France en Mauritanie|language=fr|accessdate=5 January 2020|archivedate=6 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306213748/https://mr.ambafrance.org/Mekfoula-Mint-Brahim-honoree-de-la-medaille-de-Chevalier-de-la-Legion-d-Honneur}}</ref> == Edemsibia == <references />   [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iur3rynsseenjby7t94uwu39j4y3x7l 0 67973 674751 653880 2026-07-09T22:31:19Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Biram Dah Abeid.jpg|thumb|Biram Dah Abeid]] '''Biram Ould Dah Ould Abeid''' (Arabic; amụrụ na 12 Jenụwarị 1965) bụ ''Oge'' ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Mauritania|Mauritanian]] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tzabiras|first=Marianna|date=18 June 2019|title=Biram Dah Abeid: A profile|url=https://ifex.org/biram-dah-abeid-a-profile/|accessdate=23 April 2024|work=IFEX}}</ref> na onye na-akwado mwepụ nke ịgba ohu<ref name="slate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/12/18/biram_dah_abeid_an_interview_with_a_modern_day_abolitionist.html|title=Biram Dah Abeid: An interview with a modern-day abolitionist|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="unpo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/16654|title=UNPO: IRA President Biram Dah Abeid Wins UN Human Rights Prize|work=unpo.org|date=2 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="huff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/christina-wilkes/un-recognizes-plight-of-s_b_4443482.html|title=U.N. Recognizes Plight of Slaves in Africa; U.S. Must Do More|work=The Huffington Post|date=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="frost">{{Cite web|url=http://www.frostillustrated.com/2013/critic-twenty-years-since-human-rights-act-work-only-half-done/|title=Critic: Twenty years since Human Rights Act, work only half done|work=Frost Illustrated|date=29 September 2023|accessdate=14 November 2025|archivedate=20 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220173823/http://www.frostillustrated.com/2013/critic-twenty-years-since-human-rights-act-work-only-half-done/}}</ref><ref name="state-dept">{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/appt/2013/12/218912.htm|title=December 19 – Thursday|work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref name="sfltimes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15018&Itemid=184|title=Human rights activist to visit Ohio center|work=South Florida Times|date=17 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220095938/http://www.sfltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15018&Itemid=184|archivedate=20 December 2013}}</ref> Magazin Time depụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị 100 kachasị emetụta" na 2017 ma kpọọ ya "[[Nelson Mandela]] nke Mauritania" site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị Middle East Eye. <ref name="middleeasteye.net" /> Ndị ọchịchị Mauritania ejidela Abeid, bụ́ onye ndu nke otu mba ụwa na-emegide ịgba ohu, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ ọtụtụ ugboro. Irwin Cotler na Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights agbaala ikpe ya..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/irwin-cotler-and-judith-abitan-slavery-and-repression-in-modern-mauritania|title=Irwin Cotler and Judith Abitan: Mauritania abolished slavery in 1991, so why is it criminalizing slavery opponents? {{!}} National Post|author=Comment|first=Full|work=National Post|date=4 September 2018|accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Biram na 1965 na Jidr el-Mouhguen, obodo dị nso na Rosso, Trarza . <ref>{{Cite web|title=UNPO: Biram Dah Abeid on TIME's 2017 List of 100 Most Influential People|url=https://unpo.org/article/20052|accessdate=23 April 2024|work=unpo.org|date=2 November 2009}}</ref> Ka Abeid na-etolite, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'obodo Rosso n'afọ 1979, ebe enweghị nha anya ọha mmadụ, nke dịkwa n'obodo ya, pụtara ìhè karịa. Ọ matara etu usoro agbụrụ, nke kewapụrụ ndị isi ojii na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, si egbochi obodo ndị a na-emegbu ka ha nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ, ma gbochiekwa ha inwere onwe ha..<ref name="middleeasteye.net">{{Cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/mauritania-thorn-side-president-aziz-digs-deeper-1896188481|title=Mauritania: the thorn in the side of President Aziz digs deeper|work=Middle East Eye}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu, Abeid malitere otu a na-akpọ National African Movement, iji lụso ịkpa ókè ọgụ, ma na-akwado megide mmeso ọjọọ nke ndị isi ojii site n'ide akwụkwọ ozi ghere oghe nye odeakwụkwọ nke steeti. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na asatọ, ọ kwụsịrị agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ihi nsogbu ego ma mesịa sonye na ntuli aka ime obodo n'oge a. Otú ọ dị, mgbe afọ atọ gasịrị, o kpebiri ịlaghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ wee gaa n'ihu nweta nzere masta na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ zụrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na Mauritania na Senegal. == Ndụ dị ka onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ bụ n'afọ 2007 ka Zeine Ould Zeidane, onye bụbu onye na-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala, nyere Abeid ọrụ na mmemme ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na-akwado iwepụ ohu na megide ịkpa ókè. Abeid nabatara onyinye ahụ, n'otu afọ ahụ, mgbe e mechara ngagharị iwe agụụ ya na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị atọ ndị ọzọ, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Mauritania jidere ụmụ nwanyị atọ a na-ebo ebubo ijide ụmụaka n'ohu na isi obodo Nouakchott. Nke a bụ oge mbụ na Mauritania a boro mmadụ ebubo mpụ nke ịgba ohu.<ref name="antislaverydoc">{{Cite web|author=Norris|first=Carolyn|title=Challenging Descent-based Slavery In West Africa|publisher=Final Evaluation of Civil Society Challenge Fund project|url=http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2012/d/descent_based_slavery_in_west_africa_evaluation.pdf|date=21 May 2012|accessdate=21 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529190224/http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2012/d/descent_based_slavery_in_west_africa_evaluation.pdf|archivedate=29 May 2014}}</ref> ebe ọ bụ na iwu mere ka omume ahụ bụrụ mpụ na 2007. <ref name="bbc6938032">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Africa - Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law|work=bbc.co.uk|date=9 August 2007}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị na 2008, Abeid guzobere Initiative for the Resurgence of the Abolitionist Movement (IRA-Mauritania), nke ọ kọwara dị ka "òtù nke ọgụ a ma ama", na ebe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ala.<ref name="UNPO">{{Cite web|title=A Freed Slave's Son Fights Against Slavery|url=http://www.unpo.org/downloads/648.pdf|accessdate=29 June 2024|publisher=UNPO}}</ref> Abeid na-ahụ ọrụ abolitionist ya dị ka ime ka ndị ohu - ndị na-anọpụ iche n'ihi amaghị akwụkwọ, ịda ogbenye, na ala - mara na ndụ nwere ike ịdị n'èzí ịgba ohu. O kwenyere na ndị ohu na ndị nwe ha ejikọtara ọ bụghị naanị site na ọdịnala na mkpa akụ na ụba kamakwa site na "nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke Islam" nke na-akụzi na ịgba ohu abụghị iwu na-akwadoghị kama ọ bụ iwu okpukpe na-achịkwa ya.<ref name="unpo-473">{{Cite web|title=Arrest of Mauritanian Anti-Slavery Leader|url=http://www.unpo.org/downloads/473.pdf|work=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref><blockquote>e nwere ụdị njikọ aka na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro - Beydanes [ndị nwere ohu], steeti, ndị uwe ojii, ndị ọkàikpe, na ndị Imam - nke na-egbochi ndị ohu ịhapụ ndị nwe ha. "Mgbe ọ bụla ohu nwere onwe ya na IRA [òtù ya na-emegide ịgba ohu] amaghị ma ghara ịnọ ya, ndị uwe ojii na ndị ọkàikpe na-enyere ndị Arab Berber aka imenye ohu egwu ruo mgbe ọ laghachiri n'okpuru".</blockquote>N'afọ 2010, a chụpụrụ Abeid n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nye onye isi oche nke National Commission for Human Rights na Mauritania maka ịnọgide na-ekwupụta okwu ịgba ohu.<ref name="unpo512" /> A na-eyi ya egwu na a ga-ekpe ya ikpe ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka "ọrụ iwu na-akwadoghị" ma ọ bụrụ na ọ kwụsịghị ọrụ ya na ọgụ megide ịgba ohu.<ref name="unpo512">{{Cite web|title=Alternative Report to CESCR – Mauritania E/C.12/MRT/1|work=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, UNPO|url=http://unpo.org/downloads/512.pdf|accessdate=21 January 2015|date=August 2012}}</ref> E jidekwara ya, jide ya, ma mekpọọ ya ọnụ na Disemba 2010 n'oge esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị uwe ojii na ndị otu ya, mgbe ihe dị ka mmadụ iri asatọ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ya gbadatara n'ụlọ onye nwe ụmụ agbọghọ ohu abụọ, na-achọ ka a tụọ onye nwe ya mkpọrọ. Abeid gwara ndị uwe ojii na "anyị agaghị ahapụ ruo mgbe ị tọhapụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ ma tinye ndị omempụ a n'ụlọ mkpọrọ". Na Jenụwarị 6, 2011, ya na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe, a mara Abeid ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa iri na abụọ. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Febụwarị 2011, wee gbaghaa ya site n'aka Onyeisiala Mauritania bụ Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz..<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2018|title=Urgent Action Anti-Slavery Activists Arbitrarily Arrested|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AFR3890462018ENGLISH.pdf|accessdate=29 June 2024|work=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2011, ndị uwe ojii Mauritania ji ike kwụsị ịnọdụ ala n'ihu ndị uwe ojii n'ihi 'ọrụ ụmụaka megide iwu'. Abeid na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe nke IRA merụrụ ahụ ma kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọgwụ Kissi dị na Nouakchott.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifex.org/mauritania/2011/08/09/antislavery_protesters_attacked|title=Police attack anti-slavery campaigners - IFEX|work=IFEX|date=9 August 2011}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, n'oge ngagharị iwe na Nouakchott, e boro ndị otu Abeid ebubo ịgba akwụkwọ iwu Islam nke Ụlọ akwụkwọ Maliki nke iwu Islam nke nyere ohere ịgba ohu. Ọkụ ahụ kpatara nnukwu ọgba aghara. Onye isi ala ahụ kpọrọ oku ka Abeid nwụọ ma kwe nkwa inye ya ntaramahụhụ ahụ. E mechiri ọrụ ekwentị na ịntanetị nke Abeid, a tụkwara ya na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe nke IRA mkpọrọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, NGO ahụ rịọrọ mgbaghara maka ihe merenụ. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Mgbe ọtụtụ ọnwa nke njide na ịkagbu ikpe ha, a tọhapụrụ otu ahụ na mgbapụta na 3 Septemba 2012, na-esote nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2013|title=UNPO: UNPO-IRA Report to ICCPR Outlines Widespread Continuation of Slavery in Mauritania|url=https://unpo.org/article/15553|accessdate=29 June 2024|work=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]}}</ref>  Na Mee 2013, Biram Dah Abeid natara ihe nrite Front Line maka Ndị Nchebe Ihe Ruuru Mmadụ n'Irish site n'aka ndị otu NGO nke Ireland bụ́ Front Line Defenders, na Disemba 2013, o nwetara ihe nrite United Nations Prize n'ọhịa nke ikike mmadụ..<ref name=":0" /> O guzobekwara dị ka onye mmegide na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Mauritania n'afọ 2014, mana onye nọ n'ọkwa, Abdel Aziz meriri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2014|title=Communiqué portant proclamation des résultats des élections présidentielles du 21 juin 2014|url=http://www.ceni.mr/IMG/pdf/declaration_provisoire_des_resultats_fr.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630002001/http://www.ceni.mr/IMG/pdf/declaration_provisoire_des_resultats_fr.pdf|archivedate=30 June 2014|accessdate=29 June 2024|work=[[National Independent Election Commission]]|language=fr}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2014, e jidere Abeid na mmadụ iri na isii ndị ọzọ na-emegide ịgba ohu na IRA-Mauritania maka ime ngagharị iwe megide iwepụ ebubo megide nna ohu nke dinara nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na ise nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ohu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sutter|first=John D.|date=20 October 2014|title=Attorney: Charges against liberated Mauritanian slave dropped|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/20/opinion/sutter-mauritania-slave-charged/|work=CNN}}</ref> E mere ikpe ahụ na Jenụwarị 15, 2015, mgbe a mara Abeid, ya na ndị ọzọ abụọ na-eme ngagharị iwe ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ abụọ.<ref name="voajailed">{{Cite news|title=Mauritanian Anti-slavery Leader Jailed Over November Protest|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mauritanian-anti-slavery-leader-jailed-over-november-protest/2600147.html|accessdate=21 January 2015|publisher=VoA|date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="mark-protest">{{Cite news|author=Mark|first=Monica|title=Mauritania activists jailed as police quash resurgent anti-slavery protests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jan/17/mauritania-anti-slavery-activists-jailed-biram-ould-abeid|accessdate=21 January 2015|date=17 January 2015}}</ref> A jụrụ arịrịọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, a tụrụ Abeid mkpọrọ na "iwu sitere n'elu", ọtụtụ ndị weere ya dị ka mgbalị iji machibido itinye aka na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke Septemba, nke ọ na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-emegide ịgba ohu, onye mmegide.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/irwin-cotler-and-judith-abitan-slavery-and-repression-in-modern-mauritania|title=Irwin Cotler and Judith Abitan: Mauritania abolished slavery in 1991, so why is it criminalizing slavery opponents? {{!}} National Post|author=Comment|first=Full|work=National Post|date=4 September 2018|language=en-CA|accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mgbalị nke ndị ọchịchị Mauritania, a họpụtara Abeid ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu site na ụlọ mkpọrọ ya na Septemba. Mgbe e jidere ya n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ma rịgoro n'ụlọ omebe iwu, o kwupụtara, sị: "M ga-eme ihe niile m nwere ike ime iji gosipụta na ịgba ohu, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịta ahụhụ dị ka usoro nchịkwa site na obere ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu onye isi ala rụrụ arụ. " Abeid ekwuputala onwe ya dịka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala na ntuli aka June 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raoulwallenbergcentre.org/newsfeed/anti-slavery-leader-biram-dah-abeid-released-from-prison|title=Anti-Slavery Leader Biram Dah Abeid Released From Prison|author=Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights|date=31 December 2018|work=Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights|accessdate=|archivedate=16 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050129/https://www.raoulwallenbergcentre.org/newsfeed/anti-slavery-leader-biram-dah-abeid-released-from-prison}}</ref> Na 22 June 2019, o nwetara 18.58% vootu ntuli aka, n'azụ Mohamed Ould Ghazouani (52.01%) na n'ihu Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar (17.87%). == Onyinye na mmata == * 2013 - Ihe nrite Front Line maka ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na ndị na-ahụ maka Front Line <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2017|title=2013 Front Line Defenders Award|url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/2013-front-line-defenders-award|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222030122/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/2013-front-line-defenders-award|archivedate=22 February 2024|accessdate=29 June 2024|work=[[Front Line Defenders]]}}</ref> * 2013 - Ihe nrite nke United Nations na ngalaba nke ikike mmadụ <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=5 December 2013|title=Pakistani activist Malala Yousafzai among winners of 2013 UN human rights prize|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2013/12/457122|accessdate=29 June 2024|work=UN News}}</ref> * 2017 - Ihe nrite Mémoires partagées, site na Mémoires et Partages<ref>{{Cite web|title=FRANCE – Biram Dah Abeid reçoit le Prix "Mémoires Partagées"|url=https://www.courrierdesafriques.net/2017/02/france-biram-dah-abeid-recoit-le-prix-memoires-partagees|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213092005/https://www.courrierdesafriques.net/2017/02/france-biram-dah-abeid-recoit-le-prix-memoires-partagees|archivedate=13 February 2017|accessdate=29 June 2024|work=Courrier des Afriques|language=fr}}</ref>[[Mémoires et Partages|Ihe Ndị Na-echeta Na Ihe Ndị Na Na-ekerịta]] * 2019 - Doctorate Honorary na Mahadum Leuven (KU Leuven) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nieuws.kuleuven.be/en/content/2018/patron-saints-day-2019-ku-leuven-to-award-six-honorary-doctorates|title=Patron Saint's Day 2019: KU Leuven to award six honorary doctorates|work=nieuws.kuleuven.be|accessdate=23 October 2019}}</ref> == Akụkọ banyere ntuli aka == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" |+  ! scope="col" |Nhọrọ ! scope="col" |Ndepụta ! scope="col" |Mpaghara ! scope="col" |Nhọrọ ! scope="col" |% ! scope="col" |Ọnọdụ ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ |- | align="left" |2014 ntuli aka onye isi ala Mauritania |RAG| {{N/A}} |61,218 |8.67% |Nke abụọ (n'ime 5) (out of 5)| {{no|Lost}} |- | align="left" |Ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke Mauritania na 2018 |Sawab-RAG |Ndepụta mba |12,265 |1.75% |Nke iri na otu (n'ime 97) (out of 97)| {{Won|Elected}} |- | align="left" |Ntuli aka onye isi ala Mauritania nke 2019 |Sawab-RAG| {{N/A}} |172,649 |18.59% |Nke abụọ (n'ime 6) (out of 6)| {{no|Lost}} |- | align="left" |Ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke Mauritania na 2023 |Sawab-RAG |Ndepụta mba |39,807 |4.10% |Nke anọ (n'ime 25) (out of 25)| {{Won|Elected}} |- | align="left" |Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Mauritania na 2024 |Sawab-RAG| {{N/A}} |218,427 |22.10% |Nke abụọ (n'ime 7) (out of 7)| {{no|Lost}} |} * Ikpochapụ usoro ịgba ohu == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==  {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Abeid, Biram Dah}} oqgjhz4q5a5qg4e03saedaigjbll96f 0 67979 674855 525290 2026-07-10T06:28:35Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674855 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kamel Jendoubi Isie Tunisia, 2011.jpg|thumb|Kamel Jendoubi]] '''Kamel Jendoubi''' (Arabic; amụrụ na 8 Ọgọst 1952 na Tunis) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na Tunisia. == Akụkọ ndụ == Jendoubi nwetara nzere na IAE Paris na nzere Master nke Advanced Studies na Mahadum Paris nke Abụọ Panthéon-Assas.. Ọ bụ onye otu na onye isi oche nke ọtụtụ òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, gụnyere Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network kemgbe afọ 2003.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Qui est Kamel Jendoubi ministre des Relations avec les Instances constitutionnelles, la Société civile et les Droits de l'homme ?|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/18831-qui-est-kamel-jendoubi-ministre-des-relations-avec-les-instances-constitutionnelles-la-societe-civile-et-les-droits-de-l-homme|work=leaders.com.tn|language=fr|date=6 January 2016|accessdate=5 December 2017|archivedate=6 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706033912/http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/18831-qui-est-kamel-jendoubi-ministre-des-relations-avec-les-instances-constitutionnelles-la-societe-civile-et-les-droits-de-l-homme}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, ndị isi ọchịchị họpụtara ya maka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mgbanwe ahụ, mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Independent Higher Authority for Realization of the Objectives of the Revolution, Political Reform and Democratic Transition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Membres du Conseil de l'instance supérieure pour la réalisation des objectifs de la révolution, de la réforme politique et de la transition démocratique|url=https://www.tunisienumerique.com/membres-du-conseil-de-linstance-superieure-pour-la-realisation-des-objectifs-de-la-revolution-de-la-reforme-politique-et-de-la-transition-democratique/|author=Sadok Sayedi|work=tunisienumerique.com|language=fr|date=14 March 2011|accessdate=5 December 2017|archivedate=6 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206005940/https://www.tunisienumerique.com/membres-du-conseil-de-linstance-superieure-pour-la-realisation-des-objectifs-de-la-revolution-de-la-reforme-politique-et-de-la-transition-democratique/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2012, Kamel Jendoubi bụ onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka nhazi ntuli aka nke afọ 2013, mgbe nkwekọrịta troika gbasara ọchịchị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọdịnihu gasịrị..<ref>{{Cite news|language=fr|title=Tunisie : élections en été 2013|work=[[Le Figaro]]|date=8 October 2012|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2012/10/08/97001-20121008FILWWW00662-tunisie-elections-en-ete-2013.php|accessdate=4 August 2019}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, e yigharịrị ntuli aka ahụ ma Chafik Sarsar, onye nkuzi mahadum na iwu iwu, mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke ikike dị elu nke onwe ya maka ntuli aka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chafik Sarsar, officiellement, nouveau président de l'ISIE|url=http://www.businessnews.com.tn/chafik-sarsar-officiellement-nouveau-president-de-lisie,520,43446,3|work=businessnews.com.tn|language=fr|date=9 January 2014|accessdate=5 December 2017|archivedate=6 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135841/http://www.businessnews.com.tn/chafik-sarsar-officiellement-nouveau-president-de-lisie,520,43446,3}}</ref> Na 23 Jenụwarị 2015, na gọọmentị nke Habib Essid, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye enyemaka nye praịm minista, Onye isi nke Gọọmentị nke Tunisia, maka mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ iwu na ọha mmadụ. Na 6 Jenụwarị 2016, ọ ghọkwara onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunisie : liste complète des ministres du nouveau gouvernement Essid|url=http://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2016/01/06/tunisie-habib-essid-annonce-un-remaniement-ministeriel/|work=directinfo.webmanagercenter.com|language=fr|date=6 January 2016|accessdate=5 December 2017|archivedate=7 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607121303/https://directinfo.webmanagercenter.com/2016/01/06/tunisie-habib-essid-annonce-un-remaniement-ministeriel/}}</ref> Na Disemba 5, 2017, Ụlọọrụ Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ họpụtara ya ka ọ duru otu ndị ọkachamara mba ụwa na mpaghara iji nyochaa mmebi iwu ikike mmadụ na Yemen. == Mmụta == Kamel Jendoubi debanyere aha na Mahadum Tunis na ngwụcha afọ 1960 iji chụsoo ọmụmụ na [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]] na chemistry. Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, na 1971, ọ kwagara Paris, mana o debanyere aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike. Ya mere, ọ gara ọmụmụ ọgwụ.<ref name="garant">{{Cite news|language=fr|title=Kamel Jendoubi, le garant des premières élections du printemps arabe|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=15 October 2011|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/tunisie/article/2011/10/15/kamel-jendoubi-le-garant-des-premieres-elections-du-printemps-arabe_1588008_1466522.html|accessdate=4 August 2019}}</ref> N'oge a, ọ matara ọtụtụ ndị Tunisia kwagara mba ọzọ wee kpebie ịhapụ ọmụmụ ya maka uru nke ọrụ ya gbasara ikike mmadụ. N'afọ 1979, Kamel Jendoubi, mgbe ọ laghachiri Tunisia n'oge dị mkpirikpi, laghachiri France iji maliteghachi ọmụmụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ n'oge a, tupu ọ laghachi ọzọ, Na Paris mgbe IAE malitere na Sorbonne. == Mgbasa ozi mkparị == Jendoubi bụ onye a na-elekwasị anya na mkpọsa mkparị nke gọọmentị [[United Arab Emirates]] malitere, nke chọrọ ijikọ ya na Muslim Brotherhood na ndị otu Islam extremist. Dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị ahụ, gọọmentị UAE were ọrụ nke [[Alp Services SA]], ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo nke Switzerland. Alp mepụtara akụkọ ụgha banyere Jendoubi nke agbakwunyere na isiokwu banyere ya na [[Wikipedia nke ndị bekee|Wikipedia Bekee]] na Wikipedia French.<ref>{{Cite news|first=David D.|author=Kirkpatrick|date=2023-03-27|title=The Dirty Secrets of a Smear Campaign|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/04/03/the-dirty-secrets-of-a-smear-campaign|accessdate=2023-03-27|work=[[The New Yorker]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == * Commander Order of the Republic (Tunisia), 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leaders.com.tn/|title=Leaders: News et Actualité de la Tunisie et du monde|work=www.leaders.com.tn|accessdate=2019-08-21|archivedate=28 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128020814/http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/m-belhassen-trabelsi-nouveau-pdg-de-nouvelair}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Hermès maka ịkwalite Nnwere Onwe ikwu okwu na mgbanwe nke ozi na Mediterenian. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://euro-mediterranee.blogspot.com/2016/04/kamel-jendoubi-laureat-du-prix-hermes.html|title=Kamel Jendoubi, winner of the Hermès Prize for Freedom of Expression|accessdate=9 August 2019|archivedate=9 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809075312/http://euro-mediterranee.blogspot.com/2016/04/kamel-jendoubi-laureat-du-prix-hermes.html}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Que vive la République ! Tunisie (1957-2017)'', Tunis, ed. Alif, 2018 * ''Tunisie dix ans et dans dix ans'' (collective work), Tunis, ed. Leaders, 2021 * ''La Tunisie vote, Récit d’un acteur engagé'', Tunis, ed. Nirvana, 2021 == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7w7mkrcv8qy2pv1ak3n60tz5v1uchrh 0 67980 674755 596485 2026-07-09T22:40:44Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674755 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[Faịlụ:Slow Politics 2014 (15778266136) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Abiol Lual Deng]] '''Abiol Lual Deng''' (amụrụ na 15 Mee 1983) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba South Sudan na Amerịka, ọ bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mba ụwa. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Deng na [[Wisconsin]]"Madison, Wisconsin na 15 Mee 1983 ma bụrụkwa onye nketa South Sudan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Deng|first=Lual A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SldpsL8F1SYC&q=The+Power+of+Creative+Reasoning:+The+Ideas+and+Vision+of+John+Garang|title=The Power of Creative Reasoning: The Ideas and Vision of John Garang|date=2013|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4759-6028-0|language=en}}</ref>Nna ya bụ Lual A. Deng, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụnụba na onye ndụmọdụ nye ndị Sudan People's Liberation Movement. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Lual A. Deng|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/person/dr-lual-deng|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Virginia, ebe ọ gụrụ maka B.A. na French site na 2002 ruo 2005.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Abiol Lual Deng {{!}} transmediale|url=https://archive.transmediale.de/content/abiol-lual-deng|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=archive.transmediale.de}}</ref><ref name=":2" />Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Paris-Sorbonne maka MPhil ya, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2007. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Graduates {{!}} Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado Area|url=https://graduates.name/colorado_college-7994-1#id38233767|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=graduates.name}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kemgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kọntinent atọ na enyemaka enyemaka na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-22|title=#DoDevDif - Doing Development Differently|url=https://openculture.agency/dodevdif-doing-development-differently/|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=r0g agency|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasịkarị anya n'okwu metụtara ndị mmadụ na mba ndị dị n'ebe Wawa anyanwụ na etiti Africa ma ọ rụọ ọrụ na [[Chad]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Sudan]] South Sudan na Sudan.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba onwe onye, yana ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na òtù ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị, dị ka Médecins Sans Frontières .<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Authors - Digital Development Debates|url=http://www.digital-development-debates.org/authors.html|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=www.digital-development-debates.org|archivedate=2021-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424032300/http://www.digital-development-debates.org/authors.html}}</ref> Deng nwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'iji mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta eme ihe n'ọnọdụ esemokwu, ebe mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nwere ike ịkpa ókè.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Allan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg6QDwAAQBAJ&q=abiol+lual+deng&pg=PA490|title=Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond|date=2019-04-05|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-1-928096-75-7|pages=490|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 2021, Deng na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ụwa maka Mahadum Virginia's new course on French for Global Development.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Welcome! Abiol Lual Deng, Global Mentor in French {{!}} Department of French|url=https://french.as.virginia.edu/news/welcome-abiol-lual-deng-global-mentor-french|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=french.as.virginia.edu|archivedate=2021-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706205622/https://french.as.virginia.edu/news/welcome-abiol-lual-deng-global-mentor-french}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Deng, A. L., 'Eziokwu ma ọ bụ Asịrị?' Digital Development Debates (2017), 17.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Issue 17 Sharing - Data - Facts or Rumors? - Digital Development Debates|url=http://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-17-sharing--data--facts-or-rumors.html|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=www.digital-development-debates.org|archivedate=2021-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415044929/http://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-17-sharing--data--facts-or-rumors.html}}</ref> * Light, E., Bacas, J. L., Dragona, D., Kämpf, K. M., Peirano, M., Pelizzer, Valentina, Rogers, C., Sprenger, F., Rowan, J., & Deng, A. L. (201''8''). Ihe owuwu nke Dis / Njikọ: nke Drones, Migration, na Digital Care. ''Echiche: Journal of Cross-Cultural Image Studies'', 8 (2), 56-63. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-09-05|title=Infrastructures of Dis/Connection: Of Drones, Migration, and Digital Care|url=http://imaginations.glendon.yorku.ca/?p=9960|accessdate=2021-03-14|journal=Imaginations: Journal of Cross-Cultural Image Studies|language=en-US|doi=10.17742/image.ld.8.2.6|author=Light|first=Evan|volume=8|issue=2}}</ref> == Edemsibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://vimeo.com/showcase/5753936/video/315625540 Ajụjụ ọnụ Abiol Lual Deng] * [https://blogs.mediapart.fr/krystian-woznicki/blog/200219/universalizing-discourse-climate-change Ịkwalite Okwu Banyere Mgbanwe Ihu igwe] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4d7yua1x91ib5fevo3d9cqx4qpywhc3 0 67982 674863 525295 2026-07-10T06:38:32Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674863 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:John William Bews.jpg|thumb|John Bews]]   '''John William Bews''' (ụbọchị ịrị na ise n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1884 - ụbọchị ịrị n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1938)bụ onye Scotland bụ ọkachamara ihe ọkụkụ sitere na South Africa. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Bews na Kirkwall na Orkney Islands nke mba Scotland. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo.Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Kirkwall ma mechaa mụọ mgbakọ na mwepụ, nkà ihe ọmụma okike, kemistri, geology, Latin, Bekee na logic na Mahadum Edinburgh. O nwetara nzere nke abụọ na botany, kemistri na geology n'afọ 1907.[2] == ọrụ ihe ọkụkụ == N'afọ 1909, a họpụtara Bews ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ nke botany na geology na Mahadum Natal nke e guzobere ọhụrụ na Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.[3][4] Na mbụ, na-ezube ịmụ ihe ọmụmụ osisi, ihe ịma aka nke ụlọ nyocha ọhụrụ na nke na-enweghị ihe onwunwe na ahịhịa ọhụrụ (maka ya) nke Natal Midlands pụtara na ọ gbanwere ntụziaka nke ọmụmụ ya gaa n'ọrụ ubi. == Nkà ihe ọmụma == Bews bụ onye na-echebe General Jan Smuts ma echiche ya gbasara holism metụtara ya. "A na-ejikọta osisi, ịhụ mba n'anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịdị n'otu mba... Bews mere ka njikọ a doo anya, na-atụ aro ka ndị ọkà mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi jiri asụsụ soshal midia kọwaa mmekọrịta dị n'ụwa osisi. " [6][7] == Ọrụ == * {{Cite book|author=Bews|first=John William|title=Plant Forms and Their Evolution in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIYIAAAAMAAJ|year=1925|publisher=Longman, Green|isbn=9780598901552}} * {{Cite book|author=Bews|first=John William|title=The Grasses and Grasslands of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2SPnQAACAAJ|year=1918|publisher=P. David & Sons}} * {{Cite book|author=Bews|first=John William|title=Researches on the Vegetation of Natal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_HhnQAACAAJ|year=1923|publisher=Government Printer}} * {{Cite book|author=Bews|first=John William|title=The Plant Ecology of the Drakensberg Range|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTwLkAEACAAJ|year=1917}} == Ememe ncheta == A na-akpọ Bews Herbarium na ogige Pietermaritzburg nke Mahadum Natal aha ya. == Edemsibịa == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya ===   === Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ===   == Njikọ mpụga == clk7hpkv4pqthb3v66lfqtaikv61omp 0 67991 674873 525307 2026-07-10T06:50:51Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Arthur C Stark.jpg|thumb|Arthur Stark]] == Ebemsidee mpụga == * [[iarchive:birdsofsouthafri01starrich|The Birds of South Africa (1900), Mpịakọta 1]] na Internet ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet {{Authority control}} 03ghqe5qfatb9tg9m02jclxsof1qr3p 0 67997 674858 525372 2026-07-10T06:32:09Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Robert Harold Compton.jpg|thumb|Robert Harold Compton]]   '''Robert Harold Compton''' (6 August 1886 na Tewkesbury - 11 July 1979 na [[Cape Town]]) bụru South African botanist. Nke Compton Herbarium na [[Cape Town|Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden]], nke o guzobere na Cape Town na 1939, iji llsọpụrụ ya.<ref name="SANBI-compton">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanbi.org/research/comptonherbarium.htm|title=Compton Herbarium (NBG & SAM) Cape Town|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute|accessdate=2008-10-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723180604/http://www.sanbi.org/research/comptonherbarium.htm|archivedate=2008-07-23}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ Gụrụ akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Cambridge site na 1905 we ruo 1909, nweta okpukpu abụọ nke mbụ na ọdịiche ma mesịa nweta M.A. Ọ nọrọ na Cambridge site na afọ 1911 ruo afọ 1913 dị ka onye ngosi nke Botany, wee sonye na njem nlegharị anya na New Caledonia na 1914, na-anakọta nke ọma ma na-achọpụta ụfọdụ ụdị na ụdị ọhụrụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na Cambridge, akwụkwọ ya ndị bụ isi dị na mpaghara anatomy na morphology nke Gymnosperms, Pteridophytes na Angiosperm seedlings. Ọ debanyere aha M.A. ọrụ agha site na 1915 ruo 1918 wee rute South Africa na Machị 1919 ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke National Botanic Gardens na Kirstenbosch. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ weghaara oche nke Harold Pearson Prọfesọ nke Botany na Mahadum Cape Town - Harold Pearson bụ onye nduzi mbụ na Kirstenbosch. Robert Compton jidere ọkwa we ruo afọ 34 sochirinụ. N'ime South Africa, mmasị ya dị na taxonomy nkè osisi South Africa. Ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ya n'ọhịa a dị na Journal of South African Botany, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ọ malitere na 1935 ma dezie ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike na afọ 1953, ọ họọrọ ibi na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] ma Gọọmentị Swazi nyere ya ọrụ n'ime nyocha botanical nke mba ahụ. Nsonaazụ mbụ pụtara dị ka An Annotated Checklist of the Flora of Swaziland na Journal of South African Botany Suppl. 11 (1976) === Nsọpụrụ na onyinye === Ọ bụ kwa onye isi oche nke SA Njikọ maka Ọganihu Sayensị na 1957, na-anata ihe nrite ha na onyinye. Ọ bụ onye otu Royal Society of SA, onye Hon. Fellow nke Royal Horticultural Society na onye nwetara ihe nrite, onye isi oche nke SA Museums Association ugboro abụọ, ma nata D.Sc. nsọpụrụ. site na Mahadum Cape Town na 1968. A na-echeta ya na ''Comptonella'' Bak.f., ''Comptonanthus'' B. Nord, na ọtụ aha dị echiche. Ọtụ n'ime ihe atụ ya na New Caledonia dị na Ụlọ ihe ngosi nke British , na nnukwu nchịkọta ya na South Africa (ihe karịrị 35 000) gbasara n'etiti herbaria dị iche iche na South Africa.   === Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara === * Mụ na [[Elsie Garrett Rice]]{{Cite book|author=Compton|first=Robert Harold|title=Wild Flowers of the Cape of Good Hope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMdWswEACAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Botanical Society of South Africa}} * {{Cite book|author=Compton|first=Robert Harold|title=Kirstenbosch: garden for a nation: being the story of the first 50 years of the National Botanic Gardens of South Africa, 1913-1963|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7obAQAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Tafelberg}} * ' <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCompton1966">National Botanic Gardens nke South Africa. 1966.</cite>{{Cite book|author=Compton|first=Robert Harold|title=An annotated check list of the flora of Swaziland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSVVAAAAMAAJ|year=1966|publisher=National Botanic Gardens of South Africa}} * Ubi anyị nke South Africa (Cape Times, Cape Town 1930s) == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Kirstenbosch * Ụdị: Ụtụ isi nke Robert Harold Compton kpọrọ == Edemsibia == * Rourke na ''Forum Botanicum'' 14:57 (1976) * Rycroft na ''Veld & Flora'' 65: 74-75 (1979) {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.sanbi.org/ SANBI] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080723180604/http://www.sanbi.org/research/comptonherbarium.htm Peeji Compton Herbarium na SANBI] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Ndị nwurawu]] tgdechsn9hy8ogl7prutl8jgwiouh5d 0 68001 674872 638075 2026-07-10T06:47:35Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Hassib Ben Ammar.jpg|thumb|Hassib Ben Ammar]] '''Hassib Ben Ammar''' (Arabic; 11 Eprel 1924 - 15 Disemba 2008) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nta akụkọ / onye nchịkọta akụkọ [[Tunisia|Onye Tunisia]]. Ọ bụ onye na-eme mkpọsa maka ikike mmadụ.<ref name="LeadersobitHBA" /> == Ndụ == === Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Dị ka nwa okorobịa, o sonyere n'ọgụ nnwere onwe nke Tunisia, ọkachasị dị ka onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo ''"El Hilal"''. Mgbe nnwere onwe mba gasịrị, na 1961 a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke "National office of Mines". N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1961, o sonyere na Nzukọ Iwu na Chamber of Commerce nke Tunisia: kọmitii na-eduzi mmadụ iri abụọ na anọ họpụtara Ben Ammar dị ka onye isi oche mbụ ha. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ nọdụrụ n'ọkwa dị elu n'ọha mmadụ: ọ bụ onyeisi otu ndị ntorobịa nke Socialist Destourian Party,,<ref name="NouraBors">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lazharchraiti.org/Journaux/realite/realite07.pdf|title=Les deux premières manifestations de la Tunisie indépendante|author=Noura Borsali|publisher=en mémoire de Lazhar Chraïti|date=20 April 2006|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa gọvanọ nke ọchịchị Tunis (ógbè) site na Julaị 1965 ruo Septemba 1969. Ben Ammar jere ozi dị ka onyeisi obodo Tunis n'etiti 1963 na 1969.<ref name="MayorlistTunis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=706|title=Anciens Maires ....Dés sa fondation en 1858, la commune de Tunis a été administrée par une trentaine de maires qui se sont activés à diriger les affaires de la cité, à gérer les intérêts municipaux et à contribuer à la promotion sociale, économique et culturelle de la ville de Tunis|publisher=Municipality of Tunis|accessdate=15 June 2015|archivedate=3 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403225242/http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=706}}</ref> N'afọ 1967, n'oge ọ na-ejikọta ọrụ nke gọvanọ mpaghara na onyeisi obodo, o hiwere Association for the Care of the Medina na Tunis (Association de sauvegarde de la médina de Tunis), na-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke otu ahụ ruo 1969.<ref name="historique">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asmtunis.com/historique-asm.php|title=Association de Sauvegarde de la Médina de Tunis (A.S.M)|publisher=Asmtunis.com|accessdate=15 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812072428/http://asmtunis.com/historique-asm.php|archivedate=12 August 2015}}</ref> A họpụtara Ben Ammar ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Tunisia na [[Italy|Ịtali]] n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ya na Ahmed Ben Salah nwere esemokwu gbasara Cooperatives, tupu a họpụta ya dịka onye nduzi nke Socialist Destourian Party, ọ bụ ọrụ o nwere n'etiti 27 Septemba 1969 na 23 June 1970. Ọ ghọrọ Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa mba na June 1970, na-anọchi Beji Caid Essebsi. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa a naanị ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1971, nke bụ mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi na Onye isi ala Bourguiba jụrụ ime ka ndị Socialist Destourian Party (PSD / Parti socialiste destourien) bụrụ ndị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya: Béchir M'hedhbi nọchiri ya na ngalaba nchekwa. === Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ === A chụpụrụ ya na PSD n'afọ ndị 1970, <ref name="LarChoEriGob" /> Hassib Ben Ammar gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya iji sonye na Ahmed Mestiri n'ịmepụta òtù mmegide na-apụta site na Movement of Socialist Democrats (MDS / Mouvement des démocrates socialistes). N'afọ 1977, ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Tunisian Human Rights League, wee bụrụ onye isi oche nsọpụrụ nke njikọ a Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke "Komiti nke Nnwere Onwe" (nke a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ "National Council for Public Freedoms" ) nke malitere dị ka arịrịọ maka nkwanye ùgwù maka nnwere onwe obodo, na maka nzukọ maka nnwere ike na ikike mmadụ.<ref name="AttariqAljadid">{{Cite web|url=http://attariq.org/spip.php?article302|title=Adieu, Hassib !|author=Hichem Skik|date=21 December 2008|publisher=Attariq Aljadid|accessdate=16 June 2015|archivedate=26 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426011409/http://attariq.org/spip.php?article302}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta 528 bịanyere aka na arịrịọ ahụ (ndị nkuzi mahadum, ndị dọkịta, ndị ọka iwu wdg) ma kesaa ya n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1977. <ref name="LarChoEriGob">{{Cite web|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/410603/filename/chouikha_Gobe_LTDH.pdf|title=Les organisations des droits de l'Homme dans la formule politique tunisienne : acteurs de l'opposition oufaire-valoir du régime ?|author=Larbi Chouikha|date=21 August 2009|publisher=The open archive HAL|work=L'Annee du Maghreb, CNRS, Editions, p. 163-182 <halshs-00410603>|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="garon52" /> Ben Ammar mere njem mba ofesi iji kpọọ ndị otu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na mba ọzọ ka ha sonye.<ref name="garon52" /> Nzukọ ahụ n'onwe ya, n'agbanyeghị na a machibidoro ya iwu, mechara mee na 9 June 1977. O mere ọ bụghị na Hotel Africa dị ka atụmatụ, kama na isi ụlọ nke Tunis-Carthage International Airport.<ref name="AttariqAljadid" /> Otu onye a ma ama sonyere bụ United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark . <ref name="AttariqAljadid" /><div style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width: 36.5em; text-align: center; font-size: 0.92em; font-family: lucida grande, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"><div style="border: 1px solid #999999; background: #c6dbf7; text-align: center; padding: 1em 1em; text-align: center;"><div style="border: 1px solid #999999; background: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 0.5em 0.5em; text-align: left;"> Hassib Ben Ammar na akwụkwọ akụkọ, "Erraï", nke ọ malitere : "Anyị meghere ogidi anyị maka onye ọ bụla. Ọbụna [[Ghannouchi a zụrụ azụ|Rashid al-Ghannushi]] (Islamist) na Mohamed Harmel (Communist), mgbe ha na-akwadoghị ọnọdụ ha. Anyị mere nke a n'aha nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. Ọbụna ebipụtara m otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke gbachitere ndị isi ike. : ''"Anyị meghere ogidi anyị nye onye ọ bụla. Ọbụna Rachid Ghannouchi (onye Alakụba) na Mohamed Harmel (onye Kọmunist), ebe anyị na-anaghị anabata echiche ha. Nke a bụ n'aha nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. E bipụtara m ọbụna otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke na-agbachitere ndị na-akwado echiche".''<ref name="garon52">{{Cite book|author=Lise Garon|title=Le silence tunisien : les alliances dangereuses au Maghreb|edition=L'Harmattan, Paris|date=1998|isbn=9782894890400}}</ref> </div></div></div>N'afọ 1977, Ben Ammar malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya mbụ nke [[Tunisia]], Errai (Obi), nke ọ kọwara dị ka "onyinye na mgbasa nke ''Echiche'' ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya". N'afọ 1978, ọ malitere mbipụta Asụsụ French kwa izu (ma ọ bụ kwa ọnwa: isi mmalite dị iche), dị ka ihe a na-ebipụta maka ndị mmegide Movement of Socialist Democrats, na-aghọ onye nduzi mbipụta ahụ. <ref name="OuvColl">{{Cite book|title=Ouvrage collectif, ''The Middle East and North Africa 2003'', coll. Regional Surveys of the World,|publisher=Europa Publications Limited, London|date=2002|isbn=9781857431322}}</ref> Òtù mmegide ahụ bụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'oge a ma ọ hụrụ onwe ya ka ndị ọchịchị na-eche ihe karịrị ikpe iri abụọ ihu. Na Disemba 1987, izu ole na ole mgbe Onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali batara n'ọchịchị, Ben Ammar mechiri Errai.<ref name="camaugeisser">{{Cite book|author=Michel Camau|title=Habib Bourguiba. La trace et l'héritage|publisher=Karthala, Paris|date=2004|isbn=2845865066}}</ref> Ndị dị nso na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwuru na onye isi ala ọhụrụ ahụ were iwe site na mbipụta nke otu isiokwu nke Oum Zied kpọrọ "The drift towards authoritarianism of the Ben Ali régime," <ref name="camaugeisser" /> machibidoro mbipụta ahụ nwere isiokwu ahụ ma malite mkpọsa iyi egwu megide Ben Ammar, nke a na-ekwu na ọ manyere ya ịkwụsị mbipụta ahụ.<ref name="camaugeisser" /> Ọzọkwa na ngwụcha afọ 1987, na Disemba 15, [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali|Ben Ali]]">onye isi ala họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Kansụl Iwu nke e guzobere na nso nso a. Tụkwasị na nke a, n'oge a, ọ bụ onye guzobere ya na nkwado nke Ben Ali nke "The Arab Institute of Human Rights", nke dị na Tunis na nke ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ. N'agbata afọ 1994 na 1995 Ben Ammar jere ozi na Kọmitii nke United Nations Convention against Torture . <ref name="UNcontretorture">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/3e6c2ec39444a3b0802566fe003d32e6?Opendocument|title=Question des Droits de L'Homme de Toutes Les Personnes Soumises a Une Forme Quelconque de Detention ou D'Emprisonnment ... Etat de la Convention Contre La Torture et Autres Peines ou Traitments Cruels, Inhumains ou Degradants ... Rapport du Secrétaire général|publisher=[[United Nations]] (Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l'Homme, Genève)|date=24 November 1994|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> Onye isi ala họpụtakwara ya na Kọmitii Kasị Elu na Nnwere Onwe Mmadụ na Nnwere onwe Ndị Dị Mkpa, ọ rụkwara ọrụ na bọọdụ nke Association for the Prevention of Torture . === Ezinụlọ === Ọ bụ nwa Salah Ben Ammar na nwanne Radhia Haddad, lụrụ Hayet Ferjani, o nwere nwa nwanyị, Zeineb, na ụmụ nwoke atọ, Kais, Khalil na Maher. == Ọnwụ == Hassib Ben Ammar nwụrụ na 15 Disemba 2008. E liri ya, nke e mere na ili ozu Jellaz na nsọtụ Tunis, ọtụtụ ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ mmegide, ndị isi obodo na obodo, tinyere ndị na-akwado ikike mmadụ. Ọ bụ Fouad Mebazaa, onye bụ onye isi oche nke ụlọ omebe iwu mba n'oge ahụ, kwuru okwu olili ozu ahụ, mana o kwuru okwu ahụ n'aka Onye isi ala Ben Ali n'onwe ya. Onye isi ala ahụ zigakwara ozi zuru oke nke ọmịiko na ọmịiko kpọmkwem na ezinụlọ ahụ nwụrụ anwụ. N'afọ 2011, a gbanwere aha okporo ámá nke 8811 na Tunis iji sọpụrụ ya. == Onyinye na mmata == * 1992 UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Advocacy natara site na Ben Ammar n'aha Arab Institute of Human Rights <ref name="Droits">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tunisieinfo.com/documents/realisationsfr/1992.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024153433/http://www.tunisieinfo.com/documents/realisationsfr/1992.html|archivedate=24 October 2007|title=Droits de l'Homme en Tunisie : 1987-2000|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> * 1993 Ihe nrite nke United Nations Human Rights na ncheta afọ 45 nke Universal Declaration of Human RightsNkwupụta Ụwa Nile Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ * 1993 Ihe nrite Onye isi ala maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ * Iwu nke 7 Nọvemba site n'aka Onye isi ala <ref name="LeadersobitHBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/0270-hassib-ben-ammar|title=Hommage à ... Hassib Ben Ammar|date=18 December 2008|author=Boubaker Sghaïer|publisher="Leaders" (PR Factory, Ennour Building, Cité des Sciences - BP 200 - 1082 Tunis - Tunisie)|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, a gbanwere aha Road Number 8811 na Tunis n'aha Hassib Ben Ammar.<ref name="Ruerebapt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/6323-hommage-posthume-de-la-municipalite-de-tunis-a-quatre-tunisiens-illustres|title=Hommage posthume de la municipalité de Tunis à quatre tunisiens illustres|date=13 September 2011|publisher="Leaders" (PR Factory, Ennour Building, Cité des Sciences - BP 200 - 1082 Tunis - Tunisie)|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> === Ihe ndị e ji mara ya === Onye isi nke Tunisian Order of Independence (1968) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnudst.rnrt.tn/produits-et-services/portail-de-linformation-scientifique-et-technique/|title=PORTAIL DE L’INFORMATION SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE PIST.TN|accessdate=2021-01-07|archivedate=2019-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518201601/http://www.cnudst.rnrt.tn/jortsrc/1999/1999f/jo05499.pdf}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|35em}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7oj68xp5ce96hfrnlk1r4c7aefcifuh 0 68003 674875 539865 2026-07-10T06:51:49Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674875 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Braam van Wyk.jpg|thumb|Abraham Erasmus Van Wyk]]   '''Abraham Erasmus van Wyk''', onye a na kpó kwa '''Braam van Wyk''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1952, [[Wolmaransstad]]) bụ kwa onye na-ahụ maka nhazi osisi na South Africa. Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ezubuta nke pasentị dị ukwuu nke ndị na-ahụ n'ihe gbasara osisi na South Africa ma mepụta ngwa elektrọnik mbụ (ngwa) maka ịchọpụta osisi na ndịda Africa. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Van Wyk na afo 1952 na Wolmaransstad, North-West Province, South Africa o toro n'ugbo ọka (ọka) na ehi. N'afọ 1973, ọ gụsịrị BSc (Botany, Zoology, Physiology) na Mahadum Potchefstroom maka agụmakwụkwọ dị elu (PCHO), BSc (Hons) sochiri ya n'afọ 1974, Diploma dị elu na agụmakwụkwọ n'afọ 1976 na MSc (Bothany) n'afọ 1977 (nke DJ Botha lekọtara). Degree niile ọ gụsịrị na PCHO na-enweta n'ụzọ dị iche. Ọ gara Mahadum Pretoria ebe ọ nwetara PhD ya na botany na thesis na nhazi nke ụdị Eugenia (''Myrtaceae'') na ndịda Africa. Kemgbe afọ 1977 ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba botany nke Mahadum Pretoria, ebe a họpụtara ya na 1989 ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke Botany na Curator nke H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium nke mahadum ahụ. O meela ọtụtụ nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ na nke ọha na eze na ọmụmụ ihe dịgasị iche iche gbasara ihe ọkụkụ. Ọ na-enyekwa aka mgbe niile na ọrụ Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET). Van Wyk na-enwe mmasị ime ka ọha na eze nwee ike ịnweta ihe ọmụmụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ma sonye na mmemme sayensị kwa izu na redio ruo afọ 18. Van Wyk kụziri ihe ọmụmụ ndị a na Mahadum Pretoria na 2012: BOT 251 Southern African flora and vegetation, BOT 366 Plant diversity, BOT 741 Plant taxonomy, BOT 7472 Plant classification, na ZEN 809 Biogeography and macro ecology. == Ọrụ nyocha == Mpaghara nyocha nke Van Wyk gụnyere ''Myrtaceae'', ''Celastraceae'', ''Icacinaceae'', ''Chenopodiaceae'' na ''Araceae'' ma na-eduzi na KwaZulu-Natal, Pondoland, Maputaland, Sekhukhuneland na n'ebe Ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Drakensberg Escarpment. Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na morphology, anatomy, nyocha pollen, biology mmepe, biology ọmụmụ na biogeography.<gallery> Faịlụ:Myrtus_communis.jpg|''Myrtaceae'' Faịlụ:Celastrus_orbiculatus.jpg|''Celastraceae'' Faịlụ:Icacina_senegalensis_MS_4743.JPG|''Icacinaceae'' Faịlụ:Xanthosoma_sagittifolium_at_Kadavoor.jpg|''Araceae'' </gallery> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Van Wyk ebipụtala, mgbe mgbe ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-agụsị akwụkwọ, n'ọtụtụ ngalaba botanical, gụnyere anatomy, biography, bibliography, [[Nomenclature|aha]]-linkid="122" href="./Taxonomy_(biology)" id="mwcQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy, nomenclature, embryology, phytogeography, palynology, reproductive biology, phytosociology, systematics, floristics na ecology. O dere (ma ọ bụ usoro dee) ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 390 gbasara ihe ọkụkụ nke Southern Africa gụnyere akwụkwọ ndị a: * Onye nduzi ubi maka okooko osisi ọhịa nke Highveld * Onye nduzi ubi maka osisi ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Afrịka * Akwụkwọ nduzi foto maka okooko osisi ọhịa nke South Africa * Otu esi amata osisi na Southern Africa * Aloes nke Southern Africa * Foto Nduzi maka Osisi nke Ndịda Afrịka == Onyinye na nkwanye ugwu == * The Journal Flowering Plants of Africa raara mpịakọta 65 (June 2017) nye van Wyk. * A na-akpọ ụdị ''Aloe braamvanwykii'' iji sọpụrụ ya. * Ihe nrite ọlaọcha maka Botany site na South African Association of Botanists * [[Robert Allen Dyer|Allen Dyer]] Award sitere na Succulent Society of South Africa * Ihe nrite Havenga maka Sayensị Ndụ site na Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns * Onyinye Academic Achiever pụrụ iche site na Mahadum Pretoria {{Reflist|2|refs=<ref name="FloweringPlants">{{cite journal |last1=Grobler |first1=Alicia |title=Dedication to Abraham Erasmus Braam van Wyk |journal=Flowering Plants of Africa |date=June 2017 |volume=65 |page=iv |url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2017_FPA65.pdf |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201254/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2017_FPA65.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Flowers"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |title=A Photographic Guide to Wild Flowers of South Africa |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Random House |location=South Africa |isbn=9781868723904 |pages=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2tfTvAEACAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="Highveld"> {{cite book |last1=Van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=Malan |first2=Sasa |title=Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of the Highveld: Also Useful in Adjacent Grassland and Bushveld |date=1997 |publisher=New Holland Publishers, Limited |isbn=9781868720583 |pages=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwQmAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="HowTo"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=van Wyk |first2=Piet |title=How to Identify Trees in Southern Africa |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Random House |location=South Africa |isbn=9781770072404 |pages=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeeqvAEACAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="IntPub"> {{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpubmarket.com/clients/str/books/AuthorDetail.aspx?id=13881 |title=Braam van Wyk |publisher=International Publishers Marketing |accessdate=24 April 2019 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050100/http://www.internationalpubmarket.com/clients/str/books/AuthorDetail.aspx?id=13881 |archivedate=13 July 2011}} </ref> <ref name="NWU">{{cite web |title=Abraham Erasmus van Wyk {{!}} Alumni |url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/alumni/abraham-erasmus-van-wyk |website=nwu.ac.za |publisher=North West University |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archivedate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424184611/http://www.nwu.ac.za/alumni/abraham-erasmus-van-wyk }}</ref> <ref name="SaboNet"> {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Gideon F. |title=Braam van Wyk—Botanist Extraordinaire and Silver Medallist of the South African Association of Botanists |journal=SABONET News |date=March 2002 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=79–80 |url=https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/sabonetnewsvol71.pdf |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="Trees"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=van Wyk |first2=Piet |title=Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa |date=2013 |publisher=Random House Struik (Pty) Ltd |location=Cape Town |isbn=9781775841050 |edition=PDF |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw1bDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="UPBot"> {{cite web|url=http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/vanwyk.html |title=Prof. Braam van Wyk |publisher=University of Pretoria Botany Department |accessdate=24 April 2019 |url-status=dead|archivedate=13 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013063001/http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/vanwyk.html }} </ref> <ref name="UPSoil"> {{cite web |title=Prof. Braam (AE) van Wyk |url=https://www.up.ac.za/plant-and-soil-sciences/article/44789/prof-braam-ae-van-wyk |website=University of Pretoria |accessdate=24 April 2019 |date=2019}} </ref>}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jndtdcr3qiyiybrmxr6gl4lojqlzzvo 674877 674875 2026-07-10T06:55:27Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674877 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abraham Erasmus van Wyk''', onye a na kpó kwa '''Braam van Wyk''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1952, [[Wolmaransstad]]) bụ kwa onye na-ahụ maka nhazi osisi na South Africa. Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ezubuta nke pasentị dị ukwuu nke ndị na-ahụ n'ihe gbasara osisi na South Africa ma mepụta ngwa elektrọnik mbụ (ngwa) maka ịchọpụta osisi na ndịda Africa. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Braam van Wyk.jpg|thumb|Abraham Erasmus van Wyk]] A mụrụ Van Wyk na afo 1952 na Wolmaransstad, North-West Province, South Africa o toro n'ugbo ọka (ọka) na ehi. N'afọ 1973, ọ gụsịrị BSc (Botany, Zoology, Physiology) na Mahadum Potchefstroom maka agụmakwụkwọ dị elu (PCHO), BSc (Hons) sochiri ya n'afọ 1974, Diploma dị elu na agụmakwụkwọ n'afọ 1976 na MSc (Bothany) n'afọ 1977 (nke DJ Botha lekọtara). Degree niile ọ gụsịrị na PCHO na-enweta n'ụzọ dị iche. Ọ gara Mahadum Pretoria ebe ọ nwetara PhD ya na botany na thesis na nhazi nke ụdị Eugenia (''Myrtaceae'') na ndịda Africa. Kemgbe afọ 1977 ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba botany nke Mahadum Pretoria, ebe a họpụtara ya na 1989 ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke Botany na Curator nke H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium nke mahadum ahụ. O meela ọtụtụ nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ na nke ọha na eze na ọmụmụ ihe dịgasị iche iche gbasara ihe ọkụkụ. Ọ na-enyekwa aka mgbe niile na ọrụ Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET). Van Wyk na-enwe mmasị ime ka ọha na eze nwee ike ịnweta ihe ọmụmụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ma sonye na mmemme sayensị kwa izu na redio ruo afọ 18. Van Wyk kụziri ihe ọmụmụ ndị a na Mahadum Pretoria na 2012: BOT 251 Southern African flora and vegetation, BOT 366 Plant diversity, BOT 741 Plant taxonomy, BOT 7472 Plant classification, na ZEN 809 Biogeography and macro ecology. == Ọrụ nyocha == Mpaghara nyocha nke Van Wyk gụnyere ''Myrtaceae'', ''Celastraceae'', ''Icacinaceae'', ''Chenopodiaceae'' na ''Araceae'' ma na-eduzi na KwaZulu-Natal, Pondoland, Maputaland, Sekhukhuneland na n'ebe Ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Drakensberg Escarpment. Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na morphology, anatomy, nyocha pollen, biology mmepe, biology ọmụmụ na biogeography.<gallery> Faịlụ:Myrtus_communis.jpg|''Myrtaceae'' Faịlụ:Celastrus_orbiculatus.jpg|''Celastraceae'' Faịlụ:Icacina_senegalensis_MS_4743.JPG|''Icacinaceae'' Faịlụ:Xanthosoma_sagittifolium_at_Kadavoor.jpg|''Araceae'' </gallery> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Van Wyk ebipụtala, mgbe mgbe ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-agụsị akwụkwọ, n'ọtụtụ ngalaba botanical, gụnyere anatomy, biography, bibliography, [[Nomenclature|aha]]-linkid="122" href="./Taxonomy_(biology)" id="mwcQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy, nomenclature, embryology, phytogeography, palynology, reproductive biology, phytosociology, systematics, floristics na ecology. O dere (ma ọ bụ usoro dee) ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 390 gbasara ihe ọkụkụ nke Southern Africa gụnyere akwụkwọ ndị a: * Onye nduzi ubi maka okooko osisi ọhịa nke Highveld * Onye nduzi ubi maka osisi ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Afrịka * Akwụkwọ nduzi foto maka okooko osisi ọhịa nke South Africa * Otu esi amata osisi na Southern Africa * Aloes nke Southern Africa * Foto Nduzi maka Osisi nke Ndịda Afrịka == Onyinye na nkwanye ugwu == * The Journal Flowering Plants of Africa raara mpịakọta 65 (June 2017) nye van Wyk. * A na-akpọ ụdị ''Aloe braamvanwykii'' iji sọpụrụ ya. * Ihe nrite ọlaọcha maka Botany site na South African Association of Botanists * [[Robert Allen Dyer|Allen Dyer]] Award sitere na Succulent Society of South Africa * Ihe nrite Havenga maka Sayensị Ndụ site na Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns * Onyinye Academic Achiever pụrụ iche site na Mahadum Pretoria {{Reflist|2|refs=<ref name="FloweringPlants">{{cite journal |last1=Grobler |first1=Alicia |title=Dedication to Abraham Erasmus Braam van Wyk |journal=Flowering Plants of Africa |date=June 2017 |volume=65 |page=iv |url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2017_FPA65.pdf |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201254/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/2017_FPA65.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Flowers"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |title=A Photographic Guide to Wild Flowers of South Africa |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Random House |location=South Africa |isbn=9781868723904 |pages=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2tfTvAEACAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="Highveld"> {{cite book |last1=Van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=Malan |first2=Sasa |title=Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of the Highveld: Also Useful in Adjacent Grassland and Bushveld |date=1997 |publisher=New Holland Publishers, Limited |isbn=9781868720583 |pages=352 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwQmAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="HowTo"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=van Wyk |first2=Piet |title=How to Identify Trees in Southern Africa |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin Random House |location=South Africa |isbn=9781770072404 |pages=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeeqvAEACAAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="IntPub"> {{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpubmarket.com/clients/str/books/AuthorDetail.aspx?id=13881 |title=Braam van Wyk |publisher=International Publishers Marketing |accessdate=24 April 2019 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050100/http://www.internationalpubmarket.com/clients/str/books/AuthorDetail.aspx?id=13881 |archivedate=13 July 2011}} </ref> <ref name="NWU">{{cite web |title=Abraham Erasmus van Wyk {{!}} Alumni |url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/alumni/abraham-erasmus-van-wyk |website=nwu.ac.za |publisher=North West University |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archivedate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424184611/http://www.nwu.ac.za/alumni/abraham-erasmus-van-wyk }}</ref> <ref name="SaboNet"> {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Gideon F. |title=Braam van Wyk—Botanist Extraordinaire and Silver Medallist of the South African Association of Botanists |journal=SABONET News |date=March 2002 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=79–80 |url=https://www.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/sabonetnewsvol71.pdf |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="Trees"> {{cite book |last1=van Wyk |first1=Braam |last2=van Wyk |first2=Piet |title=Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa |date=2013 |publisher=Random House Struik (Pty) Ltd |location=Cape Town |isbn=9781775841050 |edition=PDF |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dw1bDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=24 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="UPBot"> {{cite web|url=http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/vanwyk.html |title=Prof. Braam van Wyk |publisher=University of Pretoria Botany Department |accessdate=24 April 2019 |url-status=dead|archivedate=13 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013063001/http://www.up.ac.za/academic/botany/vanwyk.html }} </ref> <ref name="UPSoil"> {{cite web |title=Prof. Braam (AE) van Wyk |url=https://www.up.ac.za/plant-and-soil-sciences/article/44789/prof-braam-ae-van-wyk |website=University of Pretoria |accessdate=24 April 2019 |date=2019}} </ref>}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] so42ajegrh38d69wj85cwyn8dtm2dg7 0 68004 674876 541232 2026-07-10T06:54:02Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Helena Madelain Lamond Forbes.jpg|thumb|Helena M. L. Forbes]]   '''Helena M. L. Forbes''' (11 Septemba 1900 - 5 Septemba 1959) bụ onye Scottish botanist, onye na-anakọta osisi na onye nlekọta nke na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa na South Africa flora. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Helena Madelain Lamond Forbes n'ụbọchị ịrị na otu n'ọn jịwa Septemba n'afọ 1900 na Forfar, Scotland. <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, ndị mụrụ ya kwagara Durban ma Forbes nọrọ n'ebe ahụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata. <ref name=":0" /> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1919, ọ sonyeere Natal Herbarium na Durban dị ka Junior Assistant na Botany Division. <ref name=":1">/Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka mmezi herbarium na njirimara osisi. </ref> <ref name=":2"/>Site n'afọ 1936 ruo n'afọ 1937, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Kew Gardens dị ka onye ọrụ njikọ South Africa.<ref name=":3">/O mechara laghachi South Africa, ebe ọ sonyeere National Herbarium na Pretoria na 1938. </ref> <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1940, ọ laghachiri na Natal Herbarium dị ka Curator ma nọrọ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ụbọchị ịrị n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1955. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, a kọwara ya dị ka "onye siri ike nke na-eme ka wiil botanical na-atụgharị na herbarium". <ref name=":2" /> Ọ rịara ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo rheumatoid ma nwụọ n'ụbọchị ise n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1959. <ref name=":1" /> == Nnyocha == A nabatara Forbes dị ka onye nwere ikike na osisi nke Natal ma, ọ bụ ezie na o bipụtaghị ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, o nyere aka na mmezigharị dị ukwuu nke ụdị abụọ: Psoralea na ''Tephrosia'' . <ref name=":0">/ {{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=Mary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC&q=Helena+M+L+Forbes&pg=RA1-PA156|title=Botanical Exploration Southern Africa|date=1981-06-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-86961-129-6|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ na Psoralea malitere na mbido ọrụ ya dị ka 1923 ma na 1934 ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ''Tephrosia'' . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Shrire|first=B. D.|date=1983-12-17|title=Centenary of the Natal Herbarium, Durban, 1882–1982|url=https://journals.abcjournal.aosis.co.za/index.php/abc/article/view/1167|journal=Bothalia|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=223–236|doi=10.4102/abc.v14i2.1167|issn=2311-9284}}</ref> N'oge ndụ ya, o bipụtara aha osisi iri atọ na abụọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere: taxon ''Ophrestia;'' ''Kalanchoe'' <nowiki><i id="mwVQ">albiflora</i></nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forbes, Helena M.L. {{!}} International Plant Names Index|url=https://www.ipni.org/a/2815-1|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=www.ipni.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ophrestia H.M.L.Forbes|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2945763|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=www.gbif.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalanchoe albiflora H.M.L. Forbes — The Plant List|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8900484|accessdate=2021-04-03|work=www.theplantlist.org}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Natal Herbarium, o nyere otu puku na narị anọ na nchịkọta ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":3" /> Na mbido ọrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụdị ''Cassia'', yana osisi si Isipingo.<ref name=":2" /> === Aha njirimara === A na-akpọ alga ''[[Beckerella helenae]]'' nke Oké Osimiri India aha Forbes.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Silva|first=Paul C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuWEemVY8WEC&q=%22Helena+Forbes%22&pg=PA131|title=Catalogue of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean|date=1996-09-22|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91581-7|language=en}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ === * 'Ọdịdị Psoralea Linn. ' na ''Bothalia'' (1936).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Forbes|first=Helena M. L.|date=1936-11-25|title=The Genus Psoralea Linn.|url=https://journals.abcjournal.aosis.co.za/index.php/abc/article/view/1742|journal=Bothalia|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=116–138|doi=10.4102/abc.v3i1.1742|issn=2311-9284}}</ref> * 'Ihe ndekọ ọzọ nke ụdị azalea na South Africa. A. Alata (sim) h. Forbes. ' South African Journal of Science (1939). == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} 3s4aumkhwpd7mhatxm6gq1slxmpbsi5 0 68007 674871 525397 2026-07-10T06:45:17Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Pappe00.jpg|thumb|Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Pappe]]   '''Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Pappe''' (na afọ 1803 na Hamburg - 14 Ọktoba 1862) bụ Kwa dọkịta na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke a mụrụ na Germany nke biri ma rụọ ọrụ na Cape Colony . Ọ bụ onye mbụ nwere ọkwa nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke gọọmentị na prọfesọ mbụ nke ihe ọkụkụ na South African College. Herbarium ya ghọrọ nchịkọta ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ochie na South Africa. == Mmụta == Pappe gụrụsiri ọgwụ na botany na Mahadum Leipzig. Ọ ruru eru na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na 1827 site na edemede banyere osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko osisi nke Leipzig, ''"Enumerationes plantarum phaenogamarum lipsiensium specimen"''. == Ọrụ ahụike == Ọ mere njem we jee [[Cape Town]] na Jenụwarị 1831 ma debanye aha ya dị ka dọkịta, onye na-awa ahụ na Onye na-amụ nwa (onye na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa). Ọ so kwa na South African Medical Society na 1832 ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị dọkịta atọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọgwụ nwa oge na Cape Town n'oge ọrịa kịtịkpa nke 1839. Site na 1855 ruo 1858 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na European Sick and Burial Society na Widows' Fund . == Ọrụ botanical == Pappe kunitere ịnakọta osisi gburugburu Cape Town site na 1831 ma n'oge na-adịghị anya nke a ghọrọ isi mmasị ya. O bipụtara "Systematische Lijst van zoodanige Kaapse planten geslachten, als naar zulke строkundigen__kon____kon____kon________ n'afọ 1833. Na 1847, Pappe desere akwụkwọ, nke nwere ọgwụ osisi 60 na Cape Town Medical Gazette, nke akpọrọ "A list of South African indigenous plants used as remedies by the coloniists" nke dabeere na C.P. Thunberg's "Resa uti Europa, Africa, Asia, förrättad Baron 1770-1779" (Njem na Europe, Africa na Asia Made Between the Years 1770-1759). E bipụtaghachiri ya na 1847 dị ka mpempe akwụkwọ, "A ndepụta of South African indigenous plants, used as remasters by the Cape of Good Hope". Nke a ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka "Florae Capensis medicae prodromus: ma ọ bụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi ndị South Africa, nke ndị na-achị Cape of Good Hope ji mee ihe dị ka ọgwụgwọ na 1850, nke ga-eso nchịkọta ọgwụ Cape zigara na Great Exhibition nke 1851 na London. Pappe so kwa ru odeakwụkwọ nke mba ahụ, Rawson W. Rawson rụkọọ ọrụ na nyocha nke ụdị ferns 160 nke South Africa nke e bipụtara dị ka "Synopsis filicum Africae Australis; ma ọ bụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ferns South Africa" na Cape Monthly Magazine (1957). N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1858, Rawson họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke gọọmentị, ọkwá ọ tụụrụ aro. Pappe bụrụ prọfesọ mbụ nke botany na South African College ka e mesịrị na 1858. Nke a bụ ọnọdụ a na-akwụghị ụgwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ natara ụfọdụ ụgwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ malitere ịkụzi ihe n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1959 site na botany, Linnaean taxonomy nke osisi, na physiology nke osisi. O zigara enyi ya W.H. Harvey ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ndị Pappe chịkọtara n'ọtụtụ njem ọ gara na Eastern Cape na Namaqualand na Dublin. Ọ gbasaa herbarium nke onwe ya site na ịzụta nchịkọta C.L.P. Zeyher. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, e rere herbarium ahụ nye gọọmentị wee ghọọ Herbarium nke gọọmentị Cape ma na 1956 e wegara ya na Compton Herbarium na Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden na mgbazinye na-adịgide adịgide. Na 1854, Pappe bipụtara ''"Sylva Capensis; ma ọ bụ, nkọwa nke osisi ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na osisi ndị na-egbuke egbuke na South Africa"'' nke bụ nkọwa banyere ihe 77 e zigara na Universal Exhibition na Paris n'afọ 1855. Na 1859 ọnyere gọọmentị United Steeti ndụmọdụ maka osisi ndị nwere uru akụ na ụba mgbe ọ na-adụ gọọmentị Madras ọdụ banyere uru nke ọka India. O dekwara banyere ihe ize ndụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa ma tụọ aro usoro nchekwa. === Ogige === Pappe nwetere nguzobe ogige botanical kwesịrị ekwesị na Cape Town. Iji mezuo nke a, na 1845 o degaara onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The South African Commercial Advertiser ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ogige Cape nke Dutch East India Company guzobere. Mgbe a malitere ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ogige ahụ na Mee 1848, ọ debanyere aha £2 kwa afọ. Harry Smith, gọvanọ na Cape họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ iji lekọta mmepe nke ogige botanic. Na 1849, o nyere aka n'inweta osisi na obere osisi site na ala Baron von Ludwig maka ogige ahụ, dịka Pappe maara ya tupu ọnwụ von Ludwig na 1847. Ọ chịkọtakwara osisi si South Africa maka ubi ahụ ma nweta ndị ọzọ si mba ofesi. N'afọ 1850, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na kọmitii ahụ iji mee mkpesa mgbe a chụpụrụ C.L.P. Zeyher, onye na-elekọta ubi. === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === *   *   *   == Mmasị n'ihe gbasara ụmụ anụmanụ == Na 1853, Pappe bipụtara "Nchịkọta nke azụ̀ a na-eri eri na Cape of Good Hope" nke a kọwara ụdị 45. Ọrụ a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Andrew Smith's "Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa (1838-50) ". Na 1855, o nyere ọtụtụ ụdị Coleoptera na ''Hymenoptera'' na South African Museum. == Aha ndị ọzọ == C.F. Ecklon na Zeyher nyere ụdị obere osisi Africa ''Pappea'' (Family Sapindaceae) aha ya. echetakwa ya na ụdị legume, ''Lessertia pappeana'' na fern, ''Asplenium pappei'' . ''Dịka onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ụtụ isi, ọ kọwara ụdị Atherstonea Pappe nke ụdị Atherstonea.'' (otu aha ''Strychnos'', ezinụlọ Loganiaceae).   == Ndụ nkeonwe == == Edemsibia == {{Authority control}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1803]] r5xfk54vkiudsvagf7gzyawefetkq9r 0 68009 674878 540852 2026-07-10T06:57:36Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Noura Borsali lors d'une manifestation contre la violence politique. Tunis, le 9 Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|Noura Borsali ]] '''Noura Borsali''' (Arabic) (19 Ọgọst 1953 – 14 Nọvemba 2017) bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Tunisia, onye nta akụkọ, onye edemede, onye na-akatọ akwụkwọ na onye na-akatọ ihe nkiri, yana onye na-akwado otu ndị ọrụ, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na onye a ma ama nke ụmụ nwanyị Tunisia. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Noura Borsali n'ezinụlọ ndị otu ọrụ. Nna ya Tahar Borsali bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT). Nne ya, Sida Ben Hafidh Borsali, bụ onye otu ọrụ. na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe n'otu nzukọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noura Borsali, une icône du militantisme féminin n’est plus|url=https://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2017/11/14/noura-borsali-une-icone-du-militantisme-feminin-nest-plus/|author=Nadia Bejaoui|work=leconomistemaghrebin.com|language=fr|date=14 November 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ odeakụkọ === Borsali bụkwa onye nta akụkọ a ma ama maka nnyocha ya na maka mkparịta ụka ya gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. Site na 1980, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin ndị Tunisia nwere onwe ha dịka Le Phare, Réalités na Le Maghreb. 4. Ọ bụ onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ na Algeria, Morocco na Egypt. Ọ bụ ezie na arịrịọ ya, site n'aka ndị ọchịchị Tunisia, maka ikike mbipụta enwetaghị azịza ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ nnabata ma ọ bụ ịjụ. N'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 1991, o mepụtara La Maghrébine, magazin ụmụ nwanyị nwere onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Femmes de Tunisie entre droits formel et droits réels|url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press/58S25.htm|work=mafhoum.com|language=fr|date=13 August 2001|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2011, o bipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ajụjụ ọnụ na saịtị na Akwụkwọ akụkọ Tunisia dị ka La Presse of Tunisia, Kapitalis, Jomhouria na Nawaat. === Ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ === [[Faịlụ:Noura_Borsali_anime_un_débat_entre_Rached_Ghannouchi_et_Neila_Sellini,_organisé_par_le_Forum_Citoyens_indépendants_et_le_Club_Sans_Parti_pour_une_Patrie_à_l'Espace_al-Hamra._Tunis,_le_14_avril_2011.jpg|thumb|Noura Borsali na-eduga arụmụka n'etiti Rached Ghannouchi na Neila Sellini nke Tunisian Independent Citizens Forum haziri na Tunis, 14 Eprel 2011]] Borsali bụ onye otu otu agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ime otu ndị ọrụ niile nke Tunisia. Ọ bụ onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ ma na-arụsikwa ọrụ ike na Amnesty International.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Décès de Noura Borsali, militante féministe|url=http://www.lecourrierdelatlas.com/deces-de-noura-borsali-militante-feministe--9675|work=lecourrierdelatlas.com|language=fr|date=14 November 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018|archivedate=14 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184145/http://www.lecourrierdelatlas.com/deces-de-noura-borsali-militante-feministe--9675}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye guzobere Tunisian Association of Democratic Women na Tunisian Women's Association for Development Research.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Il y a 28 naissait l'ATFD : "Ce soir, je vous remercie de vous"|url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2017/08/09/il-y-a-28-ans-naissait-latfd-ce-soir-je-vous-remercie-de-vous/|work=kapitalis.com|language=fr|date=9 August 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Noura Borsali, une icône du militantisme féminin n’est plus|url=http://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2017/11/14/noura-borsali-une-icone-du-militantisme-feminin-nest-plus/|work=leconomistemaghrebin.com|language=fr|date=14 November 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> Mgbe mgbanwe ọchịchị nke afọ 2011 gasịrị, Borsali guzobere Tunisian Independent Citizens Forum na Espace El Hamra na ogbako ụmụ nwanyị banyere mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Tahar Haddad Cultural Club nke ọ gbara nzukọ na arụmụka site na Jenụwarị ruo June 2011. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu nwere onwe ya nke Higher Authority for Realisation of the Objectives of the Revolution, Political Reform and Democratic Transition site na 17 Machị ruo 13 Ọktoba 2011 wee sonye na Kọmitii Kasị Elu na Human Rights. A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Truth and Dignity Body site na Constituent Assembly, ọkwá o nwere site na Mee ruo Nọvemba 2014. === Ihe omume ọdịnala === [[Faịlụ:Noura_Borsali_présente_Omar_Khelif.jpg|thumb|Noura Borsali na-akwado ụtụ nye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme na Tunisia, nke FTFM haziri na mmekorita ya na JCC.]] Borsali is known for her cultural commitment. From the 1970s, she was a member of the Tahar-Haddad do Cultural Club which she then became organizer, facilitator and moderator of some of her workshops mainly related to the Women in Tunisia (feminist circle) and the Maghreb cinema (film society). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'ịbụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi banyere ihe nkiri sinima, ndị na-akatọ ya bipụtara na magazin ndị pụrụ iche dị ka Africultures na Africiné. Ọ bụ onye otu Tunisian Association for the Promotion of Film Criticism film, nke a họpụtara ya dịka osote onye isi oche na June 2000 0 na onye isi oche site na May 2011 ruo June 2012. N'ọtụtụ oge ọ bụ akụkụ nke ndị ọka ikpe nke ihe nkiri mba dị ka Kelibia International Amateur Film Festival na Carthage Film Festival (CGC) yana mba ụwa dị ka ihe nrite FIPRESCI nke Bari International Film Festival na International Istanbul Film Festival. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Tunisian Commission for the Film Production Fund . N'inwe mmasị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, o bipụtara ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ na ọmụmụ banyere Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Tunisia nke oge a. N'afọ 2015, ya na ndị enyi ya mepụtara Tunisian Foundation Women and Memory (FTFM), nke ọ bụ onye isi ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Départ de la militante Noura Borsali|url=http://www.jomhouria.com/art72929_%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A..|work=jomhouria.com|language=ar|date=14 November 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ss2qr5b8x3yvszw131hr4ibwfjexy54 674880 674878 2026-07-10T06:59:42Z NiferO 20385 Added more information on caption 674880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Noura Borsali lors d'une manifestation contre la violence politique. Tunis, le 9 Mars 2013.jpg|thumb|Noura Borsali na 2013 ]] '''Noura Borsali''' (Arabic) (19 Ọgọst 1953 – 14 Nọvemba 2017) bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Tunisia, onye nta akụkọ, onye edemede, onye na-akatọ akwụkwọ na onye na-akatọ ihe nkiri, yana onye na-akwado otu ndị ọrụ, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na onye a ma ama nke ụmụ nwanyị Tunisia. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Noura Borsali n'ezinụlọ ndị otu ọrụ. Nna ya Tahar Borsali bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT). Nne ya, Sida Ben Hafidh Borsali, bụ onye otu ọrụ. na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe n'otu nzukọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noura Borsali, une icône du militantisme féminin n’est plus|url=https://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2017/11/14/noura-borsali-une-icone-du-militantisme-feminin-nest-plus/|author=Nadia Bejaoui|work=leconomistemaghrebin.com|language=fr|date=14 November 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ odeakụkọ === Borsali bụkwa onye nta akụkọ a ma ama maka nnyocha ya na maka mkparịta ụka ya gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. Site na 1980, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin ndị Tunisia nwere onwe ha dịka Le Phare, Réalités na Le Maghreb. 4. Ọ bụ onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ na Algeria, Morocco na Egypt. Ọ bụ ezie na arịrịọ ya, site n'aka ndị ọchịchị Tunisia, maka ikike mbipụta enwetaghị azịza ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ nnabata ma ọ bụ ịjụ. N'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 1991, o mepụtara La Maghrébine, magazin ụmụ nwanyị nwere onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Femmes de Tunisie entre droits formel et droits réels|url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press/58S25.htm|work=mafhoum.com|language=fr|date=13 August 2001|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2011, o bipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ajụjụ ọnụ na saịtị na Akwụkwọ akụkọ Tunisia dị ka La Presse of Tunisia, Kapitalis, Jomhouria na Nawaat. === Ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ === [[Faịlụ:Noura_Borsali_anime_un_débat_entre_Rached_Ghannouchi_et_Neila_Sellini,_organisé_par_le_Forum_Citoyens_indépendants_et_le_Club_Sans_Parti_pour_une_Patrie_à_l'Espace_al-Hamra._Tunis,_le_14_avril_2011.jpg|thumb|Noura Borsali na-eduga arụmụka n'etiti Rached Ghannouchi na Neila Sellini nke Tunisian Independent Citizens Forum haziri na Tunis, 14 Eprel 2011]] Borsali bụ onye otu otu agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ime otu ndị ọrụ niile nke Tunisia. Ọ bụ onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ ma na-arụsikwa ọrụ ike na Amnesty International.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Décès de Noura Borsali, militante féministe|url=http://www.lecourrierdelatlas.com/deces-de-noura-borsali-militante-feministe--9675|work=lecourrierdelatlas.com|language=fr|date=14 November 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018|archivedate=14 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184145/http://www.lecourrierdelatlas.com/deces-de-noura-borsali-militante-feministe--9675}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye guzobere Tunisian Association of Democratic Women na Tunisian Women's Association for Development Research.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Il y a 28 naissait l'ATFD : "Ce soir, je vous remercie de vous"|url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2017/08/09/il-y-a-28-ans-naissait-latfd-ce-soir-je-vous-remercie-de-vous/|work=kapitalis.com|language=fr|date=9 August 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Noura Borsali, une icône du militantisme féminin n’est plus|url=http://www.leconomistemaghrebin.com/2017/11/14/noura-borsali-une-icone-du-militantisme-feminin-nest-plus/|work=leconomistemaghrebin.com|language=fr|date=14 November 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> Mgbe mgbanwe ọchịchị nke afọ 2011 gasịrị, Borsali guzobere Tunisian Independent Citizens Forum na Espace El Hamra na ogbako ụmụ nwanyị banyere mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Tahar Haddad Cultural Club nke ọ gbara nzukọ na arụmụka site na Jenụwarị ruo June 2011. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu nwere onwe ya nke Higher Authority for Realisation of the Objectives of the Revolution, Political Reform and Democratic Transition site na 17 Machị ruo 13 Ọktoba 2011 wee sonye na Kọmitii Kasị Elu na Human Rights. A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Truth and Dignity Body site na Constituent Assembly, ọkwá o nwere site na Mee ruo Nọvemba 2014. === Ihe omume ọdịnala === [[Faịlụ:Noura_Borsali_présente_Omar_Khelif.jpg|thumb|Noura Borsali na-akwado ụtụ nye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme na Tunisia, nke FTFM haziri na mmekorita ya na JCC.]] Borsali is known for her cultural commitment. From the 1970s, she was a member of the Tahar-Haddad do Cultural Club which she then became organizer, facilitator and moderator of some of her workshops mainly related to the Women in Tunisia (feminist circle) and the Maghreb cinema (film society). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'ịbụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi banyere ihe nkiri sinima, ndị na-akatọ ya bipụtara na magazin ndị pụrụ iche dị ka Africultures na Africiné. Ọ bụ onye otu Tunisian Association for the Promotion of Film Criticism film, nke a họpụtara ya dịka osote onye isi oche na June 2000 0 na onye isi oche site na May 2011 ruo June 2012. N'ọtụtụ oge ọ bụ akụkụ nke ndị ọka ikpe nke ihe nkiri mba dị ka Kelibia International Amateur Film Festival na Carthage Film Festival (CGC) yana mba ụwa dị ka ihe nrite FIPRESCI nke Bari International Film Festival na International Istanbul Film Festival. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Tunisian Commission for the Film Production Fund . N'inwe mmasị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, o bipụtara ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ na ọmụmụ banyere Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Tunisia nke oge a. N'afọ 2015, ya na ndị enyi ya mepụtara Tunisian Foundation Women and Memory (FTFM), nke ọ bụ onye isi ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Départ de la militante Noura Borsali|url=http://www.jomhouria.com/art72929_%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A..|work=jomhouria.com|language=ar|date=14 November 2017|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8rgjh7ixqejmlksxdgtle5s5y0bmfe6 0 68019 674886 654652 2026-07-10T07:07:36Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674886 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Leslie Edward Wostall Codd.jpg|thumb|Leslie Codd]] '''Leslie Edward Wostall Codd''' (16 Septemba afọ 1908 na Vants Drift, Dundee, District, Natal - 2 Machị afọ 1999 na Pretoria), bụ onye South Afrika na-ahụ maka nhazi osisi. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Codd na afọ 1908. Ọ gụrụ na Mahadum Natal ebe ọ nwetara M.Sc na afọ 1928. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Cambridge na afọ 1929, na Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture na Trinidad na afọ 1930, ebe ọ hụrụ nwunye ya na ọdịnihu, Cynthia. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo na British Guiana n'etiti afọ 1931 na 1936. Na afọ 1937, a họpụtara ya na ngalaba nyocha ịta ahịhịa nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo na Pretoria. Na afọ 1941, Mahadum nke South Africa nyere ya nzere D.Sc. Na afọ 1945, ọ bara ọchịchị nke onye isi na-ahụ maka ọrụ na Prinshof Experiment Station na Division of Botany, ebe ọ na-etinye aka na nhọpụta, na-eto eto na nnwale nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ''Nnyocha Botanical nke South Afrika.''. Mgbe ọ nọ na Prinshof, ọ na jé afukari Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kruger ugboro ugboro na njem nchịkọta osisi. Ọ hụrụ mkpa ọ dị maka nduzi botanical na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro maka ebe nchekwa ahụ ma na 1951 mepụta "osisi na osisi nke Kruger National Park", otu n'ime ihe kachasị ewu ewu na usoro Memoirs of the Botanical nnyocha nke South Afrika. Ya na onye na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ Mary Gunn, o so dee Botanical Exploration of Southern Afrika na 1981, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nchịkọta osisi nke mba ahụ, ndị na-anakọta ihe na ihe osise botanical mbụ, na-esote na 1985. [a] A maara Gunn maka ọkachamara na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na-abụghị nke oge a. Otu nwa akwụkwọ jụrụ ya otu ajụjụ banyere onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ nke oge a nke ọ zara "...M na-emeso ndị ọkà mmụta ihe osisi nwụrụ anwụ, ma ọ bụ gbuo ya ma ọ bụ jụọ Codd n'ụlọ ọzọ!" Ọ nọchiri anya [[Robert Allen Dyer]] dị ka onye nduzi nke Botanical ụlọ nnyocha site na afọ 1963 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na afọ 1973, ma rụkwara ọrụ na Flora Research Section mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. A na-echeta Codd na ọtụtụ aha ndị a kapịrị ọnụ gụnyere Brachystelma coddii [[Robert Allen Dyer|Diar]], ''Agapanthus coddii'' Leighton wdg. Ihe atụ ya karịrị 10,000 (PRE, K, SRGH) ma bụrụ ndị South Afrika, ọtụtụ dị ka 500 sitere na Caprivi na Barotseland na 1952.   == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1957-58 Onye isi oche nke ngalaba B nke SA Assoc. maka Adv. nke Sc. * 1961 Onye isi oche nke SA Biological Soc. * 1977 SA Medal site na SA Assoc. maka Adv. nke Sc. * 1979 Ihe nrite SA maka Botany * 1982 Senior Captain Scott Memorial Medal site na South African Biological Society. == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="BHLBlog">{{cite web|last1=Fourie|first1=Anne-Lise|title=Celebrating Mary Gunn and 100 Years of Library Excellence in South Africa|url=http://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2016/01/celebrating-mary-gunn-and-100-years-of.html|website=Biodiversity Heritage Library|publisher=Biodiversity Heritage Library|accessdate=28 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="glenetal">{{citation|last1=Glen|first1=H F|last2=Germishuizen|first2=G|title=Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa|page=132|url=http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Strelitzia_26_2010.pdf|accessdate=1 April 2016|location=Pretoria|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute|year=2010|isbn=978-1-919976-54-9|work=Strelitzia|edition=2nd|volume=26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128025222/http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Strelitzia_26_2010.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="AutoTN-1">[http://www.sabonet.org.za/downloads/newsletter/4.1/c_news4.1_pages51-80.pdf LEW Codd obituary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003093308/http://www.sabonet.org.za/downloads/newsletter/4.1/c_news4.1_pages51-80.pdf |date=2011-10-03 }}</ref> <ref name= CoddandGunn>{{cite journal|last1=Codd|first1=L. E.|last2=Gunn|first2=M|authorlink1=L. E. Codd|authorlink2=Mary Gunn|title=Additional biographical notes on plant collectors in southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/stream/bothaliavolume1515unse#page/647/mode/2up|journal=[[Bothalia]]|date=15 December 1984|volume=15|issue=3/4|pages=631–654|doi=10.4102/abc.v15i3/4.1832|doi-access=free}} </ref>}} == Akwụkwọ ==   * Akụkọ Ndụ Leslie CoddnaS2A3Base data nke Sayensị Ndịda Afrịka {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ na afọ 1908]] 0h6uer8tg4hp4b1a2ddm58sap4eazq3 0 68020 674891 525411 2026-07-10T07:20:52Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674891 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:John Spurgeon Henkel.jpg|thumb|John Spurgeon Henkel]]   '''Johannes Elias Spurgeon Henkel''' aka '''John Spurgeon Henkel''' (1871 na Peddie, Eastern Cape - 5 Eprel 1962 na Pietermaritzburg), bụrụ onye South Afrika botanist na forester. O aka nke ukwuu n'ichebe oké ọhịa dị n'ebe ndịda Afrịka na iwebata ụdị dị iche iche dị ka Eucalyptus na Zululand. == Ndụ na ọrụ == Henkel bụ nwa nwoke nke onye agha, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ [[Caesar Carl Hans Henkel]] (1839-1913) na nwunye ya Auguste Henkel (née Radue). Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ iri na abụọ. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Dale College, King William's Town na 1888 ọ sonyeere Ngalaba Ọhịa Cape, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere onye na-elekọta ọhịa na Eastern Cape aka ruo ọtụtụ afọ. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ọhịa nke King William's Town na 1893 ma chịkọta map nyocha nke Port Alfred (na 1894) na mpaghara ọhịa nke Bathurst (na 1895). N'afọ 1898, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ọhịa nke Stutterheim. Mgbe Agha Anglo-Boer tiwapụrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Stutterheim Mounted Troops dị ka onyeisi ma nye ya ihe nrite nke Queen. N'afọ 1902, a weputara ya ka ọ mụọ gbasara ọhịa na Royal Indian Engineering College na Cooper's Hill, ebe ọ nwetara diplọma na oké ọhịa. [[Faịlụ:700_yr_red_river_gum02.jpg|thumb|Osisi eucalyptus]] Henkel bịaghachiri South Afrika ha wee họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka na-elekọta ọhịa na Eastern Conservancy na afọ 1905. Ọ ziri dị ka onye enyemaka onye na-elekọta ọhịa na Western Conservancy (na Cape Town) na 1907 wee jee ozi dị ka onye nkuzi na ọhịa na South African School of Forestry (akụkụ nke South African College) ruo na Febụwarị 1908. N'afọ 1909 ọ kwagara Knysna ebe ọ nọchiri [[Colin Beddoes McNaughton]] dị ka onye na-enyere onye na-elekọta ọhịa aka na 1912 ka e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ọhịa. N'afọ 1915, ọ gara Pietermaritzburg dị ka onye na-elekọta ọhịa maka Natal na Zululand. Ọ malitere ịgha osisi na mpaghara Zululand dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere Eucalyptus . Na afọ 1920, ọ natara ọkwa dịka onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ oké ọhịa Service nke Southern Rhodesia (nke bụzi [[Zimbabwe]]). Nkwupụta ya na nzukọ nke 1919 nke South afrikan Association for the Advancement of Science dugara na nyocha zuru ezu nke ahịhịa nke Rhodesia, nke mbụ nke mba Africa ọ bụla. Ọ nọghị dere na Rhodesia ruo mgbe ọ nara ezumike nká na afọ 1931, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ gara biri na Pietermaritzburg ma dee akwụkwọ nduzi maka osisi osisi nke Natal. Ọ bụrụ bụ enyi nke [[John Bews|John William Bews]] ma nyere ya aka na nyocha ya banyere gburugburu ebe obibi nke ahịhịa Natal. Ọ chịkọtakwara map nke Hluhluwe Game Reserve na afọ 1936. Site na afọ 1944 ruo ọnwụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nduzi maka ahịhịa nke ndịda Afrịka. Osisi ndị ọ chịkọtara dị na Bews Herbarium nke Mahadum Natal . == Njikọ na onyinye == * South African Association for the Advancement of Science - Onye otu ntọala 1902, onye otu kansụl 1918. * South African Philosophical Society - onye otu 1907. * Royal Society of South Africa kọmitii nke ndị otu - onye otu 1908. * South African Biological Society - onye otu ntọala na onye otu kansụl 1916. * [[Natal Museum|Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Natal]] - bọọdụ ndị nlekọta 1917, 1936 * Rhodesia Scientific Association - onye otu 1920. * Honorary DSc - Mahadum nke South Africa 1932. == Ndụ onwe onye == Na ọnwa Febụwarị na afọ 1896 ọ nụrụ Juanita Gutsche ma ha nwere otu nwa. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * ''Oké ọhịa dị elu nke dị na nkewa nke George, Knysna na Humansdorp, Cape Province'', Report of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, 1912, pp. 68-76&nbsp; * Afforestation in Zululand, Rhodesia Agricultural Journal, 1920, Mpịakọta 17, peeji nke 50-52&nbsp; * ''Ọganihu Ọhịa na Drakensberg'' - SA Journal of Science, 1916 * ''Ụdị ahịhịa na Southern Rhodesia'' - Proceedings of the Rhodesian Science Association, mpịakọta nke 33, 1931 * Osisi Woody nke Natal & Zululand - Durban, 1934 == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="BotEx">{{cite book |last1=Gunn |first1=M. |last2=Codd |first2=L.E. |title=Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa |date=1981 |publisher=A.A. Balkema |location=Cape Town |isbn=0869611291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC&q=Botanical+Exploration+of+Southern+Africa |accessdate=9 April 2019}} </ref> <ref name="S2A3"> {{cite web |last1=Plug |first1=C |title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science |url=http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1263 |website=S2A3.org |accessdate=9 April 2019}} </ref>}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=1263 Akụkọ ndụ nke John Spurgeon Henkel] na S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science. * [https://scholar.google.co.za/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=John+Spurgeon+Henkel&btnG= John Spurgeon Henkel] na Google Scholar''Onye Ọkà mmụta Google'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190101054344/http://bewsherbarium.ukzn.ac.za/ Bews Herbarium] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ na afọ 1871]] e7amz483n2crp2ubboibjy3tf2byf0m 0 68021 674884 638159 2026-07-10T07:03:30Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Joseph Burtt Davy00.jpg|thumb|Joseph Burtt Davy]]   '''Joseph Burtt Davy''' (7 Machị na afọ 1870 Findern, Derbyshire - 20 Ọgọst na afọ 1940 Birmingham) bụ onye Quaker botanist na agrostologist. Ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta mbụ nke oké ọhịa Herbarium (FHO) na Ụlọ Ọrụ Oke Ọhịa nke Alaeze Ukwu mgbe e guzobere ya na 1924 n'okpuru Directorship nke Prọfesọ Robert Scott Troup . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/herbaria_pages/daubeny.html|title=Home Page – BRAHMS Online|author=Sciences|first=The BRAHMS Project, University of Oxford, Department of Plant|work=herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-10-27|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182559/http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/herbaria_pages/daubeny.html}}</ref> Ọ guru na ụlọ akwụkwọ na Ilkley nke West Yorkshire. Na afọ 1891, ọ banyere Kew Gardens dị ka onye enyemaka teknụzụ, ọ hapụrụ obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị gaa United States ebe ọ debanyere aha na ngalaba botany na Mahadum California. N'ebe a, ọ gụrụ ọrụ ugbo site na 1893-96 wee were ọkwa nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na Ọdụ Nnwale Ọrụ Ugbo na California n'etiti afọ 1896-1901, na-akọwa Cyperaceae na Gramineae maka A Flora of Western Middle California nke Willis Linn Jepson. N'ebe a ka ọ zutere onye ga-abụ nwunye ya, [[Alice Burtt Davy|Alice Bolton]] (1863-1953), onye California. Davy de banyere ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ nke e bipụtara na afọ 1903, "Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Ihe ndị e dere gbasara ahịhịa na ebe a na-eri nri na ọnọdụ ebe a na-eri nri" ebe ọ malitere njem ịchọpụta ihe fọdụrụ na ala ahịhịa mbụ dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke steeti ahụ, ma gbaa ndị na-azụ anụ ajụjụ ọnụ iji chọpụta usoro nke iwebata ihe ndị dị iche iche na ala ahịhịhịa ahụ mere. Akụkọ ahụ gụnyere mpaghara Lake, Mendocino, Humboldt, Trinity, Del Norte, na akụkụ Siskiyou dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke California na Oregon Railroad. Mpaghara akụkọ ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Ugwu Coast Range dị n'ime na n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ site na Oké Osimiri Pacific, ma kpuchie ọdọ mmiri niile nke osimiri Eel, Mad, Trinity, Lower Klamath, na Smith na obere iyi ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Grualala. N'ebe ndịda, gụnyere Lake County na ókèala ndịda nke Mendocino County, si otú a na-abanye na ọdọ mmiri Clear Lake na isi mmiri nke Osimiri Russian. Na mbido afọ 1903, a weputara ya dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ ihe ọkụkụ na onye na-amụ banyere ọrụ ugbo na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke Transvaal nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. Burtt Davy egbughị oge n'ịmalite nchịkọta nke osisi Transvaal, usoro nke o nwetara ihe ọmụma dị nso banyere isiokwu ahụ. Ihe atụ ndị mbụ a sitere na Meintjieskop, Irene na njem gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Transvaal - na oge ọ nara ezumike nká na 1913, ihe atụ ndị ọ chịkọtara dị 14,000. Nhọpụta Burtt Davy mere ka e guzobe Ngalaba Osisi. Nke a mechara bụrụ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Osisi (BRI) wee bụrụ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà na Ụba Mba (NBI) na 1989 mgbe e jikọtara ya na Ubi Osisi Mba. N'agbanyeghị na afọ juru ya, ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị batara ọzọ na 2004 wee gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà na Ụba Mba Ndị Dị na South Africa (SANBI). Otu n'ime nnukwu mmasị Burtt Davy bụ isiokwu nke mmeghe osisi, okwu ọ na-etinye uche dị ukwuu na ya, na-ebubata osisi na mkpụrụ site n'akụkụ ụwa niile. Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka iwebata ihe ọkụkụ, teff, yana ahịhịa ahịhịhịa Kikuyu. O nyere aka guzobe ebe a na-azụ ọka na Vereeniging ma gbaa arụkwaghịm obere oge tupu mbipụta nke ọrụ ya zuru oke na ọka na 1914. Ọ kwagara n'ugbo nke ya 'Burttholm' dị nso na Vereeniging, ebe ya na Hon. Hugh Wyndham guzobere mmekọrịta, na-azụlite ma na-akụ mkpụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Ehi Hereford. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọganihu ma Burtt Davy nwere ike ịla ezumike nká na England na 1919, laghachi Kew ma rụọ ọrụ na A Manual of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Transvaal na Swaziland, Nkebi 1 pụtara na 1926 na Nkebi 2 na 1932. Ọ bụ nwunye ya, Alice Bolton Davy mepụtara ihe osise maka ọrụ taxonomic a bara uru. E nyere ya Ph.D. site na Cambridge na 1925 wee were ọkwa onye nkuzi na botany nke oké ọhịa na Imperial Forestry Institute na Oxford. N'ebe a ka ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na usoro Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire. E nyere ya D.Phil. nzere site na Mahadum na 1937. A na-echeta ya na aha ụdị ''Burttdavya'' na ọtụtụ aha pụrụ iche gụnyere ''[[Aloe davyana]]'', ''[[Acacia davyi]]'', ''[[Hibiscus burtt-davyi]]'' na Ficus burtt-devyi. E guzobere bench nkume na Shotover Country Park obere oge ka ọ nwụsịrị iji cheta ya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 February 1941|title=A SCIENTIST'S BEQUESTS|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000273/19410212/147/0005|work=Yorkshire Evening Post}}</ref> A na-egosi onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ a site na mkpirisi nke onye edemede '''<span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Burtt Davy</span></span></span>''' mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na aha ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brummitt|first=R. K.|title=Authors of Plant Names|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|year=1992|isbn=1-84246-085-4}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * Stock Ranges of Northwestern California: Ihe edeturu na ahịhịa na ahịhi na ọnọdụ ahịhịhịa - Joseph Burtt Davy, 1903. * Aha obodo na nke osisi nke ụfọdụ osisi South Africa - Burtt Davy, ''Transvaal Agricultural Journal'', Eprel 1904 * ''Ferns nke Transvaal'' - Burtt Davy & V. G. Crawley, Report of the SA Association for the Advancement of Science, 1909 * Ndepụta mbụ nke osisi na-agbasa okooko osisi na Ferns nke Transvaal na Swaziland - Burtt Davy & Mrs R. Leendertz Pott, Annals of the Tvl. ''Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie'', 1912 * Mkpụrụ ọka: Akụkọ ihe mere eme, Ịkọ, Nchịkwa na Ojiji ya na Ntuziaka Pụrụ Iche na South Africa - Burtt Davy, London, 1914 * Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko osisi na Ferns nke Transvaal na Swaziland - Burtt Davy: Longmans, Green &amp;amp; Co., 1932 == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Works by or about Joseph Burtt DavynaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1870]] 57pp83wzrp05msfeve4524yc30jwh3e 0 68024 674885 525415 2026-07-10T07:05:20Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:F.W. Fitzsimons1919.png|thumb|Frederick William FitzSimons]]   '''Frederick William FitzSimons''' (6 August 1870 Garvagh, Ireland - 25 March 1951 Grahamstown), bụ onye Irish a mụrụ na South Africa, a maara dị ka herpetologist maka nyocha ya banyere agwọ na nsí ha, na mmepụta azụmahịa nke mgbochi nsí. FitzSimons kwagara na Colony nke Natal na 1881 ma gụọ akwụkwọ na ebe ahụ wee laghachi Ireland iji mụọ ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ ruo afọ atọ. Otú ọ dị, ọ laghachiri na Pietermaritzburg na afọ 1895 n'erughị eru. == Onye na-elekọta ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie == A họpụtara FitzSimons ka ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta nke Pietermaritzburg Museum na afọ 1897 ebe ọ gafere na Natal Government Museum. Na afọ 1906, ọ kwagara ọzọ na Port Elizabeth Museum dị ka onye nduzi. Na afọ 1918, o guzobere ogige ntụrụndụ agwọ mbụ n'Africa n'ebe ahụ, nke bụkwa nke abụọ na uwa. == Mmasị na nkà mmụta ihe ochie == Na ibụ nke nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na oge ahụ, nyocha FitzSimons 'n'afọ 1913 ma kọọ akụkọ banyere iberibe okpokoro isi hominid sitere na Boskop dị nso na Potchefstroom, dugara na ịkọ nkọ:[3]   Na ikpeazụ, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie a ma ama n'oge ahụ gwupụtara ọtụtụ okpokoro isi yiri ya, gụnyere Robert Broom, Alexander Galloway, William Pycraft, Sidney Haughton, Raymond Dart, na ndị ọzọ. Echiche dị ugbu a bụ na Boskop Man abụghị ụdị, kama ọ bụ ọdịiche nke ụmụ mmadụ nke oge a; enwere okpokoro isi a mụrụ nke ọma site na Boskop, South Africa, yana site na Skuhl, Qazeh, Fish Hoek, Border Cave, Brno, Tuinplaas, na ebe ndị ọzọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọrụ anthropological nke FitzSimons gụnyekwara ọmụmụ nke Ndị Bushmen ma ọ bụ Strandlopers dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ndị ndị Khoikhoi mechara chụpụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọkà mmụta n'ihe gbasara ụmụ ahụhụ == Mmasị FitzSimons nwere n'aghụghọ bụ ihe a na-echeta nke ọma maka ya, mgbe o guzobere ogige agwọ n'ụlọ ihe ngosi nka maka ndị ọbịa, ọ bụkwa iji mụọ agwọ na ata agwọ. Site na nke a, ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara agwọ ndị South Africa na nsị ha, o wee nweta ikike maka ngwa enyemaka mbụ na ọgwụgwọ serum (nke ochie ugbu a).[1] Nwa ya nwoke Vivian Frederick Maynard FitzSimons (1901-1975) ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Transvaal Museum na 1947, nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ na South Africa, ma nyere aka guzobe Namib Desert Research Association . Nwa ya nwoke nke ọzọ, Desmond Charles FitzSimons, guzobere Ogige Agwọ Durban na Golden Mile, Durban. == Ihe Nketa == A na-echeta Frederick William FitzSimons na aha sayensị nke ụdị ezé, ''Tetradactylus fitzsimonsi'' . == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite journal|author=FitzSimons|first=Frederick William|date=1923|title=The Bushmen at the Zuurberg|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=20|pages=501–503}} * {{Cite journal|author=FitzSimons|first=F. W.|title=Palæolithic Man in South Africa|journal=Nature|volume=95|issue=2388|year=1915|pages=615–616|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/095615c0|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429601}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Agwọ nke South Africa; Venom ha na ọgwụgwọ nke Snake Bite". 547 peeji * FitzSimons, F.W. (1932). "Agwọ". 286pp na ihe osise foto 44. Nke Hutchinson & Co. Ltd bipụtara, London. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ na afọ 1870]] pd0hba674raylxujp797w0ghlddbb8k 0 71672 674889 537696 2026-07-10T07:16:27Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674889 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nigerian prominent 33.jpg|thumb|R. A. B. Dikko]]   '''Russel Aliyu Barau Dikko''' (1912-1977) bụ dọkịta Naijiria bụbu onye kọmishọna gọọmentị etiti maka ịgwupụta mmanụ na ike ma bụrụ dọkịta mbụ si mpaghara mgbago ugwu, Naijiria . <ref name="aboutbaraudikkohospital">{{Cite web|url=http://baraudikkohospital.com/aboutus.aspx|title=About Barau Dikko Hospital|publisher=Barau Dikko Hospital|accessdate=29 July 2015|archivedate=4 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204214331/http://baraudikkohospital.com/AboutUs.aspx}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Dikko na Wusasa, Zaria, ebe e kwere ka okpukpe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst mụbaa na Zaria emirate nke ndị Alakụba juru na ya.<ref name="Wusasa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/features/10629-wusasa-where-muslims-christians-unite-for-good|title=Wusasa: Where Muslims, Christians unite for good|publisher=Weekly Trust|accessdate=29 July 2015|archivedate=11 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081243/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/features/10629-wusasa-where-muslims-christians-unite-for-good}}</ref> Ndị ozi iso ụzọ Kraịst si ala ọzọ bụ nke Walter Miller bụ onye isi ha, bụ onye dọkịta ozi Kraịst na-eto eto si na Church Missionary Society; ndị ozi ahụ si ala ọzọ wuru ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ụka na ụlọ ọgwụ na Wusasa. Dikko gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị CMS na Wusasa ma mesịa gaa [[King's College, Lagos|King's College]] " Ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum Birmingham. <ref name="Historical dictionary of Nigeria">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000falo|quote=dikko kings college lagos.|title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria|publisher=Scarecrow Press|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Infopedia — Nigeria's Number One Online Information Hub|url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/|work=Nigerian Infopedia|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30|archivedate=2020-05-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531040448/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng//}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, ọ laghachiri Naijiria wee sonye n'ọrụ ọchịchị ndị ọcha dị ka onye ọrụ ahụike dị ala n'afọ 1940. O ji nwayọọ nwayọọ rịgoro n'ọkwa nke ọrụ gọọmentị, wee bụrụ onye isi ọrụ ahụike n'afọ 1953 nakwa onye isi ọrụ ọgwụ na ngalaba ọrịa na-efe efe nke Northern Nigeria Ministry of Health n'afọ 1960. N'oge ọchịchị nke General [[Yakubu Gowon]], a họpụtara ya dị ka kọmishọna gọọmentị etítì maka ịgwupụta mmanụ na ike n'afọ 1967 na kọmishọna gọọmentị etítì maka njem n'afọ 1971. [[Faịlụ:Nigeriaanse_minister_van_Gezondheid_Aman_Galadina_Pateg_op_Schiphol,_Bestanddeelnr_915-4608.jpg|thumb|265x265px|N'afọ 1963, Dikko na Minista Ahụike Ógbè [[Ahman Saba Patigi]] nọchitere anya Gọọmentị mgbago ugwu na [[Netherlands]] iji wee ndị dọkịta na ndị nọọsụ n'ọrụ]] Dikko bụ onye guzobere Jamiyar Mutanen Arewa, otu omenala nke mgbago ugwu Naijiria nke mesịrị guzobe isi nke Northern People's Congress. "<ref name="Political parties">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyOSzLfKMTQC&q=arewa++RAB+dikko&pg=PA605|title=Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa|year=1966|publisher=University of California Press|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} gwselu26fo3l9n6y2fyvso7t98bq6sr 0 71673 674888 537697 2026-07-10T07:13:59Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674888 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Margaret Rutherford Bryan Levyns.jpg|thumb|Margaret Levyns]]   '''Margaret Rutherford Bryan Levyns''' (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Michell, 24 Ọgọst 1890 [[Cape Town]] - 11 Nọvemba 1975 Cape Town) bụ onye phytogeographer , onye na-ahụ maka akụmakụ na onye na-ahụ maka ikpọ ihe aha ama ama na South Africa. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Margaret Levyns bu ụzọ gụọ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ site n'aka nne ya ma mesịa gaa Ellerslie Girls' School. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na klas mbụ ma nye ya nkwado ego ụzọ abụọ. N'afọ 1908, ọ debanyere aha na Kọleji South Africa na-ezube ịmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ, geology na kemịstrị, na ọmụmụ maka akụmakụ maka afọ nsọpụrụ ya. Prọfesọ Harold Pearson rụgidere ya ka o kwenye iwere ọmụmụ maka akụmakụ dị ka isi ihe ọmụmụ ya. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị agụmakwụkwọ uzọ abụọ n'efu, Queen Victoria Scholarship yana 1851 Exhibition Memorial Scholarship ma nọrọ site n'afọ 1912 ruo 1914 na Newnham College, ọ laghachiri South Africa a ma nye ya ohere agụmakwụkwọ n'efu ọzọ na John Innes Institute ebe ọ họọrọ ịmụ gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Mgbe ọ laghachiri South Africa nke ugboro abụọ, ọ malitere ọrụ nkuzi na Ngalaba Botany na South African College nke mesịrị ghọọ Mahadum Cape Town. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ natara nzere D.Sc. na Mahadum Cape Town, maka edemede ya nke afọ 1932 'A taxonomic study of ''Lobostemon'' and ''Echiostachys'''. Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula na 1929, na akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Flora of la Cape Peninsula nke Adamson & Salter dere n'afọ 1950. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1945, ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ngalaba ọmụmụ akụmakụ ma bipụta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na taxonomy na phytogeography. Ọ dezigharịrị ọtụtụ ụdị South Africa dịka ''Muraltia''. N'afọ 1923, ọ lụrụ John Levyns, onye mechara bụrụ osote odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke Cape Province na onye jere ozi na kansụl nke Botanical Society of South Africa. A na-echeta Margaret '''<span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Levyns</span></span></span>''' na ''Thamnochortus levynsiae'' Pillans, ''Nivenia levynsiae'' e H. Weimarck na ''Crassula levynsiae'' Adamson. E tinyere ihe dị ka puku iri na abụọ n'ime ihe ndị ọ chịkọtara na Bolus Herbarium (BOL) dị na Cape Town, Ebe Nchekwa akụmakụ mba "PRE" dị na Pretoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (K) na ebe nchekwa as akụmakụ ndị ọzọ. A na-eji mkpirisi odee Levyns egosi onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ a mgbe a na-ezo aka na aha ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brummitt|first=R. K.|title=Authors of Plant Names|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|year=1992|isbn=1-84246-085-4}}</ref> == Nkwanye Ùgwù na Ihe Nrite == * Onye isi oche nke ngalaba B nke South African Association for Advancement of Science 1952/53 * Ihe nrite South Africa 1958 * Onye isi oche nke Royal Society of South Africa 1962/63 (nwaanyị mbụ nọrọ n'oche a) == Hụkwa == * Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Biography of Margaret LevynsnaS2A3Biographical Database nke Southern African Science * Royal Society of South Africa E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/mss/index.php?html=/mss/newaids/BC625.HTM&msscollid=327 Ọbá akwụkwọ Mahadum nke Cape Town] 2wyoia96rmv9gn64cq15moos77nhnjx 0 71679 674897 537728 2026-07-10T07:29:34Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Winsome Fanny Barker.jpg|thumb|Winsome Fanny Barker]] Winsome Fanny Barker (n'ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1907 - n'ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1994) bụ onye South Africa na-akọ ahịhịa na onye na-anakọta osisi, a maara ya maka ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ahụ maka iwulite nchịkọta ahụ na herbarium nke Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, yana nyocha ya na Amaryllidaceae, Liliaceae na Haemodoracea. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Barker na Jamestown, Cape Colony nye Joseph Barker (onye Seaham, County Durham) na nwunye ya Beatrice (onye a mụrụ Cusens). Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara East London ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na East London Girls High School. Barker gara n'ihu gụchaa BSc na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ na Rhodes University College na 1928. Onye Suid-Afrikaanse Academy nke Wetenskap en Kuns nyere ya ihe nrite Junior Captain Scott na isiokwu abụọ ahụ ebe ọ nwetara akara kachasị elu na klaasị ya. E nyere ya ohere agụmakwụkwọ iji mezue MSc na nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ mana ọ jụrụ ịnakwere agụmakwụkwọ Edward Muspratt Solly.nke Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden nyere, malite n'afọ 1929. N'ime afọ abụọ ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ, H.M.L. Bolus lekọtara Barker n'ọmụmụ ihe ya gụnyere nhazi osisi, nlekọta osisi na ọrụ ubi. O tinyere oge site n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1931 ruo n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1933 na Kew Gardens iji gbasaa ahụmịhe osisi ya. Ọ laghachiri Kirstenbosch n'afọ 1933 ma họpụta ya dịka Onye Inyeaka Osisi Botanical nye Onyeisi na-arụ ọrụ na Bolus Herbarium, ruo mgbe e kwetara ịkwaga ya na Mahadum Cape Town n'afọ 1934 (nkwagharị ahụ mere naanị na 1938). N'afọ 1935 Barker malitere ịchịkọta ihe atụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ herbarium nkeonwe maka Kirstenbosch, ọ bụ ezie na ndị nlekọta nke National Botanic Gardens kpebiri naanị ịmepụta herbarium afọ anọ ka e mesịrị n'afọ 1939 mgbe Bolus herbarium kwagara. Mmefu ego mbụ kwa afọ nke herbarium bụ £350 maka ụgwọ ọnwa na akụrụngwa. A họpụtara Barker ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi nke herbarium n'afọ 1940. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka, herbarium ahụ nwere ihe karịrị mpempe akwụkwọ 110,000, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha ka o lere anya nke ọma.. N'afọ 1956, e wegara herbarium nke South African Museum, nke nwere mpempe akwụkwọ 100000, na Kirstenbosch na mgbazinye ego na-adịgide adịgide. N'ime nke a, onye nlekọta herbarium nke SA Museum, Dr Joyce Lewis na onye na-enyere ya aka wegara Kirstenbosch. Iji nabata ha, a họpụtara Lewis dị ka onye nyocha ebe a họpụtara Barker dị ka onye nlekọta, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1972. Barker bụkwa onye na-ese ihe osise botanical. E bipụtara iri atọ na ise n'ime ihe osise ya na Flowering Plants of South Africa n'etiti afọ 1930 n'afọ 1938, Royal Horticultural Society na London nwere ihe osise mmiri ya nke ''Agapanthus''. Compton Herbarium na Kirstenbosch nwere ihe oyiyi 107 nke ''Lachenalia'' nke Barker sere n'etiti 1930 na afọ 1950. Barker tinyekwara aka na ọzụzụ nke Edward Muspratt Solly Scholars. == Aha ndị yiri ya == A na-echeta Barker na aha ọtụtụ osisi South Africa, gụnyere Leucadendron barkerae I. Williams, ''Haemanthus barkerae'' Snijman, ''Lachenalia barkeriana'' U. Mull. -Doblies, na ''Romulea barkerae'' M.P. de Vos. Ọ kọwara ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị 50. A na-akpọ ''Acrostemon barkerae'' Compton, ''Conophytum barkerae'' L. Bolus na Othonna barkerae Kompton iji sọpụrụ ya. == Edemsibịa == 7on55dfffvucx4nlf6so5ans38kvo2b 0 71681 674893 537731 2026-07-10T07:23:20Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674893 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:JWB Gunning00.jpg|thumb|J. W. B. Gunning]]   '''Jan Willem Boudewijn Gunning''' (3 Septemba 1860 na Hilversum, North Holland - 26 Jun 1913 na Pretoria), bụ dọkịta onye Dutch, onye jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke ọ́bankà Staats na ihe a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka Pretoria Zoological Gardens (nke bụzi National Zoological Gardens of South Africa). Gunning bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke ọkà mmụta okpukpe Dutch a ma ama Johannes Hermanus Gunning (1829-1905) yana Johanna Jacoba Gunning-Hoog. Ọ gara Mahadum Amsterdam, Mahadum Leiden na Mahadum Jena, na-etozu dị ka dọkịta nke ọmụmụ ọgwụ. N'afọ 1884 ọ kwagara South Africa wee malite ọrụ na Orange Free State. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ zutere ma lụọ Susanna Neethling (26 Eprel 1862 - 14 Mee 1889) na 10 Nọvemba 1884. Site na Free State, ọ kwagara na Cape Colony ma rụọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo 1897 mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi mbụ nke Staatsmuseum (Ọbaṅkà steeti) dị na Pretoria, nke e mechara kpọwa Ọbaṅkà Transvaal. Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye nduzi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1913. Gunning bụ onye guzobere National Zoo dị na Pretoria n'afọ 1899. Mgbe a tụrụ Winston Churchill mkpọrọ na Pretoria n'oge Agha Boer, ọ matara Gunning nke ọma, onye bụ otu n'ime ndị nduzi ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ. O kwuru banyere ya, sị:   "Dọkịta Gunning bụụrụ onye Hollands dị ntakịrị a na-ahụ n'anya, buru ibu, dị mụrụmụrụ ma gụọ akwụkwọ nke ọma. Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị uchu ma nwee njikọ ofụma yana gọọmentị Boer, nke kwụrụ ya ụgwọ ọnwa mara mma nke ukwuu maka ilekọta ọ́bankà steeti. O nweekwara nchịkọta stampụ mara mma, ma sorokwa n'iguzobe ogige Nlekọta ụmụ anụmanụ. Ebumnobi ikpeazụ a dubara ya, naanị ntakịrị oge tupu agha ebido, n'ime nsogbu kacha sie ike, n'ihi na onwenwughị ike iguzogide ọdụm nke Maazi Rhodes nyere ya. Ọ gwara me na ntukwasi obi na onye isi ala gwara ya okwu n'ólú kacha dị ike n'ihi nkea, ma tiekwa íwú maka mweghachi ozugbo nke nwa anụ ọhịa ahụ n'okpuru iyi egwu nke ịchụ n'ọrụ ozugbo" Capt. Aylmer Haldane, onye mkpọrọ ọzọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ nwere ihe ndị a ikwu:   "Onye nọ n'isi nlekọta anyị bụ ndị ọrụ abụọ, otu onye, onye nchịkwa ndị agha Boer, onye nke ọzọ, onye Holland dị jụụ, Dọkịta Gunning, onye, n'otu oge ahụ na-arụ ọrụ abụọ bụ onye nchịkwa Ogige ụmụ anụmanụ na onye nlekọta ọ́bankà. Onye nchịkwa ndị agha ahụ abụghị onye nwere akparamagwa niile a chọrọ, ma dọkịta ahụ nwere agwà mmadụ ma.mee ihe niile I nwere ike ịme ka ọnụnọ anyị na mkpọrọ dị otu a ga-anagidenwu. Mgbe nwunye mbụ ya nwụrụ, ọ lụrụ Ellen Elizabeth Dobbin (amụrụ na 30 Disemba 1867) nke Bethulia na 19 Nọvemba 1889. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke William Rouse Dobbin na Emma Elizabeth Kirkham. Ya na [[Alwin Karl Haagner]] chịkọtara A Checklist of the Birds of South Africa n'afọ 1910. Ụdị nnụnụ ''Sheppardia gunningi'', nke a na-akpọkwa east Coast akalat nke ma ọ bụ akelat nke Gunning, ka a kpọrọ aha ya. == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka == {{Reflist}}  == Njikọ mpụga == * Biography of J. W. B. GunningnaS2A3Biographical Database nke Southern African Science * [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn5/gunning Johannes Hermanus Gunning] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163500/http://www.radiologen.nl/250/2997/historisch-hoekje/lezing-profdr-jw-gunning-op-gunningdag-17-09-05 Johannes Willem Gunning] 996s1ja8qhhmg7lljhu267sks50t50w 0 71682 674894 537733 2026-07-10T07:24:56Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:John Phillip Harison Acocks 02.jpg|thumb|John Phillip Harison Acocks]]   '''John Phillip Harison Acocks''' (7 Eprel 1911 - 20 Mee 1979) bụ onye South Africa gụrụ maka akụmakụ amaara maka mbipụta ya "Veld Types of South Africa" na nnukwu nchịkọta akụmakụ ya nke ihe dị ka puku iri abụọ na asatọ si South Africa na [[Namibia]]. N'afọ 1938, e nyere ya aka ịga njem nchịkọta nke ọnwa anọ ya na onye Sweden na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Adolf Hjalmar Frederick Hafström n'etiti Cape Town na Victoria Falls. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na Cape Town nye John Martin Acocks na Sarah Phoebe Petty. E debara aha ya na South African College Schools (SACS) wee gaa Mahadum Cape Town n'etiti 1929 na 1935 na-enweta nzere B.A. na M.Sc. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Robert Stephen Adamson (1885-1965) na [[Margaret Levyns]] (1890-1975). == Ọrụ == Nhọpụta mbụ ya bụ na Jenụwarị 1936 dị ka onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Ngalaba Nnyocha Nlekọta, akụkụ nke Ngalaba Ụlọ Ọrụ akụmakụ. Ọ malitere ime nnyocha akụmakụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nnyocha ahịhịa ọhụrụ. N'afọ 1945, e zifere ya na Estcourt na Ngalaba Nnyocha Ihe ọkụkụ nke Ngalaba ihe ọkụkụ na Plant Pathology nke mesịrị ghọọ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ihe Ọkụkụ. Site n'afọ 1948, e zigara ya kpamkpam na Grootfontein College of Agriculture na Middelburg. Acocks nyere aka nke ukwuu na ọmụmụ ihe ọkụkụ South Africa na mpaghara atọ dị iche iche. Nke mbụ, ọgwụgwọ ya banyere mpaghara ndị nwe ahịhịa (Veld Types) nke South Africa, ebe ọ na-ekewa ahịhịhịa n'ime klas iri asaa na ise, na-aga n'ihu na-abụ ọrụ ntụaka bara uru maka ndị nchọpụta ma bụrụ ihe dị ịrịba ama maka otu onye. Nke abụọ, nnyocha ya banyere mmetụta ụmụ mmadụ n'ahịhịa abụrụla nke e ji nghọta nnyocha ugbu a degharịa, ọkachasị maka mmetụta ọkụ na ala ahịhịa, savanna na ọhịa. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe akaebe buru ibu na-egosi mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ụmụ anụmanụ na akụmakụ Karoo n'ime narị afọ atọ gara aga. N'ikpeazụ, echiche ọsụ ụzọ ya banyere imezigharị na njikwa njikwa ọhịa ka bụ ntuziaka dị mkpa maka obodo ndị ọrụ ubi nke South Africa. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba C nke ''SA As''Soc. For the Advancement of Science'''' na 1963, a ma nye ya Senior Capt. Scott Medal sitere na ''SA Biological'' Society n'afọ 1977. Acocks rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta e degharịrị edegharị nke Veld Types, nke ọ rụchara obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, ma bụrụ nke e tinyere n'ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke National Botanical Institute (NBG). E bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, Key Grasses of South Africa, n'afọ 1990. == Ihe Ncheta ya == A na-echeta Acocks site na ọtụtụ aha a kapịrị ọnụ gụnyere ''Cliffortia acocksii'' H.Weim. , ''Erica acocksii'' Compton, ''Restio acocksii'' Pillans na ''Diospyros acocksii'' De Wint.<ref name="Eggli Newton 2004">{{Cite book|author=Eggli|first=U.|title=Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|year=2004|isbn=978-3-540-00489-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2n5vusQ1DEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=24 September 2018}}</ref> A na-edebe ihe atụ ya na BM, BOL, Cedara College of Agriculture, Dohne Agricultural Development Institute, GRA, Grootfontein Agricultural College, K, KMG, M, MO, NH, NU, PRE, PREM, S, STE (NBG), Toowoomba Agricultural Development Centre. == Akwụkwọ Ndị O Dere == * Veld Types of South Africa (na Veld Type Map) - John Phillip Harison Acocks (Botanical Research Institute, 1975)    * Ihe odide Acock: Key Grasses of South Africa - (Grassland Society of South Africa, 1990)   == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 2ca2cu43g0fd6lkt39besaaeoub6mf2 0 71696 674910 538893 2026-07-10T07:49:24Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ballerina, Beatriz Stix-Brunell, durante le prove per "Manon" ROH, Royal Ballet 02.png|thumb|Beatriz Stix-Brunell]]   '''Beatriz Eugenia Stix-Brunell''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1993) bụ onye America na-agba egwú ballet. Ọrụ ya malitere na Morphoses mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. Ọ sonyeere Royal Ballet n'afọ 2010, e buliri ya n'ọkwa onye mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri n'afọ 2016, ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2021. Ọ dị sentimita ise na sentimita isii na ọkara n'ogologo. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Stix-Brunell na Miami ma zụlite ya na isi obodo New York. Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ na ulo Olu Na ahu maka ego na nne ya bụ onye nwere akaolu idozi ime ụlọ. Ọ malitere ọzụzụ ịgba egwú mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa na ulo akwukwo nke American Ballet . Ọ gakwara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nightingale Bamford. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, ọ gara Paris Opera Ballet School. Nne ya na nwanne ya nwoke kwagara Paris, ebe nna ya gara leta mgbe o kwere omume. Mgbe Stix-Brunell rutere na mbụ, ọ naghị asụ French, mana o jisiri ike mụta ya n'ime ọnwa atọ. Mgbe otu afọ gachara na Paris, ọ bụ ezie na ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke mbụ na klas ya, ọ laghachiri New York iji zụọ onwe ya ma gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Nightingale-Bamford . <ref name="roh"/> <ref name="2012p"/> Dika onye Na anata ozuzu Na National Training Scholar Na American Ballet Theatre she danced in Kevin McKenzie's ''Sleeping Beauty''. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, Stix-Brunell nyochara ụlọ ọrụ Christopher Wheeldon bụ Morphoses mgbe ọ hụchara ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ewe ndị na-agba egwú, Wheeldon kpọkwara ya ka ọ sonye na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. na-agba egwú dịka ''Apollo'' na ''Polyphonia''. Ya na ndị na-agba egwú si Royal Ballet na New York City Ballet, gụnyere Leanne Benjamin, Edward Watson, Wendy Whelan, Maria Kowroski na Tiler Peck, wee gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.<ref name="roh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roh.org.uk/people/beatriz-stix-brunell|title=Beatriz Stix-Brunell|work=Royal Opera House|accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="2012p">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pointemagazine.com/beatriz-stix-brunell-royal-ballet-2412811180.html|title=A Touch of Magic: American Prodigy Beatriz Stix-Brunell Comes Into Her Own at The Royal Ballet|work=Pointe Magazine|date=24 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balletassociation.co.uk/pages/reports-2017-beatriz-stix-brunell|title=Beatriz Stix-Brunell|work=Ballet Association|date=17 February 2017}}</ref> Stix-Brunell zutere Monica Mason, onye nduzi nka nke Royal Ballet, mgbe Morphoses gara njem na London. Ha malitere mgbanwe email. N'afọ 2010, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, Mason nyere Stix-Brunell nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na-enweghị nyocha. Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name="2011p">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pointemagazine.com/issuesjunejuly-2011dancer-spotlight-prodigy-grows-2412810924.html|title=Beatrix Stix-Brunell: A Prodigy Grows Up|work=Pointe Magazine|date=12 May 2011}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya mgbe ọ ka bụ onye na-ese ihe, na-agba egwu na Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, na-anọchi Marianela Nuñez merụrụ ahụ. Izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ọ batara n'ihu Lauren Cuthbertson mgbe ọ hapụrụ The Prince of the Pagodas. N'ime afọ mbụ ya na London, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị site na Skype.<ref name="2012p">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pointemagazine.com/beatriz-stix-brunell-royal-ballet-2412811180.html|title=A Touch of Magic: American Prodigy Beatriz Stix-Brunell Comes Into Her Own at The Royal Ballet|work=Pointe Magazine|date=24 September 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pointemagazine.com/beatriz-stix-brunell-royal-ballet-2412811180.html "A Touch of Magic: American Prodigy Beatriz Stix-Brunell Comes Into Her Own at The Royal Ballet"]. ''Pointe Magazine''. September 24, 2012.</cite></ref> Stix-Brunell ghọrọ onye Na Agu egwu na 2012, na-agba ọsọ n'ọkwa nke First Artist, <ref name="2012p">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pointemagazine.com/beatriz-stix-brunell-royal-ballet-2412811180.html|title=A Touch of Magic: American Prodigy Beatriz Stix-Brunell Comes Into Her Own at The Royal Ballet|work=Pointe Magazine|date=24 September 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.pointemagazine.com/beatriz-stix-brunell-royal-ballet-2412811180.html "A Touch of Magic: American Prodigy Beatriz Stix-Brunell Comes Into Her Own at The Royal Ballet"]. ''Pointe Magazine''. September 24, 2012.</cite></ref> na First Soloist na 2016. Ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere Juliet na ''Romeo na Juliet,'' The Young Girl na The Two Pigeons, Sugar Plum Fairy na The Nutcracker na ọrụ ndị isi na "Emeralds" na "Diamonds" site na Jewels.<ref name="roh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roh.org.uk/people/beatriz-stix-brunell|title=Beatriz Stix-Brunell|work=Royal Opera House|accessdate=30 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.roh.org.uk/people/beatriz-stix-brunell "Beatriz Stix-Brunell"]. ''Royal Opera House''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na Julaị 2021, Stix-Brunell lara ezumike nká na Royal Ballet, iji mụọ na Mahadum Stanford. Ihe ngosi ikpeazụ ya bụ na Wheeldon's After the Rain . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dancemagazine.com/beatriz-stix-brunell-2653621530.html|title=Beatriz Stix-Brunell Is Swapping Her Ballet Shoes for Books|work=Dance Magazine|author=Cremer-Vazquez|first=Nuria|date=July 6, 2021}}</ref> == Egwú ndị a họọrọ == Ihe ndekọ Stix-Brunell na Royal Ballet na Morphoses gụnyere: <ref name="roh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.roh.org.uk/people/beatriz-stix-brunell|title=Beatriz Stix-Brunell|work=Royal Opera House|accessdate=30 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.roh.org.uk/people/beatriz-stix-brunell "Beatriz Stix-Brunell"]. ''Royal Opera House''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref>   Alice in Alice's == The Nrite == * Nwanyị pụtara ìhè (Classical) na 2012 Critics" Circle National Dance Awards - a họpụtara == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724075040/http://www.morphoses.org/ Morphoses/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Wheeldon Company] * [http://www.roh.org.uk/people/beatriz-stix-brunell Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Royal Opera House] * [https://balletassociation.co.uk/pages/reports-2017-beatriz-stix-brunell Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ballet Association] {{DEFAULTSORT:Stix-Brunell, Beatriz}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nfy5e02j22d938fl3w8socmln1ruqrq 0 71703 674909 538640 2026-07-10T07:46:53Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Beatriz Parra - PREMIOS EUGENIO ESPEJO (28278700094) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Beatriz Parra Durango ]] Beatriz Parra Durango (amụrụ 1940) bụ soprano oge gboo Ecuadorian   A mụrụ Parra Durango na Guayaquil [1] bụ naanị nwa Antonio Parra (1900-1994) na onye nta akụkọ Dora Durango Lopez (1916-1999).[2] Ọmụmụ ihe mbụ Parra mere na Conservatory Antonio Neumane na Guayaquil, ebe ọ ghọrọ bi onye na-agụ egwú nke Conservatory's choir. N'afọ 1957, ọ nwetara ihe nrite mbụ ya mgbe ọ sonyere na asọmpi "Ịchọ ụda na Ecuador", nke Ụlọ Omenala na Radio CRE haziri. N'otu afọ ahụ ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke nkedo nke Lyrical Ensemble of the House of Culture. N'afọ 1958, ọ bụ ọrụ na nke mbụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'elu ikpo okwu na ọrụ Duchess Carolina na zarzuela "Luisa Fernanda". N'afọ 1959, ọ bụrụ abụ na-eduzi na opera Spanish Marina n'okpuru nduzi nke onye isi Spanish Carlos Arijita. N'afọ 1960, ọ gara Moscow na njikọ nke Ministry of Culture nke USSR nyere, wee abụ oge ochie na Moscow Conservatory, na-amụ n'okpuru Nina Dorliak, onye na-akpọ piano Sviatoslav Richter. Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Award For Excellence na 1966 N'afọ 1965, o meriri nrite ọlaọcha na ebe nke abụọ na asọmpi olu olu mba ụwa nke obodo Toulouse, France haziri. Ọ bụrụ abụ dị ka onye na-agụ egwú na Philharmonic Orchestra nke Moscow na Moscow Chamber Orchestra. N'otu afọ ahụ ọ nwetara nrite ọla edo na asọmpi Egwu nke George Enesco, Romania. {{DEFAULTSORT:Parra Durango, Beatriz}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tst001iw3fdn1gh1s9s0bdhlxujyjbv 0 71712 674769 540370 2026-07-09T23:23:18Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Beatriz Alfonso at 2019 Andorra open (cropped).jpg|thumb|Beatriz Alfonso Nogue]]   '''Beatriz Alfonso Nogue''' (May 7, 1968 - December 30, 2019) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://escacs.cat/index.php/publicacions/noticies?catid=26926&id=26926:necrologica-beatriz-alfonso-nogue|title=Necrològica Beatriz Alfonso Nogué|work=escacs.cat|accessdate=Dec 31, 2019}}</ref> bụ nwanyị na-egwu egwuregwu chess na Spain, WFM, umunwanyi FIDE Master. Ọ bụ onye mmeri mba na 1990 na Benasque, Huesca. A mụrụ ya na Santa Coloma de Gramenet . O meriri Na asompi Na mba Catalonia na chess ugboro atọ, n'afọ 1990, 1996 na 2012, ma bụrụ onye nke abụọ ugboro atọ na 1986, 1989 na 1995. O sonyere na-anọchite anya Spain na Chess Olympics otu ugboro, na 1990 na Novi Sad . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/statisticsw/all_id01.html|title=Women's Chess Olympiads' Overall Statistics 1957-2012|publisher=Olimpbase.org|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:NDI Na asompi olympaid]] [[Otú:NDI wuru n'afọ 2019]] [[Otú:NDI amuru n'afọ 1968]] [[Otú:Umunwanyi O kacha mara egwulegwu cheese]] [[Otú:Centuri iri abuo NDI asompi Spain Na egwulegwu chess]] hbp3hk5qg743no8t0djfzs7902km94h 0 71716 674902 537873 2026-07-10T07:38:24Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ana Beatriz 2010 Indy 500 Practice Day 7.JPG|thumb|Ana Beatriz]] Ana Beatriz Caselato Gomes de Figueiredo, nke a maara dị ka ma Ana Beatriz na Bia Figueiredo (amụrụ March 18, 1985), bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala si Brazil. De Figueiredo agbabuola ọsọ na IndyCar Series na Stock Car Brasil, ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ meriri n'ọsọ n'usoro Indy Lights. === Ọrụ mmalite === De Figueiredo malitere ọrụ ya na karting mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, onye nchịkwa ịgba ọsọ Nailor Campos - onye ya na Tony Kanaan rụburu ọrụ, Rubens Barrichello, Enrique Bernoldi na Andre Ribeiro - ghọrọ onye nchịkwa ya na onye isi ọrụ. Mgbe ezinụlọ De Figueiredo enweghịzi ike ịkwado mbọ ịgba ọsọ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, Campos nyeere ya aka inweta nkwado sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ Medley, nke onye bụbu onye ịgba ọsọ Xandy (Pollini) Negrão, nna nke onye na-agba ọsọ Alexandre Sarnes Negrão nwere. Site na nkwado iwu, De Figueiredo gụchara dị ka onye gbara ọsọ n'asọmpị karting dị iche iche wee merie asọmpi iko nke Sorriso Petrobrás Kart na 2003. Mgbe oge atọ gasịrị na asọmpi Formula Renault Brazil, De Figueiredo malitere ịsọ mpi na Formula Three Sudamericana na 2006, na-anya ụgbọ ala maka otu Cesario Formula. Na 2006, ọ kwọkwara Volkswagen Touareg maka egwuregwu PPD, nke Pedro Diniz nwe. ====== 2008 ====== Na 2008, De Figueiredo malitere ịgba ọsọ na American Indy Lights Series maka ịgbachitere otu Sam Schmidt Motorsports na-emeri asọmpi n'okpuru aha Ana Beatriz.[1] Tupu ịgba ọsọ na United States, a na-akpọ ya "Bia" (aha njirimara maka Beatriz), ọ bụghị Ana, na-akpata mgbagwoju anya na mgbasa ozi.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Ana_Beatriz_20100523.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|235x235px|Bia na Indianapolis Motor Speedway na Mee 2010.]] Saịtị asụsụ Portuguese nke De Figueiredo kpughere na 23 February 2010 na ọ ga-anya ụgbọ ala nke atọ maka Dreyer & Reinbold Racing na São Paulo Indy 300 na Machị 2010.[1] Ekwenyere na nsonye ọzọ na oge 2010 IndyCar Series ma kwupụta ya na Mee 12, 2010.[2] De Figueiredo ruru eru maka 2010 Indianapolis 500 mana o tinyere aka na ihe mberede ya na Ryan Hunter-Reay na onye otu Mike Conway n'apata ikpeazụ nke agbụrụ ahụ. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3az9m1ovuwz5kbfwlpkxj38x985gmm9 0 71717 674914 537817 2026-07-10T07:53:44Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:Beatriz Pinheiro.png|thumb|Beatriz Pinheiro]] '''Beatriz Pinheiro ma ọ bụ Beatriz Paes Pinheiro de Lemos (1871 - 1922) bụ onye odee Portuguese nke nwere nchegbu maka imeziwanye ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye udo nke kwenyesiri ike na Portugal kwesịrị ịlụ ọgụ na Agha Ụwa Mbụ.'''. == Ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Portuguese_Women_and_the_European_War_1916.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị Portuguese na Agha Europe - 1916]] A mụrụ Pinheiro na Viseu na etiti Portugal na 1871. Ya na onye na-ede uri Carlos de Lemos bipụtara magazin nka na Viseu nke akpọrọ Ave Azul ("Bluebird") nke gbara mbipụta iri na abụọ na 1899 na 1900.<ref name="aa">{{Cite web|title=Ave Azul [1899-1900]|url=http://hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt/Periodicos/AveAzul/AveAzul.htm|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=hemerotecadigital.cm-lisboa.pt}}</ref> N'ime magazin ahụ, ha bipụtara echiche mgbanwe banyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ha chere na nwanyị kwesịrị inwe ike ịmepụta ndụ dị ùgwù maka onwe ya n'enweghị mkpa nwoke. Ọ kpọrọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ka ha kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-asọ mpi na agụmakwụkwọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ na ụmụ nwoke ma nweta ikike ha maka ịha nhata obodo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ toro Alice Pestana's Portuguese League for Peace nke e guzobere na 1899. Pinheiro kwenyere na ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ nwere ike inye aka mepụta udo ụwa. Ndị a bụ echiche mgbanwe. Pestana na-ebipụtakwa echiche ya mana n'okpuru aha nke Cil na akwụkwọ akụkọ Vanguardia . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bermúdez|first=Silvia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IBSDwAAQBAJ&q=berger&pg=PA108|title=A New History of Iberian Feminisms|date=2018-01-01|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4875-2008-3|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya Njikọ obodo nba Portuguese maka Udo ma jiri ihe odide ya mee ka echiche ya dịkwuo elu na Viseu. O dere maka A Beira, Almanaque de Senhoras, Alma feminina ma ọ bụ A Crónica. Ka oge na-aga, ya na Carlos Ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchianya nke Njikọ Udo nke Portuguese ma jiri ihe odide ya mee ka echiche mba ya na-aga n'ihu na Viseu. O dere maka A Beira, Almanaque de Senhoras, Alma feminina ma ọ bụ A Crónica. Ka oge na-aga, ya na Carlos hụrụ na ọ kaara ya mma ịkwaga Lisbon.[1] Mgbe e hiwere, n’ọctoba 5, 1910, Beatriz Pinheiro nọ na Lisbon, na-ekere òkè na mkpọsa iji kwado Iwu ịgba alụkwaghịm. Na June 1913, ya, Ana Augusta de Castilho, Ana de Castro Osório, Luthgarda de Caires, Joana de Almeida Nogueira na Maria Veleda bụ akụkụ nke ndị nnọchi anya Portuguese na Nzukọ Seventh nke Nwanyị mba ụwa. .<ref name="fer2017">{{Cite journal|author=Ferreira Silveira|first=Anabela|date=2017|title=O protagonismo de Beatriz Pinheiro Na revista viseense ave azul (1899-1900)|url=https://periodicos.furg.br/hist/article/view/7912|journal=Historiæ, Rio Grande|language=pt|volume=8|issue=2|pages=77–95}}</ref><ref name="fer2017" /> N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 8 June 1916 o nwere nzukọ na Liceu Maria Pia ebe ọ na-akụzi ihe.<ref name="fer2017">{{Cite journal|author=Ferreira Silveira|first=Anabela|date=2017|title=O protagonismo de Beatriz Pinheiro Na revista viseense ave azul (1899-1900)|url=https://periodicos.furg.br/hist/article/view/7912|journal=Historiæ, Rio Grande|language=pt|volume=8|issue=2|pages=77–95}}</ref> N'ihi ya, o bipụtara A Mulher Portuguêsa e a Guerra Europea (Ndị inyom Portuguese na Agha Europe). <ref name="mul">{{Cite web|title=A mulher portuguêsa e a guerra europeia|url=http://purl.pt/27273/3/#/1|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=purl.pt|language=en}}</ref> Nke a bụ oge dị mkpa ka Pinheiro onye bụ onye a ma ama na-eme udo na onye na-eme ihe ike, gbachitere òkè Portugal na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref name="fer2017" /> == Ọrụ == * ''Mkpụrụ Obi Abụọ'' (1912) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Puga|first=Rogério Miguel|url={{GBurl|id=-bXkDwAAQBAJ|p=119}}|title=Chronology of Portuguese Literature 1128–2000|date=2011-01-08|publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-5275-5125-1|location=[[Newcastle upon Tyne]]|language=en|oclc=1203559240|authorlink=Rogerio Miguel Puga|accessdate=2022-03-26}}</ref> * ''Nwanyị Portuguese na Agha Europe'' (1916) <ref name="mul">{{Cite web|title=A mulher portuguêsa e a guerra europeia|url=http://purl.pt/27273/3/#/1|accessdate=2020-06-09|work=purl.pt|language=en}}</ref> == Edensede == cn9bno7hccz5p1qtzx0z0ztsnmkjcxt 0 71719 674907 538898 2026-07-10T07:45:18Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Beatriz Gómez.jpg|thumb|Beatriz Gómez]]   '''Beatriz Gómez Cortés''' (amụrụ na 29 Disemba n'afọ 1994) bụ onye na-egwu mmiri n'egwuregwu Olympic nke Spain. O gwuru mmiri na 2012 Summer Olympics na 200m individual medley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/gomez-cortes-beatriz-1104030/|title=London 2012 profile|accessdate=2012-08-08|archivedate=2012-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807224425/http://www.london2012.com/athlete/gomez-cortes-beatriz-1104030/}}</ref> Gómez ritere ihe nrite ọla edo na 200m IM na 2011 FINA World Junior Swimming Championship ma merie ọlaọcha na 2010 European Junior Swimming Championship na 200m IM na 400m IM. == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gomez Cortes, Beatriz}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9j68hllvt0wopc1lw00nd0suvglqg9j 0 71720 674773 538897 2026-07-09T23:33:39Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Beatriz Hatz 2024 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Beatriz Hatz ]]   == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na-enweghị fibula n'ụkwụ aka nri ya ma gbupụrụ ya n'okpuru ikpere mgbe ọ dị ọnwa iri, a wakwara ya ahụ iji gbatịa ikpere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2022|title=Beatriz Hatz – IPC Athlete Bio|url=http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/theasp.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=513&personid=1716218&wintergames=-1|work=ipc.infostradasports.com|accessdate=16 July 2022|archivedate=16 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716181658/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/theasp.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=513&personid=1716218&wintergames=-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2022|title=Beatriz Hatz – Team USA|url=https://www.teamusa.org/usparatrackandfield/athletes/Beatriz-Hatz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630044130/https://www.teamusa.org/usparatrackandfield/athletes/Beatriz-Hatz|archivedate=June 30, 2021|work=Team USA}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Hatz malitere ọrụ egwuregwu ya mgbe enyi ya gbara ya ume isonye na track and field. A kpọrọ ya US Paralympic High School Athlete of the Year na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2022|title=Beatriz Hatz – Living with Amplitude|url=https://livingwithamplitude.com/athlete/beatriz-hatz/|work=Living with Amplitude}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2019|title=Track Athlete Beatriz Hatz Making Waves, Shoots For 2020 Paralympics|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/beatriz-hatz-track-athlete-paralympics-hopeful/|work=CBS News}}</ref> Edensibịa{{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hatz, Beatriz}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2ss5gcy0gm0elch0mbnw7yvzd9kigsd 0 71721 674901 537822 2026-07-10T07:36:29Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Wgt Stifterbüchlein 39v.jpg|thumb|Beatrice nke Swabia]] '''Beatrice''' ma ọ bụ '''Beatriz nke Swabia''' (Aprịl/Jun 1198 – 11 Ọgọst 1212), onye so n’ọgbọ eze '''[Hohenstaufen]''', bụ '''Ezinwanyi Eze Ukwu Roman Nsọ (Holy Roman Empress)''' na '''Ezinwanyi Eze Germany''' n’afọ 1212 dịka nwunye mbụ nke eze ukwu '''Welf''', '''Otto IV'''.[1][2] Ọ bụkwa '''Holy Roman Empress''' jere ozi n’oge kachasị mkpụmkpụ, ebe ọ nwụrụ naanị '''izu atọ''' ka ọ lụrụ di. A mụrụ ya na Worms na Rhenish Franconia n'ọnwa Eprel ma ọ bụ June 1198, Beatrice bụ nwa nwanyị mbụ na nwa mbụ nke Duke Philip nke Swabia, onye n'oge a mụrụ ya ka a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ eze Germany (Eze nke ndị Rom ma ọ bụ ''Rex Francorum'' dị ka Iwu Salic si dị), na nwunye ya, nwa eze Byzantium Irene Angelina. Mgbe a họpụtara nna ya Philip, nwanne nwoke nke Eze Ukwu Henry nke Isii, ka ọ bụrụ eze na 8 Machị 1198, a họpụtara di ya Otto nke Brunswick ka ọ bụrụ Onye na-emegide eze Germany na 9 June. N’afọ '''1203''', Eze '''Philip''' gbara mbọ ịkwado alụmdi na nwunye n’etiti '''Beatrice''' na nwa nwanne '''[Pope Innocent III]''', iji nweta nkwado nke '''Roman Curia'''. Otú ọ dị, atụmatụ ya dara ada, ndị na-emegide ya wee gara n’ihu ịlụ ọgụ. N’afọ '''1207''', Philip nwara ime ka udo dị n’etiti ya na '''Otto''' site n’itinye ya n’aka nwa ya nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ agha Otto adịghịzi mma, ọ jụrụ ruo mgbe e gburu Philip n’ụbọchị '''21 June''', site n’aka '''count palatine Bavarian''', '''Otto VIII nke Wittelsbach'''. '''Otto nke Wittelsbach''', onye a tụrụ aro ka ọ kwụsị alụmdi na nwunye ya gara aga na nwa Philip nwanyị '''Kunigunde''', rịọrọ ka e nyere ya aka '''Beatrice''' ma ọ bụ otu n’ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị atọ ndị ka nta, dịka ụgwọ nkwụghachi. A jụrụ arịrịọ ya, o wee mee ihe ike n’ihi ya. '''Beatrice''' fọrọ n’ọnwụ n’enweghị nne na nna, mgbe nne ya '''Irene''', onye gbanwere aha ya bụrụ '''Maria''', gbara ọsọ gaa '''Hohenstaufen Castle''' ma nwụọ ebe ahụ n’ụbọchị '''27 August''' mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa ya kacha nta.Already in 1203, King Philip attempted to betroth Beatrice to the nephew of Pope Innocent III, in order to gain the support of the Roman Curia. However, his plans failed and the rivals continued to fight. In 1207 Philip made an attempt to reconcile with Otto by offering him the hands of his daughter. Though Otto's strategic position had become unfavourable, he did not accept until Philip on 21 June was killed by the Bavarian count palatine Otto VIII of Wittelsbach. Otto of Wittelsbach, who had to dissolve his former engagement with Philip's daughter Kunigunde, had asked for the hand of either Beatrice or one of her three younger sisters in compensation. His request had been denied and he reacted violently. Beatrice was orphaned, when her mother Irene, renamed Maria, fled to Hohenstaufen Castle and died there on 27 August after delivering her youngest child. Otto nke anọ, nke a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-etinye aka na ogbugbu ahụ, n'oge a, enweghị nkwado nke ndị isi ya abụọ, Popu Innocent nke Atọ na Eze John nke England. A manyere ya ịla ezumike nká n'ala nketa ya dị nso na Brunswick na Saxon. Otú ọ dị, ogbugbu Philip hapụrụ ya naanị Eze nke Germany. O jiri ohere ahụ mee ka ndị fọdụrụ na ndị na-akwado Ụlọ Hohenstaufen gbanwee ma mesịa nabata onyinye Philip. E gosipụtara njikọ ọhụrụ ha site na nkwa ọlụlụ Beatrice na Otto nke anọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4otRDQAAQBAJ&dq=beatrice+of+swabia+Otto&pg=PA46|title=England and her Neighbours, 1066-1453: Essays in Honour of Pierre Chaplais|date=1989-07-01|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-8264-3374-9|language=en}}</ref> N’ụbọchị <nowiki><b>11 Novemba 1208</b></nowiki>, a họpụtara <nowiki><b>Otto IV</b></nowiki> ọzọ ịbụ <nowiki><b>Eze Germany</b></nowiki> na <nowiki><b>Frankfurt</b></nowiki>. N’oge a, ndị si n’akụkụ abụọ nke agha obodo gara aga kwadoro ya. A kpuuru ya okpueze dịka <nowiki><b>Eze Ukwu Rom Nsọ (Holy Roman Emperor)</b></nowiki> site n’aka <nowiki><b>Pope Innocent III</b></nowiki> n’ụbọchị <nowiki><b>4 Ọktoba 1209</b></nowiki>. <nowiki><b>Beatrice</b></nowiki> dị nanị <nowiki><b>afọ iri na otu (11)</b></nowiki> n’oge ahụ ma nọgide na nkwa alụmdi na nwunye ya na <nowiki><b>Otto IV</b></nowiki>, onye dị ihe dị ka <nowiki><b>afọ iri atọ na anọ (34)</b></nowiki>. Dị ka nne nne ya Judith nke Bavaria nwere njikọ n'ọchịchị Welf, a ghaghị inweta nkwenye popu, nke Popu Innocent nke Atọ nyere iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka onyinye nye ebe obibi Cistercian nke Walkenried na Riddagshausen. Ha lụrụ na Nordhausen na 22 Julaị 1212. .N’oge ahụ, '''nwunye-alụmdi na nwunye (bride)''' dị '''afọ iri na anọ''' ebe '''di-alụmdi na nwunye''' dị ihe dị ka '''afọ iri atọ na asaa.''' Alụmdi na nwunye ya na nwa nwa nke Eze Ukwu Frederick Barbarossa nwụrụ anwụ nyeere aka mee ka ọnọdụ Otto sikwuo ike mgbe a họpụtara nwa nwanne Philip Frederick nke Abụọ, nwa nwanne Beatrice, dịka onye na-emegide eze otu afọ tupu mgbe ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Beatrice dara ọrịa n'oge na-adịghị anya ma nwụọ naanị ụbọchị iri na itoolu mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ahụ gasịrị. Ọ amụghị nwa n'oge ọ nwụrụ. E liri Beatrice na Brunswick Cathedral. Izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Frederick nke Abụọ rutere Germany ma na 9 Disemba e chiri ya eze na Mainz Cathedral. A chụpụrụ Ot A kwaturu '''Otto IV''' n’oche eze, o wee nwụọ n’ezumike nka ya na '''Harzburg Castle'''. == Ihe odide == exvypobxwivfpi2hxryqle99oqv5r5a 0 71726 674912 537831 2026-07-10T07:51:12Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Dinis de Bragança, Conde de Lemos.jpg|thumb|Dinis nke Braganza, Count of Lemos]] Dinis nke Braganza (afo 1481-1516) bụ nwa nwoke nke Fernando nke onye Abụọ, Duke nke ndị Bragança na Isabella nke Viseu onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke Infante Fernando, Duke nke Viseu na [[Beatriz nke Portugal, eze nwanyị nke Viseu|Beatrice nke Portugal]]. == Alụmdi na nwunye na ọmụmụ == Ọ lụrụ Beatriz de Castro Osório, onye nke 3rd Countess of Lemos, na 1501, n'etiti ụmụ ụmụ ha bụ ndị ga-abụ Duke nke Braganza na John nke Anọ nke Portugal na odi nilo. Dinis na Beatriz mụrụ ụmụ anọ: * Fernando Rodrigues de Castro (1505-1575) * Afonso de Lencastre * Isabel de Lencastre (1514-1558). Ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne ya nwoke nke bụ́ Teodósio I, Duke of BraganzaTeodósio nke Mbụ, Duke nke Braganza * Maria nke Lencastre == Ndị nna nna == == Njikọ mpụga == 7zpufp70glvxfxb5hheg86tl9ugjmun 0 71727 674905 623848 2026-07-10T07:41:35Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Paul B. Preciado, with Special Jury Award, Berlinale 2023.jpg|thumb|Paul B. Preciado]]   '''Paul B. Preciado''' <ref>{{Cite web|author=Preciado|first=Paul B.|title=Catalunya Trans|url=http://www.elestadomental.com/diario/catalunya-trans|publisher=El Estado Mental|accessdate=13 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213091805/http://www.elestadomental.com/diario/catalunya-trans|archivedate=13 February 2015}}</ref> bụ onye edemede Spanish, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na onye nlekọta nke ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu ndị metụtara njirimara, okike, [[Ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ]], ihe owuwu na mmekọahụ. N'afọ 2010, Preciado malitere usoro nke "mgbanwe nwayọ" ebe ọ malitere ịṅụ Testosterone na mgbanwe ahụike. Site n'oge a gaa n'ihu, ọ na-ewere onwe ya n'ihu ọha dị ka transgender nakwa dị ka onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/01/27/eps/1453910313_124066.html|title=Llamadme Paul|work=El País|date=29 January 2016|author=Molina|first=Ángela}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Preciado bịara New School na New York site na Spen na agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright iji nweta MA na nkà ihe ọmụma. Jacques Derrida na Agnes Heller ghọrọ ndị ndụmọdụ Preciado. N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ewe obere oge n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ mbụ nke Preciado na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọhụrụ, Preciado nọgidere na-enwe mmekọrịta chiri anya na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara. Na 1999, Derrida, otu n'ime ndị prọfesọ Preciado, kpọrọ Preciado ka ọ kuzie ọmụmụ ihe na Paris maka mgbaghara na onyinye n'oge mgbanwe. Ka ọ banyere n'ọrụ ọkachamara ya, Preciado na onye ọlụlụ ọhụrụ ya, Alberto Perez, malitere ijide nzukọ na-enye ike na obodo ndị dara ogbenye. O mechara laghachi United States iji mezue PhD ya na Philosophy na Theory of Architecture na Mahadum Princeton, na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ isiokwu ya bụ, Pornotopía: Architecture and Sexuality in Playboy N'oge Agha Nzuzo na 2010, nke n'ụdị akwụkwọ mechara merie Prix Sade na France. Preciado has been professor of Political History of the Body, Gender Theory, and History of Performance at Université Paris VIII and was the director of the Independent Studies Program (PEI) of the Museum of Contemporary Art of Barcelona (MACBA). He was Curator of Public Programs of documenta 14, Kassel and [[Atens|Athens]]. Kemgbe Jenụwarị 2013, Preciado enyewo aka mgbe niile na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Liberation.fr nke akwụkwọ akụkọ French, na kọlụm nwere okike, mmekọahụ, ịhụnanya na ikike ndụ dị ka isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="La statistique, plus forte que l'amour">{{Cite web|author=Preciado|first=Paul B.|title=La statistique, plus forte que l'amour|url=http://www.liberation.fr/chroniques/2014/08/01/la-statistique-plus-forte-que-l-amour_1074212|work=Libération|accessdate=15 February 2015}}</ref> Na 2023, o duuziri ihe nkiri Orlando, My Political Biography. Emere ihe nkiri a na 73rd Berlin International Film Festival na ngalaba nzukọ nke ememme ahụ na 18 nke ọnwa Febụwarị 2023, [1] ebe enyere ya ihe nrite Jury pụrụ iche. Na ọkwa ya, ndị ọka ikpe kọwara ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka "na-ekpughe, na-akpali akpali ma na-akpali akpali." Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara aha pụrụ iche na ngalaba ihe nkiri kacha mma, yana onyinye Teddy maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma.[2][3] N'afọ 2023, ArtReview kpọrọ Preciado onye nke iri abụọ na abụọ kachasị emetụta n'ụwa nka nke oge a, na-akọwa ọrụ ya dị ka "ihe ndabere maka ụwa nka".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul B. Preciado|date=30 November 2023|url=https://artreview.com/artist/paul-b-preciado/?year=2023|work=[[ArtReview]]|accessdate=1 July 2024}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Preciado kwupụtara na 2014 na ọ na-Mgbanwe, <ref name="La statistique, plus forte que l'amour"/> na Jenụwarị 2015 kwupụtara nde a ga-agbanwe aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Paul. Preciado sooro onye edemede na onye nduzi French Virginie Despentes site na 2005 ruo 2014. <ref name="La statistique, plus forte que l'amour" /> == ''Testo Junkie'' (2008) == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jek5g7pzig8gc94ee9v6dvk8fdy4hfz 0 71731 674768 537837 2026-07-09T23:19:08Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Beatriz Bonnet.JPG|thumb|Beatriz Bonnet]] Nelly Beatriz Bonnet (amụrụ Nelly Beatris Auchter Bonnet; 11 Disemba 1930 – 19 Febụwarị 2020) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn nke Argentina na onye na-eme ihe ọchị.[1] == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Beatriz Bonnet na Gualeguay, Entre Ríos na Disemba 11, 1930 site n'aka Mariana Amelia Bonn et, nne naanị ya na-azụ ụmụ. Nna Mariana bụ Ernest Bonnet, onye si mba ọzọ kwabata na Bekee.[1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Bonnet lụrụ otu nwoke aha ya bụ López Verde, mana di na nwunye ahụ kewara otu afọ ka e mesịrị. Ọ kwagara Buenos Aires, ebe ọ mụrụ ịgba egwu, ịbụ abụ, na ime ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa swiit, Pedro R. Bravo kpọọrọ Bonnet ka ọ mee ihe nkiri na Mansedumbre, ihe nkiri mbụ e sere na Tucumán Province.[3] N'etiti afọ 1951, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nke Cinematographic Institute of the National University of Tucumán, n'oge ahụ gọọmentị Argentina na-akwụ ụgwọ ya.[4] Bonnet banyere na Institute of Modern Art na Buenos Aires, onye nduzi ihe nkiri bụ Francisco Gallo wee were ya n'ọrụ ka ọ na-eme ihe ọchị na Astral Theater. Ọ gara klaasị na Hedy Crilla[es]. [3] Na telivishọn, Bo''Nne'' mere nke mbụ ya na-eme ihe nkiri na Televisión Pública Argentina's Channel 7. Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-anọchi Rosita Quintana na mmepụta My Fair Lady, na-eme nke ọma n'otu ụbọchị nke na ndị na-ege ntị na-eto ya ma dochie Quintana ruo mgbe ebighi ebi. Bonnet ga-egwuri egwu na ihe nkiri egwu TV dịka La dama del Maxim's, Descalzos en el parque, na Mame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beatriz Bonnet|url=http://www.fundacionkonex.com.ar/premios/curriculum.asp?id=2105|work=fundacionkonex.com.ar|publisher=[[Konex Foundation]]|accessdate=27 November 2017|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608075745/http://www.fundacionkonex.com.ar/premios/curriculum.asp?id=2105|archivedate=8 June 2009}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1953 |''Ịdị Mma'' | | |- |1953 |''Mmehie Kasị Mma n'ụwa'' | | |- |1955 |''Canary uhie'' | | |- |1956 |''Enyi nwanyị maka mmadụ abụọ'' | | |- |1962 |''Ọrụ G'' | | |- |1963 |''Ndị ga-ahụ Chineke'' | | |- |1964 |''Klọb nke agbụrụ'' | | |- |1965 |''Pergola nke okooko osisi'' | | |- |1966 |''Site n'ịhụnanya Kasị Mma'' | | |- |1966 |''Villa Delicia: ụsọ mmiri nke ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, egwu gburugburu ebe obibi'' | | |- |1966 |''Achọrọ m nne'' | | |- |1968 |''Nwa okorobịa dị ka m'' |Mercedes Ramos | |- |1969 |''Ihe a na-akpọ bulin'' |M.D. Livingstone | |- |1970 |''Passion dominguera'' | | |- |1973 |''Otu Caipira na Bariloche'' |Nora | |- |1976 |''Onye nkuzi na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ'' | | |- |1984 |''Zọpụta onye nwere ike'' |Luisa | |- |1998 |''Oké Osimiri Ịhụnanya'' |Adela | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 1j4j785u0t4vhwtpo0j8v9ee8dji9mv 0 71749 674903 537867 2026-07-10T07:40:14Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Santa Beatriz da Silva.jpg|thumb|Beatrice nke Silva]]   '''Beatrice nke Silva''' (Campo Maior, Portugal ca. 1424 - Toledo, Castile, a mụrụ na Ọgọọst 16) '''Beatriz nke Menezes da Silva''', bụ nwanyị Portuguese a ma ama nke ghọrọ onye guzobere Order of the Immaculate Conception (nke a maara dị ka Conceptionists). Amadeus nke nwanne nwanyị onye nke Portugal, Chọọchị Roman Katọlik na-asọpụrụ ya dị ka onye nsọ. == Ndụ == Beatrice bụ otu n'ime ụmụ iri na otu nke Rui Gomes da Silva, gọvanọ nke Campo Maior, Portugal, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rui Gomes da Silva, Alcaide de Campo Maior|url=https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=7692264|accessdate=October 8, 2021|work=Arquivo Nacional Torre do Tombo - Portugal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713221303/https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=7692264|archivedate=2020-07-13}}</ref> na Isabel de Menezes, nwa nwanyị na-abụghị nwunye nke Dom Pedro de Menezes, 1st Count of Vila Real and 2nd Count of Viana do Alentejo, onye nna-ya na-eje ozi n'usu-ndi-agha-ya mgbe amuru-ya. Otu n'ime ụmụnne ya bụ Amadeus nke Portugal, onye a ma ama na-eme mgbanwe nke Order of Friars Minor. Ọ dịla anya e chere na a mụrụ ya na mpaghara Portugal nke Ceuta na North Afrika, ebe nna ya na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ndị agha n'oge ahụ. Nnyocha nke oge a ekpebiela na a mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ezinụlọ na Campo Maior. [[Faịlụ:Santa_Beatriz_da_Silva_e_a_Imaculada_Conceição.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|239x239px|Saint Beatrice nke Silva onyinyo nke Nwa Agbọghọ Na-amaghị Nwoke bu Mary a gọziri agọzi]] A zụlitere Beatrice n'ụlọ Infante John, Onyenwe Reguengos de Monsaraz. N'afọ 1447, Beatrice sonyeere nwa ya nwanyị, Princess Isabel nke Portugal, gaa Castile dị ka nwanyị na-echere ya mgbe Isabel gawara ịlụ Eze John nke Abụọ nke Castile wee ghọọ Eze Nwanyị nke Castile na León.<ref name="Foley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-beatrice-of-silva/|title="St. Beatrice of Silva", Franciscan Media|accessdate=2018-10-02|archivedate=2018-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003061952/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-beatrice-of-silva/}}</ref> Beatrice bụ ezigbo enyi ya, (ma mesịa nweta nkwado ya mgbe o guzobere ndị Conceptionists). Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya, nnukwu ịma mma ya malitere ịkpali ekworo na-enweghị isi nye Eze Nwanyị ahụ, onye tụbara ya n'ime obere ụlọ mkpọrọ. N'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ, Beatrice hụrụ onyinyo nke Virgin Mary a gọziri agọzi, nke a gwara ya ka ọ chọta Usoro okpukpe ọhụrụ iji sọpụrụ Mary. [[Faịlụ:Santa_Beatriz_da_Silva_e_as_Veneráveis_Concepcionistas.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|240x240px|Saint Beatrice bụ onye guzobere Usoro nke Ịma Ọmụma Na-enweghị Mkpụrụ Obi]] Beatrice mesịrị gbapụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ya na ihe isi ike wee gbaba n'ebe obibi ndị nọn nke abụọ nke Dominican Order na Toledo. N'ebe a, o biri ndụ dị nsọ ruo afọ iri atọ na asaa, n'aghọghị onye otu ahụ.<ref name="Foley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-beatrice-of-silva/|title="St. Beatrice of Silva", Franciscan Media|accessdate=2018-10-02|archivedate=2018-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003061952/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-beatrice-of-silva/}}</ref> N'afọ 1484, Beatrice, ya na ụfọdụ ndị enyi ya weghaara obí eze dị na Toledo nke Eze Nwanyị Isabella nke Castile kewara maka obodo ọhụrụ ahụ n'okpuru aha Monastery of the Holy Faith, nke a ga-arara nye n’ịsọpụrụ echiche na-adịghị mma nke Meri. N'afọ 1489, site na ikike nke Popu Innocent nke Asatọ, ndị nọn ahụ nabatara Iwu Cistercian, <ref name="Foley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-beatrice-of-silva/|title="St. Beatrice of Silva", Franciscan Media|accessdate=2018-10-02|archivedate=2018-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003061952/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-beatrice-of-silva/}}</ref> na-ejikọta onwe ha na recitation kwa ụbọchị nke ọfịs nke Immaculate Conception, ma tinye ha n'okpuru nrubeisi nye ndị nkịtị nke archdiocese. Onye guzobere ya kpebisiri ike na ejiji okpukpe, nke na-acha ọcha, na mkpuchi ọcha na uwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na ihe nrite nke Meri n'okpuru aha ya nke Immaculate Conception. Beatrice nwụrụ n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke o guzobere na 16 Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1492. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.concepcionistastoledo.org/Santa%20Beatriz.htm|title=Santa Beatriz de Silva: Aprobación de la Orden|work=Orden de la Inmaculada Concepción, Casa Madre OIC de Toledo|language=es|accessdate=2015-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814010054/http://concepcionistastoledo.org/Santa%20Beatriz.htm|archivedate=2015-08-14}}</ref> A ka na-asọpụrụ ozu ya na ụlọ ekpere nke ebe obibi ndị mọnk ahụ. == Ihe Nketa == [[Faịlụ:Convento_de_Santo_António_-_Campo_Maior_-_Portugal_(52233617763).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|170x170px|Ebe obibi ndị mọnk na Campo Maior, Portugal, ebe a mụrụ Beatrice nke Silva]] [[Faịlụ:TumbaBeatrizToledo.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|244x244px|Ili nke Saint Beatrice nke Silva na Toledo, Spain]] N'afọ 1501, Popu Alexander nke Isii jikọtara ndị nọn nke Monastery of the Holy Faith, nke Beatrice guzobere, na Monastery Benedictine nke dị nso nke San Pedro de las Duenas, ma tinye ha niile n'okpuru iwu nke St. Clare. Site na nke a, usoro ahụ jikọtara ya na Ndị Franciscan. Popu Julius nke Abụọ nyere usoro ọhụrụ ahụ iwu nke ndụ nke ya n'afọ 1511, na afọ 1516 ka Franciscan Cardinal Francisco de Quiñones dere iwu pụrụ iche maka usoro ọhụrụ ahụ, onye doziri esemokwu ụfọdụ na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ndị nọn nke Santa Fe na ndị bụbu ndị nọn Benedictine bụ ndị e jikọtara n'ime usoro ahụ, na-eguzobe obodo ahụ dị ka Monastery of the Immaculate Conception . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.concepcionistastoledo.org/Los%20primeros/Los%20primeros.htm|work=Orden de la Inmaculada Concepción, Casa Madre OIC de Toledo|title=Los primeros años: La bula de Julio II|language=es|accessdate=2015-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210105/http://www.concepcionistastoledo.org/Los%20primeros/Los%20primeros.htm|archivedate=2015-09-23}}</ref> E guzobere ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke abụọ n'afọ 1507 na Torrigo, nke, n'aka nke ya, e guzobere ndị ọzọ asaa. N'oge na-adịghị anya, iwu ahụ gbasara na [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], na mpaghara ha na [[South Amerika|South America]] - dịka afọ 1540, yana Ịtali, na France. [a] N'oge ọ dị elu, e nwere ihe dị ka ebe obibi ndị mọnk narị abụọ n'ụwa niile. == Okpukpe == Popu Pius nke Iri na Otu mere Beatrice de Menezes da Silva onye nsọ na 28 Julaị n'afọ 1926. <ref name="index">{{Cite book|title=Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum|date=January 1953|publisher=Typis polyglottis vaticanis|language=Latin}}</ref> E meghere ihe kpatara ịdị nsọ ya na 26 Febụwarị n'afọ 1950, Popu Paul VI mekwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nsọ n'afọ 1976. <ref name="index" /> Ndị nọn Conceptionist na Franciscan Order na Spain na-eme ememe ememe ya na n'ọnwa Septemba 1, mana n'afọ 2012 ka a kpọfere ya na 17 Ọgọst maka Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WaG01uVEFoM/T5laiglHt4I/AAAAAAAAFIs/TR5pVsB2TnE/s1600/santa+beatriz+festa.png|publisher=[[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]]|title=Decree to the Archbishop of Lisbon|date=22 February 2012|language=la}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ezinụlọ De Silva Fernández de Híjar Portugal == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Authority control}} * [https://mariadeagreda.org/en/franciscan-conceptionist/saint-beatriz-de-silva/ Saint Beatrice na Order of the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady] onztjv1jaus0rkub88rnmfhfhhrnsli 0 71752 674771 541501 2026-07-09T23:31:01Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Beatriz Seigner in 2018 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Beatriz Seigner]]   '''Beatriz Seigner''' bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye edemede obodo Brazil. <ref name="cine23"/> A mụrụ Seigner na obodo São Paulo. Ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ Uma Menina Como Outras Mil (afo 2001), Roda Real (afo 2004), na ''India'' (afo 2005).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://43.mostra.org/en/filme/10232-Between-Us,-A-Secret|title=Between Us, A Secret|publisher=Associação Brasileira Mostra Internacional de Cinema|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> Ihe ngosi izizi ya bụ Bollywood Dream (afo 2010) ghọrọ ihe nkiri mbụ nke India na Brazil. E gosipụtara ya n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa ma nabata ya nke ọma na Ihe mmemme São Paulo Film Festival . <ref name="cinemaattic"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://womenandhollywood.com/cannes-2018-women-directors-meet-beatriz-seigner%E2%80%8A-%E2%80%8Alos-silencios/|title=Cannes 2018 Women Directors: Meet Beatriz Seigner — "Los Silencios"|author=Montpelier|first=Rachel|date=2018-05-10|publisher=Women and Hollywood|accessdate=2024-03-31|archivedate=2024-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402161521/https://womenandhollywood.com/cannes-2018-women-directors-meet-beatriz-seigner%E2%80%8A-%E2%80%8Alos-silencios/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/for-india-and-brazil-a-rare-tie-up-in-cinema/|title=India Ink - Notes on the World's Largest Democracy For India and Brazil, a Rare Tie-up in Cinema|author=Sreeharsha|first=Vinod|date=2012-05-21|publisher=The NY Times|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> Ihe ngosi nke abụọ ya, Los silencios, gosipụtara na Ihe ngosi Directors" Fortnight of the Cannes Film Festival <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/354267/|title=Review: Los silencios|author=Aftab|first=Kaleem|date=2018-05-12|publisher=Cineuropa|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> ma nweta nyocha dị mma. <ref name="cine23">{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/newsdetail/440363/|title=SERIESMAKERS presents Juho Kuosmanen, César Díaz and Beatriz Seigner with awards|author=Lemercier|first=Fabien|date=2023-03-23|publisher=Cineuropa|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri Ihe mmemme nke Stockholm Film Festival's Impact Award, Audience Award na FESCAAL afo2019, wdg.<ref name="fescaal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fescaaal.org/en/film/between-us-a-secret/|title=Between Us, A Secret|publisher=Festival Cinema Africano Asia e America Latina|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref><ref name="cinemaattic"/> Na Mmemme nke 20th Havana Film Festival New York, e nyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri Marleyda Soto onyinye Havana Star maka onye na-ese ihe nkiri kacha mma maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-17|title=Estos son los ganadores del Havana Film Festival New York|url=https://cinecasual.com/2019/04/17/estos-son-los-ganadores-del-havana-film-festival-new-york/|accessdate=2022-11-28|work=Cine Casual|language=es|archivedate=2022-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128203523/https://cinecasual.com/2019/04/17/estos-son-los-ganadores-del-havana-film-festival-new-york/}}</ref> Ọrụ ya ọzọ bụ ihe ngosi akpọrọ Between Us, A Secret (afo 2020) banyere ndị Djelis nke obodo Mali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/festivals/cannes-film-festival-2018-beatriz-seigner-los-silencios-1202808159/|title=Director Beatriz Seigner on Brazilian Directors' Fortnight Entry 'Los Silencios'|author=Mayorga|first=Emilio|date=2018-05-12|publisher=Variety|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref><ref name="fescaal"/> O so dee ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri ọhụrụ Walter Salles bụ La contadora de películas <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frauenfilmfest.com/en/movie/los-silencios/|title=Los Silencios|publisher=Frauenfilmfest|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye otu ndị ọka ikpe nke FESCAAL afo 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anordestdiche.com/festival-del-cinema-africano-dasia-e-america-latina/|title=Festival del Cinema Africano, d'Asia e America Latina: 30esima edizione online dal 20 marzo|date=2021-03-18|publisher=Anordestdiche|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> Na mmemme Series Mania afo 2023 ọrụ ya na-abịanụ Amigas meriri ihe nrite nke atọ na enyemaka mmepe nke ngalaba nke Seriesmakers. <ref name="cine23"/> == Ihe nkiri == * Bollywood Dream (afo 2010); * Ndị na-''Ịgbachi nkịtị'' (afo 2018); <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/film/352152/|title=Los silencios|publisher=Cineuropa|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> * Between Us, A Secret (afo 2020) ihe ngosi.<ref name="cinemaattic">{{Cite web|url=https://cinemaattic.com/six-female-directors-we-are-watching/|title=Six Female Directors We Are Watching|date=2020-03-08|publisher=Cinema Attic|accessdate=2024-03-31}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beatriz, Seigner}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e9ipwqpvsaxcjzb6f91tni478sof4ny 0 71755 674906 537881 2026-07-10T07:43:25Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Beatrix of Portugal, Countess of Arundel and Huntingdon (1840) - Edward Hargrave.png|thumb|Beatrice, Countess nke Arundel ]] '''Beatrice of Portugal''' (Portuguese: Beatriz; c. 1380[1] – Nọvemba 1439[2]), LG,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Hugh|title=The Order of the Garter 1348-1461: Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England|date=2000|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=9780198208174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKapp53K4_MC&q=Beatrice%2C+Countess+of+Arundel+garter&pg=PA83|accessdate=27 October 2021}}</ref> bu nwa John I of Portugal na Inês Pires mụtara, ha mụtara ya tupu alum dị na nwunye nna ya na Philippa of Lancaster, nwa nwanyị nke John of Gaunt.[4]O bu nwanne nwaanyị Afonso, Duke of Braganza na nwanne nwanyị nke ọkara nke eze Edward of Portugal, Infante Peter, Duke nke Coimbra, Henry nke Navigator, Isabella nke portugal, Duchess nke Burgundy, John, Constable nke Portugal, na Ferdinand nke Saint Prince. Eze nwaanyị Philippa onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ nke gbasara ụmụ di ya mụtara n'alụghị di ya.[4] A mụrụ Beatrice n'afọ dị ka 1380, [1] ma eleghị anya na [[Veiros|obodo Veiros]], Alentejo, Portugal. Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na nne ya Inês Pires bụ "nwa nwanyị nke onye Juu na-eme akpụkpọ ụkwụ". Mana ndị ọzọ na-ekwu ete o si n'ezinụlọ ochie Portuguese. N'ọnwa Eprel n'afo 1405, e mere emume agbamakwụkwọ ya na Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel site na nnọchiteanya na Lisbon, n'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gara England, ya na nwanne ya nwoke Afonso na ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado eze na ndị inyom ya na-echere ebe emume agbụrụ ahụ mere na onwa 26 Nọvemba n'afo 1405 na [[London]], na Eze Henry nke Anọ bịara.[4] Thomas nwụrụ na 13 Ọktoba 1415. Beatrice lụrụ John Holland, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, nwa nwanne nne ya Eze nwaanyị Philippa, n'afo 1432. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbagwoju ya anya na nwanyị Portuguese ọzọ, Beatrice Pinto, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elbl|first=Martin Malcolm|date=2023|title=The Pregnant Abbess: Sex, Social 'Norms', and Nuns in the Lower Douro Valley Southern Hill Country, 1410s – 1440s|url=https://www.academia.edu/82512911|journal=Portuguese Studies Review 31 (2)|pages=7–69|accessdate=23 July 2024}}. The last part of the article discusses "the other Portuguese lady", Beatriz Pinto (and her two spouses -- Gilbert Talbot and Thomas Fettiplace [not 'Fittiplace']), at length, in context and with extensive secondary and primary sources (English and Portuguese). The article includes a digital facial reconstruction from burial effigy. The pages specifically pertaining to Beatriz Pinto and the confusion involving her and the Countess of Arundel are 58-69.</ref> nwunye Gilbert Talbot na Thomas Fittiplace. A maghị ma Beatrice nwere ụmụ site na alụmdi na nwunye ya ọ bụla. Beatrice nwụrụ na Bordeaux, France na onwa Nọvemba n'afo 1439. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, di ya lụrụ Lady Anne Montagu. == Edensibia == == Akwụkwọ ==   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Douglas Richardson's Royal Ancestry (2013), Vol. II, peeji nke di na 538-539 & 613, na Vol. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala nke peeji]&nbsp;&nbsp; ihxs0dsi6nftcjq65xyhusytm1lh13i 0 71768 674766 644098 2026-07-09T23:09:44Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 674766 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:Agwoje-Wiki.jpg|thumb|Emmanuel Awoje]] '''Emmanuel osa Agwoje.A'''mụrụ ya na afọ Eprel 1962) ọ bụ onye na-afụ maka Egọ bụrụ kwa ọnye na achukwa nta ego na Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ nke Equator Capital Ltd, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ ego ugbụ a. Agwoje gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lagọs City College maliteafọ 1973 na 1978 ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke mbụ na West African School Certificate (WASC) ma nata ihe nrite nke atọ na asọmpi National Essay. Ọ jikwa ọkwa onye isi na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha ahụ. Ọ nọ na ngalaba Basic site na ụdị otu ruo ise ma bụrụ onye otu ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara Mahadum nke Port Harcourt, ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta nke abụọ na akụ na ụba n'etiti afọ 1979 na 1983. Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta [[United Africa Company of Nigeria|UACN]] ma nọrọ afọ atọ, ọ nọgidere na ndepụta Dean maka arụmọrụ dị ịrịba ama na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'afọ 1982, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Mahadum nke Nigerian Economics Students Association. Na [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Mahadum nke Benin]], ọ nwetara M.SC na akụ na ụba Klassi1986 dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kachasị mma na-agụsị akwụkwọ, ebe ọ na-ekwusi ike bụ ego na ụlọ akụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ iri na isii na steeti niile Trust Bank Plc . Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkwa na osote onye isi nchịk nke ụlọ akụ ahụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ ụlọ akụ itinye ego. Ọ bụ onye isi ọrụ nke Equator Capital Limited, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ ego. {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Agwoje, Emmanuel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ssrkcits7jkjv489cdmq2zopryp7efx 0 71769 674900 537899 2026-07-10T07:34:34Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 674900 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus.jpg|thumb|Louisa Bolus]]   '''Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus''' née '''Kensit''' (31 Julaị 1877 na Burgersdorp - 5 Eprel 1970 na [[Cape Town]])ọ bụ onye South Afrikan botanist na taxonomist, na onye nlekọta ogologo oge nke Bolus Herbarium, site na 1903. Bolus nwekwara ihe nketa nke ide ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ala karịa nwanyị sayensị ọ bụla ọzọ, n'ozuzu na-akpọ ụdị 1,494. [1] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Bolus na Burgersdorp, Cape Province, South Afrika, na 31 Julaị 1877. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke William Kensit na Jane Stuart Kensit. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị Britain.[2] Nna nna ya William Kensit bụ onye na-amụta ihe ọkụkụ na onye na-anakọta ihe atụ na South Africa. Ọ gara Collegiate Girls' High School na Port Elizabeth, nweta asambodo nkuzi na 1899, Mahadum nke Cape of Good Hope nyekwara ya nzere BA na akwụkwọ na nkà ihe ọmụma na 1902. [4] == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye n'enyere di nwanne nne ya Sophia [[Harry Bolus]] aka na herbarium ya mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji. Na June 1913 ọ ghọrọ ọnye guzobere kansụl nke Botanical Society of South Africa; ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Wild Life Protection Society, na onye otu Royal Society of South Afrika, Linnean Society, na Southern Afrika Association for the Advancement of Science . [2] A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta nke Bolus Herbarium na 1903, ma hapụ ọrụ ahụ na 1955.[5] Ọ were onye na-ese ihe ọkụkụ [[Louise Guthrie]] n'ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ na herbarium.[6] E bipụtara akwụkwọ nke izizi ya, Elementary Lessons in Systematic Botany, na 1919. [2] Nke a sochiri mpịakọta abụọ nke akwụkwọ gbasara okooko osisi South Africa.[7][8] Louisa nyere aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ botanical n'oge ndụ ya niile, ma dezie Annals of the Bolus Herbarium . [9] Louisa Bolus tụfụrụ ọtụtụ oge ya na-eme nnyocha miri emi na ''Mesembryanthemum''. E bipụtara ihe odide ya banyere Mesembryanthemum na Allied Genera na 1927. [10] Nke a sochiri mbipụta nke akwụkwọ atọ, na-ekpuchi nkọwa zuru ezu Latin nke ihe dị ka osisi 1500. N'afọ 1936, e nyere Louisa nzere Doctorate of Science site na Mahadum Stellenbosch.[11] Nnụkwụ ọsisi nke gụzọrọ na nnwụkwụ ezinụlọ ''Mesembreyanthemum'', ụdị ''[[Kensitia]]'' iji sọpụrụ ọrụ Bolus na isiokwu ahụ. Louisa Bolus nyere aka na Flowering Plants of South Africa, nke E. P. Phillips dezigharịrị na 1943, na 1951 ọ bụ onye nkwado maka mbipụta nke Wild Flowers of the Cape of Good Hope nke [[Elsie Garrett Rice]] na [[Robert Harold Compton|R. H. Compton]]. A na-ewerekwa Bolus dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke klas ọmụmụ ihe okike na Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden . [2] N'afọ 1966, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke African Succulent Plant Society . Bolus gụrụ akwụkwọ osisi nke mpaghara dị gburugburu Cape of Good Hope, ọkachasị Ericaceae na [[Orchid|Orchidaceae]]. Ọ na-ebipụta ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ botanical na mgbakwunye na isiokwu na akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama, ọkachasị A Book of South African Flora . A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Society of South Africa na 1920 ma nata nzere doctorate na Mahadum Stellenbosch. A na-akpọ ụdị ''Bolusanthus'' na ụdị ''[[Geissorhiza louisabolusiae]]'' iji sọpụrụ ya. [4]   == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 1912 Louisa Kensit nụrụ nwa Harry Bolus (na nwa nwanne nna ya) Frank Bolus. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe Frank Bolus nwụrụ na 1945. Louisa Bolus nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Claremont, Cape Town na 1970 mgbe ọ dị afọ 93.[2] == Ọrụ == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> * Ụdị: Ụtụ isi nke Louisa Bolus kpọrọ * Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka ==   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1877]] n5qmqyysacqxn52ukyk2l9x1ub35hb5 0 72956 674992 596467 2026-07-10T09:32:35Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Koda''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Kora''', '''Kaora''', '''Kora''', '''Korati''', '''Kore''', '''Mudi''', ma ọ bụ '''Mudikora''', bụ [[Asụsụ Munda]] nke [[Ndia|India]] na Bangladesh nke Kora na-asụ. Ndị Kora na-ebikarị na West Bengal, na mpaghara Paschim Medinipur na Bankura, na ole na ole na Odisha na Jharkhand. N'afọ 2005, e nwere ndị na-asụ 1,300 na Ngalaba Rajshahi nke Bangladesh, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ kwuru na Bengali bụ asụsụ ha kacha mma. Koda nwere njikọ chiri anya na Asụsụ Kol. Kim et al. (2010) na-ewere Koda na Kol dị ka asụsụ Mundari. Obodo nta ndị na-asụ Koda gụnyere Kundang na Krishnupur na Ngalaba Rajshahi, Bangladesh, ebe obodo Kol gụnyere obodo Babudaing. A na-agbanwe ngwaa Koda maka ọnọdụ tense-aspect-mode na onye, ọnụọgụgụ, njedebe/enweghị njedebe, isiokwu/ihe, onye nwe, mmekọrịta na transitivity. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Koda na-agwakọta koodu na Bangla: gụnyere nnọchi okwu na nnabata ka ukwuu nke usoro okwu Bengali. A na-ahụ usoro ndị a karịa na ndị na-asụ obere okwu..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lahiri|first=Bornini|title=Queries in Structure of Language|isbn=9788194649977|pages=131–137|chapter=Effect of Bangla on Koda verbs|date=2020|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages & Linguistic Society of India|oclc=1419790634|chapterurl=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344713421}}</ref> Shamim (2021) gosipụtara nkọwa nke phonology na ọdịdị nke Koda.[5] Ọ na-egosikwa ọmụmụ nke Koda n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta asụsụ. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu [6] ! colspan="3" | !Bilabial !Ezé / Alveolar<br /> !Retroflex !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="4" |Plosive ! rowspan="2" |<small>enweghị olu</small> !<small>Enweghị ume</small> |p |t̪ |ʈ |c |k |ʔ |- !<small>aspirated</small> | (ph) | (t̪h) |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | (ch) | (kh) | |- ! rowspan="2" |<small>kwuru okwu</small> !<small>Enweghị ume</small> |b |d̪ |ɖ |ɟ |g | |- !<small>aspirated</small> | (bɦ) | (d̪ɦ) | (ɖɦ) | (ɟɦ) | (gɦ) | |- ! colspan="3" |Ihe na-esiri ike | | | |ʃ | |h |- ! colspan="3" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | |ŋ | |- ! colspan="3" |Tap | |ɾ | | | | |- ! colspan="3" |Ihe atụ | |l | | | | |} * A na-ahụkarị ụdaume ndị na-abụghị nke labial (/t̪h, d̪ɦ, 意, ɖɦ, ch, ɟɦ, kh, gɦ/) na okwu ndị a gbazitere na Bengali.[7] === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede[8] ! !N'ihu !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i |u |- !N'etiti |ɛ |ɔ |- !Emeghe | |ɑ |} * Ogologo ụdaume na nasalization abụghị ihe dị iche.[9] Mkpụrụedemede imi na okwu ndị a gbazitere na Bengali na-efunahụ imi ha.[10] * Mkpụrụedemede na-emegheghị {{IPA|/ɛ, i, ɔ, u/}} na-aghọ mkpụrụedemede {{IPA|[ɛ̯, i̯, ɔ̯, u̯]}} n'etiti mkpụrụedemede.[11] * /ɛ/ na /ɔ/ bulie na [e] na [o] mgbe mkpụrụedemede na-esote nwere ụdaume dị nso.[11] == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == *   bu2lyoavbyeevwj39bmb0icazc0f6cl 0 73506 674748 597465 2026-07-09T22:28:02Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 674748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Queen of Kumbwada}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed | image = | succession = Queen of [[Kumbwada]] | reign = 1998 – 25 June 2021 | predecessor = Hajiya Maimuna | successor = Idris | coronation = | spouse = | issue = Queen Idris<br>Prince Danjuma Salih | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Kumbwada]], [[Niger State]], Nigeria | death_date = 25 June 2021 | death_place = | father = | mother = }} '''Hajiya Haidzatu Ahmed''' (1966-2021) bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala Naijiria nke chịrị dị ka Eze Nwanyị nke Kumbwada site n'afọ 1998 ruo afọ 2021. Dị ka eze nwanyị, ọ chịsiri ike megide ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị ma bụrụ onye na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. == Akụkọ ndụ == Hajiya bụ onye na-achị alaeze Kumbwada nke ime obodo oge ochie na Niger, nke nwere ihe dị ka puku mmadụ iri atọ na atọ.<ref name="oriire">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oriire.com/article/kumbwada-where-women-rule|title=Kumbwada: Where Women Rule|work=www.oriire.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumbwada, the only Female-led kingdom in Northern Nigeria|url=https://refinedng.com/kumbwada-the-only-female-led-kingdom-in-northern-nigeria/|accessdate=2024-06-22|work=refinedng.com}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri nne nne ya dị ka eze nwanyị nke alaeze, nke ụmụ nwanyị na-achị, n'afọ 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-apr-06-la-fg-nigeria-queen6-2010apr06-story.html|title=No man dares sit on this Nigerian throne|date=April 6, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://richmond.com/entertainment/no-man-dares-sit-on-this-nigerian-kingdoms-throne/article_f6522020-293b-54a4-a0a5-66abda69c8fe.html|title=No man dares sit on this Nigerian kingdom's throne|date=May 8, 2010|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch}}</ref><ref name="cnn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/05/12/nigeria.queen.hajia.ahmed/index.html|title=Hajia Ahmed: Nigeria's only queen in a land of kings - CNN.com|work=www.cnn.com}}</ref> Nwa ya nwanyị, Idris, bụ onye nketa ya.<ref name="oriire" /> O nwekwara nwa nwoke, Danjuma Salih . <ref name="arkansas">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2010/apr/11/one-throne-nigeria-abides-no-man-20100411/|title=One throne in Nigeria abides no man &#124; Arkansas Democrat Gazette|date=April 11, 2010|work=www.arkansasonline.com}}</ref> Dị ka eze nwanyị, Hajiya doziri esemokwu alụmdi na nwunye na ala, debe udo, ma bụrụ onye na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị.<sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="61" href="./CNN" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="CNN">CNN"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-cnn-5","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/05/12/nigeria.queen.hajia.ahmed/index.html&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Hajia Ahmed: Nigeria's only queen in a land of kings - CNN.com&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;website&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;www.cnn.com&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwew\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt20\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwfA\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/05/12/nigeria.queen.hajia.ahmed/index.html\" id=\"mwfQ\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Hajia Ahmed: Nigeria's only queen in a land of kings - CNN.com\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwfg\">www.cnn.com</i></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-cnn_5-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Hajiya_Haidzatu_Ahmed#cite_note-cnn-5 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> N'afọ 2010, ọ gwara CNN na, "Ndị inyom ga-agụ akwụkwọ. Mmụta pụtara na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla ha chọrọ ịbụ. " <ref name="cnn" /> Ọ na-achịkwa ịgba alụkwaghịm na Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na Kumbawada, eze nwanyị na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jezebel.com/a-real-world-kingdom-ruled-by-women-where-men-are-curs-5511829|title=A Real-World Kingdom Ruled By Women, Where Men Are Cursed}}</ref><ref name="arkansas" /> Ọ bụ onye Alakụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2015/mayjune/statement/life-sized-portraits-the-kings-and-queens-nigeria#:~:text=And%20there%20is%20Queen%20Hajiya,Muslim%20community%20in%20northern%20Nigeria|title=Life-Sized Portraits of the Kings and Queens of Nigeria}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 25 n'ọnwa Junn afọ 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nspfoundation.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/NSPF-Today-ForthEdition-Newsletter.pdf|title=CSR Newsletter}}, A Bi-annual publication of the North South Power Foundation, 4TH EDITION, July 2021, p.3</ref> == Ntụaka == py6p6ngh8k8kvazkfvqwyjbqhq086g2 0 73780 674657 598195 2026-07-09T18:39:44Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674657 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Elizabeth Elstob.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Elstob]] Elizabeth Elstob (29 Septemba 1683 – 30 Mee 1756),[1] "Saxon Nymph", bụ ọkà mmụta mbụ nke Anglo-Saxon. Ọ bụ onye mbụ bipụtara ụtọasụsụ Bekee Ochie nke e dere na Bekee ọgbara ọhụrụ.[2] ==Ndụ== Ndụ A mụrụ Elstob ma zụlite ya n'ógbè Quayside nke Newcastle upon Tyne, dịka Mary Astell nke Newcastle, a na-ewere ya ugbu a dị ka otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Bekee.[3] Ọ bụ ada Ralph, onye ahịa, na nwunye ya Jane Elstob (née Hall).[4] Nna Elizabeth nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, nne ya nwụkwara afọ atọ ka e mesịrị.[5]: 238 Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ.[6] Tupu nne ya anwụọ, ọ gbara Elizabeth ume ka ọ bụrụ ọkà mmụta, n'ihi na ọ bụ onye na-enwe mmasị n'ịmụ ihe karịsịa maka ụmụ nwanyị.[5]: 238 Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, Elizabeth amatalarị asụsụ Latịn. Elizabeth ghọrọ ọkachamara n'asụsụ asatọ, ọ bụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọmụmụ Anglo-Saxon, ihe a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ nye otu nwanyị n'oge ahụ.[7] Mgbe nne na nna ya abụọ nwụsịrị, Elstob bụ nwa mgbei, nwanne nne ya na nwanne nna ya bụ́ Charles Elstob zụlitere ya, onye mụrụ ya tupu ya na Canterbury. O lere agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị anya ọjọọ, na-ekwere na "otu asụsụ zuru oke maka nwanyị", mana nwanne nne ya nyere ya ohere ịmụta French.[5]: 238  Doris Mary Stenton kwuru na ọtụtụ agụmakwụkwọ Elstob sitere n'aka nwanne ya nwoke bụ́ William Elstob (1673–1715), onye e zigara Eton na Cambridge wee banye n'Ụlọ Ụka.[5]: 238  Dịka nwanne ya nwanyị, ọ bụ ọkà mmụta ma dezie akwụkwọ Roger Ascham na 1703. Elizabeth bi na ya na Oxford site na 1696, na London site na 1702. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ kpọbatara ya na obere ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta mana nwere ịnụ ọkụ n'obi bụ ndị rụrụ ọrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Anglo-Saxon. Ọ kọwara Elizabeth dị ka 'onye enyi m na-enwe obi ụtọ na nke na-anaghị agwụ ike'.[5]: 238 Dịka akụkụ nke mmasị ya n'asụsụ Bekee mbụ, Elstob jikọrọ aka ma dekọọ akwụkwọ ozi na ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Humfrey Wanley na George Hickes. Nwanne ya nwoke bụ́ William kpọbatara ya Hickes.[4] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Wanley iji chepụta ụdị edemede ya maka 1715 Rudiments of Grammar for the English-Saxon Tongue, ọ bụkwa onye edemede nwere nkà na onye na-ede facsimilist n'onwe ya.[8] E debere ihe osise facsidium ya nke Textus Roffensis na British Library n'okpuru ihe osise Harley MS 1866 Archived 27 Ọktoba 2020 na Wayback Machine. Elstob bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ nke Old-English Orosius, nsụgharị a na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ Alfred the Great, nke Paulus Orosius's Historiae adversus paganos (Akụkọ ihe mere eme megide ndị Pagans).[9] E dere akụkọ ihe mere eme Orosius n'ihe dị ka 417 OA, ikekwe n'ebe ugwu Afrịka, dịka Augustine nke Hippo si rịọ. Na London, Elstob sụgharịrị akwụkwọ edemede Madeleine de Scudéry n'afọ 1708, nakwa akwụkwọ ozi Bekee-Saxon gbasara ọmụmụ nke St Gregory n'afọ 1709. Akwụkwọ abụọ a bụ nke e ji mara Eze Nwanyị Anne, onye a na-eto n'okwu mmalite nke ndị inyom. Malite n'afọ 1702, Elstob so n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọgụgụ isi gbara Mary Astell gburugburu, onye nyere aka ịchọta ndị debanyere aha maka Rudiments of Grammar maka English-Saxon Tongue (1715), akwụkwọ mbụ dị otu a e dere n'asụsụ Bekee. Okwu mmalite ahụ, "An Apology for the Study of Northern Antiquities", sere okwu megide Jonathan Swift dị egwu, o yikwara ka ọ mere ka o gbanwee echiche ya. Fleuron (akwụkwọ mma) sitere na akwụkwọ Elstob bụ The Rudiments of Grammar for the English-Saxon Tongue Mgbe nwanne ya nwoke nwụsịrị na 1715, ọ hapụrụ ya enweghị ebe obibi ma nwee nsogbu n'ụgwọ o nwetara n'ịkwado akwụkwọ ha dị oke ọnụ. Ọ gbalịrị ịmalite ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ na Chelsea, mana n'agbanyeghị na o nwetara ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke na o "nwere obere oge iri nri", ha kwụrụ naanị otu groat (4d.) kwa izu, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dara n'ime ọnwa isii. N'afọ 1718, ọ gbapụrụ London na ndị ji ya ụgwọ, hapụ akwụkwọ ya na akụkụ akwụkwọ nsọ nke Ælfric nke ọ sụgharịrị. E bipụtaghị nke a, a na-echekwa ya ugbu a na British Library. O nyere otu enyi ya nke gara West Indies akwụkwọ ya, akwụkwọ ndị ahụ furu efu.[6]: 239 Elstob mechara biri na Evesham dị na Worcestershire dị n'ime ime obodo. O biri ebe ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ dabere na ndị enyi ya, na-agba obere ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'okpuru aha a na-akpọ Frances Smith. O doro anya na onye ọ bụla nọ n'obodo ndị ọkà mmụta amaghị ebe ọ nọ ruo 1735. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1738, a kpọbatara Elstob na Margaret Bentinck, Duchess nke Portland, ma mee ya onye nlekọta nye ụmụ ya, na-anọgide na-ejere ya ozi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, na Bulstrode Park, Buckinghamshire, na 30 Mee 1756. N'afọ ikpeazụ ya, o biri "gburugburu ihe ndị dị ka unyi na akwụkwọ ya". O dere n'akwụkwọ ozi na "oge a abụghị oge a ga-atụ anya agbamume ọ bụla maka mmụta".[7] E liri ya n'ogige ụlọ ụka nke St Margaret's, Westminster[10] na 3 Juun 1756. ==Edensibia== hmcwjkomvwwezozzebq02cki96u1lsw 0 73905 674651 598502 2026-07-09T18:26:29Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674651 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Daniel Bovet nobel.jpg|thumb|Daniel Bovet]]   '''Daniel Bovet''' ForMemRS <ref name="frs">{{Cite journal|author=Oliverio|first=A.|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1994.0004|title=Daniel Bovet. 23 March 1907-8 April 1992|journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|volume=39|pages=60–70|year=1994|pmid=11639907}}</ref> (23 Machị 1907 - 8 Eprel 1992) bụ onye Italian na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na Switzerland nke meriri 1957 Nobel Prize na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine maka nchọpụta ya nke ọgwụ ndị na-egbochi omume nke ụfọdụ neurotransmittersrs. A maara ya nke ọma maka nchọpụta ya na 1937 nke antihistamines, nke na-egbochi neurotransmitter histamine ma jiri ya mee ihe na ọgwụ allergy. Nnyocha ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọrụ na chemotherapy, Ọgwụ sulfa, Usoro akwara ọmịiko, ọgwụ nke curare, na mmasị ndị ọzọ na-emetụta akwara. N'afọ 1965, Bovet duuru otu ndị nyocha nke kwubiri na ise siga siga na-abawanye ọgụgụ isi nke ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Taylor|author=Branch|title=At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–68|publisher=Simon & Schuster Paperbacks|year=2007|isbn=9780684857138}}</ref> Ọ gwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times na ihe ahụ abụghị ka “ịmepụta ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, kama ọ bụ naanị [iji] tinye onye nwere obere onyinye n'ọnọdụ iru nzụlite echiche na ọgụgụ isi na-eju afọ".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tobacco Called Help in Learning|work=The New York Times|date=April 18, 1965|page=31|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0E16F73E5812738DDDA10994DC405B858AF1D3}}</ref> A mụrụ Bovet na Fleurier, Switzerland. Ọ bụ onye asụsụ Esperanto. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Geneva na 1927 wee nweta doctorate na 1929. N'etiti 1929 na 1947, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Pasteur Institute na Paris.. Ọ kwagara Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Superior Institute of Health) na Rom na 1947. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 1949, e nyere Bovet Ihe nrite Cameron maka ọgwụgwọ nke Mahadum Edinburgh. N'afọ 1964, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ na Mahadum Sassari na Ịtali. Site na 1969 ruo 1971, ọ bụ onye isi nke Psychobiology na Psychopharmacology Laboratory nke National Research Council, na Rome, tupu ọ kwụsị ịghọ prọfesọ na Mahadum Rome La Sapienza. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1982. == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Daniel Bovetna Nobelprize.org {{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|state=collapsed}} n4neqiilo63nifmdmpsfq898zcqyvjk 0 74399 674833 621734 2026-07-10T06:02:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Wyman''' (a mụrụ '''Sarah Jane Mayfield''' ; Jenụwarị 5, 1917 - Septemba 10, 2007) <ref name="official-release">{{Cite web|title=Actress, philanthropist Jane Wyman dies|url=https://www.jane-wyman.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915125125/http://www.jane-wyman.com/|archivedate=2007-09-15|accessdate=2007-09-10|work=Jane Wyman}}.</ref> bụ onye ome ihe nkiri Amerịka. Dịka kpakpando nke ihe nkiri na telivishọn, o nwetara [[:en:Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress|ihe nrite Academy Award maka Best Actress]], [[:en:Golden_Globe_Awards|ihe nrite Golden Globe]] anọ na nhọpụta maka ihe nrite Primetime Emmy abụọ. Ọ bụ nwunye mbụ nke onye ome ihe nkiri na onye ga-abụ onyeisiala mba Amerịka [[:en:Ronald_Reagan|bụ Ronald Reagan]]. == Akụkọ ndụ ya na ọrụ ya== A mụrụ Sarah Jane Mayfield na Jenụwarị 5, 1917, na [[Missouri]]. N'Oktoba 1921, nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm, nna ya nwụkwara na mberede ka ọnwa atọ gachara. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, nne ya kwagara {{ill|Cleveland, Ohio|en}}, hapụ ya ka ndị agbata obi ya zụọ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/movies/11wyman.html|title=Jane Wyman, 90, Star of Film and TV, Is Dead|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2426130.ece|title=Jane Wyman Oscar-winning actress and first wife of Ronald Reagan who specialised in playing the long-suffering victim|newspaper=The Times|date=September 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708235231/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2426130.ece|archive-date=July 8, 2008}}</ref> Na 1928, ọ dị afọ 11, ọ kwagara California na nne nkuchi ya, laghachi Missouri na 1930, na-aga [[:en:Lafayette High School|Lafayette High School]] mana o mechara hapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ 15 ịchụso ọrụ na fim. Na 1936 Bryan Foy bịanyere aka na Wyman, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, na nkwekọrịta studio mbụ ya na {{ill|Warner Bros|en}}. N'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, Wyman pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. Ka aha ya na-aga n’ihu, ọ malitere ịbụ onye a na-egosi na fim dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2950333.ece|title=Jane Wyman (obituary)|work=The Independent|date=September 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914152221/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2950333.ece|archive-date=September 14, 2007|accessdate=March 24, 2026|archivedate=September 14, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914152221/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2950333.ece}}</ref> ==Ndụ ya na ọnwụ ya== Jane Wyman lụrụ ugboro ise na ndị ikom anọ.<ref name="Morris, Edmund 1999">Morris, Edmund. ''Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan''. Random House, Inc., 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-307-79142-9}}</ref> N'afọ 1938, e gosiri Wyman na ihe nkiri ya na onye isi ala US {{ill|Ronald Reagan|en}} n'ọdịnihu, ha gbara akwụkwọ ma lụọ na Jenụwarị 26, 1940. Ya na Reagan nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jane-wyman.com/biography.html|title=Biography|publisher=Jane Wyman|access-date=September 5, 2011|accessdate=March 24, 2026|archivedate=December 18, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218180349/http://www.jane-wyman.com/biography.html}}</ref> Otú ọ dị na mgbe ọmụmụ akabeghị aka na ọnwụ nke nwa ha nwanyị bụ Christine na June 26, 1947, Wyman kewapụrụ na Reagan n'ihi esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hbo.com/documentaries/reagan/index.html|title=Reagan: Home|publisher=HBO|access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> Alụmdi na nwunye ikpeazụ ya na Fred Karger kwụsịrị na 1965 ma ọ lụbeghị di ọzọ.<ref name=Kengor>Paul Kengor, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=z28JXb_oWGoC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&q=Jane%20Wyman%20converted%20to%20catholicism God and Ronald Reagan: A Spiritual Life]''. Harper Collins Publishers (2004). p. 50.</ref> Na Septemba 10, 2007, Wyman nwụrụ n'ụra nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike n'ụlọ ya na [California], mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. Ọ bụ onye ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe [[Katọlik]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2007-09-10-731274355_x.htm|title=Johnny Belinda Actress Jane Wyman Dies|newspaper=USA Today|date=September 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301134555/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/movies/2007-09-10-731274355_x.htm|archive-date=March 1, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Petrucelli>Alan Petrucelli, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=r7csXXH7S9UC&pg=PT7&lpg=PT7&q=Jane%20Wyman%20Dominican%20order%20of%20the%20Catholic%20Church Morbid Curiosity: The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous]''. Penguin Group (2009). p. 5.</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} 2nqb99xo4f2qx1mkw7p3xc2cl26xv7r 0 74590 674685 628734 2026-07-09T20:30:25Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674685 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Susan B. Anthony Day''' bụ ezumike ncheta iji mee emume ọmụmụ Susan B. Antoine na ikike ụmụ nwanyị na United States. Ezumike a bụ Febụwarị 15 - ụbọchị ọmụmụ Anthony.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/TLresources/units/Byrnes-celebrations/SUSANB.HTML|title=Susan B. Anthony Day|author=Holly Matthews|publisher=TeacherLINK @ Utah State University|accessdate=29 March 2010|archivedate=12 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112044408/http://teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/TLresources/units/Byrnes-celebrations/SUSANB.HTML}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ 1976, steeti [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]] ghọrọ steeti mbụ wepụtara Susan B. Anthony Day dị ka ezumike steeti. A naghị eme emume ezumike a na mba. N'afọ 1985, akwụkwọ akụkọ The Seattle Times kọrọ banyere mkpọsa iji guzobe ezumike ahụ dị ka nke a na-eme ememe na mba niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://seattletimes.com/special/mlk/perspectives/holiday/|title=Making the calendar}}</ref> (Ebe ezumike ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị echeta na ọkwa gọọmentị etiti na US mana a na-eme ya n'ọtụtụ ebe bụ St. Patrick's Day na Arbor Day.) Taa, ọtụtụ steeti ndị ọzọ, gụnyere [[California]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=edc&group=37001-38000&file=37220-37223|title=EDUCATION CODE SECTION 37220-37223|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043605/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=edc&group=37001-38000&file=37220-37223|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> [[Nú Yọk|New York]], <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wtv-zone.com/riparian/holiday/susan_b_anthony.html|title=Susan B. Anthony}}</ref> na [[Odida Anyanwu Végíníyà|West Virginia]], kwenyere ezumike ahụ. Na Febụwarị 11, 2011, onye nnọchi anya Carolyn Maloney nke New York wepụtara "Susan B. Anthony Birthday Act" (H.R. #655) na Nzukọ nke 112 iji sọpụrụ ụbọchị ọmụmụ dị ka ezumike mba US na Mọnde nke atọ nke Febụwarụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr655|title=H.R. 655 (112th): Susan B. Anthony Birthday Act}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maloney.house.gov/issue/susan-b-anthony-birthday-act|title=Susan B. Anthony Birthday Act}}</ref> E tinyeghị iwu ahụ n'ọrụ ma si otú a nwụọ na ngwụcha nke 112th Congress. [[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Florida.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, Florida bụ naanị steeti na-asọpụrụ Susan B. Anthony Day dị ka ezumike iwu.]] == Mmalite ya == [[Faịlụ:Portrait_of_Susan_B._Anthony.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Susan B. Anthony na 1900]] [[Faịlụ:Womans_National_Loyal_League_1863_Call.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọkpụkpọ a kpọrọ maka mgbakọ ntọala nke Njikọ ahụ.]] Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke Agha Obodo, dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Ann D. Gordon si kwuo, "Susan B. Anthony bi na mpaghara ọhụrụ ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ na-apụta dị ka onye ndu nwanyị, ihe ọhụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme America, o mere ya dị ka nwanyị na-alụbeghị di na omenala nke na-ele spinster anya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma na nke na-enweghị mmasị ... Site na 1880, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị United States. " Mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị, Anthony rụrụ ọrụ maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị, ikike iwu nyere ụmụ nwanyị ịme ntuli aka. Emebere ikike ikike kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ, nke mbụ na steeti na mpaghara ọ bụla, mgbe ụfọdụ n'usoro. E hiwere ya na mba na 1920 site na ntinye nke Ndezigharị nke iri na iteghete na iwu United States, nke ewebatara na Congress na 1878 site n'aka Senator Aaron A. Sargent, enyi Anthony. Ndozigharị a bụ nke a na-akpọkarị Susan B. Anthony Amendment iji kwado onye ndu ya n'ime ya. [1] Ọ nwụrụ na 1906, afọ iri na anọ tupu ọ ghọọ iwu. == Hụkwa == * Ezumike ọha na eze na United States == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == dy6ivx1htdgex9s1z2g4a9q9csmiedo 0 74596 674674 623318 2026-07-09T20:12:38Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marcella Balconi''' (8 Febụwarị 1919 - 5 Febụwarụ 1999) bụ onye Itali na-agwọ ọrịa uche, onye otu nnupụisi n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị omeiwu. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'omume nke Nnyocha uche ụmụaka na Ịtali. Balconi debanyere aha na Faculty of Medicine nke Mahadum Pavia ma mara ọrụ ya n'ọdịnihu mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, n'oge ezumike, ya na nna ya bụ dọkịta na ụlọ ọgwụ dị nso. N'afọ 1943, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike wee soro dọkịta na dọkịta ụmụaka Pietro Fornara (1897- 1975), onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọhịa nke ụmụaka na-emetụta uche nakwa onye na-emegide ndị Fascist na onye isi nke òtù nnupụisi na Novara, Ịtali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Patuelli|first=Francesca|date=|title=Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci|url=http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-12-21|work=scienzaa2voci.unibo.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatuelli">Patuelli, Francesca. [http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella "Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci"]. ''scienzaa2voci.unibo.it''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ hapụrụ ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye inyeaka na Institute of Biological Chemistry na Pavia na 1944 iji sonyere ndị na-eguzogide. Ọ ghọrọ onye nyocha ahụike maka nguzogide yana, ya na nwa nwanne ya na onye edemede n'ọdịnihu Maria Elvira Berrini, Balconi sonyeere ndị Nguzogide Ịtali dị ka dọkịta na-arụ ọrụ na Garibaldi Brigades, nke mbụ na Valtellina na Turin. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya, e nyere ya ndepụta nke ndị nkịtị Ịtali bụ ndị ndị Nazi gburu. Ndepụta ahụ gụnyekwara foto na ozi gbasara ọnwụ nke "ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ụmụaka: n'ọnọdụ ahụ dị egwu, o wepụtara onwe ya ime ihe niile iji zọpụta ụmụaka."[2]. === Onye Nnyocha === Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, o nyere aka hazie ọrụ psychiatric nke ụlọ ọgwụ ọrụ ebere na Novara nyere. Balconi jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi nke National Motherhood and Childhood Work (ONMI) site na 1945 ruo 1948 ma hazie mgbalị nyocha dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ French na Switzerland ọ hụrụ.[1] N'afọ 1950, ọ tụrụ aro ka a mụọ ọmụmụ ọhụrụ na Ịtali site n'iji nyocha nke L. Verlag Hans Huber Düss mepụtara na Switzerland, bụ nke ndị nchọpụta nyochara ihe osise nke ụmụaka na-egosi mmeghachi omume ha na akụkọ Düss. N'oge ọrụ ya, ọbụlagodi na ngwụcha afọ 1970, Balconi mere ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya ndị Ịtali mara ọrụ nke Nnyocha uche ụmụaka ma jiri ya zụọ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ahụike. Ọ ghọkwara usoro nyocha dị mma na Ịtali. N'ime nke a, ọ kwadoro echiche nke onye nchọpụta Poland Esther Bick (1901-1983), ọ nwetakwara nkwado dị ka otu n'ime "ndị na-ebute ụzọ na neuropsychiatry ụmụaka nke Ịtali". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Patuelli|first=Francesca|date=|title=Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci|url=http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-12-21|work=scienzaa2voci.unibo.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatuelli">Patuelli, Francesca. [http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella "Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci"]. ''scienzaa2voci.unibo.it''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Onye omeiwu === N'oge ndụ ya niile, Balconi lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ịtali, na-ede,<blockquote>... site na mbido enwere m nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwenye ahụike. Anọ m na-agbalị mgbe niile ijikọta nkwa abụọ a. Enwere njikọ n'etiti nhọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmasị na ụfọdụ ọkwa ọha na eze na ọrụ m. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Patuelli|first=Francesca|date=|title=Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci|url=http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-12-21|work=scienzaa2voci.unibo.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatuelli">Patuelli, Francesca. [http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella "Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci"]. ''scienzaa2voci.unibo.it''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-21</span></span>.</cite></ref></blockquote>A họpụtara ya na kansụl mpaghara na-anọchite anya Òtù Ndị Kọmunist Ịtali (PCI) na 1946. Na 1963, a họpụtara ya na nzuko omeiwu Ịtali, Chamber of Deputies, nọ ọdụ na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na ahụike, na-anọchite anya ógbè Turin, Italy. O ji ohere a depụta iwu iji gbanwee usoro ụlọ ọgwụ, bụ nke e debere na 1968 site n'enyemaka nke minista Luigi Mariotti.[1]. N'ime afọ ise ọ nọrọ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Ịtali, o wepụtara ngụkọta nke iwu iri abụọ na abụọ nke ise n'ime ha ghọrọ iwu, gụnyere Iwu 2185 nke 13 Machị 1965, ''Nchebe nke ahụike uche na enyemaka uche.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Marcella Balconi / Deputati / Camera dei deputati - Portale storico|url=https://storia.camera.it/deputato/marcella-balconi-19190208|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-12-22|work=storia.camera.it|language=it}}</ref> === Ndụ onwe onye === A mụrụ ya na 8 Febụwarị 1919 na Romagnano Sesia n'ebe ugwu Ịtali, nwa nwanyị nke dọkịta Giuseppe Balconi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Patuelli|first=Francesca|date=|title=Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci|url=http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-12-21|work=scienzaa2voci.unibo.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatuelli">Patuelli, Francesca. [http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella "Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci"]. ''scienzaa2voci.unibo.it''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Although Balconi resigned in 1980 as director of the Child Neuropsychiatry Service of the Novara hospital (Ospedale Maggiore), she remained professionally active until her death on 5 February 1999 at 79 years of age.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Patuelli|first=Francesca|date=|title=Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci|url=http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-12-21|work=scienzaa2voci.unibo.it}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPatuelli">Patuelli, Francesca. [http://scienzaa2voci.unibo.it/biografie/1218-balconi-marcella "Balconi Marcella, Scienza a due voci"]. ''scienzaa2voci.unibo.it''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-21</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Mori|first=G. F.|date=1999|title=Marcella Balconi|url=https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=rpsa.045.0217a|journal=Rivista di Psicoanalisi|pages=217–222}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMori1999">Mori, G. F. (1999). [https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=rpsa.045.0217a "Marcella Balconi"]. ''Rivista di Psicoanalisi'': <span class="nowrap">217–</span>222.</cite></ref> == Ndị otu == A na-ewere ya dị ka "Onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Child Psychoanalysis na Ịtali", a maara ya nke ọma n'ọhịa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2013-05-15|title=Marcella Balconi|url=http://marcellabalconi.altervista.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515100040/http://marcellabalconi.altervista.org/|archivedate=2013-05-15|accessdate=2020-12-23}}</ref> * Onye guzobere Ngalaba Nlekọta Ọrịa Uche nke Ụmụaka mbụ na Piedmont * Onye guzobere Italian Society of Child Neuropsychiatry (SINPI) * Onye guzobere Italian Society of Psychoanalysis (SIP) * Onye otu nkịtị na onye nkuzi nke World Society of Psychoanalysis == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * M. Balconi, Ụmụaka Difficult, "Abnormal childhood," n. 1, 1953, peeji nke 20-29&nbsp; * M. Balconi, Ihe osise ahụ metụtara akụkọ ifo nke Düss, "Abnormal childhood," n. 3, 1953, pp. 432-480&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Diagnosis of structure in child psychiatry, "Abnormal childhood," n. 23, 1957 * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Usoro nhazi ọnụ ọgụgụ. Nkọwa mbụ: njikọ dị n'etiti "ihe odide onwe onye" na ụfọdụ ihe mesological na ihe nketa, n. 23, 1957, "Nwatakịrị na-adịghị mma," n. 23, 1957 * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Statistical-clinical nnyocha na otu ìgwè nke ụmụaka 1000 kọrọ maka ihe isi ike n'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke mbụ, "Abnormal childhood," n. 25, 1958, peeji nke 42-89&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Statistical-clinical nnyocha na otu ìgwè nke ụmụaka 1000 kọrọ maka ihe isi ike n'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke abụọ, "Abnormal childhood," n. 28, 1958, peeji nke 411-463&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Statistical-clinical nnyocha na otu ìgwè nke ụmụaka 1000 kọrọ maka ihe isi ike n'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke atọ, "Abnormal childhood," n. 30, 1959, peeji nke 42-92&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, Statistical-clinical nnyocha na otu ìgwè nke ụmụaka 1000 kọrọ maka ihe isi ike n'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke Anọ, "Abnormal Childhood," n. 32, 1959, peeji nke 309-333&nbsp; * M. Balconi, ME Berrini, On school maladjustment in the first grade. Akụkụ nke ise. Ihe odide mmechi, "Abnormal childhood," n. 36, 1960, peeji nke 7-42&nbsp; * M. Balconi na G. Del Carlo Giannini, Ahụmahụ ndị dị mkpa na mmepe mmadụ. Nnyocha banyere ihe osise ụmụaka, na Psychology and Personality, nke LM Lorenzetti dezigharịrị, Milan, Franco Angeli, 1995 * M. Balconi, Listening to the child: images, stories, fantasies, na mmekorita nke ME Berrini na F. Fornari, nke R. Dionigi dezigharịrị, Cesena, The old bridge, 1999 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''M ga-echeta ihe a na-akpọ nascita. Reti di tom da dalia gravidanza alla genitorialità (Rethinking birth. Nkwado netwọk site na ime ruo nne na nna) '' (n'asụsụ Italian). Edizioni Pendragon. peeji nke 11-13. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-88-8342-360-4|<bdi>978-88-8342-360-4</bdi>]].&nbsp; &nbsp; [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 568zcy6z75nuthpqgvaw68kumpz6adl 0 74605 674678 623348 2026-07-09T20:17:01Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ada Salter.jpg|thumb|Ada Salter]]   Ada Salter (née Brown; 20 Julaị 1866 – 4 Disemba 1942) bụ onye ndozigharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze Bekee, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye na-akwado udo Quaker, onye isi otu Women's Labour League na onye isi oche nke National Gardens Guild. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ chịrị London, nwanyị mbụ onye isi obodo London na nwanyị mbụ onye isi obodo nke British Islands. == Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye == A mụrụ Ada Brown na 20 Julaị 1866 n'ime ezinụlọ Methodist na Raunds, Northamptonshire. O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụnne nwanyị - Mary, Beatrice, Alice na Adelaide - na nwanne nwoke, Richard, onye ghọrọ onye ozi na Lancaster.[1] Ada Brown na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ụka Methodist na onye siri ike nke Liberal Party tupu ọ kwaga London. N'ebe ahụ, ọ sonyeere West London Mission na Bloomsbury ịrụ ọrụ dị ka 'Sister of the People' na ogige St Pancras. Ọ bụ Katherine Hughes, nwunye onye hibere ozi ahụ Hugh Price Hughes na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ndị Kraịst n'onwe ya na-edu ụmụnna nwanyị ahụ. Na 1897, mgbe nwanne ya nwanyị Mary Baldwin lụrụ, [1] Ada kwagara na Bermondsey Settlement, ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ London. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Alfred Salter, onye na-ekweghị na Chineke na onye ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, bụ onye ya na ya bi ma na-eme nchọpụta ahụike banyere ọrịa na-efe efe n'ugbo dị na Sudbury (ugbu a Wembley), Middlesex. N'okpuru mmetụta ya, Alfred ghọrọ Onye Kraịst wee sonye na Liberal Party. Ha abụọ tinyere onwe ha na Society of Friends (Quakers) wee malite ịga nzukọ Deptford. Ha lụrụ na Raunds na 22 Ọgọst 1900. == Bermondsey == Ada kwusiri ike ibi na ịda ogbenye, n'etiti ndị ogbenye, kemgbe ọ rutere London. Ugbu a ọ siri ọnwụ ịnọ na Bermondsey, bụ́ ebe ọ hụrụ n’anya n’agbanyeghị oke ịda ogbenye ya. Alfred, onye bụ ezigbo dọkịta nke gaara enweta ego dịka onye ndụmọdụ, guzobe usoro GP na Jamaica Road. Ọ na-ana naanị obere ego maka ndị ọrịa dara ogbenye, ọ dịghịkwa ihe ọ bụla maka ndị ogbenye. Ada gara n'ihu dị ka onye ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na Bermondsey Settlement, bụ ebe o nwere aha ọma maka klọb ọ na-agba ọsọ, karịsịa ndị "kasiri ike na nke siri ike" nke ụmụ agbọghọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Na 1902 ọ hapụrụ omume ahụ nwa oge mgbe di na nwunye ahụ nwere nwa. Ada bụ onye isi oche nke Women's Liberal Party na Bermondsey na Rotherhithe mana n'afọ 1906 ọ hapụrụ Liberal Party mgbe ọ na-emezughị nkwa ya inye ụmụ nwanyị votu wee bata n'oge na-adịghị anya na Independent Labour Party. ILP bụ otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị kacha nwee oke ma chọọ ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere Ada, na ntuli aka kansụl na-esote. Nke a tinyere Alfred, onye ndụmọdụ Liberal na London County Council (LCC), n'ọnọdụ siri ike. N'afọ 1908, ọ hapụrụ Liberal, ka ọ bụrụ ngalaba Bermondsey nke ILP. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ Ada mepere ụzọ maka ya. Na Nọvemba 1909, a họpụtara Ada ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ime obodo maka ILP, bụrụ nwanyị mbụ onye ndụmọdụ na Bermondsey, onye kansụl Bermondsey mbụ, na otu n'ime ndị kansụl nwanyị mbụ na London. Otú ọ dị, na 1910, ọdachi onwe onye dakwasịrị mgbe nanị otu nwa Salters mụrụ, Joyce, bụ́ onye dị afọ asatọ mgbe ahụ, nwụrụ n'ihi ahụ́ ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie n'otu n'ime ọrịa na-efe efe nke gabigara n'ala ahụ, ebe ọ butere ọrịa ahụ ugboro abụọ gara aga.[1] Ifuru na ivy na-achọ ihe osise Joyce mma kwa ụbọchị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Alfred. Ada zaghachiri site na itinye onwe ya n'ọrụ nke Women's Labour League, nke ya na Margaret MacDonald, nwunye nke onye na-eto eto nke Labour, James Ramsay MacDonald, guzobere na 1906. Ọ bilitere ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba mba ya na 1914 onye isi ala ya, onye ndú nke ụmụ nwanyị niile nke Labour Party na Britain. <abbr title="Women's Labour League">WLL</abbr> ejikọghị ya na otu òtù ọ bụla ma Ada kwadoro Women's Freedom League na-abụghị nke na-eme ihe ike, nke enyi ya Charlotte Despard na-edu, kama ịkwado usoro nke Women's Social and Political Union nke Emmeline Pankhurst na-edu. Na WLL Ada rụrụ ọrụ nyocha mbụ banyere ụlọ ọha, na-achọ ọ bụghị naanị ịkwatu ubi kamakwa ịwụnye ụlọ kansụl ha nlereanya (ndị mmegide na-akwa emo dị ka Utopias) wuru kpọmkwem na mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'uche. Iji mee ka mbibi ahụ dị ngwa ngwa, ya na ndị enyi ya WLL kpọrọ oku maka Green Belt gburugburu London, iji jikọta ebe ndị mmadụ juputara na ubi. Ada soro John Ruskin na ikwere na ikuku dị ọcha na mmekọrịta na okike mere ka ndị mmadụ dịkwuo mma ọ bụghị nanị n'anụ ahụ kamakwa n'echiche na omume. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-akwado ọrụ ubi nke obodo mepere emepe, na onye ọsụ ụzọ na mkpọsa a haziri ahazi megide mmetọ ikuku na London. Otú ọ dị, ihe mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama tupu afọ 1914 bụ [[Bermondsey Uprising|Nnupụisi Bermondsey]] nke 1911. N'afọ 1910, ọ malitere iwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị n'ógbè ahụ n'otu òtù ọrụ, National Federation of Women Workers, nke Mary Macarthur duziri. Na mbụ, nsonaazụ ya bụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ, mana n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1911, ụmụ nwanyị 14,000 gbara arụkwaghịm iji mee mkpesa megide ọnọdụ ọrụ ọjọọ. Ha meriri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The summer 14,000 women walked out of Bermondsey's and Rotherhithe's factories|url=https://www.southwarknews.co.uk/history/summer-14000-women-walked-bermondseys-rotherhithes-factories/|accessdate=2021-12-13|work=Southwark News|language=en-GB}}</ref> <abbr title="Independent Labour Party">ILP</abbr> na <abbr title="Women's Labour League">WLL</abbr> toro Ada dị ka ihe na-akpali nnukwu nzọụkwụ a maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị otu ihe) na maka nke a, yana nnukwu mgbalị nhazi gụnyere ihe anyị ga-ewere ugbu a dị ka ụlọ akụ nri ezinụlọ n'oge ọgbaghara ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke 1912 (lee Ben Tillett), ndị otu ọrụ aka nke a maara taa dị ka Unite na GMB sọpụrụ ya. Ada kwuru maka ịha nhata n'etiti ndị ọrụ, ọ bụghị naanị n'ebe ọrụ kamakwa n'ime òtù ndị ọrụ:<blockquote>"Mgbe òtù ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-aghọta nke ọma na ndị ọrụ niile, ndị ikom na ndị inyom, ndị ntorobịa na ụmụ agbọghọ, bụ ndị otu ibe ha, mgbe ahụ ha ga-anụ ihe karịrị mkpọtụ nke mgbanwe n'ebe dị anya, mgbanwe ga-adị ebe a. "<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independentlabour.org.uk/2013/11/11/ilp120-ada-salter-%e2%80%93-sister-of-the-people/|title=ILP@120: Ada Salter – Sister of the People – Independent Labour Publications|author=Taylor|first=Graham|date=11 November 2013|work=|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720115051/https://www.independentlabour.org.uk/2013/11/11/ilp120-ada-salter-%e2%80%93-sister-of-the-people/|archivedate=20 July 2019|accessdate=2020-02-28}}</ref></blockquote> == Agha Ukwu na ọrụ ndị na-emegide udo == Ada na-emegide agha kemgbe ọ bụ nwata na ịbụ onye Quaker mere ka mkpebi ya maka udo sikwuo ike. N’ihi ya, 1914 bụụrụ ya ọdachi. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILP) na site na 1916 ya na Alfred rụrụ ọrụ maka enweghị nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta. Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị Britain gbochiri ya ịga nzukọ udo nke Hague na 1915, o jisiri ike gaa Berne, Switzerland, dị ka onye nnọchi anya ILP, ịga nzukọ ọgbakọ ụmụ nwanyị International Socialist nke atọ nke haziri mmegide megide Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbagoro megide Lenin, bụ onye kpebisiri ike ịnweta ogbako ahụ maka votu maka mgbanwe agha. Ada na onye nnọchi anya WLL, Margaret Bondfield, kwụsiri ike wee merie Lenin. Na njedebe nke agha ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya Britain na ogbako International League Women na Zürich (1919) na Vienna. Ọnọdụ mba ụwa ya bụ nke Vienna International, nke nwara ime ka mba nke abụọ (Labor) na nke atọ International (Communist) dị n'otu ma o meghị ka ha laghachite ọnụ. [[Faịlụ:Ada_opens_a_playground_by_planting_a_tree..jpg|thumb|Ada na-emeghe ogige egwuregwu site n'ịkụ osisi. Alfred nọ n'aka ekpe ya.]] A họpụtara ya ọzọ na Kansụl Bermondsey na 1919, a họpụtara Ada ka ọ bụrụ onye isi obodo na 1922, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi obodo London na nwanyị mbụ bụ ndị isi obodo na Britain. Ada jụrụ ihe niile nke akara ma ọ bụ uwe elu, wee jiri ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara dochie Union Jack na akara Bermondsey, St Olave na Rotherhithe na ụlọ nzukọ obodo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independentlabour.org.uk/2013/11/11/ilp120-ada-salter-%e2%80%93-sister-of-the-people/|title=ILP@120: Ada Salter – Sister of the People – Independent Labour Publications|author=Taylor|first=Graham|date=11 November 2013|work=|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720115051/https://www.independentlabour.org.uk/2013/11/11/ilp120-ada-salter-%e2%80%93-sister-of-the-people/|archivedate=20 July 2019|accessdate=2020-02-28}}</ref> Ọ malitere na 1920 Kọmitii Beautification ya a ma ama ma ugbu a ọ malitere mkpọsa ụlọ ya, na-ebibi ogige ndị a ga-ebibi ma na-achọ ogige ndị na-enweghị ike ime ka ha chọọ mma. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1930 ọ kụrụ osisi 9,000, jiri igbe windo chọọ ụlọ mma, ma jiri okooko osisi jupụta oghere niile, ihe dị ka osisi 60,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://turbulentlondon.com/2016/08/11/turbulent-londoners-ada-salter-1866-1942/|title=Turbulent Londoners: Ada Salter, 1866-1942|author=Awcock|first=Hannah|date=2016-08-11|work=Turbulent London|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-28}}</ref> N'ịchọ ọ bụghị naanị maka ịchọ mma nke okporo ámá kamakwa maka ịchọ mma maka ahụ, uche na mkpụrụ obi onye ọ bụla, ọ haziri kọntaktị egwu niile, asọmpi nka, egwuregwu, egwuregwu na ogige ụmụaka. Mgbe agha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike gasịrị, o wuru ụlọ kansụl 'utopian' ya mara mma na Wilson Grove, nke Ewart Culpin rụrụ, ebe ha ka na-eguzo taa dị ka ụlọ nlereanya. Nsonaazụ ntuli aka ya dị egwu, na-enweta votu kachasị elu nke onye kansụl ọ bụla na London. Mgbe oge ya n'ọchịchị gwụrụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-emefu ego ọ bụla nke onye isi obodo.<ref name=":2" /> Na ntuli aka nke London County Council n'afọ 1925, a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Hackney South. N'afọ 1932, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala nke National Gardens Guild . <ref>{{Cite web|date=1932|title=About us - 1932|url=https://ngs.org.uk/who-we-are/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/|accessdate=2021-12-13|work=National Garden Scheme|language=en-GB|quote=1,079 gardens open for charity and guide book created|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129093802/https://www.ngs.org.uk/who-we-are/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/|archivedate=29 January 2018}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, mgbe ntuli aka nke 1934 London County Council, mgbe Labour nke Herbert Morrison duziri weghaara ikike, Ada nwere ike ịgbasa echiche ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na akụkụ ọ bụla nke isi obodo ahụ. Iwu kwadoro Green Belt na 1938. Ada chere na agha 1939 bụ ọdachi dị ka nke 1914. N'afọ 1942, a tụrụ Ada na Alfred bọmbụ n'ụlọ ha dị na Storks Road mgbe ha jụrụ ịhapụ Bermondsey maka ọdịnihu ya, dịka ndị ọzọ mere. Ọ nwụrụ, ụmụnne ya nwanyị lekọtara ya, na Balham Park Road, Battersea, na 4 Disemba 1942 ma nye ya olili ozu Quaker na Peckham Meeting-House, ebe ọ bụ okenye. E nwekwara ozi ncheta na chọọchị parish nke St James Bermondsey nke Church of England. Nwoke di ya nwụrụ kwuru otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị: "Okpuru onwe onye na-etowanye ma ghara ibelata n'ụzọ dị nta ka oge na-aga. Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịnagide, mana m ga-amụta ịnagide ya. "<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/PRsalterAD.htm|title=Ada Salter|work=Spartacus Educational|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-28}}</ref> == Nkwenkwe onwe onye == Nkwenkwe onwe onye nke Ada Salter sitere na nnwere onwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Hugh na Katherine Hughes gaa na ụkpụrụ omume nke <abbr title="Independent Labour Party">ILP</abbr>. Dị ka Alfred, ọ bụ onye na-enwe mmasị na Giuseppe Mazzini na arịrịọ ya maka ịdị n'otu na nha nhata nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ niile. Nke a kwekọrọ na nkwenye Quaker ya na "e nwere ihe Chineke n'ime onye ọ bụla. " N'omume ihe ọ pụtara site na 'omume' bụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ebere, ihe ọ pụtara na 'socialism' bụ netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta. O kwenyere na ndị mmadụ ga-aghọ mmadụ n'ezie naanị site n'ịkwalite okike na iji ibe ha kpọrọ ihe. N'ịkọwa ihe okike, okwu ya a ma ama bụ: "Ịzụlite okooko osisi na osisi bụ ọrụ obodo. "N'ihe banyere iji ndị ọzọ kpọrọ ihe, o kwenyere na nke a dabere ọ bụghị naanị na mgbalị nke onye ọ bụla kamakwa ọ gụnyere nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọrụ, ndị kwesịrị ịbụ ndị enyi na-emegide mmegbu. O kwekwaara na ụkpụrụ omume nke onye kwuo uche ya na-enweta obi ụtọ onwe onye, ma ọ bụrụhaala na onye na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ omume gbasoro ihe bụ eziokwu yana ịkwanyere ndị ọzọ ùgwù: "Mee dị ka eziokwu na ụkpụrụ si dị". Ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ, "Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ emee nke ahụ, ọ gaghị adị mkpa inwe nchegbu ma ọ bụ nchegbu. " == Ihe ncheta Alfred na Ada Salter == [[Faịlụ:Ada_Salter_Rose_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1534661.jpg|thumb|Ogige Ada Salter]] E meghere ogige mara mma, nke na-ele anya n'ọdọ mmiri, nke Ada n'onwe ya mepụtara ma lekọta, na 1936 n'ime Southwark Park, na mpaghara Old Surrey Docks. Ndị obodo ahụ kpọrọ ya 'Ada Salter Garden' na 1943 LCC nabatara aha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/walk-rotherhithe.html|title=Rotherhithe Circular Walk (5½ miles)|publisher=Inner London Ramblers|accessdate=28 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194332/http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/walk-rotherhithe.html|archivedate=24 April 2012}}</ref> E meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Alfred Salter na 1995 iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na Rotherhithe, n'ihi mmepe nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ochie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alfredsalter.com/|title=Welcome to Alfred Salter Primary School|work=www.alfredsalter.com}}</ref> Àkwà mmiri Alfred Salter bụ àkwà mmiri na-eduga na Watermans Lane, n'etiti Stave Hill na Redriff Road, nso Greenland Dock dị ka akụkụ nke Russia Dock Woodland . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.russiadockwood.ukfriends.com/html/recent_news.html|title=Recent News|publisher=Russiadockwood.ukfriends.com|accessdate=28 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429051853/http://www.russiadockwood.ukfriends.com/html/recent_news.html|archivedate=29 April 2012}}</ref> E nyere iwu ka e mee ihe oyiyi na 1991, na-egosi Dr Salter ka ọ na-anọdụ ala n'elu bench na-eche ihu na Thames, obere Joyce na-eguzo n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, na nwamba nọ n'elu mgbidi. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2011, e zuuru ihe ndị a, ikekwe maka uru nke ọla nchara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southwark.gov.uk/news/article/572/plea_issued_for_safe_return_of_salter_statue|title=Plea issued for safe return of Salter statue – Southwark Council|publisher=Southwark.gov.uk|date=2 December 2011|accessdate=28 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527191225/http://www.southwark.gov.uk/news/article/572/plea_issued_for_safe_return_of_salter_statue|archivedate=27 May 2012}}</ref> Òtù Salter Statues Campaign nwetara £ 60,000, nke Southwark Council kwekọrọ, iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ihe oyiyi nke Diane Gorvin, a kpughere ha na 30 Nọvemba 2014. Ihe oyiyi Ada bụ naanị ihe oyiyi ọha na eze nke iri na ise na London maka nwanyị.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independentlabour.org.uk/2013/11/11/ilp120-ada-salter-%e2%80%93-sister-of-the-people/|title=ILP@120: Ada Salter – Sister of the People – Independent Labour Publications|author=Taylor|first=Graham|date=11 November 2013|work=|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720115051/https://www.independentlabour.org.uk/2013/11/11/ilp120-ada-salter-%e2%80%93-sister-of-the-people/|archivedate=20 July 2019|accessdate=2020-02-28}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:ADA_SALTER_1866–1942_Social_reformer_and_first_woman_mayor_of_a_London_borough_lived_here.jpg|thumb|173x173px|Ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ADA SALTER 1866-1942 Onye na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nwanyị mbụ bụ onyeisi obodo London biri ebe a]] A Salter Memorial Lecture na-akwalite site Quaker Socialist Society kwa afọ dị ka ihe omume dị n'akụkụ na Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). <ref>{{Cite web|title=News Release – Quakers consider human rights, earth and economics|url=http://www.quaker.org.uk/news/news-release-quakers-consider-human-rights-earth-and-economics|work=Quakers in Britain|accessdate=7 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223222534/http://www.quaker.org.uk/news/news-release-quakers-consider-human-rights-earth-and-economics|archivedate=23 December 2014}}</ref> A na-akpọ ọnụ ụlọ Ada Salter na Friends House, London, UK aha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meeting Rooms|url=https://www.friendshouse.co.uk/meeting-rooms/|work=Friends House|accessdate=3 January 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Lynn Morris mere egwuregwu banyere Ada Salter, Red Flag over Bermondsey, na mba ahụ dum. N'afọ 2016, akụkọ ndụ mbụ ya zuru ezu pụtara: Ada Salter, Pioneer of Ethical Socialism nke Graham Taylor dere. Na Jenụwarị 2023, English Heritage mara ọkwa na a ga-ekpughe ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ na Southwark nke Salter biri na ya na ngwụcha afọ 1890.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2023 Blue Plaques|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/2023-blue-plaques/|accessdate=2023-01-27|work=English Heritage}}</ref> A kpughere ihe ncheta ahụ na Machị 2023 na 149 Lower Road na Rotherhithe ebe Salter biri na ngwụcha afọ 1890. <ref>{{Cite web|title=English Heritage honours first female mayor of a London Borough with blue plaque|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/ada-salter-blue-plaque/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=English Heritage}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibia == 4bq1lk8z494u6uz602kbu7afwp2ombd 0 74607 674682 623369 2026-07-09T20:27:01Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Grace Holmes Carlson (November 13, 1906 - Julaị 7, 1992) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Marxist America. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Grace Holmes Carlson na Nọvemba 13, 1906, na Saint Paul, Minnesota, ma gụọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik dị n'ógbè ahụ. Carlson bụ prọfesọ nke akparamaagwa na Mahadum Minnesota.[1] Na 1940, Carlson bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Socialist Workers Party maka United States Senator na Minnesota, [2] na-anata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 9,000 votes.[3] Na 1941, dị ka onye isi otu Socialist Workers Party, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'okpuru Iwu Smith yana Farrell Dobbs na ọtụtụ ndị isi SWP ndị ọzọ maka imegide itinye aka US na Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Mgbe mkpọrọ ọnwa 16 gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye na-akwado maka ọnọdụ ka mma maka ụmụ nwanyị Na 1948, Carlson gbara ọsọ dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Socialist Workers Party na ntuli aka onye isi ala na Dobbs dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ. Na 1950, ọ gbara ọsọ ọzọ dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro anya maka Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya U.S. maka mpaghara ọgbakọ ọgbakọ 5th nke Minnesota na 1950.[1] N'afọ 1952, Carlson hapụrụ SWP, na-ekwu na ya na nkwenkwe Katọlik na-emegide ya. James P. Cannon, onye isi nke SWP dere isiokwu a ma ama "Olee otu anyị si merie Grace Carlson na otu anyị si tụfuo ya" mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm; ọ lekwasịrị anya na nrụgide dị oke mma nke oge McCarthy dị ka ihe ndabere maka ọpụpụ Carlson. == Ọnwụ == Grace Carlson nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 85 na July 7, 1992. == Hụkwa == * Socialist Workers Party (United States) * Farrell Dobbs * James P. Cannon == Edensibia == nlme8mpiy37plpvvpkuzd5ctqmiu45n 0 74617 674684 623408 2026-07-09T20:29:03Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Sara Bard Field (Septemba 1, 1882 - June 15, 1974) bụ onye America na-ede uri, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-akwado ịhụnanya efu, Georgist, na onye mmekọrịta Ndị Kraịst. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Oregon na Nevada. [1] Na-arụkọ ọrụ na Alice Paul na National Woman's Party na 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition na San Francisco, Field gafeworo na mba ahụ site na California ruo Washington, D.C., iji nyefee akwụkwọ mkpesa na mbinye aka 500,000 kọrọ na-achọ ka Onye isi ala Woodrow Wilson megharịa iwu nhọpụta ahụ. A maara ya dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu nke ọma wee ghọọ onye na-ede uri mgbe e mesịrị n'ọrụ ya, lụrụ onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye ndụmọdụ, onye na-ede uri na ọkàiwu C.E.S. Osisi. == Ndụ mmalite na alụmdi na nwunye == A <ref name="NAW">{{Cite book|author=Scholten|first=Catherine M.|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period|chapter=FIELD, Sara Bard|year=1993|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|pages=232–234|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&q=sara%20bard%20field&pg=PA232|edition=6th}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sara Bard Field (1882-1974)|url=https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/field_sara_bard_1882_1974_/|accessdate=2025-09-27|work=www.oregonencyclopedia.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Library">{{Cite web|author=Library|first=UC Berkeley|date=2023-03-28|title=Sara Bard Field: The Making of an Early Suffragist - UC Berkeley Library Update|url=https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/2023/03/28/sara-bard-field-the-making-of-an-early-suffragist/|accessdate=2025-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref>A mụrụ Sara Bard na Cincinnati, Ohio, na Septemba 1, 1882, nye Annie Jenkins (née Stevens) na George Bard Field. Nne ya bụ onye Quaker na nna ya bụ onye Baptist siri ike. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Detroit, Michigan, na 1885. Sara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Detroit Central High School na 1900. Ọ lụrụ minista Albert Ehrgott, bụ́ nwoke dị afọ okpukpu abụọ, na September 1900. Ya na Ehrgott gara India ruo Rangoon, Burma. Ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke, Albert Field, na 1901 ma merụọ ahụ n'oge ịmụ nwa. Ọ laghachiri United States na 1902 ma ezinụlọ ya biri na New Haven, Connecticut. Mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa ha nwanyị, ndị Ehrgotts kwagara Portland, Oregon, na 1910. Clarence Darrow kpọbatara Sara na C.E.S. Osisi. [1] Ha abụọ ghọrọ enyi wee goro ya dị ka onye enyemaka Wood, na-akatọ ọrụ ya. Ọbụbụenyi ha ghọrọ ịhụnanya. [2] Ọ sonyeere Oregon College Equal Suffrage League wee gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ Abigail Scott Duniway, na-eme mkpọsa maka ị nweta ntuli aka na Oregon dum. [3] Ọ gara na steeti na-ekwu okwu n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1911 na ọdịda ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ maka Oregon Daily Journal, na-ekpuchi ikpe nke ụmụnna McNamara, bụ ndị gbara bọmbụ Los Angeles Times. Ọ laghachiri Oregon n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1912, ma alụmdi na nwunye ya malitere ịda. [3][4].<ref name="NAW">{{Cite book|author=Scholten|first=Catherine M.|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period|chapter=FIELD, Sara Bard|year=1993|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|pages=232–234|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&q=sara%20bard%20field&pg=PA232|edition=6th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Field, Sara Bard, 1882-1974 - History - Social Networks and Archival Context|url=https://snaccooperative.org/history/84475114/11381612|accessdate=2025-09-27|work=snaccooperative.org}}</ref><ref name="Library">{{Cite web|author=Library|first=UC Berkeley|date=2023-03-28|title=Sara Bard Field: The Making of an Early Suffragist - UC Berkeley Library Update|url=https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/2023/03/28/sara-bard-field-the-making-of-an-early-suffragist/|accessdate=2025-09-27|language=en-US}}</ref>Ehrgott kwagara n'otu parish dị na Cleveland, Ohio, na 1903. Ndị Kraịst socialism na Georgism metụtara ha abụọ.[1] Sara malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ofe ebe ahụ wee bata na onye isi obodo Cleveland Progressive Tom L. Johnson. Nwanne ya nwanyị, Mary Field, kpọbatara ya onye ọka iwu Clarence Darrow. Sara mụrụ nwa nwanyị Katherine Louise na 1906.[2] Ada Field nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mgbe ọ na-anya ụgbọ ala n'October 1918. Ọ dara ọrịa strok nke ọ na-agbakebeghị nke ọma. == Mgbalị Ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa == [[Faịlụ:Women's_Suffrage_Handbill_Oregon_1912.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Akwụkwọ ntuli aka ụmụ nwanyị Oregon 1912]] Mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa ha nwanyị, ndị Ehrgotts kwagara Portland, Oregon, na 1910. Clarence Darrow kpọbatara Sara na C.E.S. Osisi. [1] Ha abụọ ghọrọ enyi wee goro ya dị ka onye enyemaka Wood, na-akatọ ọrụ ya. Ọbụbụenyi ha ghọrọ ịhụnanya. [2] Ọ sonyeere Oregon College Equal Suffrage League wee gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ Abigail Scott Duniway, na-eme mkpọsa maka ị nweta ntuli aka na Oregon dum. [3] Ọ gara na steeti na-ekwu okwu n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1911 na ọdịda ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ maka Oregon Daily Journal, na-ekpuchi ikpe nke ụmụnna McNamara, bụ ndị gbara bọmbụ Los Angeles Times. Ọ laghachiri Oregon n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1912, ma alụmdi na nwunye ya malitere ịda. [3][4] .<ref name="NAW">{{Cite book|author=Scholten|first=Catherine M.|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period|chapter=FIELD, Sara Bard|year=1993|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|pages=232–234|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&q=sara%20bard%20field&pg=PA232|edition=6th}}</ref>N'afọ 1913-1914, o guzobere ebe obibi na Nevada iji gbaa alụkwaghịm ma jiri oge ya n'ebe ahụ mee mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Nevada. N'ihi mgbagha nke di ya, e nyere ya ịgba alụkwaghịm na Nọvemba 1914, na-alaghachi na aha mbụ ya. Ehrgott nwetara ikike ilekọta ụmụ ha wee kwaga [[Berkeley, California]]. Field kwagara San Francisco ka ya na nwa ya nwoke na nwa ya nwanyị nọrọ nso Field sonyeere òtù ikike ụmụ nwanyị mba wee bụrụ onye otu National American Woman Suffrage Association's Congressional Union na emesia National Woman's Party. Ubi sonyere na ntuli aka ahụ na 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition (ma ọ bụ World's Fair) na San Francisco, ebe onye ndu onye ndu Alice Paul họọrọ Field na California suffragist Frances Jolliffe ka ọ gaa gafee mba ahụ iji nyefee Onye isi ala Woodrow Wilson akwụkwọ mkpesa nke ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ gbakọtara bịanyere aka na ya na-achọ mgbanwe n'usoro iwu gọọmentị etiti US. [1] [2] Ubi, Jolliffe, na ụmụ nwanyị Swedish abụọ (Ingeborg Kinstedt na Maria Kindberg) hapụrụ San Francisco na Septemba 16, 1915, maka mmemme mkpọsa na Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Jolliffe hapụrụ ụgbọ ala ahụ na Nevada, n'ihi ọrịa, ma sonyeere ndị otu ahụ na East Coast.[3] Onye nhazi Suffragist na Congressional Union (CU) Mabel Vernon ji ụgbọ oloko gaa na ndị nnọchiteanya na njem, nnọkọ, na nzukọ ya na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo, niile na mgbalị iji nweta mgbasa ozi maka njem ahụ na ihe kpatara ntuli aka. A kọrọ njem ahụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ CU kwa izu, The Suffragist, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara na nke mba. Ndị nnọchi anya ntuli aka mezuru njem ha na Disemba 6, 1915, ma nyefee Onye isi ala Woodrow Wilson arịrịọ na Washington, D.C. [4][5] Field kwuru okwu na mgbakọ Chicago nke National Woman Party na 1916, n'aha Anne Henrietta Martin n'oge Martin na-agba ọsọ maka Senate US site na Nevada.[1] Field tụkwara aro isiokwu nhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị "Enweghị ntuli aka, enweghị ụmụ ọhụrụ!" N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1917, Field nọrọ oge na Newport, Rhode Island, ebe o nyeere ndị ọgaranya Alva Belmont aka ide akụkọ ihe mere eme ya.[2][3] Na February 1921, Field nọchitere anya NWP n'igosi ihe oyiyi ikike ụmụ nwanyị na US Congress, nke egosiri ugbu a na Capitol Rotunda. == Ndụ na uri mgbe e mesịrị == [[Faịlụ:Los_Gatos_gate.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ mbata na "The Cats" na Los Gatos]] Field malitere ibi na onye ọka iwu na onye na-ede uri bụ Charles Erskine Scott Wood na San Francisco mgbe 1918 gasịrị. Nwunye ya jụrụ ịhapụ ya ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ubi lekwasịrị anya na uri ya na di na nwunye ahụ nabatara ndị na-ese ihe n'ụlọ ha, gụnyere Genevieve Taggard, Benny Bufano, Ralph Stackpole, Llewelyn Powys, na George Sterling. Wood bara ọgaranya na di na nwunye ahụ bụ ndị na-akwado nka na nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere mgbaghara nke Tom Mooney na ụlọ ọgwụ mgbochi ịmụ nwa.[1] <ref name="LGG">{{Cite book|author=Conaway|first=Peggy|title=Los Gatos Generations|year=2007|publisher=Arcadia Pub.|location=Charleston, SC|isbn=978-0-7385-5561-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TbUqzWpOV0C&q=%22no%20votes%2C%20no%20babies%22&pg=PA102}}</ref>N'afọ 1923, Ubi na Osisi kwagara n'ala dị 30-acre a na-akpọ "Cats" na Los Gatos, California. Ewubere ala ahụ na 1925 na saịtị 34-acre, nke nwere ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ihu nke gosipụtara ọnụ ụzọ ígwè arụpụtara nke nwere nnukwu ihe oyiyi nwamba abụọ na-acha ọcha, aha ya bụ Leo na Leona. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe bụ Robert Paine mere ihe oyiyi ndị a, na-egosipụtakwa onyonyo ha na akara ngosi obodo Los Gatos. [1] bipụtara nchịkọta mbụ nke uri Field, The Pale Woman, E na1927. O sochiri nchịkọta ahụ na uri egwu ''Barabbas'' na 1932. ''Barabbas'' nwetara ya ihe nrite ọla edo site na Book Club nke California. E bipụtara nchịkọta nke abụọ ya nke uri, Darkling Plain, na 1936. <ref name="NAW2">{{Cite book|author=Scholten|first=Catherine M.|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period|chapter=FIELD, Sara Bard|year=1993|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|pages=232–234|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&q=sara%20bard%20field&pg=PA232|edition=6th}}</ref> <ref name="NAW">{{Cite book|author=Scholten|first=Catherine M.|title=Notable American Women: The Modern Period|chapter=FIELD, Sara Bard|year=1993|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|location=Cambridge, Mass [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-674-62733-8|pages=232–234|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGHM9KU7aEC&q=sara%20bard%20field&pg=PA232|edition=6th}}</ref>Mgbe nwunye ya nwụchara, Wood lụrụ Field na 1938. Wood nwụrụ na 1944, na 1955 kwa, Field kwagara Berkeley ka ọ bịaruo ada ya. Ubi nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa obi arteriosclerotic na June 15, 1974. ky4nt1kzsifghk9xgh9iivwir1uhbz9 0 74619 674686 631042 2026-07-09T20:33:42Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674686 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard (Septemba 28, 1839 - Febụwarị 17, 1898) bụ onye nkuzi America, onye ngbanwe na onye na-akwado maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị. Willard ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) na 1879 wee nọgide na-abụ onyeisi oche ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1898. Mmetụta ya gara n'ihu n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, dịka ndezigharị nke iri na asatọ (na mmachibido iwu) na ndezigharị nke iri na itoolu (na ikike ụmụ nwanyị) kwadoro. Willard chepụtara nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ "Mee Ihe Niile" maka WCTU wee gbaa ndị otu ume itinye aka na mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị iche iche site na ịgba akwụkwọ, ịrịọ arịrịọ, ikwusa ozi ọma, mbipụta na agụmakwụkwọ. Ihe <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awpc.cattcenter.iastate.edu/directory/frances-willard/#:~:text=During%20her%20lifetime%2C%20Willard%20succeeded,global%20expansion%20of%20women%27s%20rights|title=Frances Willard -}}</ref>Ihe ndị Willard rụzuru gụnyere iwelite afọ nkwenye n'ọtụtụ steeti yana ịgafe mgbanwe ọrụ, ọkachasị ụbọchị ọrụ awa asatọ. Ọ kwadoro maka mgbanwe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, mmụta sayensị, mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Ndị Kraịst, na mgbasawanye nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == [[Faịlụ:Frances_Willard_001.jpg|thumb|Frances Willard]] A mụrụ Willard na 1839 nye Josiah Flint Willard na Mary Thompson Hill Willard na Churchville, na nso Rochester, New York. Akpọrọ ya aha onye edemede Bekee Frances (Fanny) Burney, onye na-ede uri America bụ Frances Osgood, na nwanne ya nwanyị, Elizabeth Caroline, onye nwụrụ n'afọ gara aga. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ ndị ọzọ: nwanne nwoke tọrọ, Oliver, na nwanne nwanyị nke tọrọ, Mary. Nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke na onye omebe iwu. Nne ya bụ onye nkụzi.[1] Na 1841, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Oberlin, Ohio, ebe, na Oberlin College, Josiah Willard gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ozi, na Mary Hill Willard gara klas. Ha kwagara Janesville, Wisconsin na 1846 maka ahụike Josiah Willard. Na Wisconsin, ezinụlọ ahụ, ndị bụbu ndị ọgbakọ ọgbakọ, ghọrọ ndị Methodist.[2] Josiah Willard jere ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe afọ ofufo maka Smithsonian Institution na 1850s, na-edekọ ma na-akọ akụkọ ihu igwe kwa ụbọchị sitere na Janesville. N'ime ọnwa oyi nke 1856–1858 ka Josiah Willard gara n'ebe ndịda maka ahụ ike ya, Frances weere ọrụ nke ime nyocha ihu igwe na ịkparịta ụka na Smithsonian Institution.[3] Frances na nwanne ya nwanyị Mary gara Milwaukee Normal Institute, ebe nwanne mama ha kụziiri ihe. Na 1858, ezinụlọ Willard kwagara Evanston, Illinois, na Josiah Willard ghọrọ onye na-echekwa ego. Frances na Mary gara North Western Female College (anaghị ejikọta na Northwwest University) na nwanne ha nwoke Oliver gara Garrett Biblical Institute. [1][2] Mgbe ọ gbasịrị arụkwaghịm, Willard lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ọhụrụ: òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Na 1874, Willard gara mgbakọ ntọala nke Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) ebe a họpụtara ya odeakwụkwọ mbụ ya.[1] Na 1876, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke ngalaba mbipụta akwụkwọ WCTU, na-elekwasị anya na ibipụta na iwulite ndị na-ege ntị nke mba maka akwụkwọ akụkọ WCTU kwa izu, The Union Signal.[2] Na 1885, Willard sonyeere Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, Mary Ellen West, Frances Conant, Mary Crowell Van Benschoten (onye odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Willard), na 43 ndị ọzọ ka ha guzobe Associationtù Ndị nta akụkọ nke nwanyị Illinois.[3] [4] [5] Ka ọ dịgodị, Willard gbalịrị ịgbasawanye ndị otu WCTU na South, wee zute Varina Davis, nwunye onye bụbu onye isi ala Confederate Jefferson Davis, onye bụ odeakwụkwọ nke ngalaba mpaghara nke Women's Christian Association na Memphis (ebe otu nwa nwanyị bi). Willard gbalịrị ma ghara ime ka [[Lucy Webb Hayes|Lucy Hayes]] (nwunye Onye isi ala Rutherford B. Hayes) kwenye inyere aka n'ihe gbasara ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, mana onye edemede Sallie F. Chapin, onye bụbu onye na-akwado ndị Confederate nke bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ịṅụbiga ọgwụ ókè, kwadoro Willard ma bụrụ enyi nke Davises. N'afọ 1887, Davis kpọrọ Willard n'ụlọ ya iji kwurịta ọdịnihu nke nwa ya nwanyị na-alụbeghị di Winnie Davis, mana ụmụ nwanyị Davis abụọ jụrụ ịghọ ndị na-akwado ọha na eze, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na Jefferson Davis megidere mmachibido iwu. N'afọ 1887, Texas mere ntuli aka maka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na onye bụbu onye isi post nke Confederate John Reagan kwadoro iwu ịṅụbiga ọgwụ ókè. Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ bipụtara foto Willard na-enye Jefferson Davis bọtịnụ ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè iji nye nwunye ya, Jefferson Davis pụtara n'ihu ọha megide ntuli aka ahụ (dị ka megidere ikike steeti) ma merie. Ọ bụ ezie na Varina Davis na Willard ga-anọgide na-edegara akwụkwọ ozi n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ (dị ka Varina kwagara New York mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, Willard nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime iri afọ ikpeazụ ya na mba ọzọ); ntuli aka ọzọ agaghị eme ruo afọ iri abụọ. Dị ka onye isi oche nke WCTU, Willard rụkwara ụka maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, dabere na "Nchebe Ụlọ", nke ọ kọwara dị ka "mgbasa ... nke ebumnuche ya bụ iji chekwaa ụmụ nwanyị niile karịrị afọ iri abụọ na otu vootu dị ka otu ụzọ maka ichebe ụlọ ha site na mbibi nke okporo ụzọ iwu kwadoro na mmanya siri ike kpatara. " "Nrụrụrụrụ aka" megide ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị ikom mmanya na-egbu mere, nke a na-ahụkarị ma n'ime ma n'èzí ụlọ. Willard kwuru na ọ dị oke mfe maka ụmụ nwoke ịpụ na mpụ ha na-enweghị ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="life">{{Cite book|author=Willard|first=Frances E.|title=A White Life for Two|location=Chicago|publisher=Women's Temperance Publishing Association|year=1890}}</ref> E ji arụmụka "Nchebe Ụlọ" mee ihe iji nweta nkwado nke "nwaanyị nkịtị," onye ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, ndị isi okpukpe, na ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu ya gwara ka ọ na-enyo ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị enyo. Ọchịchọ maka nchebe ụlọ nyere nwanyị nkịtị ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji chọọ nnwere onwe. Willard siri ọnwụ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ahapụ echiche ahụ na ha bụ mmekọahụ "na-adịghị ike" nakwa na ha ga-anabata ịdabere na ụmụ nwoke. Ọ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha sonye n'òtù ahụ iji melite ọha mmadụ: "Politics bụ ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ. " Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mmegharị nke Willard bụ iwulite "echiche nke ịbụ nwanyị" nke nyere ụmụ nwanyị ohere imezu ikike ha dị ka ndị enyi na ndị ndụmọdụ nke ụmụ nwoke, n'adịghị ka "ọrụ na ihe eji egwuri egwu nke nwoke" <ref name="life" /><ref name="kraditor">{{Cite book|author=Kraditor|authorlink=Aileen S. Kraditor|first=Aileen S.|date=17 April 1981|title=The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890–1920|publisher=W.W. Norton|url=https://archive.org/details/ideasofwomansuff0000krad_g9i7|accessdate=2014-06-19|isbn=978-0393000399}}</ref> Arụmụka Willard banyere ikike nhọpụta dakwara n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ. O kwuru na iwu okike na nke Chineke chọrọ ịha nhata n'ezinụlọ America, ebe nne na nna na-ekere òkè na ndu. Ọ gbasaa echiche a banyere ụlọ, na-ekwu na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị iduzi n'akụkụ n'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, ụka, na gọọmentị, dịka "Chineke na-etinye nwoke na nwanyị n'akụkụ niile n'ọchịchị iwu ya". <ref name="life"/> Ọrụ Willard ruru mba ụwa na 1883 site na mgbasa nke Polyglot Petition megide ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ mba ụwa. Ọ sonyekwara May Wright Sewall na nzukọ International Council of Women na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], na-atọ ntọala na-adịgide adịgide maka National Council of Women of the United States. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ na 1888 ma gaa n'ihu n'ọkwa ahụ ruo 1890. Willard guzobekwara World WCTU na 1888 wee bụrụ onye isi oche ya na 1893. <ref name="wctu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wctu.org/frances_willard.html|title=Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard (1839–1898)|publisher=Women Christian Temperance Union|accessdate=2014-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612151844/http://www.wctu.org/frances_willard.html|archivedate=2014-06-12}}</ref> Ya na Lady Isabel Somerset, onye isi oche nke British Women's Temperance Association, rụkọtara ọrụ, onye ọ gara ọtụtụ ugboro na United Kingdom. N'afọ 1892 ọ sonyere na mgbakọ St. Louis n'oge e guzobere People's (ma ọ bụ Populist) Party.<ref name=":0232">{{Cite book|author=Roark|first=James L.|title=The American Promise: A History of the United States|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|year=2020|isbn=978-1319208929|edition=Value Edition, 8th|location=Boston, MA|chapter=Chapter 20 Dissent, Depression, and War: 1890–1900|oclc=1096495503}}</ref> E wetara usoro ụkpụrụ nke ya na iri abụọ na asatọ n'ime ndị isi mgbanwe nke United States, ndị gbakọtara na oku ya, dere na Chicago, [[Ilinoi|Illinois]].<ref name=":0232" /> Otú ọ dị, òtù ọhụrụ ahụ jụrụ ịkwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu ma ọ bụ njide onwe ha n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ilekwasị anya na nsogbu akụ na ụba.<ref name=":0232" /> Mgbe 1893, Willard nwere mmetụta nke British Fabian Society ma ghọọ onye Christian socialist.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/libertyequalityj0000paul|title=Liberty, Equality, and Justice: Civil Rights, Women's Rights, and the Regulation of Business, 1865-1932|publisher=Duke UP|year=1997|author=Ross Evans Paulson|isbn=0822319918}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Frances_E._Willard-Mary_Thompson_Hill_Willard_Memorial_Rosehill_Cemetery_Chicago_2020.jpg|thumb|Nkume ili Willard]] In 1898, Willard died quietly in her sleep<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frances Willard: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/franceswillardbi0000bord|year=1986|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|author=Bordin, Ruth|isbn=9780807816974}}</ref> at the Empire Hotel in [[New York City]] after contracting influenza while she was preparing to set sail for England and [[France]]. She is buried at Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois. E liri Frances Willard na nne ya Mary Thompson Hill Willard na Rosehill Cemetery na Chicago. O nyere ụlọ Evanston ya na WCTU. E meghere Ụlọ Frances Willard dị ka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 1900 mgbe ọ ghọkwara isi ụlọ ọrụ WCTU. N'afọ 1965, e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ National Historic Landmark. [[Faịlụ:Frances_E_Willard,_5c,_1940_issue.jpg|thumb]] Willard bụ nwanyị mbụ gụnyere n'etiti ndị isi America kachasị ukwuu nọchitere anya na National Statuary Hall na United States Capitol. Ọ bụ Helen Farnsworth Mears sere Ihe oyiyi ya ma kpughere ya na 1905. <ref name="statuaryhall">{{Cite web|title=FRANCES E. WILLARD|work=Architect of the Capitol|url=https://www.aoc.gov/art/national-statuary-hall-collection/frances-e-willard|accessdate=2020-04-29}}</ref> A na-echeta Willard na stampụ post nke United States wepụtara na Machị 28, 1940, dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ndị ama ama ama ama America. N'afọ 2000, a nabatara Willard na National Women's Hall of Fame . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Willard, Frances E.|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/frances-e-willard/|accessdate=August 22, 2019|work=National Women's Hall of Fame}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Statue_of_Frances_Willard_in_the_US_Capitol.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Willard na-egosi na National Statuary Hall nke Capitol Building]] A na-echeta Frances Willard nke ọma site na ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ nka metụtara mgbanwe ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị nke onwe. N'afọ 1929, e tinyere enyemaka nke <nowiki><i id="mwASM">Frances Elizabeth Willard</i></nowiki> site n'aka Lorado Taft, nke National Woman's Christian Temperance Union nyere iwu, na Indiana Statehouse, Indianapolis, Indiana. Ihe ncheta ahụ na-echeta ncheta afọ iri ise nke nhọpụta Willard dị ka onye isi oche nke WCTU na Ọktoba 31, 1879: "N'ịsọpụrụ otu onye mere ka ụwa gbasaa maka ụmụ nwanyị ma bụrụ ụlọ maka ụmụ mmadụ Frances Elizabeth Willard Intrepid Pathfinder na onye ndú a hụrụ n'anya nke National and World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union". WCTU kwadokwara ihe ncheta na ụlọ ndị nwere aha Willard n'ọtụtụ mba. A gụrụ Willard Hall na Temperance Temple, Chicago, aha iji sọpụrụ ya. N'afọ 1911, alaka ụlọ ọrụ WCTU nke South Australia meghere Willard Hall na Willard Guest House na Wakefield Street, Adelaide, South Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Christian Temperance Union|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/organisations/womans-christian-temperance-union|accessdate=3 July 2019|work=Adelaidia|date=October 2, 2015|archivedate=3 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703062010/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/organisations/womans-christian-temperance-union}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wakefield Street, Adelaide [B 7386]: Photograph|url=https://collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/resource/B+7386|accessdate=3 July 2019|work=State Library of South Australia}}</ref> Ụlọ Ọgwụ Frances E. Willard Temperance na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha ahụ site na 1929 ruo 1936 na Chicago. Ọ bụzi Ụlọ Ọgwụ Loretto na mpaghara Austin nke Chicago.<ref name="loretto">{{Cite web|title=The History of Loretto Hospital|url=http://www.lorettohospital.org/history/|publisher=Loretto Hospital|accessdate=2014-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124004557/http://www.lorettohospital.org/history|archivedate=2013-01-24}}</ref> A na-echeta Frances Willard site n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na mahadum, sekọndrị, na ọkwa praịmarị, na-egosipụta njikọ na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe nketa ya na agụmakwụkwọ, mgbanwe, na idu ndú obodo. Na ọkwa postsecondary, Willard Residential College na Mahadum Northwestern meghere na 1938 dị ka ụlọ obibi ụmụ nwanyị wee ghọọ ụlọ obibi mbụ nke mahadum na 1970. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Willard Residential College|url=https://sites.northwestern.edu/willard/about/|work=Northwestern University|accessdate=4 July 2020}}</ref> Willard Hall Oklahoma State University dị na Stillwater, Oklahoma ka e wuru na 1938 dị ka ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-ebi ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 400 kwa afọ ruo n'afọ 1986. Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe maka nchekwa ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Mahadum ahụ tinyere $ 9.8 nde n'imezigharị ụlọ ahụ na 1995. Mgbanwe ahụ gbakwunyere nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ, ụlọ klas nke oge a, ụlọ nyocha, na ọfịs ngalaba. Ebumnuche ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ahụ bụ ije ozi dị ka ụlọ nke College of Education, ọrụ ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ejupụta taa. Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na praịmarị na-akpọkwa aha Willard na United States. Ndị a gụnyere Willard Middle School na Berkeley.<ref name="willardmiddleschool">{{Cite web|title=Frances Willard - Willard Middle School|url=https://www.willardmiddleschool.org/centennial/frances-willard-school-namesake/|accessdate=October 22, 2019}}</ref> guzobere na 1916, na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na Evanston, River Forest, Pasadena, Norfolk, na Scranton. Frances E. Willard Elementary School na Norfolk mesịrị ghọọ Willard Junior High School na 1960. 747974fjd8cyhmz0c7xtw9etn0f57pb 0 74877 675040 630518 2026-07-10T10:30:50Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 675040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Marcelle Meredith Award.jpg|thumb|Marcelle Meredith]]   A mụrụ '''Marcelle Meredith''' A mụrụ ya na Zambia ma tolite na South Africa. Ọ bụ Onyeisi Nchịkwa na Onyeisi Nchịkwa nke National Council of Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (NSPCA) site na 1991 ruo 2025. Meredith lara ezumike nka na 30 Juun 2025, wee nye Esté Kotzé ọkwa CEO nke NSPCA. Meredith bụbu onye otu Board nke World Animal Protection ma rụọ ọrụ na Board nke nzukọ ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 15, na-anọchite anya Africa. == Onyinye == N'afọ 2012, Meredith bụ onye mmeri na Eco-Angel award category nke Enviropaedia Eco-Logic Awards . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eco-logicawards.com/2012-eco-logic-awards/|title=2012 Eco-Logic Awards – Eco-Logic Awards 2017|work=www.eco-logicawards.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415105532/http://www.eco-logicawards.com/2012-eco-logic-awards/|archivedate=2017-04-15}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Meredith natara onyinye Human Society International Award for Extraordinary Commitment and Achievement na-amata onye na-echebe anụmanụ (karịsịa ndị si mba ndị na-emepe emepe) nke ọrụ siri ike na ọmịiko ha dugara ya na ọkwa pụrụ iche nke obi ike na ịchụ onwe onye n'àjà n'ịgbalị ibelata na igbochi nhụjuanya nke anụmanụ site na ileghara anya, obi ọjọọ na mmegbu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hsi.org/news/news/2012/06/expo_2012_060312.html|title=Animal Care Expo 2012 : Humane Society International|work=www.hsi.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-18}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, World Animal Protection nyere Meredith onyinye Jeannette McDermott maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nspca.co.za/2016/06/10/international-award-marcelle-meredith/|title=International Award for Marcelle Meredith|author=Webmaster|first=NSPCA|date=2016-06-10|work=NSPCA Cares about all Animals|accessdate=2017-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419104625/http://nspca.co.za/2016/06/10/international-award-marcelle-meredith/|archivedate=2017-04-19}}</ref> Òtù World Animal Protection mepụtara ihe nrite a na Kanada n'afọ 1996 "iji gosi ndụ mmadụ raara nye ọdịmma anụmanụ." Dominique Bellemare, Onyeisi oche nke WAP Canada kwuru, sị: "Marcelle arụọla ọrụ dị egwu n'ime afọ iri gara aga na maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. O jirila afọ ya niile na ikpo okwu mba ụwa kwalite ọdịmma anụmanụ n'Africa. Ana m ekele ya nke ukwuu maka ọrụ na nraranye ya niile. " <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldanimalprotection.org/|title=Move the world to protect animals|work=World Animal Protection International|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-18}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Meredith natara onyinye Livestock Welfare Coordinating Committee (LWCC) iji kwado ọrụ ya pụrụ iche maka ọdịmma anụ ụlọ kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marcelle Meredith Receives 2016 LWCC Award|url=http://www.lwcc.org.za/News.html|work=www.lwcc.org.za|publisher=Livestock Welfare Co-ordinating Committee|language=en-US|date=2016|accessdate=2017-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703222014/http://lwcc.org.za/News.html|archivedate=2017-07-03}}</ref> == Edemsibia == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hmj2sg6b7kn5xp91lhxrtcflugnkj90 0 75121 675054 631762 2026-07-10T10:56:39Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675054 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Naglaa El-Ahwany | image = | caption = | office = [[Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation|Minister of International Cooperation]] | primeminister = [[Ibrahim Mahlab]] | president = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] | term_start = 17 June 2014 | term_end = 19 September 2015 | predecessor = [[Ashraf El-Araby]] | successor = [[Sahar Nasr]] | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}} | birth_place = | alma_mater = [[Cairo University]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = | awards = | native_name_lang = arz | native_name = {{nobold|نجلاء الأهواني}} }} '''Naglaa El-Ahwany''' (Egyptian Arabic: نجلاء الأهواني; a mụrụ na Maachị 1951) bụ onye Ijipt bụ ọkammụta mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba, onye prọfesọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O jere ozi dịka Minister of International Cooperation nke Ijipt n'etiti afọ 2014 na 2015 ma bụrụbe prọfesọ mkpara na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo kemgbe afọ 1998. Site n'afọ 2020 ruo mgbe a hazigharịrị bọọdụ ahụ n'afọ 2025 o so na bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke [[Central Bank nke Ijipt|Ọbaego Gọọmenti Etiti nke Ijipt]]. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ El-Ahwany na Machị 1951. <ref name="world">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa El Ehwany|url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/naglaa-el-ehwany|work=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> O nwetara nzere masta n'isi ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo na Febụwarị 1979, na-emecha ọmụmụ ya site n'ide edemede banyere ihe nlereanya Kuwait n'ụzọ nchọpụta mmanụ, ma mesịa nweta nzere PhD n'isi ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Julaị 1984 site n'otu mahadum ahụ na edemede akpọrọ Egyptian Labour Migration to the Oil States and its Relationship to the Structural Changes in the Egyptian Economy . <ref name="feps">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa Anwar El Ahwany|url=http://www.feps.edu.eg/enn/departments/ec/listeconomics.php?namm=naglaaelahwany271|work=[[Cairo University]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ Ime Nnyocha == Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka prọfesọ na 1973 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ site na ngalaba ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo, ọ bụkwa prọfesọ nke mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba kemgbe afọ 1998.<ref name="bank">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Naglaa Anwar Al Ahwani|url=https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/about-cbe/board-of-directors/board-of-directors-composition/naglaa-anwar-al-ahwani|work=[[Central Bank of Egypt]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="world">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa El Ehwany|url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/naglaa-el-ehwany|work=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1977 na 1980, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta akụ na ụba na Arab Planning Institute dị na Kuwait. <ref name="bank" /><ref name="world" /> Ka e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye ome nnyocha na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa dị iche iche, gụnyere International Labour Organization (1995-1997 yana na 2000-2002), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (1998-2000) na American Chamber of Commerce na Egypt (1999-2002). <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="world" /><ref name="sis">{{Cite web|title=NCW lauds Sisi's decision to appoint Ahwany as CBE board member|url=https://sis.gov.eg/en/media-center/news/ncw-lauds-sisis-decision-to-appoint-ahwany-as-cbe-board-member/|work=[[State Information Service]]|accessdate=26 April 2026|date=6 January 2020}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2002 na afọ 2006, El-Ahwany bụ onye nduzi nke Centre for European Studies na Faculty of Economics and Political Science nke Mahadum Cairo, ma rụọkwa ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ nke Migration and Development Research Center na Mahadum Coventry na UK yana bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Cabinet ERADA Initiative na Arab Society for Economic Research.<ref name="bank" /><ref name="world" /><ref name="sis" /><ref name="ahram1">{{Cite news|title=Egypt government appoints new economic advisor amid crisis warnings|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/12396/Business/Economy/Egypt-government-appoints-new-economic-advisor-ami.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Site n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2006 ruo n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2010 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nduzi na onye isi na ngalaba mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES). <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="world" /> Ọ rụọkwala ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Mahadum French nke Egypt Board of Trustees ma rụọ ọrụ na Supreme Council of Universities. <ref name="bank" /> El-Ahwany bụ onye òtù National Council for Women's Economic Committee na nke Egyptian Regulatory Reform and Development Activity. <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="ahram1" /><ref name="sis" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Noshokaty|first=Amira|title=Egyptian women in public domain: Models of awareness, will and passion|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/32/1169/495591/Heritage/Inspiring-Minds/Egyptian-women-in-public-domain-Models-of-awarenes.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=Al-Ahram|date=12 April 2023}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2020, Onye isi ala Abdel Fattah el-Sisi họpụtara ya dịka onye òtù bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Ọbaego Gọọmenti Etiti nke mba Ijipt <ref name="sis" /> E wegharịghị El-Ahwany na mmezigharị nke ndị bọọdụ nke e mere na Disemba 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mounir|first=Hossam|title=Al-Sisi reconstitutes CBE board, renews Hassan Abdallah’s chairmanship|url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/12/23/al-sisi-reconstitutes-cbe-board-renews-hassan-abdallahs-chairmanship/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Daily News Egypt]]|date=23 December 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Allianz Insurance na Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|title=أليانز للتأمين – مصر تضم د. نجلاء الأهواني وزير التعاون الدولي الأسبق إلى عضوية مجلس إدارة الشركة|url=https://alalamelyoum.co/33365/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al Alam Al Youm]]|date=22 November 2021|language=ar}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ bụ onye nduzi teknụzụ nke Ọfịs Praịm Minista Ibrahim Mahlab.<ref name="bank" /><ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|author=Kalin|first=Stephen|title=Egypt's new government adds investment minister, other changes|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-cabinet/egypts-new-government-adds-investment-minister-other-changes-idUSKBN0ER27K20140616/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Reuters]]|date=16 June 2014}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2011, a họpụtara El-Ahwany ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ mkpata na mmefu akụ na ụba nke ndị Minista nke Ijipt n'etiti ịdọ aka ná ntị maka nsogbu akụ na ụba na oke ịda ogbenye.<ref name="ahram1">{{Cite news|title=Egypt government appoints new economic advisor amid crisis warnings|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/12396/Business/Economy/Egypt-government-appoints-new-economic-advisor-ami.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|date=18 May 2011}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/12396/Business/Economy/Egypt-government-appoints-new-economic-advisor-ami.aspx "Egypt government appoints new economic advisor amid crisis warnings"]. ''[[Al-Ahram]]''. 18 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A kpọrọ El-Ahwany dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Mmekọrịta Mba na Mba na kọmitii ndị Minista ọhụrụ nke Praịm Minista Ibrahim Mahlab na gọọmentị mbụ nke Onye isi ala el-Sisi n'abalị iri na isii nke ọnwa Jun 2014. <ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|author=Kalin|first=Stephen|title=Egypt's new government adds investment minister, other changes|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-cabinet/egypts-new-government-adds-investment-minister-other-changes-idUSKBN0ER27K20140616/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Reuters]]|date=16 June 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKalin2014">Kalin, Stephen (16 June 2014). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-cabinet/egypts-new-government-adds-investment-minister-other-changes-idUSKBN0ER27K20140616/ "Egypt's new government adds investment minister, other changes"]. ''[[Reuters]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> E duru ya n'iyi n'ụbọchị na-esote.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt’s new government sworn in by Sisi|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/6/17/egypts-new-government-sworn-in-by-sisi|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=17 June 2014}}</ref> Na Disemba 2014, El-Ahwany bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na France nke ruru ihe karịrị nde euro asaa iji kwado usoro njem ụgbọelu ọhụrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba Taba. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Minister: French investments in Egypt hit $6.7 bn|url=https://cloudflare.egyptindependent.com/minister-french-investments-egypt-hit-67-bn/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2015, ya na onye nnọchi anya mba Japan bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu iji kwado iwu Dairut Dam. <ref>{{Cite news|title=توقيع اتفاقيات مع اليابان لإنشاء سدود ديروت الجديدة بتكلفة 57 مليون دولار.|url=https://www.almasdar.com/14527|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al-Masdar News]]|language=ar}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, o kwupụtara usoro gọọmentị nwere iji gbanwee ngalaba ike ma belata enyemaka mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt: International Cooperation Minister Reviews Energy Reform Measures With WB Experts|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201504200400.html|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=allAfrica|date=18 April 2015}}</ref> [[Sahar Nasr]] nọchiri ya n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt's Sherif Ismail cabinet with 16 new faces sworn in by President Sisi|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/141862/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sherif-Ismail-cabinet-with--new-faces-sworn.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=Al-Ahram|date=19 September 2015}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bktqfib2ad66s9obaxbyhshc705tj2m 675055 675054 2026-07-10T11:02:12Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675055 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Naglaa El-Ahwany | image = | caption = | office = [[Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation|Minister of International Cooperation]] | primeminister = [[Ibrahim Mahlab]] | president = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] | term_start = 17 June 2014 | term_end = 19 September 2015 | predecessor = [[Ashraf El-Araby]] | successor = [[Sahar Nasr]] | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}} | birth_place = | alma_mater = [[Cairo University]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = | awards = | native_name_lang = arz | native_name = {{nobold|نجلاء الأهواني}} }} '''Naglaa El-Ahwany''' (Egyptian Arabic: نجلاء الأهواني; a mụrụ na Maachị 1951) bụ onye Ijipt bụ ọkammụta mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba, onye prọfesọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O jere ozi dịka Minister of International Cooperation nke Ijipt n'etiti afọ 2014 na 2015 ma bụrụbe prọfesọ mkpara na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo kemgbe afọ 1998. Site n'afọ 2020 ruo mgbe a hazigharịrị bọọdụ ahụ n'afọ 2025 o so na bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke [[Central Bank nke Ijipt|Ọbaego Gọọmenti Etiti nke Ijipt]]. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ El-Ahwany na Machị 1951. <ref name="world">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa El Ehwany|url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/naglaa-el-ehwany|work=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> O nwetara nzere masta n'isi ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo na Febụwarị 1979, na-emecha ọmụmụ ya site n'ide edemede banyere ihe nlereanya Kuwait n'ụzọ nchọpụta mmanụ, ma mesịa nweta nzere PhD n'isi ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Julaị 1984 site n'otu mahadum ahụ na edemede akpọrọ Egyptian Labour Migration to the Oil States and its Relationship to the Structural Changes in the Egyptian Economy . <ref name="feps">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa Anwar El Ahwany|url=http://www.feps.edu.eg/enn/departments/ec/listeconomics.php?namm=naglaaelahwany271|work=[[Cairo University]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ Ime Nnyocha == Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka prọfesọ na 1973 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ site na ngalaba ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo, ọ bụkwa prọfesọ nke mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba kemgbe afọ 1998.<ref name="bank">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Naglaa Anwar Al Ahwani|url=https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/about-cbe/board-of-directors/board-of-directors-composition/naglaa-anwar-al-ahwani|work=[[Central Bank of Egypt]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="world">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa El Ehwany|url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/naglaa-el-ehwany|work=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1977 na 1980, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta akụ na ụba na Arab Planning Institute dị na Kuwait. <ref name="bank" /><ref name="world" /> Ka e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye ome nnyocha na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa dị iche iche, gụnyere International Labour Organization (1995-1997 yana na 2000-2002), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (1998-2000) na American Chamber of Commerce na Egypt (1999-2002). <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="world" /><ref name="sis">{{Cite web|title=NCW lauds Sisi's decision to appoint Ahwany as CBE board member|url=https://sis.gov.eg/en/media-center/news/ncw-lauds-sisis-decision-to-appoint-ahwany-as-cbe-board-member/|work=[[State Information Service]]|accessdate=26 April 2026|date=6 January 2020}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2002 na afọ 2006, El-Ahwany bụ onye nduzi nke Centre for European Studies na Faculty of Economics and Political Science nke Mahadum Cairo, ma rụọkwa ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ nke Migration and Development Research Center na Mahadum Coventry na UK yana bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Cabinet ERADA Initiative na Arab Society for Economic Research.<ref name="bank" /><ref name="world" /><ref name="sis" /><ref name="ahram1">{{Cite news|title=Egypt government appoints new economic advisor amid crisis warnings|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/12396/Business/Economy/Egypt-government-appoints-new-economic-advisor-ami.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Site n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2006 ruo n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2010 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nduzi na onye isi na ngalaba mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES). <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="world" /> Ọ rụọkwala ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Mahadum French nke Egypt Board of Trustees ma rụọ ọrụ na Supreme Council of Universities. <ref name="bank" /> El-Ahwany bụ onye òtù National Council for Women's Economic Committee na nke Egyptian Regulatory Reform and Development Activity. <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="ahram1" /><ref name="sis" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Noshokaty|first=Amira|title=Egyptian women in public domain: Models of awareness, will and passion|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/32/1169/495591/Heritage/Inspiring-Minds/Egyptian-women-in-public-domain-Models-of-awarenes.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=Al-Ahram|date=12 April 2023}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2020, Onye isi ala Abdel Fattah el-Sisi họpụtara ya dịka onye òtù bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Ọbaego Gọọmenti Etiti nke mba Ijipt <ref name="sis" /> E wegharịghị El-Ahwany na mmezigharị nke ndị bọọdụ nke e mere na Disemba 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mounir|first=Hossam|title=Al-Sisi reconstitutes CBE board, renews Hassan Abdallah’s chairmanship|url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/12/23/al-sisi-reconstitutes-cbe-board-renews-hassan-abdallahs-chairmanship/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Daily News Egypt]]|date=23 December 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Allianz Insurance na Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|title=أليانز للتأمين – مصر تضم د. نجلاء الأهواني وزير التعاون الدولي الأسبق إلى عضوية مجلس إدارة الشركة|url=https://alalamelyoum.co/33365/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al Alam Al Youm]]|date=22 November 2021|language=ar}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ bụ onye nduzi teknụzụ nke Ọfịs Praịm Minista Ibrahim Mahlab.<ref name="bank" /><ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|author=Kalin|first=Stephen|title=Egypt's new government adds investment minister, other changes|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-cabinet/egypts-new-government-adds-investment-minister-other-changes-idUSKBN0ER27K20140616/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Reuters]]|date=16 June 2014}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2011, a họpụtara El-Ahwany ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ mkpata na mmefu akụ na ụba nke ndị Minista nke Ijipt n'etiti ịdọ aka ná ntị maka nsogbu akụ na ụba na oke ịda ogbenye A kpọrọ El-Ahwany dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Mmekọrịta Mba na Mba na kọmitii ndị Minista ọhụrụ nke Praịm Minista Ibrahim Mahlab na gọọmentị mbụ nke Onye isi ala el-Sisi n'abalị iri na isii nke ọnwa Jun 2014. <ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|author=Kalin|first=Stephen|title=Egypt's new government adds investment minister, other changes|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-cabinet/egypts-new-government-adds-investment-minister-other-changes-idUSKBN0ER27K20140616/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Reuters]]|date=16 June 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKalin2014">Kalin, Stephen (16 June 2014). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-cabinet/egypts-new-government-adds-investment-minister-other-changes-idUSKBN0ER27K20140616/ "Egypt's new government adds investment minister, other changes"]. ''[[Reuters]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> E duru ya n'iyi n'ụbọchị na-esote.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt’s new government sworn in by Sisi|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/6/17/egypts-new-government-sworn-in-by-sisi|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=17 June 2014}}</ref> Na Disemba 2014, El-Ahwany bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na France nke ruru ihe karịrị nde euro asaa iji kwado usoro njem ụgbọelu ọhụrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba Taba. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Minister: French investments in Egypt hit $6.7 bn|url=https://cloudflare.egyptindependent.com/minister-french-investments-egypt-hit-67-bn/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2015, ya na onye nnọchi anya mba Japan bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu iji kwado iwu Dairut Dam. <ref>{{Cite news|title=توقيع اتفاقيات مع اليابان لإنشاء سدود ديروت الجديدة بتكلفة 57 مليون دولار.|url=https://www.almasdar.com/14527|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al-Masdar News]]|language=ar}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, o kwupụtara usoro gọọmentị nwere iji gbanwee ngalaba ike ma belata enyemaka mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt: International Cooperation Minister Reviews Energy Reform Measures With WB Experts|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201504200400.html|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=allAfrica|date=18 April 2015}}</ref> [[Sahar Nasr]] nọchiri ya n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt's Sherif Ismail cabinet with 16 new faces sworn in by President Sisi|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/141862/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sherif-Ismail-cabinet-with--new-faces-sworn.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=Al-Ahram|date=19 September 2015}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fu10fwsm928s0ytjq8zztnj912h5925 675057 675055 2026-07-10T11:03:58Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 675057 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Naglaa El-Ahwany | image = | caption = | office = [[Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation|Minister of International Cooperation]] | primeminister = [[Ibrahim Mahlab]] | president = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] | term_start = 17 June 2014 | term_end = 19 September 2015 | predecessor = [[Ashraf El-Araby]] | successor = [[Sahar Nasr]] | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1951}} | birth_place = | alma_mater = [[Cairo University]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = | awards = | native_name_lang = arz | native_name = {{nobold|نجلاء الأهواني}} }} '''Naglaa El-Ahwany''' (Egyptian Arabic: نجلاء الأهواني; a mụrụ na Maachị 1951) bụ onye Ijipt bụ ọkammụta mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba, onye prọfesọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O jere ozi dịka Minister of International Cooperation nke Ijipt n'etiti afọ 2014 na 2015 ma bụrụbe prọfesọ mkpara na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo kemgbe afọ 1998. Site n'afọ 2020 ruo mgbe a hazigharịrị bọọdụ ahụ n'afọ 2025 o so na bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke [[Central Bank nke Ijipt|Ọbaego Gọọmenti Etiti nke Ijipt]]. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ El-Ahwany na Machị 1951. <ref name="world">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa El Ehwany|url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/naglaa-el-ehwany|work=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> O nwetara nzere masta n'isi ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo na Febụwarị 1979, na-emecha ọmụmụ ya site n'ide edemede banyere ihe nlereanya Kuwait n'ụzọ nchọpụta mmanụ, ma mesịa nweta nzere PhD n'isi ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Julaị 1984 site n'otu mahadum ahụ na edemede akpọrọ Egyptian Labour Migration to the Oil States and its Relationship to the Structural Changes in the Egyptian Economy . <ref name="feps">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa Anwar El Ahwany|url=http://www.feps.edu.eg/enn/departments/ec/listeconomics.php?namm=naglaaelahwany271|work=[[Cairo University]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ Ime Nnyocha == Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka prọfesọ na 1973 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ site na ngalaba ọmụmụ mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Mahadum Cairo, ọ bụkwa prọfesọ nke mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba kemgbe afọ 1998.<ref name="bank">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Naglaa Anwar Al Ahwani|url=https://www.cbe.org.eg/en/about-cbe/board-of-directors/board-of-directors-composition/naglaa-anwar-al-ahwani|work=[[Central Bank of Egypt]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="world">{{Cite web|title=Naglaa El Ehwany|url=https://live.worldbank.org/en/experts/n/naglaa-el-ehwany|work=[[World Bank]]|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1977 na 1980, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta akụ na ụba na Arab Planning Institute dị na Kuwait. <ref name="bank" /><ref name="world" /> Ka e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye ome nnyocha na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa dị iche iche, gụnyere International Labour Organization (1995-1997 yana na 2000-2002), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (1998-2000) na American Chamber of Commerce na Egypt (1999-2002). <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="world" /><ref name="sis">{{Cite web|title=NCW lauds Sisi's decision to appoint Ahwany as CBE board member|url=https://sis.gov.eg/en/media-center/news/ncw-lauds-sisis-decision-to-appoint-ahwany-as-cbe-board-member/|work=[[State Information Service]]|accessdate=26 April 2026|date=6 January 2020}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2002 na afọ 2006, El-Ahwany bụ onye nduzi nke Centre for European Studies na Faculty of Economics and Political Science nke Mahadum Cairo, ma rụọkwa ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ nke Migration and Development Research Center na Mahadum Coventry na UK yana bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Cabinet ERADA Initiative na Arab Society for Economic Research.<ref name="bank" /><ref name="world" /><ref name="sis" /><ref name="ahram1">{{Cite news|title=Egypt government appoints new economic advisor amid crisis warnings|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/12/12396/Business/Economy/Egypt-government-appoints-new-economic-advisor-ami.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|date=18 May 2011}}</ref> Site n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2006 ruo n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2010 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nduzi na onye isi na ngalaba mkpata na mmefu akụnaụba na Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES). <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="world" /> Ọ rụọkwala ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Mahadum French nke Egypt Board of Trustees ma rụọ ọrụ na Supreme Council of Universities. <ref name="bank" /> El-Ahwany bụ onye òtù National Council for Women's Economic Committee na nke Egyptian Regulatory Reform and Development Activity. <ref name="bank" /> <ref name="ahram1" /><ref name="sis" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Noshokaty|first=Amira|title=Egyptian women in public domain: Models of awareness, will and passion|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/32/1169/495591/Heritage/Inspiring-Minds/Egyptian-women-in-public-domain-Models-of-awarenes.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=Al-Ahram|date=12 April 2023}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2020, Onye isi ala Abdel Fattah el-Sisi họpụtara ya dịka onye òtù bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Ọbaego Gọọmenti Etiti nke mba Ijipt <ref name="sis" /> E wegharịghị El-Ahwany na mmezigharị nke ndị bọọdụ nke e mere na Disemba 2025. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mounir|first=Hossam|title=Al-Sisi reconstitutes CBE board, renews Hassan Abdallah’s chairmanship|url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2025/12/23/al-sisi-reconstitutes-cbe-board-renews-hassan-abdallahs-chairmanship/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Daily News Egypt]]|date=23 December 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù bọọdụ ndị nchịkwa nke Allianz Insurance na Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|title=أليانز للتأمين – مصر تضم د. نجلاء الأهواني وزير التعاون الدولي الأسبق إلى عضوية مجلس إدارة الشركة|url=https://alalamelyoum.co/33365/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al Alam Al Youm]]|date=22 November 2021|language=ar}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọ bụ onye nduzi teknụzụ nke Ọfịs Praịm Minista Ibrahim Mahlab.<ref name="bank" /><ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|author=Kalin|first=Stephen|title=Egypt's new government adds investment minister, other changes|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-cabinet/egypts-new-government-adds-investment-minister-other-changes-idUSKBN0ER27K20140616/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Reuters]]|date=16 June 2014}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2011, a họpụtara El-Ahwany ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ mkpata na mmefu akụ na ụba nke ndị Minista nke Ijipt n'etiti ịdọ aka ná ntị maka nsogbu akụ na ụba na oke ịda ogbenye A kpọrọ El-Ahwany dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Mmekọrịta Mba na Mba na kọmitii ndị Minista ọhụrụ nke Praịm Minista Ibrahim Mahlab na gọọmentị mbụ nke Onye isi ala el-Sisi n'abalị iri na isii nke ọnwa Jun 2014. E duru ya n'iyi n'ụbọchị na-esote.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt’s new government sworn in by Sisi|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/6/17/egypts-new-government-sworn-in-by-sisi|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=17 June 2014}}</ref> Na Disemba 2014, El-Ahwany bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na France nke ruru ihe karịrị nde euro asaa iji kwado usoro njem ụgbọelu ọhụrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba Taba. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Minister: French investments in Egypt hit $6.7 bn|url=https://cloudflare.egyptindependent.com/minister-french-investments-egypt-hit-67-bn/|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Egypt Independent]]|date=30 December 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2015, ya na onye nnọchi anya mba Japan bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu iji kwado iwu Dairut Dam. <ref>{{Cite news|title=توقيع اتفاقيات مع اليابان لإنشاء سدود ديروت الجديدة بتكلفة 57 مليون دولار.|url=https://www.almasdar.com/14527|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=[[Al-Masdar News]]|language=ar}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, o kwupụtara usoro gọọmentị nwere iji gbanwee ngalaba ike ma belata enyemaka mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt: International Cooperation Minister Reviews Energy Reform Measures With WB Experts|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201504200400.html|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=allAfrica|date=18 April 2015}}</ref> [[Sahar Nasr]] nọchiri ya n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt's Sherif Ismail cabinet with 16 new faces sworn in by President Sisi|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/141862/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sherif-Ismail-cabinet-with--new-faces-sworn.aspx|accessdate=26 April 2026|work=Al-Ahram|date=19 September 2015}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mfmv1coi6qc5vc0gosc7p7k7tg8jnbp 0 75176 674959 631791 2026-07-10T09:09:19Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nagin Ravand''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na isii Juun nke ọnwa n'afọ 1999) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ nke mba ndị Danish-Afghan.  == Oge ọ malitere == Ravand na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'obodo Denmark na mbido afọ 2000 mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.<ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Nørresundby, ebe ọ mụtara ịgba bọọlụ mgbe enyi ya kpọgara ya na klọb Lindholm IF mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ kwagara Gellerup na afọ 2013, Ravand kwuru na ya enweghị ike ịnọgide na-egwu bọọlụ. <ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2020">Garcia, Betina (26 December 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold "Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold"] &#x5B;Nagin, 21, has gotten 40 young girls with non-Western backgrounds into football&#x5D;. ''[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]'' (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref> Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji mepụta otu maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ . <ref name="DR-Garcia-2020" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, klọb ACFC na Gellerup kpọtụụrụ ya, onye chọrọ inyere ya aka ịmalite otu ụmụ agbọghọ na klọb ahụ. Ọ nabatara onyinye ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ahụmịhe na nkuzi ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma banyere klọb ahụ. <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019">{{Cite web|author=Weibel|first=Kristoffer|date=11 April 2019|title=Pigefodbolden blomstrer mellem blokkene|url=https://www.dbujylland.dk/nyheder/2019/april/pigefodbolden-blomstrer-mellem-blokkene/|accessdate=5 April 2026|publisher=[[DBU Jylland]]|language=da}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2020|title=Nagin Ravand: "Kvindefodbold skal skrive historie"|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2020/01/nagin-ravand-kvindefodbold-skal-skrive-historie/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-agbara ndị klọb Brabrand IF . <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019" /> Ọ hibere klọb bọọlụ Vatanspor, nke dị na Brabrand . <ref name="FP-Trolle-2022">{{Cite web|author=Trolle|first=Steen|date=4 October 2022|title=DBU-direktør for en dag: 23-årige Nagin Ravand kæmper for ligestilling i fodbold|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2022/10/onsdag-bliver-23-aarige-nagin-direktoer-for-dbu/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> Ravand enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye maka mbọ ya. N'afọ 2020, e nyere ya nsọpụrụ na {{Lang|da|PlanBørnefondens Pigepris}} maka atụmatụ ya iji mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ nwere nzụlite dị iche iche nwee ike ịgba bọọlụ.<ref name="Femina-2021">{{Cite web|author=Pedersen|first=Maria Brus|date=8 March 2021|title=Nagin Ravand: "Jeg kæmper for at ændre billedet af, hvordan en fodboldspiller ser ud"|url=https://www.femina.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-jeg-kaemper-aendre-billedet-af-hvordan-en-fodboldspiller-ser-ud|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> E nyere onyinye ahụ n'ihe metụtara Ụbọchị Mba Nile nke Nwa Nwanyị site na United Nations. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Herlevsen|first=Martin Littau|date=12 October 2020|title=Nagin gør en kæmpe forskel for piger i Gellerup: Nu belønnes hun med pris|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/nagin-goer-en-kaempe-forskel-piger-i-gellerup-nu-beloennes-hun-med-pris|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> Ndị Swedish Embassy na obodo Copenhagen, na afọ 2021, nyere ya ihe nrite Nordic Pioneer Prize maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji merie ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na obodo Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Petersen|first=Hans|date=23 September 2021|title=Hædret igen og igen: Fodboldkvinde får nordisk hæder|url=https://stiften.dk/aarhus/haedret-igen-og-igen-fodboldkvinde-faar-nordisk-haeder|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=Århus Stiftstidende|language=da}}</ref> Na ọnwa Septemba afọ 2022, Ravand natara onyinye ndị ntorobịa na Elle Awards kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ELLE Awards 2022: Her er vinderne|url=https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/13659767/elle-awards-2022-her-er-vinderne|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ asaa a na-asọpụrụ dị ka onye nduzi maka otu ụbọchị na-elekọta otu Danish Football Association, nke gụnyere nzukọ ya na Ane Halsboe-Jørgensen, onye bụ Minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị n'oge ahụ.<ref name="FP-Trolle-2022" /> O mechara sonye na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke otu DBU.<ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2020">Garcia, Betina (26 December 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold "Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold"] &#x5B;Nagin, 21, has gotten 40 young girls with non-Western backgrounds into football&#x5D;. ''[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]'' (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref>   == Ndụ onwe == Ravand bụ onye ụka Alakụba na-eme ihe, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndụ ya. <ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2020">Garcia, Betina (26 December 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold "Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold"] &#x5B;Nagin, 21, has gotten 40 young girls with non-Western backgrounds into football&#x5D;. ''[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]'' (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ostadian-Binai|first=Aram|date=21 April 2023|title=Nagin Ravand, Imane Asry, Fatimah Gabriella og Adidaddi: Sådan fejrer vi Eid|url=https://elle.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-imane-asry-fatimah-gabriella-og-adidaddi-saadan-fejrer-vi-eid/|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Therkelsen|first=Camilla|date=25 April 2017|title=17-årige Nagin: Religiøse piger kan godt spille fodbold|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/17-arige-nagin-religiose-piger-kan-godt-spille-fodbold|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] lte2vq5zezyds31c4g11ieo9aa73o1o 674961 674959 2026-07-10T09:11:01Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nagin Ravand''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na isii Juun nke ọnwa n'afọ 1999) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ nke mba ndị Danish-Afghan.  == Oge ọ malitere == Ravand na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'obodo Denmark na mbido afọ 2000 mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.<ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Nørresundby, ebe ọ mụtara ịgba bọọlụ mgbe enyi ya kpọgara ya na klọb Lindholm IF mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ kwagara Gellerup na afọ 2013, Ravand kwuru na ya enweghị ike ịnọgide na-egwu bọọlụ. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji mepụta otu maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ . <ref name="DR-Garcia-2020" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, klọb ACFC na Gellerup kpọtụụrụ ya, onye chọrọ inyere ya aka ịmalite otu ụmụ agbọghọ na klọb ahụ. Ọ nabatara onyinye ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ahụmịhe na nkuzi ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma banyere klọb ahụ. <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019">{{Cite web|author=Weibel|first=Kristoffer|date=11 April 2019|title=Pigefodbolden blomstrer mellem blokkene|url=https://www.dbujylland.dk/nyheder/2019/april/pigefodbolden-blomstrer-mellem-blokkene/|accessdate=5 April 2026|publisher=[[DBU Jylland]]|language=da}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2020|title=Nagin Ravand: "Kvindefodbold skal skrive historie"|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2020/01/nagin-ravand-kvindefodbold-skal-skrive-historie/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-agbara ndị klọb Brabrand IF . <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019" /> Ọ hibere klọb bọọlụ Vatanspor, nke dị na Brabrand . <ref name="FP-Trolle-2022">{{Cite web|author=Trolle|first=Steen|date=4 October 2022|title=DBU-direktør for en dag: 23-årige Nagin Ravand kæmper for ligestilling i fodbold|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2022/10/onsdag-bliver-23-aarige-nagin-direktoer-for-dbu/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> Ravand enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye maka mbọ ya. N'afọ 2020, e nyere ya nsọpụrụ na {{Lang|da|PlanBørnefondens Pigepris}} maka atụmatụ ya iji mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ nwere nzụlite dị iche iche nwee ike ịgba bọọlụ.<ref name="Femina-2021">{{Cite web|author=Pedersen|first=Maria Brus|date=8 March 2021|title=Nagin Ravand: "Jeg kæmper for at ændre billedet af, hvordan en fodboldspiller ser ud"|url=https://www.femina.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-jeg-kaemper-aendre-billedet-af-hvordan-en-fodboldspiller-ser-ud|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> E nyere onyinye ahụ n'ihe metụtara Ụbọchị Mba Nile nke Nwa Nwanyị site na United Nations. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Herlevsen|first=Martin Littau|date=12 October 2020|title=Nagin gør en kæmpe forskel for piger i Gellerup: Nu belønnes hun med pris|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/nagin-goer-en-kaempe-forskel-piger-i-gellerup-nu-beloennes-hun-med-pris|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> Ndị Swedish Embassy na obodo Copenhagen, na afọ 2021, nyere ya ihe nrite Nordic Pioneer Prize maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji merie ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na obodo Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Petersen|first=Hans|date=23 September 2021|title=Hædret igen og igen: Fodboldkvinde får nordisk hæder|url=https://stiften.dk/aarhus/haedret-igen-og-igen-fodboldkvinde-faar-nordisk-haeder|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=Århus Stiftstidende|language=da}}</ref> Na ọnwa Septemba afọ 2022, Ravand natara onyinye ndị ntorobịa na Elle Awards kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ELLE Awards 2022: Her er vinderne|url=https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/13659767/elle-awards-2022-her-er-vinderne|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ asaa a na-asọpụrụ dị ka onye nduzi maka otu ụbọchị na-elekọta otu Danish Football Association, nke gụnyere nzukọ ya na Ane Halsboe-Jørgensen, onye bụ Minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị n'oge ahụ.<ref name="FP-Trolle-2022" /> O mechara sonye na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke otu DBU.<ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2020">Garcia, Betina (26 December 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold "Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold"] &#x5B;Nagin, 21, has gotten 40 young girls with non-Western backgrounds into football&#x5D;. ''[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]'' (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref>   == Ndụ onwe == Ravand bụ onye ụka Alakụba na-eme ihe, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndụ ya. <ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2020">Garcia, Betina (26 December 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold "Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold"] &#x5B;Nagin, 21, has gotten 40 young girls with non-Western backgrounds into football&#x5D;. ''[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]'' (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ostadian-Binai|first=Aram|date=21 April 2023|title=Nagin Ravand, Imane Asry, Fatimah Gabriella og Adidaddi: Sådan fejrer vi Eid|url=https://elle.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-imane-asry-fatimah-gabriella-og-adidaddi-saadan-fejrer-vi-eid/|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Therkelsen|first=Camilla|date=25 April 2017|title=17-årige Nagin: Religiøse piger kan godt spille fodbold|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/17-arige-nagin-religiose-piger-kan-godt-spille-fodbold|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 5hbsdpxa9el94ur64ohe9klg3ix13fb 674963 674961 2026-07-10T09:12:24Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nagin Ravand''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na isii Juun nke ọnwa n'afọ 1999) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ nke mba ndị Danish-Afghan.  == Oge ọ malitere == Ravand na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'obodo Denmark na mbido afọ 2000 mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.<ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Nørresundby, ebe ọ mụtara ịgba bọọlụ mgbe enyi ya kpọgara ya na klọb Lindholm IF mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ kwagara Gellerup na afọ 2013, Ravand kwuru na ya enweghị ike ịnọgide na-egwu bọọlụ. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji mepụta otu maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ . Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, klọb ACFC na Gellerup kpọtụụrụ ya, onye chọrọ inyere ya aka ịmalite otu ụmụ agbọghọ na klọb ahụ. Ọ nabatara onyinye ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ahụmịhe na nkuzi ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma banyere klọb ahụ. <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019">{{Cite web|author=Weibel|first=Kristoffer|date=11 April 2019|title=Pigefodbolden blomstrer mellem blokkene|url=https://www.dbujylland.dk/nyheder/2019/april/pigefodbolden-blomstrer-mellem-blokkene/|accessdate=5 April 2026|publisher=[[DBU Jylland]]|language=da}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2020|title=Nagin Ravand: "Kvindefodbold skal skrive historie"|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2020/01/nagin-ravand-kvindefodbold-skal-skrive-historie/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-agbara ndị klọb Brabrand IF . <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019" /> Ọ hibere klọb bọọlụ Vatanspor, nke dị na Brabrand . <ref name="FP-Trolle-2022">{{Cite web|author=Trolle|first=Steen|date=4 October 2022|title=DBU-direktør for en dag: 23-årige Nagin Ravand kæmper for ligestilling i fodbold|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2022/10/onsdag-bliver-23-aarige-nagin-direktoer-for-dbu/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> Ravand enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye maka mbọ ya. N'afọ 2020, e nyere ya nsọpụrụ na {{Lang|da|PlanBørnefondens Pigepris}} maka atụmatụ ya iji mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ nwere nzụlite dị iche iche nwee ike ịgba bọọlụ.<ref name="Femina-2021">{{Cite web|author=Pedersen|first=Maria Brus|date=8 March 2021|title=Nagin Ravand: "Jeg kæmper for at ændre billedet af, hvordan en fodboldspiller ser ud"|url=https://www.femina.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-jeg-kaemper-aendre-billedet-af-hvordan-en-fodboldspiller-ser-ud|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> E nyere onyinye ahụ n'ihe metụtara Ụbọchị Mba Nile nke Nwa Nwanyị site na United Nations. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Herlevsen|first=Martin Littau|date=12 October 2020|title=Nagin gør en kæmpe forskel for piger i Gellerup: Nu belønnes hun med pris|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/nagin-goer-en-kaempe-forskel-piger-i-gellerup-nu-beloennes-hun-med-pris|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> Ndị Swedish Embassy na obodo Copenhagen, na afọ 2021, nyere ya ihe nrite Nordic Pioneer Prize maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji merie ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na obodo Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Petersen|first=Hans|date=23 September 2021|title=Hædret igen og igen: Fodboldkvinde får nordisk hæder|url=https://stiften.dk/aarhus/haedret-igen-og-igen-fodboldkvinde-faar-nordisk-haeder|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=Århus Stiftstidende|language=da}}</ref> Na ọnwa Septemba afọ 2022, Ravand natara onyinye ndị ntorobịa na Elle Awards kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ELLE Awards 2022: Her er vinderne|url=https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/13659767/elle-awards-2022-her-er-vinderne|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ asaa a na-asọpụrụ dị ka onye nduzi maka otu ụbọchị na-elekọta otu Danish Football Association, nke gụnyere nzukọ ya na Ane Halsboe-Jørgensen, onye bụ Minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị n'oge ahụ.<ref name="FP-Trolle-2022" /> O mechara sonye na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke otu DBU.<ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2020">Garcia, Betina (26 December 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold "Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold"] &#x5B;Nagin, 21, has gotten 40 young girls with non-Western backgrounds into football&#x5D;. ''[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]'' (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref>   == Ndụ onwe == Ravand bụ onye ụka Alakụba na-eme ihe, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndụ ya. <ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2020">Garcia, Betina (26 December 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold "Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold"] &#x5B;Nagin, 21, has gotten 40 young girls with non-Western backgrounds into football&#x5D;. ''[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]'' (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ostadian-Binai|first=Aram|date=21 April 2023|title=Nagin Ravand, Imane Asry, Fatimah Gabriella og Adidaddi: Sådan fejrer vi Eid|url=https://elle.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-imane-asry-fatimah-gabriella-og-adidaddi-saadan-fejrer-vi-eid/|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Therkelsen|first=Camilla|date=25 April 2017|title=17-årige Nagin: Religiøse piger kan godt spille fodbold|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/17-arige-nagin-religiose-piger-kan-godt-spille-fodbold|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] tinoymfunmpfmcaw5f2oyjq4fon8c6s 674969 674963 2026-07-10T09:15:01Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 674969 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nagin Ravand''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na isii Juun nke ọnwa n'afọ 1999) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ nke mba ndị Danish-Afghan.  == Oge ọ malitere == Ravand na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'obodo Denmark na mbido afọ 2000 mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.<ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Nørresundby, ebe ọ mụtara ịgba bọọlụ mgbe enyi ya kpọgara ya na klọb Lindholm IF mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ kwagara Gellerup na afọ 2013, Ravand kwuru na ya enweghị ike ịnọgide na-egwu bọọlụ. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji mepụta otu maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ . Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, klọb ACFC na Gellerup kpọtụụrụ ya, onye chọrọ inyere ya aka ịmalite otu ụmụ agbọghọ na klọb ahụ. Ọ nabatara onyinye ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ahụmịhe na nkuzi ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma banyere klọb ahụ. <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019">{{Cite web|author=Weibel|first=Kristoffer|date=11 April 2019|title=Pigefodbolden blomstrer mellem blokkene|url=https://www.dbujylland.dk/nyheder/2019/april/pigefodbolden-blomstrer-mellem-blokkene/|accessdate=5 April 2026|publisher=[[DBU Jylland]]|language=da}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2020|title=Nagin Ravand: "Kvindefodbold skal skrive historie"|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2020/01/nagin-ravand-kvindefodbold-skal-skrive-historie/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-agbara ndị klọb Brabrand IF . <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019" /> Ọ hibere klọb bọọlụ Vatanspor, nke dị na Brabrand . <ref name="FP-Trolle-2022">{{Cite web|author=Trolle|first=Steen|date=4 October 2022|title=DBU-direktør for en dag: 23-årige Nagin Ravand kæmper for ligestilling i fodbold|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2022/10/onsdag-bliver-23-aarige-nagin-direktoer-for-dbu/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> Ravand enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye maka mbọ ya. N'afọ 2020, e nyere ya nsọpụrụ na {{Lang|da|PlanBørnefondens Pigepris}} maka atụmatụ ya iji mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ nwere nzụlite dị iche iche nwee ike ịgba bọọlụ.<ref name="Femina-2021">{{Cite web|author=Pedersen|first=Maria Brus|date=8 March 2021|title=Nagin Ravand: "Jeg kæmper for at ændre billedet af, hvordan en fodboldspiller ser ud"|url=https://www.femina.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-jeg-kaemper-aendre-billedet-af-hvordan-en-fodboldspiller-ser-ud|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> E nyere onyinye ahụ n'ihe metụtara Ụbọchị Mba Nile nke Nwa Nwanyị site na United Nations. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Herlevsen|first=Martin Littau|date=12 October 2020|title=Nagin gør en kæmpe forskel for piger i Gellerup: Nu belønnes hun med pris|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/nagin-goer-en-kaempe-forskel-piger-i-gellerup-nu-beloennes-hun-med-pris|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> Ndị Swedish Embassy na obodo Copenhagen, na afọ 2021, nyere ya ihe nrite Nordic Pioneer Prize maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji merie ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na obodo Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Petersen|first=Hans|date=23 September 2021|title=Hædret igen og igen: Fodboldkvinde får nordisk hæder|url=https://stiften.dk/aarhus/haedret-igen-og-igen-fodboldkvinde-faar-nordisk-haeder|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=Århus Stiftstidende|language=da}}</ref> Na ọnwa Septemba afọ 2022, Ravand natara onyinye ndị ntorobịa na Elle Awards kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ELLE Awards 2022: Her er vinderne|url=https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/13659767/elle-awards-2022-her-er-vinderne|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ asaa a na-asọpụrụ dị ka onye nduzi maka otu ụbọchị na-elekọta otu Danish Football Association, nke gụnyere nzukọ ya na Ane Halsboe-Jørgensen, onye bụ Minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị n'oge ahụ.<ref name="FP-Trolle-2022" /> O mechara sonye na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke otu DBU. == Ndụ onwe == Ravand bụ onye ụka Alakụba na-eme ihe, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndụ ya. <ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2020">Garcia, Betina (26 December 2020). [https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold "Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold"] &#x5B;Nagin, 21, has gotten 40 young girls with non-Western backgrounds into football&#x5D;. ''[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]'' (in Danish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ostadian-Binai|first=Aram|date=21 April 2023|title=Nagin Ravand, Imane Asry, Fatimah Gabriella og Adidaddi: Sådan fejrer vi Eid|url=https://elle.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-imane-asry-fatimah-gabriella-og-adidaddi-saadan-fejrer-vi-eid/|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Therkelsen|first=Camilla|date=25 April 2017|title=17-årige Nagin: Religiøse piger kan godt spille fodbold|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/17-arige-nagin-religiose-piger-kan-godt-spille-fodbold|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] fc6eng4b2o9gh594czjrzinsdn5oi1m 674974 674969 2026-07-10T09:18:33Z Chikwas 56003 Fix reference errors 674974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nagin Ravand''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na isii Juun nke ọnwa n'afọ 1999) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ nke mba ndị Danish-Afghan.  == Oge ọ malitere == Ravand na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'obodo Denmark na mbido afọ 2000 mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.<ref name="DR-Garcia-2020">{{Cite web|author=Garcia|first=Betina|date=26 December 2020|title=Nagin på 21 har fået 40 unge piger med ikke-vestlig baggrund til fodbold|url=https://www.dr.dk/sporten/fodbold/nagin-paa-21-har-faaet-40-unge-piger-med-ikke-vestlig-baggrund-til-fodbold|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]|language=da}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Nørresundby, ebe ọ mụtara ịgba bọọlụ mgbe enyi ya kpọgara ya na klọb Lindholm IF mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ kwagara Gellerup na afọ 2013, Ravand kwuru na ya enweghị ike ịnọgide na-egwu bọọlụ. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ iji mepụta otu maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na mpaghara ahụ nwere ndị na-abụghị ndị ọdịda anyanwụ . Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, klọb ACFC na Gellerup kpọtụụrụ ya, onye chọrọ inyere ya aka ịmalite otu ụmụ agbọghọ na klọb ahụ. Ọ nabatara onyinye ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị ahụmịhe na nkuzi ma ọ bụ ihe ọmụma banyere klọb ahụ. <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019">{{Cite web|author=Weibel|first=Kristoffer|date=11 April 2019|title=Pigefodbolden blomstrer mellem blokkene|url=https://www.dbujylland.dk/nyheder/2019/april/pigefodbolden-blomstrer-mellem-blokkene/|accessdate=5 April 2026|publisher=[[DBU Jylland]]|language=da}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 January 2020|title=Nagin Ravand: "Kvindefodbold skal skrive historie"|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2020/01/nagin-ravand-kvindefodbold-skal-skrive-historie/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ na-agbara ndị klọb Brabrand IF . <ref name="DBUJ-Weibel-2019" /> Ọ hibere klọb bọọlụ Vatanspor, nke dị na Brabrand . <ref name="FP-Trolle-2022">{{Cite web|author=Trolle|first=Steen|date=4 October 2022|title=DBU-direktør for en dag: 23-årige Nagin Ravand kæmper for ligestilling i fodbold|url=https://www.fodboldforpiger.dk/2022/10/onsdag-bliver-23-aarige-nagin-direktoer-for-dbu/|accessdate=5 April 2026|work=Fodbold for piger}}</ref> Ravand enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye maka mbọ ya. N'afọ 2020, e nyere ya nsọpụrụ na {{Lang|da|PlanBørnefondens Pigepris}} maka atụmatụ ya iji mee ka ụmụ agbọghọ nwere nzụlite dị iche iche nwee ike ịgba bọọlụ.<ref name="Femina-2021">{{Cite web|author=Pedersen|first=Maria Brus|date=8 March 2021|title=Nagin Ravand: "Jeg kæmper for at ændre billedet af, hvordan en fodboldspiller ser ud"|url=https://www.femina.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-jeg-kaemper-aendre-billedet-af-hvordan-en-fodboldspiller-ser-ud|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> E nyere onyinye ahụ n'ihe metụtara Ụbọchị Mba Nile nke Nwa Nwanyị site na United Nations. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Herlevsen|first=Martin Littau|date=12 October 2020|title=Nagin gør en kæmpe forskel for piger i Gellerup: Nu belønnes hun med pris|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/nagin-goer-en-kaempe-forskel-piger-i-gellerup-nu-beloennes-hun-med-pris|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> Ndị Swedish Embassy na obodo Copenhagen, na afọ 2021, nyere ya ihe nrite Nordic Pioneer Prize maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji merie ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na obodo Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Petersen|first=Hans|date=23 September 2021|title=Hædret igen og igen: Fodboldkvinde får nordisk hæder|url=https://stiften.dk/aarhus/haedret-igen-og-igen-fodboldkvinde-faar-nordisk-haeder|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=Århus Stiftstidende|language=da}}</ref> Na ọnwa Septemba afọ 2022, Ravand natara onyinye ndị ntorobịa na Elle Awards kwa afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ELLE Awards 2022: Her er vinderne|url=https://via.ritzau.dk/pressemeddelelse/13659767/elle-awards-2022-her-er-vinderne|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ asaa a na-asọpụrụ dị ka onye nduzi maka otu ụbọchị na-elekọta otu Danish Football Association, nke gụnyere nzukọ ya na Ane Halsboe-Jørgensen, onye bụ Minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị n'oge ahụ.<ref name="FP-Trolle-2022" /> O mechara sonye na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke otu DBU. == Ndụ onwe == Ravand bụ onye ụka Alakụba na-eme ihe, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ostadian-Binai|first=Aram|date=21 April 2023|title=Nagin Ravand, Imane Asry, Fatimah Gabriella og Adidaddi: Sådan fejrer vi Eid|url=https://elle.dk/agenda/samfund/nagin-ravand-imane-asry-fatimah-gabriella-og-adidaddi-saadan-fejrer-vi-eid/|accessdate=5 April 2026|language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Therkelsen|first=Camilla|date=25 April 2017|title=17-årige Nagin: Religiøse piger kan godt spille fodbold|url=https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/17-arige-nagin-religiose-piger-kan-godt-spille-fodbold|accessdate=6 April 2026|work=TV2 Østjylland|language=da}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qokopw02qpm06l5j6ob0ws2tqet39rj 0 75330 674680 673752 2026-07-09T20:21:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{updated|match played 7 November 2021}}<ref name="Soccerway">{{cite web|title=B. Ideye|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ideye-brown/32887/|website=Soccerway|access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>  [[Faịlụ:Ideye Aide Brown.jpeg|thumb|Ideye Aide Brown]] Aide Brown Ideye MON (amụrụ n'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1988) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ. Ọ nọchitere anya [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na mba ụwa, merie iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2013. === Ọrụ mmalite === A mụrụ ya na [[Yenagoa]], Bayelsa State, Nigeria, Ideye malitere ọrụ ya na Bayelsa United tupu ọ kwaga Ocean Boys.<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web|title=Ideye, Brown|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/38157/Brown_Ideye.html|work=NFT|accessdate=19 June 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Ocean Boys nke meriri Nigeria Premier League na 2006. <ref name="NFT" /> Na Jenụwarị afọ 2008, Ideye kwagara Europe ka ọ bịanye aka na klọb Swiss Super League Neuchâtel Xamax. Tupu ọ gaa Switzerland, ọ nọ n'ụlọ ikpe na Willem II nke Netherlands, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omroepbrabant.nl/?news/86059852/Ideye+Brown+niet+naar+Willem+II.aspx|title=Ideye Brown niet naar Willem II|language=nl}}</ref> mana a bịaghị aka na ya. Mgbe afọ atọ gachara na Xamax, Ideye hapụrụ ka ọ bịanye aka na klọb French Ligue 1 Sochaux . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/international/ligue1/ideye-brown-fuer-6-millionen-zu-sochaux-138414|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120723070350/http://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/international/ligue1/ideye-brown-fuer-6-millionen-zu-sochaux-138414|archivedate=23 July 2012|title=Jetzt ist es fix!: Ideye Brown für stolze 6 Millionen zu Sochaux&nbsp;– Blick Online}}</ref> === Dynamo Kyiv === Na 6 Julaị 2011, Ideye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na Dynamo Kyiv nke Ukraine. O mere mpụta mbụ ya na 16 Julaị megide Oleksandria, nyere goolu abụọ. N'egwuregwu nke abụọ ya maka Dynamo, ọ gbara ọzọ, oge a megide Obolon Kyiv. Na 7 Ọgọst 2012, Ideye meriri onye meriri na UEFA Champions League ntozu agba nke atọ megide Feyenoord, nke Dynamo mechara ruo na. Ọ gbakwara ọkpụ goolu abụọ megide Borussia Mönchengladbach n'agba nke abụọ n'asọmpi playoff. Mönchengladbach meriri egwuregwu ahụ 2–1, mana Kyiv gara n'ọkwa otu Champions League 4–3 na mkpokọta.[4] Na 15 Mee 2014, Ideye bụ onye nnọchi ejighi ya na mmeri Dynamo 2–1 meriri Shakhtar Donetsk na 2014 Ukrainian Cup Final. === West Bromwich Albion === Na 18 July 2014, Ideye bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na ụlọ ọrụ English Premier League West Bromwich Albion, na-aghọ ihe ndekọ ndekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 10 nde. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere nhọrọ na ikike klọb maka otu afọ ọzọ.[1][2] Mgbe mmalite siri ike n'oge ahụ na England, Ideye meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 3-1 meriri Manchester City na Boxing Day 2014, wee merie ugboro anọ n'ime ụbọchị isii na February 2015 na ihe mgbaru ọsọ megide Burnley na Swansea City na Premier League na abụọ megide West Ham United na iko FA. === Olympiacos === Na 31 Ọgọst 2015, Ideye sonyeere Olympiacos si West Brom maka ego akọwapụtaghị, n'agbanyeghị na ekwenyere na ọ dị gburugburu €6 nde. A na-anụ kepu kepu na atụmanya nke igosipụta na Champions League ọzọ ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ka Ideye kwenye ịkwaga na klọb nke Athens. N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, Ideye gbara goolu na mmeri Olympiacos meriri Dinamo Zagreb (1-0). O meriri onye mmeri nke nkeji iri asaa na itoolu site na njedebe dị mma site na nkuku siri ike, na-agbapụta onwe ya maka ọdịda dị ịtụnanya na mbido ọkara nke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brown Ideye goal sees off Dinamo Zagreb to raise Olympiakos hopes|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/oct/20/dinamo-zagreb-olympiakos-champions-league-match-report|date=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympiakos beats Dinamo Zagreb 1-0 in Champions League|work=Yahoo News|url=https://news.yahoo.com/olympiakos-beats-dinamo-zagreb-1-0-champions-league-210613260.html|date=20 October 2015}}</ref> N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2016, Ideye natara onyinye bara uru site n'aka China n'oge ngbanwe nke Jenụwarị, mana ọ jụrụ onyinye ahụ n'ihi na ọ họọrọ ịnọnyere ndị mmeri Super League Greece.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ideye snubbed China to stay at Olympiakos|url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/177237/ideye-snubbed-china-stay-olympiakos|date=9 March 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2016, ọ bụ onye isi otu maka klọb ahụ ka ọ na-eme emume mmeri n'asọmpi nke ụlọ maka oge nke isii n'usoro.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.superleaguegreece.net/el/scoreboard|title=Super League Greece|author=Dev|first=OTO {{!}}|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref> === Tianjin Teda === Ideye hapụrụ Olympiakos gaa n'akụkụ Chinese Super League Tianjin Teda <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ideye the latest African to move to China|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39052994|date=22 February 2017}}</ref> na windo mbufe Jenụwarị 2017. Ideye sonyeere klọb ndị China na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na ọkara maka ego mbufe nke € 12 nde. Nkwekọrịta ya, nke gara n'ihu ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2019, ruru € 3.5 nde kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Brown Ideye joins Mikel in China|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/224197-brown-ideye-joins-mikel-china.html|date=21 February 2017|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Na 29 Jenụwarị 2018, Ideye sonyeere otu egwuregwu La Liga nke Spain na Malaga maka ọnwa isii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ideye brings power and definition upfront|url=https://www.malagacf.com/en/news/ideye-brings-power-and-definition-upfront|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Na 20 June 2019, ọ sonyeere Aris na nkwekọrịta otu afọ, maka ego € 500,000 kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Aris/arhs-anakoinwse-ton-intege-gia-enan-xrono.5541262.html|title=Άρης: Ανακοίνωσε τον Ιντέγε για έναν χρόνο|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=20 June 2019|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809093552/https://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Aris/arhs-anakoinwse-ton-intege-gia-enan-xrono.5541262.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48871285|title=Brown Ideye: Nigeria striker looks to revive career in Greece|date=4 July 2019|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=27 August 2019|first=Mohamed Fajah|author=Barrie}}</ref> Ideye ga-echere ruo etiti Septemba iji nweta goolu nke mbụ ya, mgbe o meriri na nnukwu mmeri ụlọ 4–0 megide Panathinaikos, bụ nke mbụ ya na oge. Otu izu ka e mesịrị, ọ natara obe dị ala site n'aka Giannis Fetfatzidis wee kụnye bọọlụ ahụ n'azụ neetị, meghere akara na Thessaloniki Derby megide PAOK, nke kwụsịrị na 2-2 eserese. Na 27 Ọktoba 2019, o meriri site na ntaramahụhụ, na mmeri ụlọ 2–0 meriri Panetolikos. Na 14 Disemba 2019, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ ka nkwusioru egwuregwu abụọ gasịrị, gbara na 3–1 meriri OFI.[4] Na 19 Disemba 2019, onye ọkpọ Naijiria bụ Brown Ideye gbara nkeji iri na abụọ na sekọnd iri abụọ na ise iji nye Aris ọkpụ 4–0 merie Volos. N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2020, ọ gbara bọọlụ na mmeri 1-0 megide Xanthi, n'akụkụ mbụ nke agba nke iri na isii nke Greek Cup <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/ksanthh-arhs-0-1-vhma-prokrishs-me-mvp-fetfatzidh-kai-skorer-intege.5666936.html|title=Ξάνθη - Άρης 0-1: Βήμα πρόκρισης με MVP Φετφατζίδη και σκόρερ Ιντέγε|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=8 January 2020|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=23 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223011828/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/ksanthh-arhs-0-1-vhma-prokrishs-me-mvp-fetfatzidh-kai-skorer-intege.5666936.html}}</ref> na mmeghachi omume ọ gbara bido ọzọ, nyere aka na mmeri 2-1 na iru eru na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/arhs-ksanthh-2-1-me-anatroph-stoys-8.5669577.html|title=Άρης - Ξάνθη 2-1: Με ανατροπή στους "8"|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=14 January 2020|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=9 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809090255/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/GreekCup/arhs-ksanthh-2-1-me-anatroph-stoys-8.5669577.html}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2020, o nyere akara n'egwuregwu 2-2 megide Lamia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/lamia-arhs-2-2-afhse-th-doyleia-sth-mesh.5685444.html|title=Λαμία - Άρης 2-2: Άγγιξε ανατροπή και playoffs|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=22 February 2020|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222201717/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/lamia-arhs-2-2-afhse-th-doyleia-sth-mesh.5685444.html}}</ref> N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020, ọ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu 3-1 megide Olympiacos maka Egwuregwu Super League.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/olympiakos-arhs-3-1-katharise-se-enteka-lepta.5720961.html|title=Ολυμπιακός - Άρης 3-1: "Καθάρισε" σε έντεκα λεπτά|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=14 June 2020|accessdate=8 May 2026|archivedate=21 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721125445/https://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/olympiakos-arhs-3-1-katharise-se-enteka-lepta.5720961.html}}</ref> === Enyimba === Na Disemba 2024, Ideye bịanyere aka na klọb Njikọ Football Professional nke Naijiria [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] ruo na ngwụcha oge 2024-25. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Meshioye|first=David|title=Brown Ideye joins Enyimba International|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/football/brown-ideye-joins-enyimba-international/|accessdate=31 December 2024|date=30 December 2024|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị klọb ahụ na ngwụcha oge ahụ, o welitere nchegbu n'ihu ọha banyere ọdịmma ndị egwuregwu na ego a na-akwụghị ụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nlebem|first=Anthony|date=2025-07-23|title=Brown Ideye slams Enyimba over unpaid bonuses, poor player welfare|url=https://businessday.ng/sports/article/brown-ideye-slams-enyimba-over-unpaid-bonuses-poor-player-welfare/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Inyang|first=Ifreke|date=2025-07-23|title=NPFL: Pay me my bonuses - Ex-Super Eagles forward Brown Ideye calls out Enyimba|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/07/23/npfl-pay-me-my-bonuses-ex-super-eagles-forward-brown-ideye-calls-out-enyimba/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ideye nọchitere anya mba ya na 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup na Canada. Ọ gbara egwuregwu ise na asọmpi ahụ ma gbaa otu goolu, megide Costa Rica.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=273285/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618110039/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=273285/index.html|archivedate=18 June 2008|title=FIFA Player Statistics: Brown IDEYE|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2010, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi dịka akụkụ nke ndị otu mmadụ iri atọ maka 2010 FIFA World Cup na South Africa. Ọ bụghị akụkụ nke ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ ikpeazụ, mana a kpọrọ ya mgbe [[John Obi Mikel|Mikel John Obi]] merụrụ ahụ n'ikpere wee wepụ onye ọgba bọọlụ ahụ na asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1229093/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607043052/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1229093/index.html|archivedate=7 June 2010|title=Ideye replaces Mikel|publisher=FIFA|date=5 June 2010|accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref> A kpọkwara Ideye ka ọ bịa n'òtù ndị ikom iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2013, na-egwu ọtụtụ egwuregwu ha na asọmpi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/20970786|title=Nations Cup 2013: Nigeria pick six locally-based players|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=10 January 2013|accessdate=10 January 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref name="stats">{{Cite web|title=B. Idye – stats|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ideye-brown/32887/|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu nke abụọ nke Naịjirịa na mmeri 4-1 ha meriri Mali wee gbaa bọọlụ na mmeri 1-0 ha meriri Burkina Faso na nke ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Glendenning|first=Barry|title=Mali 1-4 Nigeria: Africa Cup of Nations semi-final – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/feb/06/mali-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-semi-live|accessdate=27 September 2020|work=The Guardian|date=6 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="acup13">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Ian|title=Nigeria 1 – 0 Burkina Faso|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/21396138|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=19 August 2014|date=10 February 2013}}</ref> A họpụtara Ideye maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/22827902|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ideye ghọrọ "Director of Player Pathways and Partnerships" ugbu a na Atlantic Business Football Club na July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sports|first=Pulse|date=2025-07-24|title=Super Eagles icon Ideye gets new job weeks after leaving Kanu Nwankwo’s Enyimba|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/super-eagles-icon-ideye-gets-new-job-weeks-after-leaving-kanu-nwankwos-enyimba-2025072412575982048|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mogoli|first=Precious|date=2025-07-25|title=Former Super Eagles striker Brown Ideye joins Atlantic Business FC as Director of Player Pathways and Partnerships|url=https://sportsbusinessinafrica.com/news/brown-ideye-atlantic-business-fc/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=Sports Business in Africa|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726160607/https://sportsbusinessinafrica.com/news/brown-ideye-atlantic-business-fc/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-07-24|title=Brown Ideye Gets New Role at Atlantic Business FC After Leaving Enyimba|url=https://sportsration.com/brown-ideye-gets-new-role-at-atlantic-business-fc-after-leaving-enyimba/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=SportsRation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Bayelsa United |2006<ref name="NFT"/> |Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria |19 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |6 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Ocean Boys F.C.|Ụmụ nwoke Ocean]] |2006<ref name="NFT" /> |Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria |5 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |1 |- |2007<ref name="NFT" /> |Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria |8 |9 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !13 !10 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !13 !10 |- | rowspan="4" |Neuchâtel Xamax |2007–08<ref name="NFT" /> |Njikọ Super Switzerland |5 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |1 |- |2008–09 |Njikọ Super Switzerland |33 |10 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |10 |- |2009–10 |Njikọ Super Switzerland |17 |12 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |12 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !55 !23 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !56 !23 |- | rowspan="3" |Ihe ndị e ji mara ala |2009–10 |Njikọ 1 |17 |2 |3 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |20 |5 |- |2010–11 |Njikọ 1 |35 |15 |3 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |38 |17 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !52 !17 !6 !5 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !58 !22 |- | rowspan="4" |Dynamo Kyiv |2011–12 |Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine |27 |12 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[c] |2 |38 |14 |- |2012–13 |Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine |28 |17 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[d] |4 |39 |21 |- |2013–14 |Njikọ Premier nke Ukraine |19 |5 |3 |3 | colspan="2" | - |7[e] |2 |37 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !74 !34 !5 !3 ! colspan="2" |- !28 !8 !107 !45 |- | rowspan="3" |West Bromwich Albion |2014–15 |Njikọ Premier |24 |4 |3 |2 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - |30 |7 |- |2015–16 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !24 !4 !3 !2 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !31 !7 |- | rowspan="3" |Olympiacos |2015–16 |Njikọ Super Gris |23 |10 |4 |2 | colspan="2" | - |8[f] |1 |35 |13 |- |2016–17 |Njikọ Super Gris |20 |13 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |8[g] |1 |30 |15 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !43 !23 !6 !3 ! colspan="2" |- !16 !2 !65 !28 |- |Tianjin Teda |2017 |Njikọ Super China |14 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |4 |- |Malaga (onye a gbazinyere) |2017–18 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |13 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |Aris |2019–20 |Njikọ Super Gris |22 |8 |5 |2 | colspan="2" | - |4[e] |0 |31 |10 |- | rowspan="3" |Göztepe |2020–21 |Süper Lig |30 |2 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |- |2021–22 |Süper Lig |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !35 !2 !1 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !36 !3 |- |Al-Yarmouk |[[2022–23 Kuwaiti Division One|2022–23]] |Nkewa nke Mbụ nke Kuwait |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !364 !132 !27 !16 !4 !1 !48 !10 !443 !159 |} <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  === Mba Nile === : ''Ka ọ na-erule egwuregwu a gbara na 31 Mee 2016. Ntinye nke Naijiria depụtara na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ọsọ Ideye ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa site na ụbọchị, ebe, okpu, onye mmegide, akara, nsonaazụ na asọmpi ! scope="col" |Mba. ! data-sort-type="date" scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Isi ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- ! scope="row" |1 |14 Nọvemba 2012 |Marlins Park, Miami, United States |5 | Venezuela |1–0 |3–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- ! scope="row" |2 |6 Febụwarị 2013 |Moses Mabhida Stadium, Durban, South Africa |11 | Mali |2–0 |4–1 |2013 Africa Cup of Nations |- ! scope="row" |3 |31 Mee 2013 |NRG Stadium, Houston, United States |14 | Mexico |1–1 |2–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- ! scope="row" |4 | rowspan="2" |10 Septemba 2013 | rowspan="2" |[[Ahmadu Bello Stadium]], [[Kaduna]], Nigeria | rowspan="2" |20 | rowspan="2" | Burkina Faso |1–0 | rowspan="2" |4–1 | rowspan="2" |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- ! scope="row" |5 |2–0 |- ! scope="row" |6 |31 Mee 2016 |Egwuregwu Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg |25 | Luxembourg |1–0 |3–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |} == Nsọpụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Brown_Ideye2014.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ideye na 2014 Ukrainian Cup Final]] '''Ụmụ nwoke Ocean''' * Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria: 2006 '''Dynamo Kyiv''' * Iko Ukraine: 2013-14<ref name="cf14">{{Cite web|title=Dynamo 2 – 1 Shakthar|url=http://www.fpl.ua/ukr/protocol/2013_2014/cup/13/9/|publisher=fpl.ua|accessdate=19 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703072559/http://fpl.ua/ukr/protocol/2013_2014/cup/13/9/|archivedate=3 July 2014}}</ref> * Super Cup nke Ukraine: 2011 On 31 August 2015, Ideye joined Olympiacos from West Brom for an undisclosed fee, though believed to be around €6 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brown Ideye sold to Greek club|url=http://www.wba.co.uk/news/article/wba-albion-brown-ideye-olympiakos-2659239.aspx|publisher=West Bromwich Albion|date=31 August 2015|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Official: Ideye departs West Brom for Olympiakos|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/11/transfer-zone/2015/08/31/14928332/official-ideye-departs-west-brom-for-olympiakos|date=31 August 2015|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> The prospect of featuring in the Champions League again was rumoured to play a crucial role in convincing Ideye to move to the Athens-based club.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brown Ideye Joins Olympiakos|url=http://www.soccernet.ng/2015/08/brown-ideye-joins-olympiakos.html|date=31 August 2015|author=Akangbe|first=Biyi}}</ref> * Super League Greece: 2015-162015–16 * Onye nke abụọ na Greek Cup: 2015-162015–16 '''Naịjirịa''' * Iko Mba Afrịka: 2013<ref name="acup13"/> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|authorlink=Oluwashina Okeleji|date=13 February 2013|title=Presidential reward for Super Eagles|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/21450619|work=BBC|accessdate=19 March 2024}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Brown Ideyena National-Football-Teams.com * Brown Ideye- Statistics nke French league naLFP- dịkwan'asụsụ French (nke e debere) * [http://www.sportifafricain.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=972&Itemid=259 Ajụjụ ọnụ]  * Brown Ideyen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ * Brown IdeyenaUAF (n'asụsụ Ukrainian) * Brown Ideyena FootballFacts.ru (n'asụsụ Russian) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] beqk9q5viumbckognn0wx93rbsif3rd 0 75495 675015 672486 2026-07-10T09:51:48Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ugochukwu John Ogu''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1988) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka onye na-agbachitere etiti maka klọb Israel Maccabi Jaffa . == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Ogu malitere ịgba bọọlụ na ngalaba ndị ntorobịa nke [[Dakkada|Akwa Starlets]], Akwa United na Flying Sports Academy. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2006, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Slovenia mgbe ya na Drava Ptuj bịanyere aka na PrvaLiga nke Slovenia. N'ime afọ anọ ọ nọrọ, Ogu gbara goolu asatọ n'egwuregwu 97. === Na Portugal === N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2010, Ogu kwagara Atlético Clube de Portugal, bụ nke na-egwuri egwu na Terceira Divisão na Portugal. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, ọ kwagara Spain gbara agbata obi wee bịanye aka na Almería, mana ọ na-egwuri egwu naanị na Almería B nke ngalaba nke atọ. Na Nọvemba 2011 Ogu laghachiri na Portugal wee sonye na Leiria, mana na njedebe nke oge ahụ, otu ahụ dabara na ngalaba nke abụọ. In July 2012, Ogu moved to Académica from Primeira Liga. Ogu scored his first goal in the third round of the Portuguese Cup against [[w:|AD Ponte da Barca|Ponte da Barca]]. He scored his first league goal against Vitória de Setúbal in a decisive win that ensured the team remain in the top division. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> All in all, Ogu played two years at Académica and scored one goal in 27 league appearances. === Hapoel Be'er Sheva === Na oge 2014–15, Ogu rutere Israel na na 2 Septemba 2014 mere mpụta mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 0–0 sere megide Maccabi Petah Tikva na iko Toto. Na 7 Septemba, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na Hapoel Be'er Sheva. Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League nke Israel mgbe o meghere otu megide Beitar Jerusalem na Vasermil Stadium na na 29 Nọvemba gbatara goolu mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 4–0 n'ụlọ ha meriri Maccabi Netanya. Na oge mbụ nke otu, na na njedebe nke oge ruru ikpeazụ nke Israel State Cup, na-efunahụ Maccabi Tel Aviv. N'afọ 2015-16, ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva gbara asọmpi na UEFA Europa League ma gbaa goolu megide FC Thun site na Swiss Super League, mana e wepụrụ ndị otu ahụ na egwuregwu abụọ ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ gbara goolu anọ ma nyere aka ise, ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmeri nke otu ahụ na State Championship ma soro na ndị na-achọ ịbụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke oge ahụ. Na-abanye na oge 2016–17, a họọrọ Ogu na webụsaịtị egwuregwu Walla dị ka ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ 1 na Israel site na ndị nta akụkọ egwuregwu 60 na ndị ọkachamara. Na 11 Ọgọst 2016, Ogu meriri Israel Super Cup na Hapoel Be'er Sheva mgbe ọ meriri 4–2 megide Maccabi Haifa. Ka oge na-aga, ọ zutere otu ndị na-eru eru UEFA Champions League wee ruo n'ọsọ egwuregwu nke e wepụrụ ya megide Celtic, n'ihi ya wee daa na UEFA Europa League ogbo. Na 28 Disemba, Ogu na Hapoel Be'er Sheva meriri iko Toto ka ha nwesịrị 4–1 meriri Ironi Kiryat Shmona na egwuregwu ikpeazụ. Na 29 Eprel 2017, Ogu meriri goolu mmeri na egwuregwu asọmpi megide Maccabi Tel Aviv na-enyere Hapoel Be'er Sheva aka imeri asọmpi egwuregwu nke ugboro abụọ n'usoro. === Al-Adalah === Na Jenụwarị 2020, Ogu bịanyere aka na Al-Adalah na nkwekọrịta ọnwa isii. Ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ mgbe ọ pụtara ugboro asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title=Ogu: Nigeria midfielder's emotional farewell message as Covid-19 ends Al-Adalah career|url=https://www.goal.com/en-cm/news/ogu-nigeria-midfielders-emotional-farewell-message-as-covid/16lp5c9gfxqdfznris6uppqgm|work=goal.com|accessdate=31 March 2021|date=10 September 2020}}</ref> Na 2 Febụwarị 2022, Ogu laghachiri Israel iji sonye na klọb ọhụrụ a na-akwalite H. Nof HaGalil ruo na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Iyanda|first=Niyi|date=23 January 2022|title=Nigerian midfielder John Ogu returns to Israel, joins Hapoel Nof Hagalil|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/super-eagles/john-ogu-joins-israeli-side-hapoel-nof-hagalil/w8yrgb1|accessdate=3 February 2022|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> === Maccabi Jaffa === == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2013, a kpọrọ Ogu ka ọ gaa n'[[Nigeria national football team|Akụkụ mba Naijiria]] maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2014. Ọ malitere megide Kenya na 1-1 draw, ebe e ji ya dochie anya onye merụrụ ahụ [[Victor Moses]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria VS Kenya|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420082753/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archivedate=20 April 2014|work=Fifa.com|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee, Ogu gbara goolu mba ụwa mbụ ya megide Mexico n'Egwuregwu enyi na enyi nke mere na Reliant Stadium na Houston. Na 9 June, onye nkuzi Naijiria [[Stephen Keshi]] họọrọ Ogu dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu 23 sonyere na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/22827902|work=BBC|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ ya na ndị egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa ndị ọzọ maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Bolivia na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogu Happy To Be Recalled To Nigeria Set-Up|url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/super-eagles/john-ogu-celebrates-super-eagles-recall/204311|work=SoccerLaduma|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu iri atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ na AFCON 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|date=12 June 2019|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> === Klọb === [[w:Updated|1 July 2023]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! rowspan="2" |  |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Drava Ptuj |2006–07 | rowspan="4" |PrvaLiga nke Slovenia |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |<ref name="drava">{{Cite web|title=30 John Ugochukwu Ogu|url=https://www.prvaliga.si/tekmovanja/?action=igralecStat&id_igralca=75954|work=Prva liga Telekom Slovenije|accessdate=16 July 2019|language=sl}}</ref> |- |2007–08 |27 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2008–09 |25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |4 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2009–10 |29 |2 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |<ref name="drava" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !97 !8 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !101 !9 !- |- |Atletico CP |2010–11 |Asọmpi nke Portugal |0 |0 |1 |0 | | | | | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | |- | rowspan="3" |Almería B |2010–11 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- |2011–12 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !- |- |Leiria |2011–12 |Njikọ Mbụ |17 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- | rowspan="3" |Nkà mmụta |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Mbụ |20 |1 |2 |0 |3 |0 |5 |0 |1 |0 |31 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2013–14 |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !27 !1 !3 !0 !3 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 !39 !1 !- |- | rowspan="6" |Hapoel Be'er Sheva |2014–15 | rowspan="5" |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |34 |4 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2015–16 |34 |4 |3 |0 |5 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |44 |5 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2016–17 |30 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |13 |1 |1[a] |0 |44 |2 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2017–18 |29 |3 |2 |0 |4 |0 |10 |1 |1[a] |0 |46 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2018–19 |24 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5 |2 |1[a] |0 |33 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !151 !13 !13 !0 !11 !0 !30 !5 !3 !0 !208 !18 !- |- |Al-Adalah |2019–20 |Njikọ ndị ọkachamara nke Saudi |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Hapoel Nof HaGalil |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |9 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Maccabi Jaffa |2022–23 |Njikọ Leumit |34 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | - | - |34 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !342 !26 !22 !1 !14 !0 !35 !5 !4 !0 !417 !32 !- |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:Updated|16 July 2019]]<ref name="nft">{{NFT|51922<!-- /John_Ogu -->}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2013 |10 |0 |- |2014 |0 |0 |- |2015 |2 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |3 |1 |- |2018 |7 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- !Ngụkọta !25 !1 |} [[w:Updated|1 June 201]]<ref name="nft"/> :''Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ogu goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke John Ogu gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |10 Nọvemba 2017 |Ámá Egwuregwu Mohamed Hamlaoui, Constantine, Algeria | Algeria | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Israel Premier League: 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-182017–18 * Israel Super Cup: 2016, 2017 * Iko Toto: 2016-172016–17 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nz84l3eucnz60gv4d4xh1pmts7r0rkc 0 75496 674711 632772 2026-07-09T21:23:33Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucie Paul-Margueritte''' (9 Jenụwarị 1886 - Mee 10, 1955) bụ onye edemede na onye ntụgharị asụsụ French. Ọ bụ onye natara Legion of Honour yana ọtụtụ onyinye site na Académie Française. Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, Ève Paul-Margueritte biri ma rụọ ọrụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Lucie Blanche Paul-Margueritte na Jenụwarị 9, 1886, na Paris.<ref name="1-bnf">{{Cite book|title=Paul-Margueritte, Lucie (1886-1955) forme internationale|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12126118t|language=fr|accessdate=16 January 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Paul Margueritte, nwa nwanne Victor Margueritte. N'ihi nna ya na nwanne nna ya, ọ matara Stéphane Mallarmé, Alphonse Daudet, Guillaume Apollinaire, na Louis Bertrand. Ọ gara njem nke ọma, na-eleta Algeria, Corsica, na Ịtali. Paul-Margueritte malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ. Mgbe ọ lụrụ di na nwunye afọ atọ, ọ gbara alụkwaghịm wee biri na nwanne ya nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, bụ́ Ève Paul-Margueritte. Ha abụọ zụlitere nwa nwoke nke ikpeazụ ahụ, site n'ihe odide ha.<ref name="2-mamelouk-2008">{{Cite book|author=Mamelouk|first=Nadia Nadja|title=Anxiety in the Border Zone: Transgressing Boundaries in Leïla: Revue Illustrée de la Femme (Tunis, 1936-1940) and in Leïla: Hebdomadaire Tunisien Indépendant (Tunis, 1940-1941)|date=2008|publisher=University of Virginia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwmsZwEACAAJ|accessdate=16 January 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Bekee, gụnyere Bram Stoker's ''Dracula'' . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke mbipụta Scène et monde: périodique illustré, publie des comedies, contes et poèmes tous les mois (Stage and World: illusted periodical, printing plays, story and poems every month) site na 1939 ruo 1944. <ref name="6-scene">{{Cite web|title=Scène et monde: périodique illustré, publie des comédies, contes et poèmes tous les mois - Date de création 1939 - Fin de publication 1944|url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/32865403/scene_et_monde/|work=BNF Data|accessdate=16 January 2022|language=fr}}</ref> Dịka nwanne ya nwanyị, Paul-Margueritte so na klọb nri ụmụ nwanyị mbụ, "Club des belles perdrix".<ref name="4-lesrecetles-1930">{{Cite book|title=Les recettes des "Belles Perdrix" / recueillies par Gabrielle Reval et Maria Croci|date=1930|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9774320g/f50|accessdate=16 January 2022|language=fr}}</ref> Lucie Paul-Margueritte nwụrụ na Paris, Mee 10, 1955.<ref name="1-bnf" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * Legion of Honour, 1930 * Prix d'Académie, sitere na Académie Française, 1930 * Prix ​​du concours de la Chanson française maka Premier amour, 1934 * Prix ​​Kornmann, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Française, 1941 * Prix ​​d'Académie, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Française, 1943 * Prix ​​d'Académie, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Française, 1944 * Prix ​​Jean-Jacques-Berger, Académie Française, maka onye ndu Auteuil-Passy, ​​1947<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/rapport-sur-les-concours-litteraires-de-lannee-1947|title=Rapport sur les concours littéraires de l'année 1947 &#124; Académie française}}</ref> * Prix ​​Georges-Dupau, Academie Française, 1950<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/rapport-sur-les-concours-litteraires-de-lannee-1950|title=Rapport sur les concours littéraires de l'année 1950 &#124; Académie française}}</ref> * Prix ​​Alice-Louis-Barthou, Académie Française, 1954<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.academie-francaise.fr/rapport-sur-les-concours-litteraires-de-lannee-1954|title=Rapport sur les concours littéraires de l'année 1954 &#124; Académie française}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == === Akwụkwọ === [[Faịlụ:Auteuil_et_Passy_1947_by_Eve_and_Lucie_Paul-Marguerite.jpg|thumb|''Auteuil na Passy'', 1947]] <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  === Nsụgharị === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> === Edemede === * "Une ndị na-ege ntị de la reine Marie de Roumanie", 1926 * "En Tunisie", Les Annales coloniales, 1938 * "Dans le Djurjura", Scène et Monde, 1940 === Egwuregwu === * Otu ụyọkọ ebufuru, ihe ọchị n'otu ihe, okike: Studio des Champs-Elysées, 1933<ref name="18-bibliotheques">{{Cite web|title=Un bouquet perdu: comédie en un acte|year=1935|url=https://bibliotheques-specialisees.paris.fr/ark:/73873/pf0002132932|work=bibliotheques-specialisees.paris.fr|accessdate=16 January 2022|language=fr}}</ref> * Le Hasard et les iko, ihe ọchị n'otu omume, okike: Studio des Champs-Elysées, 1933<ref name="19-comoedia">{{Cite news|title=LE THEATRE ET LA MUSIQUE|work=Comoedia|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7648339b/f2|accessdate=16 January 2022|date=12 January 1933|language=fr}}</ref> * ''Mgbe ha na-ekwu maka ịhụnanya'', Ụlọ Egwuregwu Albert nke Mbụ (nke bụzi Ụlọ Egwuregwu Tristan-Bernard, 1934 * Sylvette ma ọ bụ Sylvie?, ihe nkiri ọchị n'otu ihe nkiri na egwu, nke Théâtre Comœdia mepụtara, 1932 <ref name="20-bibliotheques">{{Cite web|title=Sylvette ou Sylvie ?: comédie en un acte avec danses|year=1932|url=https://bibliotheques-specialisees.paris.fr/ark:/73873/pf0002132925|work=bibliotheques-specialisees.paris.fr|accessdate=16 January 2022|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * Rapazzini, Francesco Ndị a na-apụghị ịchịkwa achịkwa. À l'avant-garde du XXe siècle, Éditions e-dite, 2013, biographies (<nowiki>ISBN 978-2-846-08344-7</nowiki>) {{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul-Margueritte, Lucie}} 4spfr8j5chnfurh17yb6kwmawztc167 0 75510 674993 638617 2026-07-10T09:33:24Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na [[Ukraine]]''' nwere ikike nhata [[iwu nke Ukraine|iwu obodo]] dịka ụmụ nwoke na [[akụnụba Ukraine|akụnụba]], [[Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ukraine|ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị]], [[Omenala nke Ukraine|omenala]], na ngalaba mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, tinyere n'ime ezinụlọ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị ka pasent 45 nke ndị bi na Ukraine (nde 45<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18018002 |title=Ukraine country profile - Overview |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref>) ndị na-ata ahụhụ ime ihe ike - anụ ahụ, mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ uche - bụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=KPWRU14213>{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/kyivans-join-global-rally-to-end-violence-against-women-320424.html |title=Kyivans join global rally to end violence against women |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=14 February 2013}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Feminism na Ukraine == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ukraine n'ime narị afọ abụọ gara aga nwere njikọ chiri anya na nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Russia]] na mgbe e mesịrị na [[Soviet Union]]. Yukren nwetara nnwere onwe na 1991, ọ bụkwa steeti nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri anọ bi na ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Ndị Kraịst Ọtọdọks, ebe pasentị iri asaa nke ndị obodo bi n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europe :: Ukraine — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024014/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=[[CIA]] |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2021-02-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214235424/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/ }}</ref> Otu n'ime otu ndị otu nwanyị kachasị ukwuu na [[Europe]] ka e hiwere n'afọ 1920 na ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a [[Ukraine]] ma ọ bụ [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2010/12/29/11244/ |script-title=uk:Галицькі феміністки 1930-х: нацистське "Кухня-Церква-Діти" не для нас |language=uk |title=Halytsʹki feministky 1930-kh: natsyst·skoe "Kukhnya-Tserkva-Dity" ne dlya nas |trans-title=Galician feminists of the 1930s: the Nazi "Kitchen-Church-Children" is not for us |work=Історична правда |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> A kpọrọ otu a [[Ukrainian Women's Union]], [[Milena Rudnytska]] duziri ya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazeta.lviv.ua/articles/2005/03/04/3194/ |script-title=uk:Львівські феміністки. Мілена Рудницька |language=uk |title=Lʹvivsʹki feministky. Milena Rudnytsʹka |trans-title=Lviv feminists. Milena Rudnytska |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209160508/http://www.gazeta.lviv.ua/articles/2005/03/04/3194/ |archive-date=2007-12-09}}</ref> N'oge [[oge Soviet]], a na-akpọ echiche ụmụ nwanyị dị ka echiche [[bourgeois]], nke mere na ọ bụ echiche megidere mgbanwe na nke megidere Soviet.<ref name=book/> Ọha mmadụ na echiche ụmụ nwanyị adịghị adị n'oge Soviet.<ref name=WPost/> Mgbe Yukren nwetaghachiri nnwere onwe na 1991, otu ndị otu ikike ụmụnwaanyị malitere ịgbasa.<ref name=book>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsgQjbgBOAkC&pg=PA412 |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries |first1=Francisca |last1=De Haan |author1-link=Francisca de Haan |first2=Krasimira |last2=Daskalova |author2-link=Krassimira Daskalova |first3=Anna |last3=Loutfi |publisher=[[Central European University Press]] |date=2006 |isbn=978-963-7326-39-4 |page=411 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Ruo 2010, e nwere ọtụtụ otu ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na Ukraine,<ref name=AzWoNo>{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/62995/ |title=Women accuse Ukraine's Azarov of discrimination |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=1 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/guide/general/detail/124777/ |title=New Feminist Offensive aims to lift women |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/29898/ |title=Feminine Femen targets 'sexpats' |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=22 May 2009}}</ref> gụnyere Feminist Ofenzyva<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/entertainment/2012/05/120524_abortions_ukraine_rl Аборти в Україні: право на вибір чи право на життя? ''Abortions in Ukraine: the right to choose or the right to life?''], [[BBC Ukrainian]] (25 May 2012)</ref> na [[Njikọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Ukraine]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tOVlvvrMJhUC&dq=feminism+Ukraine&pg=PA324 Historical Dictionary of Feminism (Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies and Movements)] by Janet K. Boles, [[The Scarecrow Press]], 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-4946-4}} (page 324)</ref> E mechiri [[FEMEN]], otu kachasị arụ ọrụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na [[Kyiv]], n'afọ 2013. Òtù ahụ hapụrụ Yukren n'ihi na ndị isi na-atụ egwu "maka ndụ na nnwere onwe ha".<ref name=KyivOCUP>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/10/23/7000584/ У колишньому офісі Femen відкрили книжкову крамницю ''In the former office Femen opened a bookstore''], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23 October 2013)</ref><ref name=KyivOCUP2>{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/08/31/6997008/ |script-title=uk:Активістки Femen втекли з України |title=Aktyvistky Femen vtekly z Ukrayiny |trans-title=Femen activists fled from Ukraine |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=31 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=KyivOCUP3>{{cite news |language=uk |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/08/27/6996762/ |script-title=uk:Femen закриє офіс в Україні, але діяльність не припинить |title=Femen zakryye ofis v Ukrayini, ale diyalʹnistʹ ne prypynytʹ |trans-title=Femen closes office in Ukraine, however, the activities do not stop |work=[[Ukrayinska Pravda]] |date=27 August 2013}}</ref> N'oge [[Agha na Donbas (2014–2022)|agha na Donbas]] nke malitere na 2014, "nnukwu mmegharị afọ ofufo nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahazi ihe gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ na mkparịta ụka obodo" mepụtara, dịka [[Oksana Potapova]] si kwuo, onye nyocha na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na onye na-eme nchọpụta na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị bụ onye kere ''Ụlọ ihe nkiri maka mkparịta ụka'', otu [[òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị]] iji kwado mmegharị afọ ofufo ụmụnwaanyị.<ref name="OSCE_networking_platform_women" /> == Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị == Ihe dị ka pasent 45 nke ndị bi na Ukraine (nde 45) na-ata ahụhụ ime ihe ike - n'anụ ahụ, n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ n'uche - ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụkwa ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=KPWRU14213/> Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'okporo ámá bụ ndị kacha nwee nsogbu; ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ n'ime ha na-enwe mmeso ike mmekọahụ, pasentị iri abụọ na ise n'ime ha erubeghị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref name=KPWRU14213/> Na 2001, mba Ukraine bịanyere aka n'iwu ''Iwu Ime Ihe Ike n'Ụlọ (Mgbochi) nke 2001''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rm.coe.int/law-of-ukraine-on-preventing-and-combating-domestic-violence-eng/1680a1dc0e |title=Law of Ukraine: On Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence}}</ref> Nkeji edemede 173-2 nke Iwu Mmejọ Nchịkwa nke Yukren na-ekwukwa maka "ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yurist-online.com/en/kodeks/001.php |title=Download, to load, read through the Code of Ukraine about administrative violations. Item of item 1-212 |website=yurist-online.com}}</ref> [[Nuzhat Ehsan]], onye nnọchiteanya [[UN Population Fund]] na Ukraine, kwuru na Febụwarị 2013 "Ukraine nwere oke ime ihe ike a na-anabataghị, ọkachasị site n'aka ụmụ nwoke nakwa n'ihi oke mmanya na-aba n'anya". O kwukwara na ọ bụ maka ihe ndị anaghị akọwapụta ihe dị n'iwu ahụ kpatara nsogbu ime ihe ike n'ezinụlọ, "Ị nwere ike imebi ụmụ nwanyị, ma ọ bụrụ na ị bụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ si n'ezinụlọ dị elu, ị nwere ike ịgbanahụ ya."<ref name=KPWRU14213/> == Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ == Ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara pasentị iri ise na anọ nke [[Ọnọdụ mmadụ nke Ukraine|ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke Ukraine]] na pasentị iri anọ na asaa na anọ nke ndị ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Labor force, female (% of total labor force) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS|access-date=2020-12-15|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Ihe karịrị 60% nke ụmụ nwanyị Ukraine niile nwere agụmakwụkwọ ka elu (ọkwa kọleji na n'elu). Otú ọ dị, enweghị ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị dị oke elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ikom nwere otu agụmakwụkwọ (80% nke ndị niile na-enweghị ọrụ na Ukraine bụ ụmụ nwanyị), ka aghara ikwu maka enweghị ọrụ zoro ezo nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belgium.iom.int/StopConference/relevantdocs/030%20Pyschulina.%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Ukraine%20and%20prevention.pdf |title=Human Trafficking in Ukraine and Perspective of {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} Prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624205601/http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/relevantdocs/030%20Pyschulina.%20Human%20Trafficking%20in%20Ukraine%20and%20prevention.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-24}}</ref> Iwu ọrụ na-egosi nha nhata iwu kwadoro nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ụgwọ ọrụ nhata maka ọrụ nhata, ụkpụrụ a na-agbasokarị. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ nwanyị na-achị nwere ụgwọ ọnwa kacha ala ma bụrụkwa ndị a na-akwụkarị n'ihi ụgwọ ọnwa. [[Afọ ezumike nka]] na-aga n'ihu iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amụba, ruo afọ 60 maka ụmụ nwanyị na afọ 62 maka ụmụ nwoke-ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ka ọ na-erule 2021 (afọ mbụ bụ 55 maka ụmụ nwanyị na 60 maka ụmụ nwoke).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-08 |script-title=ru:Рада приняла пенсионную реформу, повышающую пенсионный возраст |title=Rada prinyala pensionnuyu reformu, povyshayushchuyu pensionnyy vozrast |trans-title=The Rada adopted a pension reform that raises the retirement age |url=https://ria.ru/20110708/398714861.html |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref> E nwere akụkọ gbasara ụfọdụ ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ na-ajụ ịnye ụmụ nwanyị dị obere nwere ike ịtụrụ ime ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị karịrị afọ 35 ọrụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwetakwa obere ụgwọ ọnwa ma nwee obere ohere maka ọganihu ọrụ. Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole nọ n'ọkwa nchịkwa kachasị elu n'ọchịchị maọbụ n'ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ma ọ bụ nkeonwe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp |title=Internet |website=[[Interpol]] |access-date=23 March 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629030101/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp |url-status=dead |accessdate=12 May 2026 |archivedate=29 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629030101/http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaUkraine.asp }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.technorati.ro/node/59332 |title=Choose language - Drupal |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100590.htm |title=Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Ukraine |work=[[U.S. Department of State]] |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3979725.stm |title=Europe - A modern slave's brutal odyssey |date=3 November 2004 |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị na azụmaahịa Ukraine == Ná nkezi, ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ihe na-erughị pasentị iri atọ na ise pekarịa ụmụ nwoke ndị na-arụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ.<ref name=WPost/><ref name=WPostIWD2012>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/123896/ On Women's Day, struggle for equality remains], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (8 March 2012)</ref> Ihe dị ka pasentị iri ise nke ụlọ ọrụ niile na-enweghị ndị ọrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwe ya. Ụlọ ọrụ nwere ndị ọrụ otu ruo ise nwere pasentị iri abụọ na asaa bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwe. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere ihe na-erughị ndị ọrụ iri ise nwere pasentị iri atọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwe ya. Ọnụọgụgụ ndị a yiri nke ndị ọzọ dị na akụ na ụba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-edukarị azụmaahịa nta na azụmaahịa, azụmaahịa n'ogbe na nri.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vThcPhxPmOAC&dq=Ukraine+Business+woman&pg=PA251 New Perspectives on Women Entrepreneurs] by John Butler, [[Information Age Publishing]], 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-931576-78-9}} (page 251)</ref> 2% nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edu.<ref name=WPost>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/19/AR2010111901968.html Topless protesters gain fame in Ukraine]{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[The Washington Post]] (November 19, 2010)</ref> Na afọ 2008, ọnụọgụ ndị inyom na-esonye n'ọrụ (LPR) dị ihe dịka pasentị iri isii na abụọ.<ref name="wageindicator.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.wageindicator.org/main/Wageindicatorfoundation/wageindicatorcountries/country-report-ukraine |title=Ukraine - An Overview of Women's Work, Minimum Wages and Employment |website=wageindicator.org |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2017-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074626/https://wageindicator.org/main/Wageindicatorfoundation/wageindicatorcountries/country-report-ukraine }}</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Yukren == N'ime ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine nke [[2019]], a họpụtara ụmụ nwanyị 87 ka ha bịa n'ụlọ omeiwu, nke bụ ihe ndekọ maka Ukraine, nke bụ 20.52% nke ngụkọta ọnụọgụ ndị nnọchiteanya.<ref name="pravda7221668">{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/07/23/7221668/ The new Council has increased the number of women deputies], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (23 July 2019)</ref> N'ime ntuli aka ahụ, ihe dị ka pasentị iri ise nke ndị nnọchite anya [[Voice (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ukraine)|Voice]] a họpụtara bụ ụmụ nwanyị, pasentị iri atọ na asaa nke ndị omeiwu [[European Solidarity]] ahọpụtara bụ ụmụ nwanyị; ebe kacha nta maka ụmụ nwanyị dị na [[Opposition Platform – For Life]] na 11.4%.<ref name="pravda7221668"/> Na 2014, ihe dị ka 12.1% [[Verkhovna Rada]] (ndị omeiwu Yukren) bụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="ipu.org"/> Site na [[2014 ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine|ntuli aka ndị omeiwu 2014]] ruo ntuli aka 2019, ọnụọgụgụ a mụbara ruo 53, ya bụ, 12.6%.<ref name="pravda7221668"/> Pasentị nke ndị omeiwu nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe kwa [[ntụli aka na Ukraine|ntụli aka]].<ref name=WPostIWD2012/><ref name=woukpolitics>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F1fhvklyl-IC&q=elections&pg=PA86 Women's Social Activism in the New Ukraine] by Sarah D. Phillips, [[Indiana University Press]], 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-253-21992-3}} (page 57/58)</ref><ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri anọ na asaa a họpụtara na 2014 gaa na omeiwu, naanị mmadụ abụọ mere nke a site n'inweta otu ntuli aka (Ntuli aka ahụ jiri usoro ntuli aka agwakọtara agwakọta nke nwere ndị omeiwu 53.2% ahọpụtara n'okpuru ndepụta pati na 46.8% na 198 [[ndị mpaghara]]<ref name=27sIU2510>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/230595.html Parliamentary elections not to be held at nine constituencies in Donetsk region and six constituencies in Luhansk region – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (25 October 2014)</ref>). Na 2019, ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na isii meriri oche ntuli aka.<ref name="pravda7221668"/> N'ime ndị omeiwu a họpụtara na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine [[2012]], ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara 9.9% nke ndị omeiwu.<ref name=woukpolitics/><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/too-few-women-in-the-ukrainian-parliament-317670.html Too few women in the Ukrainian parliament], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (14 December 2012)</ref> N'ime [[1994 ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Ukraine|nhọpụta mbụ nke omeiwu]] nke emere mgbe [[nnwere onwe Ukraine | nnwere onwe Ukraine nke 1991]] nke emere na 1994, naanị ụmụ nwanyị iri na otu (2.3% nke ndị omeiwu) ka a họpụtara.<ref name=woukpolitics/><ref name=IPUwUp/> Nnyocha [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] e bipụtara na 12 Nọvemba 2014 gosiri na n'ụwa niile, pasentị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọ bụ na [[mba nke European Union]] ọnụọgụgụ a bụ 25%.<ref name=RUefW14UP>{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/11/12/7044034/ The new parliament greatest women in history], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (12 November 2014)</ref> Dịka nnyocha (bipụtara na 1 Nọvemba 2014) nke [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] si kwuo, Ukraine nọ n'ọkwa nke 112 n'ime mba 189 n'ihe gbasara nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na omeiwu.<ref name=IPUwUp>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/parliament-has-record-number-of-women-374872.html Parliament has record number of women], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (11 December 2014)</ref> Iwu ndị a ga-eji mee ihe ọzọ gbasara oke ụmụ nwanyị na omeiwu [[oge Soviet]] (30% ma ọ bụ 35%<ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/>) a rụrịtara ụka n'ụlọ omeiwu mana ha anabataghị ya.<ref name=woukpolitics/> [[File:Y. Tymoshenko in Poland (2008).JPG|thumb|[[Praịm Minista nke Yukren]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] na [[Onyeisiala nke Poland]] [[Lech Kaczyński]] (July 2008)]] [[Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko]] na onye na-anọchi ya [[Batkivshchyna]]<ref name="CESOlszańskiUKel12">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130317180048/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317180048/http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-11-07/after-parliamentary-elections-ukraine-a-tough-victory-party-regions |date=2013-03-17 }}, [[Centre for Eastern Studies]] (7 November 2012)</ref> abụwo naanị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-edu nke banyere na nzuko omeiwu.<ref name=woukpolitics/><ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/> [[Hanna Hopko]] bụ onye mbụ na ndepụta pati nke [[Ntụkwasị Obi Onwe (òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|Self Reliance]], nke gbárá nke atọ na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Yukren nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014.<ref name=KP141023>{{cite news |url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/new-faces-in-parliament-possible-with-samopomich-party-369116.html |title= New faces in parliament possible with Samopomich Party |first= Olena |last= Goncharova |work= [[Kyiv Post]] |date= 23 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="allcountedCECIU81114">[http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/poroshenko_bloc_to_have_greatest_number_of_seats_in_parliament_327072 Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament], [[Ukrinform]] (8 November 2014)<br />[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233404.html People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 November 2014)<br />[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233426.html Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament – CEC], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (8 November 2014)</ref> N'otu ntuli aka ahụ [[Nadiya Savchenko]] ka e tinyere n'ọnọdụ mbụ na ndepụta pati Batkivshchyna (pati ahụ mechara bụ nke isii na ntuli aka ahụ).<ref name="allcountedCECIU81114"/><ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/tymoshenkos-batkivshchyna-two-women-at-top-will-propel-party-to-parliament-367835.html Tymoshenko's Batkivshchyna: Two women at top will propel party into parliament], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (Oct. 13, 2014)</ref> E nweela ọtụtụ payị ụmụ nwanyị na-edu na Yukren na ọbụna ụfọdụ pati "okwu ụmụnwaanyị" (ndị nyocha akọwaala ha dị ka "pati emebere emebe iji zuru votu n'aka pati ndị mmegide").<ref name=woukpolitics/><ref name="CEEPCDSE2011">[https://books.google.com/books?id=zQtFouCjFSMC&dq=azarov+government&pg=PA354 Central and East European Politics: From Communism to Democracy Second Edition], edited by [[Sharon Wolchik]] and [[Jane Curry]], [[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.]], 2011, {{ISBN|0-7425-6734-6}}</ref><ref>Virtual Politics - Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World, [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]], [[Yale University Press]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-300-09545-7}}</ref> [[Gọọmentị Yatsenyuk nke abụọ]] (a họpụtara ya na Disemba 2, 2014) nwere ndị minista nwanyị abụọ.<ref>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/237576.html Rada supports coalition-proposed government lineup], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (2 December 2014)<br />[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/rada-approves-new-cabinet-with-three-former-foreigners-in-it-373861.html Rada approves new Cabinet with three foreigners], [[Kyiv Post]] (2 December 2014)<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/2/7046214/ Rada voted the new Cabinet], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (2 December 2014)</ref> Onye bu ya ụzọ [[Gọọmentị Yatsenyuk mbụ]] (a họpụtara ya na 27 Febụwarị 2014) nwere otu nwanyị minista.<ref>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193035.html Maidan nominates Yatseniuk for prime minister], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (26 February 2014)<br />[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193222.html Ukrainian parliament endorses new cabinet], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 February 2014)</ref> Afọ 2016–2019 [[Gọọmentị Groysman]] kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị ise so na ya.<ref>[http://www.unian.info/politics/1319232-new-cabinet-formed-in-ukraine.html New Cabinet formed in Ukraine], [[UNIAN]] (14 April 2016)<br />[http://www.unian.info/economics/1322801-weeks-balance-pm-groysman-radas-sabotage-and-disappointing-imf-forecast.html Week's balance: PM Groysman, Rada's sabotage, and disappointing IMF forecast], [[UNIAN]] (18 April 2016)<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/articles/id_7105548/ Spring transplantation: Prime Groisman and without a coalition Cabinet], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (14 April 2016)<br />[https://www.unian.info/m/politics/10348734-ukraine-parliament-appoints-markarova-friz-ministers.html Ukraine parliament appoints Markarova, Friz ministers], [[UNIAN]] (22 November 2018)<br />{{in lang|uk}} [http://pda.pravda.com.ua/news/id_7116046/ The government appointed Acting Minister of Health], [[Ukrayinska Pravda]] (27 July 2016)</ref> Ruo ugbu a, naanị gọọmentị enweghị ndị minista nwanyị (ọ bụkwa naanị gọọmentị [[Europe]] nke enweghị ndị otu nwanyị n'oge ahụ<ref name=newHminister1422012/>) bụ ụbọchị 11 nke ọnwa Maachị afọ 2010 a họpụtara ya<ref>[http://unian.net/eng/news/news-366951.html VR approved structure of Cabinet of Ministers (update)], [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (March 11, 2010)</ref> [[Gọọmentị Azarov mbụ]] ruo mgbe a họpụtara [[Raisa Bohatyryova]] [[Ministri nke Ahụike (Ukraine)|Minista nke Ahụike]] na [[Osote Praịm Minista nke Ukraine]] na 14 Febụwarị 2012.<ref name=newHminister1422012>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/122428/ Bohatyriova appointed vice premier and health minister], [[Kyiv Post]] (14 February 2012)<br />[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/61805/ Azarov's cabinet has highest number of ministers in Europe], [[Kyiv Post]] (March 16, 2010)</ref><ref name=CEEPCDSE2011/> [[Prime Minista nke Ukraine|Prime Minista]] [[Mykola Azarov]] kwuru na Machị 2010 na enweghị ndị minista nwanyị n'ọchịchị a n'ihi na "Mgbanwe anaghị adaba n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị", ebe o kwukwara na ọ na-akwanyere ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù nke ukwuu.<ref>[http://www.interfax.com.ua/eng/main/34554/ Ukrainian Prime Minister Azarov had his office blessed], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (March 19, 2010)</ref><ref name=Azorov>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/24/ukraine-mykola-azarov-women Ukrainian women berate 'Neanderthal' PM for sexist remarks], ''[[The Guardian]]'' (March 24, 2010)</ref> Ndị otu ụmụnwaanyị dị na Yukren kọọrọ Azarov onye na-ahụ maka ndị ombudsman nke mba ahụ mgbe okwu a gasịrị. Ha boro ya ebubo na ọ bụ onye na [[akpa ókè n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị]] ma na-enwe echiche [[wiktionary:neanderthal|neanderthal]]<ref name=Azorov/> ma tinye akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'ụlọ ikpe megide ya.<ref name=AzWoNo/> [[Gọọmentị Azarov nke abụọ]] nke Azorov (nke dịgidere site na 24 Disemba 2012<ref name=USMG241212>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131211161007/http://www.unian.info/news/543116-yanukovych-appoints-new-staff-of-cabinet-of-ministers-of-ukraine.html President of Ukraine has appointed new staff of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211161007/http://www.unian.info/news/543116-yanukovych-appoints-new-staff-of-cabinet-of-ministers-of-ukraine.html |date=2013-12-11 }}, [[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] (24 December 2012)</ref> ruo 27 Febụwarị 2014<ref name=Afg27214>[http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/193220.html Rada dismisses previous government, to form new one], [[Interfax-Ukraine]] (27 February 2014)</ref>) nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ bụ́ ndị minista.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yanukovych-is-appointing-new-cabinet-of-ministers-318086.html Yanukovych appoints new Cabinet of Ministers], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (24 December 2012)</ref><ref name=RLL4713>[https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-justice-minister-appointment/25036829.html Ukrainian President Appoints New Justice Minister ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (4 July 2013)</ref> N'oge [[2010 ntuli aka onyeisiala Yukren | ntuli aka onyeisiala nke 2010]], onye na-azọ ọkwa [[Viktor Yanukovych]] jụrụ ịrụrịta ụka nke ya na onye ya na ya azo ọkwa bụ nwanyị [[Prime Minista nke Ukraine|praịm minista]] [[Yulia Tymoshenko]] ma kwado ya site n'ikwu na "ọnọdụ nwanyị dị n'ime kichin".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promes.org/en/s15/2525.html |title=Yanukovych: The Place of women – in the kitchen |access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ |title=Barclays announces further Non Core disposal |last=Newseditor |access-date=2013-02-08 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404192737/https://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-05-12 |archivedate=2019-04-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404192737/https://finchannel.com/Main_News/Ukraine/56415_Yanukovych_Unwilling_To_Debate_Tymoshenko_At_Runoff_Election_/ }}</ref> (Onye bụbu) [[Onyeisi oche Verkhovna Rada]] [[Volodymyr Lytvyn]] ekwuwokwa okwu ndị a pụrụ iwere dị ka mkparị nye ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine_womens_day/24509276.html Honoring Women, Ukrainian Government-Style ], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] (8 March 2012)</ref> E debanyere iwu machibidoro [[imebi ime]] (nke [[Andriy Shkil]] dere) na Verkhovna Rada dịka ndị ụkọchukwu nke [[Ụka Katọlik Gris]] na [[Lee Nsọ|Vatican]] rịọrọ na 12 Maachị 2012.<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/125838/ Ukrainian clergy condemn FEMEN protest on Sophia Cathedral bell tower], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'' (11 April 2012)</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù ndị agha Ukraine == A na-enye ụmụ nwanyị na Ukraine ohere isonye na ndị agha,<ref>[[Women in the military by country#Ukraine]]</ref> mana n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke a bụ naanị ọrụ ndị na-abụghị ndị agha: dọkịta, onye na-esi nri, onye na-ahụ maka akaụntụ, wdg.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |title=Country Policy and Information Note, Ukraine: Military service |version=3.0 |date=November 2016 |page=9 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091414/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Malite na Julaị 2016, ndị agha Yukren malitere ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye n'ọrụ agha gụnyere, mana ọ bụghị naanị na, [[onye ogbunigwe]], [[onye agha scout]], na [[sniper]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |title=Country Policy and Information Note, Ukraine: Military service |version=3.0 |date=November 2016 |page=15 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |access-date=2019-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091414/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2016/11/17/cig_ukraine_military_service_11-2016.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |url=http://www.mil.gov.ua/content/files/whitebook/WB_2016_ENG_WEB.pdf |author=[[Ministry of Defence of Ukraine]] |title=White Book 2016: The Armed Forces of Ukraine |year=2017 |page=57 }}</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị n'oge mwakpo Russia wakporo Ukraine n'afọ 2022 == Ụmụ nwanyị Ukraine dị ime na mgbe ha mụsịrị nwa na-eche ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche ihu, dị ka ịmụ nwa n'ụlọ nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As pregnant flee Ukraine, war imposes long-term health effects: Experts |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/pregnant-flee-ukraine-war-imposes-long-term-health/story?id=83724438 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ kwadoro mwakpo 75 e mere n'ebe a na-agwọ ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Update to the Human Rights Council on Ukraine |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2022/03/update-human-rights-council-ukraine |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}</ref> E sere foto otu nwanyị dị ime ka ọ nọ n'elu ihe ndina site n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka dị na Mariupol, mgbe e wakporo ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mariupol children's hospital destroyed in targeted attack, Ukrainian officials say |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/mariupol-childrens-hospital-destroyed-targeted-attack-ukrainian-officials/story?id=83350914 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> Ndị nne nwere ụmụ atọ ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ịpụ na mba ahụ na di ha maka nchekwa; a naghị ekwe ka ụmụ nwoke nwere ụmụ otu ma ọ bụ abụọ pụọ na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mother Ukraine {{!}} Pregnant in Wartime {{!}} 52 Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oTwHXO6bFY&t=413s |access-date=2024-11-06 |language=en}}</ref> Òtù UN Human Women na-akọ na ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-ebuga n'ahịa na ime ihe ike n'ihi nwoke na nwanyị dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Focus: War in Ukraine is a crisis for women and girls |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/in-focus/2022/03/in-focus-war-in-ukraine-is-a-crisis-for-women-and-girls |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=UN Women – Headquarters |language=en}}</ref> == Leekwa == * [[Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ agha site na mba#Ukraine]] * [[Ụmụ nwanyị na Yuropu]] == Edensibia == <references> <ref name="OSCE_networking_platform_women">{{cite web | title= OSCE Networking Platform for Women Leaders including Peacebuilders and Mediators | website= [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] |date =2021-12-06 | url = https://www.osce.org/secretariat/506891 | access-date = 2022-02-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211214142143/https://www.osce.org/secretariat/506891 |archive-date= 2021-12-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> </references> == Ịgụkwu ihe == * {{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Nadina L. |title=To provide and protect: gendering money in Ukrainian households |journal=[[Gender & Society]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=359&ndash;382 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]] |doi=10.1177/0891243217705875 |date=June 2017 |s2cid=149266787}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{commons category|Women of Ukraine}} [[Category:Women in Ukraine| ]] [[Category:Women's rights in Ukraine| ]] [[Category:Women by country|Ukraine]] fymcbk1y6d0v6ae03ukon8s9yc3eyo3 0 75512 675014 632795 2026-07-10T09:50:53Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Deborah Lifchitz''' (5 Juun 1907 – 20 Septemba 1942) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ọdịbendị na asụsụ na Polish-French, ọkachamara n'asụsụ na omenala ndị Semitic nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Musée de l'Homme na Paris ma sonye na [[Dakar–Djibouti mission|ọrụ Dakar-Djibouti]] na 1932–3. N'oge mgbukpọ ahụ, ndị Nazi tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na 1942 ma gbuo ya na Auschwitz . A mụrụ Deborah (Desirée) Lifchitz (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Lifschitz, Lifszyc ma ọ bụ Livchitz) na Kharkiv (nke bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Russia, nke bụzi Ukraine) na 1907 n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu Poland. Nna ya bụ dọkịta ezé. Mgbe Mgbanwe Ọktoba gasịrị, ezinụlọ ya hapụrụ Kharkiv na 1919, buru ụzọ gaa Crimea, sitekwa ebe ahụ na 1920 gaa Warsaw. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na French lycée nke Warsaw na 1927, Lifchitz hapụrụ Poland gaa Paris, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na National School of Modern Oriental Languages ​​(''Asụsụ O’''). Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na asambodo na edemede na asụsụ (Middle Eastern) Arabic, Persian na Amharic (onye nkụzi ya n'asụsụ nke ikpeazụ bụ Marcel Cohen). Ọ gụkwara akara ugo mmụta (licensetiate) na nkà mmụta okpukpe, asụsụ Semitic oge ochie na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okpukperechi na Mahadum Paris Faculty of Humanities (Sorbonne) yana ọzụzụ ọrụ aka dịka onye na-ede akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ sonyeere ndị otu Dakar-Djibouti n'ofe Afrịka nke Marcel Griaule duziri. N'oge njem nyocha a, ọ zutere Beta Israel (ndị Juu nke Etiopia). Mgbe ọ lọtara Paris, Lifchitz nwetara ọkwa na ngalaba Afrịka nke Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro nke mechara bụrụ Musée de l'Homme anthropological museum na 1937. Na 1935, ọ bụ onye otu nke ọrụ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na French Sudan (Mali) yana onye ọrụ ibe ya na enyi ya Denise Paulme. Site na Mali, o weghachitere ihe osise Dogon abụọ nke ihe ngosi nka nke a na-egosi ugbu a na Louvre na Quai Branly museums. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Marcel Cohen, ọ gụchara akwụkwọ edemede ya na "akwụkwọ anwansi na okpukperechi Etiopia" na 1937, na-enweta asambodo nke ngalaba akụkọ ihe mere eme-philological, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE). E bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya n'usoro ihe nkiri Paris Institute of Ethnology nke Marcel Mauss na Paul Rivet deziri na 1940. Deborah Lifchitz dere otu akwụkwọ na ọtụtụ akụkọ, nke a ka na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'inyocha asụsụ Etiopia. N'oge ọ na-amụ ihe na ọrụ ya na Musée de l'Homme, Deborah Lifchitz mụrụ ma soro ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị Africa kacha mma na Paris nke oge ahụ mụọ ihe ma rụkọọ ọrụ, gụnyere Michel Leiris, Wolf Leslau, Marcel Griaule, Marcel Mauss, Marcel Cohen, Paul Boyer, Paul Rivet, Georges Dumézil, Denise Paulme, onye ya na ya dere ọtụtụ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. O tinyere akwụkwọ maka ịbụ nwa amaala mba Frans na 1931, nke e nyere ya na 1937 site n'akwụkwọ nkwado sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya a ma ama. Mgbe ndị Nazi batara Paris, Lifchitz nọgidere n'obodo ahụ, mgbe ọ tụfuru ọrụ ya n'ihi iwu agbụrụ, onye ọrụ ibe ya bụ Michel Leiris kpọbatara ya. Na Febụwarị 1942, ndị uwe ojii Frans jidere ya, kpọga ya n'ogige ịta ahụhụ Frans, sitekwa ebe ahụ gaa Auschwitz ebe e gburu ya n'afọ ahụ. Dịka akaebe nke Marcel Cohen si kwuo, e tinyere gas n'ime ya. == Ihe odide == db32bjt1zqgatxvf0lhx2dr9yvx1h0v 0 75539 674715 637837 2026-07-09T21:25:47Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daniel James Itodo''' (amụrụ na 14 n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ mba ụwa nke na-agba maka Plateau United, dị ka onye azụ aka ekpe. == Ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na [[Makurdi]], Itodo agbaala bọọlụ maka Celtic, DSS na Plateau United . <ref name="AOI">{{Cite web|url=http://aoifootball.com/2017/01/13/itodo-eyes-more-assists-for-plateau-united-via-long-throws/|title=Itodo eyes more assists for Plateau United via long throws|date=13 January 2017|accessdate=19 July 2018|author=Chijioke Henry|publisher=AOI Football|archivedate=19 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203346/http://aoifootball.com/2017/01/13/itodo-eyes-more-assists-for-plateau-united-via-long-throws/}}</ref> O mere mpụta mbụ ya na Naịjirịa n'afọ 2018. == Ụdị egwuregwu == A maara Itodo maka ogologo oge ọ na-atụ.<ref name="AOI"/> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b1eytykhtc4sbhui1ktf0h94t51gh30 0 75600 674713 644270 2026-07-09T21:24:47Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Yvonne Pitrois''' (14 Disemba 1880 - 23 Eprel 1937) bụ onye edemede French. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ a ma ama, gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkọ ndụ nke ndị mmadụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Onye ntị chiri site na nwata, Pitrois kwadoro maka ọdịmma nke ndị ntị chiri na ndị ntị chiri n'ọrụ ya, gụnyere ntọala nke magazin abụọ na-egosi ndụmọdụ na akụkọ na-akpali akpali banyere ndị ntị chiri. E nyere ya Montyon Prize na 1929 maka mbọ ọ na-agba ndụ ya niile iji kwado ndị ntị chiri na ndị ntị chiri. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Yvonne Pitrois na 14 Disemba 1880 na Paris.<ref name="Oviedo2007">{{Cite web|author=Oviedo|first=Alejandro|title=Yvonne Pitrois. Escritora y activista sorda francesa (1880 – 1937)|url=https://cultura-sorda.org/yvonne-pitrois/|work=La cultura sorda|accessdate=12 September 2020|date=2007}}</ref> A mụrụ ya ka ọ na-anụ ihe, ọ dara ịnụ ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa mgbe ọ dara oke ahụ ọkụ.<ref name="Oviedo2007" /> Anya ya mebiekwara mgbe ọrịa a gasịrị; Ọhụụ ya dara site n'afọ asaa ruo na iri na abụọ, ma o mechara nwetaghachi ọhụụ.<ref name="Oviedo2007" /> Nne ya, onye nkuzi na onye ode akwụkwọ nke na-agba akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ French-Bekee na-asụ abụọ, gụrụ Pitrois n'ụlọ.[1] Pitrois na-agụ French na Bekee nke ọma ma nwee ike ịgụ egbugbere ọnụ n'asụsụ abụọ ahụ.<ref name="Oviedo2007">{{Cite web|author=Oviedo|first=Alejandro|title=Yvonne Pitrois. Escritora y activista sorda francesa (1880 – 1937)|url=https://cultura-sorda.org/yvonne-pitrois/|work=La cultura sorda|accessdate=12 September 2020|date=2007}}</ref> Pitrois na-agụ French na Bekee nke ọma ma nwee ike ịgụ egbugbere ọnụ n'asụsụ abụọ ahụ.<ref name="Oviedo2007" /> == Ọrụ ide ihe == Malite mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, Pitrois sụgharịrị ọrụ site na England na America gaa na French, ma bipụta akụkọ n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ oge na France, England, Switzerland na United States.<ref name="Lang1995" /> Ọ bụ onye na-enye aka mgbe niile na akwụkwọ akụkọ US The Silent Worker, gụnyere kọlụm akpọrọ "From the Old World" na-ekerịta ozi gbasara ụlọ ọrụ ntị chiri na Europe..<ref name="Lang1995" /> O jiri ikpo okwu a mee ka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ntị chiri pụta ìhè, gụnyere onye edemede French [[Marie Lenéru]].<ref name="Lang1995" /> Pitrois bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, nchịkọta akụkọ gbasara ndụ obi umeala akpọrọ Jeunes vies, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref name="Oviedo2007">{{Cite web|author=Oviedo|first=Alejandro|title=Yvonne Pitrois. Escritora y activista sorda francesa (1880 – 1937)|url=https://cultura-sorda.org/yvonne-pitrois/|work=La cultura sorda|accessdate=12 September 2020|date=2007}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ ya Abraham Lincoln, le libérateur des esclaves na mbipụta atọ. <ref name="Lang1995" /> Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Ombres des femmes, nchịkọta akụkọ ndụ nke ụmụ nwanyị a ma ama, na Cherie, ihe na-atọ ụtọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name="Lang1995" /> E bipụtara ọrụ ya a ma ama, akụkọ ndụ nke Abbé Charles-Michel de l'Épée, na 1912 na ncheta afọ 200 nke ọmụmụ Épée.<ref name="Hartig2007">{{Cite journal|author=Hartig|first=Rachel Mildred|title=Crossing the Divide: Helen Keller and Yvonne Pitrois Dialogue on Diversity|journal=Sign Language Studies|date=2007|volume=7|issue=2|pages=177–185|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0003}}</ref> O bipụtara ma dezie La Petite Silencieuse, magazin maka ụmụ agbọghọ ntị chiri na ụmụ agbọghọ, site na 1912 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1937. <ref name="UCL2014">{{Cite web|author=Stiles|first=H. Dominic W.|title=A card from Yvonne Pitrois, Deaf Writer (1880-1937)|url=https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/library-rnid/2014/07/25/a-card-from-yvonne-pitrois-deaf-writer-1880-1937/|work=UCL Ear Institute & Action on Hearing Loss Libraries|publisher=University College London|accessdate=13 September 2020}}</ref> Magazin a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa gosipụtara ndụmọdụ maka ndị na-eto eto ntị chiri yana akụkọ ndụ nke ndị ntị chiri nke oge a.<ref name="Hartig2007">{{Cite journal|author=Hartig|first=Rachel Mildred|title=Crossing the Divide: Helen Keller and Yvonne Pitrois Dialogue on Diversity|journal=Sign Language Studies|date=2007|volume=7|issue=2|pages=177–185|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0003}}</ref> Pitrois degaara onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị debanyere aha 900 akwụkwọ ozi.<ref name="Lang1995">{{Cite book|author=Lang|first=Harry G.|title=Deaf persons in the arts and sciences : a biographical dictionary|date=1995|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=0313291705|pages=291–294}}</ref> N'afọ 1928, Pitrois guzobere magazin nke abụọ, Le Rayon de Soleil des Sourds‐Aveugles, nke e dere na French Braille maka ndị ntị chiri. <ref name="Oviedo2007">{{Cite web|author=Oviedo|first=Alejandro|title=Yvonne Pitrois. Escritora y activista sorda francesa (1880 – 1937)|url=https://cultura-sorda.org/yvonne-pitrois/|work=La cultura sorda|accessdate=12 September 2020|date=2007}}</ref> A raara ọtụtụ n'ime mbipụta nke magazin ahụ nye ịkekọrịta ozi na echiche n'etiti ndị ogbi. <ref name="Lang1995" /> E bipụtara akụkọ ndụ Pitrois banyere Helen Keller, Une nuit rayonnante, na 1922. <ref name="Hartig2007">{{Cite journal|author=Hartig|first=Rachel Mildred|title=Crossing the Divide: Helen Keller and Yvonne Pitrois Dialogue on Diversity|journal=Sign Language Studies|date=2007|volume=7|issue=2|pages=177–185|doi=10.1353/sls.2007.0003}}</ref> A maara Pitrois na Keller site na Cosmopolitan Correspondence Club, bụ́ akwụkwọ ozi ndị ogbi na-agbanwere ndị bi n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa.<ref name="Lang1995" /> Ebe ọ bụ na Pitrois enwetala kpuru ìsì mgbe ọ bụ nwata, nakwa n’ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị ogbi na-ede akwụkwọ, o nwere mmasị ide banyere ndụ Keller.<ref name="Hartig2007" /> Pitrois ji ọmịiko na mmasị siri ike na Keller dee, ọ bụ ezie na ọ katọrọ arụmọrụ Keller na sekit vaudeville dị ka ihe ngosi na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ.<ref name="Hartig2007" /> Ọ bụ onye otu Société des gens de lettres, otu ndị edemede French. <ref name="Oviedo2007">{{Cite web|author=Oviedo|first=Alejandro|title=Yvonne Pitrois. Escritora y activista sorda francesa (1880 – 1937)|url=https://cultura-sorda.org/yvonne-pitrois/|work=La cultura sorda|accessdate=12 September 2020|date=2007}}</ref> O nyere aka nweta akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ntị chiri maka ụlọ akwụkwọ Selwyn Oxley, onye nkuzi Bekee nke nchịkọta akwụkwọ ya ga-abụ ntọala nke University College London Ear Institute na Action on Hearing Loss Libraries.<ref name="UCL2014">{{Cite web|author=Stiles|first=H. Dominic W.|title=A card from Yvonne Pitrois, Deaf Writer (1880-1937)|url=https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/library-rnid/2014/07/25/a-card-from-yvonne-pitrois-deaf-writer-1880-1937/|work=UCL Ear Institute & Action on Hearing Loss Libraries|publisher=University College London|accessdate=13 September 2020}}</ref> == Ịrụ ndị ogbi ozi == N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Pitrois haziri nchịkọta nkwado ego iji nyere ndị ntị chiri aka bụ ndị ndị ndị agha Germany hapụrụ n'enweghị nri ma ọ bụ ebe obibi.<ref name="Oviedo2007">{{Cite web|author=Oviedo|first=Alejandro|title=Yvonne Pitrois. Escritora y activista sorda francesa (1880 – 1937)|url=https://cultura-sorda.org/yvonne-pitrois/|work=La cultura sorda|accessdate=12 September 2020|date=2007}}</ref> O dere banyere nhụjuanya nke ndị ogbi na France na Belgium n'oge agha na The Silent Worker, na-arịọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ America ego.<ref name="Oviedo2007" /> Na kọlụm ya, ọ sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ozi ma gosipụta foto nke ndị natara onyinye ndị ahụ.<ref name="Oviedo2007" /> O nyere aka jikọta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ntị chiri na ezinụlọ ha ma tinye ụmụaka ntị chiri na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="Lang1995" /> Pitrois natara Medal of Honor site na Société nationale d'encouragement au bien na 1920 ma nye ya Prix Montyon na 1929 site na Académie Française maka ọrụ ya n'imeziwanye ndụ ndị ntị chiri na ndị ntị chiri. <ref name="Lang1995" /> Académie Française mere ya onye isi maka ọrụ edemede ya. <ref name="Lang1995" /> Mgbe agha ahụ biri na ọnwụ nne ya, Pitrois nabatara ụmụ agbọghọ ntị chiri ma ọ bụ ndị nwere nsogbu ka ha soro ya biri n'ụlọ ya dị n'ime ime obodo na Brittany.<ref name="Oviedo2007">{{Cite web|author=Oviedo|first=Alejandro|title=Yvonne Pitrois. Escritora y activista sorda francesa (1880 – 1937)|url=https://cultura-sorda.org/yvonne-pitrois/|work=La cultura sorda|accessdate=12 September 2020|date=2007}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na France na 23 Eprel 1937.<ref name="Oviedo2007">{{Cite web|author=Oviedo|first=Alejandro|title=Yvonne Pitrois. Escritora y activista sorda francesa (1880 – 1937)|url=https://cultura-sorda.org/yvonne-pitrois/|work=La cultura sorda|accessdate=12 September 2020|date=2007}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ihe na-egosi ihe na-emetụta ihe na-emenye ihe na-emegharị ihe Geneva: J.H. Jeheber, 1905 * ''Nwa nwanyị Victor Hugo'' Lausanne: G. Bridel, 1906 * Abraham Lincoln, onye nnapụta nke ndị ohu Toulouse: Ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta nke Toulouse, 1911 * Ndụ Abbe de L'Epée: a kọọrọ ndị ogbi. Saint-Étienne: Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Ogbi, 1912 * ''Otu onye a ma ama e gburu: Miss Edith Cavell ''. Paris, 1915 * ''Ụmụ nwanyị nke Agha Ukwu 1914-1915-1916''. Geneva: J.-H. Jeheber, 1916 * ''Onyinyo ụmụ nwanyị'' Lausanne: Payot, 1929 * Christmas Veillée: Akụkọ ise maka ụmụaka na ndị okenye. Strasbourg: Akwụkwọ ozioma, 1932 == Edemside == 3n7879bosbfb02ycym8iypuamifx9s6 0 75709 674753 672421 2026-07-09T22:35:28Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 674753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Romani_feminism.svg|thumb|213x213px|Otu n'ime ihe nnọchianya nke Romani feminism]] Romani feminism, ma ọ bụ Gypsy feminism, bụ ụdị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akwalite Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị maka '''Ụmụ nwanyị Romani''' ka ọ na-eme ka usoro ndị a kwekọọ na nchekwa nke ọdịbendị na ụkpụrụ nke ndị Romani.<ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Almenar|first=Pilar|url=https://valenciaplaza.com/feminisme-gitano-en-lluita-per-a-una-societat-inclusiva|title=Feminisme gitano en lluita per a una societat inclusiva|date=23 October 2017|language=ca}}</ref> Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romani.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}</ref> A na-eji ọgụ iji merie ajọ mbunobi na ọdịiche dị n'ebe ọha mmadụ Rom nọ na ụmụ nwanyị nọ, na mgbakwunye na ihere metụtara ịda [[w:|ogbenye]].<ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Michelli|first=José Francisco|url=https://www.elsaltodiario.com/pueblo-gitano/gitanas-feministas-que-luchan-contra-los-prejuicios|title=Gitanas feministas que luchan contra los prejuicios|date=16 November 2017}}</ref> [[w:|Nkọwa dị mkpa]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Describe the connection between Romani women and poverty (April 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị Agbụrụ Romani eledawo anya ma kpagbuo ha site n'aka ndị obodo dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ ìgwè ka na-echekwa ọdịbendị pụrụ iche, na asụsụ nke ha, omenala ma ọ bụ omenala, ebe ezinụlọ na ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị otu ya dị oke mkpa. [ọ dị mkpa idezi] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text preceding this tag may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (March 2026)">needs copy edit</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1920 na 1930 e nwere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Romani na etiti Europe; nke a gụnyere aro nke alaka nwanyị nke General Union of Roma na Romania iji kụziere ma nye ụmụ nwanyị Romani ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ guzobere Panhellenic Association of Roma People nke mbụ na 1939. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}</ref> : 17 : 17  E nwere òtù ndị e guzobere iji hazie ikike ndị Rom kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ ndị 1960, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Schneeweis|first=Adina|date=9 October 2014|title=Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12077|journal=Communication, Culture &amp; Critique|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–253|doi=10.1111/cccr.12077|issn=1753-9129}}</ref> mana a na-ewu ewu [nkọwa dị mkpa] n'afọ 1990 mgbe Agha Nzuzo biri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}</ref> N'otu afọ iri ahụ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Romani duziri mkpọsa mba megide mmegbu metụtara nwoke na nwanyị n'ihe gbasara obodo ndị Rom.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|date=2015|title=Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women’s Movement|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf|journal=FES Working Papers}}</ref> Otu n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị Rom mbụ doro anya, Gypsy Mother Association, bụ nke Ilona Zambo guzobere na Hungary na 1991.<ref name=":0" /> Na United Kingdom, Sylvia Dunn guzobere National Association of Gypsy Women na 1994. <ref name=":0" /> European Union kwadoro Njikọ Nzukọ Mbụ nke ndị Rom site na European Union na Mee 1994 na Seville, Spain, mana a katọrọ ya maka ịghara itinye ụmụ nwanyị Romani na akụkọ ikpeazụ. : 44   Na ngwụcha afọ 1990, e guzobere ma tinye aka n'ọtụtụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Schneeweis|first=Adina|date=9 October 2014|title=Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12077|journal=Communication, Culture &amp; Critique|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–253|doi=10.1111/cccr.12077|issn=1753-9129}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchneeweis2014">Schneeweis, Adina (9 October 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1111/cccr.12077|"Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights"]]</span>. ''Communication, Culture &#x26; Critique''. '''8''' (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>253. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/cccr.12077|10.1111/cccr.12077]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-9129 1753-9129].</cite></ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Open Society Institute (OSI) - nke e mechara kpọwa Open Society Foundation - nyere ego maka European Roma Rights Centre, nke meghere na 1996, <ref name=":1" /> ma nwee nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani na 1998. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|date=2015|title=Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women’s Movement|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf|journal=FES Working Papers}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovicBalogh2015">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanovic, Jelena; Balogh, Lidia (2015). [https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf "Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women's Movement"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''FES Working Papers''. Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and CEU Center for Policy Studies.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 18 OSI kwadokwara Association of Romani Women na Romania guzobere International Conference for Roma Women na Disemba 1999. <ref name=":6" /> : 18 : 18  Na Primer Congreso Gitano de la Unión Europea (First Gypsy Congress of the European Union) na 1994, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Romani 29 wepụtara Manifesto of Roma/Gypsy Women; n'ihi ya, Council of Europe haziri ịnụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị Romanian na 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 218–219 : 218–219  N'afọ 2002, ndị Romani Women's Network (IRWN) malitere site n'aka ndị Romani si mba 18, <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|author=Iszak|first=Rita|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Izsak-Rita-2008-The-European-Romani-Womens-Movement%E2%80%94International-Roma-Womens-Network-in-Batliwala-S.-ed.-Changing-Their-World-1st-Edition-Building-Feminist-Movements-and-Organizat.pdf|title=Changing their World: Concepts and practices of women’s movements|date=8 April 2013|publisher=Association for Women's Rights in Development|editor=Batliwala|edition=1st|chapter=The European Romani Women’s Movement – International Roma Women’s Network}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref>: 18 <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>:: 221  na-aghọ nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ edebanyere aha na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị si n'òtù Romani niile na Europe. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Na June 2006, Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Europe wepụtara mkpebi mbụ ya banyere Ọnọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani na mba ndị so na EU na ntinye aka sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Romanian na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, OSI jikọtara mmemme na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Rom site na Women's Program na Roma Participation Program (RPP) iji mepụta Joint Roma Women's Initiative (JWRI). <ref name=":0" />  Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Debra L. Schultz si kwuo, na Central na Eastern Europe site na 2012 "e nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ihe karịrị ọtụtụ narị ụmụ nwanyị ga-akọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Romani na-eme ihe. Ma mmetụta ha dị ịrịba ama ma na-eto eto, n'ime na karịa post-Soviet Romani rights movement. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schultz|first=Debra L.|date=September 2012|title=Translating Intersectionality Theory into Practice: A Tale of Romani- Gadže Feminist Alliance|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665802|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=37–43|doi=10.1086/665802|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> A họpụtara onye Rom na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị (Soraya Post) ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Europe na nke mbụ ya n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 22 : 22  === Na Spain === [[Faịlụ:Mayer_en_la_inauguración_del_primer_Congreso_de_Feminismo_Romaní_11.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mmeghe nke Congress nke Romani Feminism na 2017]] ''Gitanas'' movement nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani Spanish pụtara na 1990, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> n'otu afọ ahụ e guzobere òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romini mbụ na Europe, Asociación de Mujeres Gitanas ''Romí'' na Granada. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Mirga-Kruszelnicka|first=Anna|title=Breaking the Silence: Romani Women’s Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement|url=https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jorrin|first=Virginia|url=https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/andalucia/22065-mujeres-y-gitanas.html|title=Mujeres y gitanas|date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> :: 211  Romí haziri nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Gitana na Spain na June 1990. <ref name=":5" /> :: 211  Kemgbe ahụ, e mepụtara ọtụtụ narị òtù na otu na mba ahụ dum. <ref name=":5" /> :: 222  N'akụkụ ụfọdụ, mmegharị ahụ kpaliri ndị Romani na-eme ihe ike na Central na Eastern Europe.<ref name=":5" /> : 29 : 29  Dị ka onye Rom na-eme ihe ike na onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ Anna Mirga-Kruszelnicka si kwuo, "...ihe pụrụ iche nke 'Gitano feminism' dị na mmeghe ya nye ụmụ nwoke: a na-eme ya dị ka ọgụ jikọrọ aka maka imeziwanye na mmepe nke obodo Romani. "<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>: 216  == Echiche == Echiche nke intersectionality bụ isi na okwu ndị nwanyị Romania. Onye prọfesọ Romani bụ́ Alexandra Oprea na-arụ ụka na “ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-apụ apụ na Europe ka bụ ụzọ abụọ, ndị Rom na-alụkwa ọgụ dị iche iche n’onwe ha.” Na mgbakwunye na okike na agbụrụ, a na-ebuli klaasị ugboro ugboro na mkparịta ụka gbasara mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Romania, ndị nwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye. Nsogbu ndị a na-akawanye njọ site na okike; Ụmụ nwanyị Romania nwere nsonaazụ ka njọ na ọrụ, ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwoke Romania. === Ọdịiche dị na ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị === Romani feminism na-agụnye nkatọ site na Black na Third World feminists nke echiche ndị dị ka "nwanne nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ". <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Mirga-Kruszelnicka|first=Anna|title=Breaking the Silence: Romani Women’s Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement|url=https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pražić|first=Ivana|date=2023|title=Gadji Feminism(s) in Serbia: Racial Privilege and “Intersectional” Solidarity in an Eastern European Semiperiphery|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/902527|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=70–97|doi=10.1353/fro.2023.a902527|issn=1536-0334}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Romani na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwusi ike na ndị ọcha na-agbagha nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani site n'ime ka a ga-asị na ha na-azọpụta ha n'aka omenala "ọhịa" ma ọ bụ "azụ azụ".<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 5 : 5  == Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ihe ịma aka == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Otu n'ime akụkụ ndị otu a na-agbachitere bụ ịnweta ụlọ, agụmakwụkwọ na ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị anya, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ime ka ọdịiche dị iche iche dị mma.<ref name="España" /> Na Roma Women's Forum na 2003, ndị Rom na-eme ngagharị iwe mere ọtụtụ aro, gụnyere iwepụ agụmakwụkwọ, inye ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa Rom ọrụ na ohere akụ na ụba, na ịkwụsị mmemme gọọmentị na-amanye ha. Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ụmụ nwanyị Romani na-emeso dịkwa iche site na ebe na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. : 8 : 8  Otu n'ime nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ndị Rom bụ ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịnala na njirimara ndị Rom ka ha na-akwanyere mkpebi na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigs.ufsc.br/files/2012/09/Feminismo-gitano-1.pdf|title=Feminismo gitano. Una aportación solidaria a la superación de las desigualdades de género|date=5 November 2002}}</ref> [Nkọwa dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ịda ogbenye, ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ === Dị ka nyocha nke mba 11 EU site na European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) mere site na 2008 ruo 2012, 42% nke Roma bi na "enweghị ebe obibi siri ike" na 87% nke ezinụlọ Roma na-enweta n'okpuru oke ịda ogbenye mba (tụnyere 12% na 46% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-abụghị ndị Rom n'otu n'otu). Nnyocha ahụ gosikwara na ụmụ nwanyị Rome dị ole na ole karịa ndị nwoke nwere ike ịgụ ma ọ bụ dee (77% megide 85%), ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ (81% megide 86%), ma ọ bụ were ọrụ (21% megide 35%). [1] Nke a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị Rome nwee ego dabere na nwoke. Otú ọ dị, ịda ogbenye na ịnọgide na-enwekwa ọrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ebelatawo ike ha n'ime ezinụlọ, nke n'aka nke ya emewo ka nsogbu nke ime ihe ike dị n'ime ụlọ ka njọ. [chọrọ mmelite] === Ịmanye ịwa ahụ === Malite na 1960s ma ọ bụ 1970s wee gaa n'ihu na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, a manyere iri puku kwuru iri puku ụmụ nwanyị Romania nọ na Czechoslovakia ma ọ bụ manye ime ọgwụ mgbochi nke steeti kwadoro.  169-171   Emere nke a site n'aka ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-enye ihe mkpali ego iji nweta ọgwụ mgbochi nwa na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-eduzi usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'oge nlekọta ahụike ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ihe ọmụma nke onye ọrịa. Omume a kwụsịrị na 2004 na-eso nrụgide ọha na eze na ikpe ikpe. N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, ndị omebe iwu Czech kpebiri ịkwụ ụgwọ puku kwuru puku ụmụ nwanyị Romania gbapụrụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'etiti 1996 na 2012. === Ọgwụgwọ n'ime obodo ndị Rom === A na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmeso ma ọ bụ mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọha mmadụ Romani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romani women in Romani and majority societies|url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/romani-women-in-romani-and-majority-societies|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=European Roma Rights Centre|language=HU}}</ref> Oprea na-atụ aro na n'oge mmegbu agbụrụ, a na-agba ụmụ nwanyị Romani ume ịgbachitere omume na-emerụ ahụ iji zere ime ka àgwà agbụrụ na-emegide ndị Rom bụrụ ihe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=21 July 2005|title=Child Marriage a Cultural Problem, Educational Access a Race Issue? Deconstructing Uni-Dimensional Understanding of Romani Oppression|url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/child-marriage-a-cultural-problem-educational-access-a-race-issue-deconstructing-uni-dimensional-understanding-of-romani-oppression|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=European Roma Rights Centre|language=HU}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=September 2012|title=Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–21|doi=10.1086/665945|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> :: 254  Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ndị Romani na-eme ngagharị iwe na-ahụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romani dị ka nke na-agbaji, na-agbari, ma ọ bụ na-agba mgba okpuru nke òtù ikike Romani.<ref name=":5" /> : 57 <ref name=":5" />:: 217  N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ òtù ndị Rom ka bụ ndị ikom na-eduzi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Pezerović|first=Selma|date=15 August 2020|title=The close link between racial and gender inequality|url=https://phralipen.hr/en/2020/08/15/the-close-link-between-racial-and-gender-inequality/|accessdate=2026-04-14|work=Phralipen|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ụfọdụ [onye?] na-ele ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na obodo Romani anya dị ka okwu ụmụ nwanyị Romani.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=September 2012|title=Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–21|doi=10.1086/665945|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>  ==== Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> ==== Atụmanya nke ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke na alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>"Ịdị nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke nke ụmụ nwanyị tupu alụmdi na nwunye bụ ihe na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo ndị Rom niile. Mkparịta ụka ọha na eze metụtara ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na ndị na-amagba na-akpata ọtụtụ esemokwu n'etiti ụmụ agbọghọ ndị Rom ọdịnala na ndị na'abụghị ọdịnala, na-egosipụta echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe banyere ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ịbụ nwa agbọghọ... obodo ndị Rom ọdịbendị... [ewepụ] ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ tupu ma ọ bụ site na klas nke asatọ iji chebe ịbụ nwa agbọghọ ma kwadebe ya maka alụmdi na eze. " A ka na-eme alụmdi na nwunye nke ụmụ agbọghọ Romani na ụfọdụ obodo ndị Rom. Akụkọ 2019 nke BIBIJA Roma Women Center kwuru na Montenegro na Serbia, 18% na 17% nke ụmụ agbọghọ Roma lụrụ di na nwunye tupu ha eruo afọ 15; ihe karịrị 55% lụrụ di tupu ha erue afọ 18.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2019|title=Report on discrimination and violence against Roma women in the Balkans reveals devastating statistics, calls for urgent action|url=https://eca.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/11/report-on-discrimination-and-violence-against-roma-women|work=UN Women}}</ref> Akụkọ FRA ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu chọpụtara na 2% nke ụmụ agbọghọ Romani dị afọ 10-15 'na-alụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye' ma ọ bụ soro onye ibe ya biri, na 16% nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị Rom dị afọ 16-17 na-eme ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 42 : 42  == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gzudqnpvr658c60q1ugziutj50h58zg 674756 674753 2026-07-09T22:41:18Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 674756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Romani_feminism.svg|thumb|213x213px|Otu n'ime ihe nnọchianya nke Romani feminism]] Romani feminism, ma ọ bụ Gypsy feminism, bụ ụdị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akwalite Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị maka '''Ụmụ nwanyị Romani''' ka ọ na-eme ka usoro ndị a kwekọọ na nchekwa nke ọdịbendị na ụkpụrụ nke ndị Romani.<ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Almenar|first=Pilar|url=https://valenciaplaza.com/feminisme-gitano-en-lluita-per-a-una-societat-inclusiva|title=Feminisme gitano en lluita per a una societat inclusiva|date=23 October 2017|language=ca}}</ref> Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romani.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}</ref> A na-eji ọgụ iji merie ajọ mbunobi na ọdịiche dị n'ebe ọha mmadụ Rom nọ na ụmụ nwanyị nọ, na mgbakwunye na ihere metụtara ịda [[w:|ogbenye]].<ref name="España" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Michelli|first=José Francisco|url=https://www.elsaltodiario.com/pueblo-gitano/gitanas-feministas-que-luchan-contra-los-prejuicios|title=Gitanas feministas que luchan contra los prejuicios|date=16 November 2017}}</ref> [[w:|Nkọwa dị mkpa]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Describe the connection between Romani women and poverty (April 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị Agbụrụ Romani eledawo anya ma kpagbuo ha site n'aka ndị obodo dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ ìgwè ka na-echekwa ọdịbendị pụrụ iche, na asụsụ nke ha, omenala ma ọ bụ omenala, ebe ezinụlọ na ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị otu ya dị oke mkpa. [ọ dị mkpa idezi] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text preceding this tag may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (March 2026)">needs copy edit</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1920 na 1930 e nwere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Romani na etiti Europe; nke a gụnyere aro nke alaka nwanyị nke General Union of Roma na Romania iji kụziere ma nye ụmụ nwanyị Romani ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ guzobere Panhellenic Association of Roma People nke mbụ na 1939. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}</ref> : 17 : 17  E nwere òtù ndị e guzobere iji hazie ikike ndị Rom kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ ndị 1960, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Schneeweis|first=Adina|date=9 October 2014|title=Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12077|journal=Communication, Culture &amp; Critique|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–253|doi=10.1111/cccr.12077|issn=1753-9129}}</ref> mana a na-ewu ewu [nkọwa dị mkpa] n'afọ 1990 mgbe Agha Nzuzo biri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}</ref> N'otu afọ iri ahụ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Romani duziri mkpọsa mba megide mmegbu metụtara nwoke na nwanyị n'ihe gbasara obodo ndị Rom.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|date=2015|title=Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women’s Movement|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf|journal=FES Working Papers}}</ref> Otu n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị Rom mbụ doro anya, Gypsy Mother Association, bụ nke Ilona Zambo guzobere na Hungary na 1991.<ref name=":0" /> Na United Kingdom, Sylvia Dunn guzobere National Association of Gypsy Women na 1994. <ref name=":0" /> European Union kwadoro Njikọ Nzukọ Mbụ nke ndị Rom site na European Union na Mee 1994 na Seville, Spain, mana a katọrọ ya maka ịghara itinye ụmụ nwanyị Romani na akụkọ ikpeazụ. : 44   Na ngwụcha afọ 1990, e guzobere ma tinye aka n'ọtụtụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Schneeweis|first=Adina|date=9 October 2014|title=Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12077|journal=Communication, Culture &amp; Critique|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–253|doi=10.1111/cccr.12077|issn=1753-9129}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchneeweis2014">Schneeweis, Adina (9 October 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1111/cccr.12077|"Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights"]]</span>. ''Communication, Culture &#x26; Critique''. '''8''' (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>253. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/cccr.12077|10.1111/cccr.12077]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-9129 1753-9129].</cite></ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Open Society Institute (OSI) - nke e mechara kpọwa Open Society Foundation - nyere ego maka European Roma Rights Centre, nke meghere na 1996, <ref name=":1" /> ma nwee nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani na 1998. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|date=2015|title=Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women’s Movement|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf|journal=FES Working Papers}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovicBalogh2015">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanovic, Jelena; Balogh, Lidia (2015). [https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf "Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women's Movement"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''FES Working Papers''. Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and CEU Center for Policy Studies.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 18 OSI kwadokwara Association of Romani Women na Romania guzobere International Conference for Roma Women na Disemba 1999. <ref name=":6" /> : 18 : 18  Na Primer Congreso Gitano de la Unión Europea (First Gypsy Congress of the European Union) na 1994, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Romani 29 wepụtara Manifesto of Roma/Gypsy Women; n'ihi ya, Council of Europe haziri ịnụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị Romanian na 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 218–219 : 218–219  N'afọ 2002, ndị Romani Women's Network (IRWN) malitere site n'aka ndị Romani si mba 18, <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|author=Iszak|first=Rita|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Izsak-Rita-2008-The-European-Romani-Womens-Movement%E2%80%94International-Roma-Womens-Network-in-Batliwala-S.-ed.-Changing-Their-World-1st-Edition-Building-Feminist-Movements-and-Organizat.pdf|title=Changing their World: Concepts and practices of women’s movements|date=8 April 2013|publisher=Association for Women's Rights in Development|editor=Batliwala|edition=1st|chapter=The European Romani Women’s Movement – International Roma Women’s Network}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref>: 18 <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>:: 221  na-aghọ nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ edebanyere aha na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị si n'òtù Romani niile na Europe. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Na June 2006, Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Europe wepụtara mkpebi mbụ ya banyere Ọnọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani na mba ndị so na EU na ntinye aka sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Romanian na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, OSI jikọtara mmemme na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Rom site na Women's Program na Roma Participation Program (RPP) iji mepụta Joint Roma Women's Initiative (JWRI). <ref name=":0" />  Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Debra L. Schultz si kwuo, na Central na Eastern Europe site na 2012 "e nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ihe karịrị ọtụtụ narị ụmụ nwanyị ga-akọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Romani na-eme ihe. Ma mmetụta ha dị ịrịba ama ma na-eto eto, n'ime na karịa post-Soviet Romani rights movement. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schultz|first=Debra L.|date=September 2012|title=Translating Intersectionality Theory into Practice: A Tale of Romani- Gadže Feminist Alliance|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665802|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=37–43|doi=10.1086/665802|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> A họpụtara onye Rom na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị (Soraya Post) ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Europe na nke mbụ ya n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 22 : 22  === Na Spain === [[Faịlụ:Mayer_en_la_inauguración_del_primer_Congreso_de_Feminismo_Romaní_11.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mmeghe nke Congress nke Romani Feminism na 2017]] ''Gitanas'' movement nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani Spanish pụtara na 1990, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> n'otu afọ ahụ e guzobere òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romini mbụ na Europe, Asociación de Mujeres Gitanas ''Romí'' na Granada. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Mirga-Kruszelnicka|first=Anna|title=Breaking the Silence: Romani Women’s Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement|url=https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jorrin|first=Virginia|url=https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/andalucia/22065-mujeres-y-gitanas.html|title=Mujeres y gitanas|date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> :: 211  Romí haziri nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Gitana na Spain na June 1990. <ref name=":5" /> :: 211  Kemgbe ahụ, e mepụtara ọtụtụ narị òtù na otu na mba ahụ dum. <ref name=":5" /> :: 222  N'akụkụ ụfọdụ, mmegharị ahụ kpaliri ndị Romani na-eme ihe ike na Central na Eastern Europe.<ref name=":5" /> : 29 : 29  Dị ka onye Rom na-eme ihe ike na onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ Anna Mirga-Kruszelnicka si kwuo, "...ihe pụrụ iche nke 'Gitano feminism' dị na mmeghe ya nye ụmụ nwoke: a na-eme ya dị ka ọgụ jikọrọ aka maka imeziwanye na mmepe nke obodo Romani. "<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>: 216  == Echiche == Echiche nke intersectionality bụ isi na okwu ndị nwanyị Romania. Onye prọfesọ Romani bụ́ Alexandra Oprea na-arụ ụka na “ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-apụ apụ na Europe ka bụ ụzọ abụọ, ndị Rom na-alụkwa ọgụ dị iche iche n’onwe ha.” Na mgbakwunye na okike na agbụrụ, a na-ebuli klaasị ugboro ugboro na mkparịta ụka gbasara mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Romania, ndị nwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye. Nsogbu ndị a na-akawanye njọ site na okike; Ụmụ nwanyị Romania nwere nsonaazụ ka njọ na ọrụ, ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwoke Romania. === Ọdịiche dị na ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị === Romani feminism na-agụnye nkatọ site na Black na Third World feminists nke echiche ndị dị ka "nwanne nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ". <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Mirga-Kruszelnicka|first=Anna|title=Breaking the Silence: Romani Women’s Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement|url=https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pražić|first=Ivana|date=2023|title=Gadji Feminism(s) in Serbia: Racial Privilege and “Intersectional” Solidarity in an Eastern European Semiperiphery|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/902527|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=70–97|doi=10.1353/fro.2023.a902527|issn=1536-0334}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Romani na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwusi ike na ndị ọcha na-agbagha nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani site n'ime ka a ga-asị na ha na-azọpụta ha n'aka omenala "ọhịa" ma ọ bụ "azụ azụ".<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 5 : 5  == Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ihe ịma aka == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Otu n'ime akụkụ ndị otu a na-agbachitere bụ ịnweta ụlọ, agụmakwụkwọ na ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị anya, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ime ka ọdịiche dị iche iche dị mma.<ref name="España" /> Na Roma Women's Forum na 2003, ndị Rom na-eme ngagharị iwe mere ọtụtụ aro, gụnyere iwepụ agụmakwụkwọ, inye ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa Rom ọrụ na ohere akụ na ụba, na ịkwụsị mmemme gọọmentị na-amanye ha. Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ụmụ nwanyị Romani na-emeso dịkwa iche site na ebe na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. : 8 : 8  Otu n'ime nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ndị Rom bụ ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịnala na njirimara ndị Rom ka ha na-akwanyere mkpebi na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigs.ufsc.br/files/2012/09/Feminismo-gitano-1.pdf|title=Feminismo gitano. Una aportación solidaria a la superación de las desigualdades de género|date=5 November 2002}}</ref> [Nkọwa dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ịda ogbenye, ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ === Dị ka nyocha nke mba 11 EU site na European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) mere site na 2008 ruo 2012, 42% nke Roma bi na "enweghị ebe obibi siri ike" na 87% nke ezinụlọ Roma na-enweta n'okpuru oke ịda ogbenye mba (tụnyere 12% na 46% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-abụghị ndị Rom n'otu n'otu). Nnyocha ahụ gosikwara na ụmụ nwanyị Rome dị ole na ole karịa ndị nwoke nwere ike ịgụ ma ọ bụ dee (77% megide 85%), ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ (81% megide 86%), ma ọ bụ were ọrụ (21% megide 35%). [1] Nke a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị Rome nwee ego dabere na nwoke. Otú ọ dị, ịda ogbenye na ịnọgide na-enwekwa ọrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ebelatawo ike ha n'ime ezinụlọ, nke n'aka nke ya emewo ka nsogbu nke ime ihe ike dị n'ime ụlọ ka njọ. [chọrọ mmelite] === Ịmanye ịwa ahụ === Malite na 1960s ma ọ bụ 1970s wee gaa n'ihu na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, a manyere iri puku kwuru iri puku ụmụ nwanyị Romania nọ na Czechoslovakia ma ọ bụ manye ime ọgwụ mgbochi nke steeti kwadoro.  169-171   Emere nke a site n'aka ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-enye ihe mkpali ego iji nweta ọgwụ mgbochi nwa na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-eduzi usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'oge nlekọta ahụike ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ihe ọmụma nke onye ọrịa. Omume a kwụsịrị na 2004 na-eso nrụgide ọha na eze na ikpe ikpe. N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, ndị omebe iwu Czech kpebiri ịkwụ ụgwọ puku kwuru puku ụmụ nwanyị Romania gbapụrụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'etiti 1996 na 2012. === Ọgwụgwọ n'ime obodo ndị Rom === A na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmeso ma ọ bụ mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọha mmadụ Romani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romani women in Romani and majority societies|url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/romani-women-in-romani-and-majority-societies|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=European Roma Rights Centre|language=HU}}</ref> Oprea na-atụ aro na n'oge mmegbu agbụrụ, a na-agba ụmụ nwanyị Romani ume ịgbachitere omume na-emerụ ahụ iji zere ime ka àgwà agbụrụ na-emegide ndị Rom bụrụ ihe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=21 July 2005|title=Child Marriage a Cultural Problem, Educational Access a Race Issue? Deconstructing Uni-Dimensional Understanding of Romani Oppression|url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/child-marriage-a-cultural-problem-educational-access-a-race-issue-deconstructing-uni-dimensional-understanding-of-romani-oppression|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=European Roma Rights Centre|language=HU}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=September 2012|title=Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–21|doi=10.1086/665945|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> :: 254  Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ndị Romani na-eme ngagharị iwe na-ahụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romani dị ka nke na-agbaji, na-agbari, ma ọ bụ na-agba mgba okpuru nke òtù ikike Romani.<ref name=":5" /> : 57 <ref name=":5" />:: 217  N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ òtù ndị Rom ka bụ ndị ikom na-eduzi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Pezerović|first=Selma|date=15 August 2020|title=The close link between racial and gender inequality|url=https://phralipen.hr/en/2020/08/15/the-close-link-between-racial-and-gender-inequality/|accessdate=2026-04-14|work=Phralipen|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ụfọdụ [onye?] na-ele ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na obodo Romani anya dị ka okwu ụmụ nwanyị Romani.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=September 2012|title=Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–21|doi=10.1086/665945|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>  ==== Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> ==== Atụmanya nke ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke na alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>"Ịdị nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke nke ụmụ nwanyị tupu alụmdi na nwunye bụ ihe na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo ndị Rom niile. Mkparịta ụka ọha na eze metụtara ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na ndị na-amagba na-akpata ọtụtụ esemokwu n'etiti ụmụ agbọghọ ndị Rom ọdịnala na ndị na'abụghị ọdịnala, na-egosipụta echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe banyere ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ịbụ nwa agbọghọ... obodo ndị Rom ọdịbendị... [ewepụ] ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ tupu ma ọ bụ site na klas nke asatọ iji chebe ịbụ nwa agbọghọ ma kwadebe ya maka alụmdi na eze. " A ka na-eme alụmdi na nwunye nke ụmụ agbọghọ Romani na ụfọdụ obodo ndị Rom. Akụkọ 2019 nke BIBIJA Roma Women Center kwuru na Montenegro na Serbia, 18% na 17% nke ụmụ agbọghọ Roma lụrụ di na nwunye tupu ha eruo afọ 15; ihe karịrị 55% lụrụ di tupu ha erue afọ 18.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2019|title=Report on discrimination and violence against Roma women in the Balkans reveals devastating statistics, calls for urgent action|url=https://eca.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/11/report-on-discrimination-and-violence-against-roma-women|work=UN Women}}</ref> Akụkọ FRA ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu chọpụtara na 2% nke ụmụ agbọghọ Romani dị afọ 10-15 'na-alụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye' ma ọ bụ soro onye ibe ya biri, na 16% nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị Rom dị afọ 16-17 na-eme ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 42 : 42  == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dh29ztlmpfody3d579y314rmhjvofhw 674764 674756 2026-07-09T22:57:32Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 674764 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Romani_feminism.svg|thumb|213x213px|Otu n'ime ihe nnọchianya nke Romani feminism]] Romani feminism, ma ọ bụ Gypsy feminism, bụ ụdị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akwalite Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị maka '''Ụmụ nwanyị Romani''' ka ọ na-eme ka usoro ndị a kwekọọ na nchekwa nke ọdịbendị na ụkpụrụ nke ndị Romani.<ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Almenar|first=Pilar|url=https://valenciaplaza.com/feminisme-gitano-en-lluita-per-a-una-societat-inclusiva|title=Feminisme gitano en lluita per a una societat inclusiva|date=23 October 2017|language=ca}}</ref> Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romani.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}</ref> A na-eji ọgụ iji merie ajọ mbunobi na ọdịiche dị n'ebe ọha mmadụ Rom nọ na ụmụ nwanyị nọ, na mgbakwunye na ihere metụtara ịda [[w:|ogbenye]].<ref name="España" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Michelli|first=José Francisco|url=https://www.elsaltodiario.com/pueblo-gitano/gitanas-feministas-que-luchan-contra-los-prejuicios|title=Gitanas feministas que luchan contra los prejuicios|date=16 November 2017}}</ref> [[w:|Nkọwa dị mkpa]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Describe the connection between Romani women and poverty (April 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị Agbụrụ Romani eledawo anya ma kpagbuo ha site n'aka ndị obodo dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ ìgwè ka na-echekwa ọdịbendị pụrụ iche, na asụsụ nke ha, omenala ma ọ bụ omenala, ebe ezinụlọ na ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị otu ya dị oke mkpa. [ọ dị mkpa idezi] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text preceding this tag may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (March 2026)">needs copy edit</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1920 na 1930 e nwere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Romani na etiti Europe; nke a gụnyere aro nke alaka nwanyị nke General Union of Roma na Romania iji kụziere ma nye ụmụ nwanyị Romani ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ guzobere Panhellenic Association of Roma People nke mbụ na 1939. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}</ref> : 17 : 17  E nwere òtù ndị e guzobere iji hazie ikike ndị Rom kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ ndị 1960, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Schneeweis|first=Adina|date=9 October 2014|title=Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12077|journal=Communication, Culture &amp; Critique|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–253|doi=10.1111/cccr.12077|issn=1753-9129}}</ref> mana a na-ewu ewu [nkọwa dị mkpa] n'afọ 1990 mgbe Agha Nzuzo biri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}</ref> N'otu afọ iri ahụ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Romani duziri mkpọsa mba megide mmegbu metụtara nwoke na nwanyị n'ihe gbasara obodo ndị Rom.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|date=2015|title=Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women’s Movement|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf|journal=FES Working Papers}}</ref> Otu n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị Rom mbụ doro anya, Gypsy Mother Association, bụ nke Ilona Zambo guzobere na Hungary na 1991.<ref name=":0" /> Na United Kingdom, Sylvia Dunn guzobere National Association of Gypsy Women na 1994. <ref name=":0" /> European Union kwadoro Njikọ Nzukọ Mbụ nke ndị Rom site na European Union na Mee 1994 na Seville, Spain, mana a katọrọ ya maka ịghara itinye ụmụ nwanyị Romani na akụkọ ikpeazụ. : 44   Na ngwụcha afọ 1990, e guzobere ma tinye aka n'ọtụtụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Schneeweis|first=Adina|date=9 October 2014|title=Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12077|journal=Communication, Culture &amp; Critique|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–253|doi=10.1111/cccr.12077|issn=1753-9129}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchneeweis2014">Schneeweis, Adina (9 October 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1111/cccr.12077|"Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights"]]</span>. ''Communication, Culture &#x26; Critique''. '''8''' (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>253. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/cccr.12077|10.1111/cccr.12077]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-9129 1753-9129].</cite></ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Open Society Institute (OSI) - nke e mechara kpọwa Open Society Foundation - nyere ego maka European Roma Rights Centre, nke meghere na 1996, <ref name=":1" /> ma nwee nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani na 1998. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|date=2015|title=Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women’s Movement|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf|journal=FES Working Papers}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovicBalogh2015">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanovic, Jelena; Balogh, Lidia (2015). [https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf "Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women's Movement"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''FES Working Papers''. Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and CEU Center for Policy Studies.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 18 OSI kwadokwara Association of Romani Women na Romania guzobere International Conference for Roma Women na Disemba 1999. <ref name=":6" /> : 18 : 18  Na Primer Congreso Gitano de la Unión Europea (First Gypsy Congress of the European Union) na 1994, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Romani 29 wepụtara Manifesto of Roma/Gypsy Women; n'ihi ya, Council of Europe haziri ịnụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị Romanian na 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> : 218–219 : 218–219  N'afọ 2002, ndị Romani Women's Network (IRWN) malitere site n'aka ndị Romani si mba 18, <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|author=Iszak|first=Rita|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Izsak-Rita-2008-The-European-Romani-Womens-Movement%E2%80%94International-Roma-Womens-Network-in-Batliwala-S.-ed.-Changing-Their-World-1st-Edition-Building-Feminist-Movements-and-Organizat.pdf|title=Changing their World: Concepts and practices of women’s movements|date=8 April 2013|publisher=Association for Women's Rights in Development|editor=Batliwala|edition=1st|chapter=The European Romani Women’s Movement – International Roma Women’s Network}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref>: 18 :: 221  na-aghọ nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ edebanyere aha na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị si n'òtù Romani niile na Europe. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Na June 2006, Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Europe wepụtara mkpebi mbụ ya banyere Ọnọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani na mba ndị so na EU na ntinye aka sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Romanian na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, OSI jikọtara mmemme na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Rom site na Women's Program na Roma Participation Program (RPP) iji mepụta Joint Roma Women's Initiative (JWRI). <ref name=":0" />  Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Debra L. Schultz si kwuo, na Central na Eastern Europe site na 2012 "e nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ihe karịrị ọtụtụ narị ụmụ nwanyị ga-akọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Romani na-eme ihe. Ma mmetụta ha dị ịrịba ama ma na-eto eto, n'ime na karịa post-Soviet Romani rights movement. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schultz|first=Debra L.|date=September 2012|title=Translating Intersectionality Theory into Practice: A Tale of Romani- Gadže Feminist Alliance|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665802|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=37–43|doi=10.1086/665802|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> A họpụtara onye Rom na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị (Soraya Post) ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Europe na nke mbụ ya n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 22 : 22  === Na Spain === [[Faịlụ:Mayer_en_la_inauguración_del_primer_Congreso_de_Feminismo_Romaní_11.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mmeghe nke Congress nke Romani Feminism na 2017]] ''Gitanas'' movement nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani Spanish pụtara na 1990, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> n'otu afọ ahụ e guzobere òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romini mbụ na Europe, Asociación de Mujeres Gitanas ''Romí'' na Granada. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Mirga-Kruszelnicka|first=Anna|title=Breaking the Silence: Romani Women’s Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement|url=https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jorrin|first=Virginia|url=https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/andalucia/22065-mujeres-y-gitanas.html|title=Mujeres y gitanas|date=5 March 2014}}</ref> :: 211  Romí haziri nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Gitana na Spain na June 1990. :: 211  Kemgbe ahụ, e mepụtara ọtụtụ narị òtù na otu na mba ahụ dum. :: 222  N'akụkụ ụfọdụ, mmegharị ahụ kpaliri ndị Romani na-eme ihe ike na Central na Eastern Europe. : 29 : 29  Dị ka onye Rom na-eme ihe ike na onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ Anna Mirga-Kruszelnicka si kwuo, "...ihe pụrụ iche nke 'Gitano feminism' dị na mmeghe ya nye ụmụ nwoke: a na-eme ya dị ka ọgụ jikọrọ aka maka imeziwanye na mmepe nke obodo Romani. ": 216  == Echiche == Echiche nke intersectionality bụ isi na okwu ndị nwanyị Romania. Onye prọfesọ Romani bụ́ Alexandra Oprea na-arụ ụka na “ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-apụ apụ na Europe ka bụ ụzọ abụọ, ndị Rom na-alụkwa ọgụ dị iche iche n’onwe ha.” Na mgbakwunye na okike na agbụrụ, a na-ebuli klaasị ugboro ugboro na mkparịta ụka gbasara mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Romania, ndị nwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye. Nsogbu ndị a na-akawanye njọ site na okike; Ụmụ nwanyị Romania nwere nsonaazụ ka njọ na ọrụ, ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwoke Romania. === Ọdịiche dị na ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị === Romani feminism na-agụnye nkatọ site na Black na Third World feminists nke echiche ndị dị ka "nwanne nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ". <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Mirga-Kruszelnicka|first=Anna|title=Breaking the Silence: Romani Women’s Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement|url=https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pražić|first=Ivana|date=2023|title=Gadji Feminism(s) in Serbia: Racial Privilege and “Intersectional” Solidarity in an Eastern European Semiperiphery|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/902527|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=70–97|doi=10.1353/fro.2023.a902527|issn=1536-0334}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Romani na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwusi ike na ndị ọcha na-agbagha nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani site n'ime ka a ga-asị na ha na-azọpụta ha n'aka omenala "ọhịa" ma ọ bụ "azụ azụ".<ref name=":11" /> : 5 : 5  == Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ihe ịma aka == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Otu n'ime akụkụ ndị otu a na-agbachitere bụ ịnweta ụlọ, agụmakwụkwọ na ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị anya, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ime ka ọdịiche dị iche iche dị mma.<ref name="España" /> Na Roma Women's Forum na 2003, ndị Rom na-eme ngagharị iwe mere ọtụtụ aro, gụnyere iwepụ agụmakwụkwọ, inye ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa Rom ọrụ na ohere akụ na ụba, na ịkwụsị mmemme gọọmentị na-amanye ha. Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ụmụ nwanyị Romani na-emeso dịkwa iche site na ebe na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. : 8 : 8  Otu n'ime nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ndị Rom bụ ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịnala na njirimara ndị Rom ka ha na-akwanyere mkpebi na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigs.ufsc.br/files/2012/09/Feminismo-gitano-1.pdf|title=Feminismo gitano. Una aportación solidaria a la superación de las desigualdades de género|date=5 November 2002}}</ref> [Nkọwa dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ịda ogbenye, ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ === Dị ka nyocha nke mba 11 EU site na European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) mere site na 2008 ruo 2012, 42% nke Roma bi na "enweghị ebe obibi siri ike" na 87% nke ezinụlọ Roma na-enweta n'okpuru oke ịda ogbenye mba (tụnyere 12% na 46% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-abụghị ndị Rom n'otu n'otu). Nnyocha ahụ gosikwara na ụmụ nwanyị Rome dị ole na ole karịa ndị nwoke nwere ike ịgụ ma ọ bụ dee (77% megide 85%), ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ (81% megide 86%), ma ọ bụ were ọrụ (21% megide 35%). [1] Nke a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị Rome nwee ego dabere na nwoke. Otú ọ dị, ịda ogbenye na ịnọgide na-enwekwa ọrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ebelatawo ike ha n'ime ezinụlọ, nke n'aka nke ya emewo ka nsogbu nke ime ihe ike dị n'ime ụlọ ka njọ. [chọrọ mmelite] === Ịmanye ịwa ahụ === Malite na 1960s ma ọ bụ 1970s wee gaa n'ihu na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, a manyere iri puku kwuru iri puku ụmụ nwanyị Romania nọ na Czechoslovakia ma ọ bụ manye ime ọgwụ mgbochi nke steeti kwadoro.  169-171   Emere nke a site n'aka ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-enye ihe mkpali ego iji nweta ọgwụ mgbochi nwa na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-eduzi usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'oge nlekọta ahụike ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ihe ọmụma nke onye ọrịa. Omume a kwụsịrị na 2004 na-eso nrụgide ọha na eze na ikpe ikpe. N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, ndị omebe iwu Czech kpebiri ịkwụ ụgwọ puku kwuru puku ụmụ nwanyị Romania gbapụrụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'etiti 1996 na 2012. === Ọgwụgwọ n'ime obodo ndị Rom === A na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmeso ma ọ bụ mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọha mmadụ Romani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romani women in Romani and majority societies|url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/romani-women-in-romani-and-majority-societies|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=European Roma Rights Centre|language=HU}}</ref> Oprea na-atụ aro na n'oge mmegbu agbụrụ, a na-agba ụmụ nwanyị Romani ume ịgbachitere omume na-emerụ ahụ iji zere ime ka àgwà agbụrụ na-emegide ndị Rom bụrụ ihe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=21 July 2005|title=Child Marriage a Cultural Problem, Educational Access a Race Issue? Deconstructing Uni-Dimensional Understanding of Romani Oppression|url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/child-marriage-a-cultural-problem-educational-access-a-race-issue-deconstructing-uni-dimensional-understanding-of-romani-oppression|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=European Roma Rights Centre|language=HU}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=September 2012|title=Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–21|doi=10.1086/665945|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> :: 254  Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ndị Romani na-eme ngagharị iwe na-ahụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romani dị ka nke na-agbaji, na-agbari, ma ọ bụ na-agba mgba okpuru nke òtù ikike Romani. : 57 :: 217  N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ òtù ndị Rom ka bụ ndị ikom na-eduzi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Pezerović|first=Selma|date=15 August 2020|title=The close link between racial and gender inequality|url=https://phralipen.hr/en/2020/08/15/the-close-link-between-racial-and-gender-inequality/|accessdate=2026-04-14|work=Phralipen|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ụfọdụ [onye?] na-ele ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na obodo Romani anya dị ka okwu ụmụ nwanyị Romani.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=September 2012|title=Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–21|doi=10.1086/665945|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":5" />  ==== Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> ==== Atụmanya nke ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke na alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>"Ịdị nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke nke ụmụ nwanyị tupu alụmdi na nwunye bụ ihe na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo ndị Rom niile. Mkparịta ụka ọha na eze metụtara ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na ndị na-amagba na-akpata ọtụtụ esemokwu n'etiti ụmụ agbọghọ ndị Rom ọdịnala na ndị na'abụghị ọdịnala, na-egosipụta echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe banyere ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ịbụ nwa agbọghọ... obodo ndị Rom ọdịbendị... [ewepụ] ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ tupu ma ọ bụ site na klas nke asatọ iji chebe ịbụ nwa agbọghọ ma kwadebe ya maka alụmdi na eze. " A ka na-eme alụmdi na nwunye nke ụmụ agbọghọ Romani na ụfọdụ obodo ndị Rom. Akụkọ 2019 nke BIBIJA Roma Women Center kwuru na Montenegro na Serbia, 18% na 17% nke ụmụ agbọghọ Roma lụrụ di na nwunye tupu ha eruo afọ 15; ihe karịrị 55% lụrụ di tupu ha erue afọ 18.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2019|title=Report on discrimination and violence against Roma women in the Balkans reveals devastating statistics, calls for urgent action|url=https://eca.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/11/report-on-discrimination-and-violence-against-roma-women|work=UN Women}}</ref> Akụkọ FRA ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu chọpụtara na 2% nke ụmụ agbọghọ Romani dị afọ 10-15 'na-alụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye' ma ọ bụ soro onye ibe ya biri, na 16% nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị Rom dị afọ 16-17 na-eme ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 42 : 42  == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 19eago8h5hsxra1t4jxk4ppi4pfg3lo 0 75713 674732 637638 2026-07-09T21:45:24Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara]] State Stadium bụ ámá egwuregwu a na-eji eme ọtụtụ ihe na [[Ilorin]], Kwara, Nigeria. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe ugbu a maka egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ma bụrụkwa ámá egwuregwu nke Kwara United F.C. na ABS FC. Ámá egwuregwu ahụ nwere ikike nke 18,000 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naijaligue.blogspot.nl/2009/09/inside-clubs.html|title=Nigerian Football League: INSIDE THE CLUBS|date=5 September 2009}}</ref> mgbe ọrụ nrụzigharị malitere na 2010. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ Stadium, n'okpero ụzọ Ibrahim Taiwo. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Onye nchịkwa ndị agha nke steeti ahụ, Brig. George Innih lara ezumike nká, wuru ámá egwuregwu ahụ na 1977. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyekola|first=Tunde|date=2024-04-18|title=Kwara to renovate 47-year sports hall with N2bn|url=https://punchng.com/kwara-to-renovate-47-year-sports-hall-with-n2bn/|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Disemba 9, 2021, Nigerian Professional Football League (NPFL) machibidoro ámá egwuregwu ahụ ka ọ ghara ịnabata egwuregwu ka ọ daa ule iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke metụtara ụlọ ịsa ahụ, ụlọ mposi, igwe onyonyo, ihe igwefoto na bọọdụ eletrọnịkị. A tụlere ma bulite mmachibido iwu ahụ na Disemba 14, 2021, ka emechara nrụzigharị ngwa ngwa. Otú ọ dị, ámá egwuregwu ahụ anọghị maka egwuregwu n'oge ahụ n'ihi na gọọmenti kwadoro ịrụzigharị ámá egwuregwu ahụ iji mee ka ihe owuwu ahụ dị ọhụrụ. Kwara United nwetara nkezi nke 5,368 na 2023-24 Nigeria Premier Football League. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, gọọmentị mere nrụzi na imezigharị iji mee ka ámá egwuregwu ahụ kwekọọ na ụkpụrụ NPFL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwara United to Continue Playing Home Games at Ilorin Stadium, Chairman Reassures Fans|url=https://ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=35301|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=www.ilorin.info}}</ref> == Ojiji == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820091803/http://www.kwarastate.gov.ng/press-releases/kwara-state-executive-council-approves-upgrade-of-stadium-complex-and-construction-of-ganmo-afon-rd.html Kwara State Executive Council kwadoro mmelite nke Stadium Complex] == Edensibia == <references /> rj0jqinubestcbp7g5zyd2w67gu55og 0 75718 674728 638306 2026-07-09T21:41:05Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}'''Moshood Abiola National Stadium''' (nke a maara dị ka '''National Stadium, [[Abuja]]''') bụ ámá egwuregwu mba nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche dị na Abuja, na Federal Capital Territory nke Nigeria . Ámá egwuregwu ahụ na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naijiria, yana ebe dị iche iche maka ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, [[Naijiria|ọdịbendị]], na [[Religion in Nigeria|okpukpe]]. Gọọmentị etiti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] kwadoro nkwekọrịta maka iwu ụlọ egwuregwu National Stadium na Games Village na 18 Julaị 2000. E wuru ámá egwuregwu ahụ iji kwado 8th All Africa Games nke e mere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003. Na Wednesday, 12 June 2019, [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onye isi ala]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]] kwupụtara mgbanwe nke aha National Stadium, Abuja ka ọ bụrụ Moshood Abiola National Stadium n'aha onye bụbu onye isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria [[Moshood Abiola|M.K.O. Abiola]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/breaking-buhari-renames-abuja-national-stadium-after-mko-abiola/|title=Breaking: Buhari Renames Abuja National Stadium After MKO Abiola|date=12 June 2019|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Onye isi ala Buhari mere nkwupụta a n'oge okwu ya na emume [[Democracy Day (Nigeria)|Ụbọchị Ọchịchị Onye kwuo uche ya]] na Eagle Square, Abuja.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/just-in-buhari-names-abuja-national-stadium-after-mko-abiola/|title=Buhari names Abuja National Stadium after MKO Abiola|work=[[The Punch]]|date=12 June 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-12}}</ref> == Ihe owuwu na ụkpụrụ ụlọ == [[Faịlụ:Abuja_Stadium_3.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Ebe a na-ahụ oche n'ámá egwuregwu ahụ]] [[Faịlụ:Moshood_Abiola_Stadium,_Abuja.jpg|thumb]] [[Faịlụ:Moshood_Abiola_National_Stadium,_Abuja.jpg|thumb]] Moshood Abiola National Stadium bụ otu n'ime ámá egwuregwu iri ise kachasị ọnụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesportmarket.biz/charts/stadiumstats/top50stadiums/ranktop.html|title=Top 50 Most Expensive Stadiums in the World (adjusted for inflation)|work=The Sport Market|accessdate=18 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730194811/http://www.thesportmarket.biz/charts/stadiumstats/top50stadiums/ranktop.html|archivedate=30 July 2014}}</ref> e wuru n'ụwa. == Ọdịdị ya == Emebere ámá egwuregwu ahụ ka ọ nabata ndị na-ekiri 60,491 bụ́ ndị e ji arụ ụlọ dị fechaa kpuchie ya. Àgwà ndị bụ́ isi bụ ndị na-ekiri ihe abụọ na-ekpuchi anya; N'ọkwa dị ala na-anabata oche 32,000 na oche nke elu 28,000 oche. Ọkwa dị ala gbakwunyere ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ 56 nwere mbara ihu yana otu ebe ezumike onye isi ala maka ndị ọbịa 50. A na-anabata ebe niile na-arụ ọrụ na nke abụọ n'ime ụlọ ọnụ ụzọ nke na-enye nnukwu ala nke ihe dịka 25,000 m2. A haziri ụlọ a n'okpuru ọkwa concourse nke na-eje ozi dị ka ọkwa nkesa ndị na-ekiri ma na-enye ọtụtụ kiosks, ụlọ akụ, ọdụ enyemaka mbụ na ụlọ mposi. Ọdịdị nke ámá egwuregwu bụ ngwakọta nke na ọnọdụ na precast ihe ọcha. Enwere ụlọ elu 36 na-akwado ọkwa elu na nhazi ụlọ. Ụlọ elu ndị a tọrọ ntọala na ikpo 140 na-agwụ ike na dayameta nke 1.30 m na 1.50 m na omimi nke 8.00 m ruo 30.00 m. A na-edobe ihe ndị a na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche dị n'agbata mita 13 na 15 n'ogologo n'etiti ụlọ elu, na-eme ka ndị na-ekiri ihe na-eguzo. Ngụkọta ihe 6,300 precast ka emepụtara n'ogige mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ dị kilomita 15 site na ya. A na-ejikọta ụlọ elu ndị ahụ n'elu site na elu 2.50 m na 2.00 m oghere oghere mgbanaka mgbanaka nwere mgbidi nke 0.35 m. A na-edozi ihe owuwu ụlọ n'elu isi ihe iri atọ na isii na mgbanaka mgbanaka. Maka oge mbụ n'ụwa, a na-eji ihe eji eme ihe maka ụdị ụlọ a. Ihe owuwu ụlọ n'onwe ya bụ ihe owuwu eriri nke nwere tọn 800 na-ebu akpụkpọ anụ 28.000 m2. == Ihe owuwu == [[Faịlụ:Abuja_Stadium_6.jpg|thumb|190x190px|Ebe a na-ahụ ya n'èzí]] [[Faịlụ:The_Abuja_Velodrome_07.jpg|thumb|Ebe Egwuregwu Egwuregwu Abuja]] A na-emepụta ma na-arụ ọrụ niile dị n'ime ámá egwuregwu ahụ iji kwekọọ na ihe ndị otu egwuregwu mba ụwa chọrọ, ọkachasị Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) na International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). * Nnukwu efere dị 60,491 * Ebe Egwuregwu Egwuregwu Egwú <ref>{{Cite news|author=Olusola|first=Jide|title=How The Abuja Velodrome Is Being Used|url=https://dailytrust.com/how-the-abuja-velodrome-is-being-used|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=13 April 2019|accessdate=17 September 2020}}</ref> * Ụlọ onye isi ala na ebe a na-ekiri ya * Ụlọ ọrụ 56 * Ọfịs post * Ụlọ akụ * Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi * Ihe ngosi abụọ na ọkụ ọkụ * Ụlọ ahịa na ụlọ ahịa maka nri * Helipad * Ụlọ egwuregwu ime ụlọ nwere ike ịba puku atọ * Ụlọ mmega ahụ nke nwere ike ịbụ 2000 * Ebe a na-egwu mmiri n'afọ 2000 * Ogige Egwuregwu Tennis * Ogige egwuregwu hockey nke nwere ike ịba puku atọ * Egwuregwu Baseball na softball Moshood Abiola National Stadium na-emezu ihe achọrọ nke ụkpụrụ nchekwa mba ụwa; ọ nwere ngalaba ọrụ mberede, igwefoto nchebe mechiri emechi yana mgbidi ígwè na-achịkwa igwe mmadụ. E nwekwara ihe ndị na-egbochi ọkụ na ihe nchọpụta ígwè nke etinyere iji zere ọdachi ọ bụla. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ámá egwuregwu ahụ == N'agbanyeghi na Naijiria nwere otutu ámá egwuregwu gbasaara na mba ahụ, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha ruru ụkpụrụ mba ụwa. A họpụtara isi obodo Nigeria, Abuja, ka ọ nọrọ n'egwuregwu 8th All Africa Games na 2000 (mmemme egwuregwu ọtụtụ mpaghara na-eme kwa afọ anọ, nke Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa na-ahazi) n'agbanyeghị enweghị akụrụngwa maka mmemme egwuregwu buru ibu dị otú ahụ. Gọọmenti etiti Naịjirịa ebidola ọrụ ga-enweta ọtụtụ nde dollar iji wuo ámá egwuregwu na obodo egwuregwu dị mma nke a ga-arụcha n'oge maka asọmpi Africa niile. Enyere nkwekọrịta ahụ na 18 Julaị 2000 site na ndetu nke ihe dị ka ndị na-ere ahịa 80. Ewubela ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụmụ amaala na Ndị na-eme egwuregwu nwere obi abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na mmecha nke ámá egwuregwu ahụ ga-ekwe omume tupu egwuregwu ahụ. Otú ọ dị, owuwu ahụ gara nke ọma ma mechaa bụrụ ihe na-aga n'ihu oge. Dị ka eziokwu, a haziri ámá egwuregwu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-anabata asọmpi Miss World Beauty nke e mere n'ikpeazụ n'afọ 2002. N'ụzọ dị mwute, a rụchabeghị ámá egwuregwu ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'oge ahụ yana nnupụisi n'etiti ụmụ amaala karịsịa n'obodo [[Kaduna]] nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke mere ka ndị mmadụ nwụọ, mere ka ndị egwuregwu ahụ kwaga [[London]], England. Ihe owuwu nke nnukwu efere ahụ gara n'ihu site na mmalite ya na Septemba 2000 ruo mgbe ọ gwụchara n'April 2003, n'oge maka egwuregwu ahụ. Ihe owuwu nke Games Village gara n'ihu site na Septemba 2000 ruo Ọgọst 2003. Nraranye nke ụlọ ahụ bụ na 8 Eprel 2003. Mgbe e nyere ya ọrụ, ọ bụ akụkụ ikpeazụ nke nkwadebe maka egwuregwu. Egwuregwu n'afọ ahụ bụ nke kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'egwuregwu Africa niile; Ndị egwuregwu 6,000 sitere na mba 53 sonyere na mmemme 22, ndị ọrụ 1,200 na-ekiri. Ihe karịrị ndị nta akụkọ 1,500 kpuchiri egwuregwu maka mgbasa ozi mba ụwa. Egwuregwu ndị ahụ mere site na 4 ruo 18 Ọktoba 2003 ma bụrụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma. Mba Nigeria na-akwado ya nwetara ngụkọta nrite narị abụọ na iri abụọ na isii, wee pụta dịka onye ndu egwuregwu n'afọ ahụ. Ewezuga All African Games, ámá egwuregwu ahụ anabatala egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] dị mkpa, dị ka asọmpi iko mba ụwa n'etiti Naịjirịa na mba ndị ọzọ. Egwuregwu mbụ a gbara n'ámá egwuregwu ahụ bụ egwuregwu bọọlụ (football) n'etiti ndị otu abụọ na-asọ mpi n'ógbè ahụ; Shooting Stars nke [[Ibadan]] na Sunshine Stars nke [[Akure]] na 8 Eprel 2003 Goolu mbụ a gbara na mgbagwoju anya ahụ sitere n'aka onye na-agba ọsọ nke Shooting Stars bụ Shakiru Lawal onye gbara naanị goolu nke egwuregwu ahụ mgbe naanị nkeji ise gasịrị. Ihe mgbagwoju anya ahụ enyewo mba ahụ obi ike itinye aka maka ihe omume mba ụwa dị iche iche na-abịanụ. Federation of International Volleyball (FIVB) enyewo Nigeria Volleybal Federation (NVBF) ikike nnabata nwa oge nke 2007 World Youth Championship n'ihi ihe ndị ámá egwuregwu ahụ nwere. [[Faịlụ:Abuja_Stadium_1.jpg|thumb|Ámá egwuregwu n'oge egwuregwu]] == Ojiji ndị ọzọ == Ewezuga ọrụ ya dị ka ebe egwuregwu, Moshood Abiola National Stadium na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi maka ihe omume ọdịbendị na okpukpe. Ikike ya na-adọta ihe omume dị iche iche dị ka kọntaktị, na nzukọ okpukpe, ihe omume ndị na-ahọrọ mgbe ụfọdụ karịa egwuregwu. Naịjirịa bụ mba nwere okpukpe siri ike nke nwere ndị bi na ya kewara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'otu ụzọ n'etiti [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] na Islam. N'ihi eziokwu a, ọtụtụ ihe omume okpukpe na-eme kwa afọ nke na-adọta ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala ma chọọ nnukwu ogige. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Septemba 2006, a sụgharịrị Njikọ Football nke Naịjirịa n'enweghị enyemaka n'ihi mmasị nke Onye isi ala maka ihe omume okpukpe na nnukwu iko nke Moshood Abiola National Stadium na egwuregwu bọọlụ mba ụwa megide Rwanda. Some citizens are however concerned about the use of the stadium for such large events. Similar events held at the Stadium in Lagos resulted in its demise. The management of the stadium, however, intends to keep these events coming. Cost of maintenance is an issue and renting out the facility for various events is a strategy that has been employed to cover these costs. There were no plans whatsoever by the former military ruler late general [[Sani Abacha]] to build a national stadium in Abuja as some people might think . [[Faịlụ:00014IMG_00014_BURST20190526145432.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri dị n'ụlọ egwuregwu ahụ]] == Nlekọta == Ọtụtụ okwu bilitere gbasara mmezi nke ụlọ egwuregwu ahụ. E wuru National Stadium na Lagos, obodo kachasị nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mba ahụ, maka egwuregwu All-Africa nke afọ 1973. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ya na mbụ dị ka nke kachasị mma, a na-ele ya anya taa n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla na gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye isi egwuregwu Naijiria bụ [[Amos Adamu]] dụrụ gọọmentị ọdụ ka ha mee ka ámá egwuregwu Abuja bụrụ nke onwe ozugbo 2003 All-Africa Games gasịrị iji gbochie mmebi nke ụlọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22608356_ITM|title=COJA Boss Wants Abuja Stadium Sold.|date=4 March 2003|publisher=This Day (Nigeria)|accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref> Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa, onye nwere 100% nke ihe onwunwe n'oge ahụ, echeela ọtụtụ esemokwu ihu ma na mpaghara ma na mba ụwa. Nkezi atụmatụ maka mmezi kwa afọ kemgbe emere ya bụ ihe dịka $ 7 nde, ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-ewere dị elu site na ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ. N'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mmezi, gọọmentị etiti anọwo na-achọ nhọrọ maka nkeonwe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Site na Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE), Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa bu n'obi inye otu onye na-enye ikike nke ga-abanye na itinye ego, ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ámá egwuregwu ahụ na ebumnuche bụ isi nke inweta ego site na ihe omume egwuregwu, kọntaktị, ọrụ okpukpe, nkwado ụlọ ọrụ, mgbasa ozi ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Onye na-enye ohere nwere nhọrọ nke iwere ọrụ nke onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ maka ihe onwunwe dị na National Stadium na Indoor Sports Complex, ma ọ bụ were ụlọ ọrụ n'ọrụ iji rụọ ọrụ ahụ. BPE ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekota na ndokwa ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka nkwekọrịta ga-agakwuru gọọmentị etiti site na BPE. A tụrụ aro ka ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 20, nke a ga-enyocha afọ ise ọ bụla. Nlekọta nke ámá egwuregwu ahụ na mpaghara ya ndị dị n'èzí ga-abụ ọrụ nke Concessionaire. == Mgbanwe Aha == Na 12 June 2019, Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari gbanwere aha ámá egwuregwu mba ahụ na Abuja mgbe onye mmeri nke ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 1993, [[Moshood Abiola]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/1243037-breaking-president-buhari-renames-abuja-sadium.html|title=President Buhari renames Abuja Stadium as MKO Abiola Stadium|author=Yusuf|first=Omotayo|date=2019-06-12|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-12}}</ref> E kwenyere n'ọtụtụ ebe na Maazị Abiola meriri ntuli aka onye isi ala nke June 1993 dabere na nsonaazụ dịnụ, mana gọọmentị ndị agha nke [[Ibrahim Babangida]] kagburu ntuli aka ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://saharareporters.com/2019/06/12/breaking-buhari-names-national-stadium-abuja-after-mko-abiola|title=BREAKING: Buhari Names National Stadium Abuja After MKO Abiola|date=2019-06-12|work=[[Sahara Reporters]]|accessdate=2019-06-12}}</ref> Onye isi ala Buhari na 2018 nabatara ikike Maazị Abiola site n'inye ya nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke mba ahụ nke Grand Commander nke Federal Republic, nke echekwara naanị maka ndị isi ala. Mgbe Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari na-ekwu okwu ya na mgbanwe aha, nke mekwara ka afọ nke iri abụọ nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Naịjirịa ghara ịkwụsị, Onye isi ala Buhari kwuru "Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu a ga-akpọ ya Moshood Abiola National Stadium". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/334710-buhari-renames-abuja-stadium-after-abiola.html|title=Buhari renames Abuja stadium after Abiola - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2019-06-12|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-06-12|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Ndị isi mba ọzọ bịara ihe omume ahụ na Eagles Square, gụnyere onye isi ala [[Rwanda]], Paul Kagame.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/334710-buhari-renames-abuja-stadium-after-abiola.html|title=Buhari renames Abuja stadium after Abiola - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2019-06-12|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-06-12|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Egwuregwu bọọlụ a ma ama == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" !Ụbọchị !Ìgwè 1 !Nsonaazụ !Ìgwè nke 2 !Ndị bịara ya !Mgbasa |- | rowspan="2" |24 Ọktoba 2009 | Honduras |0–1 | Argentina |19,560 | rowspan="5" |Ìgwè A |- | Naịjirịa |3–3 | rowspan="2" | Germany |21,300 |- | rowspan="2" |27 Ọktoba 2009 | Argentina |2–1 |14,400 |- | Naịjirịa |1–0 | rowspan="2" | Honduras |42,900 |- | rowspan="2" |30 Ọktoba 2009 | Germany |3–1 |3,090 |- |  Switzerland |1–0 | Brazil |4,250 |Ìgwè B |- |5 Nọvemba 2009 | Naịjirịa |5–0 | New Zealand |35,200 |Ugboro nke 16 |- | rowspan="2" |15 Nọvemba 2009 | Colombia |0–1 | Spain |40,000 |Egwuregwu nke atọ |- |  Switzerland |1–0 | Naịjirịa |60,000 |Nke Ikpeazụ |} * Ndepụta ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ na Naịjirịa * Ndepụta nke ámá egwuregwu * BPE Nigeria Bureau of Public Enterprises, Nigeria * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070116002144/http://www.abuja2014.org/Our_Bid/Facilities.htm Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bid, Commonwealth Games 2014] * [http://www.julius-berger-nigeria.com/ Julius Berger Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị maka Julius Berger Nigeria PLC] * [http://www.vanguardngr.com/ Akwụkwọ akụkọ Vanguard Local Newspaper (Nigeria)] * [https://www.champion-newspapers.com Akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Champion Local (Nigeria)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207062027/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/11/22/nigeria.missworld/ Akụkọ CNN banyere Miss World 2002] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504111205/http://www.2kplus.org.uk/aag.php 2K+ Mgbasa Ozi Egwuregwu Mba Nile] == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6rjvycfx7slxh5upzuris44lqpwyhpp 0 75723 674736 637693 2026-07-09T21:50:03Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''U. J. Esuene Stadium''' bụ ámá egwuregwu nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche na [[Calabar]], Nigeria. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ma bụrụkwa ámá egwuregwu nke Calabar Rovers na Dolphins F.C.. Ámá egwuregwu ahụ nwere ikike nke mmadụ 16,000 ma meghee ya na 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/nigeria/uj-esuene-stadium/v2516/|title=U.J. Esuene Stadium - Soccerway}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ewubere ogige egwuregwu UJ Esuene na Eprel 2, 1977 na egwuregwu dị n'etiti Bendel Insurance F.C. nke Benin na Calabar Rovers nke Calabar. Ka izu ụka abụọ gachara, ámá egwuregwu ahụ nwere asọmpi mba ụwa n'etiti Enugu Rangers na Tonnerre Yaoundé - egwuregwu nke nwere ndị dịka Roger Milla, Christian Chukwu na Emmanuel Okala. Egwuregwu na 2003 All-Africa Games na-egwuri egwu na U. J. Esuene Stadium n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003, dị ka ndị Naịjirịa ruru eru maka 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. E depụtakwara ya dị ka ámá egwuregwu maka 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup ma kwado egwuregwu asatọ, gụnyere South Korea-Nigeria quarterfinal. A kwalitela ámá egwuregwu ahụ iji tinye bọọdụ akara vidiyo nke oge a, nke nwere ọkụ ọkụ dị egwu. == Egwuregwu bọọlụ a ma ama == === 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" !Ụbọchị !Ìgwè 1 !Nsonaazụ !Ìgwè nke 2 !Ndị bịara ya !Mgbasa |- | rowspan="2" |Eprel 5, 1999 | Zambia |4–3 | Honduras | rowspan="2" |12,000 | rowspan="3" |Ìgwè F |- | Spain |2–0 | Brazil |- |Eprel 8, 1999 | Zambia |0–0 | Spain |8,000 |- |14 Eprel 1999 | Brazil |4–0 | Croatia |12,000 |Ugboro nke 16 |} === 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" !Ụbọchị !Ìgwè 1 !Nsonaazụ !Ìgwè nke 2 !Ndị bịara ya !Mgbasa |- | rowspan="2" |25 Ọktoba 2009 | Iran |2–0 | Gambia |9,200 | rowspan="5" |Ìgwè C |- | Colombia |2–1 | Netherlands |10,100 |- | rowspan="2" |28 Ọktoba 2009 | Netherlands |2–1 | Gambia |6,800 |- | Iran |0–0 | rowspan="2" | Colombia |8,600 |- | rowspan="2" |31 Ọktoba 2009 | Gambia |2–2 |6,100 |- | New Zealand |1–1 | Turkey |7,000 |Ìgwè D |- |5 Nọvemba 2009 | Iran |1-2 (e.g.) | Uruguay |3,600 |Ugboro nke 16 |- |9 Nọvemba 2009 | South Korea |1–3 | Naịjirịa |9,100 |Ọkara nke ikpeazụ |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Ȯra Cross River]] e6c0ieujx0hke2cu05ovhgm89p6heh1 0 75726 674730 641935 2026-07-09T21:42:33Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium''' bụ ámá egwuregwu a na-eji eme ọtụtụ ihe na Benin City, Nigeria. A maara ya na mbụ dị ka Ogbe Stadium, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe ugbu a maka egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ma bụrụkwa ámá egwuregwu nke Bendel Insurance FC na [[Edo Queens F.C.|Edo Queens FC]]. Ámá egwuregwu ahụ nwere ike ịnọdụ ala nke 19,500 <ref>{{Cite web|author=AriseNews|date=2020-10-14|title=S/Eagles To Play Next AFCON 2022 QuaIifier at ‘Brand New’ Stadium in Benin|url=https://www.arise.tv/s-eagles-to-play-next-afcon-2022-quaiifier-at-brand-new-stadium-in-benin/|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=Arise News}}</ref> mgbe Gọvanọ [[Godwin Nogheghase Obaseki|Godwin Obaseki]] duziri ya mezigharịrị ya n'afọ 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/04/08/buhari-hails-obasekis-investments-in-sports-revamp-of-ogbemudia-stadium/|title=Buhari Hails Obaseki’s Investments in Sports, Revamp of Ogbemudia Stadium|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigerianobservernews.com/2021/04/obaseki-parades-new-features-of-samuel-ogbemudia-stadium-assures-more-investment-in-sports/|title=Obaseki parades new features of Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium, assures more investment in sports|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=[[The Nigerian Observer]]}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya aha Gọvanọ ugboro abụọ nke Bendel State ochie, Dr. Samuel Ogbemudia. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2009, National League machibidoro ámá egwuregwu ahụ n'ihi na ọ dị ala, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ. Kamgbe Adams Oshiomhole weghaara ọkwa gọvanọ n'afọ 2008, ama egwuregwu ahụ enweela mgbanwe dị ukwuu, dịka ama egwuregwu ọhụrụ FIFA kwadoro na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2018, ọchịchị Obaseki, n'ikwekọ na atụmatụ ime Edo Great Again (MEGA) ya, malitere nrụzigharị na nhazigharị nke akụrụngwa egwuregwu egwuregwu ahụ. E ji ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ dochie oche niile dị n'ámá egwuregwu ochie nke nwere oche puku iri abụọ, jiri ahịhịa ndụ dochie anya ahịhịa ndị dị na ámá egwuregwu ahụ ma dochie egwu egwuregwu. N'oge a na-arụzigharị ihe a, a rụrụ otu mmiri mmiri iji gboo nsogbu idei mmiri na-enwe n'ámá egwuregwu ahụ. Kemgbe a rụchara mmezigharị ahụ, Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium anabatala asọmpi na asọmpi mba dị ka 2020 National Sports Festival, Betsy Obaseki Women Football Tournament na Athletics Federation of Nigeria (AFN) maka Commonwealth Games [https://web.archive.org/web/20220810153041/https://kufm.net/2022/06/14/afn-names-benin-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-world-athletics-championship-trials/] N'azụ ihe ngosi egwuregwu nke Obaseki na steeti ahụ, ndị otu ụlọ nke Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium, Bendel Insurance, nwetara nkwalite ọzọ na Nigeria Premier Football League n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-15|title=Bendel insurance gains promotion to NPFL {{!}} AIT LIVE|url=https://ait.live/bendel-insurance-gains-promotion-to-npfl/|accessdate=2025-01-12|work=ait.live|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A gụrụ ámá egwuregwu ahụ aha Dr. Samuel Ogbemudia, Gọvanọ ugboro abụọ nke Bendel State ochie, onye jere ozi site na 1967 ruo 1975 na ọzọ site na 1983 ruo 1984. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, Ogbemudia tinyere ego dị ukwuu na mmepe egwuregwu na steeti ahụ, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-02|title=Edo State Sports Commission|url=https://sportcom.edostate.gov.ng/|accessdate=2024-07-03}}</ref> nke dugara n'iwu ámá egwuregwu ahụ. == Mgbanwe == A rụzigharịrị Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium tupu egwuregwu Super Eagles African Cup of Nations Games 2022. Mgbanwe ahụ gụnyere itinye ahịhịa ahịhịhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AriseNews|date=2020-10-14|title=S/Eagles To Play Next AFCON 2022 QuaIifier at ‘Brand New’ Stadium in Benin|url=https://www.arise.tv/s-eagles-to-play-next-afcon-2022-quaiifier-at-brand-new-stadium-in-benin/|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=Arise News}}</ref> == Senia ma ọ bụ Internationa. egwuregwu == {| class="wikitable" !Ụbọchị !Ìgwè 1 !Ìgwè nke 2 !Ihe ruru !Ịsọ mpi !Ndị na-agba goolu !Ndị bịara ya |- |23 Ọgọst 1983 | Nigeria | Morocco | align="center" |0-0 | align="center" |Nkwado nke ANC |NA | |- |June 2, 2001 | Nigeria | Madagascar | align="center" |1-0 | align="center" |Nkwado nke ANC |[[Benedict Akwuegbu|Akwuegbu]] 5'  |15,000 |- |21 June 2003 | Nigeria | Angola | align="center" |2-2 | align="center" |Nkwado nke ANC |[[Kalu Uche|K. Uche]] 56', [[Peter Odemwingie|Odemwingie]] 62' (pen.); Figueiredo 9', Akwa 54'     |15,000 |- |12 Nọvemba 2011 | Nigeria | Botswana | align="center" |0-0 | align="center" |Ndị nwere omume enyi |NA | |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ámá egwuregwu na Naịjirịa * Ndepụta nke ámá egwuregwu == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> 313l8w4fo8prtpbqtice75l6yu6ulrk 0 75732 674733 637671 2026-07-09T21:47:01Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Lekan Salami Stadium, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lekan Salami Stadium|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/nigeria/adamasingba-stadium/v6752/|accessdate=18 August 2017|publisher=soccerway}}</ref> nke a makwaara dị ka Adamasingba Stadium, bụ ámá egwuregwu nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche na [[Ibadan]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]], ámá egwuregwu ahụ na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi maka Shooting Stars na ndị otu mpaghara ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shooting Stars Football FC Ibadan|url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Shooting-Stars-Football-FC-Ibadan/910/|accessdate=2024-06-23|work=www.finelib.com}}</ref> Na oche maka ndị na-ekiri 10,000. Shooting Stars FC meriri asọmpi ahụ na 1993 ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ gara n'ala nke ubube.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Parrish|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6qSAwAAQBAJ&q=downfall+of+shooting+star+FC&pg=PA226|title=Soccer around the World: A Cultural Guide to the World's Favorite Sport|date=2014-04-21|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-303-5|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ewubere ámá egwuregwu Lekan Salami n'ala dị puku 130,000, nke a na-enwebu n'ọsọ ịgba ọsọ Ibadan. Emeghere ya na Mee 28, 1988. Atụmatụ mmepe maka ogige ahụ malitere na 1976 n'oge ọchịchị David Jemibewon. Oghere ịgba ọsọ ahụ ejighị ya, ụlọ na ihe omume ndị iwu na-akwadoghị were were were ya. Iji nwetaghachi ala ahụ, gọọmentị ndị agha Jemibewon kpebiri iwu ụlọ ntụrụndụ na egwuregwu. Ọ bụ ezie na nhazi mbụ ahụ bụ maka egwuregwu na mgbagwoju anya, e mechara gbakwunye ndokwa maka ụlọ ahịa ndị ọzọ. Na mmalite, ogige ahụ gụnyere ogige egwuregwu bọọlụ, ogige tenis, ogige skwọsh na ụlọ egwuregwu ime ụlọ. A kpọrọ ámá egwuregwu ahụ [[Lekan Salami]] Stadium na 1998 iji sọpụrụ Chief Lekan Salama site n'aka Gọvanọ Ndị Agha nke Oyo State [[Ahmed Usman]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thepageng.com/2017/06/23/investigation-rust-rot-and-waste-a-peek-into-ibadans-waning-infrastructure-ii/|title=Investigation – Rust, rot and waste: a peek into Ibadan's waning infrastructure II — The Page Nigeria|date=2017-06-23|work=The Page Nigeria|accessdate=2018-10-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị Shooting Stars dọtara nkezi ndị bịara n'ụlọ nke 4,421 na 2023-24 Nigeria Premier Football League. ==Edensibia== '''Nigerian Premier League venues Reflist''' == Njikọ mpụga == nqj31ht4oim0p6umnhyyxrvyoxidjqs 0 75737 674648 637672 2026-07-09T18:20:07Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Catherine Claude (23 Disemba 1924 - 23 Ọgọst 2000), nom de plume nke Catherine Piermont, nwa Jeanne Guillaud, bụ onye France na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye edemede, onye nkatọ edemede na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke otu ndị ode akwụkwọ nke France. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ntorobia === Nne na nna Jeanne Guillaud zutere na French Communist Party, na mgbe ọ bụ nwata mere ka nne na nna ya na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-aga n'ihu. Mgbe Agha Obodo Spanish malitere, nna ya sonyeere International Brigades na 1936, na-anwụ n'afọ na-esote na Agha Teruel. Mgbe e meriri ndị Republican, otu nwa okorobịa Spen gbara ọsọ ndụ ya na Guillaud na nne ya biri ruo Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. === Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ === Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lycée Stendhal na Grenoble. Ọ nọ nso onye nkuzi French ya, Colette Audry (1906-1990), bụ onye bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị na onye mmetụta ya nwere ike keere òkè n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede. O sonyeere French Resistance na 1943 na ndị ọrụ mbata (MOI), bụ nzukọ nke Communist Party na-achịkọta ndị si mba ọzọ, nke kacha arụsi ọrụ ike na Resistance na Grenoble na 1943. Ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'okpuru ikike nke Charles Wolmark, bụ onye Gestapo jidere ma gbagbuo na Charnècles. Mgbe ọ nọ na Resistance, ọ zutere Claude Henriot, onye o mesịrị lụọ. O mesịrị were aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ ahụ Catherine Claude, dabere na njirimara ụgha nke ya na di ya. Ruo Mee 1944, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mmepe na lycées nke Grenoble nzukọ ọzọ dabere na Communist Party, National Movement Against Racism. E zigara ya Lyon na May 1944 na Marseille, bụ́ ebe o sonyeere Claude. === Onye edemede na onye na-alụ ọgụ nwanyị === Ọ banyere n'òtù Kọmunist na January 1945. O tinyere aka na Ce soir, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Òtù Kọmunist mepụtara na 1937, dị ka onye nta akụkọ na ngalaba amụma mba ọzọ. Ọ lụrụ Claude Henriot na 1945. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Grenoble, bụ́ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ Le Travailleur alpin malite na September 1945 ruo June 1946. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Kọmunist Party, karịsịa na Union of French Women. Ya na Claude kewapụrụ onwe ha na 1956 mgbe mmegide nke Budapest nnupụisi nke USSR na mbipụta nke Khrushchev Thaw. Ọ gakwuru ndị Kọmunist na 1968 wee sonye na okike nke Union of Soviet Writers, nke otu ndị Jean-Pierre FayỊzụlitee, Nathalie Sarraute na Michel Butor duziri. O mere ọtụtụ nkwa site n'ịgwakọta ederede, omume agha na ntụgharị uche n'ihe dị ka nnukwu ihe omume nke ndụ ya: * ntọhapụ nke ụmụ nwanyị: La Querelle des femmes, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pellegrin|first=Marie-Frédérique|title=La 'Querelle des femmes' est-elle une querelle? Philosophie et pseudo-linéarité dans l'histoire du féminisme|journal=Seventeenth-Century French Studies|date=2013|volume=35|issue=1|pages=69–79|doi=10.1179/0265106813Z.00000000023}}</ref> Élever seul nwa enfant; * nnwere onwe ọha mmadụ site na mgba a ma ama: C'est la fête de l'Humanité;<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bernard|first=Jean-Pierre Arthur|title=Paris rouge: 1944-1964 : les communistes français dans la capitale|date=1991|publisher=Editions Champ Vallon}}</ref> * Ntụgharị uche akụkọ ihe mere eme: Nwatakịrị nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ; * ecology: ''Njem na njem na gburugburu ebe obibi''. Ọ kọwara nwanyị dị ka ịchọ ezigbo nwanyị karịa ịlụ ọgụ megide ụmụ nwoke. Banyere akwụkwọ ya bụ La Querelle des femmes, Christian Massé dere, sị: "Site na nwanyị Frank ruo na nwanyị na-acha uhie uhie nke May 1968, Catherine Claude na-akọwa ọgụ je-femme maka nha anya nke nwoke na nwanyị abụọ" na, n'ihu: "Catherine Claude kpọpụtara ugboro 333 okwu nwanyị n'enweghị mgbe ọ na-ama nwoke ikpe." Lighter, Paris en zigzag, nke edere ya na Colette Franc, bụ njem na Paris n'ime oge akụkọ ihe mere eme. O binyere aka na Manifesto nke 343 nke e bipụtara na Le Nouvel Observateur na 5 Eprel 1971, nke ụmụ nwanyị 343 kwupụtara na ha nwere ite ime, nke amachibidoro n'oge ahụ. Ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Nouvelle Critique n'oge 1960 na 1970. Ọ hapụrụ na Kọmunist Party na njedebe 1970s. O tinyere onwe ya na nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na asụsụ. L'Enfance de l'humanité bụ ngwaahịa nke echiche a. N'ime ọrụ ahụ, ọ na-enyocha usoro nke ndị otu ndị isi nwere asụsụ ndị isi ji nke nta nke nta na-achị ma kpochapụ ọha ndị na-eme udo na ndị na-abụghị ndị isi. == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Ọnwa Na Anyanwụ'', 1959. * Ihe a na-akpọ Magot de Josepha, 1960 * ''Ọnwụ Armand'', 1961. * ''Ememe Chaville'', 1964 * ''Eluigwe ọcha'', 1967 Ihe nrite edemede nke Resistance, 1967. === Edemede === * Otu onye aha ya bụ Bourvil, 1969. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ịzụlite nwa gị naanị gị'', 1975 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Ọ bụ emume nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, 1978. * Njem na Njem na gburugburu ebe obibi, 1976. * Paris na zigzag, 1975. Ya na Colette Franc dere ya. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Claude, Catherine}} dx7kllo3ftja35ygu3ndmv637y78yoy 0 75742 674734 637679 2026-07-09T21:48:22Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Uzo Township Stadium''' bụ ámá egwuregwu a na-eji eme ọtụtụ ihe dị na [[Uyo]], isi obodo Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ma bụrụkwa ámá egwuregwu nke Akwa United F.C. nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] Premier League. Ọ bụkwa ebe a na-ahụ maka ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, [[Culture|ọdịbendị]], ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na okpukpe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/05/02/policemen-beat-nlc-official-in-akwa-ibom/|title=Policemen Beat NLC Official in Akwa Ibom|author=editor|date=2019-05-02|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/12/24/why-buhari-can%E2%80%99t-use-stadium-campaign-akwa-ibom-govt|title=Why Buhari Can't Use Stadium For Campaign, By Akwa Ibom Govt|date=2018-12-24|work=[[Sahara Reporters]]|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> [[Akwa Ibom Christmas Carols Festival|Akwa Ibom Christmas Carol]] a ma ama kwa afọ, nke Gọọmentị Akwa Ibom Steeti haziri, na-eme mgbe niile n'ámá egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/21/gospel-singers-storm-uyo-friday-for-aibom-christmas-carol-festival/|title=Gospel Singers Storm Uyo Friday for A'Ibom Christmas Carol Festival|author=admin|date=2017-12-21|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/akcarolsfest2018-akwa-ibom-christmas-carols-festival-returns/|title=#AKCarolsFest2018: AKWA IBOM CHRISTMAS CAROLS FESTIVAL RETURNS|author=Magazine|first=WetinHappen|date=2018-11-26|work=Wetinhappen.com.ng|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-11|archivedate=2021-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608041522/https://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/akcarolsfest2018-akwa-ibom-christmas-carols-festival-returns/}}</ref> Ogige egwuregwu ahụ dị nso n'otu nnukwu ahịa dị na obodo Uyo, nke a na-akpọ Ahịa Akpan Andem. Ama egwuregwu ahụ nwere ike ịnabata mmadụ 5,000. A na-akwado ọtụtụ egwuregwu league na nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Uyo ebe a.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/aity-dennis-lights-up-akwa-ibom-state-carols-festival/|title=Aity Dennis lights up Akwa Ibom State carols festival|date=2018-12-27|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/akwa-ibom-bayelsa-benue-enugu-ebonyi-ondo-rivers-agree-to-pay-minimum-wage/|title=Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Benue, Enugu, Ebonyi, Ondo, Rivers agree to pay minimum wage|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|date=2 May 2019|accessdate=2019-05-11}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/nigeria.shtml Ihe ọmụma banyere ámá egwuregwu] 43klbuljnwcj26ger60nrr3pl59eoc7 0 75782 674716 638819 2026-07-09T21:26:39Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Seyi Olajengbesi''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Seyi Olajengbesi.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 17 Nọvemba 1980 na [[Ibadan]]) bụ onye Naịjirịa bụbu ọkachamara n'ịgba bọọlụ nke gbara bọọlụ, onye gbara bọọlụ dịka onye nchekwa, onye nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na Germany, na-agba bọọlụ maka Alemannia Aachen, SC Freiburg, na SV Sandhausen. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1455/seyi-olajengbesi/|title=Seyi Olajengbesi|publisher=worldfootball.net|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Seyi Olajengbesinaonye na-agba ọsọ (n'asụsụ German) * Seyi Olajengbesina National-Football-Teams.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Olajengbesi, Seyi}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ee7v7vjf5cxbh32o6za1rfw74l2xt4w 0 75792 674718 637836 2026-07-09T21:28:19Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Kofman''' (14 Septemba 1934 &#x2013; 15 Ọktoba 1994) bụ onye [[Ákọ na Uche|ọkà ihe ọmụma]] French. == Akụkọ Ndụ == Kofman malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na Toulouse n'afọ 1960 na [[Lycée Saint-Sernin]], ma soro Jean Hyppolite na Gilles Deleuze rụọ ọrụ. Akwụkwọ edemede mbụ ya a hapụrụ ( ''{{Lang|fr|thèse principale}}'' ) maka doctorate ya nke steeti, nke e mechara bipụta dị ka ''{{Lang|fr|Nietzsche et la métaphore}}'', bụ Deleuze na-elekọta ya. Na 1969 Kofman zutere Jacques Derrida wee malite ịga nzukọ ọmụmụ ya na École Normale Supérieure. Kofman enwetaghị ọrụ ruo n'afo 1991, mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ oche na Paris I. Kofman bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ufọdụ gbasara Friedrich Nietzsche na Sigmund Freud. Akwụkwọ ya, {{Lang|fr|L'énigme de la femme: La femme dans les textes de Freud}} (1980), nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime nyocha kacha zuruoke banyere echiche Freud gbasara mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị. == Ihe odide == N'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime edemede nkà ihe ọmụma ya lekwasịrị anya na Nietzsche na Freud, Kofman dere ọtụtụ ọrụ na vein autobiographical. ''{{Lang|fr|Paroles suffoquées}}'' (1987) bụ ncheta nna ya, onye rabaị Bereck Kofman, onye ọ hụrụ maka oge ikpeazụ na 16 Julaị 1942, onye e gburu na Auschwitz. ''Rue Ordener, rue Labat'' (1994) malitekwara site n'ịkọwa otu ndị uwe ojii France si wepụ nna ya, ma kọwaa ihe Kofman ghọtara na ọ bụ akara aka ya. Aha akwụkwọ a na-ezo aka n'okporo ámá abụọ nke Paris: adreesị ebe ezinụlọ ya bi ruo mgbe e jidere nna ya; na adreesị ebe e zoro ya maka ọtụtụ n'ime oge agha ahụ fọdụrụ. Otu nwanyị gbara alụkwaghịm na Paris bụ onye ghọrọ nne ya nke ọ na-anọchi anya ya, onye ọ kpọrọ Mémé, nabatara Kofman. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọ akụkọ banyere oge a, na esemokwu nlekọta dị n'etiti Mémé na nne Kofman mgbe a tọhapụrụ Paris == Ọnwụ == Kofman gburu onwe ya n'afọ 1994. Onye ya na ya biri afọ 25, Alexandre Kyritsos, nwụrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Feyertag|first=Karoline|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26530/oapen_497777|title=Sarah Kofman : Eine Biographie|date=2014|publisher=Turia und Kant|isbn=978-3-85132-727-4|pages=294–5|doi=10.26530/oapen_497777}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị edemede ahụla na ọ nwụrụ site n'igbu onwe ya n'ụbọchị Nietzsche mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ afọ 150 dị mkpa. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Jacques Derrida dere ihe ndị a:   == Ndekọ Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ === * ''L'enfance de l'art: Une interprétation de l'esthétique freudienne'' (1970). '''Trans.:''' ''Ụmụaka nke Art: Nkọwa nke Freud's [[Aesthetics]]'' (1988). * ''Nietzsche et la métaphore'' (1972). '''Trans.:''' ''Nietzsche na Metaphor'' (1993). * ''Igwefoto obscura: De l'idéologie'' (1973). '''Trans.:''' ''Igwefoto Obscura: Nke Ideology'' (1998). * ''Quatre Romans Analytiques'' (1974). '''Trans.:''' ''Freud na akụkọ ifo'' (1991). * ''Akụkọ gbasara onwe onye'' (1976). * ''Aberrations: Le devenir-femme d' Auguste Comte'' (1978). * ''Nerval : Le charme de la répétition'' (1979). * ''Nietzsche et la scène philosophique'' (1979). * ''L'énigme de la femme: La femme dans les textes de Freud'' (1980). '''Trans.:''' ''The Enigma nke Nwanyị: Nwanyị na Freud's Writings'' (1985). * ''Le respect des femmes ( Kant et Rousseau )'' (1982). * ''Gịnị ka okwu gị pụtara?'' (1983). * ''Un métier agaghị ekwe omume: Lecture de "Constructions en analyse"'' (1983). * ''Nkuzi nke Derrida'' (1984). * ''Mélancholie de l'art'' (1985). * ''Pourquoi rit-on? Freud et le mot d'esprit'' (1986). * ''Paroles suffoquées'' (1987). '''Trans.:''' ''Okwu Smothered'' (1998). * ''Ntụgharị:'' Le Marchand de Venise ''sous le signe de Saturne'' (1987). * ''Socrates'' (1989). '''Trans.:''' ''Socrates : Akụkọ Ifo nke Onye Ọkà Ihe Ọmụma'' (1998). * ''Ihe omume: De [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]] à Héraclite'' (1990). * ''Don Juan ou le refus de la dette'' (1991). * ''"Il n'y a que le premier pas qui coûte": Freud et la spéculation'' (1991). * ''Mgbawa I: De l'"Ecce Homo" de Nietzsche'' (1992). * ''Mgbawa nke Abụọ: Les enfants de Nietzsche'' (1993). * ''Le mépris des Juifs: Nietzsche, les Juifs, l'antisémitisme'' (1994). * ''Rue Ordener, rue Labat'' (1994). '''Trans.:''' ''Rue Ordener, Rue Labat'' (1996). * ''L'imposture de la beauté et autres ederede'' (1995). * ''Ihe Ndị A Họọrọ'' (2007). Thomas Albrecht, Georgia Albert na Elizabeth G. Rottenberg deziri ya; okwu mmalite nke Jacques Derrida. === Edemede === '''Rịba ama:''' ndepụta a anaghị agụnye akụkụ ufọdụ nke akwụkwọ ebe e mechara bipụta nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ ahụ dum. * "Ọ dịghị Longer Full-Fledged ''Autobiogriffies''," ''SubStance'' 29 (1981): 3-22. '''Site na:''' Autobiogriffures (1976). * "Sartre: Fort! Ou Da?", Diacritics 14, 4 (1984): 9-18. * "Nri a na-eri n'ala, ''SubStance'' 49 (1986): 8-9. * "Ili maka Aha Ezi," ''SubStance'' 49 (1986): 9-10. * "Nightmare: Na Margins of Medieval Studies," ''SubStance'' 49 (1986): 10-13. '''Site na:''' ''Olee otú ị ga-esi gbapụ?'' (1983). * "Prometheus, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma mbụ," ''SubStance'' 50 (1986): 26-35. '''Site na:''' ''Olee otú ị ga-esi gbapụ?'' (1983). * "Nietzsche na Ọchịchịrị nke Heraclitus," Diacritics 17, 3 (1987): 39-55. '''Site na:''' Seductions: De Sartre à Héraclite (1990). * "Baubô: Theological Perversion and Fetishism," na Michael Allen Gillespie & Tracy B. Strong, Nietzsche's New Seas: Explorations in Philosophy, Aesthetics, and Politics (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1988). '''Site na:''' ''Nietzsche na ihe nkiri nkà ihe ọmụma'' (1979). * "Beyond Aporia?", na Andrew Benjamin (ed.), ''Post-structuralist Classics'' (London & New York: Routledge, 1988). '''Site na:''' ''Olee otú ị ga-esi gbapụ?'' (1983). * "'Ça cloche'," na Hugh J. Silverman (ed.), Derrida and Deconstruction (New York & London: Routledge, 1989). '''Site na:''' Lectures de Derrida (1984). E nyere ya na 1980 Cerisy colloquy, "Les fins de l'homme". * "Ntụgharị: Onye ahịa Venice n'okpuru akara nke Saturn," na [[Peter Collier (professor)|Peter Collier]] & Helga Geyer-Ryan (ed.), Literary Theory Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990). '''Site na:''' Ntughari: ''Onye Ahịa nke Venice'' ''N'okpuru akara Saturn'' (1987). * "Metaphoric Architectures," na Laurence A. Rickels (ed.), Looking After Nietzsche (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990). * "Descartes Entrapped," na Eduardo Cadava, Peter Connor, & Jean-Luc Nancy, Who Comes After the Subject? (New York & London: Routledge, 1991). '''Site na:''' ''Nietzsche na ihe nkiri nkà ihe ọmụma'' (1979). * "Rousseau's Phallocratic Ends," na Bartky, Sandra Lee; Fraser, Nancy (1992). <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBartkyFraser1992">Revaluing French femism: edemede nkatọ banyere ọdịiche, ụlọ ọrụ, na ọdịbendị. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. [[ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780253206824|<bdi>9780253206824</bdi>]].&nbsp;</cite>{{Cite book|author=Bartky|first=Sandra Lee|title=Revaluing French feminism: critical essays on difference, agency, and culture|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|year=1992|isbn=9780253206824|url=https://archive.org/details/revaluingfrenchf0000unse}} * "Explosion I: Of Nietzsche's ''Ecce Homo''," Diacritics 24, 4 (1994): 50-70. '''Site na:''' Explosion I: De l'"Ecce Homo" nke Nietzsche (1992). * "A Fantastical Genealogy: Nietzsche's Family Romance," na Peter J. Burgard (ed.), Nietzsche and the Feminine (Charlottesville & London: University Press of Virginia, 1994). '''Site na:''' Explosion I: De l'"Ecce Homo" nke Nietzsche (1992). * "'Ọ bụ naanị Nzọụkwụ Mbụ nke Na-efu'," na Sonu Shamdasani & Michael Münchow (ed.), Speculations After Freud: Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, Culture (London & New York: Routledge, 1994). From: ''"Ọ bụ naanị nzọụkwụ mbụ na-efu": Freud na ịkọ nkọ'' (1991). * "Wagner's Ascetic Ideal According to Nietzsche," na Richard Schacht (ed.), Nietzsche's, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche-s Genealogy of Morals (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994). * "The Psychologist of the Eternal Feminine (Ihe mere m ji dee akwụkwọ dị mma, 5), ''Yale French Studies'' 87 (1995): 173-89. '''Site na:''' Explosion II: Ụmụ Nietzsche (1993). * "Accessories (''Ecce Homo'', 'Ihe mere m ji dee akwụkwọ dị mma,' 'The Untimelies,' 3)," na Peter R. Sedgwick (ed.), Nietzsche: A Critical Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995). '''Site na:''' Explosion II: Ụmụ Nietzsche (1993). * "The Economy of Respect: Kant and Respect for Women," na Robin May Schott (ed.), Feminist Interpretations of Immanuel Kant (University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997). '''Site na:''' Nkwanyere ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù (Kant na Rousseau) (1982). * "The Imposture of Beauty: The Uncanniness of Oscar Wilde's Picture of Dorian Gray," na Penelope Deutscher & Kelly Oliver (ed.), Enigmas: Essays on Sarah Kofman (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1999). '''Site na:''' L'imposture de la beauté na ederede ndị ọzọ (1995). === Ajụjụ ọnụ === * "Sarah Kofman," ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Alice Jardine, na Alice Jardine & Anne M. Menke (ndị nchịkọta akụkọ), ''Shifting Scenes: Ajụjụ ọnụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, ide ihe, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na France mgbe afọ 68 gasịrị'' (New York na Oxford: Columbia University Press, 1991). * "Ide ihe n'enweghị ike: Mkparịta ụka ya na Sarah Kofman," ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Ursula Konnertz, ''Nyocha Nkà Ihe Ọmụma Ụmụ Nwanyị'' (Juun 1995): 5–8. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eche echiche nke mmebi iwu metụtara == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 6fatcd2h7daudi8gjp1ozjhxsj8wd40 0 75793 674737 674412 2026-07-09T21:51:42Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Greta Knutson''', nke a makwaara dịka '''Greta Knutson-Tzara''' (1899–1983), bụ onye Sweden na-ese ihe onyonyo, onye na-akatọ nka, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, na onye na-ede uri. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke André Lhote ma nabatakwa ụdị nka dịka Abstraction, Cubism na Surrealism, a makwaara ya maka mmasị ya na phenomenology . Knutson lụrụ onye edemede a mụrụ na Romania na onye guzobere Dadaism Tristan Tzara, mana ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm. == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Greta Knutson na [[Stockholm]], ọ bụkwa onye Sweden na- ese ihe, onye na-akatọ ihe osise, onye na-ede uri, na onye edemede. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya na 1899 ma na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ mba ọzọ nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/knutson-tzara-greta/|title=Knutson-Tzara, Greta|work=Nordic Women's Literature|language=en-GB|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref> Ọ gara Carl Wilhelmson Academy of Fine Arts ruo otu afọ, wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Kungliga Konsthögskolan, wee biri na Paris, [[France]] na mmalite afọ 1920. Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka ọ malitere ịgagharị na studio Andre Lhote wee bụrụ onye na-eso ụzọ ya.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Paris, ọnụnọ ya ghọrọ nke na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-alaghachi Sweden naanị mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọ nwere mmasị na Cubism, Surrealism, na Abstraction dị ka echiche nka.<ref name="icrmadame">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.icr.ro/filiale/evenimente_a.php?cod=279&cod_filiala=28 ''Madame Tzara? Greta Knutson şi Tristan Tzara'' (October 3, 2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180740/http://www.icr.ro/filiale/evenimente_a.php?cod=279&cod_filiala=28|date=3 March 2016}}, at the [[Romanian Cultural Institute]] in Stockholm; retrieved 2 May 2008</ref> Ọ nwere mmasị na mgbanwe nke nka site n'ụwa dị adị gbara anyị gburugburu gaa n'ụwa dị egwu nke amaghị ihe. Ọ bụkwa na Frans ka Knutson zutere Tzara, akụkọ kwuru na ọ bụ na 1924. Ọ lụrụ ya na 8 Ọgọst 1925. Di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ nwa nwoke, Christophe, amụrụ na 15 Maachị 1927, na Neuilly-sur-Seine.<ref name="jycmelusine" /> Na 1925, Knutson ketara nnukwu akụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cooke|first=Rachel}}</ref> Site na ego sitere n'ihe nketa ya, Tzara wuru ebe obibi ezinụlọ na Montmartre, nke e nyere ọrụ dịka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Adolf Loos (onye bụbu onye otu Modernist Movement na Vienna). Ụlọ ahụ ghọrọ ebe ọha na eze maka ndị Surrealist ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Piette 136–142">{{Cite journal|author=Piette|first=Adam|date=March 2006|title=The Yale Anthology of Twentieth-Century French Poetry, edited by Mary Ann Caws|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/tal.2006.0012|journal=Translation and Literature|volume=15|issue=1|pages=136–142|doi=10.3366/tal.2006.0012|issn=0968-1361}}</ref> O gbanwere akụkụ ụfọdụ ihe owuwu ahụ iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ nke ya dabara, nke Loos wepụrụ na imewe mbụ ya.<ref name="jycmelusine" /> Knutson nakweere Surrealism n'afọ 1930. Ma, ya na Tristan Tzara kewara na 1937 (a kpọrọ ha ka ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 25 Ọktoba 1942). N'oge agha ahụ, Knutson na onye France na-ede uri na onye ndu mmegide bụ René Char nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya. Knutson sere ọtụtụ foto Char.<ref name="Piette 136–142" /> Ọ gbapụrụkwa Surrealism, na-achọ mmasị ya na Phenomenology (nkà ihe ọmụma), ọkachasị na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Edmund Husserl<ref name="prsurrgk" /> na Martin Heidegger.<ref name="leclair" /> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1930, o sere foto nke onye na-akpụ ihe na Switzerland bụ Alberto Giacometti; o mechara kọọ na onye nlereanya ya kwetara na ihe o ji mee ihe n'ihe osise Afrịka, ọ bụ ezie na ndị nkatọ na-ekwu maka ya, bụ naanị ihe dakọtara, ma nwee njikọ na eziokwu ahụ bụ na primitivism dị n'ụdị ejiji. Knutson bụ onye edemede na-arụpụta ihe, na-ebipụta edemede nke nkatọ nka, na, naanị mgbe ụfọdụ, uri. O dere n'asụsụ Swedish na French. Mgbe ọ dị obere, o dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ uri prose. Ya na onye na-ede uri Gunnar Ekelöf, ọ sụgharịrị akwụkwọ edemede Swedish gaa na [[Asụsụ French|French]],<ref name="icrmadame" /> mana edebeghị uri nke ya dịka akwụkwọ n'oge ndụ ya.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> "Akụkọ nke ụzọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu/Ọ ga-abụ ụzọ nke na-ara nkume ọkọlọtọ/Ọ ga-ebuli aka ya gaa n'ebe ígwè/Ụzọ ga-eru ebe obibi nke ndị a na-achụ/abalị bịara n'ụtụtụ gara/n'ebe ìgwè atụrụ dị nwayọọ na ụgbọ mmiri na-ehi ụra/n'akụkụ ụlọ nsọ nke osimiri.", ihe e dere n'uri ya, nke e si na French sụgharịa, nke dị na mbụ na Le Surrealisme ASDLR.<ref name="prsurrgk" /> O nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nka naanị ya, ọkachasị otu na Paris na 1929 na otu na Stockholm na 1932.<ref name=":0" /> Greta Knutson gburu onwe ya na Paris n'afọ 1983. == Ihe Nketa == Onye na-ede uri bụ́ Lasse Söderberg sụgharịrị uri Greta Knutson nke asụsụ French gaa na Swedish, ya na di ya sokwa mụọ ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nka bụ́ Cecilia Sjöholm mere. Söderberg, Sjöholm, onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ́ Christian Fex na onye edemede bụ́ Jonas Ellerström sonyere na ihe omume ''Madame Tzara?,'' nke e mere na Romanian Cultural Institute na Stockholm n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2007.<ref name="icrmadame" /> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] gbe9ph9mozpjq1lkmoh2ot02xmg0sjj 0 75827 674659 637905 2026-07-09T18:43:28Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Margaret Amelia Corlis (ihe dị ka afọ 1840 – Jenụwarị 6, 1925) bụ nwanyị dọkịta Australia a mụrụ na Canada. Ọ bụ otu n’ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dọkịta na Queen's University at Kingston, a na-ewerekwa ya dịka nwanyị dọkịta mbụ rụrụ ọrụ na Western Australia — na-eme njem n’elu kamel na-ata ata. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Margaret Amelia Walker na Ontario.<ref name="doc2">{{Cite web|title=Corlis, Margaret Amelia, The Dictionary of Sydney|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/corlis_margaret_amelia|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=dictionaryofsydney.org|archivedate=2025-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621164931/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/corlis_margaret_amelia}}</ref> ihe dị ka afọ 1840 na Townsend Township, Ontario. N’afọ 1862, ya na Josiah Corlis lụrụ di na nwunye. Ọ si n’otu obodo ahụ dị ka ya ma bụrụ onye ụkọchukwu Baptist. Agbanyeghị, ọ chọrọ ịghọ dọkịta, ya mere ha nabatara ụmụ akwụkwọ ọgwụ n’ụlọ ha na Montréal, ego ha nwetara site na mgbazinye nyere ya ohere ịlaghachi n’ịmụ akwụkwọ. N’afọ 1869, ọ ghọrọ dọkịta ruru eru na… Mahadum McGill . Ha kwagara Ontario ebe ha nwere ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ (chemist shop); Josiah rụrụ ọrụ dọkịta n’ụlọ ọgwụ, ha zụlitekwara ụmụaka anọ. O di nwute, naanị nwa ha nwanyị nwụrụ n’ihi…diphtheria. N'afọ 1881, o kpebiri ịbụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na-amụ ọgwụ na Canada. Ya na di ya were onye na-elekọta ụlọ n'ọrụ ma na 1881 ọ debanyere aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Mahadum Queens, Kingston, Ontario. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1885 dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ise mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. N’afọ 1891, ha kwagara Australia, ebe ụmụ nwoke abụọ n’ime ụmụ ya soro ihe nlereanya nne na nna ha wee bụrụ dọkịta ruru eru. Nwa nwoke ọzọ sonyeere ha ma emechaa, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee ruo eru dịka dọkịta anụmanụ (vet) na Canada.. Ọ bụ nwanyị nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na Sydney <ref name="amdrb" /> mgbe ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ahụike na Elizabeth Street, tupu ya esonyere di ya ịrụ ọrụ na Bellingen.<ref name="doc2">{{Cite web|title=Corlis, Margaret Amelia, The Dictionary of Sydney|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/corlis_margaret_amelia|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=dictionaryofsydney.org|archivedate=2025-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621164931/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/corlis_margaret_amelia}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/corlis_margaret_amelia "Corlis, Margaret Amelia, The Dictionary of Sydney"]. ''dictionaryofsydney.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250621164931/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/corlis_margaret_amelia Archived] from the original on 2025-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-01-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:Margaret_Amelia_Corlis_sons_and_hubby.jpg|thumb|Ndị dọkịta ise - onye na-ahụ maka anụmanụ na ndị dọkịta anọ - Dr Margaret Corlis, ụmụ ya nwoke na di ya]] N'afọ 1895, ọ kwagara Coolgardie iji sonyere di ya. Ọ nọ ebe ahụ mgbe o nyere aka ịnagide ọrịa typhoid. Ọ bụ nwanyị dọkịta mbụ debanyere aha na Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Woman Doctors - To the Editor. - The West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879 - 1954) - 27 Jun 1951|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/48977745|accessdate=2026-01-29|work=Trove|language=en}}</ref> E nyere ha ọrụ n’ụlọ ọgwụ e wuru n’akwà (canvas hospital) ebe ahụ, ọ nwetakwara ọnya ata site n’akpa kamel ya. Ya na kamel ahụ na-emekwa njem ileta ndị ọrịa n’ụlọ, nke na-ewepụ ya n’ụlọ ruo otu izu, ma onye na-elekọta kamel ahụ si Afghanistan na-esonyere ha mgbe niile..<ref name="amdrb" /> Ya na di Josiah Corlis malitere ịla ezumike n’ọrụ n’afọ 1903 mgbe ha laghachiri na New South Wales site ebe ha si gaa Canada maka ezumike. Ọ biri na nwa ya nwoke, Dr. Charles C. Corlis, na Bangalow n’afọ 1922 mgbe di ya nwụsịrị. Ọ kpuru ìsì. E liri ya n'ebe ahụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 6 Jenụwarị 1925 na Grafton ebe nwa ya nwoke Dr. Philip E. Corlis biri. Nwa ya nwoke nke atọ Dr. W. S. Corlis nọ na New York.<ref name="nswh">{{Cite news|date=1925|title=FIRST LADY DOCTOR IN AUSTRALIA|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/16198427|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] qp73n79jce9khljxt2m1f5zfbxlf5un 0 75845 674655 656362 2026-07-09T18:37:33Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Deniran.jpg|thumb|Deniran]] '''Victor Deniran''' (amụrụ na 27 Mee 1990) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agbachitere. == Ọrụ == .Deniran malitere ọrụ ya na Nigerian First Bank F.C. N'oge oyi nke afọ 2008, Deniran gara ule na Slavia Sofia na Bulgaria, ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara mbụ ya na klọb ahụ. E nyere ya uwe elu nke 14. Ọ pụtara na ngalaba mbụ ya na Bulgarian na egwuregwu megide Litex Lovech na 9 Ọgọst 2008. Victor gbara bọọlụ nkeji 90. Nsonaazụ nke egwuregwu ahụ bụ mmeri 0-3 maka Slavia. == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwanne ya nwoke Ortega Deniran na-egwuri egwu maka Edinburgh City F.C. dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715072511/http://www.pfcslavia.com/en/playerDetail.aspx?id=122 Profaịlụ] na pfcslavia.com [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 623csxlweqbof6rfn5e2gmbwn0e62ac 0 75848 674654 637989 2026-07-09T18:35:32Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Paulette Nardal.jpg|thumb|Paulette Nardal]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Paulette Nardal''' (12 Ọktoba 1896 - 16 Febụwarị 1985) bụ onye edemede French si Martinique, onye nta akụkọ, na otu n'ime ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala nke mmepe nke ọgụgụ isi ojii. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede na-etinye aka n'ịmepụta ụdị Négritude ma webata ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na France na ọrụ nke ndị otu Harlem Renaissance site na nsụgharị ya. A mụrụ ya na klas dị elu na Martinique, Nardal ghọrọ onye nkuzi wee gaa mezue agụmakwụkwọ ya na Paris. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Sorbonne na 1920 ma ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ede akwụkwọ, Le Salon de Clamart, nke nyochara ahụmịhe nke ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ. Dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede, o bipụtara ọrụ ndị na-akwado mmata Pan-Africa ma kweta na ihe ịma aka ndị mmadụ na-eche ihu n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụghị onye na-eme ihe ike, na-agba ụmụ nwanyị ume ịrụ ọrụ n'ime usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji nweta mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na mbido [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], Nardal gbapụrụ na France mana o merụrụ ahụ mgbe ụgbọ mmiri n'okpuru mmiri wakporo ụgbọ mmiri ya, na-akpata nkwarụ ndụ ya niile. N'ịlaghachi na Martinique, o guzobere òtù ndị nwanyị na akwụkwọ akụkọ na-agba ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha tinye ume ha n'ime nkwalite mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ọ kwadoro ọzụzụ gbasara akụ na ụba ụlọ ma hiwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara maka ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye. N'ihi nghọta ya banyere nsogbu ndị bi na Caribbean chere ihu, a goro ya ọrụ dịka ọkachamara mpaghara na United Nations. Nardal bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwere ọkwa ọchịchị na ngalaba nke mpaghara anaghị achị onwe na UN. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Martinique mgbe ọnọdụ UN gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji chekwaa ọdịnala egwu nke mba ahụ. O dere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụdị egwu ọdịnala maka ememe narị afọ nke mkpochapụ nke ịgba ohu n'àgwàetiti ahụ wee mepụta otu ukwe na-eme ememe mgbọrọgwụ Africa nke egwu Martinique. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, a họpụtara Nardal ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchiteanya na United Nations na 1946. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Na-achị Mba Na-adịghị Onwe Ya. Ọ laghachiri na Martinique na 1948, na na 1950 na 1960, ọ kwadoro mkpọsa Dr. Martin Luther King maka ikike obodo na United States. Nardal, onye na-alụbeghị di, nwụrụ na Fort-de-France, Martinique na February 16, 1985. Ọ dị afọ 88.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lock|first=Etienne|title=Paulette Nardal|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/paulette-nardal-1896-1985/|work=Blackpast|accessdate=19 March 2021}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Paulette Nardal na 12 Ọktoba 1896 na Le François, Martinique, [2] nke Louise (née Achille) na Paul Nardal.[3] Nna ya bụ injinia na-ewu ụlọ, onye a zụrụ na France na nne ya bụ onye nkuzi piano.[2] Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụnne nwanyị asaa nọ n'ezinụlọ ahụ (Jeanne Nardal, Lucy Nardal), Andrée Nardal (Alice Naral, Cécile Nardal) nke bụ akụkụ nke obere obodo ojii dị n'etiti n'àgwàetiti ahụ.[4] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Colonial College for Girls ma mụọ Bekee na West Indies . [3] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Nardal ghọrọ onye nkuzi mana o kpebiri ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Paris. === Afọ ndị France === At the age of 24, Nardal enrolled at the Sorbonne to study English, the first black person to attend the university. She quickly became involved in the artistic circle of the French intelligentsia, coming under the influence of the Harlem Renaissance writers.[4] Hosting a salon, with her sisters Jane and Andrée,[3] Nardal brought together black intellectuals from Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States to discuss their experiences of being black and being part of the diaspora.[5] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Paris, Nardal laghachiri n'oge dị mkpirikpi na nkuzi na Martinique mana n'ime otu afọ laghachiri na Paris, ebe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ.[6] Ihe odide ya gụnyere akwụkwọ edemede, nkatọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, okwu gbasara ọchịchị ndị agha, na nduzi ndị njem nleta a na-akpọ Guide des Colonies Françaises nke gọọmentị nke agwaetiti French Antilles nyere iwu. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1931, ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị; Louis Jean Finot, onye edemede French; Léo Sajous, onye ọkà mmụta Haiti; na Clara W. Shepard, onye nkuzi na onye ntụgharị Africa-America, hiwere akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akpọ ''La Revue du Monde Noir'' (Review of the Black World) [3] . Ọrụ Nardal gụnyere inye aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ntụgharị, yana ịkwaga akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na ndị na-ege ntị Pan-Africa. E bipụtara mbipụta isii nke La Revue du monde noir tupu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ akwụsị imepụta ya n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1932.[7] Mgbe emesịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Nardal malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Galandou Diouf, onye nnọchi anya Senegal na Nzukọ Mba France.[6] O sonyere na ngagharị iwe ndị sochiri mwakpo ndị Ịtali wakporo Etiopia n'afọ 1935, wee gaa Senegal n'afọ 1937 iji gbalịa ịhazi ndị ọzọ ka ha megide mwakpo ahụ. [6][8] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na òtù ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Ad Lucem Per Caritatem na Union Féminine Civique et Sociale n'ime afọ ndị 1930. Mgbe a manyere ya ịgbapụ na France na 1939 n'ihi [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], Nardal banyere ụgbọ mmiri na-efe n'okpuru nchebe nke Red Cross.[6] Mgbe agha ahụ biri, ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka imeziwanye ọha na eze. Na 1944 Nardal hiwere Le Rassemblement féminin[4] === Ịlaghachi na Martinique === Mgbe ọ gbakere nke ọma iji mee njem, Nardal laghachiri Martinique. Ọ biri na Fort-de-France ma na mbụ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi Bekee maka ndị na-emegide chọrọ ịkwado General de Gaulle. [9] N'ihi na a zụrụ ndị Caribbean na British West Indies, ọ dị mkpa ka ha mụta Bekee tupu ha enwee ike ịnata ọzụzụ agha.[10] Mgbe agha ahụ biri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka imeziwanye mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ikike ịtụ vootu. N'afọ 1944, Nardal guzobere Le Rassemblement féminin <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Palmiste|first=Clara|date=2014-06-05|title=Le vote féminin et la transformation des colonies françaises d'Amérique en départements en 1946|url=http://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/66842|journal=Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos|language=fr|doi=10.4000/nuevomundo.66842|issn=1626-0252}}</ref> iji gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ume isonye na ntuli aka nke afọ 1945 ma n'afọ 1945, o guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ, La Femme dans la Cite (Nwanyị nọ n'obodo), ebe o kwusiri ike na ụmụ nwanyị etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'afọ 1946, a họpụtara Nardal ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya United Nations (UN). [12] Ọ bịarutere na New York City, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara mpaghara. Ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ nwere ọkwa ọchịchị na Division of Non-Belè-Governing Territories, na-eje ozi ọnwa 18.[13][12] Mgbe ọ laghachiri Martinique na 1948, Nardal, site n'enyemaka nke nwanne ya nwanyị Alice, kwadebere akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere ihe nketa egwu nke Martinique dị ka onyinye ya na ememe ndị gbara otu narị afọ nke mwepụ nke ịgba ohu n'àgwàetiti ahụ gburugburu. N'ihi na egwu ọdịnala, bèlè na ladjia, na-enye ohere maka jazz, Nardal chọrọ imeziwanye agụmakwụkwọ na-ekwu maka ọdịnala egwu. O mechara guzobe òtù ukwe iji kwalite ma chekwaa egwu ọdịnala ndị Afrịka gụnyere abụ ọdịnala, nke ime mmụọ, nke oge ochie na nke South America.[10] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ebipụta La Femme dans la Cite ruo n'afọ 1951.[14] Nardal nwụrụ na 16 Febụwarị 1985, na Martinique.[4] N'ikpeazụ, Jil Servant mere ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ yana njikọ France-Antilles TV na 2004 akpọrọ, Paulette Nardal, la fierté d'être négresse (Paulette Nardal, mpako ịbụ nwanyị ojii), gbasara ndụ Nardal.[15] N'afọ 2009, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting sụgharịrị ma bipụta nchịkọta nke edemede ya nke e bipụtara na La Femme dans la Cite.[14] == Ọrụ odeakụkọ == N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, Nardal dere maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere, France-Outremer, Le Cri des Nègres, Le Soir na La Dépêche africaine na mgbe e mesịrị L'Étudiant noir. [16][6] Njikọ ya na La Dépêche africaine dị ịrịba ama n'ihi na ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-atụle okwu agbụrụ, La Dépépêche africine bụ nke mbụ na-etinye okwu [[Mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị|Mmekọahụ]] na echiche ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Boittin|first=Jennifer Anne|date=2005|title=In Black and White: Gender, Race Relations, and the Nardal Sisters in Interwar Paris|journal=French Colonial History|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=120–135|doi=10.1353/fch.2005.0003|issn=1543-7787}}</ref> Ọrụ Nardal na La Dépêche africaine n'afọ ndị mbụ nke ọrụ ya na-abụkarị nyocha ọdịbendị nke ọ ga-eji gosipụta ndị na-ese ihe ojii na ọdịbendị ojii. Ọ chọkwara inye echiche banyere ihe ọ dị ka ibi na Paris dị ka onye isi ojii si Martinique.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Race women internationalists : activist-intellectuals and global freedom struggles|author=Umoren|first=Imaobong Denis|isbn=978-0-520-96843-1|publisher=University of California Press|location=Oakland, California|oclc=1019845367|date=2018}}</ref> Ihe odide ya e bipụtara n'oge a gụnyere "En Exile" (Na Exile) (1929) na "Une femme sculpteur noir" (A Black Woman Sculptor) (1930). "En Exile" bụ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi banyere ndụ nwanyị Caribbean a dọọrọ n'agha na France. Site na onye isi agwa, Nardal na-enyocha otú maka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ibi na France bụ ahụmahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Race women internationalists : activist-intellectuals and global freedom struggles|author=Umoren|first=Imaobong Denis|isbn=978-0-520-96843-1|publisher=University of California Press|location=Oakland, California|oclc=1019845367|date=2018}}</ref> "Une femme sculpteur noir" bụ ihe gbasara onye America na-ese ihe [[Augusta Savage]].[19] N'isiokwu a, Nardal na-eme emume maka ihe Savage rụzuru na onyinye ọdịbendị, ma na-atụle ihe mgbochi Savage chere ihu dị ka nwanyị ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Nardal dere nke ọma banyere ịmara agbụrụ na ịdị n'otu ndị isi ojii, yana ụkpụrụ abụọ nke ịkpa ókè ụmụ nwanyị.[20] Nardal guzobekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ n'oge ọrụ ya, ''La Revue du Monde Noir'' na La Femme dans la Cité.''Nwanyị nọ n'obodo ahụ'' === ''La Revue du Monde Noir'' (1931-1932) === ''La Revue du Monde Noir'' bụ oghere ebe ndị na-ese ihe ojii na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi nwere ike ibipụta ọrụ ha ma soro ndị isi ojii ndị ọzọ nwee njikọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gbara ume ịdị n'otu mba ụwa n'etiti ndị isi ojii ma tinye nka, ọdịbendị, na arụmụka sitere n'akụkụ ụwa niile.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Race women internationalists : activist-intellectuals and global freedom struggles|author=Umoren|first=Imaobong Denis|isbn=978-0-520-96843-1|publisher=University of California Press|location=Oakland, California|oclc=1019845367|date=2018}}</ref> E gosipụtara ''La Revue du Monde Noir'' dị ka akwụkwọ na-adịghị etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka Ministri nke Colonies kwenye inye ego ụfọdụ, "omume nke ịmepụta nyocha asụsụ abụọ, nke mba ụwa, na nke agbụrụ dị iche iche na 1930s Paris bụ ihe na-akpali akpali, " ya mere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ezereghị nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kpamkpam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Boittin|first=Jennifer Anne|date=2005|title=In Black and White: Gender, Race Relations, and the Nardal Sisters in Interwar Paris|journal=French Colonial History|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=120–135|doi=10.1353/fch.2005.0003|issn=1543-7787}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ tụfuru ego ngwa ngwa ma bipụta naanị mbipụta isii nke ''La Revue du Monde Noir'' tupu akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ akwụsị mmepụta n'April 1932. === ''Nwanyị nọ n'Obodo'' (1945-1951) === Nardal guzobere La Femme dans la Cité iji mee ka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nọ n'etiti nwee njikọ dị n'etiti imeziwanye uche site na ụlọ ọrụ na ịkpọte uche ha. [21][22] Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ dị n'ógbè ahụ ma Nardal jiri ya gbalịa ime ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka nke afọ 1945.[13] Ndị Kọmunist nwetara ọtụtụ oche na, n'afọ sochirinụ, Nardal dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-emesi ụmụ nwanyị ike mkpa ọ dị inweta nghọta nke nsogbu ụwa na ịtụ vootu. Ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya bụ ebe kwesịrị ekwesị na-agbanwe agbanwe na ebe ọ na-akwado nha anya ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụghị onye agha. Ọ maara na enweghị ahaghị nhata ma chọọ ka ụmụ nwanyị kuziere onwe ha ka ọnọdụ ha ka mma, mana ọ kwadoghị ịkwatu ọchịchị ndị dị adị.[23] Nardal kọwara n'akwụkwọ edemede ya na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ isi ihe na-eme ka mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze dị mma nakwa na site na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịlụso ndị nna ochie ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beyond Negritude: Essays from Woman in the City|author=Nardal|first=Paulette|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4416-2415-4|location=Albany, New York|pages=73|oclc=456064129}}</ref> == Ụlọ Nzukọ Clamart == Mgbe ha bi na Paris Nardal na ụmụnne ya nwanyị mepụtara ebe a na-ede akwụkwọ ebe ndị mmadụ sitere na okike, agbụrụ, na okpukperechi niile ga-ezukọ iji kparịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, omenala na nka ojii na mpaghara na mba ụwa. Mkparịta ụka ndị a lekwasịrị anya na ịdị n'otu ndị ojii mba ụwa na ọdịiche agbụrụ a na-eme ememe nke butere mmepe na mgbasa nke nsụhọ agbụrụ ojii.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Race women internationalists|author=Umoren|pages=17|chapter=Black and Feminist Internationalism in Interwar Europe 1920-1935|date=2018}}</ref> The Clamart Salon hosted a number of well known black intellectuals including figures from the Harlem Renaissance<ref name=":02" /> and the three men known for founding the Négritude movement, Aimé Césaire, Léon Gontran Damas, and Léopold Sédar Sénghor.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Robert P.|date=2001|journal=CLA Journal|volume=45|issue=1|pages=53–68|issn=0007-8549|title=Black Like That: Paulette Nardal and the Negritude Salon}}</ref> === Enyemaka Maka Négritude === Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-eto Paulette Nardal maka onyinye ya na Négritude movement, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'inwe mmetụta n'ebe ndị ikom guzobere Négrité movement nọ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Robert P.|date=2001|journal=CLA Journal|volume=45|issue=1|pages=53–68|issn=0007-8549|title=Black Like That: Paulette Nardal and the Negritude Salon}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na okwu Négritude adịghị adị tupu 1935, ọrụ Nardal tupu nke a egosila ma gbaa ume ịdị n'otu na mpako nke mba ụwa nke Négrity gbara ume.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Race women internationalists|author=Umoren|pages=17|chapter=Black and Feminist Internationalism in Interwar Europe 1920-1935|date=2018}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na La Dépêche Africaine na ''La Revue du Monde Noir,'' yana mkparịta ụka ndị mere na Clamart Salon kpaliri ndị guzobere Négritude atọ ịmepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ l'Étudiant Noir, ebe ha jiri okwu Négritud mee ihe na mbụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Boittin|first=Jennifer Anne|date=2005|title=In Black and White: Gender, Race Relations, and the Nardal Sisters in Interwar Paris|journal=French Colonial History|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=120–135|doi=10.1353/fch.2005.0003|issn=1543-7787}}</ref> Nardal dere na mbipụta ikpeazụ nke ''La Revue du Monde Noir'' akpọrọ "Eveil de la conscience de race" (The Awakening of Race Consciousness) ma nyochaa ọganihu nke ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.harnessmagazine.com/women-history-forgot-paulette-nardal/|title=Women History Forgot: Paulette Nardal|author=Ropartz|first=Elisabeth|date=31 December 2018|work=Harness Magazine|accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref> Ma ndị isi nke Négritude movement na otu a na-akpọ Légitime Défense, nke ndị Afro-Caribbean radical surrealists na ndị Kọmunist mejupụtara, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche ha site na edemede a, nke Nardal na-ekwu maka mpako Africa na nkwenye nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịgba ohu.[28] Echiche Nardal banyere mpako anaghị akwado ịhapụ njirimara French, ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị ọchịchị French na mpaghara ndị ahụ, kama ọ kwadoro ala dị n'etiti, na-anabata ma ọdịbendị Afro-Caribbean na French.[29] Ma [[Mamadou Badiane]] na [[Shireen K. Lewis]] na-ekwu na echiche Nardal banyere agbụrụ malitere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri tupu a kwado Césaire na Senghor na ha tọrọ ntọala nkà ihe ọmụma nke Négritude, na-ekwubi na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị guzobere òtù ahụ na mmụọ ya.[30][31] Senghor kwetara na Nardal sonyere n'ịtọ ntọala "New Negro Movement" n'okwu o kwuru na Mahadum Howard na 1966.[32] Clamart Salon na ''La Revue du Monde Noir'' tinyere nsụgharị Paulette Nardal nke ọrụ ndị edemede Harlem Renaissance <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=Shireen K.|date=1999|title=Gendering Négritude: Paulette Nardal's Contribution to the Birth of Modern Francophone Literature|url=http://sistermentors.org/article.pdf|journal=Romance Languages Annual|volume=11|pages=68–72}}</ref> nyekwara ndị guzobere Négritude ohere izute ndị sitere na Harlem Rena Renaissance nke ọrụ ha metụtara ma kpalie okike nke Négritud. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Robert P.|date=2001|journal=CLA Journal|volume=45|issue=1|pages=53–68|issn=0007-8549|title=Black Like That: Paulette Nardal and the Negritude Salon}}</ref> == Onyinye ụmụ nwanyị nyere == === Òtù ndị inyom === Mgbe ọ laghachiri Martinique, Nardal malitere itinye n'ọrụ echiche nke agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ, na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị akụ na ụba ụlọ iji wepụ ha na ịda ogbenye.[21] O mekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara iji kụziere ụmụ ndị nne na-arụ ọrụ.[13] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Ikike ịtụ vootu ma, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwetara ikike ịtụ voolu na 1944, ọ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha were uwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma rụọ ọrụ iji dozie nsogbu ọha na eze.[22] ==== Mgbakọ Ụmụ nwanyị ==== N'afọ 1944, Nardal guzobere Le Rassemblement féminin. Le Rassemblement féminin bụ otu n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị abụọ dị na Martinique n'oge ahụ nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-atụ vootu na ntuli aka nke afọ 1945.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Palmiste|first=Clara|date=2014-06-05|title=Le vote féminin et la transformation des colonies françaises d'Amérique en départements en 1946|url=http://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/66842|journal=Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos|language=fr|doi=10.4000/nuevomundo.66842|issn=1626-0252}}</ref> Le Rassemblement féminin abụghị nzukọ na-akwado otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla ma na edemede mbụ ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ La Femme dans la Cité, Nardal kwusiri ike na ebumnuche nzukọ ahụ nwere ike itinye aka na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ego ọ bụla dịka Le Rassembement féminin bụ naanị iji gbaa ụmụ nwanyị ume itinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beyond Negritude|author=Nardal|date=2009|pages=27}}</ref> Òtù nke ọzọ, l'Union des femmes de la Martinique, nwere ọtụtụ ndị òtù na-arụ ọrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na ndị Kọmunist nwere njikọ. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị nọ n'ìgwè a nwere echiche dị egwu nke nwanyị karịa Nardal. Nardal chere na negativity l'Union des femmes de la Martinique na-eduzi n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ọcha dị elu kwalitere ịkpọasị agbụrụ, ebe Le Rassemblement féminin gbara ndị inyom si n'okirikiri niile ume ka ha bulie ibe ha elu site n'ịdị n'otu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Palmiste|first=Clara|date=2014-06-05|title=Le vote féminin et la transformation des colonies françaises d'Amérique en départements en 1946|url=http://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/66842|journal=Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos|language=fr|doi=10.4000/nuevomundo.66842|issn=1626-0252}}</ref> === Ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị mba === Ọ bụ ezie na ọ lekwasịrị anya na ịdị n'otu na agbụrụ ndị isi ojii n'oge ọ nọ na Paris, Nardal tụgharịrị uche ya na nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ọ laghachiri Martinique.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book|title=Beyond Negritude|author=Nardal|year=2009|pages=8}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe site na agbụrụ gaa na okike, Nardal gara n'ihu na-agba ume echiche mba ụwa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị ya na mba ụwa na-eduga ya ijikọ ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị si mba dị iche iche ma tinye aka na mkparịta ụka banyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị site n'echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beyond Negritude|author=Nardal|date=2009|publisher=SONY Press|pages=7}}</ref> Nardal kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ nwanyị tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo na nke mba ụwa na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma o chere na ọdịda ịgwa ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere nsogbu ụwa bụ isi ntụpọ na usoro mmụta French. O chere na United Nations bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere ike iji kụzie okwu mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Race women internationalists|author=Umoren|pages=81|date=2018}}</ref> ==== Ọrụ na United Nations ==== Site na 1946 ruo 1948 Nardal rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya na United Nations, na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba UN maka Ógbè Na-abụghị nke Na-achị Onwe ya na Kọmitii UN maka Ọnọdụ Ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=Race women internationalists|author=Umoren|pages=83|date=2018}}</ref> Òtù UN na-ahụ maka ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị dabara na nkwenye Nardal n'ihi na ebumnobi ya bụ ịhụ na a na-asọpụrụ ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ụwa nile. Ọrụ ya na UN mere ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya na-arụ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mba ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-enye ya ohere ịrụ ọrụ na ịmụta n'aka ndị nnọchiteanya si mba dị iche iche.<ref name=":03" /> === Ịbụ onye inyom na okpukpe === N'agbanyeghị nkwenkwe ndị Katọlik nke Paulette Nardal, ma Le Rassemblement féminin ma ọ bụ La Femme dans la Cité abụghị ndị Katọlik. Nardal gosipụtara ma dị ka ndị na-abụghị ụka ma kwado na òtù ndị a nabatara ndị si n'okpukpe Katọlik na ndị na-ekweghị ekwe.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Beyond Negritude|author=Nardal|date=2009|pages=43}}</ref> == Ụtụ Isi == Na mmemme mmeghe nke 2024 Summer Olympics, a na-eme emume Nardal dị ka otu n'ime iri "Ndị dike nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke France".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fatima|first=Uzma|date=2023-07-27|title=Paris 2024 Opening Ceremony: Meet Heroines Of French History Whose Statues Emerged From The Seine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/others/paris-olympics-2024-opening-ceremony-know-statues-of-french-history-heroines-emerged-at-the-seine|accessdate=2023-07-30|work=Outlook|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|author=Badiane|first=Mamadou|title=The Changing Face of Afro-Caribbean Cultural Identity: Negrismo and Négritude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZyxrmeGuQUC&pg=PA47|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-7391-2553-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Edwards|first=Brent Hayes|title=The Practice of Diaspora: literature, translation, and the rise of Black internationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLRYCS9uFUYC&pg=PA152|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-03442-6}} * {{Cite news|author=Koda|first=Maïté|title=Les femmes Paulette Nardal et Gerty Archimède bientôt au Panthéon?|url=http://www.la1ere.fr/2013/05/15/les-femmes-paulette-nardal-et-gerty-archimede-bientot-au-pantheon-35379.html|accessdate=22 February 2016|publisher=d'Outre-mer 1ère|date=19 May 2013|language=fr}} * {{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Shireen K.|title=Race, Culture, and Identity: Francophone West African and Caribbean Literature and Theory from Négritude to Créolité|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jT02AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|year=2006|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-7391-5984-2}} * A sụgharịrị ya na mmeghe na nkọwa site na T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting. Hardback . Akwụkwọ mpịakọta .{{Cite web|first=Paulette|author=Nardal|title=Beyond Negritude: Essays from Woman in the City|url=http://www.sunypress.edu/p-4926-beyond-negritude.aspx|publisher=State University of New York Press|date=2009}}   * {{Cite web|author=Pago|first=Gilbert|title=La naissance de l'UFM|url=http://www.unionfemmesmartinique.com/?article-1068-la-naissance-de-l-ufm|publisher=Union of Women of Martinique|accessdate=22 February 2016|language=fr|date=2000}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sharpley-Whiting|first=T. Denean|title=Femme negritude: Jane Nardal, la Dépêche africaine, and the Francophone New Negro|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/souls/vol2no4/vol2num4art1.pdf|journal=Souls|volume=2|issue=4|date=Fall 2000|pages=8–17|issn=1099-9949|doi=10.1080/10999940009362232}} * {{Cite book|author=Sharpley-Whiting|first=T. Denean|title=Bricktop's Paris: African American Women in Paris between the Two World Wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ME55BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|date=2015|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, New York|isbn=978-1-4384-5502-0}} * {{Cite news|author=Tesseron|first=Philippe|title=Qui est Paulette Nardal ?|url=http://www.temoignages.re/qui-est-paulette-nardal,16188.html|accessdate=22 February 2016|publisher=Temoignages|date=12 July 2006|language=fr}} * {{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Nos histoires|url=http://www.histoire.fr/histoire/programmes/programmes-histoire/0,,4761170-VU5WX0lEIDQ5Ng==,00-paulette-nardal-.html|work=Histoire France|publisher=[[TF1 Group|TF1 Network]]|accessdate=22 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009101546/http://www.histoire.fr/histoire/programmes/programmes-histoire/0,,4761170-VU5WX0lEIDQ5Ng==,00-paulette-nardal-.html|archivedate=9 October 2009|language=fr|date=7 October 2009}} * {{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Paulette Nardal (1896-1985)|url=http://www.associationarchive.com/?page=persos&ID_perso=59|publisher=Association de Recherche sur la Culture et l'Histoire pour l'Identité et la Vérité de l' Enseignement|accessdate=22 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025222032/http://www.associationarchive.com/?page=persos&ID_perso=59|archivedate=25 October 2007|language=fr|date=2007}} * {{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Paulette Nardal (1896-1985)|url=http://www.netlexfrance.info/2009/06/23/paulette-nardal-1896-1985/|publisher=Netlex News|accessdate=22 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102002451/http://www.netlexfrance.info/2009/06/23/paulette-nardal-1896-1985/|archivedate=2 November 2012|language=fr|date=23 June 2009}} * {{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=President Senghor Says Negroes Have Transcended Chains|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4398290/the_pittsburgh_courier/|accessdate=22 February 2016|work=[[The Pittsburgh Courier]]|date=15 October 1966|page=16}} * "U. N. Omume". Oge New York. New York City, New York. Jenụwarị 11, 1947. peeji nke 7. E nwetara ya na 22 Febụwarị 2016 - site na Newspapers.com. {{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=U. N. Personality|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4398245/u_n_personality_the_new_york_age/|accessdate=22 February 2016|work=[[The New York Age]]|date=11 January 1947|page=7}} {{Authority control}}{{Women honored with statues at the 2024 Summer Olympics}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nardal, Paulette}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] evfnausw9871z68ip3gucki22ye10eq 0 75859 674556 638116 2026-07-09T13:38:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tariq Al-Yousef''' '''Tariq Al-Yousef''' (amụrụ na 14 Septemba 1988) bụ onye injinia ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye ọchụnta ego si Syria na United Arab Emirates (UAE). Ọ bụ onye ama ama maka ọrụ pụtara ìhè ọ rụrụ n'ijikọta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide (sustainable architecture) na teknụzụ dijitalụ nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ '''"AquaStruct"''' nke na-ahụ maka imewe ihe gburugburu ebe obibi, mmepe obodo, na ihe owuwu ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الدكتور طارق يوسف – dr tariq yousef|url=https://drtariqyousef.com/|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref> '''Ndụ mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ''' A mụrụ Tariq Al-Yousef na obodo Aleppo, Syria, n'ezinụlọ nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na nka na sayensị. Ọ kwagara na United Arab Emirates na ngwụcha afọ 1990 ebe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web|title=بمشاركة طارق العريان وريا أبي راشد.. مركز السينما يناقش صعود المواهب العربية عالميًا في مهرجان كان السينمائي {{!}} مجلة سيدتي|url=https://www.sayidaty.net/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8/1833632-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%C2%A0%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A|work=www.sayidaty.net|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar}}</ref> • '''2010:''' Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ (B.Arch) na Architectural Engineering na Mahadum America nke Sharjah (American University of Sharjah).<ref>{{Cite web|title=تعيين الدكتور طارق يوسف المدير التنفيذي للمستشفيات الجامعية بجامعة عين شمس|url=http://192.168.1.214/ar/6352/news|work=192.168.1.214|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar|author=Ain Shams University}}</ref> • '''2013:''' Ọ nwetara nzere mastas (M.Sc) na Sustainable Urban Design na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=أزمات قانونية بين النجوم بسبب النفقة بينها رانيا يوسف وزينة|url=https://www.masrawy.com/arts/zoom/details/2026/5/15/2988344/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A9?amp|work=www.masrawy.com|accessdate=2026-05-16}}</ref> '''Ọrụ''' Al-Yousef malitere ọrụ ya na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ mba ụwa na London na Dubai, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nhazi obodo ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi (smart cities). Na afọ 2016, ọ tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ nke ya bụ "AquaStruct", nke lekwasịrị anya na mmepe nke ngwọta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-ebelata ikuku carbon na ikwado njikwa mmiri n'ime nnukwu ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=المهندس طارق يوسف - ملتقى بناة مصر|url=https://buildersofegypt.com/portfolio/eng-tarek-youssef/|date=2023-10-12|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar|author=salma kamal}}</ref> '''Ihe ọrụ ama ama:''' • '''Oasis Dynamic Tower (Dubai):''' Ụlọ elu mepụtara nke na-eji naanị ike anyanwụ (solar energy) agbakwunyere na glaasi nke ihu ụlọ ahụ arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title="فتح" تختار اليوم لجنتها المركزية ومجلسها الثوري.. قوائم المرشحين|url=https://nn.najah.edu/news/Palestine/2026/05/16/557475/|work=النجاح الإخباري|date=2026-05-16|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar}}</ref> • '''Al-Ghaima Residential Complex (Riyadh):''' Usoro ụlọ obibi nwere ọgụgụ isi na-eji algoridim nke Artificial Intelligence (AI) maka ikesa ike na ikuku jụrụ oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=بمشاركة طارق العريان وريا أبي راشد.. مركز السينما يناقش صعود المواهب العربية عالميًا في مهرجان كان السينمائي {{!}} مجلة سيدتي|url=https://www.sayidaty.net/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8/1833632-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%C2%A0%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A|work=www.sayidaty.net|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar}}</ref> • '''Mmepe gburugburu mmiri (Beirut):''' Atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi iji rụzie n'akụkụ oké osimiri site na iji ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=افق|url=https://masafiranian.ir/|work=masafiranian.ir|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en|archivedate=2026-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260509225457/https://masafiranian.ir/}}</ref> '''Ihe nrite na nkwanye ùgwù'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=أ.د. طارق يوسف مدير تنفيذي لمستشفيات جامعة عين شمس|url=http://192.168.1.214/ar/5330/news|work=192.168.1.214|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar|author=Ain Shams University}}</ref> N'ihi ọhụụ ya maka ọdịnihu n'ijikọta okike na ihe owuwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, Tariq Al-Yousef enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye dị mkpa:<ref>{{Cite web|title=الشرق|url=https://al-sharq.com/tags/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81|work=الشرق|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar|author=الشرق}}</ref> • Ihe nrite '''"Architect of the Future"''' site na Arab Design Forum (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|title=الملك يتلقى مزيدًا من برقيات التأييد والولاء من عددٍ من العائلات والأسر البحرينية|url=https://akhbar-alkhaleej.com/news/article/1438005|work=akhbar-alkhaleej.com|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar}}</ref> • A gụnyere aha ya na ndepụta '''"Forbes Middle East"''' maka ndị na-emepụta ihe na-erubeghị afọ 30 (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|title=أبو إسماعيل: طارق يوسف شيعي ومشهور بالسرقة في الولايات المتحدة - بوابة الشروق|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=02042012&id=e71c9158-8e6e-4f23-9da4-109311a5d916|work=www.shorouknews.com|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=ar-eg}}</ref> • Ihe nrite maka "Environmental Excellence in Sustainable Design" site na World Green Architecture Organisation (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|title=أحدث تطورات التشخيص والعلاج في افتتاح مؤتمر الجمعية المصرية للجهاز الهضمي|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/4269178|work=أحدث تطورات التشخيص والعلاج في افتتاح مؤتمر الجمعية المصرية للجهاز الهضمي|date=2026-05-13|accessdate=2026-05-16|author=كتب: سارة طعيمة}}</ref> 6bvyc4t225x2clj6ziztxy0r77bqnen 0 75881 674663 638316 2026-07-09T18:53:16Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Myriam Harry''' bụ aha edemede nke '''Maria Rosette Shapira''' (Eprel 1869 – 10 Maachị 1958), onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede France.[1][2] Ada Moses Wilhelm na Anna Magdalena Rosette Shapira (née Jöckel), amụrụ ya na [[Jerusalem]]. Nna ya, onye si [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na Czarist Russia ma bụrụ onye a tọghatara site na [[Judaism|okpukpe ndị Juu]] gaa na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, gburu onwe ya, ezinụlọ ya kwagakwara Berlin. O mechara kwaga Paris.<ref name="career">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HD1N28_MAMC&pg=PA220|title=Career Stories: Belle Époque Novels of Professional Development|author=Rogers|first=Juliette M|year=2007|isbn=978-0271032689|publisher=Penn State Press}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ Jules Lemaître.<ref name="jvl">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0008_0_08458.html|title=Myriam Harry|work=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> Shapira rụrụ ọrụ na ''La Fronde'' ma deekwa ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Paris. Na 1902, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Petites Épouses''. Ọrụ ya nke afọ 1903 bụ ''La Conquête de Jérusalem'' natara Prix Femina mbụ, nke e mepụtara na 1904 karịsịa maka ya, ebe ọ bụ na a chụpụrụ ya na nlele maka Prix Goncourt n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref name="Femina">{{Cite web|title=Prix Femina 1904 : La conquête de Jérusalem de Myriam Harry|work=Prix Femina website|url=http://www.prixfemina.org/post/130403088615/prix-1904-la-conquete-de-jerusalem-de-myriam-harry|accessdate=3 July 2017|archivedate=14 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514083505/https://www.prixfemina.org/post/130403088615/prix-1904-la-conquete-de-jerusalem-de-myriam-harry}}</ref><ref name="career" /> Na 1904, Shapira lụrụ Emile Perrault.<ref name="career"/> O dekwara akụkọ banyere njem ya na Middle East, Africa na Asia.<ref name="jvl"/> Akụkọ ya gbasara ikpe ndị nnupụisi a na-ebo ebubo igbu ndị France bi na Thala-Kasserine Disturbances nyere aka n'ịhụ na a ga-emere ndị a mara ikpe ọnwụ ebere.<ref>[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2389084/f3. « Impressions tunisiennes. Autour de l’affaire de Thala-Kasserine », ''Le Temps'', 23 février 1907, {{p.|3}}]</ref><ref>[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/outre_0300-9513_1967_num_54_194_1445 Charles-André Julien, « Colons français et Jeunes Tunisiens (1882-1912) », ''Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer'', vol. 54, No.&nbsp;194, 1967, {{p.|96}}]</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == Isi mmalite:<ref name="jvl"/> * ''Egwu La Divine'' (1911) * ''La petite fille de Jérusalem'' (1914) * ''Siona chez les Barbares'' (1918) * ''Siona à Paris'' (1919) * ''Le Tendre cantique de Siona'' (1922) * ''Les Amants de Sion'' (1923) * ''La Nuit de Jerusalem'' (1928) * ''La Jérusalem retrouvée'' (1930) == Ntụaka == Cécile Chombard Gaudin, "L'Orient dévoilé - Sur les traces de Myriam Harry, biographie", Levallois, mbipụta Turquoise, 2019<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 9fsmjpymy48i7ywqkselxwuyu7ev03o 0 75887 674664 638190 2026-07-09T18:55:11Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nathalie Handal.jpg|thumb|Nathalie Handal]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Nathalie Handal''' (amụrụ na Julaị 29, n'afo 1969) bụ onye na-ede uri, onye ode akwukwo na prọfesọ na Mahadum New York. O bipụtala akwụkwọ iri, gụnyere ''Life in a Country Album.'' == Akụkọ Ndụ == Nathalie Handal bụ onye na-ede uri na onye edemede French-American, amụrụ na Haiti site na ezinụlọ Palestine Mediterenian si Bethlehem.[1][2][3][4] O bi na France, Italy, United States, Latin America, Caribbean, Asia na Arab. Mgbe o nwetasịrị MFA na Creative Writing na Bennington College, Vermont na MPhil na Bekee na Drama na Mahadum London, Handal malitere ide na ịtụgharị akwụkwọ ụwa na 1990s.[5][6] Ọ bi ugbu a na New York City, Rome na Paris[7][8] ma na-akụzi na Mahadum New York.[7][4][8][9] == Ọrụ akwụkwọ == [[Faịlụ:PalFest_2008_-_Roddy_Doyle,_Andrew_O'Hagan_and_Nathalie_Handal_in_Bethlehem.jpg|thumb|Handal na Roddy Doyle na Andrew O'Hagan na PalFest 2008 na Betlehem.]] Handal edeela akwụkwọ uri, egwuregwu, na edemede, ma deziekwa akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ ma ọ sonyekwara dika onye edemede, onye nduzi, ma ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ihe n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ogbo na ihe nkiri fim. A sụgharịala ọrụ ya n'asụsụ karịrị iri na ise. Ọ bụ onye natara onyinye site na National Endowment for the Arts, PEN Foundation, Pen International Croatia, Lannan Foundation, Fondazione di Venezia, Centro Andaluz de las Letras, Africa Institute, ọ bukwa ọnye ikpeazụ maka ihe nrite Gift of Freedom, onye meriri Alejo Zuloaga Order in Literature, ma e gosipụtara ya na United Nations for Outstanding Contributors in literature, tinyere ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya apụtala na akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin dịka ''Vanity Fair,'' ''The New York Times'', ''The Guardian'', ''The Irish Times'', ''World Literature Today'', ''The Virginia Quarterly Review'', ''Poetry New Zealand'', ''Guernica Magazine'', na ''The Nation''. Akwụkwọ ya bụ́ The Lives of Rain ka a họpụtara maka ihe nrite Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize[1] ma nweta ihe nrite Menada Literary Award. Love and Strange Horses meriri ihe nrite Gold Medal Independent Publisher Book Award (IPPY Award) nke afọ 2011, ọ bụkwa ihe a na-akwanyere ùgwù na San Francisco Book Festival na New England Book Festival. A kowara nchịkọta flash The Republics dika "otu n'ime akwụkwọ kachasị emepụta ihe site n'aka otu n'ime ndị edemede kachasị dị iche iche taa" ma o meriri Virginia Faulkner Award for Excellence in Writing na Arab American Book Award. Ma Life in a Country Album meriri ihe nrite Palestine Book Award na burukwa finalist maka Foreword Indies Book Award. Handal edezila akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ The Poetry of Arab Women, nke webatara ndị na-ede uri ụmụ nwanyị Arab nye ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na West. Ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa na Academy of American Poets, nke a kpọrọ otu n'ime akwụkwọ iri kachasị elu nke The Guardian dere, o meriri ihe nrite PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award. O tinyere aka na Tina Chang na Ravi Shankar bụ Language for a New Century: Contemporary Poetry from the Middle East, Asia & Beyond. Ọ kụziela ma ọ bụ bụrụ onye edemede nleta na La Sorbonne na Paris, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, John Cabot na Rome, The American University na Beirut, Picador Guest Prọfesọ na Leipzig University, Germany, Visiting Writer na The American University of Rome, akụkụ nke Low-Residency MFA na Sierra Nevada University,[1] na prọfesọ na Columbia University.[2] Handal bụ prọfesọ na New York University ugbu a. Ọ na-ede akwụkwọ njem akwụkwọ, "Obodo na Onye dere ya", maka magazin Words Without Borders,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Handal|first=Nathalie|url=http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/new-blog-series-nathalie-handals-the-city-and-the-writer/|title=New Blog Series: Nathalie Handal's 'The City and the Writer'|date=2010-09-22|work=Words Without Borders|accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref> na "Eat: Everywhere a Tale", maka Popula.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Handal|first=Nathalie|url=https://popula.com/category/eat-everywhere-a-tale/|title=Eat: Everywhere a Tale|date=2018-07-19|work=Popula|accessdate=2018-07-19|archivedate=2020-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513093856/https://popula.com/category/eat-everywhere-a-tale/}}</ref> == Mbipụta == ; Abụ * ''Abụ Neverfield'' (1999)<ref name="KC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE|title=Nathalie Handal|publisher=[[Kennedy Center]]|accessdate=2009-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214223940/http://kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE|archivedate=2009-02-14}}</ref> * ''Ndụ Mmiri ozuzo'' (2005)<ref name="KC" /> * ''Ịnyịnya Ịhụnanya na Ịnyịnya Dị Iche'' (Mahadum Pittsburgh Press, 2010) * ''Onye na-ede uri na Andalucía'' (Mahadum Pittsburgh Press, 2012) * ''Kpakpando a na-adịghị ahụ anya/La estrella adịghị ahụ anya'' (Valparaíso Ediciones, 2014) * ''Ndị Republics'' (Mahadum Pittsburgh Press, 2015) * ''Abọm Ndụ n'ime Obodo'' (Mahadum Pittsburgh Press, 2019) * ''Volo'' (Mbipụta Diode, akwụkwọ isi nke 2022) ; Abụ / Mbipụta Mba Ọzọ * ''Las horas suspendidas: poemas escogidos'' (Valparaíso Ediciones, 2012) * ''Poeta en Andalucía'' (Visor, España, 2013) * ''La estrella adịghị ahụ anya'' (Valparaíso Ediciones, 2014) * ''Riflessi, Akwụkwọ nka, Illustrazioni di Lucio Schiavo'' (Damocle Edizioni, Venezia, 2016) * ''Pjesnik na Andaluziji'' (Druga prica, Zagreb, 2017) * ''Al-Talhamiyah'' (Jordan, 2017) * ''Canto Mediterraneo'' (Ronzani Editore, Italy, 2018) * ''Le vite della pioggia'' (Iacobelli Editore, Rome, Italy, 2018) * ''Onye na-ede uri n'asụsụ Andalusia - Arabic'' (Takween, Damaskọs, 2019) * ''Abọm Ndụ n'ime Obodo - UK'' (anya gbapụrụ agbapụ, United Kingdom 2020) * ''Abụ Ndị A Họọrọ: 2005-2019'' (Ụlọ Mbipụta Fawasel, Siria, 2022) * ''De l'amour des étranges chevaux'' (Mémoire Encrier, Montreal na Paris, 03/03/2023) ; Nkọwa Okwu * ''Abụ nke Ụmụ Nwanyị Arab'' (2001, nke Handal bipụtara)<ref name="KC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE|title=Nathalie Handal|publisher=[[Kennedy Center]]|accessdate=2009-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214223940/http://kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE|archivedate=2009-02-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090214223940/http://kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE "Nathalie Handal"]. [[Kennedy Center]]. Archived from [http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE the original] on 2009-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> * ''Asụsụ maka narị afọ ọhụrụ: Abụ nke oge a sitere na Middle East, Asia na Beyond'' (WW Norton, 2008, nke Handal, Tina Chang na Ravi Shankar dere)<ref name="KC" /> ; Egwuregwu * ''N'etiti Egbugbere Ọnụ Anyị''<ref name="T&F">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nathaliehandal.com/theatreAndFilm.htm|title=Nathalie Handal: Theatre and Film|publisher=Nathalie Handal|accessdate=2011-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003101146/http://www.nathaliehandal.com/theatreAndFilm.htm|archivedate=2011-10-03}}</ref> * ''La Cosa Dei Sogni''<ref name="T&F" /> * ''Ndị Na-egbu Nkume''<ref name="T&F" /> * ''Nkọwa nke Ịgbachi Ntị''<ref name="PEN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/1279|title=PEN American Center - Nathalie Handal|accessdate=2008-03-19|publisher=PEN American Center|archivedate=2012-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019004654/http://pen.org/page.php/prmID/1279}}</ref> * ''Ụkwụ anọ nke Oklahoma''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inclusioninthearts.org/projects/middle-eastern-american-theatre-history-playwrights-and-plays/|title=Middle Eastern American Theatre: History, Playwrights and Plays|author=Hill|first=Holly|year=2009|publisher=Alliance for Inclusion in the Arts|accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref> * ''Hakawatiyeh'' * ''Ndị ikom n'amaokwu''<ref name="Bush-66Writers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/biography/writers/|title=Writers|publisher=The Alternative Theatre Company Ltd (The Bush Theatre)|accessdate=2011-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704090950/http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/biography/writers/|archivedate=2011-07-04}}</ref><ref name="Bush-66Books">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/sixtysix/|title=Sixty-Six Books|publisher=The Alternative Theatre Company Ltd (The Bush Theatre)|accessdate=2011-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510062223/http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/sixtysix/|archivedate=2012-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/sixtysix/writers/bio/nathalie-handal|title=Nathalie Handal: Men in Verse in response to 2 John|publisher=The Alternative Theatre Company Ltd (The Bush Theatre)|accessdate=2011-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001225757/http://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/sixtysix/writers/bio/nathalie-handal|archivedate=2011-10-01}}</ref> ; Akụkọ (ihe nkiri na-abụghị akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ifo) * Magazin Guernica nke akpọrọ "Abalị na Abalị", Machị 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/the-night-and-nightingale/|title=The Night and Nightingale|date=March 2017|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2017-03-01}}</ref> * "Ọwụwa Anyanwụ m na Venice" Magazin Guernica, Eprel 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/my-east-in-venice/|title=My East in Venice|date=April 2017|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2017-04-03}}</ref> * Magazin Guernica nke "Mgbe Kaddish gasịrị", Septemba 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/after-kaddish/|title=After Kaddish|date=September 2018|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2018-09-27}}</ref> ; CD * ''Ụlọ Njem''<ref name="KC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE|title=Nathalie Handal|publisher=[[Kennedy Center]]|accessdate=2009-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214223940/http://kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE|archivedate=2009-02-14}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090214223940/http://kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE "Nathalie Handal"]. [[Kennedy Center]]. Archived from [http://www.kennedy-center.org/programs/millennium/artist_detail.cfm?artist_id=HNDLNTHLIE the original] on 2009-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> * ''Nsụpe''<ref name="KC" /> ; Ajụjụ ọnụ na Nyocha * "Mahmoud Darwish: Onye Na-ede Uri nke Palestine nke Mbugharị", ''The Progressive'', Mee 2002<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://progressive.org/node/1575|title=Mahmoud Darwish: Palestine's Poet of Exile|author=Handal|first=Nathalie|date=May 2002|work=[[The Progressive]]|accessdate=2011-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927212014/http://progressive.org/node/1575|archivedate=2011-09-27}}</ref> * "Onyinyo nke Ume Àkwà Mmiri", ''Àkwà mmiri a anyị na-akpọ ebe obibi: ọhụụ dị egwu maka mgbanwe'', ndị nchịkọta akụkọ. Gloria E. Anzaldúa na Analouise Keating (Routledge, 2002). * "Ụmụnne nwanyị nke Olileanya", ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Zainab Salbi, ''Saudi Aramco World'', Septemba/Ọktoba 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201005/sisterhood.of.hope.htm|title=Sisterhood of Hope|work=Saudi Aramco World|publisher=Aramco Services Company|accessdate=2011-09-13|archivedate=2011-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708141955/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201005/sisterhood.of.hope.htm}}</ref> * "Anyị Niile Ga-anwụ", ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Edwidge Dandicat, Guernica Magazine, Jenụwarị 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/2272/danticat_1_15_11/|title=We Are All Going to Die|date=January 2011|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref> * "Ihu nke Ịdị Njị Oyi", ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Elia Suleiman, Magazin Guernica, Mee 2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/2628/suleiman_5_1_11/|title=The Other Face of Silence|date=May 2011|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2011-09-13}}</ref> * "Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụ anya nke ukwuu", Nathalie Handal gbara Mark Strand, Magazin Guernica, Eprel 2012 ajụjụ ọnụ<ref>{{Cite web|author=Virtua Design|url=http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/not-quite-invisible|title=Not Quite Invisible, Nathalie Handal Interviews Mark Strand - Guernica / A Magazine of Art & Politics|publisher=Guernicamag.com|date=15 April 2012|accessdate=2013-06-17}}</ref> * "Against the Line", ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Jonathan Galassi, Guernica Magazine, June 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/against-the-line/|title=Against the Line|date=June 2012|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2012-06-01}}</ref> * “Elisa Biagini: Ụwa nke e ji uri megharịa,” Magazin Guernica, Febụwarị 7, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/daily/elisa-biagini-a-world-reinvented-through-poetry/|title=Elisa Biagini: A World Reinvented Through Poetry|date=February 2014|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2014-07-02}}</ref> * “Kareem James Abu-Zeid: Nchọgharị maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na njirimara sara mbara,” Magazin Guernica, Ọgọst 2014 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/daily/kareem-james-abu-zeid-a-search-for-justice-and-expansive-identities/|title=Kareem James Abu-Zeid: A Search for Justice and Expansive Identities|date=August 2014|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2014-08-21}}</ref> * “Isabella Hammad’s The Parisian”, Akwụkwọ Elektrọnik, Mee 7, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://electricliterature.com/the-parisian-weaves-family-stories-and-palestinian-history-into-a-debut-novel/|title=The Parisian" Weaves Family Stories and Palestinian History Into a Debut Novel|date=May 7, 2019|accessdate=2019-05-07}}</ref> * "Mmalite nke Edwidge Danticat", 92Y, Septemba 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.92y.org/archives/edwidge-danticat-everything-inside-ann-patchett-the-dutch-house|title=Edwidge Danticat and Ann Patchett Reading|date=September 25, 2019|accessdate=2019-09-25}}</ref> * “Awam Amkpa: A ga-ahụ ihe na-efu,” Magazin Guernica, Ọktoba 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/awam-amkpa-whats-missing-will-be-found/|title=Awam Amkpa: What's Missing Will be Found|date=October 2024|publisher=Guernica Magazine|accessdate=2024-10-27}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} * Official website {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tvbrrl7wiaubagosib0bp8bgkivgsyl 0 75892 674662 638255 2026-07-09T18:52:09Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Louise Hervieu''' (26 Ọktoba 1878 - 11 Septemba 1954) bụ onye French na-ede akwukwo, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese eserese, draftsman na lithographer. == Akụkọ Ndụ == Louise Hervieu, onye na- sere onwe ya n'anya, ihe ngosi maka ise ihe site na nwata ya. N'ịbụ onye dara mbà n'obi mgbe ihe ngosi iche iche nke ụdị isiokwu dara na 1910, ọ ndị ise ihe iji họrọ ise ihe na lithography. O sere ihe osise les Fleurs du mal na le Spleen de Paris nke Baudelaire dere. O nkọwa nchịkọta na akwụkwọ nke o ji ihe osise ya pụtara mma. Ọ dị nso na onye na-ese ihe osise Edmond-Marie Poullain [fr], onye ya na ya gara Bréhal ọtụtụ ugboro. Na 1915, ike ike nke anya ya mere ka ọ ori agba gaa na oji na ọcha. nọ onye-eme ihe ike nke ọma, usoro nke ise ihe n'ime ihe e ji asa ihe ma ọ bụ kol mee ka e jiri mee ihe site n'iwepụ ụfọdụ ụfọdụ nke elu ọrụ iji nweta doro anya site n'ime ka ọcha nke akwụkwọ ahụ pụta ọzọ. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya, le Bon Vouloir, nwetara ọkwá dị elu site n'aka Académie French, ebe nke ọzọ, Sangs, nwetara prix Femina na 1936. Ihe nrite a nyere ya ohere ịkọwa agha ọ lụrụ n'oge ndụ ya niile megide ihe isi ike a nke mere ka ọ na-ata ahụhụ mgbe niile. Ọ bụkwa Louise Hervieu ka a na-akwu ugwo maka inweta ahụ, nke e nwetara site n'ọgụ siri ike na 1938, nke "akwụkwọ ndekọ ahụike", site n'aka ndị ọchịchị, nye nwa ọ bụla amụrụ ọhụrụ, nke a ga-edekwa ihe ndị mere n'oge ndị mụrụ ya, wee dekọọ nlekọta niile, ọrịa niile nke nwatakịrị ahụ, wee dekọọ nke onye toro eto ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ka e wee jiri ya nyere aka chekwa ahụike ụmụ ya na ụmụ ụmụ ya. E hiwere Association Louise Hervieu maka ebumnuche ịmepụta akwụkwọ ndetu ahụike. Na 1 Juun 1939, n'ikpeazụ, iwu minista wepụtara kaadị ahụike maka ojiji ụmụ amaala France. N'ụzọ dị mwute, akwụkwọ ndetu a dị naanị obere oge. E hiwere ọrụ ahu ya na Suzanne Valadon na Marie-Anne Camax-Zoegger n'Ụlọ Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Paris, na 1961. [[Faịlụ:Plaque_Louise_Hervieu,_55_rue_du_Cherche-Midi,_Paris_6.jpg|thumb|Plaque dị na nọmba 55 rue du Cherche-Midi na mpaghara 6th nke Paris .]] Louise Hervieu, otu okporo ámá dị n'ógbè nke iri na abụọ nke Paris, na-asọpụrụ ya. E tinyere ihe ncheta n'elu rue du Cherche Midi [fr] n'ógbè nke isii nke Paris, na nọmba 55, ebe o bi. == Ọrụ akwụkwọ == * 1921: ''Entretiens sur le dessin avec Geneviève'', Bernheim-Jeune, Paris * 1927: ''Le Bon Vouloir'', Librairie de France, Paris, nke Académie française mara. * 1924: ''L'Âme du cirque'', ihe atụ nke Edmond Heuzé [ fr ], Librairie nke France * 1928: ''Montsouris'', Emile-Paul frères, Paris * 1936: ''Sangs'', Editions Denoël na Steele, Paris, prix Femina . * 1937: ''Le Crime'', Denoël * 1942: ''Lettres à Lucy Krohg'', Association * 1943: ''Le malade vous parle'', Denoël * 1953: ''La Rose de bụrụ abụ, ou Le Printemps de la jeune Heredote'', P. Cailler, Geneva == Ọrụ eserese == ; Ihe osise * ''Vingt nus'', Librairie de France, Paris * ''Les Fleurs du mal'', Ollendorff, Paris, 1920 * ''Poèmes de Baudelaire'', ihe atụ na okwu mmalite nke Louise Hervieu, Textes Prétextes, Paris, 1946 * ''Ihe ngosi nka'', Compagnie française des arts graphiques, Paris, 1946 * ''Liturgies intimes'', Paul Verlaine, ihe atụ nke Louise Hervieu, Éditions Manuel Bruker, 1948 * ''Dédié à Baudelaire'', tupu 1922 * ''Le Christ enchainé de Suippes'', tupu 1922 * ''Nu dans un intérieur renaissance'', tupu 1925 * ''La madeleine et le philosophe'', tupu 1927 * ''Nu dans un intérieur de style'', tupu 1927 * ''Choix de coquillages'', tupu 1931 * ''Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ nri'', 1934 * ''Tete de clown'', 1934 * ''Noir sur noir'', 1934 * ''Mkpụrụ osisi'', 1934 * ''Vieux dieux chinois'', 1934 * ''Mgbuchapụ nke Cerf'', 1934 * ''Pendule'', tupu 1939 * ''Les pommes'', ihe dị ka afọ 1941 * ''Les poires'', ihe dị ka afọ 1941 * ''Ụlọ ịsa ahụ nke Santé'' * ''Plums'' * ''Ọrịa femme'' ; Musée du Louvre, departement des arts graphiques * ''Coquillages et colliers'', RF 36812, recto * ''Nœud noir et plume d'autruche blanche'', RF 40961, recto * ''Vieille paysanne assise, de face, en train de coudre'', RF 28788, recto == Ndekọ Akwụkwọ == * Pierre Courthion, ''Panorama de la peinture française contemporaine'', Simon Kra, 1927, (p.142–145) * Claude Roger-Marx, ''Éloge de Louise Hervieu'', Manuel Bruker Éditeur, 1953 * Guillaume d'Enfert, ''Louise Hervieu na Bretteville-sur-Ay.'' ''Hommage à Louise Hervieu'', publié à l'occasion du 2e Salon des écrivains du terroir de Bretteville-sur-Ay, Éditions du Jardin d'Eden, 2004 * Sanchez Nelly, "Prix Femina 1936: Sangs de Louise Hervieu», ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New Zealand nke Ọmụmụ French'', 2013, n°2, mpịakọta 34, (pp.41–54) * Sanchez Nelly, "Louise Hervieu, dessinatrice et littératrice», ''La Corne de Brume'', 2013, n°10, (p.41–46) == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.louisehervieu.fr Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị nke Louise Hervieu] * [https://www.cairn.info/revue-les-tribunes-de-la-sante-2012-1-page-117.htm ''Louise Hervieu, du dessin au carnet de santé'' par Guillaume d'Enfert] na CAIRN * [https://www.wikimanche.fr/Louise_Hervieu Louise Hervieu] na WikiManche * [http://www.stephenongpin.com/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45&artistid=202747 Louise HERVIEU (1878 - 1954)] na Stephen Ongpin Fine Art * [http://www.artprecium.com/catalogue/vente_8_tableaux-anciens-et-modernes-sculptures/lot_101_hervieu-louise-jeanne-aime-1878-1964#.WGFgeX3THIU HERVIEU Louise Jeanne Aimee (1878-1964)] na Artprecium {{Prix Femina}}{{Authority control (arts)}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] k6v5q2bx4n3v0qdr0nfvjbuzjgwsnrw 0 75894 674660 638961 2026-07-09T18:47:48Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674660 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Julia Kristeva à Paris en 2008.jpg|thumb|Julia Kristeva ]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Julia Kristeva''' (a mụrụ dika '''Yuliya Stoyanova Krasteva''', Bulgarian: Юлия Стоянова Кръстева; na 24 June 1941) bụ onye [[Ákọ na Uche|ọkà ihe ọmụma]] Bulgarian-French, onye nkatọ akwụkwọ, semiotician, psychoanalyst, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na onye edemede nke biri na France kemgbe etiti afọ 1960. Ọ kụziri na Mahadum Columbia, ma bụrụzi prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum Paris Cité. Dịka onye dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri atọ, gụnyere Powers of Horror, Tales of Love, Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia, Proust and the Sense of Time, na usoro ihe nkiri atọ Female Genius, enyela ya Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, Holberg International Memorial Prize, Hannah Arendt Prize, na Vision 97 Foundation Prize, nke Havel Foundation nyere. Kristeva ghọrọ onye nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nyocha echiche mba ụwa, ọmụmụ ọdịbendị na echiche nkwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị mgbe o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''Semeiotikè'', n'afo 1969. Ọrụ ya dị ukwuu gụnyere akwụkwọ na edemede ndị na-ekwu maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ederede, semiotic, na abjection, n'ọhịa nke asụsụ, ozizi na nkatọ akwụkwọ, nyocha uche, akụkọ ndụ na akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala, nka na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka . Ọ bụ onye a ma ama n'echiche nhazi na poststructuralist. Kristeva bụkwa onye hiwere kọmitii ihe nrite Simone de Beauvoir.[1] == Ndụ == A mụrụ Kristeva na Sliven, Bulgaria site n'aka ndị mụrụ ya bụ́ Ndị Kraịst, ọ bụkwa ada nke onye na-ahụ maka akaụntị na chọọchị. N'akụkụ nne ya, ọ bụ onye Juu dị anya.[1] Kristeva na nwanne ya nwanyị gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Francophone nke ndị nọn Dominican na-achịkwa. Kristeva matara ọrụ Mikhail Bakhtin n'oge a na Bulgaria. Kristeva gara n'ihu gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Sofia, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum ahụ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ nyocha nke mere ka o nwee ike ịkwaga France na Disemba 1965, mgbe ọ dị afọ 24.[2] Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na EPHE, na-amụ ihe n'okpuru Lucien Goldmann na Roland Barthes, tinyere ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ.[3][4] Na Ọgọst 2, 1967, Kristeva lụrụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ Philippe Sollers, [5] a mụrụ Philippe Joyaux. Kristeva kụziri na Mahadum Columbia n'isi mbido afọ 1970, ma burukwa onye ọbịa na-akụzi ebe ahụ.[1] O bipụtakwala akwụkwọ n'aha di ya bụ Julia Joyaux.[2][3][4] == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ sonyeere 'otu Tel Quel' nke Sollers hiwere, Kristeva lekwasịrị anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị asụsụ wee bụrụ onye otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na otu ahụ. Ọ zụrụ ọzụzụ na psychoanalysis, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta ya na 1979. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, a pụrụ ịhụ ọrụ ya dị ka ịnwa ịgbanwe ụzọ psychoanalytic na nkatọ poststructuralists. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, echiche ya banyere isiokwu ahụ, na nhazi ya, yiri nke Sigmund Freud na Jacques Lacan. Agbanyeghị, Kristeva jụrụ nghọta ọ bụla gbasara isiokwu ahụ n'echiche nhazi; kama, ọ na-akwado isiokwu mgbe niile "na-arụ ọrụ" ma ọ bụ "na-anwale".[1] N'ụzọ dị otu a, ọ na-enye aka na nkatọ poststructuralists nke ihe owuwu dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-echekwa ozizi nke psychoanalysis. Ọ gara China na 1970s wee dee Banyere Ụmụ Nwanyị China (1977).[2][3][4][5][6][7] === "Semiotic" na "ihe nnọchianya" === Otu n'ime ihe Kristeva nyere bụ na ihe abụọ mejupụtara ihe nnọchianya na ihe ndị ọzọ, nke ikpeazụ dị iche na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche na nke Ferdinand de Saussure hiwere. Dịka Augustine Perumalil si kọwaa, "semiotic" nke Kristeva nwere njikọ chiri anya na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka "oedipal" nke ụmụaka e kwuru okwu ha n'akwụkwọ Freud, Otto Rank, Melanie Klein, British Object Relation psychoanalysis, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka "ogidi enyo" nke Lacan. Ọ bụ mpaghara mmetụta uche, nke ejikọtara na ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke bi na mgbawa na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na asụsụ kama ịkọwa okwu ndị ọzọ.[1] Ọzọkwa, dịka Birgit Schippers si kwuo, ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka "ogidi" bụ ebe e jikọtara ya na egwu, uri, ụda olu, na ihe na-enweghị nhazi na ihe ọ pụtara. O jikọtara ya na "nwanyị", ma na-anọchite anya ọnọdụ enweghị ọdịiche nke nwa ọhụrụ dị na "ogidi enyo".[2] Mgbe ọ banyere n'elu ihe ngosi enyo, nwatakịrị ahụ na-amụta ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti onwe ya na onye ọzọ, wee banye n'ọkwa nke ihe ọdịbendị a na-ekerịta, nke a maara dị ka ihe nnọchianya. N'akwụkwọ ''Ọchịchọ n'Asụsụ'' (1980), Kristeva kọwara ihe nnọchianya dị ka oghere ebe mmepe asụsụ na-eme ka nwa ahụ bụrụ onye "onye na-asụ asụsụ," ma na-etolite mmetụta nke njirimara dị iche na nke nne. A maara usoro nkewa a dị ka abjection, nke mere na nwatakịrị ga-ajụ ma pụọ n'ebe nne ya nọ iji banye n'ụwa nke asụsụ, omenala, ihe ọ pụtara, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-akpọ mpaghara asụsụ a ihe nnọchianya ma tụnyere semiotic n'ihi na ejikọtara ya na nwoke, iwu, na nhazi. Kristeva si Lacan pụọ n'echiche na ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ banyere n'ihe nnọchianya ahụ, ihe nlereanya ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-agbagharị n'etiti semiotic na ihe nnọchianya. Ya mere, kama irute njirimara edobere, ihe nlereanya ahụ na-adịgide "na usoro". N'ihi na ụmụaka nwanyị na-anọgide na-amata onwe ha ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ na ihe nlereanya nne, ha nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe njikọ chiri anya na semiotic. Ịmata onye nne a na-aga n'ihu nwere ike ibute ihe Kristeva kpọrọ "melancholia" na ''Black Sun'' (1989), ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-ajụ ma na-amata onwe ha dịka nne ha. A tụkwara aro (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Creed, 1993) na mmebi nke ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọdịnala ama ama (karịsịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ihe nkiri slasher) na-apụta n'ihi ihe iyi egwu nke njirimara nke ahụ nne na-eweta: ọ bụ ihe ncheta nke oge ejiri mee ihe n'ọnọdụ enweghị ọdịiche nke semiotic, ebe mmadụ enweghị echiche nke onwe ma ọ bụ njirimara. Mgbe ọ kwusịrị nne ahụ, ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri na-anọgide na-enwe mmasị n'amaghị ama na semiotic, na-achọ ijikọghachi na nne, ebe n'otu oge ahụ na-atụ egwu mfu nke njirimara nke na-eso ya. Ya mere, ihe nkiri Slasher na-enye ụzọ maka ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri iji megharịa usoro nke mwepu site n'ịchụpụ na ibibi ọdịdị nne ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya. A makwaara Kristeva maka ịnakwere echiche Plato banyere chora, nke pụtara "ebe nne na-azụlite" (Schippers, 2011). Echiche Kristeva banyere chora apụtala n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: dịka ntụaka maka akpanwa, dị ka ihe atụ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nne na nwa, na dị ka oge dị n'ihu Mirror Stage. N'edemede ya bụ Nne Dịka Giovanni Bellini si kwuo site na Desire in Language (1980), Kristeva kpọrọ chora "njupụta na-abụghị nke a na-egosipụta site na draịva na ọnọdụ ha n'ime mmegharị nke jupụtara na mmegharị dịka e si achịkwa ya." Ọ gara n'ihu na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ahụ nne na-eme ka chora na mpaghara ihe atụ dị n'etiti: nne nwere ohere ịnweta omenala na ihe ọ pụtara, ma na-emekwa ka njikọ zuru oke na nwa ahụ. A makwaara Kristeva maka ọrụ ya gbasara echiche nke intertextuality. === Anthropology na psychology === Kristeva na-arụ ụka na nkà mmụta mmadụ na akparamaagwa, ma ọ bụ njikọ dị n'etiti mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye ahụ, anaghị anọchite anya ibe ha, kama ọ na-agbaso otu echiche ahụ: nchwkwa na ịdịgide nke otu mmadụ na nke isiokwu ahụ n'onwe ya. Ọzọkwa, na nyocha ya nke Oedipus, ọ na-ekwu na onye ahụ na-ekwu okwu enweghị ike ịdị ndụ n'onwe ya, kama na ọ "na-eguzo n'ọnụ ụzọ dị nro dị ka a ga-asị na ọ gbachiri n'ihi ókèala na-agaghị ekwe omume" (Ike nke Egwu, p. 85). [[Faịlụ:Julia-Kristeva-Island-Of-Re-2005.jpg|thumb|Julia Kristeva na 2005]] N'ịtụnyere ya n'etiti usoro mmụta abụọ ahụ, Kristeva kwuru na ụzọ mmadụ si ewepụ nne dị ka onye a na-eme ihere dị ka ụzọ isi mepụta njirimara, bụ otu ụzọ e si ewulite ọha mmadụ. N'ọtụtụ ebe, omenala na-ewepụ nne na nwanyị, site na nke a na-amalite ịdị. == Nkwado ikike ụmụ nwaanyị == A na-ahụ Kristeva dị ka onye na-akwado echiche ụmụ nwanyị French yana Simone de Beauvoir, Hélène Cixous, na Luce Irigaray.[1][2] Kristeva enweela mmetụta dị egwu na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị[3][4] na US na UK, yana ịgụ ihe n'ihe osise nke oge a[5][6] ọ bụ ezie na mmekọrịta ya na ndị otu na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na France abụrụla ihe arụmụka. Kristeva mere ka a mata ụdị echiche ụmụ nwanyị atọ a ma ama na "Oge Ụmụ nwanyị" na New Maladies of the Soul (1993); ebe ọ na-ajụ ụdị abụọ mbụ, gụnyere nke Beauvoir, a na-ewere ọnọdụ ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ịjụ echiche ụmụ nwanyị kpamkpam. Kristeva tụrụ aro echiche nke ọtụtụ njirimara mmekọahụ megide koodu ejikọtara ọnụ nke "asụsụ nwanyị jikọtara ọnụ". === Nkwupụta nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara === Kristeva na-arụ ụka na ndị ọkà mmụta feminist nke Amerịka aghọtahiela ihe odide ya n'ọdịnala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara. N'uche Kristeva, ọ bụghị naanị ịchọpụta nhazi asụsụ iji chọta ihe zoro ezo ọ pụtara. E kwesịkwara ilele asụsụ site na ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ahụmịhe nke onwe na nke mmekọahụ. Ụzọ a nke ndị na-eme ihe mgbe ha na-ahazi ihe mere eme mere ka otu ọha mmadụ nwee ike ịchọpụta isi iyi nke mmegbu ha na asụsụ ha ji eme ihe. Agbanyeghị, Kristeva kwenyere na ọ dị njọ itinye njirimara otu n'elu njirimara nke onye ọ bụla, nakwa na nkwupụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a nke njirimara mmekọahụ, agbụrụ, na okpukperechi bụ ọchịchị aka ike.[1] == Onye edemede akụkọ == Kristeva edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị yiri akụkọ ndị nchọpụta mpu. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na-ejide akụkọ na-enweghị isi ma na-emepụta ọdịdị pụrụ iche, ndị na-agụ ya na-enwetakwa echiche ndị dị n'ọrụ ozizi ya. Ndị dike ya na-ekpughe onwe ha karịsịa site na ngwa uche, na-eme ka ụdị akụkọ ifo ya yie ọrụ [[Fyodor Dostoevsky|Dostoevsky]] mechara. Akụkọ ifo ya, nke gụnyere ''The Old Man and the Wolves'', ''Murder in Byzantium'', na ''Possessions'', ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-abụkarị ihe atụ, na-abịarukwa akụkọ ndụ onwe onye n'ụfọdụ akụkụ, karịsịa na otu n'ime ndị isi akụkọ nke ''Possessions'', Stephanie Delacour - onye nta akụkọ France - onye a pụrụ ịhụ dị ka alter ego Kristeva. ''Igbu ọchụ na Byzantium'' na-emetụta isiokwu sitere na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; ọ kpọrọ ya "ụdị koodu megide- Da Vinci ".<ref name="sutherland">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/ideas/story/0,,1730437,00.html|title=The ideas interview: Julia Kristeva; Why is a great critic ashamed of being fashionable?|first=John|author=Sutherland|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=14 March 2006|accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == N'ihi "nnyocha ọhụụ ya gbasara ajụjụ ndị dị n'etiti asụsụ, ọdịbendị na edemede", e nyere Kristeva ihe nrite Holberg International Memorial Prize na 2004. O meriri ihe nrite Hannah Arendt nke 2006 maka echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. E nyekwara ya Commander of the Legion of Honor, Commander of the Order of Merit, na ihe nrite Vaclav Havel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.holbergprisen.no/en/julia-kristeva/french-order|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2017-06-14|archivedate=2020-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002163830/https://holbergprisen.no/en/julia-kristeva/french-order/}}</ref> Na Ọktoba 10, afo 2019, o nwetara ''akara ugo mmụta'' doctorate nke Mahadum Católica Portuguese. == Nnabata agụmakwụkwọ == Roman Jakobson kwuru na "Ma ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ma ndị na-ege ntị, ma hà kwenyere ma ha ekwetaghị Julia Kristeva ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekwenyeghị n'okwu ya siri ike, na-enwe mmetụta nke ịbụ olu ya na-efe efe na onyinye ya nke ịjụ ajụjụ 'axioms' a na-ejikarị eme ihe, na onyinye ya nke iwepụ ọtụtụ 'ajụjụ a mara mma' site na akara ajụjụ ọdịnala ha." Roland Barthes kwuru na "Julia Kristeva na-agbanwe ebe ihe dị: ọ na-ebibi ajọ mbunobi ikpeazụ mgbe niile, nke i chere na enwere ike ime ka obi sie gị ike, enwere ike iji ya &#x5B;sic&#x5D; nganga; ihe ọ na-ewepụ bụ ihe ekwurula, déja-dit, ya bụ, ihe atụ nke ihe a na-ekwu, ya bụ, nzuzu; ihe ọ na-agbanwe bụ ikike - ikike nke sayensị monologic, nke njikọ." Ian Almond katọrọ echiche Kristeva gbasara agbụrụ mmadụ. O kwuru na nkwubi okwu Gayatri Spivak na akwụkwọ Kristeva ''Banyere Ụmụ Nwanyị China'' "bụ nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ [nke] Kristeva na-akwa emo" mgbe o kwuchara "ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, sara mbara, nke na-enweghị isi nke o ji dee ihe dị ka puku afọ abụọ nke omenala ọ na-amaghị". Almond kwuru na enweghị nghọta dị na okwu Kristeva gbasara ụwa ndị Alakụba na okwu ndị na-anaghị asọpụrụ ya nke o ji akọwa omenala na ndị kwere ekwe ya. Ọ katọrọ mmegide Kristeva nke jikọtara "obodo ndị Alakụba" megide "ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ebe ndụ ka dị mma" site n'igosi na Kristeva anaghị ama maka arụmụka dị mgbagwoju anya na nke dị mgbagwoju anya na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta echiche ụmụ nwanyị n'ụwa ndị Alakụba, nakwa na ọ naghị ezo aka na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ma e wezụga fatwa Rushdie n'ịkatọ okwukwe ndị Alakụba dum dị ka "mmeghachi omume na mmegbu". N'akwụkwọ ''Impostures intellectuelles'' (1997), ndị prọfesọ physics bụ Alan Sokal na Jean Bricmont tinyere otu isiakwụkwọ na ojiji Kristeva maka mgbakọ na mwepụ n'ihe odide mbụ ya. Ha na-arụ ụka na Kristeva egosighi mkpa echiche mgbakọ na mwepụ ọ na-atụle bara na asụsụ na ngalaba ndị ọzọ ọ na-amụ, nakwa na ọ dịghị mkpa dị otú ahụ. == E boro ebubo na ha na ọchịchị Kọmunist na Bulgaria jikọrọ aka == Na 2018, Kọmishọna Dossier nke steeti Bulgaria kwupụtara na Kristeva bụ onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii Nchebe Steeti n'okpuru aha koodu "Sabina". A na-ekwu na a na-ewe ya n'ọrụ na June 1971, afọ ise tupu mgbe ahụ ọ hapụrụ Bulgaria ịga akwụkwọ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2018|title=Julia Kristeva avait été recrutée par les services secrets communistes bulgares|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20180328.OBS4308/julia-kristeva-avait-ete-recrutee-par-les-services-secrets-communistes-bulgares.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054334/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20180328.OBS4308/julia-kristeva-avait-ete-recrutee-par-les-services-secrets-communistes-bulgares.html|archivedate=29 March 2018|accessdate=29 March 2018|work=Bibliobs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sofia|first=Reuters in|date=March 28, 2018|title=Julia Kristeva was communist secret agent, Bulgaria claims|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/28/julia-kristeva-communist-secret-agent-bulgaria-claims|work=the Guardian}}</ref> N'okpuru Republic of Bulgaria, onye Bulgaria ọ bụla chọrọ ịga mba ọzọ ga-etinye akwụkwọ maka visa ọpụpụ ma nweta nkwado site na Ministri nke Ime Obodo. Usoro a dị ogologo ma sie ike n'ihi na onye ọ bụla rutere n'ọdịda anyanwụ nwere ike ịkpọsa ebe mgbaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/redriviera01ghod|quote=declare political asylum.|title=The Red Riviera: Gender, tourism, and postsocialism on the Black Sea|publisher=Duke University Press|author=Ghodsee|first=Kristen Rogheh|date=November 2005}}</ref> Kristeva akpọọla ebubo ndị a "ihe jọgburu onwe ya na ụgha".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/03/29/julia-kristeva-denies-being-communist-state-security-spy-03-29-2018/|title=Julia Kristeva Denies Being Bulgarian Security Agent|date=March 29, 2018|accessdate=July 14, 2020|archivedate=July 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714140040/https://balkaninsight.com/2018/03/29/julia-kristeva-denies-being-communist-state-security-spy-03-29-2018/}}</ref> Na 30 Maachị, Kọmishọna Dossier nke steeti malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ niile dị n'ịntanetị na-egosi ọrụ Kristeva dịka onye na-agwa Kọmitii Nchebe Steeti mbụ. Ọ gọnarịrị ebubo ndị ahụ nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/01/arts/julia-kristeva-bulgaria-communist-spy.html|title=Bulgaria Says French Thinker Was a Secret Agent. She Calls It a 'Barefaced Lie.'|author=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=2018-04-01|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-04-02|language=en-US}}</ref> Neal Ascherson dere, sị: "...okwu gbasara Julia Kristeva n'oge na-adịbeghị anya abụghị ihe dị ukwuu, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ gbarịrị ime ya ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu scandal... Mana eziokwu dị na faịlụ ya abụghị ihe dị mfe. Mgbe ọ biri na Paris na 1965, ndị Bulgarian na-awakpo ya gwara ya na ọ ka nwere ezinụlọ na-adịghị ike n'obodo ha. Ya mere, o kwetara ịga nzukọ oge niile ruo ọtụtụ afọ, nke o yiri ka ọ gwaghị ndị na-elekọta ya ihe ọ bụla karịa asịrị gbasara Aragon, Bataille & Co. site na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Left Bank - ihe ha gaara agụ na ''Le Canard enchaîné'' ... uru ọgụgụ isi nke ngwaahịa ya na akụkọ ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ efu. Ndị nche Bulgarian yiri ka ha maara na a na-egwu ha. Mana echefula: ha nwere ike ime ka onyeisi ha nwee mmasị site n'igosi ya onye ama ama mba ụwa n'akwụkwọ ha..." == Ihe odide ahọpụtara == === Asụsụ na akwụkwọ === * ''Séméiôtiké: recherches pour une sémanalyse,'' Paris, Seuil, 1969 (trans. in ''Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art,'' New York, Columbia University Press, Blackwell, London, 1980) * ''Le langage, cet inconnu: Une mmalite à la linguistique,'' SGPP, 1969; ọhụrụ ed., kọl. Points, Seuil, 1981 (trans. na 1981 dị ka ''Asụsụ. Amaghị: ihe mmalite n'ime asụsụ asụsụ'', Columbia University Press, Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1989) * ''La révolution du langage poétique: L'avant-garde à la fin du 19e siècle: Lautréamont et Mallarmé,'' Seuil, Paris, 1974 (abridged trans. nwere naanị ụzọ atọ nke mbụ nke mbipụta French mbụ, ''Revolution in Poetic Language,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1984) * ''Polylogue'', Seuil, Paris, 1977 (nsụgharị na ''Ọchịchọ n'asụsụ: Ụzọ Semiotic maka Akwụkwọ na Nka,'' New York, Columbia University Press, Blackwell, London, 1980) * ''Histoires d'amour'', Denoël, Paris, 1983 (trans. ''Tales of Love,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1987) * ''Le temps ezi uche.'' Proust et ''l'expérience littéraire, Gallimard, Paris, 1994 (trans. Time and Sense: Proust'' ''and the experience of books ,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1996) * ''Dostoïevski'', Buchet-Chastel, Paris, 2020 === Nkà ihe ọmụma na nkà ihe ọmụma === * ''Pouvoirs de l'horreur. Essai sur l'abjection'' (trans. ''Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1982) * ''Au mmalite était l'amour. Psychanalyse et foi'', Hachette, Paris, 1985 (trans. ''Na mmalite bụ ịhụnanya. Psychoanalysis and Faith'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1987) * ''Soleil Noir. Dépression et mélancolie'', Gallimard, Paris, 1987 (trans. ''The Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1989) * ''Etrangers à nous-mêmes'', Fayard, Paris, 1988 (''Strangers to Ourselves'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1991) * ''Lettre ouverte à Harlem Désir'', Rivages, Paris, 1990, (trans. ''Nations without Nationalism'' . Columbia University Press, New York, 1993 * ''Les'' ''Nouvelles maladies de l'âme, Fayard, Paris, 1993 (trans. New Maladies of the Soul.'' Columbia University Press, New York, 1995) * ''Sens et non sens de la'' ''révolte, Fayard, Paris, 1996 (trans. The Sense of Revolt'', Columbia University Press, 2000) * ''La Révolte intime'', Fayard, 1997 (trans. ''Intimate Revolt'', Columbia University Press, 2002) * ''Le'' ''Génie féminin'' : la ''vie, la folie, les mots, Fayard, Paris, 1999–2002 (trans. Genius Female Genius : Life, Madness, Words'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2001–2004): ** 1. ''Hannah Arendt ou l'action comme naissance et comme étrangeté'', vol. 1, Fayard, Paris, 1999 ** ''2. Melanie Klein ou le matricide comme douleur et comme créativité: la folie'', vol. 2, Fayard, Paris, 2000 ** ''3. Colette ou la oche du monde'', vol. 3, Fayard, Paris, 2002 * ''Vision capitales'', Réunion des musées nationalaux, 1998 (trans. ''The Severed Head: isi obodo ọhụụ,'' Columbia University Press, New York, 2012) === Edemede akụkọ ndụ onwe onye === * ''Des Chinoises'', mbipụta des Femmes, Paris, 1974 ( ''Banyere ụmụ nwanyị China,'' Marion Boyars, London, 1977 * ''Du mariage considéré comme un des Beaux-Arts'', Fayard, Paris, 2015 (''Marriage as a Fine Art'' (with Philippe Sollers) Columbia University Press, New York 2016 * ''Njem m. Ihe ncheta. Entretien avec Samuel Dock'', Fayard, Paris, 2016 (''Njem Gafere Ókèala na Site na njirimara. Mkparịta ụka ya na Samuel Dock'', na ''Nkà Ihe Ọmụma nke Julia Kristeva'', ed. Sara Beardsworth, Ọbá Akwụkwọ nke Ndị Ọkà Ihe Ọmụma Dị Ndụ, v. 36, Open Cort, Chicago, 2020) === Nchịkọta edemede === * ''Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ Kristeva'', onye nchịkọta akụkọ Toril Moi, Columbia University Press, New York, 1986 * Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''The Portable Kristeva'', onye edemede Kelly Oliver, Columbia University Press, New York, 1997 * ''Nsogbu nke Isiokwu Ndị Yuropu'', Ndị Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ, New York, 2000 * ''La Haine na mgbaghara'', onye edemede ya na okwu mmalite nke Pierre-Louis Fort, Fayard, Paris, 2005 (trans. ''Ịkpọasị na mgbaghara'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2010) * ''Pulsions du temps'', okwu mmalite, mbipụta na ihe ndetu nke David Uhrig, Fayard, Paris, 2013 (trans. ''Passions of Our Time'', ed. with a preview by Lawrence D. Kritzman, Columbia University Press, New York, 2019) === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Les Samouraïs'', Fayard, Paris, 1990 (trans. ''The Samurai: A Novel'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1992) * ''Le Vieil homme'' ''et les loups, Fayard, Paris, 1991 (trans. The Old'' Man and the Wolves, Columbia University Press, New York, 1994) * ''Ihe onwunwe'', Fayard, Paris, 1996 (trans. ''Ihe onwunwe: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'', Columbia University Press, New York, 1998) * ''Meurtre à Byzance'', Fayard, Paris, 2004 (trans. ''Murder in Byzantium'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2006) * ''Therèse mon amour : récit. Sainte Thérèse d'Avila'', Fayard, 2008 (trans. ''Teresa, onye m hụrụ n'anya. Ndụ E chepụtara echepụta nke Onye Nsọ nke Avila'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2015) * ''L'Horloge enchantée'', Fayard, Paris, 2015 (trans. ''The Enchanted Clock,'' Columbia University Press, 2017) == Hụkwa ==  {{Continental philosophy}} == Ntụaka == {{Feminist theory}}{{The VIZE 97 Prize}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Beardsworth, Sara, ''Nkà Ihe Ọmụma nke Julia Kristeva'', Ọbá Akwụkwọ nke Ndị Ọkà Ihe Ọmụma Dị Ndụ, mpịakọta nke 36, Mahadum Southern Illinois Carbondale, Ụlọikpe Oghe, Chicago, 2020 * Jardine, Alice, ''Nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke iche echiche.'' ''Akụkọ ndụ ọgụgụ isi nke Julia Kristeva'', Bloomsbury, New York, 2020 * Ivantcheva-Merjanska, Irene, ''Ecrire dans la langue de l'autre.'' ''Assia Djebar et Julia Kristeva,'' L'Harmattan, Paris, 2015. * Kelly Ives, ''Julia Kristeva: nka, ịhụnanya, mwute, nkà ihe ọmụma, semiotics na psychoanalysis'', Crescent Moon, Maidstone, 2013 * Becker-Leckrone, Megan, ''Julia Kristeva na Akwụkwọ Odide'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 * Beardsworth, Sara, ''Psychoanalysis na Modernity'', Suny Press, Albany, 2004 * Radden, Jennifer, ''Ọdịdị nke Mwute: Site na Aristotle ruo Kristeva'', Oxford University Press, 2000 * Lechte, John, na Margaroni, Maria, ''Julia Kristeva: Theory Live'', Continuum, 2004 * McAfee, Noëlle, ''Julia Kristeva'', Routledge, London, 2004 * Smith, Anna, ''Julia Kristeva: Akwụkwọ nke Ịpụ na Mbugharị'', St. Martin's Press, New York, 1996. * Oliver, Kelly, ''Ụkpụrụ Omume, Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị, na Ihe Dị Iche na Ide Ihe Julia Kristeva dere'', Routledge Edition, New York, 1993 * Crownfield, David, ''Ahụ/Ederede na Julia Kristeva: Okpukperechi, Ụmụnwaanyị, na Nnyocha Uche'', Mahadum Steeti nke New York Press, 1992 * Oliver, Kelly, ''Reading Kristeva.'' ''Unraveling the Double-bind'', Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1983 == Njikọ mpụga == {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kristeva, Julia}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170801171230/http://www.holbergprisen.no/julia-kristeva/holbergprisens-symposium-2004-julia-kristeva.html Holberg Prize] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717131357/http://www.exberliner.com/articles/%22one-needs-to-believe%2C-but-what%27s-more-important-is-to-question-what-we-believe%22/index.html Interview with Julia Kristeva in Exberliner Magazine] Archived 2012-07-17 at the Wayback Machine * [http://hvolat.com/Kristeva/kristeva.htm Julia Kristeva: A Bibliography] Archived 2019-04-21 at the Wayback Machine by Hélène Volat * Goodnow, Katherine J.(2015). ''[http://www.berghahnbooks.com/title.php?rowtag=GoodnowKristeva Kristeva in Focus: From Theory to Film Analysis] Archived 2015-03-19 at the Wayback Machine''. Berghahn Books. {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1zwzvg3n4mhb84t43g7i0si3usctk7v 0 75896 674665 638266 2026-07-09T18:57:29Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Andrée Jacob et Gaza 1956.jpg|thumb|Andrée Jacob]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Andrée Jacob''' (22 Julaị 1906 - 6 Febụwarị 2002) bụ onye otu French Resistance n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Na mbụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ mbipụta, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma na French Resistance n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Mgbe agha gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye nta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Le Monde, ma rụọ ọrụ iji chekwaa ihe nketa omenala Paris. Ọ bụ onye mmekọ nke onye otu Resistance ibe ya bụ Éveline Garnier na nwanne nna nke onye na-ese ihe bụ Max Jacob.[1] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Andrée Madeleine Jacob na 22 Julaị 1906[1] na arrondissement nke atọ nke Paris n'ime ezinụlọ ndị na-azụ ahịa bụ ndị si n'okpukpe ndị Juu gbanwe gaa na Katọlik n'ọgbọ gara aga. Nwa nwanne nna ya bụ onye omenkà bụ Max Jacob, onye mechara ghọọ Katọlik.[2] O zutere onye ya na ya bi, Éveline Garnier, site na ndị Katọlik gbara gburugburu ọkà ihe ọmụma bụ Jacques Maritain, onye bụ nwanne nna Garnier.[1] Jacob rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ gọọmentị na Palais de Chaillot Museum.[2] == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Mgbe ọdịda nke France gasịrị n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Jacobs biri n'okpuru aha ozo, a na-akpọ Marie-Thérèse Bourdon, iji zere iyi kpakpando odo na mkpagbu megide ndị Juu, ịchụpụ na igbu ọchụ ndị mmadu nwere mgborogwu Jewish tara ahụhụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Vichy.[1] E jidere ndị ezinụlọ ya gbatịrị agbatị, tụọ ha mkpọrọ ma chụpụ ha n'ogige ịta ahụhụ. E jidere ụmụnne ya nwoke bụ́ Gaston na Myrthe-Lea Jacob na Jenụwarị 1944, ma chụpụ ha n'ogige ịta ahụhụ Auschwitz, nwanne ha nwoke bụ́ Max Jacob nwụkwara n'ogige ịta ahụhụ Drancy na Machị 1944. Jacob jisiri ike chụpụ ndị mụrụ ya na Paris gaa na mpaghara Free French, ebe ha biri n'ezinulọ Éveline Garnier. Jacob nyere aka zọpụta ndị Juu site na Mgbukpọ Ndị Juu na France ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na netwọk NAP (Noyautage des administrations publiques), otu akụkụ nke ndị agha French Resistance nke bu n'obi ịbanye n'ime Gọọmentị Vichy.[1][2] NAP dị na Palais de Chaillot, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ, Jacob rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. N'ime mmadụ iri na anọ dị na netwọk NAP mbụ, naanị mmadụ anọ gbapụrụ na ndị Gestapo, Andrée Jacob (aha koodu Danielle) na Éveline Garnier (aha koodu Anne)[3] so na ha. Ihe Jacob mere nke a kacha mara amara ma mara n'oge agha ahụ bụ n'oge ntọhapụ nke Bibliothèque nationale de France na ngwụcha Ọgọst 1944 n'oge Nnwere Onwe nke Paris, ebe o jidere onye nduzi Vichy bụ Bernard Faÿ n'isi otu ndị agha French Forces of the Interior ma chekwaa ebe nchekwa ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ.[1] E mechara kpee Faÿ ikpe na mba Degradation.[2] == Mgbe agha gasịrị == [[Faịlụ:Tombe_Andrée_JACOB,_2022.jpg|thumb|130x130px|Ili Andrée Jacob na 2022.]] Andrée Jacob ghọrọ onyeisi ngalaba ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie na ministère des Anciens combattants (Ministry of Veterans' Affairs). Na 1963, a họpụtara ya dika osote onyeisi obodo nke mpaghara nke abụọ nke Paris. Site na 1965 ruo 1985, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Le Monde, ebe o dere otu akụkọ Chronique sur le vieux Paris gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Paris n'oge gara aga na atụmatụ mmepe obodo Paris.[1] Ọ sonyeere Société historique du VIe arrondissement na 1974, ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke Society site na 1978 ruo 2002. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=CTHS - JACOB Andrée Madeleine|url=https://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=120408|accessdate=2023-03-04|work=cths.fr}}</ref> N'afọ 1986, Jacob ghọrọ onye otu Commission du vieux Paris, otu nzukọ obodo nwere ebumnuche ịgakwuru ma kwado nchedo nke ihe nketa n'ime atụmatụ obodo nke obodo Paris. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ banyere ihe nketa nke isi obodo tupu afọ 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Andrée Jacob|url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/11908373/andree_jacob/|accessdate=|work=Site de la BNF|language=}}.</ref> Andrée Jacob nwụrụ na 6 Febụwarị 2002 na 7th arrondissement nke Paris. E liri ya na ili ozu Montparnasse, n'ili nke 97 CC 1907 (24th division - 5th row from the north - 20th row from east). E weghachiri ili ya n'oge opupu ihe ubi 2022. == Nsọpụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Square_Louvois_Paris_23-05.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Square Louvois Paris, 'allée Andrée-Jacob dị n'aka ekpe na l'allée Éveline-Garnier dị n' aka nri]] * Ihe nrite nke nnupụisi nke France (1945) * Obe agha 1939-1945 (1945) * Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (1946) * Onye isi nke Legion of Honor (1965) * Onye nkuzi ọha na eze * Onye isi nke Ordre du Mérite du Benin * Onye na-agba ọsọ nke nka na akwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi "La Presse à Paris: 1851-1981"'' Paris, BHVP, (1983) * Ntuziaka nke ihe ngosi "Paris vécu, Paris rêvé": victor Hugo 1885-1985" Paris, (1985) * ''Ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke VIe arrondissement'' Paris, Hervas, (1986) * ''Ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke VIIIe arrondissement'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacob|first=Andrée.|title=Vie et histoire du VIIIe arrondissement : Champs Elysées, Faubourg du Roule, Madeleine, Europe --|date=1987|publisher=Editions Hervas|others=Jean-Marc Léri|isbn=2-903118-28-0|location=Paris|oclc=19060005}}</ref> * ''Ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke IIe Arrondissement'' (1988).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacob|first=Andrée.|title=Vie et histoire du IIe Arrondissement : Gaillon, Vivienne, Mail, Bonne Nouvelle : histoire, anecdotes, curiosités, monuments, musées, jardins, promenades, dictionnaire des rues, vie pratique|date=1988|publisher=Hervas|others=Jean Pierre Babelon, Jacqueline Monfrin|isbn=2-903118-39-6|location=Paris|oclc=23146459}}</ref> * Otu narị afọ gara aga, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị nwere salon Paris, A. Seydoux, 1991<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacob|first=Andrée.|title=Il y a un siècle-- quand les dames tenaient salon|date=1991|publisher=Editions A. Seydoux|isbn=2-905429-05-4|location=Paris|oclc=24871360}}</ref> == Ememe ncheta == N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, emume ncheta afọ iri asaa na ise nke Nnwere Onwe nke Paris, e meghere okporo ụzọ abụọ, l'allée Andrée-Jacob na l'allées Éveline-Garnier na Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Paris iji cheta Jacob na Garnier na mmekọrịta ha nke ihe karịrị ọkara narị afọ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-09-19|title=A Paris, les voies de la Résistance|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/09/19/a-paris-les-voies-de-la-resistance_5512356_3232.html|accessdate=2023-01-30}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Des places et des rues en hommage aux militants LGBTQI+|url=https://www.paris.fr/pages/des-places-et-des-rues-en-hommage-aux-militants-lgbtqi-6903|accessdate=2019-08-24|work=www.paris.fr|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Besnard|first=Anne V.|date=2019-06-05|title=25 lieux parisiens inaugurés en hommage à des personnalités et événements LGBTQI ou friendly|url=https://www.stophomophobie.com/25-lieux-parisiens-inaugures-en-hommage-a-des-personnalites-et-evenements-lgbtqi-ou-friendly/|accessdate=2019-08-24|work=Association STOP HOMOPHOBIE {{!}} Information - Prévention - Aide aux victimes|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bonnet|first=Marie-Jo|title=Inauguration des allées Andrée Jacob et Eveline Garnier square Louvois, Paris 2e|url=https://mariejobon.net/2019/09/inauguration-des-allees-andree-jacob-et-eveline-garnier-square-louvois-paris-2e/|accessdate=2019-09-24|work=La page de [[Marie-Jo Bonnet]]|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9amx2v3fgg4zwqb7au964zp7mz2h9ve 0 75903 674622 638332 2026-07-09T17:57:45Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Louisa Emily Dobree (c. 1852 – 1917) bụ onye odee Katọlik nke Irish mụrụ.[1] A mụrụ ya na Tours, Frans, ihe nketa ya bụ Irish n'akụkụ nne ya yana French site na ezinụlọ Guernsey nna ya. Dobree dere akwụkwọ akụkọ, mkpirisi akụkọ, akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto, na akụkọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ bụ́ ndị pụtara na magazin dị iche iche. Ọrụ ya na-abụghị akụkọ ifo lebara isiokwu ndị dị ka nọọsụ ụlọ, ịdị ọcha nke ụlọ na nke onwe ya, ụkpụrụ omume, eserese agwa, ịcha akwa, ọrụ nkịtị na akụkọ okike. N'ime oge ọrụ ya, o nyere aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ wee dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto na-agụ akwụkwọ yana ọrụ okpukpe na nkuzi. O biri n'ọtụtụ mba Erop, gụnyere Frans, Ireland, na Channel Islands, ma nọrọ n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya nso na London. == Oge mmalite ya == A mụrụ Louisa Emily Dobrée na Tours, Frans,<ref name="thecatholic-1908">{{Cite book|title=The Catholic Who's who|year=1908|publisher=Burns, Oates & Washbourne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ksDAAAAYAAJ&q=Louisa+Emily+Dobree|accessdate=7 February 2022|language=en|edition=Public domain}}</ref> c. 1852.<ref name="familysearch-LouisaEDobree">{{Cite web|title=Louisa E Dobree|url=https://www.familysearch.org/search/ark:/61903/1:1:M75W-V62|work=www.familysearch.org|accessdate=25 June 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Irish site n'aka nne ya na ebe ezinụlọ nna ya nke Guernsey, na mbụ bụ ndị French.<ref name>{{Cite book|author=Dobrée|first=Louisa Emily|title=A Round Table of the Representative Irish and English Catholic Novelists: At which is Served a Feast of Excellent Stories; with Portraits, Biographical Sketches, and Bibliography|year=1897|location=New York|publisher=Benziger Brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/roundtableofrepr00newy|language=en|edition=Public domain}}</ref> == Ọrụ == E bipụtara akụkọ mbụ Dobrée mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu. Nke a sochiri isiokwu ndị na-agba ọsọ na akụkọ mkpirikpi na magazin. O dekwara akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto, n'etiti ha bụ ndị a: - Loved into Shape, Dreams and Deeds, ''Terry'', One Talent Only, A Knotless Thread, Underneath the Surface, A Lowly Life with a Lofty Aim, and Turned to Gold, <ref name="roundtableIrishEnglish-1897">{{Cite book|author=Dobrée|first=Louisa Emily|title=A Round Table of the Representative Irish and English Catholic Novelists: At which is Served a Feast of Excellent Stories; with Portraits, Biographical Sketches, and Bibliography|year=1897|location=New York|publisher=Benziger Brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/roundtableofrepr00newy|language=en|edition=Public domain}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDobréeFrancisKerrHügel)1897">Dobrée, Louisa Emily; Francis, M. E.; Kerr, Lady Amabel; Hügel), Pauline von; Knowles, Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Maitland, Frances Mary; Maude, Sophie Dora Spicer; Mulholland, Clara (1897). [[iarchive:roundtableofrepr00newy|''A Round Table of the Representative Irish and English Catholic Novelists: At which is Served a Feast of Excellent Stories; with Portraits, Biographical Sketches, and Bibliography'']] (Public domain&nbsp;ed.). New York: Benziger Brothers. p.&nbsp;7-.</cite></ref> yana Hugh Templar's motto, Underneath the Surface. A Sark Story, Leon and the Lessos He Learned. A Jersey Story, na Only Johnny Brown.<ref name="Allibone-1891">{{Cite book|author=Allibone|first=Samuel Austin|title=A Critical Dictionary of English Literature, and British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century: Containing Thirty Thousand Biographies and Literary Notices, with Forty Indexes of Subjects|year=1891|publisher=Trübner & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02waAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA495|accessdate=7 February 2022|language=en|edition=Public domain}}</ref> A na-ebipụta ihe ndị a n'oge dị iche iche. <ref name="roundtableIrishEnglish-1897" /> N'afọ 1887, a nabatara Dobrée n'ime Chọọchị Katọlik, akwụkwọ ya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị gụnyere: - A Manual of Home Nursing, Stories on the Sacraments, A Seven-Fold Treasure, Per Parcel Post, A Tug-of War, Stories on los Beatitudes, Beautiful Sewing, and Plain Work, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọ nọ na ndị ọrụ na onye na-enye onyinye oge ụfọdụ na magazin iri abụọ, isiokwu ndị o dere na ha gụnyere nọọsụ n'ụlọ, ịdị ''ọcha'' n'ụlọ na nke onwe, omume ọma, eserese agwa, ịchọ mma, ọrụ nkịtị, na akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name="roundtableIrishEnglish-1897">{{Cite book|author=Dobrée|first=Louisa Emily|title=A Round Table of the Representative Irish and English Catholic Novelists: At which is Served a Feast of Excellent Stories; with Portraits, Biographical Sketches, and Bibliography|year=1897|location=New York|publisher=Benziger Brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/roundtableofrepr00newy|language=en|edition=Public domain}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDobréeFrancisKerrHügel)1897">Dobrée, Louisa Emily; Francis, M. E.; Kerr, Lady Amabel; Hügel), Pauline von; Knowles, Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Maitland, Frances Mary; Maude, Sophie Dora Spicer; Mulholland, Clara (1897). [[iarchive:roundtableofrepr00newy|''A Round Table of the Representative Irish and English Catholic Novelists: At which is Served a Feast of Excellent Stories; with Portraits, Biographical Sketches, and Bibliography'']] (Public domain&nbsp;ed.). New York: Benziger Brothers. p.&nbsp;7-.</cite></ref> A na-eme ihe nkiri nke akụkọ Dobrée mgbe niile na Erop. Ọ biri ogologo oge na Channel Islands, Frans, na Ireland, ma e wezụga na ọ gara nleta ogologo oge na nke dị mkpirikpi na Ịtali, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, na Germany. Ka oge na-aga, ọ biri na Chiswick, nso [[London]].<ref name="roundtableIrishEnglish-1897">{{Cite book|author=Dobrée|first=Louisa Emily|title=A Round Table of the Representative Irish and English Catholic Novelists: At which is Served a Feast of Excellent Stories; with Portraits, Biographical Sketches, and Bibliography|year=1897|location=New York|publisher=Benziger Brothers|url=https://archive.org/details/roundtableofrepr00newy|language=en|edition=Public domain}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDobréeFrancisKerrHügel)1897">Dobrée, Louisa Emily; Francis, M. E.; Kerr, Lady Amabel; Hügel), Pauline von; Knowles, Richard Brinsley Sheridan; Maitland, Frances Mary; Maude, Sophie Dora Spicer; Mulholland, Clara (1897). [[iarchive:roundtableofrepr00newy|''A Round Table of the Representative Irish and English Catholic Novelists: At which is Served a Feast of Excellent Stories; with Portraits, Biographical Sketches, and Bibliography'']] (Public domain&nbsp;ed.). New York: Benziger Brothers. p.&nbsp;7-.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} 2aqosdgea0obieu9lro94dbnq8d7xm3 0 75914 674983 638372 2026-07-10T09:26:53Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caroline Rémy nke Guebhard''' (27 Eprel 1855 - 24 Eprel 1929) bụ onye France na-ede akụkọ nke nwere echiche anarchist, socialist, communist na feminist, nke a maara nke ọma n'okpuru aha edemede '''Severin''' . <ref name="Encyclopedia.com">{{Cite web|title=Séverine (1855–1929)|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/severine-1855-1929|work=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=27 May 2019}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya nwanyị mbụ na-ede akụkọ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-24|title=Séverine, première grande journaliste, écrivaine et féministe française|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/il-etait-une-femme/severine-premiere-grande-journaliste-ecrivaine-et-feministe-francaise-8025200|accessdate=2024-08-21|work=France Inter|language=fr}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Around 1880, Caroline Rémy became involved with Jules Vallès' socialist publication, ''Cri du Peuple''. Vallès eventually gave her control over the newspaper due to his poor health. Becoming increasingly militant, she befriended journalist and feminist Marguerite Durand but, following a confrontation with the Marxist Jules Guesde, left the newspaper in 1888. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na Disemba 1891, Pierre Martinet kpọrọ ya - mgbe e mesịrị onye na-ekwu maka anarchism nke onwe ọ bụla - ka ọ gaa otu n'ime 'okwu oriri' ya na Salle Favier.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=10 December 1891|title=La soupe des compagnons|work=Paris|pages=2|language=fr}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a bu n'uche inye ndị bịara akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ anarchist tupu ha ekwuo okwu anarchist.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke ọ kwalitere nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị ma katọọ ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ, gụnyere ihe gbasara Dreyfus. Na 1897, ọ malitere ide maka akwụkwọ akụkọ nwanyị nwanyị Durand kwa ụbọchị La Fronde.<ref name="L'Humanité">{{Cite web|title=Séverine De son vrai nom Caroline Rémy, insurgée toute sa vie|url=https://www.humanite.fr/medias/severine-de-son-vrai-nom-caroline-remy-insurgee-toute-sa-vie-500413|work=L'Humanité|accessdate=27 May 2019|language=fr|date=9 July 2012}}</ref> Rémy bụ onye aka ekpe siri ike, ọ kwadoro ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, gụnyere ịgbachitere Germaine Berton, ma sonye na mbọ 1927 iji zọpụta Sacco na Vanzetti. Ọ kwadoro Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Russia nke 1917 ma, na 1921, sonye na French Communist Party, gbaa arụkwaghịm afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị iji nọgide na-abụ onye otu Human Rights League.<ref name="Daily Bleed">{{Cite web|title=Caroline Remy, known under the name Severine|url=http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SeverineCarolineRemy.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028113523/http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SeverineCarolineRemy.htm|archivedate=28 October 2005|work=The Daily Bleed: A Calendar|accessdate=27 May 2019|date=28 October 2005}}</ref> Bernard Lecache, a founding member of the Committee of Honor of International League Against Anti-Semitism (LICA), (now International League Against Racism and Anti-Semitism (LICRA)), wrote her biography. Her portrait was painted by Pierre-Auguste Renoir in 1885 and now hangs in the National Gallery of Art in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:CarolineRemy-Renoir.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Caroline Rémy, foto nke Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] Caroline Rémy died in 1929 at her home in Pierrefonds, Oise department in the Picardy region of France. Some of her papers can be found in the Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand in Paris. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, o tinyere aka na mkpọsa ahụ iji kwado nkwado nke Dr. Albert Besson, onye a họpụtara onye ndụmọdụ nke district Saint-Fargeau, onye ndụmọdụ izugbe nke Seine mgbe ahụ osote onye isi oche nke Council of Paris na General Council nke Seine. N'afọ 1933, na ebe nchekwa ya, o mere ntuli aka nke kansụl Paris maka njirimara aha "Séverine" na square nke e kere na ụzọ ya Porte de Bagnolet (Paris 20).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Lucien Le Foyer họpụtara ya maka Nobel Peace Prize na 1920, 1922, 1924, 1927 na 1929. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mehlin|first=Hans|date=2024-05-21|title=Nomination%20Archive|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5785|accessdate=2024-08-21|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode="packed-hover" caption="Séverine"> Faịlụ:Séverine_suffragettes.jpeg Faịlụ:Séverine_Peace_Congress_1925.png Faịlụ:Obsèques_Sévérine_Pierrefonds.png </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Anarchism na France * Ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ mgbasa ozi == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028113523/http://recollectionbooks.com/bleed/Encyclopedia/SeverineCarolineRemy.htm Caroline Remy] na Anarchist Encyclopedia {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Remy de Guebhard, Caroline}} mk4h4moe5um37j47qjdy2j6v7pfi29f 0 75916 674614 638376 2026-07-09T17:52:50Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marie de Régnier''' (; 20 Disemba 1875 – 6 Febụwarị 1963), nke ahakwa nwa agbọghọ ya bụ '''Marie de Heredia''' ma ọ bụ aha ya pen '''Gérard d'Houville''' ( French: [ʒeʁaʁ duvil]), bụ onye odeakụkọ na onye na-ede uri nke France, ma tinyekwa aka na nkeji iri abụọ na nka nke Paris. == Akụkọ ndụ == Marie de Heredia bụ nwa nwanyị nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nke onye France na-ede uri a mụrụ na Cuban José-Maria de Heredia, site na nwata, ya na ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ndị na-ese ihe bịara n'ụlọ nna ya, gụnyere Leconte de Lisle, Anna nke Noailles, Paul Valéry, Pierre Louÿs na Anatole France. Ndụ onwe ya dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọ lụrụ onye na-ede uri Henri de Régnier, mana ya na Pierre Louÿs nwere mmekọrịta ogologo oge, onye nwere ike ịbụ nna nwa ya nwoke Pierre de Régnier (1898-1943). Ọ kpọkwara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ahụ n'anya, gụnyere Edmond Jaloux, Jean-Louis Vaudoyer, Gabriele D'Annunzio (n'oge ọ nọ na Paris site na 1910 ruo 1914), na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Henri Bernstein. Mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ihu ọha mekwara ka asịrị banyere mmekọahụ nke ya. == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ a maara nke ọma maka mmekọrịta ya na ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ, Marie de Régnier bụ onye na-ede uri na onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'onwe ya, "ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị nwee nkà nke nhụsianya nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ nke afọ ya mepụtara."<ref name="Shapiro">Norman R. Shapiro (Ed.), ''French Women Poets of Nine Centuries'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|9780801888045}}</ref> E dere mgbalị mbụ ya na uri na Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, ebe nna ya bụ onye nduzi. Ya na ndị enyi ya gbara ya ume site na nwata, ma mesịa malite ibipụta akwụkwọ n'okpuru aha di ya, mgbe e mesịrị were aha nwoke "Gérard d'Houville" (nke sitere na aha nne nne Norman, "Louise Gérard d"Houville " ma ọ bụ "Girard d'Ouville" [1]). O mechara kwuo na iji aha pen ya bụ ụzọ isi kewapụ onwe ya na di ya na nna ya a ma ama, mana ọ bụghị mgbalị siri ike igbanwe mmekọahụ ya: ndị nkatọ nke oge a na ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ezo aka mgbe niile na "Madame" Gérard d'Houville.<ref name="Engelking">Tama Lea Engelking, ‘The Secret Rebellion of a Literary Daughter: The Poetry of Gérard d'Houville’, ''French Literary Series'' vol. XVI, 1989</ref> Ọrụ ya pụtara na Revue des deux Mondes site na 1894 ma nwee mmasị n'ọtụtụ ebe, ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ jiri ya tụnyere Mallarmé. A chịkọtabeghị ọtụtụ n'ime uri ndị a n'ime mbipụta nke oge a. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, L'Inconstante, pụtara na 1903. == Mmeghachi omume na ihe nketa == [[Faịlụ:Blanche_-_Marie_de_Regnier.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Marie de Régnier na-ese foto ya n'ụlọ ọrụ Jacques-Émile Blanche, 1893. Foto nke Giuseppe Primoli.]] A na-eto ọrụ De Heredia n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ọ bụ onye odee na-ewu ewu na ọha na eze yana ndị nkatọ. Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ French L'Intransigeant jụrụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na 1910 ka ha kpọọ ndị edemede nwanyị atọ kachasị elu kwesịrị ịnọ na Académie française, "Gérard d'Houville" nọ n'ọkwá dị elu, n'elu Anna nke Noailles na [[Colette]]. N'afọ 1918, ọ natara Grand Prix de Littérature nke Académie française, nke e nyere maka akụkọ ifo ya, na 1958 e nyekwara ya Grand Prix de Poésie nke Académie maka ọrụ uri ya - ruo taa, ọ bụ naanị nwanyị natara onyinye abụọ ahụ. <ref name="Milligan">Jennifer E. Milligan, ''The Forgotten Generation: French Women Writers of the Inter-war Period'', Berg Publishers 1996, {{ISBN|1859731139}}</ref> <ref name="Milligan" /> Ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'oge ahụ sere ya, gụnyere Jacques-Émile Blanche na Jean-Louis Forain. Ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ foto Pierre Louÿs gba ọtọ. == Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ == * L'Inconstante, akwụkwọ akụkọ, 1903<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Review of ''L'Inconstante'' by Gérard d'Houville|journal=The Athenaeum|issue=3940|date=May 2, 1903|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKA5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA560}}</ref> * ''Ohu'', 1905 * ''Oge Ịhụnanya'', 1908 * ''Onye Na-adọrọ Adọrọ'', 1914 * Nwa agbọghọ, 1916 * Ihe na-adịghị mma maka gị, 1921 * Le Roman des quatre, 1923 (nke ya na Paul Bourget, Henri Duvernois na Pierre Benoit jikọrọ aka dee) * ''Chou'', 1924 * ''Abụ iri abụọ'', 1925 * ''Nwatakịrị'', 1925 * ''Ndụ Ịhụnanya nke Eze Nwanyị Josephine'', 1925 * ''Ndị na-eme ihe ọchị'', 1925 * ''Paris na njem'', 1925 * N'ụlọ onye majik, 1926 * Onye ọcha na onye ezì, 1926 * ''Echiche ziri ezi'', 1926 * ''Echere m na m hụrụ gị n'anya... Ilu asaa'', 1927 * ''Ohu hụrụ n'anya'', 1927 * ''Ndụ Ịhụnanya nke Belle Hélène'', 1928 * ''Diademus nke Flore'', 1928 * ''Ịhụnanya'', 1929 * ''Nrọ Rikiki'', 1930 * ''Abụ Ndị A Na-ede'' Maka Ịhụrụ * ''Eze Nwanyị Josephine'', 1933 * ''Akpụkpọ ahụ'', 1935 * ''Oge Ịhụnanya'', 1935 * Ụmụ agbọghọ na Ndị Ịhụnanya, 1946 == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Marie de Laubier (onye ndu), Une muse de la Belle Époque: Marie de Régnier, BNF, 2004   == Ihe nkiri == * 2019: Curiosa, ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke France nke Lou Jeunet duziri. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.paradis-des-albatros.fr/?poete=houville Abụ ndị a họọrọ] (n'asụsụ French) == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Regnier, Marie de}} t002wcbbnpe3cy4dbxmpf0n15kl64ne 0 75918 674619 638378 2026-07-09T17:56:43Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pauline Rebour''' (1878-1956) bụ onye France agụmakwụkwọ a ma ama maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Feminist Society of Le Havre ma bụrụ onye otu French Union for Women's Suffrage (1914), na Secular and Democratic Action of Women (1935). <ref name=":0" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Rebour na Disemba 1878 na Mortain, France na Théophile Boyenval, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye nchịkwa kọleji, na Alice Harel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Rebour Pauline [née Boyenval, Pauline, Étiennette, Marie] – Maitron|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article231453|accessdate=2021-05-14|work=maitron.fr}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article231453 "Rebour Pauline &#x5B;née Boyenval, Pauline, Étiennette, Marie&#x5D; – Maitron"]. ''maitron.fr''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya bara ọgaranya, na-ekwe ka ọ gaa agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. A na-ekwu na gburugburu ebe a bụ ihe e ji mara ụmụ nwanyị ndị nkuzi nkuzi ọha na France n'oge Rebour.<ref name=":0" /> Rebour nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'iwu <ref name=":3" /> ma bụrụ onye ọka iwu n'oge ọ nọ na French Union for Women's Suffrage dị ka akụkụ nke kọmitii etiti ya. Ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ gụnyere Jeanne Chauvin, Olga Petit, Suzanne Grinberg, na Marcelle Kraemer-Bach . <ref name=":2">Hause, Steven & Kenney, Anne. (1981). The Limits of Suffragist Behavior: Legalism and Militancy in France, 1876–1922. ''The American Historical Review,'' ''86''(4), 781–806.</ref> Her contemporaries include [[Jeanne Chauvin]], [[Olga Petit]], [[Suzanne Grinberg]], and Marcelle Kraemer-Bach.<ref name=":2" /> == Mgbalị == Nkwalite Rebour n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Feminist Society of Le Havre bụ nke a kwadoro maka ịmanye Le Havre inye ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị otu ego nke ndị ọrụ ibe ha na-enweta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Oldfield|first=Sybil|title=International Woman Suffrage: October 1918–September 1920|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2003|isbn=978-0-415-25740-4|location=Oxon|pages=310|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ ya, ọ kwalite izi ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwoke n'ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karnaouch|first=Denise|date=2003|title=Feminism and coeducation in Europe before 1914|journal=[[Clio. Women, Gender, History]]|volume=18|pages=21–41}}</ref> Ọrụ ya maka Federation Feministe Universitaire nyekwara aka n'inweta mmeso nhata maka ndị nkuzi nwanyị na France.<ref name=":1" /> Rebour gbakwara mbọ n'ịkwalite mmasị ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ọgwụgwụ 1912, ọ bụ otu n'ime olu wakporo mwepu nke ụmụ nwanyị na nhọpụta nke ndị ozi 250 nke France.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Offen|first=Karen|title=Debating the Woman Question in the French Third Republic, 1870–1920|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1-107-18804-4|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=427|language=en}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi nkwupụta ahụ na ụmụ nwanyị adịghị mkpa ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere mmetụta n'ụlọ, o dere na La Francaise na mwepụ site na kọmitii ahụ na-ekwusi ike na nne na ụmụaka kpughere ntụpọ nke arụmụka ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Andersen|first=Margaret Cook|title=Regeneration Through Empire: French Pronatalists and Colonial Settlement in the Third Republic|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8032-6525-7|location=Lincoln|pages=254|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi nke ngalaba nhọpụta nke CNFF na nkwado nke di ya, Raoul, onye bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị dị elu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=McMillan|first=James|title=France and Women, 1789–1914: Gender, Society and Politics|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-22602-3|location=London|pages=213|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcMillanMcmillan2002">McMillan, James; Mcmillan, Professor James F. (2002). ''France and Women, 1789–1914: Gender, Society and Politics''. London: Routledge. p.&nbsp;213. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-22602-3|<bdi>0-415-22602-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, Rebour ewepụtala echiche radical feminist ndị dị iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke ndị ọgbọ ya kwalitere. Ọ dọọla aka ná ntị megide imebiga ihe ókè n'agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na ọ dịghị eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nweta votu ma ọ bụ ọrụ ọha nke e debere maka ụmụ nwoke.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clark|first=Linda L.|title=The Rise of Professional Women in France: Gender and Public Administration since 1830|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-1-139-42686-2|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Rebour, Pauline}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] cdnfjb2vmndxs4jh2f1p16pjne17n4u 0 75922 674616 638405 2026-07-09T17:54:50Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Renée Marie Gouraud d'Ablancourt, née '''Marie Renée Joséphine Meslet''' ((1853-10-01) October 1, 1853 - (1941-05-13) May 13, 1941), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Renée Gouraud D'Ablancourt|url=https://www.noosfere.org/livres/auteur.asp?numauteur=2147211186&Niveau=bio|accessdate=2024-07-19|work=www.noosfere.org|language=fr}}</ref> bụ onye France na-ede Akwụkwọ akụkọ ịhụnanya, akụkọ ifo mere eme na akụkọ sayensị. Ọ na-eji aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ bụ Renée Marie Gouraud d'Ablancourt, na-eji aha di ya (di na nwunye ya bụ Georges François Marie Lucien Gouraud en 1872) na akụkụ nke nne ya (Julie Clotilde Emerance Perrot d'Ablancourt). Odekwara n'okpuru aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ dị iche iche dị ka René d'Anjou, Pierre d'Anjou ma ọ bụ Perrot d'Blancourt, dịka ntụaka maka mmalite ya na mpaghara Anjou ochie. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Véga_la_magicienne.jpg|thumb|Véga la magicienne, onye dike nke L'Oiselle <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reyns-Chikuma|first=Chris|date=2015-05-09|title=Xavier Fournier, Super-héros: une histoire française|url=https://journals.openedition.org/belphegor/566|journal=Belphégor. Littérature populaire et culture médiatique|language=fr|issue=13–1|doi=10.4000/belphegor.566|issn=1499-7185}}</ref> na mkpuchi mbụ nke mbipụta 1912.]] Renée Marie Gouraud d'Ablancourt, onye aha amụrụ ya bụ Marie Renée Joséphine Meslet, mụrụ na 1 October 1853 na Angers, na 3 de la Rue Belle-Poignée. Ndị mụrụ ya bụ René François Meslet, onye nwe ala sitere na Savennières, na Julie Perrot d'Ablancourt, ada nke onye isi ndị agha Anjou, Jean Perrot d'Ablancourt.<ref name=":0" />Renée d'Anjou malitere ide akụkọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ ma ọ bụ iri na ise ma o yiri ka o chepụtara usoro ọmụmụ aristocratic maka Iwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> Na 17 Julaị 1872, Renée lụrụ Georges Gouraud (onye nwe Papeteries de Chantenay), onye ọrụ mmepụta ihe bara ọgaranya si Nantes. Di na nwunye a buru ụzọ biri na Limoges tupu ha alọghachi ibi na Anjou, na Château de La Filotière, nke Renée nwere mmasị na ya na ebe ọ ga-emecha nọrọ oge ndụ ya niile. Ha mụrụ ụmụ anọ: Renée (1873), Paul (1874), Marie Clotilde (1876) na Marie Cécile (1878).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Nicolas-Delavigne|first=Françoise|date=2 April 2022|title=Renée Marie Gouraud d'Ablancourt (1853-1941), une romancière angevine|url=https://feuillesdardoise.fr/2022/04/02/renee-marie-gouraud-dablancourt-1853-1941-une-romanciere-angevine/|journal=Feuilles d'Ardoise|language=fr}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNicolas-Delavigne2022">Nicolas-Delavigne, Françoise (2 April 2022). [https://feuillesdardoise.fr/2022/04/02/renee-marie-gouraud-dablancourt-1853-1941-une-romanciere-angevine/ "Renée Marie Gouraud d'Ablancourt (1853-1941), une romancière angevine"]. ''Feuilles d'Ardoise'' (in French).</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> [[Faịlụ:Castle_Plessis_Mace_2007_04.jpg|thumb|Castle Plessis Macé na 2007.]] N'afọ 1888, di na nwunye ahụ zụrụ Château du Plessis-Macé, ebe ha biri ruo n'afọ 1908. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nicolas-Delavigne|first=Françoise|title=Renée Marie Gouraud d'Ablancourt (1853-1941), une romancière angevine|url=https://feuillesdardoise.fr/2022/04/02/renee-marie-gouraud-dablancourt-1853-1941-une-romanciere-angevine/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802063738/https://feuillesdardoise.fr/2022/04/02/renee-marie-gouraud-dablancourt-1853-1941-une-romanciere-angevine/#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|archivedate=2 August 2024|accessdate=17 July 2024|work=feuillesdardoise.fr|date=April 2022|language=fr}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ nwekwara pied-à-terre na Paris na Renée ghọrọ onye a ma ama na ndụ ọha na eze Paris. N'ihi nkwado nke ndị edemede Henri de Bornier na [[Eugène Muller]], Renée Gouraud d'Ablancourt ghọrọ onye otu Société des Gens de Lettres na 1899. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Constans|first=Ellen|title=Ouvrières des lettres|date=2007|publisher=PULIM|isbn=978-2-84287-440-7|series=Médiatextes|location=Limoges|language=fr}}</ref> Renée Gouraud d'Ablancourt nwụrụ na 13 Mee 1941 na Château de La Filotière na La Meignanne. == Akụkọ ifo a ma ama == Renée Gouraud d'Ablancourt bipụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama, na ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Christian, akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara na magazin ejiji. Ọ bụ Hirt, La Librairie des saints pères, J. Siraudeau bipụtara ya na Angers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ryner|first=Han|url=http://archive.org/details/lemassacredesama00ryne|title=Le massacre des amazones : études critiques sur deux cents bas-bleus contemporains|date=1890|publisher=Paris : Chamuel|others=University of Ottawa|language=fr}}</ref> === L'Oiselle, dike France === N'afọ 1909, o bipụtara akụkọ L'Oiselle, ma ọ bụ Véga de Ortega, na La Mode du Petit Journal (mgbakwunye).[8] A gbanwere ya ka ọ bụrụ dike site na uwe Lady-Bird ya, uwe nwere nku aka nke nyere ya ohere ifefe Paris, ebe ọ na-eme njem ya. O nwere ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ, gụnyere usoro ọhụụ abalị na ọgwụ ndị na-eme ka ọ teta n'abalị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Monnery|first=Romain|date=7 December 2016|title=Super français : les héros qui attendent leur série|url=https://medium.com/episodemagazine/super-fran%C3%A7ais-les-h%C3%A9ros-qui-attendent-leur-s%C3%A9rie-972ba63c64fe|accessdate=17 July 2024|work=Medium and Arte|language=fr}}</ref> E bipụtara akụkọ ya ọzọ na 1912 n'okpuru aha Véga la magicienne.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Croquet|first=Pauline|date=2022-04-01|title=Oubliée pendant un siècle, L'Oiselle, première superhéroïne française, reprend son envol|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/04/01/oubliee-pendant-un-siecle-l-oiselle-premiere-superheroine-francaise-reprend-son-envol_6120153_4408996.html|accessdate=2024-07-19|work=Le Monde.fr|language=fr}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCroquet2022">Croquet, Pauline (2022-04-01). [https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/04/01/oubliee-pendant-un-siecle-l-oiselle-premiere-superheroine-francaise-reprend-son-envol_6120153_4408996.html "Oubliée pendant un siècle, L'Oiselle, première superhéroïne française, reprend son envol"]. ''Le Monde.fr'' (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-19</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 January 2022|title=Rhône. Lyon, place forte des super-héros français|url=https://www.leprogres.fr/culture-loisirs/2022/01/15/lyon-place-forte-des-super-heros-francais|accessdate=2024-07-19|work=www.leprogres.fr|language=FR-fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edemside == [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] nvw03aqai6n5xnyw0o8i4tjk57gtiqk 0 75933 674615 638940 2026-07-09T17:53:50Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ina Césaire''' ( [ina sezɛʁ]; 13 October 1942 - 24 June 2025) bụ onye France na-ede egwuregwu na onye na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ina Césaire, la fille d'Aimé Césaire, est morte à l'âge de 83 ans|date=24 June 2025|url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/martinique/fort-france/ina-cesaire-la-faille-d-aimee-cesaire-est-morte-a-l-age-de-83-ans-1598805.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/cesaire_ina.html|title=Ina Césaire|date=23 November 2002|accessdate=19 May 2026|archivedate=14 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114180707/https://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/cesaire_ina.html}}</ref> N'isiokwu ya nke afọ 1981 "Littérature orale et contes", "ọ na-atụle etu akụkọ Caribbean si bụrụ ezigbo 'revélateur' nke mmụọ [Caribbean] ma kwado na ọrụ nke akụkọ ọdịnala Caribbean bụ ịnọchite anya ọdịbendị". <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Césaire|first=Ina|date=1981|title=Littérature orale et contes|journal=L'Historial Antillais, Guadeloupe et Martinique. Des Îles Aux Homes|volume=1|pages=479–490}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vété-Congolo|first=Hanétha|date=June 2007|title=Caribbean Storytales: a Methodology for Resistance|url=https://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1131&context=anthurium|journal=[[Anthurium: A Caribbean Studies Journal]]|volume=5|doi=10.33596/anth.93}}</ref>{{IPA|fr|ina sezɛʁ|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ina sezɛʁ|lang}}{{IPA|fr|ina sezɛʁ|lang}} == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Ina Césaire na 13 Ọktoba 1942, dị ka nwa nwanyị nke onye edemede na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchịrị Aimé Césaire. Nne ya, Suzanne Césaire, bụ onye edemede French si Martinique onye ọrụ ya jikọtara ya na òtù Francophone Negritude . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kent|first=Alicia|date=2011|title=Race, Gender, and Comparative Black Modernism: Suzanne Lacascade, Marita Bonner, Suzanne Césaire, Dorothy West (review)|journal=Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers|volume=28|pages=143–145}}</ref> Césaire nwụrụ na 24 June 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 82. == Onye na-ede ihe nkiri == <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lee|first=Vanessa|title=Four Caribbean Women Playwrights|date=2021|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-83364-0|isbn=978-3-030-83363-3|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-83364-0}}</ref>Ụrụ ndọdị Egwu Nke Césaire Sitere N’Ọkụ Akọkụ ụnụ. “Ọrụ Ihe Nkiri ya Sitere N’Akụkị Sitere N’ike Mmụ́ Nsụ na-Egosi Ị Garaịt N’Ịgbanwe Akụkị zuru oke na ihe nkiri mbù ya, itinye ihe ndì dụ n'akuziri ma ùkù kpàkùkù. Akọcha n'ọrụrụ n'ọzọ, iji melite akịkụ ụfọdụnhẹ n'ime ha ka ha Kwekịọ na ịdụdụ nke Oge a na Egwuregwu Ndọ na-Adịbegh ị Anya.Egwuregwu mbù ya. L"Enfant des passes ou la geste de ti-jean (1987), dụka wụmaatụrụ, bọ mesochi dụ Egwu Nke Nkem Nke Onye Na-akụ akịkọ ifo mere eme ti-jean. == Ọrụ == === Egwuregwu === * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * L'Enfant des Passages ma ọ bụ Geste de Ti-Jean. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * La Maison fermée (nke a na-ebipụtabeghị). Okike 1991. * Rosanie Soleil Paris: Soc. Ndị edemede na ndị na-ede ihe nkiri, 1992. Okike 1992. === N'asụsụ Bekee === * "Island Memories". Nsụgharị, Christiane Makward na J. Miller. Egwuregwu nke ụmụ nwanyị French na Francophone. Ann Arbor: Mahadum nke Michigan Press, 1994: 49-74.   * "Fire's Daughters (Rosanie Soleil) ". Nsụgharị. Judith G. Miller: ''Egwuregwu Asụsụ French Ọhụrụ''. New York: Ubu Repertory Theatre, 1993: 1-53. === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Zonzon Tête Carrée''. Monaco: Ed. du Rocher, 1994  ; Monaco: Alphée/Le Serpent à Plumes, 2004. * Aimé Césaire, 10 ans déjà, éditions L'Esprit du Temps, 2018  , with Patrick Singaïny == Ntụle == * {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/20/theater/theater-in-review-155493.html|title=Theater in Review|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=D. J. R.|author=Bruckner|date=20 October 1993}} * Miyasaki, June, "Writing the Landscape of Memory: Ina Cesaire's Memoires d'Isles", Journal of Caribbean Literatures, 22 June 2009. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] s26sqyh04m5bn817fxnumd8fn88h8z4 0 75941 674626 638502 2026-07-09T18:01:36Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A mụrụ Ysabelle Lacamp na Neuilly-sur-Seine na 7 Nọvemba 1954. Ọ bụ ada onye nta akụkọ na onye edemede France bụ Max Olivier-Lacamp (prix Renaudot 1969) na Pyong-You Hyun nke sitere na Korea. Lacamp nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Chinese na Korean site na School of Oriental and African Studies na London na asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ site na Paris. Lacamp malitere dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na 1975, nke mbụ pụtara na sinima na akụkụ nke abụọ nke ihe nkiri Emmanuelle. Ọ gbara egwu nke ọma na 1983 na Le Marginal nke Jacques Deray tinyere Jean-Paul Belmondo na Le Joli Cœur na Francis Perrin. Na telivishọn, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri Les Enquêtes du Commissaire Maigret, Les Cinq Dernières Minutes na na 2002 na Fabio Montale, ya na Alain Delon. N'ime ọrụ ya niile, a kpọrọ ya Isabelle Olivier Lacamp, Isabelle Lacamp, Isabel Olivier-Lacamp, na Isa Lacamp. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn. In 1987, she released a 45 rpm entitled ''Baby Bop.'' <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Lacamp gosipụtara mmemme omenala Hors la ville na France 3 Limousin Poitou-Charentes ruo afọ atọ ma hazie nzukọ akwụkwọ nke Ajaccio "Racines du ciel" ruo afọ asaa. A maara Lacamp nke ọma dị ka onye edemede, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị ere. O weputara akwukwo mbu ya na 1986, Le Baiser du dragon . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">Lacamp so n'òtù ndị ọkaikpe maka ihe nrite Jean-Jacques-Rousseau maka akụkọ ndụ ya. [achọrọ ntụaka]</sup> Lacamp nwụrụ site na ọrịa kansa na Paris, na 26 June 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 68. <ref>{{Cite web|author=[[Mohammed Aïssaoui]]|date=27 June 2023|title=La romancière et actrice Ysabelle Lacamp est morte à l'âge de 68 ans|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/la-romanciere-et-actrice-ysabelle-lacamp-est-morte-a-l-age-de-68-ans-20230627|accessdate=27 June 2023|work=[[Le Figaro]]}}.</ref> N'afọ 2003, ọ meriri Cabri d'or site na Académie cévenole . == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e62nzhg07747omt6ape0iq5djs6sbyo 0 75943 674630 638565 2026-07-09T18:05:06Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}'''Anthony Chigaemezu Uzodimma''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1999) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere ndị otu Turkish Cypriot Yeniboğaziçi . == Ọrụ ọkachamara == Na 23 n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2019, Uzodimma bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara na Kayserispor. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haberler.com/anthony-chigaemezu-uzodimma-kayserispor-da-12354500-haberi/|title=Kayserispor Haberleri - Kayserispor Maçları}}</ref> Uzodimma mere nke mbụ ya na Kayserispor na mmeri 2-0 nke Turkish Cup na Fenerbahçe na 21 n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ca.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/21/turkey/cup/fenerbahce-spor-kulubu/kayserispor/3196670/|title=Fenerbahçe vs. Kayserispor - 21 January 2020 - Soccerway|work=ca.soccerway.com}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Anthony UzodimmanaNjikọ bọọlụ Turkey * Anthony Uzodimman'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c3kdd15wbo6n3lxqzvkqwp4kq0n3zxc 0 75945 674624 638571 2026-07-09T18:00:30Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Dieulafoy''' (29 Juun 1851 - 25 Mee 1916) bụ onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie, onye nchọpụta, onye edemede, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye nta akụkọ.[1] Ọ bụ nwunye Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy. Ya na di ya gwupụtara obodo Susa nke Ndị Peshia oge ochie ma mee nchọpụta dị iche iche ụfọdụ n'ime ha gosipụtara na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Louvre.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Perrot|first=Georges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SU9TAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA42|title=History of Art in Persia: From the French of Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez|date=1892|publisher=Chapman and Hall}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Álvarez-Mon|first=Javier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yClKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106|title=The Elamite World|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32983-1|pages=106–112}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Jane Dieulafoy dị ka Jeanne Henriette Magre n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya nke ndị ahịa na Toulouse, France.[4] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Couvent de l'Assomption d'Auteuil na mpụga Paris site na 1862 ruo 1870. Ọ lụrụ Marcel Dieulafoy na Mee 1870, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. N'otu afọ ahụ, Agha Franco-Prussian malitere. Marcel wepụtara onwe ya, e zigakwara ya n'ihu. Jane sooro ya, na-eyi uwe ndị agha <ref name="MME. DEAD">{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B17FD3A5812738DDDA10A94DD405B868DF1D3|accessdate=2011-09-07|title=MME. JANE DIEULAFOY DEAD.; Explorer and Author Fought Through Franco-Prussian War|work=The New York Times|date=May 28, 1916}}</ref> ma na-alụ ọgụ n'akụkụ ya.[5] [[Faịlụ:Citadel_of_Varamin_by_Jane_Dieulafoy.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Citadel nke Varamin nke Jane Dieulafoy]] Mgbe agha ahụ biri, ụgbọ okporo ígwè Midi were Marcel n'ọrụ, mana n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, ndị Dieulafoys ga-aga [[Egypt|Ijipt]] na [[Morocco]] maka ọrụ nchọpụta na nchọpụta. Jane edeghị ihe ndekọ nke njem ndị a. Marcel malitere inwe mmasị na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụlọ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ, na 1879, o kpebiri itinye onwe ya na nkà mmụta ihe ochie.[7] [[Faịlụ:Bazar_Shiraz_as_seen_by_Jane_Dieulafoy,_1881.jpg|alt=An illustration of a Persian bazaar in Shiraz|thumb|Vakil Bazaar nke Shiraz, dị ka Jane Dieulafoy hụrụ na 1881]] Ndị Dieulafoys gara Qajar Iran na 1881-1882, ha ga-alaghachikwa ugboro abụọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị (oge ikpeazụ na 1884). <ref name="sitters" /> Njem mbụ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri si Marseilles gaa Constantinople, site na ụgbọ agha Russia gaa Poti n'ụsọ Oké Osimiri Ojii, wee gafee Caucasus, ma gafee Azerbaijan gaa Tabriz. [9] Site n'ebe ahụ, ha gara ọtụtụ ebe site na Tehran, Isfahan, na Shiraz.[7] Jane Dieulafoy dere nchọpụta ha abụọ na foto, ihe osise, na ederede. Ọ na-ede ihe kwa ụbọchị n'oge njem ya, nke e mechara bipụta na mpịakọta abụọ.[10] Jane sere ihe ncheta, ihe ncheta ihe ochie, ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị na ìgwè. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na France, site na foto ndị a, ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche mere ihe osise na ihe osise, nke e bipụtara na njem La Perse, la Chaldee, la Susiane, nke nwere 336 lithographs, gụnyere foto iri ise nke ụmụ nwanyị. Na Susa, di na nwunye ahụ hụrụ ọtụtụ ihe ochie na friezes, ọtụtụ n'ime ha laghachiri Frans. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a chọtara bụ Frieze Agụ a ma ama na Louvre.[12] Ọnụ ụlọ abụọ dị n'ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nwere ihe ndị ọrụ Dieulafoy wetara. Maka onyinye ya, gọọmentị Frans nyere ya utu aha Chevalier of the Legion of Honor na 1886. [10] Mbufe nke ihe ndị a chọtara na Frans kpatara nnukwu mmebi na nchọpụta nke ihe ochie nke Iran. Jane Dieulafoy kwuru n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere Obí Apadana na Susa:   Mgbe njem ha na Iran gasịrị, Dieulafoy na di ya nọrọ oge na-eme njem na [[Spain]] na Morocco n'etiti 1888 na 1914. O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ: Nke mbụ ya bụ ''Parysatis'', na 1890, nke e debere na Susa mgbe ochie. Camille Saint-Saëns mechara gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri. E bipụtara nke abụọ ya, Déchéance, na 1897. [10] Marcel wepụtara onwe ya ịga Rabat, Morocco, n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Jane sonyeere ya. Mgbe ọ nọ na Morocco, ahụike ya malitere ịda. Ọ butere ọrịa afọ ọsịsa nke manyere ya oji laghachi Frans ebe ọ nwụrụ na Pompertuzat na 1916.[13] Di na nwunye ahụ na-enweghị nwa hapụrụ ụlọ ha na 12, rue Chardin na Paris gaa na French Red Cross bụ ndị na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ọfịs site n'ụlọ ahụ ruo taa.[14] == Iyiarị uwe == [[Faịlụ:Jane_Dieulafoy_wearing_pants.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Dieulafoy n'uwe ụmụ nwoke, nke Dornac sere foto]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_et_Marcel_Dieulafoy.jpg|alt=Jane and Marcel Dieulafoy|thumb|Jane (n'aka ekpe, n'uwe ụmụ nwoke) na di ya]] N'oge njem ya na mba ofesi, Jane Dieulafoy họọrọ iyi uwe ụmụ nwoke na iyi obere ntutu isi ya, [15] [16] n'ihi na ọ na-esiri nwanyị ike ịga njem n'efu na obodo ndị Alakụba. Ọ na-eyikwa uwe dị ka nwoke mgbe ya na Marcel Dieulafoy lụrụ ọgụ n'oge agha Franco-Prussian, ọ nọgidere na-eyi uwe ụmụ nwoke mgbe ọ laghachiri Frans. Nke a megidere iwu na Frans n'oge ahụ, ma mgbe o si Middle East lọta, ọ nwetara "ikike de travestissement" pụrụ iche (Bekee: "ikike ịre uwe") n'aka onye isi ndị uwe ojii.[1] N'ime iyarị uwe ya Dieulafoy dere "M na-eme nke a naanị iji chekwaa oge. M na-azụta uwe ndị a kwadebere na enwere m ike iji oge echekwara n'ụzọ a iji rụọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ "[17]. Ọ gụnyere ọtụtụ agwa ndị na-eji ejiji na akụkọ ifo ya, gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Volontaire na Frère Pélage.. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Dieulafoy weere onwe ya dị ka onye ha na di ya hà nhata, mana ọ na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye ya. Ọ megidere echiche ịgba alụkwaghịm, ma-kwere na ọ na-emebi ụmụ nwanyị.[18] N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ọ rịọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ ka ukwuu na ndị agha.[10] Ọ bụ onye otu ndị ọka ikpe nke Prix Femina onyinye odide site na mmalite ya na 1904 ruo ọnwụ ya.[19] == Akwụkwọ == Ọrụ ndị ebipụtara: [10] * {{Cite book|title=La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane 1881–1882|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1887|url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6885554_000/page/n6/mode/1up}} * {{Cite book|title=L'Orient sous le voile. De Chiraz à Bagdad 1881–1882 (vol 2)|location=Paris|year=1889}} * {{Cite book|title=À Suse 1884–1886. Journal des fouilles|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1888|url=https://archive.org/details/susejournaldes00dieu/page/n12/mode/1up}} * {{Cite book|title=Parysatis|location=Paris|publisher=A. Durand & Fils|year=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/parysatis00dieugoog/page/n7/mode/1up}} * {{Cite book|title=Volontaire|location=Paris|publisher=Colin|year=1892}} * {{Cite book|title=Rose d'Hatra et L'Oracle (short stories)|location=Paris|publisher=A. Colin et Cie|year=1893|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53732615}} * {{Cite book|title=Frère Pélage|location=Paris|publisher=Alphonse Lemerre|year=1894}} * {{Cite book|title=Déchéance|location=Paris|publisher=Alphonse Lemerre|year=1897}} * {{Cite book|title=Aragon et Valence|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1901|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6226009t}} * {{Cite book|title=L'épouse parfaite (translation from Fray Luis de León)|location=Paris|publisher=Bloud|year=1906}} * {{Cite book|title=Castille et Andalousie|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1908}} * {{Cite book|title=Isabelle la Grande|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1920|url=https://archive.org/details/isabellelagrande00dieuuoft/page/n9/mode/2up}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|24em}} <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Agụmagụ ndị ọzọ == * [[Amanda Adams|Adams, Amanda]], Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure, Douglas & McIntyre,   * Rossiter, Heather,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1250|title=Wakefield Press :: Biography/Autobiography/True Stories :: Sweet Boy Dear Wife|accessdate=2018-04-04|archivedate=2018-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411122919/http://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1250}}</ref> ''Sweet Boy Dear Wife: Jane Dieulafoy na Persia 1881-1886'', Wakefield Press,   == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}}{{Authority control}} * Works by Jane DieulafoynaỌrụ Gutenberg * Works by or about Jane DieulafoynaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet * National Geographic (2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210322034454/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/french-archaeologist-jane-dieulafoy-broke-law-by-wearing-pants Jane Dieulafoy, onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie na narị afọ nke 19, mebiri iwu site n'iyiri uwe elu]''. <references /> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 0irit554g7n4d05srn6s3ngb67bihkn 675032 674624 2026-07-10T10:18:11Z Ebube Clara 43871 675032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jane Dieulafoy''' (29 Juun 1851 - 25 Mee 1916) bụ onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie, onye nchọpụta, onye edemede, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye nta akụkọ.[1] Ọ bụ nwunye Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy. Ya na di ya gwupụtara obodo Susa nke Ndị Peshia oge ochie ma mee nchọpụta dị iche iche ụfọdụ n'ime ha gosipụtara na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Louvre.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Perrot|first=Georges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SU9TAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA42|title=History of Art in Persia: From the French of Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez|date=1892|publisher=Chapman and Hall}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Álvarez-Mon|first=Javier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yClKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106|title=The Elamite World|date=2018-01-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-32983-1|pages=106–112}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Jane Dieulafoy dị ka Jeanne Henriette Magre n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya nke ndị ahịa na Toulouse, France.[4] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Couvent de l'Assomption d'Auteuil na mpụga Paris site na 1862 ruo 1870. Ọ lụrụ Marcel Dieulafoy na Mee 1870, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. N'otu afọ ahụ, Agha Franco-Prussian malitere. Marcel wepụtara onwe ya, e zigakwara ya n'ihu. Jane sooro ya, na-eyi uwe ndị agha <ref name="MME. DEAD">{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B17FD3A5812738DDDA10A94DD405B868DF1D3|accessdate=2011-09-07|title=MME. JANE DIEULAFOY DEAD.; Explorer and Author Fought Through Franco-Prussian War|work=The New York Times|date=May 28, 1916}}</ref> ma na-alụ ọgụ n'akụkụ ya.[5] [[Faịlụ:Citadel_of_Varamin_by_Jane_Dieulafoy.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Citadel nke Varamin nke Jane Dieulafoy]] Mgbe agha ahụ biri, ụgbọ okporo ígwè Midi were Marcel n'ọrụ, mana n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, ndị Dieulafoys ga-aga [[Egypt|Ijipt]] na [[Morocco]] maka ọrụ nchọpụta na nchọpụta. Jane edeghị ihe ndekọ nke njem ndị a. Marcel malitere inwe mmasị na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụlọ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ, na 1879, o kpebiri itinye onwe ya na nkà mmụta ihe ochie.[7] [[Faịlụ:Bazar_Shiraz_as_seen_by_Jane_Dieulafoy,_1881.jpg|alt=An illustration of a Persian bazaar in Shiraz|thumb|Vakil Bazaar nke Shiraz, dị ka Jane Dieulafoy hụrụ na 1881]] Ndị Dieulafoys gara Qajar Iran na 1881-1882, ha ga-alaghachikwa ugboro abụọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị (oge ikpeazụ na 1884). Njem mbụ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri si Marseilles gaa Constantinople, site na ụgbọ agha Russia gaa Poti n'ụsọ Oké Osimiri Ojii, wee gafee Caucasus, ma gafee Azerbaijan gaa Tabriz. [9] Site n'ebe ahụ, ha gara ọtụtụ ebe site na Tehran, Isfahan, na Shiraz.[7] Jane Dieulafoy dere nchọpụta ha abụọ na foto, ihe osise, na ederede. Ọ na-ede ihe kwa ụbọchị n'oge njem ya, nke e mechara bipụta na mpịakọta abụọ.[10] Jane sere ihe ncheta, ihe ncheta ihe ochie, ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị na ìgwè. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na France, site na foto ndị a, ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche mere ihe osise na ihe osise, nke e bipụtara na njem La Perse, la Chaldee, la Susiane, nke nwere 336 lithographs, gụnyere foto iri ise nke ụmụ nwanyị. Na Susa, di na nwunye ahụ hụrụ ọtụtụ ihe ochie na friezes, ọtụtụ n'ime ha laghachiri Frans. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a chọtara bụ Frieze Agụ a ma ama na Louvre.[12] Ọnụ ụlọ abụọ dị n'ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nwere ihe ndị ọrụ Dieulafoy wetara. Maka onyinye ya, gọọmentị Frans nyere ya utu aha Chevalier of the Legion of Honor na 1886. [10] Mbufe nke ihe ndị a chọtara na Frans kpatara nnukwu mmebi na nchọpụta nke ihe ochie nke Iran. Jane Dieulafoy kwuru n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere Obí Apadana na Susa:   Mgbe njem ha na Iran gasịrị, Dieulafoy na di ya nọrọ oge na-eme njem na [[Spain]] na Morocco n'etiti 1888 na 1914. O dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ: Nke mbụ ya bụ ''Parysatis'', na 1890, nke e debere na Susa mgbe ochie. Camille Saint-Saëns mechara gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri. E bipụtara nke abụọ ya, Déchéance, na 1897. [10] Marcel wepụtara onwe ya ịga Rabat, Morocco, n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Jane sonyeere ya. Mgbe ọ nọ na Morocco, ahụike ya malitere ịda. Ọ butere ọrịa afọ ọsịsa nke manyere ya oji laghachi Frans ebe ọ nwụrụ na Pompertuzat na 1916.[13] Di na nwunye ahụ na-enweghị nwa hapụrụ ụlọ ha na 12, rue Chardin na Paris gaa na French Red Cross bụ ndị na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ọfịs site n'ụlọ ahụ ruo taa.[14] == Iyiarị uwe == [[Faịlụ:Jane_Dieulafoy_wearing_pants.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Dieulafoy n'uwe ụmụ nwoke, nke Dornac sere foto]] [[Faịlụ:Jane_et_Marcel_Dieulafoy.jpg|alt=Jane and Marcel Dieulafoy|thumb|Jane (n'aka ekpe, n'uwe ụmụ nwoke) na di ya]] N'oge njem ya na mba ofesi, Jane Dieulafoy họọrọ iyi uwe ụmụ nwoke na iyi obere ntutu isi ya, [15] [16] n'ihi na ọ na-esiri nwanyị ike ịga njem n'efu na obodo ndị Alakụba. Ọ na-eyikwa uwe dị ka nwoke mgbe ya na Marcel Dieulafoy lụrụ ọgụ n'oge agha Franco-Prussian, ọ nọgidere na-eyi uwe ụmụ nwoke mgbe ọ laghachiri Frans. Nke a megidere iwu na Frans n'oge ahụ, ma mgbe o si Middle East lọta, ọ nwetara "ikike de travestissement" pụrụ iche (Bekee: "ikike ịre uwe") n'aka onye isi ndị uwe ojii.[1] N'ime iyarị uwe ya Dieulafoy dere "M na-eme nke a naanị iji chekwaa oge. M na-azụta uwe ndị a kwadebere na enwere m ike iji oge echekwara n'ụzọ a iji rụọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ "[17]. Ọ gụnyere ọtụtụ agwa ndị na-eji ejiji na akụkọ ifo ya, gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Volontaire na Frère Pélage.. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Dieulafoy weere onwe ya dị ka onye ha na di ya hà nhata, mana ọ na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye ya. Ọ megidere echiche ịgba alụkwaghịm, ma-kwere na ọ na-emebi ụmụ nwanyị.[18] N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ọ rịọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ ka ukwuu na ndị agha.[10] Ọ bụ onye otu ndị ọka ikpe nke Prix Femina onyinye odide site na mmalite ya na 1904 ruo ọnwụ ya.[19] == Akwụkwọ == Ọrụ ndị ebipụtara: [10] * {{Cite book|title=La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane 1881–1882|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1887|url=https://archive.org/details/ldpd_6885554_000/page/n6/mode/1up}} * {{Cite book|title=L'Orient sous le voile. De Chiraz à Bagdad 1881–1882 (vol 2)|location=Paris|year=1889}} * {{Cite book|title=À Suse 1884–1886. Journal des fouilles|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1888|url=https://archive.org/details/susejournaldes00dieu/page/n12/mode/1up}} * {{Cite book|title=Parysatis|location=Paris|publisher=A. Durand & Fils|year=1890|url=https://archive.org/details/parysatis00dieugoog/page/n7/mode/1up}} * {{Cite book|title=Volontaire|location=Paris|publisher=Colin|year=1892}} * {{Cite book|title=Rose d'Hatra et L'Oracle (short stories)|location=Paris|publisher=A. Colin et Cie|year=1893|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bd6t53732615}} * {{Cite book|title=Frère Pélage|location=Paris|publisher=Alphonse Lemerre|year=1894}} * {{Cite book|title=Déchéance|location=Paris|publisher=Alphonse Lemerre|year=1897}} * {{Cite book|title=Aragon et Valence|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1901|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6226009t}} * {{Cite book|title=L'épouse parfaite (translation from Fray Luis de León)|location=Paris|publisher=Bloud|year=1906}} * {{Cite book|title=Castille et Andalousie|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1908}} * {{Cite book|title=Isabelle la Grande|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|year=1920|url=https://archive.org/details/isabellelagrande00dieuuoft/page/n9/mode/2up}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|24em}} <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Agụmagụ ndị ọzọ == * [[Amanda Adams|Adams, Amanda]], Ladies of the Field: Early Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure, Douglas & McIntyre,   * Rossiter, Heather,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1250|title=Wakefield Press :: Biography/Autobiography/True Stories :: Sweet Boy Dear Wife|accessdate=2018-04-04|archivedate=2018-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411122919/http://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/product.php?productid=1250}}</ref> ''Sweet Boy Dear Wife: Jane Dieulafoy na Persia 1881-1886'', Wakefield Press,   == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}}{{Authority control}} * Works by Jane DieulafoynaỌrụ Gutenberg * Works by or about Jane DieulafoynaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet * National Geographic (2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210322034454/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/french-archaeologist-jane-dieulafoy-broke-law-by-wearing-pants Jane Dieulafoy, onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie na narị afọ nke 19, mebiri iwu site n'iyiri uwe elu]''. <references /> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] so3sv8h9kw0fylh7dituspuxomcicm6 0 75947 674623 638575 2026-07-09T17:59:26Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Françoise Dolto''' ( [dɔlto]; November 6, 1908 - August 25, 1988) bụ onye France na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na onye na-enyocha uche. == Akụkọ ndụ == Françoise Dolto was born as Françoise Marette, into an affluent, devoutly Catholic, royalist and Maurrassian family in Paris. Her Alsatian mother, Suzanne Demmler, was the daughter of an engineer, and Henri Marette, her father, was also a ''polytechnicien'' engineer who became an industrialist. She was the fourth child of a family of seven. Her brother Jacques Marette (1922–1984), was French Postmaster (minister of Posts and Telecommunications) from 1962 to 1967. Otu nọọsụ si Ireland na-elekọta ya mgbe ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ ma nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya na ya, ruo n'ókè nke na ndị mụrụ ya mụtara ịsụ Bekee iji mee ka ọ mụmụọ ọnụ ọchị. Ndị mụrụ ya chụpụrụ nọọsụ ahụ mgbe ọ dị ọnwa asatọ, maka nnukwu mmejọ: iji kwado ịṅụ ọgwụ opium, nke a ma ama na Belle Époque Paris, ọ na-akwa iko n'ụlọ ọrụ ebe ọ ga-ahapụ nwa ọhụrụ Françoise n'enweghị onye na-elekọta ya n'ọnụ ụzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-01-22|language=fr|title=Il y a 100 ans, Paris était la capitale mondiale de l'opium|url=https://www.ulyces.co/news/il-y-a-100-ans-paris-etait-la-capitale-mondiale-de-lopium/|work=Ulyces}}</ref> A zụrụ onye nkuzi ya na usoro Friedrich Fröbel. Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, nwanne nna ya nwoke na nna nna ya bụ́ Pierre Demmler nwụrụ n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, ọnwụ nwanne ya nwanyị nke tọrọ ya bụ́ Jacqueline, nwa nne ya kacha hụ n'anya, metụrụ ya nnọọ n'ahụ. Nne ya dara mbà n'obi ma bo ya ebubo na ọ naghị ekpe ekpere nke ọma maka ndụ nwanne ya nwanyị. Nne Dolto chere na nwa agbọghọ enweghị ihe ọzọ ọ bụla karịa alụmdi na nwunye, ya mere o machibidoro ya ịga akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ gakwuuru nne ya, onye na-achọghị ka ọ gafee akara ugo mmụta ya n'ihi na ọ gaghị enwe ike ịlụ di. Agbanyeghị, Dolto gara Lycée Molière na Paris ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà ihe ọmụma na 1924-1925. Na 1930, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta nọọsụ. Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, ọ malitere ọmụmụ ahụike ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ́ Philip, "na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọmụmụ ihe ya site n'ego ọ na-enweta.". Michel Foucault kpọrọ Dolto aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị a ma ama bịanyere aka na mkpesa French nke 1977 megide iwu afọ nkwenye. Françoise Dolto bụ nne Carlos (1943-2008), onye na-agụ egwu, Grégoire (amụrụ 1944), onye injinia, na Catherine (amụrụ 1946). == Nnyocha nke Uche == N'afọ 1932, Marc Schlumberger mere ka Dolto mara onye na-enyocha uche René Laforgue, onye amalitelarị ịgwọ nwanne ya nwoke Philip otu afọ tupu mgbe ahụ. O sonyekwara na mmalite nke French Freudianism. Na ngwụcha Febụwarị 1934, ọ malitere nyocha afọ atọ na Laforgue, nke nwere nnukwu mmetụta na ndụ ya, nyere ya aka iwepụ nsogbu akwara ozi ya - nke agụmakwụkwọ ya, ebe ọ si, na nne ya nke nwere nkụda mmụọ. Laforgue chọpụtara na Dolto nwere nkà maka nyocha, ma dụọ ya ọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara uche, ihe ọ jụrụ na mbụ iji kwado itinye onwe ya n'ọrụ na ọgwụ. N'oge ọzụzụ ahụike ya, na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Dr. Georges Heuyer, ọ zutere Sophie Morgenstern, onye bụ onye mbụ na-eme psychoanalysis na ụmụaka na France, onye ga-emesị bụrụ onye nduzi ya. Ọ gere ntị na ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa ndị bịara ya maka ọgwụgwọ, Dolto malitere (site na agbamume nke Edouard Pichon) ka ọ bụrụ ọkachamara na nkà mmụta uche ụmụaka, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche ụmụaka. Ndị ọrịa ya bụ ụmụaka nwere nsogbu uche, ndị o ji aka ya malite ịzụlite ụdị ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche nke ya. Ọkachamara ya bụ ịmụta banyere mmalite uche nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka, ọkachasị ahụmịhe mbụ ha na ụzọ ha si ekwurịta okwu site n'ahụ ha. O mesiri ike akụkụ ahụ nke nne na nwa, ma mezie mkpa ọ dị ileba anya na nghọta nke ụzọ nkwukọrịta nke ụmụaka nwere nsogbu uche, ma ọ bụ mmụta na nkwarụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eji. Ọrụ ya na onyinyo ahụ na-amaghị ama - n'ụzọ ụmụaka nwere asụsụ ahụ tupu asụsụ n'ezie - enweela mmetụta pụrụ iche, nke Maud Mannoni mepụtara n'etiti ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2013, Francoise Hivernel sụgharịrị ọrụ ya n'asụsụ Bekee.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dolto|first=Francoise|title=Psychoanalysis and Paediatrics. Key Psychoanalytical concepts with sixteen Clinical Observations of Children|publisher=Karnac, London|year=2013|pages=239|isbn=978-1855758124}}</ref> Dolto bụ ezigbo enyi na onye mmekọ nke Jacques Lacan, onye ọ sonyeere na "École Freudienne de Paris".O chere na "ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Lacan nyochachara ka m hụrụ ndị kacha nwee ike ịghọta ụmụaka ma dị njikere ịghọta mkpa nwatakịrị, ọbụnadị onye dị obere, dị ka onye nwere ọchịchọ ikwupụta ihe." == Ọnwụ == [[Faịlụ:Bourg-la-Reine_(sépulture_Dolto).jpg|thumb|Ili nke Françoise Dolto]] Dolto butere ọrịa Fibrosis nke akpa ume n'afọ 1984. Ọ nwụrụ na 25 Ọgọstụ 1988 ma lie ya n'ebe ili ozu na Bourg-la-Reine n'akụkụ di ya [[Boris Dolto]]. Nke a bụkwa ebe olili nwa ha nwoke, onye na-agụ egwu Carlos, onye nwụrụ na 2008. E dere na nkume ili ya: "Atụla egwu! Abụ m Ụzọ, Eziokwu na Ndụ" <ref>{{Cite book|first=Gérard|author=Guillerault|title=Comprendre Dolto: Une éthique positive du désir|publisher=Armand Colin|year=2008}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * ''Psychanalyse et pédiatrie'', medical thesis, 1971 * ''Le Cas Dominique'', Éditions du Seuil (éd. du Seuil), Paris, 1971; engl. ''Dominique: Analysis of an Adolescent'', Souvenir Press, 1974 * ''L'Évangile au risque de la psychanalyse'' (interviewed by Gérard Sévérin, philosopher, theologian, psychoanalyst), éd. Jean-Pierre Délarge [fr], 1977 * ''Au jeu du désir'', éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1981 * ''Séminaire de psychanalyse d'enfants'' (coop. Louis Caldaguès), éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1982,   * ''Sexualité féminine'', éd. Scarabée/A. M. Métailié, 1982 * ''L'image inconsciente du corps'', éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1984.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/2-02-018302-1|<bdi>2-02-018302-1</bdi>]] * ''Séminaire de psychanalyse d'enfants'' (coop. Jean-François de Sauverzac), éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1985,   * ''Solitude'', éd. Vertiges, Paris, 1985,   * ''La Cause des enfants'', éd. Robert Laffont, Paris, 1985,   * ''Enfances'', Paris, 1986 * ''Libido féminine'', éd. Carrère, Paris, 1987 * ''L'Enfant du miroir'' (with Juan David Nasio), éd. Rivages, Paris, 1987,   * ''La Cause des adolescents'', éd. Robert Laffont, Paris, 1988 * ''Quand les parents se séparent'' (coop. Inès de Angelino), éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1988,  ; engl. ''When Parents Separate'', David R Godine Pub, 1997 * ''L'Échec scolaire'', éd. Vertiges du Nord, 1989 * ''Autoportrait d'une psychanalyste'', éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1989 * ''Paroles pour adolescents ou le complexe du homard'', éd. Hattier, 1989 * ''Lorsque l'enfant paraît'', éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1990 * ''Les Étapes majeures de l'enfance'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 1994 * ''Les Chemins de l'éducation'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 1994 * ''La Difficulté de vivre'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 1995 * ''Tout est langage'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 1995 * ''Le sentiment de soi : aux sources de l'image et du corps'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 1997 * ''Le Féminin'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 1998 * ''La vague et l'océan : séminaire sur les pulsions de mort (1970-1971)'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 2003 * ''Lettres de jeunesse : correspondance, 1913-1938'', éd. Gallimard, Paris; revised and augmented in 2003,   * ''Une vie de correspondances : 1938-1988'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 2005,   * ''Une psychanalyste dans la cité. L'aventure de la Maison verte'', éd. Gallimard, Paris, 2009,   == Hụkwa == * Juliette Favez-Boutonnier == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|22em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == === Akwụkwọ edemede nke abụọ === * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Aubier, 1993, mbipụta akpa: Flammarion 2008,   * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Traductions: Nwatakịrị a kọwaara ndị nne na nna [Segundo Dolto], éd. Pergaminho, Cascais (Portugal), 2000; Dolto maka ndị nne na nna, Plaza & Janès editores, Barcelona (Spain), 2000 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Balland, Paris, 1985 * Françoise Dolto, taa, na Actes du colloque de l'Unesco, peeji nke 14-17 Jenụwarị 1999, mbipụta. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&nbsp; * [[Catherine Dolto]], Afọ iri gara aga onye na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na-apụ n'anya Catherine Dolto-Tolitch na-ekwu maka Dolto, Ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Theory and Practise in Child Psychoanalysis: An Introduction to Francoise Dolto's Work, ed. site n'aka Guy Hall, Francoise Hivernel, Sian Morgan, Karnac Books, 2009,   * René-Jean Bouyer: Les Mémoires d'un bébé: Un siècle d'éducation de l'enfant de Pasteur à Dolto, Jean-Claude Gawsewitch, 2010,   === Akwụkwọ nkatọ === * Guy Baret, ''Otu esi ahapụ agụmakwụkwọ nwa gị na Françoise Dolto.''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ramsay, 2003 * ''Akwụkwọ ojii nke psychanalysis. Ibi ndụ, iche echiche na ịga nke ọma n'enweghị Freud.'' nduzi site na Catherine Meyer, mbipụta Les Arènes, Paris, 2005 * [[Daniela Lumbroso]], ''Françoise Dolto, ndụ nwanyị nweere onwe ya'', mbipụta Plon, Paris, 2007 * Didier Pleux: Ọgbọ Dolto, mbipụta Odile Jacob, Paris, 2008 Françoise Dolto, la déraison pure. , Okwu mbido nke Michel Onfray. Mbipụta N'ụzọ ọzọ, Nchịkọta nke Mahadum ndị a ma ama na Cie, 2013 La Révolution du divan: Pour une psychologie existentielle. Mbipụta Odile Jacob, 2015 ** ''Ọgbọ Dolto'', mbipụta Odile Jacob, Paris, 2008 ** ''Françoise Dolto, onye nzuzu.'' , Okwu mbido nke Michel Onfray. Mbipụta N'ụzọ ọzọ, Nchịkọta nke Mahadum ndị a ma ama na Cie, 2013 ** ''Mgbanwe nke divan: Maka akparamagwa nke ịdị adị.'' Mbipụta Odile Jacob, 2015 * Sabine Gritt Nwa e bu n'afọ na-ata nke ọma ''Afọ atọ mụ na Dolto'' , mbipụta sayensị mmadụ, 2015 <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{DEFAULTSORT:Dolto, Francoise}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] nlsd2qd8vud5lu96c4i67mqucf7s1ig 0 75959 674637 638683 2026-07-09T18:09:16Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}  '''Dominique Dunois''' (French Pronunciation: [Dɔminik Dynwa]), Aha Mkpịsị aka Nke Marguerite Lemesle (Frensh Pronunciation:[maʁɡəʁit lɛmɛl]) bọ. Onye edemede French, Onye Mmeri Nke Mbipụta 1928 Nke Prix Femina . [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == * 1923: ''Nwunye'' - Calmann-Lévy * 1924: ''Anụmanụ'' - Calmann-Lévy * 1925: Lucile, obi efu - Calmann-Lévy * 1926: Le Pauvre Désir des hommes, nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi - Calmann-Lévy * 1926: Onye na-ahụ n'anya - Calmann-Lévy * 1927: ''Ihu ha abụọ'' - Calmann-Lévy * 1928: ''Georgette Garou'' - Calmann-Lévy, Prix Femina. * 1929: Le Bourgeois au Calvaire - Fresque des temps nouveaux - Calmann-Lévy * 1931: Ụbọchị Mara Mma - Calmann-Lévy * 1932: A na-enyo ya enyo - Flammarion * 1933: Le Second des Berthault - Flammarion == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 6a3pji5iejgdtvahmxf0qgiblvyca3p 0 75960 674636 673514 2026-07-09T18:08:18Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Clear}}'''Anny Duperey'; born '''Annie Legras'''; 28 June 1947) is a French [[Actor|actress]],<ref>{{Cite book|author=d'arvor|first=Patrick Poivre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uwu1DwAAQBAJ|title=Secrets d'enfance|date=2019-10-15|publisher=L'Archipel|isbn=978-2-8098-1874-1|language=fr}}</ref> published photographer and best-selling author<ref>{{Cite web|author=Média|first=Prisma|title=Anny Duperey – La biographie de Anny Duperey avec Gala.fr|url=https://www.gala.fr/stars_et_gotha/anny_duperey|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Gala.fr|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCl8NQEACAAJ|title=Anny Duperey: dossier biographique|date=1965|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kraszewska|first=Agata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RW0GzgEACAAJ|title=La figure maternelle dans "Le Voile noir", autobiographie d'Anny Duperey|date=2006|publisher=Gerflint|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Dupeu|first=Jean-Marc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rH_GDQAAQBAJ|title=L'intérêt du psychodrame analytique: Contribution à une métapsychologie de la technique analytique I|date=2015-12-31|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-079116-4|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Berre|first=Rozenn Le|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmELEAAAQBAJ|title=L' Expérience du deuil|date=2020-11-19|publisher=Presses Universitaires du Septentrion|isbn=978-2-7574-3221-1|language=fr}}</ref> with a career spanning almost six decades<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tessier|first=Bertrand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTLDwAAQBAJ|title=Bernard Giraudeau – Le baroudeur romantique|date=2011-07-01|publisher=L'Archipel|isbn=978-2-8098-0584-0|language=fr}}</ref> as of 2021 and more than eighty cinema or television credits,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tulard|first=Jean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWocAAAAQBAJ|title=Le Nouveau guide des films – Intégrale|date=2013-07-18|publisher=Groupe Robert Laffont|isbn=978-2-221-12486-4|language=fr}}</ref> around thirty theatre productions and 15 books.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Marschall|first=Alain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDFvDwAAQBAJ|title=Les secrets des Grandes Gueules|date=2018-09-26|publisher=L'Archipel|isbn=978-2-8098-2435-3|language=fr}}</ref> She is a five-time Molière Award for Best Actress nominee (known as the French Tony Awards),<ref>{{Cite book|author=Sharland|first=Elizabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LmCmpNAcYAC|title=A Theatrical Feast in Paris: From Moliere to Deneuve|date=2005|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-37451-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Arena|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6ksDwAAQBAJ|title=Europe's Stars of '80s Dance Pop: 32 International Music Legends Discuss Their Careers|date=2017-07-21|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-3014-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1998|title=France's Moliere Award Nominations Announced|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/frances-moliere-award-nominations-announced-com-74237|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Playbill|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401032543/http://www.playbill.com:80/article/frances-moliere-award-nominations-announced-com-74237|archivedate=2017-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Riding|first=Alan|date=2000-05-21|title=THEATER/THE TONY AWARDS; And the Moliere for Best Actor Goes to . . .|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/21/theater/theater-the-tony-awards-and-the-moliere-for-best-actor-goes-to.html|accessdate=2021-11-21}}</ref> was awarded two 7 d'Or (equivalent to the Emmy Awards)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Danglade|first=Jean-Philippe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JC5rpCDaslIC|title=Marketing et célébrités|date=2013-04-10|publisher=Dunod|isbn=978-2-10-059776-5|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Reed|first=R. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gU3uBwAAQBAJ|title=The Encyclopedia of Television, Cable, and Video|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4684-6521-1|language=en}}</ref> and was nominated for the César Award for Best Supporting Actress (known as the French [[Academy Awards|Oscars]])<ref>{{Cite web|title='French Oscars' marked by anger and protest as Polanski boycotts ceremony|url=https://news.yahoo.com/brad-pitt-snubs-french-oscars-polanski-row-rages-104842168.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Barbara Wojazer, Sheena McKenzie and Saskya Vandoorne|title=Actresses walk out of 'French Oscars' after Roman Polanski wins top awards|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/29/europe/roman-polanski-actresses-walk-out-cesar-awards-intl/index.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=CNN|date=29 February 2020}}</ref> for Yves Robert's ''Pardon Mon Affaire'' (1976). In 1977, she received the Prix Alice-Louis-Barthou [fr] awarded by the Académie Française. She is more commercially known for her leading role as Catherine Beaumont in the TF1 hit series ''Une famille formidable'' which ran for 15 seasons (1992–2018) regularly topping national primetime viewership numbers and also broadcast throughout [[Asụsụ French|French-speaking]] Europe peaking at 11 million viewers in [[France]] alone.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Falchi|first=Karine de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2HkCwAAQBAJ|title=Ecrire une série télé: Toutes les astuces pour rédiger une bible efficace|date=2016-04-07|publisher=Editions Eyrolles|isbn=978-2-212-04588-8|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sojcher|first=Frédéric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8BsDwAAQBAJ|title=Écrire un film: Scénaristes et cinéastes au travail|date=2018-09-20|publisher=Les Impressions nouvelles|isbn=978-2-87449-626-4|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Melquiond|first=Madeleine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg4j9Wsgo9gC|title=On n'est pas sérieux quand on a 60 ans: Témoignage|date=2013-02-28|publisher=Max Milo|isbn=978-2-315-00446-1|language=fr}}</ref> Some of her most notable feature films include [[Jean-Luc Godard]]'s ''Two or Three Things I Know About Her'' (1967); Roger Vadim's ''Spirits of the Dead'' (1968); André Hunebelle's ''The Return of Monte Cristo'' (1968); Alain Resnais' ''Stavisky'' (1974); Umberto Lenzi's ''From Hell to Victory'' (1979); Henri Verneuil's ''A Thousand Billion Dollars'' (1982), Claude Berri's <nowiki><i id="mwlg">Germinal</i></nowiki> (1993) or Alain Resnais' <nowiki><i id="mwmQ">You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet</i></nowiki> (2012).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tulard|first=Jean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7dTDwAAQBAJ|title=Le Nouveau guide des films – Tome 5|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Groupe Robert Laffont|isbn=978-2-221-21927-0|language=fr}}</ref> Her trapeze number for the Gala de l'Union des artistes [fr] with Francis Perrin<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anny Duperey : Son histoire d'amour secrète ! - France Dimanche|url=https://www.francedimanche.fr/actualites/anny-duperey-son-histoire-d-amour-secrete|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.francedimanche.fr|date=2 August 2014|archivedate=2021-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121113258/https://www.francedimanche.fr/actualites/anny-duperey-son-histoire-d-amour-secrete}}</ref> as well as her 'red dress scene' with Jean Rochefort swaying her hips as a nod to Marilyn Monroe on Vladimir Cosma's original score both became cult in French popular culture.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Telestar.fr|date=2017-10-10|title=Un éléphant ça trompe énormément : retour sur la scè... - Télé Star|url=https://www.telestar.fr/actu-tv/autres-emissions/un-elephant-ca-trompe-enormement-retour-sur-la-scene-culte-de-la-robe-306428|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.telestar.fr|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sports+|first=DH Les|date=2019-10-26|title=Anny Duperey : "Je suis née d'une séance photo"|url=https://www.dhnet.be/medias/cinema/je-suis-nee-d-une-seance-photo-5db05935f20d5a264d0f39ed|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=DH Les Sports +|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Bastide|first=François-Régis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYR7DwAAQBAJ|title=Au théâtre certains soirs: Chroniques|date=1972-01-01|publisher=Seuil (réédition numérique FeniXX)|isbn=979-1-03-690422-6|language=fr}}</ref> She was made a Chevalier ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: ''Knight'') of the Légion d'honneur as part of the [[France|French Republic]]'s 2012 New Year decoration class also honouring Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Maurice Herzog and Salma Hayek.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nouvel an: Légion d'honneur pour Salma Hayek, Anny Duperey, Georges Pernoud, Patrick de Carolis... {{!}} Jean-Marc Morandini|url=https://www.jeanmarcmorandini.com/article-246837-nouvel-an-legion-d-honneur-pour-salma-hayek-anny-duperey-georges-pernoud-patrick-de|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.jeanmarcmorandini.com|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-16|title=Légion d'Honneur : Georges Pernoud, Anny Duperey, Patrick de Carolis et Salma Hayek décorés|url=http://www.premiere.fr/Tele/Legion-d-Honneur-Georges-Pernoud-Anny-Duperey-Patrick-de-Carolis-et-Salma-Hayek-decores|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Premiere.fr|language=FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Recherche de décoré {{!}} La grande chancellerie|url=https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/fr/page/recherche-de-decore/102|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.legiondhonneur.fr}}</ref> She has been a supporter of the charity SOS Children's Villages since 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anny Duperey, marraine de coeur depuis 1993|url=https://www.sosve.org/portraits/anny-duperey-marraine-de-coeur-depuis-1993/|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=SOS Villages d'Enfants|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Cotteau|first=Gilbert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ1lAgAAQBAJ|title=SOS Villages d'enfant – A portée de coeur|date=2014-01-02|publisher=edi8|isbn=978-2-263-06316-9|language=fr}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Ezinrọ Duperey si La Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel na Normandy. Nne na nna ya, Lucien na Ginette Legras bụ ndị na-ese foto, ọnwụ mgbe ha dị afọ 8 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Laurent|first=Denizeau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq7CDgAAQBAJ|title=La Vie, mode mineur|date=2017-04-21|publisher=Presses des Mines via OpenEdition|isbn=978-2-35671-434-3|language=fr}}</ref> ka ha mụrụ na ike na 6 Nọvemba 1955 na Sotteville-lès-Rouen, carbon monoxide na-egbu ya n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ ha n'ihi ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na-ebelata ezu.  Mgbe ihe omume a, nne nne ya mere ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Chaumet|first=Nathalie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85BMRiHqoIsC|title=Du crépuscule à l'aube, le chemin du deuil|date=2006|publisher=Editions Olivetan|isbn=978-2-915245-40-0|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Lecomte|first=Jacques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAI-Zv86efQC|title=Guérir de son enfance|date=2004-05-18|publisher=Odile Jacob|isbn=978-2-7381-1438-9|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=DESCHAMPS|first=Daniele|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNOVDAAAQBAJ|title=L'engagement du thérapeute|date=2012-11-26|publisher=Eres|isbn=978-2-7492-1993-6|language=fr}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gachara ihe nkiri nke obodo ya, ọ kwagara Paris ịga nke René Simon. Ọ dị ka onye na-ese nke ma mee mbụ mbụ ya n'elu ikpo okwu na 1965, na-egwu na La Mamma nke André Roussin wee mee ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Jean-Luc Godard's Two or Three Things I Know About Her (1967).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collectif|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-0BCwAAQBAJ|title=Le Dictionnaire universel des créatrices|date=2015-11-26|publisher=Éditions des femmes|isbn=978-2-7210-0651-6|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Anny_Duperey_Cannes_2012.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Duperey na 2012 Cannes Film Festival]] .O so mee Ihe nkiri egwu abụọ na France, Spirits of the Dead (1968) na The Blood Rose (1970). Na ihe nkiri Alain Resnais nke afọ 1974 Stavisky, ọ Citizen Arlette, eje ozi mara mma nke onye Alexandre Stavisky nke Jean-Paul Belmondo sere. A ahụmahụ Anny Duperey maka onyonyo César nke afọ 1977 maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ Nkwado maka ebubo ya na "Un éléphant ça trompe énormément" (An Elephant Can Be Extremely Deceptive). Maka ọrụ ya na ebe, ọ ritere ihe nrite 7 d'Or Best Actress abụọ. Na ihe nkiri Bekee, Anny Duperey dị na Al Pacino na ihe nkiri Sydney Pollack nke 1977 Bobby Deerfield . Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ a ma ama egwu Les Compères na usoro TV 1992 Une famille formidable. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2006, ọ duziri Oscar na Lady na Pink (2002, French: Oscar et la dame rose), akwụkwọ ọmụmụ nke Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt dere; ọ bụ akara na L'Avant-Seine Theatre na Colombes.{{Reflist}} == Ọrụ ebere == onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Anny Duperey wepụtara onwe ya maka ihe ndị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ Maka ọdịmma ụmụaka nke mba ụwa SOS Children's Villages na SOS-PAPA otu ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa iji nyere aka hụ na ụmụaka ịgba alụkwaghịm nwere òkè zuru oke site n'aka ndị nne na nna abụọ. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Onye nduzi ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="3" |1967 |''Jerk na Istanbul'' |Apolline |Francis Rigaud | |- |''Nwoke ahụ ruru ọtụtụ ijeri'' |Barbara Novak |Michel Boisrond | |- |''Ihe Abụọ ma ọ bụ Atọ M maara Banyere Ya'' |Marianne |[[Jean-Luc Godard]] | |- | rowspan="2" |1968 |''Mmụọ nke Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ'' |Onye Nwanyị Na-arụ Ọrụ n'Ụlọikpe |Roger Vadim |Akụkụ "Metzengerstein" |- |''Nlaghachi nke Monte Cristo'' |Maria |André Hunebelle | |- | rowspan="3" |1969 |''Ụmụ nwanyị'' |Helen |Jean Aurel | |- |''Di na nwunye na-eto eto'' |Ariane |René Gainville | |- |''Keeyyee, Barbara'' |Aglaé |Michel Deville | |- |1970 |''Rose Ọbara'' |Anne |Claude Mulot | |- | rowspan="2" |1972 |''Ọ bụghị onye nzuzu, nnụnụ ahụ'' |Malita |Jean Delannoy | |- |''Ọdachi Alfred mere'' |Agathe Bodard |Pierre Richard | |- | rowspan="2" |1973 |''Nnụnụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe'' |Marie-Laure de Porcheville |Jean-Claude Brialy | |- |''Enweghị ihe edeturu'' |Cora |Bruno Gantillon | |- |1974 |''Stavisky'' |Arlette |Alain Resnais | |- | rowspan="3" |1975 |''Obi Ụtọ Ọjọọ'' |Marianne Malaiseau |Bernard Toublanc-Michel | |- |''Enweghị nsogbu! '' |Janis |Georges Lautner | |- |''Hugs and Other Things [nke]'' |Maria |Jochen Richter [nke] | |- |1976 |''Mgbaghara Okwu M'' |Charlotte |Yves Robert |A họpụtara ya - César Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaCésar Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma |- | rowspan="3" |1977 |''Onye na-abịa'' |Nwunye Fluvio |Samy Pavel | |- |''Ọlaedo Night'' |Andrée |Serge Moati | |- |''Bobby Deerfield'' |Lydia |Sydney Pollack | |- |1978 |''Trocadéro na-acha anụnụ anụnụ lemon'' |Annie |Michaël Schock | |- |1979 |''Site na Hel Gaa na Mmeri'' |Fabienne Bodin |Umberto Lenzi | |- |1980 |''Ịchụpụ ụgbọala'' |Claudia Klessing |Wigbert Wicker | |- |1981 |''Psy'' |Colette |Philip nke Broca | |- | rowspan="3" |1982 |''Nnukwu mgbaghara'' |Ihe a na-akpọ Carole |Alexander Arcady | |- |''Ogbugbu n'ụlọ'' |Aurélia Maudru |Marc Lobet | |- |''Otu puku ijeri dollar'' |Laura Weber |Henri Verneuil | |- | rowspan="2" |1983 |''Ndị ibe'' |Christine Martin |Francis Veber | |- |''Ekwensu n'Agwaetiti ahụ'' |Dr. Gabrielle Martin |Francis Leroi |Fantasporto - Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |1984 |''Ịghọ aghụghọ'' |Nathalie Verta |Yannick Bellon | |- |1988 |''Gandahar'' |Ambedọ Aka |René Laloux | |- |1993 |''Mkpụrụ osisi'' |Oriakụ Hennebeau |Claude Berri | |- |1999 |''N'oge na-adịghị anya'' |Aline |Anne-Marie Etienne | |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Mụ na ya na-agba egwú'' |Nne Alexandra |Valérie Guig Nabodet | |- |''N'okpuru anya m'' |Nne Nne |Stéphanie Vasseur |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2008 |''N'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke àkwà'' |Ịdị larịị |Pascale Pouzadoux | |- | rowspan="3" |2009 |''Bamboo'' |Kaki |Didier Bourdon | |- |''Iden dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ'' |Nwanyị mara mma |Costa-Gavras | |- |''Mkpụrụ obi ndị nwere pixels'' |Helen |Michael Castellanet |Dị mkpirikpi |- |2011 |''Ịhụnanya Na-egbu Afọ Atọ'' |Nne Marc |Frédéric Beigbeder | |- |2012 |''Ị hụghị ihe ọ bụla'' |Nne Eurydice |Alain Resnais | |- |2019 |''Naanị Gigolo'' |Samantha |Olivier Baroux | |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |''N'Ụzọ Ojii'' |Helen |Denis Imbert | |- |''Njem Ndị Na-eyi Ụtọ'' | |Pascal Thomas | |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Onye dere ya !Onye nduzi !Ihe edeturu |- |1965 |''Alụmdi na Nwunye Atọ nke Mélanie'' |Charlotte Frances |[[Jean Meyer (actor)|Jean Meyer]] | |- |1965-67 |''Nne'' |André Roussin |André Roussin | |- |1969 |''Liebeskonzil'' |Oskar Panizza |Jorge Lavelli | |- |1970 |''Arịa dị n'elu ugwu'' |Alfred Jarry |Jean-Louis Barrault | |- | rowspan="2" |1971 |''Isabella, Ụgbọ Mmiri Atọ na Nwoke Obibi'' |Dario Fo |Dario Fo | |- |''Agha Trojan agaghị eme'' |Jean Giraudoux |Jean Mercure | |- |1973 |''N'abalị nke Iri na Abụọ'' |[[William Shakespeare]] |Jean Le Poulain | |- |1974 |''Isabella Morra'' |André Pieyre nke Mandiargues |Jean-Louis Barrault | |- |1977 |''Ụwa Ọhụrụ'' |Auguste Villiers nke Isle-Adam |Jean-Louis Barrault | |- | rowspan="2" |1980 |''Akụkọ Oge Oyi'' |[[William Shakespeare]] |Jorge Lavelli | |- |''Nlebara anya na-adịghị ike'' |André Ernotte na Elliot Tiber |André Ernotte | |- |1981 |''Ịhụnanya nke Ịhụnanya'' |[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Molière |Jean-Louis Barrault | |- |1983 |''Nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwere ihe ọzọ'' |Bernard Slade |Pierre Mondy | |- |1984-85 |''Duet maka Otu'' |Tom Kempinski |Raymond Gérôme | |- |1986 |''Nkwughachi ma ọ bụ Ịhụnanya A Na-ata Ahụhụ'' |Jean Anouilh |Bernard Murat | |- |1987-89 |''Ihe Nzuzo'' |Henri Bernstein |Andréas Voutsinas |A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |1990 |Ihe na-atọ gị ụtọ ịhapụ & Ihe na-eme ka ị dị ọcha''Achịcha Ụlọ'' |Jules Renard |Bernard Murat |A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |1994 |''Mgbe Ọ Na-agba Egwú'' |Martin Sherman |Patrice Kerbrat | |- |1995-97 |''Di Dị Mma'' |Oscar Wilde |Adrian Brine |A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |2003 |''Ihe ncheta'' |John Murrell |Bernard Murat | |- |2006 |''Oscar na Lady na Pink'' |Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt |Joël Santoni |A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |2010-11 |''nduru'' |Jean Anouilh |Michel Fagadau |A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |- |2010-12 |''Mgbaghara Maka kapet'' |Bertrand Blier |Bertrand Blier | |- |2013 |''Nwanyị Na-eme Anụ N'Obi nke Chaillot'' |Jean Giraudoux |Didier Long | |- |2018 |''Nkịta na-enweghị atụ'' |Anny Duperey |Ninon Bretecher | |- |2022 |''Ụmụaka m hụrụ n'anya'' |[[Jean Marboeuf]] |[[Jean Marboeuf]] | |- |} == Onye dere ya == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Akwụkwọ !Onye bipụtara ya !Ihe edeturu |- |1976 |''Ebe Obibi'' | rowspan="7" |Mbipụta nke Threshold |NovelPrix Alice-Barthou nke Académie française<br /> |- |1986 |''Ọnụ Mazarin'' |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |- |1992 |''Ihe Na-ekpuchi Ojii'' |Akụkọ ndụ |- | rowspan="2" |1993 |''Ana m edegara gị akwụkwọ ozi'' |Akụkọ ndụ na akaebe |- |''Lucien Legras, onye na-ese foto a na-amaghị ama'' |Foto nke Lucien Legras (nna ya) |- |1999 |''Nkịta na-enweghị atụ'' |Akụkọ |- |2002 |''Ka anyị gaa hụ ihe ọzọ, ọ chọrọ? '' |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |- |2003 |''Okwu Nkịta'' | rowspan="2" |Mbipụta Ramsay |Ihe odide na ihe osise na Sonja Knapp |- |2004 |''Ihe Ndị Na-esi ísì ụtọ'' |Ihe odide |- |2005 |''Otu mgbede'' | rowspan="6" |Mbipụta nke Threshold |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |- |2008 |''Ndụ na nka ya, nka na ndụ ya'' |Akwụkwọ ozi n'etiti Anny Duperey na Nina Vidrovitch |- |2011 |''Ntutu na Ábụ́bà'' |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |- |2017 |''Nrọ Nne m'' |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |- |2018 |''Foto nke Annie'' |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |- |2022 |''Ebe Egwuregwu Na-aga'' |Akwụkwọ akụkọ |- |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == [[Faịlụ:Virginie_Lemoine_et_Anny_Duperey,_Molières_2018_2.jpg|thumb|373x373px|Virginia Lemoine na Duperey na 2018 Molière Awards.]] === Ihe nrite Molière === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara !Ụdị !Nsonaazụ |- |1988 |''Ihe Nzuzo'' |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}} |- |1990 |Achịcha nke Ịsacha & Obi Ụtọ nke Ịgba Agha''Obi ụtọ nke ịhapụ'' |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}} |- |1996 |''Di Dị Mma'' |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}} |- |2006 |''Oscar na nwanyị na-acha pinki pinki'' |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}} |- |2010 |''nduru'' |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}} |} === Ihe nrite nke Caesar === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara !Ụdị !Nsonaazụ |- |1977 |''Mgbaghara Okwu M'' |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma|{{Nom}} |} == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ja42je1cuyzzcafzs7mqn0t15m0ko8p 0 75961 674638 638693 2026-07-09T18:10:59Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674638 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Ghislaine Dupont''' (; 13 Jenụwarị 1956 - 2 Nọvemba 2013) bụ onye nta akụkọ French bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara Afrịka. == Akụkọ onwe onye == Ọ biri mgbe ọ bụ afọ ole na ole n'Africa. Mgbe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ, ọ debara aha ya na École supérieure de journalisme de Paris. Ọ akụkọ ọrụ ya site n'ide akwụkwọ na Ouest-France na Témoignage Chrétien . O mechara ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ redio n'efu, Gilda La Radiopolitaine na Paris. Ọ sonyeere Redio France Belfort mgbe ahụ na nke mbụ Redio France Internationale na 1986, tupu ọ gaa Morocco na Tangier maka Redio Méditerranée Internationale nke onwe ya. Mgbe ọ la ihie na RFI na 1990, Dupont mmetụta ọrụ naanị nsogbu Africa: ya na UNITA na Angola, na Sierra Leone na mpaghara RUF nyere, Djibouti, nri Etiopia-Eritrea, Rwanda, Sudan, Algeria na Ivory Coast ebe ọ ma bụ adị nke ili ọha na Abidjan. Ọgta ọrụ na Democratic Republic of Congo n'agbata afọ 1997 na 2007. A maara Ghislaine Dupont dị ka onye achọpụta klas mbụ, na-enwe usoro nchịkọta akụkọ na ihe nkoro na-acha ígwè Soviet dị mma. Ọka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na RFI na Julaị 2013. Ghislaine Dupont nke akụkọ aka na Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) na 1997. N'afọ 2002, o ngwaọrụ n'ime pụta Redio Okapi na DRC. "The Frequency of Peace" e kere na nke Swiss Hirondelle Foundation, otu NGO na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwado mgbasa ozi n'akpa nsogbu, na Nkwado nke UN Mission na DRC (MONUC). Ọ ndị isi nta ndị na-eto eto na Radio Okapi nọ ugbu a n'ihu mgbasa ozi nke mba ahụ N'afọ 2006, otu Kinshasa nke Kabila ịchụpụ ya n'etiti agba nke mbụ na nke abụọ nke mbụ aka onye isi ala. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Na 5 Nọvemba 2013, Dupont na Verlon natara ihe omume mma mgbe ha nwụsịrị site n'aka Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, onye isi ala Mali. <ref name="rfiNOV14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20141101-assassinats-journalistes-lutte-contre-impunite/|title=Assassinats de journalistes: la lutte contre l'impunité – RFI|author=Véronique Gaymard|work=RFI|date=November 2014|accessdate=31 October 2019|archivedate=31 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031151832/http://www.rfi.fr/emission/20141101-assassinats-journalistes-lutte-contre-impunite/}}</ref><ref name="reaction">{{Cite web|url=http://www.journaldumali.com/article.php?aid=7315|title=JournalDuMali.com: Ghislaine Dupont et Claude Verlon décorés à titre posthume|work=journaldumali.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630155221/http://www.journaldumali.com/article.php?aid=7315|archivedate=2014-06-30}}</ref> Na September 2014, Redio France Internationale nyere Ghislaine Dupont et Claude Verlon scholarships iji gosi ndị nta akụkọ ọnwụ anwụ. A na-enye onye nta ihe na-eru afọ 30 na onye na-ahụ maka iwu si Africa onyunyo kwa afọ, ha ga-enwekwa nna ihe na Paris. E nyere onyinye ahụ na 2 Nọvemba 2014 na Bamako, nke bụ mbụ mbụ nke ọnwụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20141102-press-freedom-journalists-crimes-impunity-dupont-verlon/|title=France – Remembering slain RFI journalists: 'Imagine a world without news'|work=France 24|date=2 November 2014|accessdate=31 October 2019|archivedate=19 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019090105/https://www.france24.com/en/20141102-press-freedom-journalists-crimes-impunity-dupont-verlon}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nyere ndị na-eme nchọpụta maka Mba Nile iji eze Impunity dabere na iwe dị n'azụ ogbugbu Dupont na Verlon dị ka ekwuru na egwu ya..<ref name="rsf">{{Cite web|url=http://en.rsf.org/un-general-assembly-adopts-26-11-2013,45512.html|title=UN General Assembly adopts resolution on journalists safety – Reporters Without Borders|work=rsf.org|accessdate=31 October 2019|archivedate=21 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321123542/http://en.rsf.org/un-general-assembly-adopts-26-11-2013,45512.html}}</ref> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] js3ojg5ymjk5pt2zbtqejg93arpvfqa 0 75965 674642 638769 2026-07-09T18:14:25Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Noëlle Jospin''', 16 Ọktoba 1944) bụ onye edemede na onye nkuzi na French na Humanities na Mahadum Paris Descartes (Paris V). Ọ bụ ya dere edemede, nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. == Ndụ na ọrụ == Noëlle Châtelet nwetara PhD ya n'okpuru Gilles Deleuze na 1976 na Mahadum Paris nke asatọ na thesis na Sociology akpọrọ Le Corps à corps culinaire: images et institutions [The Culinary Melee: Foto na Ụlọ Ọrụ] gbasara akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na omenala nke Nsogbu iri nri na ụmụ agbọghọ. Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke French Institute of Florence, Italy, site na 1989 ruo 1991. Kemgbe 2003, ọ bụ osote onyeisi oche nke Society of Men of Letters of France. O sonyekwala dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ọrụ maka telivishọn na ihe nkiri ruo 1987. Ọ bụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke ọkà ihe ọmụma François Châtelet. Ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị Lionel Jospin . [2] == Nsọpụrụ == * 1987: Prix Goncourt de la Nouvelle, Histoires de bouche<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goncourt de la Nouvelle|url=https://www.academiegoncourt.com/goncourt-de-la-nouvelle?article=1358369854|work=[[Académie Goncourt]]|accessdate=2 March 2026|language=fr}}</ref> * 2009: Chevalier nke Legion of Honour <ref>{{Cite web|title=Décret du 10 avril 2009 portant promotion et nomination|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000020506686|work=[[Légifrance]]|accessdate=2 March 2026|date=10 April 2009|language=fr}}</ref> * 2016: Onye isi nke Ordre National du Mérite <ref>{{Cite web|title=Décret du 13 mai 2016 portant promotion et nomination|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000032528142|work=[[Légifrance]]|accessdate=2 March 2026|language=fr|date=13 May 2016}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == '''Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo''' * ''Ihe Ndị Na-esi Nri'' * Ihe Na-adịghị Mma, 1989 * ''Tebụl'', 1992 * Isọ Isabelle, 2007 [[Faịlụ:Noelle_Chatelet_et_Vahram_Zaryan_I_Forum_Européen_de_Bioéthique_-_Forum_Culture_I_Strasbourg.jpg|thumb|Noëlle Châtelet na Vahram Zaryan / Forum Européen de Bioéthique - Forum Culture / Strasbourg]] '''Akụkọ ifo''' * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Prix Goncourt ọhụrụ na 1987. * The Short scale, Gallimard, 1991. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * The Lady in Blue, Folio, 1997. Price Anna de Noailles, French Academy. * ''Nwanyị Coquelicot'', 1997 * Obere ebe a na-akpọ sunflower, 1998 * La Tête en bas, 2002, Adaptation nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma mee ihe ngosi nke oge a site na Compagnie Vahram Zaryan, 2013 * La Dernière Leçon, 2004 - nke e mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri 2015 The Final Lesson''Ihe Nkụzi Ikpeazụ'' * ''N'ala ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara'', 2009[2] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Peeji na Noëlle Châtelet na saịtị SACD {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chatelet, Noelle}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] m4jbc7jidxi9lh9zk0vk7k4m352t0ac 0 75984 674647 670922 2026-07-09T18:18:18Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lydia Davis''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Julaị 15, afọ 1947) bụ onye America na-ede akụkọ mkpirikpi, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye edemede, na onye ntụgharị site na French na asụsụ ndị ọzọ, onye na'edekarị akụkọ mkpirisi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/13/flash-fiction_n_5481868.html|title=Read 15 Amazing Works Of Fiction In Less Than 30 Minutes|first=Maddie|author=Crum|date=Jun 13, 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="lareviewofbooks.org">{{Cite web|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/book-gets-fatter/|title=The Book Gets Fatter: Lydia Davis's "Can't and Won't"|first=Michael|author=LaPointe|work=Los Angeles Review of Books|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=Oct 21, 2019}}</ref> Davis emeela ọtụtụ nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ edemede French, gụnyere Swann's Way nke Marcel Proust na Madame Bovary nke Gustave Flaubert. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Davis na Northampton, Massachusetts, n'ọnwa Julia 15, afọ 1947. <ref name="ILFB"/> Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Robert Gorham Davis, onye nkatọ na prọfesọ nke Bekee, na Hope Hale Davis, onye edemede akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, onye nkuzi, na onye na-ede akụkọ.<ref name="CL-Int">{{Cite journal|title=An Interview with Lydia Davis|author=Knight, Christopher J.|journal=Contemporary Literature|year=1999|volume=40|issue=4|pages=525–551|doi=10.2307/1208793}}</ref> Davis malitere ịmụ egwu, nke mbụ piano, mgbe ahụ violin, nke bụ ịhụnanya mbụ ya.<ref name="Miller, Michael">{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye edemede, Davis kwuru, sị, "Ọ ga-abụ na m na-agakarị ịbụ onye edemede, ọ bụ ezie na nke ahụ abụghị ịhụnanya mbụ m. Echere m na ọ ga-abụrịrị na m na-achọkarị ide ihe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke m ma ọ bụ na agaghị m eme ya." Site na nke ise ruo nke asatọ, ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Brearley na New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.032c.com/magazine/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis//|title=Lydia Davis: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=Miller, Michael|publisher=032c|accessdate=25 April 2026}}</ref> Site na klas nke ise ruo asatọ, ọ gara The Brearley School na New York City. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na The Putney School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1965. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Barnard College, n'oge ahụ ọ na-edekarị abụ uri.<ref name="Miller, Michael" /> N'afọ 1974, Davis lụrụ Paul Auster, onye ya na ya mụrụ nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Daniel (1977-2022).<ref name="CL-Int"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Vadukul|first=Alex|date=2022-07-27|title=The Life and Death of Daniel Auster, a Son of Literary Brooklyn|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/27/style/daniel-auster-life-death.html|accessdate=2023-01-11}}</ref> Auster na Davis mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm; Davis lụrụ onye na-ese ihe Alan Cote ugbu a, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwoke ọzọ, Theo Cote.<ref name="Ind-Man">{{Cite news|author=Sherwin, Adam|date=2013-05-23|title=World's most concise short story writer Lydia Davis wins Booker International Prize 2013|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/worlds-most-concise-short-story-writer-lydia-davis-wins-booker-international-prize-2013-8627388.html|accessdate=2013-05-23|publisher=Independent}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum dị na Albany, SUNY, ma bụrụkwa onye edemede pụrụ iche nke Lillian Vernon na Mahadum New York n'afọ 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lydia Davis|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/people/lydia-davis|accessdate=2024-11-29|work=The Poetry Foundation}}</ref><ref name="NYU">{{Cite web|url=http://cwp.as.nyu.edu/object/cwp.announcements.Davis|title=Lydia Davis is Lillian Vernon Distinguished Writer-in-Residence|publisher=New York University|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Davis ebipụtala nchịkọta akụkọ isii, gụnyere The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories (1976) na Break It Down (1986), onye ikpeazụ maka PEN / Hemingway Award. Nchịkọta ya kachasị ọhụrụ bụ Varieties of Disturbance, onye ikpeazụ maka National Book Award nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara na 2007, na Can't and Won't (2013). The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis (2009) nwere akụkọ ifo ya niile ruo 2008. Davis atụgharịwokwa Proust, Flaubert, Blanchot, Foucault, Michel Butor, Michel Leiris, Pierre Jean Jouve na ndị edemede French ndị ọzọ, <ref name="ILFB"/> yana onye edemede Belgian Conrad Detrez na onye edemede Dutch A. L. Snijders. O dere otu akwụkwọ akụkọ, The End of the Story, nke Farrar, Straus na Giroux bipụtara n'afọ 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/max-issue.html?issue=526|title=Thursday, July 13, 2023: Maximum Shelf: Our Strangers|work=www.shelf-awareness.com}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume na mmetụta == A kọwara Davis dị ka "onye ukwu nke ụdị edemede nke ya onwe ya mepụtara". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Teicher|first=Craig Morgan|title=Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|url=http://www.cleveland.com/bookreviews/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/entertainment-1/1255163642224190.xml&coll=2|work=The Plain Dealer|date=October 11, 2009|accessdate=March 20, 2020}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime "akụkọ" ya bụ naanị otu ma ọ bụ abụọ ahịrịokwu. Davis jiri ọrụ ndị a tụnyere ụlọ elu n'echiche na nnukwu oghere gbara ha gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://032c.com/2013/storytelling-a-strange-impulse-lydia-davis/|title=LYDIA DAVIS: Storytelling, a Strange Impulse|author=032c.com|accessdate=17 July 2014}}</ref> N'ide na Los Angeles Review of Books, Michael LaPointe na-aga n'ihu na-ekwu mgbe "Lydia Davis chepụtara akụkọ ifo, ... ọ bụ onye na-eme ya n'oge a".<ref name="lareviewofbooks.org"/> "Olu ya pụrụ iche adịtụbeghị mfe ịbanye n'ụdị omenala," ka Kasia Boddy dere na ''Columbia Companion to the 21st Century Short Story''. Boddy dere, sị: "Ihe atụ Davis na-aga nke ọma mgbe ha na-enyocha nsogbu nke nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na atụmatụ nke ọ bụla na-eji akọwa okwu na omume nke onye nke ọzọ. " N'ime ndị edemede nke oge a, ọ bụ naanị Davis, Stuart Dybek, na Alice Fulton na-ekerịta ọdịiche nke ịpụta na The Best American Short Stories na The Best America Poetry series.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story|author=Boddy|first=Kasia|editor=Gelfant|chapter=Lydia Davis (1947– )|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=219–223|doi=10.7312/gelf11098|isbn=9780231504959}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003, Davis natara MacArthur Fellowship.<ref name="Believer">{{Cite web|url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis|title=Interview with LYDIA DAVIS|publisher=The Believer|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences n'afọ 2005. <ref name="AAAS">{{Cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter D|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref> Davis bụ ọkà okwu pụrụ iche na 2004 &NOW Festival na Mahadum Notre Dame . <ref name="&Now">{{Cite web|title=&Now Program Schedule|url=http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|work=&Now 2004|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=29 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015191925/http://www.nd.edu/~andnow/schedule.html|archivedate=15 October 2012}}</ref> A mara ọkwa Davis dị ka onye mmeri nke 2013 Man Booker International Prize na 22 Mee 2013 . <ref name="2013win">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10074108/Man-Booker-International-Prize-2013-Lydia-Davis-wins.html|title=Man Booker International Prize 2013: Lydia Davis wins|publisher=Telegraph|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|author=Stock, Jon}}</ref> Nkwuputa ọkwa nke onyinye Davis na weebụsaịtị Man Booker Prize kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka inwe "nkenke na nkenke nke uri." Onye isi oche ikpe ikpe Christopher Ricks kwuru, sị, "Enwere ịmụrụ anya na akụkọ ya, na nnukwu nlebara anya na-eche echiche. Nlebara anya ka esi aghọta ihe ruo n'okwu ma ọ bụ syllable; ịmụrụ anya maka ebumnobi adịghị ọcha na echiche efu nke onye ọ bụla." Davis ritere £ 60,000 dị ka akụkụ nke onyinye ahụ.<ref name="Prize2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|title=Lydia Davis wins the Man Booker International Prize 2013|publisher=Man Brooker Prize|date=2013-05-22|accessdate=2013-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826185202/http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/lydia-davis-wins-man-booker-international-prize-2013|archivedate=2014-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22625777|title=Man Booker International prize goes to Lydia Davis|date=22 May 2013|accessdate=23 May 2013|work=BBC News}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dịka "otu n'ime ndị isi na akụkọ ifo America taa". Davis jụrụ ire akwụkwọ ya bụ Our Strangers on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Meyer|first=Lily|date=2023-09-28|title=Why You Can't Buy Lydia Davis's New Book on Amazon|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/?post_type=article&p=463178|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Clark|first=Alex|date=2023-09-30|title='I'm not worried about fame or glory': Lydia Davis, the author who has refused to sell her book on Amazon|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/sep/30/im-not-worried-about-fame-or-glory-lydia-davis-the-author-who-has-refused-to-sell-her-book-on-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref> Edepụtara mkpokọta ya Akụkọ Anakọtara nke Lydia Davis dị ka otu n'ime "akwụkwọ 100 kacha mma nke narị afọ nke 21st" nke New York Times dere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The New York Times Book Staff|title=100 Best Books of the 21st Century|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/books/best-books-21st-century.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2024}}</ref> === Ihe nrite === * 1986 PEN/Hemingway Award finalist, maka Break It Down<ref name="ILFB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2001/lydia-davis|title=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin – Lydia Davis|publisher=Internationales literaturfestival Berlin|accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref> * 1988 Whiting Award maka akụkọ ifo <ref name="CL-Int"/> * "St. Martin," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na Grand Street, gụnyere na The Best American Short Stories 1997. * 1997 Guggenheim Fellowship * 1998 Lannan Literary Award for Fiction<ref name="ILFB" /> * 1999 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres maka akụkọ ifo na ntụgharị.<ref name="Believer"/> * "Agbalị," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na mbụ na ''Hambone'', gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 1999 * "A Mown Lawn," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na ''McSweeney''<nowiki/>'s, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2001 * 2003 MacArthur Fellows Program<ref name="Believer" /> * 2007 National Book Award Fiction finalist, maka Varieties of Disturbance: Stories <ref name="NBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html|title=2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis|publisher=National Book Foundation|accessdate=2013-05-23|author=Johnston, Bret Anthony|archivedate=2013-08-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html}}</ref> * "Ndị ikom," akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke pụtara na 32 Poems, gụnyere na The Best American Poetry 2008 * 2013 American Academy of Arts and Letters' Award of Merit Medal <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|title=The American Academy of Arts and Letters Announces 2013 Literature Award Winners and Inaugural E. B. White Award|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Letters|date=2013-03-13|accessdate=2013-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313042256/http://www.artsandletters.org/press_releases/2013literature.php|archivedate=2015-03-13}}</ref> * 2013 Philolexian Society Award for Distinguished Literary Achievement * 2013 Man Booker International Prize <ref name="2013win"/> * 2020 PEN/Malamud Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Winner|publisher=The PEN/Faulkner Foundation|url=https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/|accessdate=2020-08-25|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731195428/https://www.penfaulkner.org/pen-malamud-award/2018-winners/}}</ref> == Ntụgharị asụsụ ahọpụtara == * The Thirteenth Woman and Other Stories, Living Hand, 1976<ref name="ILFB"/> * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Sketches for a Life of Wassilly|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-930794-45-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Story and Other Stories|publisher=The Figures|year=1983|isbn=978-0-935724-17-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Break It Down|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1986|isbn=0-374-11653-9|url=https://archive.org/details/breakitdownstori00davi}} * (akwụkwọ akụkọ) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[The End of the Story]]|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1995|isbn=978-0-374-14831-7|id={{OL|ia:endofstory00davi}}}} * {{Cite book|title=Almost No Memory|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1997|isbn=978-0-374-10281-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Samuel Johnson Is Indignant|publisher=McSweeney's|year=2001|isbn=978-0-9703355-9-3|url=https://archive.org/details/samueljohnsonisi00davi}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=[[Varieties of Disturbance]]|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|date=May 15, 2007|isbn=978-0-374-28173-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Proust, Blanchot, and a Woman in Red|publisher=Center for Writers and Translators|year=2007|isbn=9780955296352}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|year=2009|isbn=978-0-374-27060-5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Collected Stories of Lydia Davis By Lydia Davis|url=http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|accessdate=14 January 2023|work=Bookmarks|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905084326/http://www.bookmarksmagazine.com:80/book-review/collected-stories-lydia-davis/lydia-davis|archivedate=5 Sep 2015}}</ref> * (nke e bipụtara na Can't and Won't) {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Cows|publisher=Sarabande Books|year=2011|isbn=9781932511932}} * ''Lydia Davis: Documenta Series 078''. Hatje Cantz 2012. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9783775729277|<bdi>9783775729277</bdi>]] &nbsp; * (nke ya na [[Eliot Weinberger]] dere) {{Cite book|title=Two American Scenes|publisher=New Directions|isbn=9780811220415}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Can't and Won't: Stories|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2014|isbn=9780374118587}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays One|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2019|isbn=9780374148850}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Essays Two|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2021|isbn=9780374148867}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Our Strangers: Stories|publisher=Bookshop Editions|year=2023|isbn=9798987717103}}<ref>{{Cite news|author=Leu|first=Chelsea|date=2023-10-04|title=Life Is Boring. Lydia Davis's New Book Makes That Fascinating.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/books/review/our-strangers-lydia-davis.html|accessdate=2023-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Athitakis|first=Mark|date=2023-10-04|title=How to skewer life's absurdities while thumbing your nose at Amazon|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2023-10-04/how-to-nail-lifes-verbal-absurdities-while-thumbing-your-nose-at-amazon|accessdate=2023-11-19|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McAlpin|first=Heller|date=October 3, 2023|title=In 'Our Strangers,' life's less exciting aspects are deemed fascinating|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/03/1200166716/book-review-our-strangers-lydia-davis|work=NPR}}</ref> * ''N'ime ahịhịa.'' Yale University Press, 2025. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780300279740|<bdi>9780300279740</bdi>]] &nbsp; === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme === * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Pushcart prize: best of the small presses|editor=Bill Henderson|publisher=Pushcart Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-916366-58-2|url=https://archive.org/details/pushcartprizexiv0000unse}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|chapter=St. Martin|title=The Best American Short Stories 1997|editor=E. Annie Proulx, Katrina Kenison|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1997|isbn=978-0-395-79866-9|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_i0f5}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|url=https://archive.org/details/bestamericanpoet0000unse_l6n5|quote=Lydia Davis.|chapter=A Mown Lawn|title=The Best American Poetry 2001|editor=Robert Hass|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-7432-0384-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIQtFKnRcpcC&q=Lydia%20Davis&pg=PT48|chapter=Men|title=The Best American Poetry 2008|editor=Charles Wright|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7432-9975-6}} === Nsụgharị ndị a họọrọ === * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation|url=https://archive.org/details/chinafrom1911rev0000ches/|author=Jean Chesneaux, Françoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergère|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1977}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Aboard the Aquitaine (Simenon African Trio)|author=Georges Simenon|authorlink=Georges Simenon|others=Translators Paul Auster and Lydia Davis|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|year=1979|isbn=0-15-103955-0|url=https://archive.org/details/africantriotalat00sime}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=French Photography, from Its Origins to the Present|author=Claude Nori|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Pantheon Press|year=1979}} * Attilio Colombo (1979). ''Foto ndị magburu onwe ha.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Akwụkwọ Pantheon. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Gaze of Orpheus, and Other Literary Essays|author=Maurice Blanchot|editor=P. Adams Sitney|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Station Hill Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0930794378}} * (Davis sụgharịrị okwu iri na itoolu nke Maurice Blanchot, "Joubert et l'espace.") {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert|author=Joseph Joubert|editor=Paul Auster|others=Translator Paul Auster|publisher=North Point Press|year=1983|isbn=0865471088}} * Conrad Detrez (1984). Ahịhịa maka ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich * Michel Butor (1986). ''Mmụọ nke Ebe Mediterenian''. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Conrad Detrez (1986). Mpaghara Ọkụ. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Marie Curie: A Life|author=Françoise Giroud|authorlink=Françoise Giroud|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Holmes & Meier|year=1986|isbn=0841909776|url=https://archive.org/details/mariecurielife00giro}} * Maurice Blanchot (1987). ''Nwoke Ikpeazụ.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Columbia University Press. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Tocqueville: A Biography|author=André Jardin|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Farrar Straus Giroux|year=1988|isbn=0374521905}} * Michel Leiris (1989). ''Mgbukpọ: Mgbukọta Mgbukwu'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ebe obibi akwụkwọ North Point. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=The Desert World|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0810160187|url=https://archive.org/details/desertworld00jouv_0}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Hecate: The Adventure of Catherine Crachat: I|author=Pierre Jean Jouve|others=Translator Lydia Davis|publisher=Marlboro Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0810160385}} * Michel Leiris (1991) The Rules of the Game: Scratches. Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Ụlọ Paragon * Pierre Jean Jouve (1993). ''Helen'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Michel Leiris (1997) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Ihe mkpofu.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Johns Hopkins University Press. * Michel Leiris (2017) ''Iwu nke Egwuregwu: Fibrils.'' Onye ntụgharị Lydia Davis. Yale University Press. * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Swann's Way|author=Marcel Proust|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0-14-243796-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=No Tomorrow|author=Vivant Denon|authorlink=Vivant Denon|editor=Peter Brooks|publisher=New York Review of Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1-59017-326-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|title=Madame Bovary|author=Gustave Flaubert|editor=Lydia Davis|publisher=Viking Adult|year=2010|isbn=978-0-670-02207-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|first=Alfred|author=Ollivant|date=2014|title=Bob, Son of Battle: The Last Gray Dog of Kenmuir|series=New York Review Children's Collection|isbn=9781590177297}} * {{Cite book|ref=none|first=A.L.|author=Snijders|date=2016|title=Grasses and Trees|publisher=AFDH|isbn=9789072603586}} * Snijders, A.L. (2021). ''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè abalị.'' Ọ bụ Lydia Davis sụgharịrị ya. Ụzọ Ọhụrụ. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|33em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Evans, Jonathan, ''The Many Voices of Lydia Davis: Translation, Rewriting, and Intertextuality'', Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016. *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_13607308 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Lydia Davis na Mahadum Columbia. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.] *   * "Tụma" na akụkọ anọ ndị ọzọ, Conjunctions, Five Stories, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing[https://web.archive.org/web/20241209005733/https://www.conjunctions.com/print/article/lydia-davis-c24 Akụkọ ise, nke Lydia Davis dere Conjunctions - The forum for innovational writing] *   *   *   *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402194717/http://thecoffinfactory.com/fiction-negative-emotions-by-lydia-davis/ "Negative Emotions". Coffin Factory (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi)] * [http://www.believermag.com/issues/200801/?read=interview_davis Ajụjụ ọnụ Believer na Sarah Manguso] * [http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/article_lydia_davis_samuel_johnson_is_indignant.htm Samuel Johnson Na-ewe iwe - TMO Na-ezute Lydia Davis] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209115019/http://bombsite.com/issues/60/articles/2086 Ajụjụ ọnụ ''BOMB'' na Francine Prose] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [http://thegiganticmag.com/magazine/articleDetail.php?p=articleDetail&id=159 ''Nnukwu'' ajụjụ ọnụ na James Yeh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120130021737/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/04/29/qa_with_lydia_davis/ "Q&A na Lydia Davis", The Boston Globe, Kate Bolick, Eprel 29, 2007] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130831134222/http://nationalbook.org/nba2007_f_davis_interv.html "2007 National Book Award Fiction Finalist Interview With Lydia Davis", ''National Book Foundation''] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/journal/article.html?id=181391 "Ọdịdị bụ Ọdịdị", Poetry Foundation''Ntọala nke uri''] * [http://www.webdelsol.com/Literary_Dialogues/interview-wds-davis.htm "Nkwurịta okwu na Lydia Davis", Web Del Sol''Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Del Sol''] * Audio-files @ PENNsound gee Lydia Davis ntị na-agụ site na ọrụ ya * [http://www.literaturfestival.com/bios1_3_6_516.html Onye edemede Page na ''''Internationales Literatufestival Berlin''''] Davis bụ onye ọbịa nke ILB (Internationales Literadufestival Berlin / Germany) na 2001 * [http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Davis.php "Lydia Davis", Penn Sound''Ụda Penn''] * [http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/lydia-davis-reading-goodbye-louise Lydia Davis: Ịgụ 'Goodbye Louise'] Vidio site na Louisiana ChannelỌwa Mmiri Louisiana * [http://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/lydia-davis#/ Profaịlụ na The Whiting Foundation] * [https://www.macfound.org/fellows/705/ Ntọala MacArthur] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200222203435/https://www.albany.edu/english/davis_l.php SUNY Albany] * [https://lannan.org/literary/detail/lydia-davis/fiction-award Ntọala Lannan] * [http://writing.upenn.edu/wh/people/fellows/davis.html Ndị edemede Kelly House] * [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/03/17/long-story-short New Yorker - Akụkọ Dị Mkpirikpi] * [https://us.macmillan.com/author/lydiadavis/ Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ MacMillan] * [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/127387/lydia-davis Ụlọ Penguin Random] * [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lydia-Davis Encyclopedia Britannica] * [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lydia-davis Ntọala nke uri] {{International Booker Prize}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mxz9n6gd26jtyvlce8moys8v23uadv8 0 75990 674646 638973 2026-07-09T18:17:08Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Manasseh Ishiaku''' (amụrụ na 9 Jenụwarị 1983) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/vereinslos-0/32523/spieler_manasseh-ishiaku.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921134440/http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/vereinslos-0/32523/spieler_manasseh-ishiaku.html|archivedate=21 September 2011|title=Ishiaku, Manasseh|publisher=[[kicker (sports magazine)|kicker]]|language=German|date=|accessdate=20 January 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na La Louvière, o nyeere ha aka imeri na 2002-03 Belgian Cup, na-agba bọọlụ ugboro abụọ na nke ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vi.nl/nieuws/la-louvire-wint-beker-van-belgi|title=La Louvière wint Beker van België|publisher=vi.nl|date=1 June 2003|accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> Afọ anọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, o nyere goolu mmeri na ngwụcha nke otu asọmpi ahụ, nke oge a maka Club Brugge..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/bruges-standard-en-2007-ishiaku-sauvait-la-saison-du-club-9237229|title=Bruges-Standard : En 2007, Ishiaku sauvait la saison du Club|work=rtbf.be|language=fr|accessdate=20 April 2022}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Louvière''' * Iko Belgium: 2002-032002–03 '''Klọb Brugge''' * Belgian Super Cup: 2005<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://fr.besoccer.com/match/club-brugge/kfc-germinal-beerschot/200665785/compos|title=Supercoupe de Belgique. Fin|work=besoccer.com|language=fr|accessdate=20 April 2022}}</ref> * Iko Belgium: 2006-072006–07 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Manasseh Ishiakuna WorldFootball.net * Manasseh Ishiakunafussballdaten.de (n'asụsụ German) * Manasseh Ishiakuna National-Football-Teams.com [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6k4e2xg23h0uac9mwox0wzqe6jlamd6 0 75997 674645 638983 2026-07-09T18:15:45Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Anne Fontaine''' (onye amụrụ '''Anne-Fontaine Sibertin-Blanc'''; 15 Julaị 1959) bụ Onye nduzi ihe nkiri Luxembourg, Onye edemede, na onye bụbu onye na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anne Fontaine|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/anne-fontaine/3030468706/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=TVGuide.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Colman|first=David|date=2013-09-13|title=Upon Reflection, Anne Fontaine's Feminine Touch|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/fashion/upon-reflection-anne-fontaines-feminine-touch.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Anne-Fontaine Sibertin-Blanc na Luxembourg, nwanne onye ome ihe nkiri Jean-Chrétien Sibertin-Blanc, ọ gara biri na Lisbon mgbe ọ dị obere., ebe nna ya, Antoine Sibertin -Blanc, bụ prọfesọ egwu na onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na katidral. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ kwagara Paris ma soro Joseph Russillo zụọ ịgba egwú mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, gụnyere nkà ihe ọmụma. ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya, gụnyere nkà ihe ọmụma. Di ya bụ Philippe Carcassonne, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri, ha nwekwara nwa nwoke e ji aka ya kpọchie, Tienne, onye a mụrụ na Cambodia. Mgbe ọ ka na-agba egwú, Robert Hossein họọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ Esmeralda na mmepụta ihe nkiri nke 1980 nke The Hunchback of Notre-Dame N'oge a, amalitere iji aha Anne Fontaine eme ihe. Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ọchị dịka Si ma gueule vous plaît... (1981) na P.R.O.F.S. (1985). Ohere ịbụ osote onye nduzi bịara na mbipụta nke Louis-Ferdinand Céline's Journey to the End of the Night na Renaud-Barrault theatre nke afọ 1986. Ọrụ mbụ Fontaine dị ka onye nduzi naanị ya, Les Histoires d'amour finissent mal... ''n'ozuzu'' (Love Affairs Usually End Badly), meriri Prix Jean Vigo nke afọ 1993. N'afọ 1995, ya na nwanne ya nwoke rụkọrọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri ''Augustine'' . Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, o dere ma duzie ihe ịga nke ọma Dry Cleaning (Nettoyage à Sec). Ọ meriri ihe nrite Best Screenplay na 1997 Venice Film Festival ma a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe dị ịrịba ama n'ụzọ Fontaine si ghọọ "onye dị mkpa na ihe nkiri French nke oge a". N'afọ 1999, onye Augustin (Jean-Chrétien Sibertin-Blanc) pụtara ọzọ na ihe nkiri Fontaine bụ Augustin, King of Kung-Fu . A tọhapụrụ How I Killed My Father na 2001, na ''Nathalie...'' sochiri na 2003. A kọwara ihe nkiri nke afọ 2005, Entre ses mains n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali: "ihe na-akpata obi" dịka Fontaine n'onwe ya si kwuo. E wepụtara ihe nkiri nke atọ nke Augustin, Nouvelle chance (nke a makwaara dị ka ''Oh La La'') na 2006. Mgbe ahụ bịara The Girl From Monaco na 2008 na Coco Before Chanel, ihe nkiri ndụ ya nke Coco Chanel, na 2009. A naghị akọwa ọrụ Fontaine n'ụzọ dị mfe, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "ihe nkiri uche". Ọ gwara akwụkwọ akụkọ UK, "Ana m agbalị ịrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ndị m na-adịghị ahụ anya, n'ụdị Freudian: ịjụ, 'Gịnị bụ ihe gbasara onwe ha ha ha ha na-amaghị?' Enwere m mmasị na irony nke akara aka, mgbe ihe na-abanye n'ime ihe. Akụkọ m niile nwere ihe obi ọjọọ na ha. " Ọ bụ ezie na ọ maara na mmegharị nke "ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị" rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe megidere usoro Hollywood oge ochie, Fontaine achọghị ịghọta nke a. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Eve-Laure Moros na 1998, o kwuru, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ ekwuo na 'Nettoyage a sec' bụ ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị, ọ tụrụ m n'anya nke ukwuu, amaghị m ihe nke ahụ pụtara... Echere m na ịbụ onye na-eme fim, n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mmadụ ghara inwe mmekọahụ. Ya bụ, ị na-aghọ ihe dị iche, mgbe ị na-eduzi ihe nkiri --- n'oge ịse ihe nkiri ahụ, ị ​​bụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ị bụ n'ezie ihe dị iche ma nwee mgbagwoju anya."<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ritterbusch|first=Rachel|year=2008|title=Anne Fontaine and Contemporary Women's Cinema in France.|journal=Rocky Mountain Review|volume=62|pages=68–81}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == '''Ihe nkiri''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya ! width="65" |Onye nduzi ! width="65" |Onye edemede !Ihe edeturu !Ihe mgbochi. |- |1993 |''Akụkọ ịhụnanya na-emebi emebi. n'ozuzu''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | | |- |1995 |''Augustine''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | | |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''A ga-eweghachi@mour''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} |Akụkụ: Tapin nke mgbede''Ihe nkiri nke mgbede'' | |- |''Ịsacha Mmiri''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite web|date=1999-03-26|title=Hidden Desires Unfold in Mesmerizing 'Dry Cleaning'|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-mar-26-ca-21071-story.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Stratton|first=David|date=1997-10-19|title=Dry Cleaning|url=https://variety.com/1997/film/reviews/dry-cleaning-1200451451/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1999 |''Augustine, Eze nke Kung-Fu''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | | |- |2001 |''Otu M si gbuo Nna m''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Hehir|first=Andrew|date=2002-08-31|title="How I Killed My Father"|url=https://www.salon.com/2002/08/30/i_killed_father/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Salon|language=en}}</ref> |- |2003 |''Nathalie...''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gates|first=Anita|date=2006-04-14|title=French Star Power and Sex in Anne Fontaine's 'Nathalie'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/14/movies/french-star-power-and-sex-in-anne-fontaines-nathalie.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Elley|first=Derek|date=2003-10-01|title=Nathalie . . .|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/nathalie-1200538904/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2005 |''N'aka ya''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | | |- |2006 |''Oh La La!''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | | |- |2008 |''Nwa agbọghọ si Monaco''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Elley|first=Derek|date=2008-08-14|title=The Girl From Monaco|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/reviews/the-girl-from-monaco-1200507761/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2009 |''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=September 23|first=Lisa Schwarzbaum Updated|title=Coco Before Chanel|url=https://ew.com/article/2009/09/23/coco-chanel/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=EW.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Morris|first=Wesley|date=2009-10-02|title=Coco Before Chanel|work=Boston.com|url=http://archive.boston.com/ae/movies/articles/2009/10/02/coco_has_fashion_but_lacks_real_passion/|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |2011 |''Nrọ Kasị njọ m''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | | |- |2013 |''Nne Abụọ''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wise|first=Damon|date=2013-01-21|title=Sundance film festival 2013: Two Mothers – first look review|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jan/21/sundance-film-festival-2013-two-mothers|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ebiri|first=Bilge|title=Ebiri on Adore: Two Hot Mothers, Two Hot Sons, Sexy Time|url=https://www.vulture.com/2013/09/movie-review-adore.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Vulture|date=6 September 2013|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=A. O.|date=2013-09-05|title=A Valentine for One, a Mother's Day Card for Another|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/movies/adore-gives-young-lovers-to-robin-wright-and-naomi-watts.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Gemma Bovery''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Joe|title=Flaubert gets a meta-movie makeover in 'Gemma Bovery'|url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/movies/reviews/flaubert-gets-a-meta-movie-makeover-in-gemma-bovery/article_b7dc1ba6-f1ea-52e3-be75-87b841bf8d2c.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=STLtoday.com|date=9 July 2015|language=en}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Ndị Aka ha Dị Aka Ike''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chang|first=Justin|date=2016-01-31|title=Film Review: 'The Innocents'|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/festivals/agnus-dei-review-sundance-1201693312/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bradshaw|first=Peter|date=2016-11-10|title=The Innocents review – a fervent drama about a wartime tragedy|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/10/the-innocents-review-anne-fontaine-rape-nuns|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Holden|first=Stephen|date=2016-06-30|title=Review: In 'The Innocents,' Not Even Nuns Are Spared War Horrors|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/movies/review-in-the-innocents-not-even-nuns-are-spared-war-horrors.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-30|title=Review: 'The Innocents' strikingly tells of what befell a convent victimized during WWII|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-innocents-review-20160627-snap-story.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Ịmepụta Marvin ọzọ''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lodge|first=Guy|date=2017-09-03|title=Venice Film Review: 'Reinventing Marvin'|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/reinventing-marvin-review-1202545874/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Ọcha Dị ka Snow''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kennedy|first=Lisa|date=2021-08-12|title='White as Snow' Review: The Fairest of Them All|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/movies/white-as-snow-review.html|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Mgbanwe abalị''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | | |- |2021 |''Ndị isi ala''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | | |- |2024 |''Bolero''| {{yes}}| {{yes}} | |<ref name="bol:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/coco-before-chanel-anne-fontaine-bolero-1235890253/|title='Coco Before Chanel' Director Anne Fontaine Celebrates Premiere of 'Boléro,' Teases New Project About Popular Music (EXCLUSIVE)|author=Marta Balaga|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=29 January 2024|accessdate=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> |} '''Ọrụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |1980 |''Ihe Omimi nke Paris'' |Sara |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |''Ụmụnne nne dị nro'' |Justine | |- |1981 |''Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ka m kwuo ya.'' |Isabelle | |- |1982 |''Igwefoto nke mbụ'' |Alba |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1984 |''Dọkịta Dị Iche Ike Cornelius'' |Andrée de Maubreuil |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- | rowspan="2" |1985 |''N'etiti nwamba na anụ ọhịa wolf'' |Carole Lambert |Ihe nkiri TV |- |''P.R.O.F.S.'' |Marite | |- |1986 |''Nnukwu họtel'' |Marite |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1987 |''Ụmụaka na White Whale'' |Claudine |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1988 |''Map e bipụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ'' |Pauline |Obere ihe nkiri TV |- |1986–1990 |''Usoro ihe nkiri pink'' |Mathilde / Oriakụ Orlova |Ihe nkiri TV |- |1999 |''Enweghị ihe ihere'' |Nathalie | |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == '''Ihe nrite BAFTA''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ụdị !Aha ya !Nsonaazụ |- |2009 |Ihe nkiri kacha mma Ọ bụghị n'asụsụ Bekee |''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{Nom}} |} '''Ihe nrite nke Caesar''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ụdị !Aha ya !Nsonaazụ |- |1998 |Ihe nkiri kachasị mma ma ọ bụ Adaptation |''Ịsacha Mmiri''| {{Nom}} |- |2006 | rowspan="2" |Ntinye Akaebe Kasị Mma |''N'aka ya''| {{Nom}} |- |2010 |''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2017 |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma | rowspan="3" |''Ndị Aka ha Dị Aka Ike''| {{Nom}} |- |Onye nduzi kacha mma| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nkiri kachasị mma| {{Nom}} |} '''Emume ihe nkiri Venice''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ụdị !Aha ya !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |Osella ọlaedo | rowspan="2" |''Ịsacha Mmiri''| {{Won}} |- |Ọdụm Ọlaedo| {{Nom}} |} '''Onyinye Ìhè''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ụdị !Aha ya !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma | rowspan="2" |''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{Nom}} |- |Onye nduzi kacha mma| {{Nom}} |} '''Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ''' {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Aha ya !Nsonaazụ |- |1993 | colspan="2" |Ihe nrite Jean Vigo |''Akụkọ ịhụnanya na-emebi emebi. n'ozuzu<br />''| {{Won}} |- |1995 |Emume ihe nkiri nke Cannes |Otu Ihe Na-ele Anya |''Augustine''| {{Nom}} |- |2001 |Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Locarno |Agụ owuru |''Otu M si gbuo Nna m''| {{Nom}} |- |2005 |Emume ihe nkiri San Sebastián |Akpụkpọ Ọlaedo |''N'aka ya''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2009 |Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ na-ahọrọ |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma nke Asụsụ Mba Ọzọ | rowspan="2" |''Akị bekee tupu Chanel''| {{Nom}} |- |Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ihe nkiri Europe |Ihe nrite Lux| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |Obodo nke Ìhè, Obodo nke Ndị Mmụọ Ozi |Ihe nrite nke ndị na-ege ntị | rowspan="3" |''Ndị Aka ha Dị Aka Ike''| {{Won}} |- |Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Norway |Ihe nrite Andreas| {{Won}} |- |Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Provincetown |Ihe nrite ndị na-ege ntị maka Akụkọ Kasị Mma| {{Won}} |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị nduzi ihe nkiri na telivishọn nwanyị * Ndepụta ihe nkiri metụtara LGBT nke ụmụ nwanyị duziri == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Anne Fontaine}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 0a4gyxa5tm6no3vhxjnv4br1qaq8my4 0 75998 674666 655807 2026-07-09T19:28:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hélène Frappat''' (2 Septemba 1969 na [[Paris]]) bụ onye edemede French, onye ntụgharị na onye nkatọ nke ihe nkiri. [[Faịlụ:Hélène_Frappat_(2018).jpg|thumb|Foto nke Hélène Frappat]] == Akụkọ ndụ == Onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ nke École Normale Supérieure (klas 1989), <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archicubes.ens.fr/lannuaire#annuaire_chercher?identite=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Frappat.|title=L'Annuaire &#124; a-Ulm}}</ref> O nwere nchịkọta nke nkà ihe ọmụma na akwụkwọ ozi PhD. Ọ bụ ya dere ọtụtụ nsụgharị, gụnyere The Origins of Totalitarianism nke Hannah Arendt dere, Études sur la personnalité autoritaire nke Theodor W. Adorno dere, Amitié nke Samson Raphaelson dere). Na France Culture, o mepụtara magazin sinima kwa ọnwa "Rien à voir", site na 2004 ruo 2009, tinyere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ ya dere akwụkwọ akụkọ itoolu nke Éditions Allia na Actes Sud bipụtara. Ọ na-asụgharị akwụkwọ akụkọ Ann Patchett yana nke Laura Lippman kemgbe afọ 2019.. N'afọ 2016, o sonyere na Assises Internationales du Roman na Lyon . <ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Les jeunes romanciers philosophes|url=http://www.villagillet.net/portail/air/details/article/phenomene-de-generation-les-jeunes-romanciers-philosophes/|year=2016|accessdate=15 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611053016/http://www.villagillet.net/portail/air/details/article/phenomene-de-generation-les-jeunes-romanciers-philosophes/|archivedate=11 June 2016}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya, Trois femmes disparaissent, dabeere na ndụ Tippi Hedren, nwa ya nwanyị Melanie Griffith na nwa nwa ya nwanyị Dakota Johnson. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ enwetala otuto dị egwu <ref>{{Cite web|title=Trois femmes disparaissent {{!}} Actes Sud|url=https://www.actes-sud.fr/catalogue/litterature/trois-femmes-disparaissent|accessdate=2023-02-19|work=www.actes-sud.fr|archivedate=2023-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219053943/https://www.actes-sud.fr/catalogue/litterature/trois-femmes-disparaissent}}</ref> ma IRCAM na-emezi ya ugbu a. == Akwụkwọ == ; Akwụkwọ akụkọ * 2004: ''Sous réserve'', Paris, Éditions Allia, 124 p.  .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/sous-reserve_809417.html|title=Kant dans un jeu de piste|author=Baptiste Liger (Lire), 1 September 2004|date=September 2004|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> * 2007: '' L'Agent de liaison'', Paris, Éditions Allia, 142 p.  .<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.telerama.fr/livres/l-agent-de-liaison,20451.php|title=L'Agent de liaison. Roman – Hélène Frappat|author=Erwan Desplanques, Télérama n° 3013 – 13 October 2007|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> * 2009: ''Par effraction'', Paris, Éditions Allia, 128 p.   : - Ihe nrite Wepler-Foundation La Poste - Mention Spéciale, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/144,prix-wepler-fondation-la-poste-mention-speciale.html|title=Prix Wepler-Fondation La Poste – Mention Spéciale|accessdate=15 January 2017|archivedate=5 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205050221/http://www.prix-litteraires.net/prix/144,prix-wepler-fondation-la-poste-mention-speciale.html}}</ref> * 2011: ''Inverno'', Arles, France, Éditions Actes Sud, series "Un endroit où aller", 140 p.  .<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.telerama.fr/livres/inverno,72103.php|title=Inverno. Hélène Frappat|author=Christine Ferniot, Télérama n° 3215 – 27 August 2011|date=27 August 2011|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> then Actes Sud, series "Babel", 2016 ''Lady Hunt'', Arles, France, Éditions Actes Sud, series "Domaine français", 2013, 320 p.  , then Actes Sud, series "Babel", 2016  . : - Nhọrọ Prix Mauvais genres 2013. : - Nhọrọ Franz-Hessel-Preis 2014. * 2014: ''N'oublie pas de respirer'', Arles, France, Éditions Actes Sud, series "Essence", 64 p.   : - Nhọrọ Franz-Hessel-Preis 2015. : - Nhọrọ Ihe nrite nke ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ndị mmụta nke Île de France * 2019: ''Osimiri Ikpeazụ'', Ọrụ Ndịda * 2021: ''Ugwu Fuji adịghị'', Actes Sud * 2023: Ụmụ nwanyị atọ na-apụ n'anya, Actes Sud : ; Ihe odide * 2000: ''La Violence'', Paris, Flammarion, series "Corpus", 251 p.   * 2001: ''Jacques Rivette, secret compris'', Paris, Cahiers du cinéma, 255 p.  .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesinrocks.com/cine/cinema-article/t/30011/date/2001-11-30/article/jacques-rivette-secret-compris-jacques-rozier-le-funambule/|title=Jacques Rivette, secret compris|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lalibre.be/culture/divers/article/22409/dans-le-secret-de-jacques-rivette.html|title=Dans le secret de Jacques Rivette|author=Jean-François Pluijgers|date=17 May 2001|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref> * 2008: ''Roberto Rossellini'', Paris, Cahiers du cinéma, 94 p.   * ''Trois films fantômes de Jacques Rivette'', Paris, Cahiers du cinéma, 2002, 110 p.  . == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.franceinter.fr/personnes/helene-frappat Hélène Frappat] na France Inter * [https://www.franceculture.fr/personne/helene-frappat Hélène Frappat] na France Culture * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191114000817/https://www.actes-sud.fr/contributeurs/frappat-helene-0 Hélène Frappat] na Ọrụ Ndịda * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231223210901/https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Helene-Frappat/5253 Hélène Frappat] na Babelio * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231120090437/https://www.m-e-l.fr/,ec,539 Hélène Frappat] na MEL * Hélène Frappat isiokwu banyere Les Inrockuptibles''Ihe Ndị Na-enweghị Nkwekọrịta'' * Nkwurịta okwu Hélène Frappat Gburugburu Jacques Rivette na YouTube * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEstgd2VCvQ Hélène Frappat: ''Ọ bụ nwanyị na-abanye n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè...''] na YouTube {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i69tq9it8bi1umurjyeg6znw8gra85k 0 76010 674515 639386 2026-07-09T12:15:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674515 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Gloria Feman Orenstein''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1938 na Brooklyn <ref name="Veteran Feminists of America">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vfa.us/Gloria%20Orenstein.htm|title=GLORIA ORENSTEIN|publisher=Veteran Feminists of America, Inc.|accessdate=25 March 2017|archivedate=13 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113165824/http://www.vfa.us//Gloria%20Orenstein.htm}}</ref>) bụ onye na-enyocha nka ụmụ nwanyị, onye ọsụ ụzọ n' ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nke Surrealism na ọkà mmụta nke ecofeminism na nka. <ref name="LC">{{Cite web|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/n88160132|title=Orenstein, Gloria Feman|work=Library of Congress Authorities|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=25 March 2017}}</ref> A na-ewere akwụkwọ Orenstein bụ Reweaving the World dị ka ihe odide ecofeminist nke nwere "ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe nke US ecofeminism dị ka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị". <ref name="Ecofeminist Natures">{{Cite book|author=Sturgeon|first=Noel|title=Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory and Political Action|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=9780415912495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhBZCwAAQBAJ&q=gloria+orenstein%27s+reweaving&pg=PT208|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Orenstein nwetara B.A. na Romance Languages and Literature na Mahadum Brandeis na 1959 na M.A. n'asụsụ Slavic na Literature na Radcliffe Graduate School nke Mahadum Harvard na 1961. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi na 1957 na 1958 ma gụcha ihe ọmụmụ na Sorbonne, Mahadum Paris na Ecole du Louvre. Orenstein malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na 1963, mgbe ọ nabatara ọkwa nkuzi French nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Lexington, MA. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum New York iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, wee gụchame Ph.D. na Comparative Literature na 1971. <ref name="Gale Biography">{{Cite journal|title=Gloria Feman Orenstein|journal=[[Contemporary Authors Online]]|date=2010|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1000074919/GPS?sid=wikipedia|accessdate=13 March 2019}}</ref> Site na 1975 ruo 1981 ọ nọ na ngalaba nke Mahadum Rutgers ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke Women's Studies Program site na 1976 ruo 1978. <ref name="Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists">{{Cite news|author=Carey|first=Catherine|title=Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists|url=http://www2.scc.rutgers.edu/ead/manuscripts/Orensteinb.html|accessdate=24 December 2017|publisher=Special Collections and University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries|date=November 2010}}</ref> E were ya n'ọrụ dị ka Prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Comparative Literature na Gender Studies na Mahadum nke Southern California na 1981 ebe ọ kụziri ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gloria F Orenstein|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003588|work=Faculty Profile|publisher=USC|accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum nke Southern California . <ref name="Inventory to the Gloria Orenstein Collection on Women Artists" /> Orenstein bụ nwa ọrụ nke shaman Sámi Ellen Marit Gaup Dunfjeld <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Orenstein|first=Gloria F.|date=1993|title=The "Problematics" of Writing about Sacred Ritual and the Spiritual Journey|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003869|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=21|issue=1/2|pages=22–37|issn=0732-1562}}</ref><ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess">{{Cite journal|author=Lauter|first=Estella|title=Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=45–49|doi=10.2307/1358606}}</ref> Orenstein natara ihe nrite ndụ nke Women's Caucus for Art na Febụwarị 2018 na Los Angeles, CA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php|title=WCA Lifetime Achievement Award|work=www.nationalwca.org|accessdate=2018-03-24|archivedate=2018-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324223927/http://www.nationalwca.org/awards/currentLTA.php}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ mbụ Orenstein lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị nke Surrealism. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ The Theater of the Marvelous: Surrealism and The Contemporary Stage (1975) mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="USC">{{Cite web|title=Gloria Orenstein|url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1003588|publisher=University of Southern California|accessdate=15 Dec 2017}}</ref> == Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa == === ''Reweaving the World'' === Reweaving the World nke Orenstein na Irene Diamond dezigharịrị na- egosi otu mmegharị ecofeminist nke na-achịkọta mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị na ime mmụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị pụọ na nchegbu ha nwere maka ọdịmma ụwa na ụdị ndụ niile nke ụwa anyị na-akwado [11] N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Orenstein kọwara ọrụ 'nkà ecofeminist dịka ememe iji jikọọ anyị na ụwa abụọ dị Ike nke nghọta kewapụrụ anyị na ya - okike na ụwa mmụọ [12] O kwuru na nkà ndị dị otu ahụ na-akpọkarị ihe nnọchianya nke Nne Ukwu (Chi nwanyị) iji gosị ọkwa atọ nke okike "a na-ele anya dị ka nwanyị n'èzí nna ochie: okike eluigwe, ịmụ nwa, na okike nka." Orenstein lere anya na ọrụ ndị omenkà, ndị na-ede uri na ndị odee dịka Helène Aylon, Ellen Marit Gaup Dunfjeld, Ursula Le Guin, Rachel Rosenthal, Fern Shaffer, Vijali Hamilton, na Mierle Laderman Ukeles, bụ ndị ji emume,ihe ngosi na ide ihe mee mgbanwe, njikọtaghachi na mweghachi nke nkwekọrịta. === ''Reflowering of the Goddess'' === Orenstein na-akpọ oku ka a hazigharịa mmepeanya dabere na nloghachi na omenala lekwasịrị anya na Chi nwanyị. Ọ mere arụmụka ecofeminist siri ike nke "na-ewere nloghachi nke Chi nwanyị ahụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke nloghachi n'omume nsọpụrụ maka Ụwa...na nke ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi yana nke na-abụghị nke nmmekọahụ" na-akọwapụta atụmatụ omume nke na-adabereghị na Ihe nlereanya Utopia karịa na ọrụ okike nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị odee akwụkwọ nke oge ahụ. Maka ya, ịkọ akụkọ bụ isi ihe iji gbanwee akụkọ ifo nke eluigwe na ala, na ọrụ ndị e kere site na "omenala nka nke ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a malitere", na-ekpughe akụkọ ifo nke ndị nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị dị adị" nke na-enye ụzọ maka usoro akụkọ ifo ọhụrụ nke ga-azọpụta ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Anne H.|title=Squidge Davis: Dialogue with Ancient Memories|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=1995|volume=16|issue=1|pages=33–39|doi=10.2307/1358628}}</ref><ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess"/> === ''The theater of the marvelous: Surrealism and the contemporary stage'' === Orenstein sonyeere ihe nkiri na-adịghị mma na nkà nrọ n'ịkọwa echiche ya banyere The Theater of the Marvelous. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ụlọ nkiri neosurrealist na Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke Dadaist, nke o si na ya too, na-enyocha nchịkọta nke ndị edemede egwuregwu mba ụwa gụnyere: [[Elena Garro]], Teofilo Cid, Octavio Paz, Robert Benayoun, Aimé Césaire na Leonora Carrington iji lụso ọchịchọ nke ile njikọ aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ Bretonist anya dị ka isi ihe n'ịkọwapụta ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme nkà nrọ. Kama nke ahụ, ọhụụ otu, ịkpọku ụwa nrọ, imebi eziokwu iji kpughee eziokwu dị n'ime echiche, na-aghọ ụkpụrụ nke a na akọwapụta. Orenstein na-achọ ime ka onye na-agụ ya kwenye na ọrụ ndị a agafeela ebumnuche ọdịnala nke ihe nkiri, iji mee ka ihe yiri ihe dị adị; na ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe dị n'ime, mmụba nke mmụọ mgbanwe, n'ime onye na-ekiri ya.<ref name="Hispanic Review">{{Cite journal|author=Ilie|first=Paul|title=Review: The Theater of the Marvelous: Surrealism and the Contemporary Stage by Gloria Orenstein|journal=Hispanic Review|volume=45|issue=2|pages=222–224|doi=10.2307/472913|year=1977}}</ref><ref name="The Modern Language Journal">{{Cite journal|author=Knapp|first=Bettina L.|title=Review of The Theater of the Marvelous by Gloria Orenstein|journal=The Modern Language Journal|date=1977|volume=61|issue=1/2|pages=68–69|doi=10.2307/325380}}</ref> == Nkatọ nke ihe odide == A katọla akwụkwọ Orenstein bụ Reweaving the World maka ịtinye ịdị mkpa n'ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name="Ecofeminist Natures"/> == Akwụkwọ edemede ndị ahọpụtara == Orenstein edeela ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. E bipụtara edemede ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ nka na akwụkwọ edemede ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ.<ref name="LC"/> === Akwụkwọ === * ''Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The paintings of Betty Laduke'' Books, 1993) <ref name="Review:Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The Paintings of Betty LaDuke">{{Cite journal|author=Ryberg|first=Barbara|title=Review:Multi-Cultural Celebrations: The Paintings of Betty LaDuke by Gloria Feman Orenstein|journal=Woman's Art Journal|date=Autumn 1994|volume=15|issue=2|pages=59–60|doi=10.2307/1358614}}</ref> * Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism (Sierra Club Books, 1990) <ref name="Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics">{{Cite journal|author=Douglass|first=Carol Anne|title=Rethinking Ecofeminist Politics: Review of Reweaving the World|journal=Off Our Backs|date=November 1991|volume=21|issue=10}}</ref> * The Reflowering of the Goddess (Pergamon Press, 1990) <ref name="Review: The Reflowering of the Goddess"/> * ''The Theater of the Marvelous'' === Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ === *   === Isiokwu === * Nnyocha Torah, Feminism na Nchọpụta Ime Anwansi na Ọrụ nke Ndị inyom America ise na-ese ihe ''na Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women's Studies & Gender Issues''. Nke 14 (N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2007). peeji nke 97-130&nbsp; * ''The Greening of Gaia: Ndị na-ese ihe na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eleta ogige ahụ'' na ''Ụkpụrụ Omume na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi''. Izu ohi 8, Nke 1, (Spring, 2003), peeji nke 102-111&nbsp; * "Nsogbu" nke ide banyere Omenala Dị Nsọ na Njem Ime Anụ na Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị Quarterly. Mpịakọta nke 21 (Spr/Sum 1993). * ''Salon nke Natalie Clifford Barney: Ajụjụ ọnụ na Berthe Cleyrergue'' na Signs. Izu ohi 4, Nke 3 (N'oge opupu ihe ubi 1979).<ref name="Comment on Orenstein's 'The Salon of Natalie Clifford Barney: Interview with Berthe Cleyrergue'">{{Cite journal|author=Wickes|first=George|title=Comment on Orenstein's "The Salon of Natalie Clifford Barney: Interview with Berthe Cleyrergue"|journal=Signs|date=Spring 1980|volume=5|issue=3|pages=547–550|doi=10.1086/493746}}</ref> * Nlaghachi nke Archetype nke Great Goddess na Art site na Contemporary Women in Heresies. Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 2 (Spring 1978), peeji nke 74-85&nbsp; * Nyocha edemede: Akụkọ nka na akara. Izu ohi 1, Nke 2 (N'oge oyi 1975).<ref name="Review Essay: Art History">{{Cite journal|author=Russell|first=Diane H.|title=Review Essay: Art History|journal=Signs|date=1980|volume=3|issue=5|pages=468–481|doi=10.1086/493732}}</ref> * ''Akụkọ nka na ikpe maka ụmụ nwanyị nke surrealism'' na The Journal of General Education . Izu ohi 27, Nke 1 (Spring 1975), peeji nke 31-54&nbsp; * Women of Surrealism na The Feminist Art Journal. (Spring 1973), peeji nke 15-21&nbsp; * "GLORIA ORENSTEIN - Prọfesọ nke Comparative Literature na Gender Studies, n'okpuru ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụ nwanyị maka agụmakwụkwọ," Veteran Feminists of America.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GLORIA ORENSTEIN - Professor of Comparative Literature and Gender Studies, FOUNDER OF THE WOMAN'S SALON FOR LITERATURE|url=http://www.vfa.us/Gloria%20Orenstein.htm|work=Veteran Feminists of America|accessdate=13 December 2017|archivedate=13 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113165824/http://www.vfa.us//Gloria%20Orenstein.htm}}</ref> ==Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * 2011 Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Gloria Orenstein[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8R8sUpXA6Oc Ajụjụ ọnụ Gloria Orenstein] * [https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/sch02154/catalog Gloria Feman Orenstein Akwụkwọ.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Schlesinger], Radcliffe Institute, Mahadum Harvard. {{DEFAULTSORT:Orenstein, Gloria Feman}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 7vr1yiod43f1oeelgrs8jho0ic93989 0 76090 674608 642201 2026-07-09T17:39:22Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MichaelTukura2013.jpg|thumb|MichaelTukura]]   '''Michael Tukura''' (amụrụ na 19 Ọktoba 1988 na [[Abuja]]) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ, onye na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu Premier League nke Israel Hapoel Petah Tikva ugbu a. == Ọrụ == Tukura malitere ọrụ ya na dynamite f.c na Naịjirịa. Na 2007, ọ bịanyere aka na Wikki Tourists F.C., na oge ọkọchị nke 2008 ọ sonyeere klọb Israel bụ Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ọnwa iri. Ọ gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya na Israel Premier League na 13 Septemba 2008 megide Bnei Yehuda. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eng.football.org.il/Leagues/Pages/PlayerDetails.aspx?PLAYER_ID=94605|title=The Israel Football Association|work=eng.football.org.il}}</ref> Mgbe oge egwuregwu ahụ gwụchara, Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan mechara bụrụ onye ikpeazụ n'ọkwa tebulu otu egwuregwu, e wee laghachi na Liga Leumit mgbe egwuregwu playoff megide Maccabi Ahi Nazaret gasịrị. N'ezie, na 2009, ọ kwagara na Maccabi Ahi Nazaret ọhụrụ a na-akwalite, ebe ọ nọrọ otu afọ, na-egwu egwuregwu 23 ma na-enye goolu otu. Na Eprel 2010, Tukura sonyeere FK Ventspils, na-egwu egwu na Latvia Virsliga. Ọ malitere egwuregwu mbụ ya na 1, 2010 na egwuregwu liigi megide SK Blāzma. Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya na egwuregwu liigi megide FK Jūrmala-VV na 2 June 2010. N'ozuzu, ọ gbara egwuregwu 14 n'oge ahụ, wee nweta goolu otu. Na Julaị 11, 2014, Tukura bịanyere aka na Hapoel Petah Tikva, nke e si na Liga Leumit kwalite na Israel Premier League.. == Ọnọdụ == Tukura na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ n'etiti na-awakpo etiti bọọlụ ma ọ bụ na-agbachitere etiti bọọchị nakwa dị ka onye nọ n'etiti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bertrame.com/tukura.html|title=Bertram E|accessdate=2009-02-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707225642/http://bertrame.com/tukura.html|archivedate=2011-07-07}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * Njikọ Triobet Baltic (1): 2010 * Iko Latvian (1): 2011 == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1iw3mr7pmh6yy4wo62pz5x1x9amod17 0 76116 674988 644058 2026-07-10T09:31:29Z Anastesia chi 23720 674988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jacques Morel''' (French pronunciation: [ʒak mɔʁɛl]) bụ onye edemede French, laureate nke Prix Femina na 1912. Morel bụ pseudonym nke Madeleine Pottier, amụrụ Madeleine Paule Gorges, nwunye onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Edmond Pottier (1855-1934). A mụrụ Pottier na 11 n'ọnwa Machị afọ 1867, ma nwụọ n'ebe ahụ na 10 n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1949. == Ọrụ == * 1901: Nkwupụta na-adịghị ekwu okwu, Hachette * 1905: Ụgwọ, Calmann-Lévy * 1912: Akwụkwọ nwụrụ anwụ, Hachette, Prix Femina. * 1927: ''Site n'ụzọ gbagọrọ agbagọ'', Armand Colin - Prix d'Académie * 1930: Nwoke Dị Iche, Fayard == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{Prix Femina}} c5u9hsb1vos3mryw25mlmg3aj37ykdf 0 76140 674605 655388 2026-07-09T17:35:12Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Felixchimokwu.jpg|thumb|Felixchimokwu]]   '''Felix Chimaokwu''' {{Audio|Ig-Felix Chimaokwu.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na 7 Nọvemba 1985) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ n'ihu. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Mohammedan Sporting na I-League, <ref>{{Cite web|first=Amoy|author=Ghoshal|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/67969/east-bengal-vs-mohd-sp/report|title=Federation Cup: East Bengal 1-1 Mohammedan Sporting - Red & Gold Brigade Held After Unconvincing Display|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029051716/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/67969/east-bengal-vs-mohd-sp/report|archivedate=29 October 2011|work=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=17 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2013}}</ref>ma mechaa gbaa bọọlụ n'òtù I-League bụ Churchill Brothers SC. Chimaokwu na onye otu egwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa bụ Odafe Onyeka Okolie tinyere aka n'ịgba bọọlụ nke ọma ma merie iko mbụ nke I-League maka Churchill Brothers. == Nsọpụrụ == '''Calcutta FC (CC&FC) ''' * Iko Azụmaahịa: 2004<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|author=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004traderscup.html|title="Khadims" Traders Cup 2004|work=indianfootball.de|date=2004|accessdate=27 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718222559/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2004traderscup.html|archivedate=18 July 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20091112220954/http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/nicaragua/25456/felix-chimaokwu E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ispt42komjjljcl52wmwnijii4e5fw7 0 76151 674607 644830 2026-07-09T17:36:59Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:EGEJURU GODSLOVE UKWUOMA.jpg|thumb|EGEJURU GODSLOVE]] '''Egejuru Godslove''' {{Audio|Ig-Egejuru Godslove Ukwuoma.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na Disemba 4, 1986, na Lagos) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke na-agba bọọlụ ugbu a maka Dunaújváros PASE. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.hlsz.hu/index.php?tid=7&Jatekos=hPLf_fd5a731 Profaịlụ onye egwuregwu na HLSZ] (n'asụsụ Hungarian) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f6f2bm3dh6243fabx2ur7s8dnxyfw9a 0 76156 674602 644843 2026-07-09T17:28:35Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674602 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Yusuf Ibrahim.jpg|thumb|Yusuf Ibrahim]] <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Yusuf Ibrahim''' (amụrụ na 10 June 1986) bụ onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ ọkachamara na Naịjirịa<ref>[http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/team/players.php?plyrId=513 Yusuf Ibrahim ::: Air India FC - The AIFF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407101637/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/team/players.php?plyrId=513 |date=7 April 2012 }}</ref> == Ọrụ == Brahim malitere ọrụ bọọlụ ya na Elyon United na Naịjirịa. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka ọtụtụ klọb dị iche iche n'Africa na Eshia, ọkachasị Shooting Stars SC, Hòa Phát Hà Nội FC na Vietnam, Mumbai United na Air India FC na India, na Club Valencia na Maldives.<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_mumbai-utd-get-past-boi_1129280 Mumbai Utd get past BoI - Sport - DNA]</ref>. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim, Yusuf}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k70zz5h0sp0z9lrm5a8psry1liabpfz 0 76162 674774 644849 2026-07-09T23:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674774 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{FIFA player|262883}}</ref> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Bartholomew Ikechukwu Ibenegbu''' (amụrụ na Febụwarị 22, 1986), nke a na-akpọ Mosquito, bụ onye Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti nke na-egwuri egwu maka Enugu Rangers .<ref>[https://www.channelstv.com/2016/02/05/ikechukwu-ibenegbu-joins-enyimba/ Ibenegbu completes Enyimba move]</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu Heartland, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Enyimba F.C. na El-Kanemi Warriors, ebe o duru ndị otu egwuregwu Premier League nke Naịjirịa n'inye goolu n'afọ 2006 site n'inye goolu iri.<ref>[https://naijaligue.blogspot.com/2009/08/heartlands-ibenegbu-keen-to-nail.html Heartland's Ibenegbu Keen To Nail Enyimba]</ref>. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ibenegbu agbaala bọọlụ n'ụsọ osimiri nke mba Naijiria kemgbe afọ 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080623031548/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=262883/index.html FIFA profile page]</ref> A kpọrọ ya n'ogige 2007 Under-23 tupu Beijing Olympics mana ọ banyeghị n'òtù ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.triumphnewspapers.com/archive/DT11012007/siasia11107.html |title=DAILY TRIUMPH -Siasia invites 39 to U-23 camp |accessdate=2026-05-31 |archivedate=2011-07-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722152127/http://www.triumphnewspapers.com/archive/DT11012007/siasia11107.html }}</ref> A kpọrọ ya n'ogige maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu okenye]] n'ihu 2010 African Cup of Nations,<ref>[http://www.goal.com/en/news/815/african-nations-cup/2009/12/15/1688698/african-nations-cup-fulhams-dickson-etuhu-called-up-into-nigeria- 2010 Cup of Nations training camp roster]</ref> otu n'ime naanị ndị egwuregwu atọ nọ n'ụlọ iji mee ya. O mere nke mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya na Jenụwarị 2012 enyi na enyi megide Angola. == Edensibia == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] boajug1grxywho290ihc4nqafp8am84 0 76165 674604 644856 2026-07-09T17:33:41Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674604 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Uga Okpara.jpg|thumb|Uga Okpara]]   '''Samuel Uga Okpara''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1982) bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na-agba [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]]. == Ọrụ == Okpara malitere ọrụ ya na Enyimba International F.C. ma bụrụ onye otu dị mkpa n'ime ndị meriri asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2002 na 2003. Na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2009, ọ hapụrụ Enyimba International F.C. wee sonyere otu egwuregwu Indian I-League East Bengal. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eastbengaltherealpower.com/news/342/Uga-Okpara,-Nigerian-Defender-lands-in-Kolkata-|title=Uga Okpara, Nigerian Defender lands in Kolkata|accessdate=3 December 2009|archivedate=10 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710163554/http://eastbengaltherealpower.com/news/342/Uga-Okpara,-Nigerian-Defender-lands-in-Kolkata-}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye na-agbachitere Red na Gold na I-League, Fed Cup na AFC Cup. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-agbachitere ihe kachasị mma n'afọ 2012-13 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Uga Okpara gets the best defender|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=uga-okpara-gets-best-defender-award|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921163126/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=uga-okpara-gets-best-defender-award|archivedate=21 September 2013|publisher=East Bengal Football Club|accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ == {{updated|30 May 2014}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="2" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba Ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Iko AFC ! colspan="2" |CFL ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="2" align="center" |Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Bengal |2012–13 |21 |0 |5 |0 |6 |0 |5 |0 |37 |0 |- |2013–14 |9 |0 |3 |0 |4 |1 |1 |0 |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ọrụ ya niile !30 !0 !8 !0 !10 !1 !6 !0 !54 !1 |- |} == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ruo afọ abụọ, Okpara bụ osote onyeisi ndị otu bọọlụ osimiri nke mba Naịjirịa ma nọchite anya ndị otu ahụ na FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup 2005 na 2007. <ref>[http://origin.en.fifacom.deltatre.it/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=262881/index.html FIFA.com - FIFA Player Statistics: Uga OKPARA]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == === Klọb === ; [[Enyimba International F.C.]] * Njikọ Premier nke Naijiria: 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007 * Iko Mba Naịjirịa: 2005 * Super Cup nke Naijiria: 2003 * CAF Champions League: 2003, 2004 * CAF Super Cup: 2004, 2005 ;[[East Bengal F.C.]] *[[Iko Njikọ (India)|Iko Njikọ]]: [[2009–10 Iko Njikọ India|2009–10]], [[Iko Njikọ India|2010]], [[Iko Njikọ India(2012)]], [[Iko Njikọ India(1997–2011)|Iko Super]]: [[Iko Super Indian(2011)]] *[[Iko Super Indian]]: [[Iko Super Indian|2011]] *[[Ifa Shield]]: [[IFA Shield 2012]] *[[Ifa Football League]]: 2010, [[Iko Njikọ Football Calcutta| 2011]], 2012, 2013 ==Edensibia== [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pit53tpgm6hcqml9eamwlln92fdgg9c 0 76195 674599 645515 2026-07-09T17:16:38Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674599 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:JoelleGuillais.jpg|thumb|JoelleGuillais]]   '''Joëlle Guillais''' (née '''Maury'''; 10 Ọgọst 1952 - 19 Nọvemba 2022) bụ onye odee France. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb127008225|title=Guillais, Joëlle (1952-....)|work=Bibliothèque nationale de France|language=French}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == N'ịbụ onye si Alençon, Guillais nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name="Maison">{{Cite web|url=http://www.m-e-l.fr/,ec,123|title=Joëlle Guillais|work=Maison des écrivains et de la littérature|language=French}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, o bipụtara ''La Berthe'' na Plon, nke Michelle Perrot kọwara na Libération dị ka "akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dị mma pụrụ iche, yana akụkọ siri ike".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.payot.ch/Detail/la_berthe-joelle_guillais-9782266109888?cId=0|title=La Berthe|work=Payot Libraire|language=French}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, o bipụtara akụkọ ''Agnes E'', nke chọrọ ime ka ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị pụta ìhè n'oge a na-eleghara ihe omume ndị mkpọrọ anya.<ref name="Maison" /> N'afọ 2008, o dere ma bipụta La pesticide, akwụkwọ akụkọ avant-garde dystopian nke kọwara banyere mmetụta ọjọọ ọgwụ ahịhịa nwere n’ahụ ike mmadụ, nke mere ka o nwete mkpagbu n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo mgbe e bipụtara ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Benhaiem|first=Annabelle|date=5 March 2011|title=Pesticides: le combat de Joëlle Guillais|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/environnement/joelle-guillais-romans-contre-pesticides_968195.html|language=French|work=[[L'Express]]|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> Guillais duziri "Mot A Mot" ogbako ide ihe na Paris na Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière. <ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=24 February 2016|title=Un atelier d'écriture pour recréer du lien|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/societe/un-atelier-d-ecriture-pour-recreer-du-lien_1329857.html|language=French|work=[[France Info (TV channel)|France Info]]|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> O so Laurence Verdier rụkọọ ọrụ iji bipụta nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi iri abụọ na atọ nke akpọrọ 23 mecs comme ça, nke gosipụtara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na ọha mmadụ nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Manfredi|first=Astrid|date=23 January 2017|title=" 23 mecs comme ça " : un recueil de nouvelles sans eau de rose …|url=https://laisseparlerlesfilles.com/2017/01/23/23-mecs-comme-ca-un-recueil-de-nouvelles-sans-eau-de-rose/|language=French|work=Laisse parler les filles|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, o bipụtara Matins de fer, akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere n'ọnwụ nke ụmụ okorobịa Roman atọ n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ, na okporo ụzọ A7 dị na La Castellane.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=11 December 2019|title=Mortagne-au-Perche. Joëlle Guillais raconte les Matins de fer|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/mortagne-au-perche-61400/mortagne-au-perche-joelle-guillais-raconte-les-matins-de-fer-6648788|language=French|work=[[Ouest-France]]|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Benhaiem|first=Annabelle|date=8 November 2019|title=Avec "Matins de fer" de Joëlle Guillais, le voyage chez les Gitans est sans retour|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/culture/article/avec-matins-de-fer-de-joelle-guillais-le-voyage-chez-les-gitans-est-sans-retour_154467.html|language=French|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe osise na magazin Pays du Perche mgbe o dechara ọtụtụ kọlụm maka HuffPost.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=27 January 2020|title=La revue Pays du Perche, un magazine qui révèle les trésors du Perche|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/normandie/remalard-en-perche-61110/la-revue-pays-du-perche-un-magazine-qui-revele-les-tresors-du-perche-6709350|language=French|work=Ouest-France|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> Guillais nwụrụ mgbe ọ dara ọrịa strok na Caen, na 19 Nọvemba 2022, mgbe ọ dị afọ 70. <ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=21 November 2022|title=Orne. Joëlle Guillais, autrice de " La Berthe ", est décédée|url=https://actu.fr/normandie/alencon_61001/orne-joelle-guillais-autrice-de-la-berthe-est-decedee_55356387.html|language=French|work=Actu.fr|accessdate=23 November 2022}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * ''Les grisettes ou l’imaginaire amoureux au 19e siècle'' (1985) * ''La Chair de l'autre : le crime passionnel au XIXe siècle'' (1986) * ''La Berthe'' (1991) * ''Agnès E.'' (1997) * ''La ferme des orages'' (1999) * ''Les Champs de la colère : roman'' (1999) * ''La Prime aux loups'' (2000) * ''La Teinturerie'' (2002) * ''Barbie Rousse, sujet tabou'' (2003) * ''Les chemins des mots'' (2004) * ''Les causeuses d'Hérouville'' (2005) * ''Mauvaises nouvelles littéraires'' (2006) * ''La Pesticide'' (2008) * ''23 Mecs comme ça'' (2017) * ''Matins de fer'' (2019) == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Guillais, Joëlle}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] gu10pbf0hbvj56qc8fye8u41b4t0mxz 0 76196 674600 645521 2026-07-09T17:22:54Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Photographie d'Adrienne Monnier dans sa librairie par Henri Manuel.jpg|thumb|Adrienne Monnier]]  <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Adrienne Monnier''' (26 ọnwa Eprel afọ 1892 - 19 Juun afọ 1955) bụ onye France na-ere akwụkwọ, onye edemede, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, na onye nwere mmetụta na edemede nke oge a na Paris na 1920s na 1930s.   == Afọ ndị ọ malitere == A mụrụ Monnier na Paris na 26 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1892. [1] Nna ya, Clovis Monnier (1859-1944), bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na post ọfịs (postier ambulant), na-ahazi akwụkwọ ozi na-agafe n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè abalị. [1] [2] Nne ya, Philiberte (née Sollier, 1873-1944), bụ "onye nwere uche" nwere mmasị na akwụkwọ na nka. [1] [2] Nwanne Adrienne nke obere, Marie (1894-1976), ga-abụ onye a maara dị ka onye na-achọ mma na onye na-ese ihe osise. [1] [1][3] Nne ha gbara ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ ume ịgụ ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe site na nwata ma na-akpakarị ha na ihe nkiri, opera, na ballet.[1] N'afọ 1909, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, Monnier gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, na nzere nkuzi (brevet supérieur). [4] N'ime ọnwa ole na ole, n'ọnwa Septemba, ọ kwagara London, n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro iji melite Bekee ya mana n'eziokwu iji nọrọ nso na nwa klas ya, Suzanne Bonnierre, onye ya na ya hụrụ onwe ha "n'anya nke ukwuu". [4][5] Monnier nọrọ ọnwa atọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka au pair, tupu ọ chọta ọrụ ọnwa isii na-akụzi French na Eastbourne.[4] O mechara dee banyere ahụmịhe Bekee ya na Souvenirs de Londres ("Memories of London"). Laa azụ na France, Monnier kụziri obere oge n'ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye, tupu ọ banye na nkuzi mkpirisi na ide ihe.[4] N'ụzọ dị otú a, na 1912, ọ chọtara ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ na Université des Annales, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Right Bank na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ na ọrụ ọdịbendị. Ọ bụ ezie na Monnier nwere mmasị n'ọrụ ahụ, ya na ndị edemede na ndị nta akụkọ ọ zutere, na-ahọrọ Bohemian Left Bank na ụwa akwụkwọ avant-garde nke ọ na-anọchite anya ya.[4] N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1913, nna Monnier, Clovis, merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ okporo ígwè mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ; ọ hapụrụ ya na nkwarụ ndụ ya niile.[6] Mgbe ụgwọ ahụ bịara, o nyere ya niile - 10,000 Francs - Monnier, iji nyere ya aka ịmalite ire akwụkwọ.[6] == ''Ụlọ Ndị Enyi Akwụkwọ'' == [[Faịlụ:7_rue_de_l_Odéon.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ dị na 7 rue de l'Odéon ebe Monnier meghere ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ya n'afọ 1915]] Na 15 ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1915, Monnier meghere ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ya na ọbá akwụkwọ ịgbazinye ego, "La Maison des Amis des Livres" na 7 rue de l'Odéon, Paris VI. [6] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na France chọtara ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nke ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị na-enyere aka mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ezinụlọ, ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ na-eburu ahịa akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ mbipụta akwụkwọ di ha mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka nwanyị French ịtọ onwe ya dị ka onye na-ere akwụkwọ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Monnier, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na dị ka odeakwụkwọ edemede, hụrụ ụwa nke akwụkwọ n'anya ma kpebisie ike ime ka akwụkwọ na-ere ọrụ ya. N'inwe obere ego, ọ meghere ụlọ ahịa ya n'oge enwere ezigbo mkpa maka ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ọhụrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-ere akwụkwọ ahapụla ọrụ ha iji sonye na ndị agha. Ka aha ya na-agbasa, ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-atụ anya ịgbaso ihe nlereanya ya ma ghọọ ndị na-ere akwụkwọ na-achọ ndụmọdụ Monnier. == Odeonia == Monnier nyere Sylvia Beach ndụmọdụ na agbamume mgbe Beach guzobere ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ asụsụ Bekee a na-akpọ Shakespeare and Company na 1919. [8] N'ime afọ 1920, ụlọ ahịa Beach na Monnier dị n'ofe ibe ha na rue de l'Odéon n'etiti Latin Quarter. Ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ ghọrọ ebe ndị edemede French, British, na American na-ezukọta. Site n'ịkwado ịgụ akwụkwọ na ịgba ume mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị edemede na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ wetara na-ere akwụkwọ na ile ọbịa nke na-agba ume ọbụbụenyi yana mgbanwe ọdịbendị. == ''Ụgbọ Mmiri Ọlaọcha'' == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}N'ọnwa Juun afọ 1925, Monnier, site na nkwado omume na nke akwụkwọ Beach, malitere nyocha asụsụ French, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship), na Jean Prévost dị ka onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ. [9] N'iwere aha ya site na ụgbọ mmiri ''<nowiki><i id="mwpg">Ụgbọ mmiri ọlaọcha</i></nowiki>'', nke na-apụta na uwe agha Paris, ọ na-efu 5 Fr kwa mbipụta, ma ọ bụ 50 Fr maka ndebanye aha ọnwa iri na abụọ.[10] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụzọ ego, ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke edemede nke afọ iri abụọ ma bụrụ "nnukwu ìhè Europe", na-enyere aka ịmalite ọrụ ọtụtụ ndị edemede.[10] Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ihe dị ka otu narị peeji na mbipụta ọ bụla, ọ bụ "French n'asụsụ, mana mba ụwa n'ime mmụọ" ma dọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu n'etiti ndị edemede na-agagharị na ụlọ ahịa ya.[10] Mbipụta mbụ nwere nsụgharị asụsụ French (nke Monnier na Beach jikọrọ aka kwadebe) nke uri T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (May 1925). Mbipụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere ederede mbụ nke akụkụ nke James Joyce's Finnegans Wake (Ọktoba 1925); na mbipụta dị mkpirikpi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, The Aviator, na mbipụta nke abụọ (Eprel 1926). Otu mbipụta (March 1926) raara nye ndị edemede America (gụnyere Walt Whitman, William Carlos Williams na E. E. Cummings). [9] Ọ bụkwa nke mbụ webatara Ernest Hemingway na ntụgharị nye ndị na-ege ntị French. [9] Monnier n'onwe ya nyere aka n'okpuru aha njirimara J-M Sollier, dabere na aha nne ya.[11] Mgbe mbipụta iri na abụọ gasịrị, Monnier hapụrụ Navire d'Argent, ebe mgbalị na ọnụahịa karịrị nke ọ nwere ike ijikwa. [9] Iji kpuchie ihe ọ tụfuru, Monnier rere akwụkwọ 400 nke onwe ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha dere ya. [12][13] Afọ iri ka e mesịrị, Monnier malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ nọchiri ya, Gazette des Amis des Livres, nke malitere na Jenụwarị 1938 ruo Mee 1940.[11] == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == Ọ bụ ezie na Beach mechiri ụlọ ahịa ya n'oge ndị Germany bi na ya, Monnier nọgidere na-emeghe ma nọgide na-enye akwụkwọ na nkasi obi nye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na Paris. Ruo afọ iri mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Monnier gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede, onye ntụgharị na onye na-ere akwụkwọ. N'ịbụ onye na-arịa ọrịa, a chọpụtara n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 1954 na Monnier nwere Ọrịa Ménière, nsogbu nke ntị dị n'ime nke na-emetụta nguzozi na ịnụ ihe.[14] Ọ na-arịa ọrịa echiche efu. Na 19 ọnwa Juun afọ 1955, ọ nwụrụ site na igbu onwe ya site na ịṅụbiga ọgwụ ụra ókè.[14] == Ọrụ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Okporo ámá Odeon'', Albin Michel, Paris, 1960. == Edensibia == === Ihe edeturu === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  === Ebe e si nweta ya === {{Authority control}} {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 9r04vhchbgdpf53crthvh3daadm1mrz 0 76233 674597 645819 2026-07-09T17:12:57Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674597 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:MariJane Minaberri 2007 Gaizka Iroz.jpg|thumb|MariJane Minaberri ]]   '''Marijane Minaberri''' ma ọ bụ '''Marie-Jeanne Minaberry''' (7 Septemba 1926 - 23 Febụwarị 2017) Ọ bụ onye edemede Basque na onye mgbasa ozi redio. Ọ malitere ide akụkọ maka onwe ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ, wee rụọ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ obodo Banca ruo afọ iri. Minaberri kụziiri ụmụ akwụkwọ dị afọ iri na iri na otu na chọọchị Saint Louis de Gonzague nke Bayonne tupu ọ malite ọrụ mgbasa ozi na Radio Côte Basque, Gure Irratia na Lapurdi Irratia. O dere usoro uri na akụkọ ụmụaka na Basque na French ma bụrụ onye otu Euskaltzaindia. A na-ewere Minaberri dị ka onye mbụ na mgbasa ozi redio Basque, ndị nchọpụta na-atụlekwa ọrụ abụọ ya dị ka mmalite nke mmụta akwụkwọ ụmụaka Basque. == Akụkọ ndụ == Na 7 Septemba 1926, <ref name="ArgiaObit" /> a mụrụ Minaberri na Banca, Pyrénées-Atlantiques na Ndagwurugwu Baigorri nke mpaghara Lower Navarre. <ref name="EuskaltzaIndiaObit" /> <ref name="BerriaObit" /><ref name="SQObit" / Ọ bụ nwa nke atọ n'ime ụmụ anọ n'ezinụlọ ya, nke ya na ya na-egwuri egwu Basque pelota, <ref name="ArgiaObit" /> Nna ya na-asụ asụsụ Basque bụ onye ọrụ n'obere obodo nke mmiri obodo ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site na osimiri Nive na Marija. A gụrụ Minaberri akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo ahụ wee gaa akwụkwọ na Saint-Palais iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. Ọ gara Anglet iji nweta akara ugo mmụta mahadum mana o mechara kwụsị n'ihi na nne ya ahụ adịghị ike. <ref name="EuskoNewsInterview" /> Minaberri nwụrụ na 23 Febụwarị 2017, na Bordeaux. <ref name="BilketaObit" /><ref name="SQObit" /> E mere emume olili ozu ya n'ehihie nke 1 Machị. <ref name="SQObit" /><ref name="MBObit" /> == Ọrụ == Minaberri malitere ide edemede maka onwe ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 20 mgbe otu n'ime ndị enyi ya nwụrụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ malitere ide ihe ọ na-enwe dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ n'oge French malitere ịbata n'etiti ndị obodo North Basque.<ref name="MBObit">{{Cite news|author=Malczuk|first=Caroline|title=La littérature jeunesse basque perd Marie-Jeanne Minaberry|url=https://www.mediabask.eus/en/info_mbsk/20170225/la-litterature-jeunesse-basque-perd-marie-jeanne-minaberry|publisher=Mediabask|language=fr|date=25 February 2017|accessdate=4 November 2021}} [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ, Minaberri malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ obodo Braca maka afọ iri sochirinụ. <ref name="MBObit" /> Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Ustaritz na 1954 mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ ma ọ malitere ịkụzi ụmụ akwụkwọ dị afọ 10 na 11 na chọọchị Saint Louis de Gonzague na Bayonne . [[Category:CS1 Basque-language sources (eu)]] Two years later, she published the poetry book ''Xoria kantari'' featuring 23 poems with 23 Henri Laulhé illustrations.<ref name=LHEBio>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Minaberry, Marie-Jeanne|url=https://zubitegia.armiarma.eus/?p=lur-362|encyclopedia=Lur hiztegi entziklopedikoa|language=eu|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170214/https://zubitegia.armiarma.eus/?p=lur-362|url-status=live}}</ref> Minaberri wrote the children's stories ''Mokhor bat eta mokhor bi'', ''Begietakoa, Joanes Zirtzil, Manexen nahigabeak, Auzitegian, Marikitaren otoitza, Eri haundia, Abereen eguberri'' and ''Eñaut eta sagutxo''. She collected a series of plays and complied them into the ''Haur antzerkia'' in 1983.<ref name=LHEBio>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Minaberry, Marie-Jeanne|url=https://zubitegia.armiarma.eus/?p=lur-362|encyclopedia=Lur hiztegi entziklopedikoa|language=eu|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170214/https://zubitegia.armiarma.eus/?p=lur-362|url-status=live}}</ref> Minaberri was also an fervent Basque scholar.<ref name="LHEBio" /><ref name="HEDEntry" /> Ọ bụ onye otu Euskaltzaindia site na 30 Ọktoba 1964 ruo 24 Eprel 1998 mgbe ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu nsọpụrụ ya. Minaberri bụkwa onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Euskal Kulturgileen Kidegoa site na 1980. She also published several books in lexicography working with Manuel Mitxelena and Piarres Lafitte.<ref name="BerriaObit" /> N'afọ 1957, Minaberri malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ na onye nta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Basque Eclair na Bayonne ma mesịa gaa na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sud Ouest n'afọ 1975 mgbe ọ weghaara mbipụta ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1990.<ref name="ArgiaObit">{{Cite news|date=23 February 2017|title=Marijane Minaberri idazlea hil da|language=eu|work=[[Argia (magazine)|Argia]]|url=https://www.argia.eus/albistea/marijane-minaberri-idazlea-hil-da|accessdate=4 November 2021}} [[Category:CS1 Basque-language sources (eu)]]</ref><ref name="SQObit">{{Cite news|author=Bordes|first=Anne-Marie|date=28 February 2017|title=Une pionnière de la littérature enfantine|language=fr|work=[[Sud Ouest (newspaper)|Sud Ouest]]|url=https://www.sudouest.fr/pyrenees-atlantiques/banca/une-pionniere-de-la-litterature-enfantine-3403357.php|accessdate=4 November 2021}} [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref><ref name="MBObit" /> Mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, ọ nọ na redio.<ref name="ArgiaObit" /> Minaberri na-agbasa ozi na Radio Côte Basque nke netwọk Redio France nwere. O lekwasịrị anya na Bertsolaritza, akụkụ ụmụaka na arịrịọ ndị na-ege ntị ka ha kpọọ ụfọdụ ndekọ.<ref name="EuskaltzaIndiaObit">{{Cite web|title=Marie Jeanne Minaberry ohorezko euskaltzaina hil da, 90 urte zituela|url=https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela|publisher=[[Euskaltzaindia]]|year=2017|accessdate=4 November 2021|archivedate=4 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170213/https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela}}</ref> Minaberri gbakwara na Gure Irratia na Lapurdi Irratia . She also had a writing career in which she wrote in both Basque and French.<ref name="EuskoNewsInterview">{{Cite news|author=Butron|first=Ainize|title=Marie Jeanne Minaberry, auteur de contes "Dans ma manière d'écrire, ce qui est le plus important, c'est le rythme et le coeur"|url=https://www.euskonews.eus/0189zbk/elkar18901fr.html|publisher=Euskonews|language=eu|date=22 November 2002|accessdate=4 November 2021}} [[Category:CS1 Basque-language sources (eu)]]</ref> Minaberri firstly wrote a series of poems before turning to children's stories and she published most of her poems in the ''Herria, Gure Herria, Almanaka'' and ''Pan-pin'' magazines. Her first two poems, ''Amañokantua'' and ''Esku miresgarria'', were published in 1960. In 1963, Minaberri authored her first book of short stories called ''Itchulingo anderea'' (Goiztiri),<ref name="EuskaltzaIndiaObit">{{Cite web|title=Marie Jeanne Minaberry ohorezko euskaltzaina hil da, 90 urte zituela|url=https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela|publisher=[[Euskaltzaindia]]|year=2017|accessdate=4 November 2021|archivedate=4 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170213/https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela "Marie Jeanne Minaberry ohorezko euskaltzaina hil da, 90 urte zituela"] &#x5B;Marie Jeanne Minaberry, honorary member of the Basque Academy, has died at the age of 90&#x5D;. [[Euskaltzaindia]]. 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170213/https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela Archived] from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> which included ''Erregina gaztea'', ''Eñaut eta sagutxo'' and ''Oreinaren emaitza''.<ref name="BerriaObit">{{Cite news|title=Marijane Minaberri idazlea hil da|url=https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/131993/marijane-minaberri-idazlea-hil-da.htm|work=[[Berria]]|language=eu|date=23 February 2017|accessdate=4 November 2021}} [[Category:CS1 Basque-language sources (eu)]]</ref> Two years later, she published the poetry book ''Xoria kantari'' featuring 23 poems with 23 Henri Laulhé illustrations.<ref name=LHEBio>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Minaberry, Marie-Jeanne|url=https://zubitegia.armiarma.eus/?p=lur-362|encyclopedia=Lur hiztegi entziklopedikoa|language=eu|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170214/https://zubitegia.armiarma.eus/?p=lur-362|url-status=live}}</ref> Minaberri wrote the children's stories ''Mokhor bat eta mokhor bi'', ''Begietakoa, Joanes Zirtzil, Manexen nahigabeak, Auzitegian, Marikitaren otoitza, Eri haundia, Abereen eguberri'' and ''Eñaut eta sagutxo''. She collected a series of plays and complied them into the ''Haur antzerkia'' in 1983.<ref name="LHEBio" /> Minaberri was also an fervent Basque scholar.<ref name="LHEBio" /><ref name="HEDEntry" /> Ọ bụ onye otu Euskaltzaindia site na 30 Ọktoba 1964 ruo 24 Eprel 1998 mgbe ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu nsọpụrụ ya. Minaberri bụkwa onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Euskal Kulturgileen Kidegoa site na 1980. She also published several books in lexicography working with Manuel Mitxelena and Piarres Lafitte.<ref name="BerriaObit" /> Ọ natara Toribio Alzaga par l'Académie site na Euskal Kulturgileen Kidegoa na 1982. <ref name="MBObit">{{Cite news|author=Malczuk|first=Caroline|title=La littérature jeunesse basque perd Marie-Jeanne Minaberry|url=https://www.mediabask.eus/en/info_mbsk/20170225/la-litterature-jeunesse-basque-perd-marie-jeanne-minaberry|publisher=Mediabask|language=fr|date=25 February 2017|accessdate=4 November 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMalczuk2017">Malczuk, Caroline (25 February 2017). [https://www.mediabask.eus/en/info_mbsk/20170225/la-litterature-jeunesse-basque-perd-marie-jeanne-minaberry "La littérature jeunesse basque perd Marie-Jeanne Minaberry"] &#x5B;Basque youth literature loses Marie-Jeanne Minaberry&#x5D; (in French). Mediabask. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211104171716/https://www.mediabask.eus/en/info_mbsk/20170225/la-litterature-jeunesse-basque-perd-marie-jeanne-minaberry Archived] from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Ndị nchọpụta tụlere akwụkwọ abụọ Minaberri dere n'afọ 1963 maka mmalite akwụkwọ ụmụaka Basque,<ref name=HEDEntry>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Minaberri, Marie Jeanne|url=https://zubitegia.armiarma.eus/?p=har-362|encyclopedia=Harluxet Hiztegi Entziklopedikoa|language=eu|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170214/https://zubitegia.armiarma.eus/?p=har-362|url-status=live}}</ref> a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye mbụ na redio Basque..<ref name="EuskaltzaIndiaObit">{{Cite web|title=Marie Jeanne Minaberry ohorezko euskaltzaina hil da, 90 urte zituela|url=https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela|publisher=[[Euskaltzaindia]]|year=2017|accessdate=4 November 2021|archivedate=4 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170213/https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela "Marie Jeanne Minaberry ohorezko euskaltzaina hil da, 90 urte zituela"] &#x5B;Marie Jeanne Minaberry, honorary member of the Basque Academy, has died at the age of 90&#x5D;. [[Euskaltzaindia]]. 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211104170213/https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/es/5194-marie-jeanne-minaberry-ohorezko-euskaltzaina-hil-da-90-urte-zituela Archived] from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="BilketaObit">{{Cite news|title=Mari Gorri, Marijane Minaberri, 1961|url=http://www.bilketa.eus/eu/bildumak/testu-hautatuak/968-mari-gorri-marijane-minaberri-1961|publisher=Bilketa|language=eu|accessdate=4 November 2021}} [[Category:CS1 Basque-language sources (eu)]]</ref> Na June 2017, otu Sareinak haziri otuto nye Minaberri na ụlọ nzukọ Sanoki. <ref name="ArgiaLegacy">{{Cite news|author=Azkune|first=Onintza Irureta|title=Marijane Minaberri, sortzaile ahantziari omen|url=https://www.argia.eus/albistea/marijane-minaberri-sortzaile-ahantziari-omen|work=Argia|language=eu|date=13 June 2017|accessdate=4 November 2021}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 878o4a32kq16u0dcy22hcps8oyb3mcn 0 76348 674596 652626 2026-07-09T17:10:41Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674596 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lise Vogel (16811844859) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lise Vogel]]   '''Lise Vogel''' bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka si United States. Onye Marxist-feminist nwere mmetụta, a maara ya maka ịbụ otu n'ime ndị isi guzobere Social Reproduction Theory. O sonyekwara na ikike obodo na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na òtù ndị dị ka Kọmitii Nhazi Ụmụ akwụkwọ (SNCC) na Mississippi na Bread & Roses na Boston. N'ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ gbalịrị ịzụlite echiche ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere anya. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Lise Vogel na New York City. Nna ya, Sidney Vogel, bụ dọkịta America a ma ama nke wepụtara onwe ya n'oge Agha Obodo Spain n'akụkụ nke Spanish Republic n'etiti 1937 na 1939. N'ịbụ onye a zụlitere na United States n'ezinụlọ n'aka ekpe n'oge Agha Nzuzo, ọ mụtara site n'oge ọ bụ nwata ka ọ na-eche echiche nke ọma ma na-ajụ ụzọ ọha mmadụ si arụ ọrụ. Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta A.B. ya na Radcliffe College na 1960 wee ghọọ nwa akwụkwọ doctoral na Art History na [[Harvard University|Mahadum Harvard]]. N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ banyere n'òtù ndị na-emegide agha na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ ma soro Kọmitii Nhazi Ụmụ akwụkwọ (SNCC) rụọ ọrụ na Mississippi n'etiti afọ 1964 na 1965. Na ngwụcha afọ 60, ọ sonyere n'òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na-apụta, na-akwado akụkụ nke ndị inyom na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, wee sonye n'òtle Bread & Roses na Boston. Ọ gụchara Ph.D. na Art History na 1968 wee malite nkuzi na Mahadum Brown n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'ime ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka, o bipụtara kọlụm nke Antoninus Pius yana ụfọdụ n'ime akụkọ mbụ gbasara akụkọ nka nwanyị na akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ kụzikwaara ihe ọmụmụ na isiokwu ndị a, bụ ihe ọhụrụ. N'afọ 1976, ọ malitere nzere doctorate ọzọ na Mahadum Brandeis na Sociology, na-agwụ na 1981, afọ abụọ tupu ya ebipụta ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta: Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory . Ọ kụziri sociology na Mahadum Rider ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2003. == Isiokwu nke nyocha == Dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka, Lise Vogel mere nyocha banyere ihe ọkpụkpụ enyemaka nke Roman Imperial na Ph.D mbụ ya, nke e bipụtara na monograph The Column of Antoninus Pius[1] na ọtụtụ akụkọ. O nyekwara aka na echiche nwanyị na-eto eto ọhụrụ na Art History.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ka ọ na-abanye na ngalaba mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọ na-amụ omenala Marxist n'ihe gbasara ajụjụ nwanyị ahụ, na-enyocha ihe odide ndị kachasị mkpa yana mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ Marxist na nwanyị ahụ na-ajụ ajụjụ na ịchọpụta ihe nketa abụọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya bụ ndị dịrịkọrọ kemgbe mmalite nke Marxism.na mgbakwunye, o sonyeere na arụmụka dị oke mkpa n'ime socialist feminism, dị ka arụmụka ọrụ ụlọ na okwu nke otu esi akọwa Marxism na Feminism. A tụlere ma nyocha banyere nwanyị ahụ na-ajụ ọdịnala na Marxism na nyocha nke ọrụ ndị nwanyị na-elekọta mmadụ na-atụle n'akwụkwọ Marxism and the Oppression of Women: Toward a Unitary Theory, nke e bipụtara nke mbụ na 1983. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe e bipụtasịrị Marxism na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị, ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ na mmepe nke echiche Marxist-feminist, na-elekwasị anya na ezinụlọ, ọmụmụ, ebe ọrụ na iwu nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti isiokwu ndị ọzọ.Ọ mụrụ ọnọdụ nwanyị ugbu a, na-enyocha arụmụka dị n'etiti nha anya na echiche dị iche n'ihe gbasara ezumike ọmụmụ na iwu ọha na eze ndị ọzọ.A na-emepụta nchọpụta dị otú ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Mothers on the Job: Maternity Policy in the U.S. Workplace (1993) nakwa n'ọtụtụ isiokwu, ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere na Ajụjụ Nwanyị: Essays for a Materialist Feminism (1995). == Enyemaka na echiche Marxist-feminist == === Echiche dị n'otu === Lise Vogel emeela ka e doo anya na mmepe nke echiche Marxist na ajụjụ nwanyị. Dị ka Johanna Brenner kwuru, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị - gụnyere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị - na-eche na "echiche Marxist oge ochie nwere obere ihe ọ ga-ekwu banyere mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị, na obere ihe ọ na-ekwu ezighi ezi". Nke a dugara n'ịnakwere usoro usoro abụọ site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na usoro mmegbu abụọ na-achị onwe ha (ndị nna ochie na ndị isi obodo), usoro nke Marxism, nke nwere ike ịkọwa naanị mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụghị mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị, ga-ejikọta ya na ụmụ nwanyị, echiche dị mkpa iji kọwaa mmegbu ndị nna ochie nke ụmụ nwanyị. Otu n'ime ihe odide kachasị mma na nke nwere mmetụta na-ejide usoro a bụ edemede Heidi Hartmann The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union. Lise Vogel na-agbagha echiche a n'akwụkwọ ya Marxism and the Oppression of Women nakwa n'isiokwu ndị ọzọ, na-agbachitere otu echiche (ọ nwekwara ederede na nzaghachi nye isiokwu Hartmann nke ọ na-ekwu na ọ dịghị mkpa maka "ụfọdụ njikọ ọhụrụ n'etiti Marxism ma ọ bụ socialism, na feminism. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ echiche Marxist n'onwe ya ka a ga-emepe, na omume socialist nke a ga-agbanwe" ). === Ihe nketa Marxist n'okwu nwanyị === Marxism na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị, ọ na-enyocha akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ kachasị mkpa nke nwanyị Marxist ajụjụ wee chọpụta ihe nketa abụọ jikọrọ ọnụ: nleba anya sistemu abụọ na echiche mmeputakwa ọha mmadụ.. Usoro usoro abụọ ahụ na-aghọta mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị dị ka nke sitere na "ọnọdụ ha n'ime usoro na-achị onwe ya nke nkewa nwoke na nwanyị nke ọrụ na ịdị elu nwoke", na-ele klas na okike anya dị ka usoro abụọ na-achịkwa onwe ha. A na-ele mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị na mmegbu ndị nọ n'ọkwá anya dị ka ndị nweere onwe ha ma enwere echiche doro anya na ihe abụọ na-akpali mmepe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme: ọgụ klas na ọgụ mmekọahụ. Enwere ike ịhụ àgwà abụọ a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mpempe akwụkwọ a na-ekwukarị site na okwu mbido Engels ruo mbipụta mbụ nke The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: ''"Dị ka echiche nke ihe onwunwe si kwuo, ihe na-ekpebi ihe dị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ, n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ, mmepụta na ọmụmụ nke ndụ ozugbo. Nke a, ọzọ, nwere àgwà abụọ: n'otu akụkụ, mmepụta nke ụzọ ịdị adị, nke nri, uwe na ebe obibi na ngwaọrụ ndị dị mkpa maka mmepụta ahụ; n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, mmepụta mmadụ n'onwe ha, mgbasa nke ụdị ahụ. Nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ndị mmadụ na otu oge akụkọ ihe mere eme na mba bi na-ekpebe site na ụdị mmepe ezinụlọ n'otu aka ahụ. "'' Ihe nketa a gara n'ihu n'ọrụ nke August Bebel, Eleanor Marx na Edward Aveling ma ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta nwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ketara ya. N'ụzọ dị iche, Vogel na-ekwu na echiche nke ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya sitere na Capital nke Marx, ma bụrụkwa n'echiche na "mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị nwere mgbọrọgwụ ya na ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n'ozuzu ya". Dị ka usoro a si dị, mgba klaasị ga-abụ isi mmalite nke mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na njirimara bụ isi nke otu klaasị ka ga-abụ ịnara oke ọrụ site n'aka ndị isi. Ka o sina dị, ntinye ego a ga-achọ mmeghari ohuru nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ mgbe nile, gụnyere nnọchi nke ọgbọ, nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè dị mkpa. N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-etinye mgbọrọgwụ maka echiche a na Marx's Capital, ọ dị mkpa ikwu na Marx anaghị ekwu maka ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọ naghị ekwupụta ọrụ ụlọ ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ, na ngalaba nke Capital Simple reproduction, ebe a na-egosi echiche nke ọmụmụ mmadụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Marx na-ewebata echiche doro anya na mmepụta nke ''Isi obodo'' chọrọ ọmụmụ nke ndị ọrụ site na mgbanwe nke ụzọ ndụ n'ime ike ọrụ. Enyemaka Lise Vogel bụ kpọmkwem iji mee ka mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ ụlọ dị na atụmatụ a, na-eguzobe ihe a ga-emesị kpọọ Social Reproduction Theory. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ekwu na ụfọdụ ndị Marxist (ọ kpọtụrụ Lenin na [[Clara Zetkin]] aha) atụlelarị ajụjụ nwanyị site n'echiche nke ịmụpụta ike ọrụ. Ya mere, a pụkwara iwere usoro a dị ka ihe nketa sitere na Marxism. A pụrụ iwere mmepe nke echiche ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (ma ọ bụ Social Reproduction Theory), dị ka nnukwu onyinye Vogel nyere na echiche Marxist-feminist. === Banyere arụmụka ọrụ ụlọ === Banyere arụmụka ọrụ ụlọ, Vogel na-echepụta ọrụ ụlọ dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa nke na-emepụta ike ọrụ. Ọ na-ekwu na, dị ka ọrụ ọmụmụ, ọ naghị emepụta uru karịrị akarị kama ọ bụ naanị uru ojiji. Ya mere, ọ dabara n'ụdị Marxist nke ọrụ na-arụpụta ihe. Ọ na-ekwu na ọ ga-anọ n'ụdị ọrụ Marxist nke ọrụ dị mkpa kama. N'okwu nke ya: "Ọrụ ụlọ bụ akụkụ nke ọrụ dị mkpa nke a na-arụ n'èzí nke mmepụta nke isi obodo. Maka mmepụta nke ike ọrụ iji mee, a chọrọ ma ihe ụlọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ọrụ dị mma". === Na arụmụka dị n'etiti nha nhata na ọdịiche === Banyere arụmụka dị n'etiti ụzọ nhata na ọdịiche na iwu okike nke United States, Vogel na-enyocha ọnọdụ nke echiche ọ bụla na iwu ndị a kwadoro n'akụkụ ọ bụla. N'otu aka, usoro ịha nhata na-ekwu na a ga-emeso ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'otu n'otu, ya mere, na-ekwu maka ezumike ịmụ nwa kwesịrị ịchịkwa dị ka ezumike ahụike ọ bụla ọzọ, na-azọrọ ezumike na-echebe ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ niile nwere nkwarụ nwa oge. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụzọ dị iche iche na-ekwusi ike na a chọrọ ikike pụrụ iche maka ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere nchebe pụrụ iche na ezumike nne ha, iji nweta ezigbo nha nhata. Vogel na-arụ ụka na-akwado ịgafe arụmụka a, na-atụ aro echiche nke nnọpụiche nwoke na nwanyị dabere na echiche nke ịdị iche iche nke jikọtara nkwanye ùgwù maka ọdịiche na mkpebi maka ịha nhata site na iji iwu iwu iwu na-anọpụ iche na nwoke. Echiche ahụ bụ na n'ime obodo dị iche iche, nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ otu dị iche iche nwere mkpa na ọrụ pụrụ iche, nha anya kwekọrọ na ebe obibi pụrụ iche, ma nke a ekwesịghị ibelata na ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị. == Mmetụta na nkatọ == Dị ka Ferguson na McNally si kwuo, naanị nzaghachi dị ịrịba ama nke ndị ọkà mmụta na mbipụta mbụ nke ''Marxism na Mmegbu nke Ụmụ nwanyị'', nke bụ akwụkwọ kachasị mkpa nke Lise Vogel, bụ nke onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị bụ Johanna Brenner dere. Brenner, mgbe aghọta uru nke Vogel ọrụ, na-ekwusi ike na-elekọta mmadụ mmeputakwa n'ọnọdụ ada akọwa ndị ikom Ịhazi iguzogide oha na-adịghị elebara ajụjụ nke ihe mere pụta nke klas mgba yiri ka ọ fọrọ nke nta n'ụwa nile n'ihi na a ezinụlọ usoro na ndị ikom na ike.Ọ na-ekwukwa na ụzọ ya, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, na-eleghara esemokwu dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị anya yana mmekọrịta ike dị n'agbata ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Onye edemede ọzọ nke katọrọ ọ bụghị ọrụ Vogel kpọmkwem kama usoro ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Himani Bannerji. Bannerji na-akpọsa na, n'ihi nnukwu mmetụta ya site na nhazi, echiche a enweghị ike ịghọta ọrụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ihe ọ na-ekwu bụ na site n'ilebara usoro dị ugbu a nke ọha mmadụ anya, ndị na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahapụ usoro ndị a na-amaghị usoro ha si bụrụ, na-efunahụ echiche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-ekwu na n'ihi ọgụgụ isi akụ na ụba ha nke Marx's Capital yana kwa n'ihi ọchịchọ ha nke abstraction, marxist-feminists anaghị etinye uche zuru oke na agbụrụ na agbụrụ. Ha na-eleghara "ihe pụrụ iche nke mmegbu dị iche iche nke dị n'ezie na nzukọ akụ na ụba anya" ma, ọ na-aga n'ihu, "ọ bụghị ọbụna na-arụ ọrụ [na-eme] ha na-etinye ụdị "agbụrụ" na agbụrụ ma na-eleba anya n'omume ịkpa ókè agbụrụ iji bulie nghọta ha banyere isi obodo".[do]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bannerji|first=Himani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HG6mtS6zL1YC&dq=himani+bannerji+but+who+speaks+for+us&pg=PA67|title=Unsettling Relations: The University as a Site of Feminist Struggles|date=1992|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0-89608-452-0|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mbipụta mbụ nke ''Marxism na Mmegbu nke Ụmụ nwanyị'', na 1983, emeghị ihe ọ bụla, mgbe afọ iri atọ gasịrị, mbipụta nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ (2013) nwere nnabata dị iche. Kemgbe e bipụtara mbipụta nke abụọ afọ ise gara aga, a kpọrọ Lise Vogel ka ọ kwuo okwu n'ụwa niile, akwụkwọ ahụ enweela ọtụtụ nyocha, e bipụtara ya na Turkish na Chinese mana a sụgharịrị mbipụta nke abuo na German na Turkish ma na-aga n'ihu na nsụgharị ọhụrụ. Dị ka Ferguson na McNally si kwuo, ọ bụrụ na ọrụ Vogel enwetaghị nlebara anya ọ kwesịrị ya na mbụ bụ n'ihi na ọ " pụtara n'oge ọgba aghara siri ike maka òtù ndị inyom na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya [...] neoliberalism na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na postmodern theory na ngalaba ọgụgụ isi". N'ụzọ dị iche, òtù ọhụrụ na-emegide ndị isi obodo na-apụta taa na mmasị na echiche Marxist na-etolite ọzọ n'oge a. Nke ahụ bụ ihe mere ''Marxism na Mmegbu nke Ụmụ nwanyị'' ji nwee mmetụta naanị mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị. == Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ === * Marxism na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị: Toward a Unitary Theory. Brill/Haymarket, 2013 (gbasawanye site na mbipụta 1983). A sụgharịrị ya n'asụsụ Chinese (2009), Turkish (2015), German (na-ebipụta) * ''Ajụjụ Ụmụ nwanyị: Essays for a Materialist Feminism''. Routledge na Pluto Press, 1995 * ''Ndị nne na-arụ ọrụ: Iwu Ịmụ nwa na U.S. Ebe Ọrụ''. Rutgers University Press, 1993 * Marxism na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị: Toward a Unitary Theory. Rutgers University Press, 1983; pb. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ogidi nke Antoninus Pius''. Loeb Classical Monographs. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973 === Ndepụta isiokwu ndị a họọrọ === * "Beyond Intersectionality" Science & Society, Eprel 2018 * "Okwu mbido" Social Reproduction Theory, ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "Ntinye" (ya na Martha Gimenez) Mbipụta pụrụ iche na "Marxist-Feminist Thought Today," Science & Society, Jenụwarị 2005 * "Ntinye" (na onye nchịkọta akụkọ) nyocha symposium on Red Feminism, nke Kate Weigand, na Science & Society, Winter 2002-2003 * "Hausarbeitsdebatte" [Domestic Labor Debate], na mpịakọta nke 5 nke ''Historisch-Kritisches Woerterbuch des Marxismus'', ed. Wolfgang Fritz Haug, Berlin: INKRIT, 2002 * "Domestic Labor Revisited" Science & Society, Summer 2000 Anthologized in Feminist Interpretations of Marx, ed. Christine Di Stefano, Pennsylvania State University Press, na-abịa * "Site n'ajụjụ nwanyị gaa na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị" na Materialist Feminism, ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "Engels' Origin: Legacy, Burden, and Vision" na Engels Today, ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "N'ịtụle ọdịiche: Ọnọdụ nke Iwu ezumike ezinụlọ na nke ahụike nke US nke 1993" Social Politics, Spring 1995 * "Kwuo Akụkọ: Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ndụ Anyị" Journal of Women's History, Spring 1991 * "Ịgba arụmụka dị iche: Feminism, Ime ime, na Ebe Ọrụ" Feminist Studies, Spring 1990 * "Socialist Feminism" Encyclopedia of the American Left, Garland, 1990; rev.ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "Ajụjụ gbasara Ajụjụ Nwaanyị" Monthly Review, June 1979 Asụgharị: Monthly Review. * "Ihe Omume na Ụda Ihe Omume: More on the New England Mill Women" Ọrụ History, Spring 1978 * "Obi iji Mmetụta na Asụsụ iji Asụ: New England Mill Women in the Early Nineteenth Century" na Class, Sex, and the Woman Worker, ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1985 * "Ọrụ nke ha: Akwụkwọ Abụọ sitere na Movement Labor nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu" ''Ihe ịrịba ama'', Oge opupu ihe ubi 1976 * "Fine Arts and Feminism: The Awakening Consciousness" Feminist Studies, 1974. Anthologized na Feminist Art Criticism, ed. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "Modernism and History" New Literary History, Fall 1971 (ya na L.S. Robinson) * "Circus Race Scenes in the Early Roman Empire" Art Bulletin, June 1969 * "Ịdị nro na Formalism" Art Journal, Spring 1968 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vogel, Lise}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4obdewy30nj7z4zttldjq92lbk49pno 0 76369 674588 652686 2026-07-09T16:46:57Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lea Vergine 1974.jpg|thumb|Lea Vergine]]  {{Reflist}}'''Lee Buoncristiano''' (5 Machị 1936 - 20 Ọktoba 2020), nke a maara dị ka '''Lee Vergine''',bụ onye nkatọ nka, onye edemede na onye na-ahụ maka nka. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Naples: nwata, ntorobịa, na ihe ngosi mbụ === A mụrụ Lea Buoncristiano na Naples na 5 Machị 1936, ebe nne na nna ya ochie zụlitere ya bụ ndị kpọpụrụ ya n'aka nne ya, onye ha weere dị ka onye dị umeala n'obi. Ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya site n'aka onye Nkụzi onwe onye. Ọ gara Liceo Umberto I, ebe o guzobere mmekọrịta chiri anya dabere na nkwanye ùgwù ya na onye nkuzi ya bụ onye Ịtali, Teresa Benevento. Ọ debanyere aha na Faculty of Philosophy, nke ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu iji malite ide maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara. Vergine lụrụ Adamo Vergine mgbe ọ dị obere n'otu afọ ahụ ma debe aha nna ya ọbụna mgbe ha kewara.<ref name="Piromallo" /> Ebipụtara akụkọ nkatọ nka nke mbụ ya na 1959 na I 4 Soli, akwụkwọ akụkọ avant-garde na-asụ asụsụ abụọ hiwere na 1954 ma onye na-ese ihe bụ Adriano Parisot duziri ya. Mmekọrịta ya na I 4 Soli, nke dịgidere ruo 1960, mere ka ya na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi na ndị nkatọ na-eto eto nwere mmasị na ịmepụta "nyocha nke nkà ugbu a" (dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu) nke ga-eme ka njikọ dị n'etiti Ịtali na French dị ugbu a.t. . Vergine kpaliri mmasị na ihe ndị dị ugbu a na "ọchịchọ ịnọ n'etiti ihe na-eme";N'ileba anya na usoro ọhụrụ na mpaghara nka nke obodo ya, na 1963 o dere Undici pittori napoletani di oggi (Eleven Neapolitan Painters of Today), [2] ederede nke chịkọtara ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe, Vincent Cinzo Brancaccio, Domenico Spinosa, Corrado Russo, Raffaele Lippi, Armando De Stefano, Renato Barisani, Carlo Alfano, Carmine Di Ruggiero, na Gianni Pisani, nwere okwu mmalite nke onye nkatọ nka Giulio Carlo Argan dere. N'otu afọ ahụ, Vergine malitere imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụlọ ngosi onwe onye ''Il Centro'' (nke Renato Bacarelli na ụmụnne Arturo na Armando Caròla guzobere na 1960), ebe ọ malitere imekọrịta ihe na nhazi nke ihe ngosi ụfọdụ, dị ka ihe ngosi nke Lucio Fontana na 1963, na-egosi echiche Spatial iri na asaa n'etiti afọ 1952 na 1962. Ndị a bụ afọ ndị Fontana na-arụ ọrụ na "ciclo dei buchi" (usoro nke oghere, 1949-1968) na "cicto dei tagli" (usoro ịkpụ, 1958-1968). Mmeghachi omume na ihe ngosi ahụ kpughere ụzọ chauvinist ka na-eme ọha mmadụ na ụwa nka. Onye nkatọ Luigi Compaggnone boro Vergine ebubo n'otu akụkọ dị na Il Tempo maka mmejọ mmekọahụ maka ikwu okwu banyere "oghere" na-ezo aka na ọrụ onye na-ese ihe. N'afọ 1965, Vergine gosipụtara na ''Il Centro'' ihe ngosi na MID (Mutation, Image, Dimension), otu ndị na-eme nnwale anya nke gosipụtara nkwupụta uri na mmemme ha Antonio Barrese, onye otu MID. Antonio Barrese, onye otu MID, na-echeta: "Lea Vergine ... bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ vestal anyị. " Ihe ngosi ikpeazụ nke Vergine haziri na ''Il Centro'', na ụlọ ọhụrụ na via Carducci, bụ ''Napoli '25/'33'', na 1971.<ref name="MID 1964" /> A mụrụ ihe ngosi nke otu ahụ na ebumnuche nke ime ka ndị na-ese ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Naples n'oge Fascism na ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi mmegide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha na ọchịchị na nyocha ha na-emegide ya. Lea Vergine wughachiri akụkọ ihe mere eme dị oke egwu nke ọtụtụ iri afọ "ga-anọgide na-abụ ihe ngosi megide ọdịbendị nke obodo a, isi obodo nke e wepụrụ ma wepụ onwe ya na akụkọ sara mbara nke akụkọ ihe mere e ji nka Ịtali na narị afọ nke 20". N'oge ngosi ahụ, ''Il Centro Edizioni'' bipụtara akwụkwọ na foto Mimmo Jodice na Rocco Pedicini na ihe osise nke Bruno Di Bello. N'etiti afọ 1960, Vergine malitere ịgagharị n'etiti Naples na Rome, ebe ọ gbazitere ụlọ dị nso na Piazza Navona. N'isi obodo, o nwere ike ime ka mmekọrịta ya na Giulio Carlo Argan dịkwuo omimi ma mata Palma Bucarelli, onye nduzi nke Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rossana Rossanda, Bruno Zevi na Fabio Mauri. Ọ malitere imekọ ihe ọnụ na Radio3, ọwa ọdịbendị nke Rai, na-agba ndị edemede ajụjụ ọnụ ma na-akọ akụkọ banyere ihe ngosi ndị dị ugbu a. Na Rom, ọ gakwara ndị omenkà dị iche iche, gụnyere otu Piazza del Popolo, kamakwa ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi dị ka La Tartaruga, L'Attico ma ọ bụ Galleria Pogliani. N'afọ 1964, Argan kpọrọ Lea Vergine ka ọ chepụta ma duzie magazin avant-garde Lineastruttura . N'oge a, ọ zutere Enzo Mari, onye Argan kwere ka ọ lekọta ihe osise ahụ. E mepụtara magazin ahụ dị ka nyocha kwa nkeji iri na ise iji nye ọha na eze arụmụka banyere usoro ọhụrụ nke oge a na ụlọ na imewe. Ndị nkatọ nka dịka Achille Bonito Oliva, Palma Bucarelli, Gillo Dorfles na Filiberto Menna sonyere. Naanị mbipụta abụọ ka e bipụtara n’agbata afọ 1966 na 1967 site n’aka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke Neapolitan Diaframma. === Afọ ndị Milan === N'afọ 1966, Vergine kwagara Milan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=L'arte non è faccenda di persone perbene|author=Chiara Gatti, Lea Vergine|publisher=Rizzoli|year=2016}}</ref> Silvana Mauri, onye na-ebipụta Bompiani, goro ya ka o nye akwụkwọ Harold Rosenberg na Umberto Eco na onye nchịkọta Giuseppe Panza di Biumo. Site n'afọ ndị a gaa n'ihu, a kwadoro ọrụ Vergine dị oke egwu site na mmekorita ya na akwụkwọ ndị ọkachamara, gụnyere magazin ọdịbendị nke oge a bụ ''Marcatrè'', nke Eugenio Battisti, ''Domus'' na Data, guzobere, magazin nka nke oge a nke Tommaso Trini dezigharịrị. N'aha onye nchịkọta akụkọ Giancarlo Bonacina, ọ dezigharịrị ngalaba nka nke Almanacco Bompiani maka mbipụta 1968 na 1969. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Polo Tonini, L'Almanacco Letterario Bompiani, Edizione dell'Arengario, 2015, p. 14}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na mmekorita ya na Radio3 wee malite ide edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ dịka ''Il Tempo illustrato'', ''Paese Sera'', na maka magazin nka mba ụwa ''Metro'', na oku nke enyi ya Gillo Dorfles.O dere nyocha nke ihe ngosi na akwụkwọ maka La Fiera Letteraria kwa izu yana maka linus, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị kwa ọnwa. N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ malitere mmekorita na-adịte aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba dị ka il manifesto na Il Corriere della Sera.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chiara Gatti, Lea Vergine, L'arte non è faccenda di persone per bene, Rizzoli, 2016, p. 80}}</ref> Na Milan, ọ haziri ọtụtụ ihe ngosi maka Galleria Apollinaire nke Guido Le Noci, Naviglio nke Renato Cardazzo na Galleria Milano nke Carla Pellegrini, ebe ọ meghere Irritarte na 1969. Appunti per un'analisi delle comunicazioni irritanti.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chiara Gatti, Lea Vergine, L'arte non è faccenda di persone per bene, Rizzoli, 2016, p. 80}}</ref> Ọ gosipụtara ọrụ nke Ay-O, Gianfranco Baruchello, Gerardo Di Fiore, Bernard Höke, Tetsumi Kudo, Otto Muehl, Gianni Pisani, Alina Szapocznikow, na Curt Stenvert, "na-ewepụ ma na-akpasu iwe (nke miri emi) ", jikọtara site na ihe ịma aka ha na mgbakọ ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lea Vergine, Irritarte. Appunti per una analisi delle comunicazioni irritanti, catalogo della mostra, Milano, Galleria Milano, 1969}}</ref> Aha ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na nhọrọ nke igosi ọrụ nke ga-akpali mgbagwoju anya n'ime onye na-ekiri ya, na-akpata egwu na ntụgharị uche banyere ọnwụ. N'uhuruchi nke mmeghe ahụ, Otto Muehl mere ihe ngosi (nke Ugo Mulas sere na foto) n'ihu ọha, na-ekpuchi onye na-enyere gallery aka na mmiri na nri.Ihe ngosi ahụ kpalitere nkatọ siri ike maka ịdị njọ nke ọrụ ndị a na-egosipụta, dị ka okwu onye nta akụkọ Cesare Garboli gbara na Il Mondo gbara akaebe: "Mgbe ị na-apụ ... mgbe ị gachara, na-achọ tagzi, ị maghị ihe na-akụda gị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ egwu nke nnupụisi ahụ, akụkọ akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ma ọ bụ nsọpụrụ na-adịghị mma, n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, nke ahụ, ụlọ na nke rụrụ arụ. " === Ihe osise ahụ === Enyemaka Vergine nyere na ọmụmụ nke nka ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa. N'ihi ihe ngosi Irritarte nke afọ 1969, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ofufe na 1974, Il corpo come linguaggio . La Body Art e storie simili (The Body as a Language: The Body Art and Similar Stories, Prearo Editore), nke o ji chepụta ụdị ọhụrụ nke ngosipụta nka nke lekwasịrị anya na corporeality, omume imerụ onwe onye na ahụmịhe nke mkpuchi nke ihe mgbu. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Daniela Palazzoli, Vergine nyere ọgụgụ uche nke Body Art, na-akọwa ya dị ka mmetụta uche na nnwere onwe; omume ndị ahụ bụ mwepụ nke mmetụta uche iji mebie usoro na ụkpụrụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị nkatọ ji mmasị nabata akwụkwọ ahụ ma nyochaa ya, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, site n'aka Giulio Carlo Argan na Lucy R. Lippard. Vergine na-akọwa ihe ndị bu ụzọ nke Body Art n'omume nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri na-eji ahụ eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta onwe ha n'afọ ndị 1950, dị ka Jackson Pollock ma ọ bụ Gutai Group, ruo na arụmọrụ nke Piero Manzoni, Yves Klein, Fluxus, nnwale ihe nkiri nke Living Theatre, na nnwale ihe mere eme nke Andy Warhol. Il corpo come linguaggio na-enyocha arụmọrụ na omume nke ndị omenkà iri isii, gụnyere Gina Pane, Gilbert & George, Urs Lüthi, Katharina Sieverding, Rebecca Horn, Trisha Brown, na Günter Brus. Na mgbakwunye na edemede mmeghe, akwụkwọ ahụ (nke e bipụtara n'asụsụ Italian na Bekee) gụnyere nchịkọta ederede nke ndị na-ese ihe dere n'onwe ha na nnukwu akwụkwọ foto nke ihe na-eme na arụmọrụ. N'afọ 2000, e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ ọzọ n'okpuru aha Body art e storie simili. Il corpo come linguaggio (Skira), na okwu ọhụrụ nke Lea Vergine na itinye ndị na-ese ihe dịka Orlan, Stelarc, Ron Athey, Franko B, Yasumasa Morimura, Jana Sterbak, na Matthew Barney. Angelo Trimarco gosipụtara ọdịiche dị n'etiti mbipụta abụọ ahụ dị ka ndị a: "site n'ime ka ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị o kwuru na 1974, o kpuchiri isiokwu nke ahụ dị ka asụsụ ma mee ka isiokwu ọzọ pụta ìhè, nke ahụ dị omimi, ahụ gbasaa".<ref name="Miglietti-2015" /> N'afọ 1974, Vergine, ya na onye nkatọ Pierre Restany, haziri ihe ngosi ''Eros come linguaggio (Eros dị ka asụsụ) '' na Galleria Eros na Milan, na-akpọ ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'Ịtali ka ha nyochaa ọnọdụ ịhụnanya na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke oge ahụ. Ndị sonyere gụnyere: Giuseppe Desiato, Hidalgo, M. Orensanz, Ketty La Rocca, G.E. Simonetti, Fabio Mauri, Gianni Pisani, Giannetto Bravi, Adriano Altamira, Nagasawa, Emilio Isgrò, Giuseppe Trotta, Fernando Tonello, Baratella, Duccio Berti, Mimmo Rotella, Franco Ravedone, Neiman. N'afọ 1975, Vergine dere ederede mmeghe maka akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke ọrụ eserese nke ụmụ nwanyị itoolu Itali na-ese ihe: Carla Accardi, Mirella Bentivoglio, Valentina Berardinone, Nilde Carabba, Tomaso Binga, Dadamaino, Amalia Del Ponte, Grazia Varisco na Nanda Vigo. Ire nke Pọtụfoliyo a bụ iji nweta ego maka Libreria delle Donne (Ọbá akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị) nke ka meghere na Milan.Vergine gosipụtara uru ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya: "eziokwu ahụ bụ na agha ahụ ka na-aga, na nnupụisi ahụ ka na-aga n'ihu, na atumatu feminist na-agbanwe agbanwe ka bụ ebumnobi a ga-emepụta, a na-egosipụtakwa na Pọtụfoliyo a na-ahụ otu ìgwè ndị inyom na-ese ihe na-eme ihe ngosi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịdị n'otu kwupụta mmegharị ahụ". . N'afọ 1976, Vergine bipụtara mpịakọta Attraverso l'arte . Ọ na-eme ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Pagare il '68 (Through art. Political practice. Paying for'68, Arcana Editrice), akwụkwọ nke afọ ndị dị gburugburu 1968 ebe ọ chịkọtara ma bipụta ihe odide Gianni-Emilio Simonetti, Manfredo Massironi, Julio Le Parc, Piero Gilardi, Gabriele Devecchi, Daniel Buren, Davide Boriani na onye ibe ya Enzo Mari. N'otu afọ ahụ, Vergine bipụtara ''Dall'informale alla Body art.'' Dieci voci dell'arte contemporanea 1960/1970 (From informal to Body art. Ten voices of contemporary art 1960/1970). Akwụkwọ ahụ na-atụ aro, site na olu nke ndị na-ese ihe na ọrụ ha, njem n'etiti usoro dị iche iche dị ka Informal, Body art, Programmed Art, Visual Poetry, na Land art. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Ermanno Migliorini, Mart, Archivio del ´900, fondo ANS, Dicembre, 1976, p.19}}</ref> N'afọ 1976, Vergine sonyeere Renato Barilli na arụmọrụ nke Luca Patella, na Galleria Palazzoli na Milan, nke akpọrọ Presentazione & presente azione di una performance proiettiva di Luca (Nkwupụta na ihe ngosi nke arụmọrụ nke Luca), nke metụtara ngosi nke akwụkwọ Io sono qui/Avventura & cultura (Anọ m ebe a / Adventure & omenala) . == Ihe ngosi ndị dị mkpa == === ''Onye ọzọ metan dell'avanguardia 1910-1940. Pittrici e scultrici nei movimenti delle avanguardie storiche'' (Ọkara Ọzọ nke Avant-Garde, 1910-1940: Ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ese onyinyo na Historical Avant-Gardes Movements) === ; Palazzo Reale, Milan, 16 Febụwarị - 13 Eprel (gbatị ruo 18 Mee) 1980 Ihe ngosi L'altra metà dell'avanguardia 1910-1940. ''Pittrici e scultrici nei movimenti delle avanguardie storiche'' meghere na 16 Febụwarị 1980 na Palazzo Reale (The Royal Palace) na Milan. N'ịbụ nke Obodo Milan haziri ma bụrụ nke Lea Vergine haziri, ihe ngosi ahụ nyochara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe n'ime ihe osise nke mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ma bụrụ nke a ghọtara dị ka ihe dị ịrịba ama na ọmụmụ nke akụkọ nka na nsogbu okike. === Ihe osise programmata na cinetica 1953-1963. L'ultima avanguardia (Programmed and Kinetic Art, 1953-1963: The Last Avant-Garde) === ; Palazzo Reale, Milan, 4 Nọvemba 1983 - 27 Febụwarị 1984 Vergine abịarịala gburugburu ebe obibi nke Nka kinetic n'ihi na ọ maara Giulio Carlo Argan na enyi ya Enzo Mari. Ọ kọwapụtala agụmagụ mbụ dị egwu nke nsonaazụ mmemme na nka nka na akwụkwọ akụkọ Lineastruttura, [1] mechara mepụta na ogbako nke 11 Maachị 1973, n'ime usoro mmemme didactic nke Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna (1972–1973) N'afọ 1983, Vergine haziri ihe ngosi otu Arte programmata e cinetica 1953/1963, L'ultima Avanguardia na Palazzo Reale na Milan. Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya n'afọ ndị mbụ nke usoro ahụ, nke o weere dị ka nke kachasị mkpa. Dị ka Vergine si kwuo, "ọ bụ oge ikpeazụ otu ndị na-ese ihe na mba ụwa tụpụtara usoro ihe omume ọzọ na ihe nlereanya nke ọdịbendị na omume nke ime nka", <ref>{{Cite book|title=Arte programmata e cinetica 1953/1963, L'ultima avanguardia|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Mazzotta Editore|year=1983}}</ref> na-ewere mmegharị ahụ dị ka ihe karịrị nkwalite nke sayensị na teknụzụ, ka ọ na-eweghachi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye ọ bụla na ọha mmadụ. Ihe ngosi ahụ raara ngalaba mmeghe nye ndị Futurists, Abstractionists na Constructivists. Ogwe etiti ahụ nwere ọrụ nke ndị isi na-ese ihe nke mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere ndị nke Group T, yana Group N, bụ ndị na-enyocha ihe omume nke nghọta. O mechiri na ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe, dị ka Enrico Castellani, Dadamaino, na Jean Tinguely, bụ ndị, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-eme nchọpụta yiri nke ndị na'ihe ngosi nke nka a haziri ahazi, dị iche na usoro na ebumnuche nka ha. === ''Carol Rama'' === ; Sagrato del Duomo, Milan, 29 Mee - 28 Julaị 1985 N'afọ 1985, Vergine haziri ihe ngosi mbụ nke Carol Rama, nke Obodo Milan haziri ma bụrụ nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Achilles Castiglioni guzobere na mezzanine nke ala n'okpuru Sagrato del Duomo. Vergine etinyelarị onye na-ese ihe n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe nkiri L'altra metà dell'avanguardia 1910-1940. Site na ihe ngosi a, o gosipụtara akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke mmepụta nke onye na-ese ihe n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, yana akwụkwọ na ihe ndị sitere n'ụlọ ya dị na Turin.<ref name="ArchivioCarolRama">{{Cite web|url=https://archiviocarolrama.org/carol-rama/|title=Archivio Carol Rama|accessdate=12 February 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ nyere aka nke ukwuu na mgbasa nke ọrụ Rama, nke ihe ngosi mbụ ya, nke e guzobere na 1945 na Opera pia Cucina malati poveri na Turin, <ref name="ArchivioCarolRama" /> ndị Nazi mechiri maka iwe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=CAROL RAMA Un poco comune sesso del pudore|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/carol-rama-poco-comune-sesso-pudore.html|author=Antonio Armano|work=il Giornale|date=11 January 2017|accessdate=12 February 2022}}</ref> Katalọgụ nke ihe ngosi ahụ, [1] gụnyere onyinye nke Lea Vergine, onye edemede Giorgio Manganelli, ọkà mmụta egwu Massimo Mila, onye na-ede uri Edoardo Sanguineti, akwụkwọ akụkọ dị egwu nke Corrado Levi nakọtara na “sọpụrụ Carol Rama” nke onye dere Luciano Berio na-ebipụtabeghị. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Carol Rama|location=Milano|publisher=Mazzotta Editore|year=1985|editor=Lea Vergine}}</ref> === Partitions/Opere Multimedia 1984-85 (Partitions/Multimedia Works 1984-85) === ; Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea, Milan, 29 Nọvemba 1985 - 13 Jenụwarị 1986 Partitions/Opere multimedia 1984-85 bụ ihe ngosi nke onye France na-ese ihe Gina Pane nke Lea Vergine haziri, nke meghere na 1985 na Padiglione d'arte contemporanea di Milano (PAC). A haziri ihe ngosi ahụ na mmekorita ya na Centre national des arts plastiques (FIACRE) nke Ministry of Culture nke France na Centre Culturel Français na Milan. Ọ bụ Marco Albini na Franca Helg haziri ihe ngosi ahụ.<ref name="CatalogoPane">{{Cite book|title=Gina Pane, Partitions/Opere multimedia 1984–85|location=Milano|publisher=Mazzotta Editore|year=1985|editor=Lea Vergine}}</ref> Vergine weere onye na-ese ihe dị ka "onye na-eduzi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị onye na-eme ihe nkiri zuru oke nke nka ahụ".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Parole sull'arte 1965–2007|chapter=Per l’azione «mezzogiorno ad Alimena» di Gina Pane|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Il Saggiatore|year=2008}}</ref> Na PAC, Vergine nyochara mmepụta nke onye na-ese ihe na nso nso a, na-ahọrọ ọrụ site na mgbe 1981, afọ nke gosipụtara njedebe nke usoro nke arụmọrụ ya na mmalite nke "nkewa" ya, okwu nke ọ kọwara na katalọgụ ahụ: "Nkewa dị ka omume nke ịkewa, nkewa, ngwakọta ụdị, ihe, agba, mgbe ụfọdụ sonorisations ma ọ bụ ụda; mana nkewa dịkwa ka egwu nke gụnyere ọgụgụ na nkọwa nke ọrụ ahụ site n'aka onye na-ekiri ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pacmilano.it/exhibitions/partitions-opere-multimedia-1984-85/|title=Gina Pane "PARTITIONS"/OPERE MULTIMEDIA 1984–85|work=PAC Padiglione d'arte contemporanea|accessdate=12 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="IlCorpoDiffuso">{{Cite book|title=Parole sull'arte 1965–2007|chapter=Il corpo diffuso|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Il Saggiatore|pages=69–70|year=2008}}</ref> N'elu veranda nke PAC, e gosipụtara ọrụ iri na otu buru ibu nke nwere ihe dịgasị iche iche dị ka eserese, ihe ndị a chọtara, foto nke omume, iko na ihe egwuregwu. N'ime mkpokọta ndị a, ahụ onye na-ese ihe apụọla, "e nwere ihe na-echetara ahụ. Gina Pane ewepụla onwe ya n'ebe ahụ ma ahụ ya agbasaala. " <ref name="IlCorpoDiffuso">{{Cite book|title=Parole sull'arte 1965–2007|chapter=Il corpo diffuso|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Il Saggiatore|pages=69–70|year=2008}}</ref> Ndepụta ngosi <ref name="CatalogoPane">{{Cite book|title=Gina Pane, Partitions/Opere multimedia 1984–85|location=Milano|publisher=Mazzotta Editore|year=1985|editor=Lea Vergine}}</ref> nwere edemede onye nlekọta nke akpọrọ "Il corpo diffuso", ederede "Couleur-blessure" nke Giorgio Manganelli, ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na akụkọ dị oke egwu. === Geometry dionisiache In Italia oggi l'arte giovane (''Dionysian Geometries: Young Art in Italy Today'') === ; Rotonda della Besana, Milan, May-September 1988 E mere ihe ngosi ''Geometrie dionisiache: in Italia oggi l'arte giovane'' site na Mee ruo Septemba 1988 na Rotonda della Besana na Milan. Ihe ngosi ahụ, nke Lea Vergine haziri ma tinye ya site na Achilles Castiglioni, lekwasịrị anya na ndị na-eto eto iri abụọ na atọ, amụrụ n'etiti afọ 1955 na 1960, bụ ndị n'etiti oge 1980 na-arụ ọrụ site na iji okwu nke ụdị abstract ma ọ bụ geometric. Vergine kọwara na katalọgụ ahụ na aha ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na ojiji dị ukwuu nke geometry, "ihe dị ịtụnanya na geometry na-enupụ isi, Otú ọ dị, ihe na-adịghị mma, nke na-ese okwu, nke akụkụ Dionysian na-ebuli elu".<ref name="CatalogoGeometrie">{{Cite book|title=Geometrie dionisiache: in Italia oggi l'arte giovane|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Fabbri Editori|year=1988|editor=Lea Vergine}}</ref> Onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị omenkà a kpọrọ nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere isiokwu ahụ. Ihe ọhụrụ nke nyocha ndị a bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha ebughị n'obi iweghachi ihe na-enweghị atụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya, kama na ebumnuche iji rụgharịa ha dịka omume nke ha si dị, na-enye ohere ka ụdị ọhụrụ dị iche iche pụta. Ndị na-ese ihe: Massimo Antonaci, Stefano Arienti, Angelo Barone, Luigi Carboni, Manlio Caropreso, Lucilla Catania, Antonio Catelani, Fabrizio Corneli, Alex Corno, Daniela De Lorenzo, Antonio Di Palma, Aldo Ferrara, Carlo Guaita, Eduard Habicher, Marco Lodola, Marco Mazzucconi, Silvio Merlino, Nunzio, Claudio Palmieri, Luca Quartana, Maurizio Turchet, Antonio Violetta, Alfredo Zelli.<ref name="CatalogoGeometrie">{{Cite book|title=Geometrie dionisiache: in Italia oggi l'arte giovane|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Fabbri Editori|year=1988|editor=Lea Vergine}}</ref> === ''Ihe mkpofu. Mgbe m na-ekwu okwu'' n'ihu ọha (Trash: When Waste Becomes Art) === ; Palazzo delle Albere, Trento, Archivio del '900, Rovereto, 11 Septemba 1997 - 11 Jenụwarị 1998 Ihe mkpofu. Quando i rifiuti yatiya, nke emere na 11 Septemba 1997 na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie abụọ nke MART na Trento na Rovereto, onye nlekọta Lea Vergine gosipụtara ya dị ka "parade, mgbasa nke ọhụụ, ihe atụ na ihe ncheta" <ref>{{Cite news|title=Lea Vergine e i rifiuti|url=https://www.domusweb.it/it/recensioni/2006/12/20/lea-vergine-e-i-rifiuti.html|author=Mirella Bandini|work=Domus|date=20 December 2006|accessdate=12 February 2022}}</ref> malite na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 ma kwụsị na nyocha nke afọ nke 1990. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara ụda nke bụ "ihe ijuanya, necrophilic, ironic, dramatic, ... na-egwuri egwu ma bụrụ nke ịdị mfe na ịdị nro", dịka Gabriella Belli dere na katalọgụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trash. Quando i rifiuti diventano arte|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Electa|year=1997|editor=Lea Vergine}}</ref> Ebe nzukọ nke nyocha nke ndị na-ese ihe kpọrọ òkù bụ iji ihe mkpofu eme ihe na ihe owuwu, nka, sinima, ịgba egwu na egwu. A tụlere isiokwu nke ihe a rụgharịrị arụgharị na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, dịka na Kurt Schwitters' ''Merzbau'' (1923-1948) ma ọ bụ Marcel Duchamp's ''Urinal'' (1917), na ebumnuche nke ime ihe ndị na-adịchaghị mma. N'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ, e nwere ihe dị iche iche na-akpali ndị na-ese ihe na ihe ndị a tụfuru atụfu, site na mkpesa ọha na eze ruo n'ịkwa emo dị mfe, nke dugara na ọmụmụ nke ọdịbendị nke ihe a na-ewere dị ka ihe jọgburu onwe ya ma ọ bụ ihe na-abaghị uru. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara usoro ihe ndị, nke e wepụrụ na ọnọdụ mbụ ha ma gbanwee ka ha bụrụ ọrụ nka, kọrọ akụkọ. N'ihi ya, ọrụ onye na-ese ihe bụ igosi otu, n'ime oghere akọwapụtara, ihe ahụ na ihe a tụfuru atụfu si enweta uru ọzọ. E kere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe jọgburu onwe ya na ihe dị nsọ, ịhụnanya na ihe na-atọ ọchị n'etiti ọrụ ndị ahụ, "ihe mkpofu nwere ike ịkọwa", Vergine kwuru na katalọgụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trash. Quando i rifiuti diventano arte|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Electa|year=1997|editor=Lea Vergine}}</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe: Eileen Agar, Agullo, Arman, Roberto Marcello Baldessari, Giacomo Balla, Lewis Baltz, Gianfranco Baruchello, Bizhan Bassiri, Gabriella Benedini, Joseph Beuys, Umberto Boccioni, Christian Boltanski, Giovanna Borgese, Enrica Borghi, Louise Borgeois, Giannetto Bravi, George Brecht, Stuart Brisley, Alberto Burri, Carlo Carrà, Enrico Cattaneo, Maurizio Cattelan, Alik Cavaliere, Carla Cerati, César, Ettore Colla, Isabella Colonnello, Primo Conti, Joseph Cornell, Claudio Costa, Tony Cragg, Mario Cresci, Walter Dahn, Sergio Dangelo, Fortunato Depero, Fabio De Poli, Niki De Saint-Phalle, Gérard Deschamp, Giuseppe Desiato, Erik Dietman, Gerardo Di Fiore, Vladimir Vladimirovič Dimitriev, Mark Dion, Willie Doherty, Gerardo Dottori, Marcel Duchamp, Robert Filliou, Peter Fischli & David Weiss, Lucio Fontana, Raffaella Formenti, Hannes Forster, Cesare Fullone, Mario Giacomelli, Robert Gober, Ferdinando Greco, Raymond Hains, [[David Hammons]], Al Hansen, [[Mona Hatoum]], Anthony Hernandez, Tom Egil Jensen, Mimmo Jodice, Paul Joostens, Tadeusz Kantor, Allan Kaprow, Kcho, Imre Kinsky, Alison Knowles, Jiri Kolár, Jannis Kounellis, Dmitri Kozaris, Annette Lemieux, Giorgio Lotti, Uliano Lucas, George Maciunas, Jackson Mac Low, Man Ray, Piero Manzoni, Giuseppe Maraniello, Marca-Relli, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Eva Marisaldi, Eliseo Mattiacci, Fabio Mauri, Paul Mc Carthy, Mario Merz, Joachim Ogarra, Charlotte Moorman, Otto Mühl, Ugo Mulas, Hidetoshi Nagasawa, Louise Nevelson, Giulia Niccolai, Cady Nolan, Gastone Novelli, Ron O'Donnel, Catherine Opie, Meret Oppenheim, Orlan, Gabriel Orozco, Nam June Paik, Claudio Parmiggiani, Pino Pascali, Luca Maria Patella, Jacques Pavlovsky, Michel Paysant, Nicola Pellegrini, Irving Penn, Lorenzo Pepe, Tullio Pericoli, Francis Picabia, Pablo Picasso, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Ivan Pougny, Enrico Prampolini, Louie Psihoyos, Carol Rama, Robert Rauschenberg, Raffael Rheinsberg, Rosanna Rossi, Mimmo Rotella, Nancy Rubins, Sabrina Sabato, Tom Sachs, Salvatore Scarpitta, Christian Schad, Carolee Schneemann, Herbert Schürmann, Kurt Schwitters, [[Andres Serrano]], Gino Severini, Cindy Sherman, Ardengo Soffici, Daniel Spoerri, Fausta Squatriti, Jana Sterbak, Erika Stocker, Varvara Stepanova, Antoni Tàpies, olfgang Tillmans, Jean Tinguely, Rirkrit Tiravanija, Matilde Trapassi, Richard Tuttle, Franco Vaccari, Nanni Valentini, Ben Vautier, Vedova-Mazzei, Jacques Villeglé, Volt (Vincenzo Fani Ciotti), Else Von Freytag-Loringhoven, Wolf Vostell, Barbara Watson, Robert Watts, Walter Weer, Richard Wentworth, Franz West, Mike Yamashita, Rougena Zátková, Gilberto Zorio. === D'Ombra (N'okpuru onyinyo) === ; Palazzo delle Papesse - Centro arte contemporanea, 14 Ọktoba 2006 - 7 Jenụwarị 2007, MAN Art Museum nke mpaghara Nuoro, Nuoro, 26 Jenụwarụ 2007 - 6 Mee 2007 Ihe ngosi D'ombra bụ nke Lea Vergine chepụtara maka Palazzo delle Papesse na Pisa na MAN Museo d'arte della Provincia di Nuoro. Vergine chịkọtara ọrụ nke ndị omenkà iri anọ na-ekwu maka isiokwu nke ''Onyinyo'', nke ahụmịhe na ókèala dị n'etiti ụwa nkịtị na ụwa anwansi, ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka iji mee ka akụkụ nzuzo nke ndị mmadụ na ihe pụta ìhè. N'ime ndepụta ngosi ahụ, ọ na-akọwa nhọrọ nke isiokwu dị ka ndị a: "n'ime onyinyo anyị nwere ike igosi mirages, ọhụụ, egwu, ọchịchọ, ihe a na-ekwughị; ndị anyị zuterebeghị, ebe anyị na-enwetụbeghị, reverberations nke ọnọdụ na ihe omume anyị nwere ike ọ hụtụbeghị: n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, nrọ. Ma eleghị anya ị ga-ahụ isiokwu ahụ dị ntakịrị otu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=D'ombra|chapter=fatti d'ombra|author=Lea Vergine|location=Cinisello Balsamo|publisher=Silvana Editoriale|year=2006|editor=Lea Vergine}}</ref> Ndị na-ese ihe: Mario Airò, Doug Aitken, Carlo Alfano, Laurie Anderson, Stefano Arienti, Luciano Bartolini, Carlo Benvenuto, Barbara Bloom, Christian Boltanski, Fabrizio Corneli, Gino De Dominicis, Peter Fischli & David Weiss, Ceal Floyer, Alberto Garutti, Ann Hamilton, [[Mona Hatoum]], Gary Hill, Joan Jonas, Nino Longobardi, Urs Lüthi, Fabio Mauriano, Sebastiano, Ottonella Mocellin & Pellegrini, Tracey Morgita Eantin. Newman, Cornelia Parker, Claudio Parmiggiani, Gianni Pisani, Markus Raetz, Annie Ratti, Rosanna Rossi, Anri Sala, Susanne Simonson, Jana Sterbak, Fiona Tan, Andy Warhol, William Wegman, Francesca Woodman. === Otu oge altro Tra Decadentismo e Modern style (''Oge Ọzọ: N'etiti Decadence na Modern Style'') === ; MART Contemporary and Modern Art Museum of Trento and Rovereto, Rovereto, 22 Septemba 2012 - 13 Jenụwarị 2013 Oge ọzọ. Tra Decadentismo e Modern style bụ ihe ngosi nke Lea Vergine haziri na MART na Rovereto na 2013, na mmekorita ya na onye nlekọta Francesca Giacomelli. Ndị na-ese ihe na ihe ngosi ahụ bụ ndị otu "nnukwu ndị na-adịghị mma", <ref name="Radio Capital-2012">Lea Vergine intervistata da Valentina Tosoni per SoulFood Radio Capital,{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lL-sFHw98Xo|title=MOSTRA Un altro tempo. Tra Decadentismo e Modern Style MART ROVERETO intv a Lea Vergine|author=Lea Vergine nell’intervista Valentina Tosoni per SoulFood Radio Capital|work=[[YouTube]]|date=5 October 2012|accessdate=3 February 2022}}</ref> dị ka Vergine si kọwaa ha, ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara Bloomsbury nke London n'etiti ngwụcha afọ 1910 na afọ 1930. Ihe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a jikọrọ ọnụ bụ ebumnuche ha imebi iwu Victorian iji kwado mgbasa nke asụsụ nke oge a. Ọrụ ndị a na-egosi na-eme ememe ụwa a na-adịghị ahụkebe na nke na nke na-adịghị adị, dabere na interweaving: "enweghị ihe magburu onwe ya n'ihe ngosi ahụ, mana enwere netwọk nke mgbanwe ọhụrụ, nke mgbanwe ọhụrụ. " Nhazi ihe ngosi ahụ, nke Antonio Marras chepụtara ma bụrụ nke Paolo Bazzani haziri, bu n'uche ibuga onye na-ekiri ya n'ime ọnọdụ azụ site na ihe ọkpụkpụ, ihe osise, akwụkwọ, eserese, eserese nchịkọta akụkọ, foto, oche, yana akwa na ọla. N'oge ngosi ahụ, akwụkwọ Un altro tempo. Tra Decadentismo e Modern style, nke nwere ederede site n'aka onye nlekọta na faịlụ bibliographical nke ndị edemede na otu ndị a na-egosi: Hilda Doolittle, Ezra Pound, John Maynard Keynes, Lytton Strachey, Roger Eliot Fry, Omega Workshop, Vanessa Bell, Duncan Grant, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, Vorticism, Sitwells, Cecil Beaton, na William Walton.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Un altro tempo. Tra Decadentismo e Modern Style|author=Lea Vergine|location=Milano|publisher=Il Saggiatore|year=2012}}</ref> == Ọrụ odeakụkọ == Achịkọtala mmepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Lea Vergine n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ochie dị ka Parole sull'arte (Okwu na nka, Il Saggiatore, 2008), nke na-achịkọta ụfọdụ n'ime edemede ya, ihe ngosi katalọgụ, akụkọ, nyocha na ajụjụ ọnụ e bipụtara site na 1965 ruo 2007; Ininterrotti transiti (Nfefe na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị, Rizzoli, 2001), nke na-anakọta ihe odide ya site na 1987 ruo 2000; na La vita, forse l'arte (Ndụ, ikekwe nkà, Archinto, 2014), nke na-achịkọta mmepụta Vergine site na 2000 ruo 2013. Ọ bụ site na isiokwu ndị dị na mpịakọta ndị a na anyị nwere ike ịchọta aha na oge nke mmekorita nke Vergine nwere na ha kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Vergine arụwo ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Op.cit rụọ ọrụ. (1964–1965), Marcatrè (1965–1967), Lineastruttura (1966–1967), Metro (1968–1970), L'uomo e l'arte (December 1971), Artist na Artist (June 1973), Data (1976–1977) 1977), Modo (1977), Alfabeta (July/August 1983), na Il Giornale dell'Arte (December 1992).O nwere mmekorita na-adịte aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị il manifesto (1980-2013) na ntinye omenala ya Alias (1999-2010), yana Corriere della Sera (1988-2005) na mgbakwunye ha L'architettura (1972-1977) na Abitare (April 2009). Vergine dere maka magazin ọdịbendị na ọha mmadụ L'Europa letteraria (1965), L'''Europeo'' (3 Nọvemba 1978), ''Tuttolibri'' (1980-1989) Sunday supplement to the daily La Stampa, Panorama (1981-1988), L'illustrazione Italiana (August 1986), and Vanity Fair (1990-1991). N'ịkwado uru nke ogologo ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkatọ na onye nlekọta, na 2013 Brera Academy of Fine Arts nyere Lea Vergine Academic Diploma Honoris Causa na Communication and Art Didactics na aha Academician of Italy. == Ọnwụ == N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2020, ma Vergine ma Mari butere COVID-19. Ha abụọ nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu sitere na nje ahụ: Mari nwụrụ na 19 Ọktoba na Vergine n'ụbọchị na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adnkronos.com/cultura/2020/10/20/covid-morta-lea-vergine-giorno-dopo-marito-enzo-mari_zg5d2ytsQwtkW02SHoNUQI.html|title=Covid, morta Lea Vergine un giorno dopo il marito Enzo Mari|date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Meta. N'afọ 2021, Francesca Alfano Miglietti haziri ihe ngosi ''Corpus Domini ''. Dal corpo glorioso alle ruvine dell'anima (Corpus Domini: Site n'Oké Ahụ gaa na Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Mkpụrụ Obi), nke e kere na njikọ aka ya na Vergine tupu ọnwụ ya. Ya mere, a raara ọnụ ụlọ mbụ nke ihe ngosi ahụ na ebe nchekwa nke onye nkatọ nka na nyocha ya na nka ahụ site na ihe ndekọ, katalọgụ na vidiyo. == Ihe ngosi == * Iwe were gị. Appunti per una analisi delle comunicazioni irritanti, Galleria Milano, Milan, 9 Ọktoba - 5 Nọvemba 1969 * ''Napoli '25/'33'', Galleria Il Centro, Naples, 1971 * Eros come linguaggio, Galleria Eros, Milan, nke Lea Vergine na Pierre Restany haziri, 16 Ọktoba 1974 - 8 Jenụwarị 1975 * ''Azimuth Ihe ngosi'', Galleria d'arte Primo Piano, Rome, November-December 1974, Studio Luca Palazzoli, Milan, October-November 1975 * ''Onye ọzọ metan dell'avanguardia 1910-1940. Pittrici e scultrici nei movimenti delle avanguie storiche'', Palazzo Reale, Milan, 16 Febụwarị - 13 Eprel (gbatị ruo 18 Mee) 1980. A haziri ya na Palazzo delle Esposizioni, Rome, 3 July - 8 August 1980; na Kulturhuset, Stockholm, 14 February - 3 May 1981. * Arte programmata e cinetica 1953-1963: L'ultima avanguardia, Palazzo Reale, Milan, 4 Nọvemba 1983 - 27 Febụwarị 1984 * ''Carol Rama'', Sagrato del Duomo, Milan, 29 Mee - 28 Julaị 1985. * Gina Pane Partitions / Opere multimedia 1984-85, PAC, Milan, 29 Nọvemba 1985 - 13 Jenụwarị 1986 * Geometrie Dionisiache: in Italia oggi l'arte giovane, Rotonda della Besana, Milan, May - September 1988. * Lucilla Catania Ihe oyiyi, Galleria Oddi Baglioni, Rome, May - June 1989 * ''Alberto Garutti, Orizzonti'', XLIV Venice Biennale, Italian pavilion, nke ya na Laura Cherubini na Flaminio Gualdoni haziri, 1990 * Antonio Trotta Da Elea a Bisanzio, XLIV Venice Biennale, Italian pavilion, 1990 * Irma Blank Blue Carnac e storie simili, PAC, Milan 8 Ọktoba - 8 Nọvemba 1992 * ''Ihe mkpofu. Mgbe m na-ekwu okwu'' n'ihu ọha, Palazzo delle Albere, Trento, Archivio del '900, Rovereto, 11 Septemba 1997 - 11 Jenụwarị 1998 * Il Bello na anụ ọhịa ahụ. Metamorfosi, artifici e ibridi dal mito all'immaginario scientifico, nke Lea Vergine na Giorgio Verzotti haziri, MART Contemporary and Modern Art Museum of Trento and Rovereto, Rovereto, 11 Disemba 2004 - 8 Mee 2005 * Nunzio, onyinyo Opere 2005, Galleria dello Scudo, Verona, 10 Disemba 2005 - 18 Machị 2006 * ''Tuttolibri'', Galleria Milano, Milan, 12 Disemba 2006 - 10 Febụwarị 2007 * D'Ombra, Palazzo delle Papesse - Centro arte contemporanea, Siena, 14 Ọktoba 2006 - 7 Jenụwarị 2007, MAN, Nuoro, 26 Jenụwarụ - 6 Mee 2007 * Otu oge altro Tra Decadentismo e Modern style, MART Contemporary and Modern Art Museum of Trento and Rovereto, Rovereto, 22 Septemba 2012 - 13 Jenụwarị 2013 == Ọrụ ndị bụ isi == * Irritarte, ndepụta nke ihe ngosi nke Lea Vergine haziri na Galleria Milano, Galleria Milan, Milan, 1969 * Ọ na-eri asụsụ. La Body art e storie simili, Prearo editore, Milan, 1974 * ''Ọ dọtara nka. Ọ na-eme ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Pagare il '68''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Dall'Informale alla Body Art. Dieci voci dell'Arte Contemporanea: 1960/1970'', Cooperativa Editoriale Studio Forma, Turin, 1976 * ''Onye nke ọzọ metan dell'avanguardia. 1910–1940. Pittrici e scultrici nei movimenti delle avanguardie storiche'', akwụkwọ ngosi nke Lea Vergine dezigharịrị na Palazzo Reale na Milan, Mazzotta Editore, Milan, 1980 * La vita, la morte, la memoria, in tredicesima Biennale Internazionale del Bronzetto Piccola Scultura, katalọgụ nke ngosi na Museo Civico degli Eremitani na Padua, nke Comune di Padova bipụtara, 1981 * Arte ritrovata Alla ricerca dell'altra metà dell'avanguardia, Rizzoli, Milan, 1982 * Capri 1905-1940. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Ihe osise programmata na cinetica 1953-1963. L'ultima avanguardia, ndepụta nke ihe ngosi nke Lea Vergine haziri na Palazzo Reale na Milan, Mazzotta Editore, 1983 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ihe osise dị n'ime trincea. Lessico delle tendenze artistiche 1960-1990'', Skira, Milan, 1996 * Ihe mkpofu. Quando i rifiuti Notiano arte, akwụkwọ ngosi nke Lea Vergine dezigharịrị na MART na Trento na Rovereto, Electa, Milan, 1997 * ''Staccioli'', ndepụta ngosi nke Lea Vergine na Davies Hugh M. dezigharịrị na Centro per le Arti Visive, Peschiera, Pesaro, Charta, Milan, 1997 * Ihe osise ahụ na ihe osise yiri ya. Il corpo come linguaggio, mbipụta ọhụrụ nke Il corpo come lingaggio, Skira, Milan, 2000 * ''Ininterrotti transiti'', nchịkọta nke ihe odide ndị e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ, magazin, katalọgụ n'etiti 1988 na 2000, Rizzoli, Milan, 2001 * ''Schegge'' ''Ester Coen ajụjụ ọnụ Lea Vergine sull'arte na nkatọ nke oge a'', Skira, Milan, 2001 * Onye ozi Pudique, publique, nke Lea Vergine na Robert Storr, nke L. Fusi dezigharịrị, nsụgharị nke T. Davis, Gli Ori, Pistoia, 2002 * ''I luoghi dove le cose non-cessano di mutare'', katalọgụ nke ngosi Le stanze dell'arte. Figure e immagini del XX secolo na MART na Trento na Rovereto, Skira, Milan, 2002 * Il Bello na anụ ọhịa ahụ. Metamorfosi, artifici e ibridi dal mito all'immaginario scientifico, akwụkwọ ngosi nke Lea Vergine na Giorgio Verzotti dezigharịrị na MART na Trento na Rovereto, Skira, Milan, 2004 * ''Onye ọzọ metan dell'avanguardia 1910-1940. Pittrici e scultrici nei movimenti delle avanguardie storiche'', Il Saggiatore, Milan, 2005 * ''Della desappartenenza, na I luoghi e l'anima'', ndepụta ngosi na Palazzo Reale na Milan, Federico Motta editore, Milan, 2005 * ''Nunzio, onyinyo'', ndepụta nke ihe ngosi nke Lea Vergine haziri na Galleria lo Scudo na Verona, 2005 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * D'Ombra, ndepụta nke ihe ngosi na Palazzo delle Papesse na Siena, Silvana Editoriale, Milan, 2006 * Mgbe m na-ekwu okwu banyere ihe osise. Ihe mkpofu, Skira, Milan, 2006 * Okwu sull'arte. 1965-2007, nchịkọta dị iche iche nke edemede, ngosi na katalọgụ, nyocha na isiokwu, Il Saggiatore, Milan, 2008 * La vita, forse l'arte, nchịkọta nke isiokwu na nyocha, Archinto editore, Milan, 2014 * Ihe osise abụghị faccenda di individú perbene. Mkparịta ụka na Chiara Gatti, Rizzoli, Milan, 2016 * ''Napoli '25/'33'', Clean, Naples, 2018 == Akwụkwọ, edemede, na ajụjụ ọnụ banyere Vergine == * ''La body art. Mkparịta ụka na Angelo Trimarco'' na: S. Zuliani, Figure dell'Arte, 1950-2000, Editoriale Modo, Milan, 2005. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Francesca Alfano Miglietti, La signora della body in: Mara Pozzati, Artiste della critica, Corraini Edizioni, Mantua, 2015 * Stefania Gaudiosi, Necessario è solo il superfluo. ''Ajụjụ ọnụ Lea Vergine'', Postmedia Books, Milan, 2019 * Angela Maderna, L'altra metà dell'avanguardia quarant'anni dopo, Postmedia Books, Milan, 2020 == Nzukọ == * ''Ihe osise: Utopia ma ọ bụ regressione?'' , San Marino, 7-9 June 1991, usoro nke Mazzotta bipụtara, 1992 * ''Ihe ngosi nke ndị a ma ama. Follia e rassicurazione nelle arti di oggi'', usoro nke U. Allemandi bipụtara 1998 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7ecrf1fjjx1h6vf2lc0dp95g62jbqe7 0 76376 674587 653527 2026-07-09T16:44:11Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Nelly Kaplan.jpg|thumb|Nelly Kaplan]]   {{Reflist}}  '''Nelly Kaplan''' (11 Eprel 1931 - 12 Nọvemba 2020) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/BiographiesDetailsPage/BiographiesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=BIC1&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Biographies&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CK1664000092&source=Bookmark&u=mlin_n_umass&jsid=62f2418078df444262b3649233e5405d|title=Women Filmmakers & Their Films|date=1998|accessdate=January 23, 2016|work=Biography in Context|publisher=Gale}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|id={{Gale|K1641000711}}|title=Nelly Kaplan|journal=International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers|date=2000|volume=2}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=2020-11-20|title=Nelly Kaplan, Whose Films Explored Female Strength, Dies at 89|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/movies/nelly-kaplan-whose-films-explored-female-strength-dies-at-89.html|accessdate=2020-11-21}}</ref> bụ onye edemede French amụrụ n'Argentina na onye nduzi ihe nkiri nke lekwasịrị anya na nka, ihe nkiri na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gụrụ gbasara akụnaụba na Mahadum nke Buenos Aires . <ref name=":0" /> N'ịbụ onye nwere mmasị na sinima, ọ kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ihe na mberede ika ọ gaa Paris afọ 1953 iji nọchite anya ebe a na-edebe ihe nkiri Argentina ọhụrụ na mgbakọ mba ụwa ma mesịa ghọọ onye nta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Argentine dị iche iche. Ọ bịarutere na mmalite nke na akọwapụta ahụmịhe ya dịka onye nta akụkọ na akwụkwọ ozi mmeghe nye Henri Langlois, onye guzobere na onye nlekọta nke Cinémathèque Française, onye mere ka ọ mata Abel Gance.<ref name="Loayza2019">{{Cite web|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2019/04/film/Rhymes-with-Bitches-Resurrecting-Nelly-Kaplan/|title=Rhymes with Bitches: Resurrecting Nelly Kaplan|first=Beatrice|author=Loayza|work=[[The Brooklyn Rail]]|date=April 2019|accessdate=20 October 2025}}</ref> Gance nyere ya ohere ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri La tour de Nesle . <ref name=":0" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka Gance aka n'oge ihe nkiri ahụ wee mee ma gosipụta mmemme ''Magirama'' (ihe nkiri atọ) na Polyvision, mgbe ahụ, ka nọ n'akụkụ Gance, ya na ya rụkọro ọrụ na ''Austerlitz'' (1960). <ref name="Loayza2019">{{Cite web|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2019/04/film/Rhymes-with-Bitches-Resurrecting-Nelly-Kaplan/|title=Rhymes with Bitches: Resurrecting Nelly Kaplan|first=Beatrice|author=Loayza|work=[[The Brooklyn Rail]]|date=April 2019|accessdate=20 October 2025}}</ref> Ọ tụkwasịrị ya obi na ntụziaka nke ihe nkiri niile nke ndị ọrụ nke abụọ n'oge ihe nkiri ya ''Cyrano na d'Artagnan'' (Cyrano et d'Artignan, 1964). Ka ọ dị ugbua, o bipụtara ọrụ ya gbasara ''Magirama'' n'okpuru aha Le Manifeste d'un art nouveau, nke nwere okwu mmalite nke Philippe Soupault. N'afọ 1960, o bipụtara akụkọ ihe nkiri akpọrọ Le Sunlight of Austerlitz, site na ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Plon. Malite n'afọ 1961, ọ na-eduzi usoro mkpirisi nka dum, bụ ndị nwetara ọtụtụ ihe nrite na mmemme dị iche iche nke mba ụwa. Otu n'ime uwe mkpirikpi ndị a bụ "Gustave Moreau," nyocha nke onye na-ese ihe nnọchianya nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu; "Rudolphe Bresdin," onye na-ede ihe; "Dessins et merveilles," na sketchbooks nke Victor Hugo, yana "Les années 25", "La Nouvelle Orangerie", "Abel Gance hier et demain", "A la source, la femme aimée", utu aha ndị dabeere na akwụkwọ nzuzo nke onye na na-ese André Masson. Ihe nkiri izizi ya, A Very Curious Girl, bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya na Kaplan retrospective afọ 2019, Wild Things: The Ferocious Films of Nelly Kaplan . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wild Things: The Ferocious Films of Nelly Kaplan|url=https://quadcinema.com/program/wild-things-the-ferocious-films-of-nelly-kaplan/|accessdate=2021-01-11|work=Quad Cinema|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gbara ihe onyonyo wee mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ 1966, The Picasso Look, banyere ọrụ Picasso a na-eweta ma gosipụta ya na Paris. == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ Nelly Kaplan <ref name="Nelly Kaplan - Biography"> {{Cite web|url=http://nellykaplan.wordpress.com/|title=Nelly Kaplan - Biography|publisher=Wordpress|accessdate=2014-09-24}} </ref> na Buenos Aires, Argentina site na ezinụlọ ndị Juu. "Nueva-surrealist," ọ bụ "naanị nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri jikọtara ya na surrealism. " <ref name="Giukin2003">{{Cite journal|author=Giukin|first=Lenuta|title=Demystification and Webtopia in the Films of Nelly Kaplan|journal=Cinema Journal|date=2003|volume=42|issue=3|pages=96–113|doi=10.1353/cj.2003.0008|id={{Gale|A160418799}} {{Project MUSE|43020}} {{ProQuest|1676105}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Kaplan hapụrụ France mgbe ọ dị afọ 21.<ref name="Richardson2006"> {{Cite book|author=Richardson|first=Michael|title=Surrealism and Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1C6E_zJi6UC&pg=PA93|date=4 June 2006|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-84520-226-2|pages=93–}} </ref> Ọ jere ozi dịka prọfesọ na onye nkuzi na Institut des Hautes Études en Arts Plastiques. Ọrụ ya na-abụkarị ndị inyom na-adabere na ya na ịbịaru nso agụụ mmekọahụ site n'echiche nwanyị.<ref> {{Cite book|author=Foster|first=Gwendolyn Audrey|title=Women Film Directors: An International Bio-critical Dictionary|date=1995|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn. [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-313-28972-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenfilmdirecto0000fost/page/204 204–205]|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kJHa7KqnQ4C&q=Nelly+Kaplan+biography&pg=PA205|chapter=Kaplan, Nelly|url=https://archive.org/details/womenfilmdirecto0000fost/page/204}} </ref> E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ya n'ọtụtụ mmemme mba ụwa. Dị ka onye otu SACD, ọ sonyere na bọọdụ ndị nduzi dị ka onye otu Cinema Commission n'ọtụtụ oge. Kaplan na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ mgbe niile na ihe ngosi "Des Papous dans la Tête," na France Culture. O nyere aka na ngalaba ihe nkiri nke magazin Le Magazine Littéraire ruo afọ 25. Kaplan bụ Commander of the Arts and Letters, Officer na National Merite Order, Cavalier of the Legion of Honor, na Academician nke Alphonse Allais Academy. Nelly Kaplan nwụrụ site na COVID-19 n'ụlọ ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na Geneva na ụbọchị 12 Nọvemba 2020 dị afọ 89, naanị ọnwa atọ ka di ya Claude Makoski [nkọwa dị mkpa] <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=2020-11-20|title=Nelly Kaplan, Whose Films Explored Female Strength, Dies at 89|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/movies/nelly-kaplan-whose-films-explored-female-strength-dies-at-89.html|accessdate=2020-11-21}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2020/11/12/la-realisatrice-nelly-kaplan-icone-de-la-nouvelle-vague-est-morte-du-covid-19_6059481_3382.html|title=La réalisatrice Nelly Kaplan, icône de la Nouvelle Vague, est morte du Covid-19|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=2020-11-12|accessdate=2020-11-12}} </ref>  == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1965, n'okpuru aha edemede nke Belen, o bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi site na JJ Pauvert Publishing House. Le Réservoir des sens, bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na nke a ma ama. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 1967, n'oge ihe ngosi a haziri na Grand Palais maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke afọ 85 nke Pablo Picasso, ọ duziri ihe ngosi dị n'etiti, Le Regard Picasso, nke meriri ọdụm ọla edo na Venice Film Festival. N'afọ 1968, ya na Claude Makovski rụkọtara ọrụ na edemede maka ihe nkiri La Fiancée du pirate, nke ọ duziri n'afọ 1969. Ya na Claude Makovski na René Guyonnet jikọrọ aka dee Papa, les petits bateaux, nke o mere ihe nkiri n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1971. N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nkiri Le Collier de Ptyx (1972) na Un Manteau de fou-rire ou les Mémoires d'une liseuse de draps (1974; site na JJ Pauvert Publishing House). Akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara nsogbu na nkatọ dị nro. Kaplan nọgidekwara na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe nkiri. N'afọ 1974, Kaplan so dee edemede nke ihe nkiri Claude Makovski bụ Il faut vivre dangereusement, nke ọ mepụtara. N'afọ 1976, ya na Jean Chapot dere edemede maka Néa, nke o mere na Switzerland na Paris na Machị nke afọ ahụ. N'afọ 1979, ya na Jean Chapot na Claude Makovski dere ''Charles na Lucie'', nke ọ gbara n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke otu afọ ahụ. N'agbata afọ 1980 nakwa afọ 1982, o so dee edemede maka ọtụtụ ihe nkiri TV nke Jean Chapot duziri, gụnyere Un fait d'hiver, ''Livingstone'', na Ce fut un bel été. N'afọ 1983, o dere ma duzie Abel Gance et son Napoleon. A họọrọ ihe nkiri maka 1984 Cannes Film Festival, nhọrọ gọọmentị "Un Certain Regard". N'afọ 1984 o so dee edemede maka Regard dans un miroir, nke Jean Chapot duziri (Grand Prize of the Foundation of France). N'afọ 1985, o duziri Pattes de velours, nke sitere na edemede izizi nke Jean Chapot dere. Pierre Arditi, Michel Bouquet, Bernadette Lafont, Caroline Sihol, na Roger Carrel bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. J.J. Pauvert Publishing House bipụtara mbipụta ọhụrụ gbasaa nke nchịkọta ya Le Réservoir des sens na 1988. N'afọ 1990, ya na Jean Chapot dere ihe nkiri TV Les Mouettes, onye duziri ya. O nwere ndị na-ege ntị kachasị elu na France maka ihe nkiri TV. N'afọ 1990-1991, o dere ma duzie Plaisir d'amour na Pierre Arditi, Francoise Fabian, Dominique Blanc, Heinz Bennent, na Pierre Dux. Ihe nkiri a, nke ya na Jean Chapot jikọrọ aka dee, bụ nke Claude Makovski mepụtara site na Cythère Films. Dị ka onye na-ede edemede maka ihe nkiri TV nke Jean Chapot Honorin et la Lorelei, ha nwetara ọkwa ọhụrụ na Nọvemba 1992. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nhọpụta anọ na 7 d'or festival. N'afọ 1992, ya na Jean Chapot dere edemede maka Polly West est de retour, onye duziri ya. N'afọ 1993, ya na Jean Chapot dere akụkụ nke anọ nke "saga" nke [[Saint Apollonia]], Honorin et l'enfant prodigue, nke Chapot duziri. N'afọ 1994, o dere, na arịrịọ nke British Film Institute maka nchịkọta ha BFI Classics, edemede na ihe nkiri ''Napoleon'' nke Abel Gance. N'afọ 1994 kwa, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Art Institute of Chicago, na National Gallery of Washington haziri ihe ngosi nke ihe nkiri Kaplan niile. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1995, e wepụtara mbipụta ọhụrụ nke Réservoir des sens, nke La Gardienne du temps sochiri site na ụlọ mbipụta Castor Astral. N'afọ 1996, e mere ya Chevalier dans l'Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur . 1997 hụrụ ntọhapụ nke akwụkwọ Georges Sebbag, Le Point sublime: Breton/Rimbaud/Kaplan (Jean-Michel Place). N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'otu afọ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ Lumière Institute dị na Lyon raara ya nye, site na igosi ihe nkiri ya. Na ngwụcha afọ 1997 na mmalite afọ 1998, Kaplan dere maka Jean Chapot edemede maka ihe nkiri TV La Petite fille en costume marin, nke France 2 na-agbasa. Machị 1998 hụrụ mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Aux Orchidées sauvages, nke Différence bipụtara. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1998, Différence wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Un Manteau de fou-rire. N'afọ 1999, ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri nke Toulouse na School of Beaux-Arts kwanyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na ihe nkiri na Febụwarị 2000, ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri nke Lausanne haziri nleghari anya nke ihe nkiri ya ruo n'oge ahụ. N'ọnwa Juun 2000, "Cahiers Philippe Soupault No. 3" bipụtara mkparịta ụka ogologo na Kaplan, yana akụkụ dị iche iche nke akwụkwọ edemede na ihe nkiri ya. N'afọ 2002, Castor Astral bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ils furent une étrange comète. N'ọnwa Septemba nke afọ ahụ, ụlọ ihe nkiri Balzac dị na Paris mere mmemme akpọrọ "Kaplan dans tous ses états," emume nke ihe nkiri ya. Emume a ga-esochi mgbasa ozi mba. N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, akụkọ ndụ ya, Nelly Kaplan, portrait d'une flibustière, nke Denys-Louis Colaux, ka Dreamland bipụtara. N'ọnwa Disemba, Mahadum Paris 8 haziri mkparịta ụka gbasara akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri ya: Nelly Kaplan, le verbe et la lumière. L'Harmattan bipụtara ihe odide nke mkparịta ụka a na June 2003. Na njedebe afọ 2004, e wepụtara DVD isii, nke nwere ọnụọgụgụ bụrụ ịbụ nke ọrụ ihe nkiri ya. (N'afọ 2007, ewepụtara ntọala n'okpuru aha Les Films de ma vie/The Films of My Life.) N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2005, Maren Sell wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Cuisses de grenouille, nke Kaplan kwadebere mmeghari ihe nkiri maka ya. N'ọnwa Mee 2008, e bipụtara akwụkwọ Mon Cygne, mon signe, na-edeko akwụkwọ ozi ya na Abel Gance, akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Et Pandore en avait deux sochiri ya. , nke Rocher bipụtara. N'ọnwa Mee 2009, Tallandier bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi ya na onye edemede André Pieyre nke Mandiargues, n'okpuru aha Ecris-moi tes hauts faits et tes mpụ. == Akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri == === Akụkọ ifo === * Geometry in the spasms (n'okpuru aha mkpịsị aka Belen), Le Terrain Vague, 1959. * La Reine des sabbats (n'okpuru aha mkpịsị aka Belen), Le Terrain Vague, 1960. * Na-atọhapụ anyị n'aka nwoke (n'okpuru aha mkpịsị aka Belen), Le Terrain Vague, 1960. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] J-J. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] E mere ka ọ dịkwuo elu Le Castor Astral, 1995. * ''Ihe olu Ptyx'', ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị, J-J. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ihe ncheta nke onye na-agụ ákwà'', akwụkwọ akụkọ, J-J. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Ha bụ kpakpando dị ịtụnanya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, Le Castor Astral, 2002. * Akpụkpọ ụkwụ awọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, Maren Sell Editeurs, 2005 * ''Pandora nwekwara abụọ..!'' sochiri Mon Cygne, mon Signe, Editions du Rocher, 2008 * Edere m ihe omume gị na mpụ gị... Akwụkwọ ozi na André Pieyre de Mandiargues, Editions du Rocher, 2009 === Ihe odide banyere ihe nkiri === * Manifeste d'un art nouveau: Polyvision, Caractères, 1955. * Le Sunlight d'Austerlitz, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ihe nkiri, Plon, 1960. * ''Napoleon'', British Film Institute Classics, 1994. == Ihe nkiri == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  Onye so dee ihe nkiri a bụ Il faut vivre dangereusement, nke Claude Makovski, 1974. Onye na-ede ihe nkiri telivishọn nke Jean Chapot: * ''Livingstone'', 1980 * ''Ihe mere n'oge oyi'', 1981 * ''Ọnwụnwa nke Anthony'', 1981 * ''Ọ bụ oge okpomọkụ dị mma'', 1982 * Ogbugbu na-enweghị ụgwọ, 1983 * Anya n'ime enyo, 1984 * Ọchịchịrị nke anụ ọhịa wolf, 1986 * ''Nnụnụ'' ndị a na-akpọ Seagulls, 1989 * ''Honorin na Lorelei'', 1991 * ''Polly West alọghachila'', 1993 * ''Honorin na nwa ahụ furu efu'', 1994. * ''Nwa agbọghọ ahụ na-eyi uwe mmiri'', 1997. == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Antle|first=Martine|title=Dedans et dehors: Le Cas de Nelly Kaplan et d'Abel Gance|journal=Mélusine|volume=23|date=2003|pages=87–95}} * Behar, Stella "Nelly Kaplan's Surrealist Writing". Nwanyị na-ekwu okwu: Akụkụ nke nwanyị na surrealism. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 275-289. * Calle-Gruber, Mireille ''Nelly Kaplan: ngwaa na ìhè ''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Nnukwu ígwè ọrụ na ịkọ nkọ'' n'ime onwe. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Nelly Kaplan: onyinyo nke flibustier '' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Duby, Georges, na Michelle Perrot. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na West Vol. 5: N'ebe ọdịbendị dị na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Françoise Thébaud New York: Belknap P, 1994. * Elley, Derek "Hiding it Under a Bushel", Films and Filming, 20.4 (1974): 22-5 * {{Cite journal|author=Giukin|first=Lenuta|title=Demystification and Webtopia in the Films of Nelly Kaplan|journal=Cinema Journal|date=2003|volume=42|issue=3|pages=96–113|doi=10.1353/cj.2003.0008|id={{Gale|A160418799}} {{Project MUSE|43020}} {{ProQuest|1676105}}}} * {{Cite journal|author=Greene|first=Linda|title=A Very Curious Girl: Politics of a Feminist Fantasy|journal=Jump Cut|volume=6|date=March 1975|pages=13–14|url=https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC06folder/VeryCurGirl.html}} * {{Cite journal|author=Holmlund|first=C|title=The eyes of Nelly Kaplan|journal=Screen|date=Winter 1996|volume=37|issue=4|pages=351–367|doi=10.1093/screen/37.4.351}} * Houston, Beverly "Néa", Film Quarterly, 32.3 (1979): 46-9. * Johnston, Claire "Ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe nkiri counter". ''Ihe omuma banyere ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị''. London: Society for Education in Film and Television, 1973. 25; bipụtara ya na Bill Nichols ed. , Movies and Methods: an Anthology. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. 210. * Kay, Karin "The Revenge of Pirate Jenny". Velvet Light Trap 9 (Summer 1973): 46-9. * Paula, onye na-eto eto ''Ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị''. Paris: Atlas Lherminier, 1987. * Mandiargues, Andre Pieyre de. "Nelly Kaplan", Obliques 14-15 (1973), peeji nke 70.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Women, Sex and Power", Millimeter, Vol. 4 (Jenụwarị 1976): 36-37. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe kachasị elu: André Breton, Arthur Rimbaud, Nelly Kaplan. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Vincendeau, Ginette "Ndị nna na ụmụ nwanyị na French Cinema: Site na 20s ruo 'La Belle Noiseuse". Women and Film: A Sight and Sound Reader, nke Pam Cook na Phillip Dodd dezigharịrị, Philadelphia, 1993 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Eternal Return of Circe". Velvet Light Trap, No. 9 (Summer 1973): 49-51. * Wells, Gwendolyn "Gbanwee Egwuregwu". Mmụọ Onye Okike 31.4 (Winter 1991): 69-77. == Hụkwa == == Ebensibịa == {{Reflist}} * {{IMDb name|0438342|Nelly Kaplan}} * {{Cite journal|id={{Gale|K1641000711}}|title=Nelly Kaplan|journal=International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers|date=2000|volume=2}} * {{Cite journal|id={{Gale|H1000115725}}|title=Nelly Kaplan|journal=Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors|date=30 November 2019}} * {{Cite journal|id={{Gale|K1649565986}}|title=Nelly Kaplan|journal=The Writers Directory|date=15 June 2018}} * http://www.filmreference.com/Directors-Jo-Ku/Kaplan-Nelly.html * http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Nelly_Kaplan/194413 * {{Cite journal|author=Giukin|first=Lenuta|title=Demystification and Webtopia in the Films of Nelly Kaplan|journal=Cinema Journal|date=2003|volume=42|issue=3|pages=96–113|doi=10.1353/cj.2003.0008|id={{Gale|A160418799}} {{Project MUSE|43020}} {{ProQuest|1676105}}}} * http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=2:96741 [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tj645cttblw4s44he73r60gupd0eo8t 0 76400 674589 653819 2026-07-09T16:49:30Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ani Kayode Somtochukwu at an EndSARS protest in 2020.jpg|thumb|Ani Kayode Somtochukwu ]] '''Ani Kayode Somtochukwu''' (amụrụ ya n'afọ 2000) bụ onye [[Naijiria]] n’ede edemede na akwukwo ifo . N'afọ 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede LGBTQ+ mbụ ya, And Then He Sang A Lullaby . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-26|title=Book Review: And Then He Sang A Lullaby by Ani Kayode Somtochukwu|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/09/26/book-review-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby-by-ani-kayode-somtochukwu|accessdate=2026-06-03|work=cyprus-mail.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Harris|first=Elizabeth A.|date=2023-06-05|title=A ‘Lucky Child’ Writes His Way From Nigeria to the Global Stage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/05/books/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby.html|accessdate=2026-06-03|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ mechera nweta nturu ugo Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction n’afọ 2024. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction|url=https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/edmund-white-debut-fiction/|accessdate=2026-06-03|work=The Publishing Triangle|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara ya n’okpuru akara mbipụta akwụkwọ nke [[Roxane Gay]], ma Cassava Republic na Narrative Landscape bipụtakwara ya na Naịjira. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=And Then He Sang a Lullaby|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/|accessdate=2026-06-03|work=Grove Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Report|first=The Africa|date=2023-05-26|title=Nigeria: Cassava Republic presents ‘And Then He Sang a Lullaby’|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/310708/nigeria-cassava-republic-presents-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/|accessdate=2026-06-03|work=The Africa Report|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-02-03|title=Narrative Landscape Press Makes Two Major Acquisitions!|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2026/02/narrative-landscape-press-makes-two-major-acquisitions/|accessdate=2026-06-03|work=Brittle Paper|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ Mbido na Agụmakwụkwọ == Ani gara Command Children’s School Awkunanaw dị na [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu]] tupu ọ gaa Union Secondary School. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị ya, o debanyere aha na Enugu State University of Science and Technology obere oge ka e tinyere Iwu Mmachibido Alụmdi na Nwunye N’etite Ndi Otụ Okike ka iwu na nwoke na Naịjirịa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Short Talk With Ani Kayode Somtochukwu|url=https://alonghouse.com/a-short-talk-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/|accessdate=2026-06-03|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara bayoloji Etinyere n’ọrụ na Bioteknụzụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Cole|first=Timinepre|date=2022-04-14|title=Ani Kayode Dreams an Ideological World for Queer folks in his Debut Novel - And Then He Sang A Lullaby|url=https://therustintimes.com/2022/04/14/ani-kayode-dreams-an-ideological-world-for-queer-folks-in-his-debut-novel-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/|accessdate=2026-06-03|work=The Rustin Times|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ Nkeonwe == Ọ na-ede akwụkwọ kemgbe afọ 2015. Ani ekwuola ihe banyere ahụmahụ ya nke mmegbu kemgbe ọ bụ nwata n’ihi na ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ya dịka onye nwere àgwà a na-ewere dika nke nwanyị. Ọ na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye queer. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Short Talk With Ani Kayode Somtochukwu|url=https://alonghouse.com/a-short-talk-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/|accessdate=2026-06-03|language=en-US}}</ref> mzazlej0biffv15av3bepiibizw3klm 0 76494 674998 672091 2026-07-10T09:36:24Z Anastesia chi 23720 674998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Pride in Lagos''' bụ emume nganga LGBTQ a na-eme kwa afọ n’izu ikpeazụ nke ọnwa Juun na Lagos, Naịjirịa. E hiwere emume a n’afọ 2021 site n’aka QueerCity Media. Ọ bụ Olaide Kayode Timileyin guzobere ma na-ahụ maka njikwa ya. Emume a na-arụ ọrụ dịka ikpo okwu maka ime ka ndị mmadụ hụ ma mata obodo LGBTQ, iwulite mmekọrịta n’etiti ndị otu ya, ịkwado ikike ha, na ime emume, n’agbanyeghị ọnọdụ iwu na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dazed|date=2022-07-04|title=What it was like to attend Nigeria's Pride In Lagos event|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/56473/1/the-inside-story-of-nigeria-s-first-ever-pride|accessdate=2025-06-29|work=Dazed|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wong|first=Hollie|date=2023-07-11|title=Pride in Lagos: Photos from Nigeria's 2023 LGBTQ+ celebration|url=https://www.gaytimes.com/originals/pride-in-lagos-photos-from-nigerias-2023-lgbtq-celebration/|accessdate=2025-06-29|work=GAY TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|first=M. C. N.|date=2023-06-26|title=Adunni Tiwatope wants to build a community for queer people with Pride In Lagos|url=https://marieclaire.ng/adunni-tiwatope-wants-to-build-a-community-for-queer-people-with-pride-in-lagos/|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=Marie Claire Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ adọtawo ọtụtụ narị ndị na-eme ihe na-enweghị isi kwa afọ ma na-eme ya n'usoro kemgbe 2021. Emume 2022 bụ emume mpako mbụ a nabatara n'ihu ọha na Naịjirịa, nke were izu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-11|title=Nigeria's repressed LGBTQ party people let 'true self' out at Lagos ball|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240611-nigeria-s-repressed-lgbtq-party-people-let-true-self-out-at-lagos-ball|accessdate=2025-06-29|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe gbara ya gburugburu == Na Naịjirịa, mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, ngosipụta ịhụnanya n'ihu ọha n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwanyị otu, na òtù LGBTQ + bụ ndị omempụ n'okpuru Iwu Alụmdi na Nwunye (Mmachibido Iwu) nke 2014, nke na-ebu ntaramahụhụ ruo afọ 14 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1250681/download|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404102814/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1250681/download|archivedate=2022-04-04|accessdate=2025-07-01|work=www.justice.gov}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ihere zuru ebe niile, omenala na-eme ihe n'okpuru ala anọgidewo na Lagos, gụnyere oghere gụnyere n'ime ejiji, obodo dijitalụ, na ihe nkiri ịgba egwú.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Salako|first=Pelumi|date=23 June 2022|title=Pride month in Nigeria remains behind closed doors due safety and legal concerns|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2022-06-23-pride-month-in-nigeria-remains-behind-closed-doors-due-safety-and-legal-concerns/?utm_|work=Businesslive}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Pride na Lagos malitere na June 2021 dị ka usoro ihe omume dị nro dị ka akụkụ, ihe nkiri, na ogbako iji kwalite ịdị n'otu na obodo, na-egosi otu n'ime ihe omume mpako ole na ole a haziri ahazi na Naijiria ruo ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abiamuwe|first=Stephanie|title=The History of Pride: From Stonewall to Nigeria|url=https://www.ige-srh.org/the-history-of-pride-from-stonewall-to-nigeria/|accessdate=2025-07-03|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703223047/https://www.ige-srh.org/the-history-of-pride-from-stonewall-to-nigeria/}}</ref> Site na ụbọchị 20 ruo 26 Juun 2022, emume ahụ nwere ngosi nka, mkparịta ụka n’ọgbakọ , ngosi ejiji n’elu ikpo okwu , na emume mmechi nke drag na ballroom. Ndị haziri ya kọwara ya dịka “nke mbụ ụdị ya” n’ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi na mmetụta ọ nwere. O gosipụtara ndị a ma ama n’obodo queer dịka Aja Kween na Bisi Alimi, tinyere onye na-eme egwu Temmie Ovwasa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wong|first=Hollie|date=2022-07-27|title=Pride In Lagos: Stunning photos from Nigeria's 'first of its kind' Pride|url=https://www.gaytimes.com/originals/pride-in-lagos-stunning-photos-from-nigerias-first-ever-pride-event/|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=GAY TIMES|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=For queer Nigerians, Pride celebrations mark hope and resilience|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2022/0623/For-queer-Nigerians-Pride-celebrations-mark-hope-and-resilience?utm_|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2024-01-09|title=Ballroom Celebrations Are a Bastion of Joy for LGBTQ Nigerians|url=https://www.thebody.com/article/nigeria-ballroom-bastion-joy-lgbtq-community|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=TheBody|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 2023, ihe omume ahụ enwetala ihe ngosi dị ukwuu, na ntinye aka ọha na eze ka ukwuu, nnọchiteanya ka ukwuu nke ndị na-emepụta ihe, na nkwenye nke ndị na'okpuru ala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Opanuga|first=Jimisayo|date=2024-06-11|title=Nigeria's LGBTQ embraces 'true selves' at Lagos ball|url=https://guardian.ng/life/nigerias-lgbtq-embraces-true-selves-at-lagos-ball/|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun 2024, emume ahụ gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ ịgba egwú "neo-goth" iji cheta onye nwụrụ anwụ [[Fola Francis]], <ref name=":1" /> onye mbụ na-eme ihe ngosi na-eme n'ihu ọha na Naịjirịa, onye nwụrụ na Disemba afọ 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kachi|first=Elvis|date=2024-04-17|title=How This Legendary Fashion Designer Mothered a Generation of Trans Nigerians|url=https://www.them.us/story/fola-francis-legendary-nigerian-designer-remembered-essay|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=Them|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sachdeva|first=Sahil|date=2024-06-20|title=Private Runways: Nigerian Fashion Labels Navigate Anti-LGBTQ Challenges - Level Up Magazine|url=https://levelupmag.com/private-runways-nigerian-fashion-labels-navigate-anti-lgbtq-challenges/|accessdate=2025-07-03|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, e webatara Equality Summit & Awards, nke gosipụtara akụkụ na nchekwa obodo, ike akụ na ụba, na nkwado ikike LGBTQ +. [[Faịlụ:June_2025_Pride_in_Lagos_banner_-_Equality_Summit.jpg|thumb|Nzukọ panel na mpako nke 2025 na Lagos]] Mbipụta 2025 gara n'ihu na omenala kwa afọ site na ịgba egwú nke emere na 27 June 2025. Ọ kwadokwara Nzukọ Ịha nhata na Bisi Alimi dị ka onye isi okwu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What does it mean to organise a Pride in a country where you could face jail terms? B O L D N E S S What does it mean to organise Pride in a country with zero financial and/or corporate support? C O… {{!}} Bisi Alimi|url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/bisialimi_what-does-it-mean-to-organise-a-pride-in-activity-7341470415573213186-LKVG|accessdate=2025-12-11|work=www.linkedin.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe omume == Ihe omume ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oge mpako na Lagos gụnyere: * Symposia na mkparịta ụka panel banyere ikike ndị na-eme ihe ike, nchekwa obodo, ahụike uche, na inye ikike. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chioma about Pride in Nigeria|url=https://hivos.org/blog/chioma-about-pride-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=Hivos|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ihe ngosi nka, ihe nkiri, na ogbako na-egosi nkà na ụzụ nke Naijiria. * Ihe omume ịgba egwú na drag dị ka "The Grand Masquerade Ball", nke nwere isiokwu Afro-surrealist na ihe ngosi eji eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-05|title=What it was like to attend Nigeria's first-ever Pride event.|url=https://www.alturi.org/news_items/what-it-was-like-to-attend-nigerias-first-ever-pride-event/|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=Alturi|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sachdeva|first=Sahil|date=2024-06-20|title=Private Runways: Nigerian Fashion Labels Navigate Anti-LGBTQ Challenges - Level Up Magazine|url=https://levelupmag.com/private-runways-nigerian-fashion-labels-navigate-anti-lgbtq-challenges/|accessdate=2025-07-03|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ememe onyinye na nnọkọ netwọk iji bulie òtù na ndị enyi na-arụ ọrụ maka itinye LGBTQ +. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Aborowa|first=Ayomide "Mimi"|date=2024-12-09|title=In Lagos, Creative Identity Thrives in Community|url=https://www.cntraveler.com/story/in-lagos-creative-identity-thrives-in-community|accessdate=2025-07-03|work=Condé Nast Traveler|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nchebe na nchekwa == N'iburu n'uche ihe mgbochi iwu nke Naijiria, a na-emekarị emume ahụ n'ebe nzuzo ma ọ bụ nke onwe, mara ọkwa n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ndị na-ahazi ihe na-etinye usoro nchebe dị ka nyocha ndabere na iwu na-enweghị foto maka nchebe ndị bịara. <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> sof2gw1kkf3m9mjidxlih4t9utrhpkf 0 76496 674592 656834 2026-07-09T16:57:02Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Photographie de Françoise Henry.png|thumb|Picture of Françoise Henry]] '''Françoise Henry''' (16 Juun 1902 - 10 Febụwarị 1982) bụ ọkà mmụta nkà mbụ nke Ireland, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, na ọkọ akụkọ ihe nkà mere eme. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum College Dublin (UCD), o hiwere Ngalaba Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke European Painting na 1965, ma bụrụkwa onye isi ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1974. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Francoise Henry, Celtic scholar, dies aged 79|date=Feb 12, 1982|work=The Irish Times|id={{ProQuest|529378871}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2007/1027/1193396295994.html|publisher=[[Irish Times]]|title=Ancient art in high crosses|date=October 27, 2007|accessdate=4 March 2010|archivedate=20 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020093413/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2007/1027/1193396295994.html}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Henry na Paris na 16 Juun 1902, ma a zụlitere ya na Limousin. Ọ bụ naanị nwa nke Jeanne Henry (née Clément) na René Henry, osote onye isi oche nke French Chamber of Deputies, prọfesọ na l'École des Sciences Politiques, na onye odee. Nna ya hapụrụ ezinụlọ ahụ mgbe Henry dị obere. Nna nna Henry, Charles Clément (1821 - 1887), bụ onye odee nkà na ọkà ihe ọmụma, mmetụta ya pụtara ìhè site n’oge Henry na-aga eleta nne nne ya na nso Paris.<ref name="Richardson"/> Henry gara Lycée Molière na Paris site na 1914 ruo 1920, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ na École du Louvre na 1925 na Sorbonne. Mgbe ọ nọ na Sorbonne, Henry gara nkuzi nke Solomon Reinach, Robert Rey, na Henri Hubert. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere Hubert aka na Musée des Antiquités Nationales,wee sonye ndị ọrụ na 1927. Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị o dere bụ nyocha zuru oke nke olili ozu n'oge gara aga na Côte d'Or. N'oge a, otu n'ime ndị nkuzi ya, Henri Focillon, ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ nye Henry.<ref name="Richardson"/> == Ọrụ == Ọ bịara Ireland na mbụ n'afọ 1926 mgbe ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ edemede maka École du Louvre gbasara ịkpụ ihe ochie nke ndị Ireland. Site na nleta a, o nwetara nkpali nke mmụọ nsọ ịmụ banyere ihe ncheta ndị Ireland mbụ, nke bụkarị obe dị elu na Ahenny. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Paris, Focillon gbara ya ume ka ọ gaa n'ihu imụ ihe osise Ireland. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta nzere doctorate ya n'isiokwu ahụ na 1932. O bipụtara La sculpture irlandaise pendant les douze premiers siècles de l'ère chrétienne na 1933, nke ọ raranye Focillon. A ghọtara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka isi ihe e ji amata ya ozugbo. N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, Federation of University Women scholarships nyeere Henry ohere ime njem na ịmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara Ireland ọtụtụ ugboro, nakwa Scotland na akụkụ Scandinavia. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị ọkà mmụta na-eleba anya na ọmụmụ Celtic, o ritekwara uru na mweghachi ahụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na Dublin, ọ biri na Trinity Hall . <ref name="Richardson"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na UCD site na 1932 ruo 1974, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arthistorians.info/henryf|title=Henry, Françoise|work=Dictionary Of Art Historians|accessdate=2017-03-09}}</ref> ebe ọrụ mbụ ya bụ na ngalaba French na 1932. E bipụtara ọrụ mbụ ya, Irish art in the early Christian period, na 1940, nke lekwasịrị anya n'ebe ọmụmụ ihe a na-emetụbeghị aka kemgbe Margaret Stokes na 1800s. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-egosi nkà Irish site na oge ochie ruo na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, na-ekpuchi ihe ọkpụkpụ, ihe odide, na ọrụ ígwè. N'afọ ndị 1960, a gbasara ma melite ya na mpịakọta atọ, nke mbụ e bipụtara na French e wee mechaa bipụta ya na Bekee. <ref name="Richardson"/> Site na 1934, a họpụtara Henry ka ọ kụzie Purser-Griffith scholarship lectures gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke eserese Europe. Ọ gafere na ngalaba nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie site na French na 1948, wee gaa n'ihu ịghọ onye nduzi ọmụmụ na nkà mmụta ihe mgbe ochie na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe osise Europe. N'ime ndị ọkà mmụta ya na ha rụkọtara ọrụ bụ Cecil Curle na Geneviève Marsh-Micheli. Site na UCD ya na Eoin MacNeill, R. A. Stewart Macalister, Gerard Murphy, Seán P. Ó Ríordáin, na Rúaidhrí de Valera, rụkọrọ ọrụ. N'ime ndị enyi ya kacha ya nso bụ ndị ya na ha nwekọrọ mmasị nyocha bụ Máirín Bean Uí Dhálaigh, Mairín Allen, na Frank O'Connor.<ref name="Richardson">{{Cite book|author=Richardson|first=Hilary|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Henry, Françoise}}</ref> N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], o tinyere aka n'iwepụ ihe site na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke France na London, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke kọmitii maka nchekwa nke ọrụ nkà na Europe. Ka oge na-aga n'agha ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ agha dị n'England, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ambulance na France site na 1944. N'ihi ọrụ a, ọ natara Legion of Honour na 1947. <ref name="Richardson"/> Malite n'afọ 1946, Henry laghachiri n’ọrụ nyocha n’ọhịa, na-edekọ ihe ncheta na ụfọdụ ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ebe dịka Inishkea Islands na Glendalough. N'ihi ọrụ ya, ngalaba ọmụmụ ihe mgbe ochie debere ebe nchekwa foto nke na-edekọ nkà ndị Kraịst mbụ nke Ireland na tinyere ihe atụ ndị ọzọ e ji tụnyere ya. Ọrụ ya kacha pụta ìhè, na nke ndị ọha na eze maara nke ọma, bụ Early Christian Irish art (1954), Irish high crosses (1964), and Book of Kells (1974). Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na UCD na 1974, e tinyere akwụkwọ pụrụ iche nke Studies n'aha ya. E wezụga ọrụ ihe mgbe ochie ya, Henry sokwa na nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ. O haziri nnukwu nyochaghachi ọrụ Mainie Jellett na 1962, yana ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ òtù, ọ nọdụrụ na kansụl nke ndị enyi nke ụlọ ọrụ mba, na ndị nlekọta nke National Gallery of Ireland site na 1966.[3] Henry bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ mbụ ghọrọ ndị otu Royal Irish Academy (RIA) na 1949. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na Mahadum Dublin na 1963, nakwa na Mahadum Mba nke Ireland. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka, Henry gara n'ihu na-ekewa oge ya n'etiti Ireland na France. Ọ nwụrụ na Auxerre na 10 Febụwarị 1982.<ref name="Richardson"/> == Ihe nketa == E etinyere akwụkwọ Henry na RIA, UCD Archives, na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị nwe onwe ha. Domhnall Ó Murchadha kpụrụ ihe oyiyi Henry n'ime nkume ájá Cashel na 1982. <ref name="Richardson"/> A kpọrọ ụlọ ọgụgụ na UCD's School of Art History and Cultural Policy aha iji sọpụrụ ya, nke nwere ọbá akwụkwọ akụkọ nkà raara onwe ya nye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Françoise Henry Reading Room|url=https://www.ucd.ie/arthistory/about/franoisehenryreadingroom/|work=UCD|accessdate=31 May 2017}}</ref> O so n'ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta Ireland a ma ama bụ ndị e mere emume dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi RIA's Women on Walls exhibition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women on Walls|url=https://www.ria.ie/public-engagement/women-walls|work=Royal Irish Academy|accessdate=31 May 2017|archivedate=15 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315141607/https://www.ria.ie/public-engagement/women-walls}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, tinyere onye ọkà mmụta Sheila Tinney, ọkà mmụta Sayensị Phyllis Clinch, na ọkà mmụta edemede Eleanor Knott, a gụnyere Henry na "Women on Walls Project" nke gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị anọ mbụ ịbụ ndị otu [[Royal Irish Academy|Royal Irish Academy.]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/fresh-impressions-female-portraits-on-walls-1.2698458|title=Fresh impressions: female portraits on walls|author=Bol|first=Rosita|work=The Irish Times|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-12}}</ref> Na Fraịde 2 Juun 2017 e mere nnọkọ pụrụ iche iji sọpụrụ Henry. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ie.ambafrance.org/A-day-to-honour-Francoise-Henry|title=A day to honour Françoise Henry|work=Ambassade de France en Irlande - French Embassy in Ireland|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-12}}</ref> E mere ihe ngosi nke akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ihe ndetu, akwụkwọ akụkọ na eserese ya akpọrọ "Françoise Henry and the history of Irish art" na RIA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ria.ie/francoise-henry-and-history-irish-art|title=Françoise Henry and the history of Irish art|date=2017-11-28|work=Royal Irish Academy|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-12|archivedate=12 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412105954/https://www.ria.ie/francoise-henry-and-history-irish-art}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2018, e mere nkuzi oge nri ehihie n'ọbá akwụkwọ na Royal Irish Academy, nke akpọrọ "Françoise Henry at UCD: Towards a history of Art History in Ireland", ebe enwere ike ịchọta nchịkọta ederede na ihe ngosi ya n'ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Mahadum Dublin. Foto ndị o tinyere n'ọbá akwụkwọ Conway bụ, dịka ọ dị na 2020, nke Courtauld Institute of Art na-edepụta dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ Courtauld Connects.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-30|title=Who made the Conway Library?|url=http://blog.courtauld.ac.uk/digitalmedia/2020/06/30/who-made-the-conway-library/|accessdate=2021-03-03|work=Digital Media|archivedate=3 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703211341/http://blog.courtauld.ac.uk/digitalmedia/2020/06/30/who-made-the-conway-library/}}</ref> == Mbipụta ahọrọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Henry|first=Françoise|authorlink=Françoise Henry|date=31 December 1936|title=Hanging Bowls|journal=The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland|volume=VI|issue=II|pages=209–246}} * Henry, Francoise (1965-1970) Irish Art. Mpịakọta atọ. '''(1)''' N'oge Ndị Kraịst Mbụ ruo A.D. 800 '''(2)''' ''N'oge mwakpo ndị Viking 800-1020 A.D.'') '''(3)''' N'oge Romanesque 1020-1170 A.D New York: Cornell University Press, 1965, '65, 70. Uwe ejiji. Akpụkpọ ájá na-ese onyinyo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rarebooks.ie/shop/books/irish-art.-three-volumes.-1965-1970|title=Irish Art. Three Volumes. (1965-1970) by Francoise Henry|author=Ireland|first=Ulysses Rare Books » Antiquarian and rare book dealer based in Dublin|work=Ulysses Rare Books|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-12}}</ref> * T. Marquardt, Janet bipụtara / dezigharịrị "Francoise Henry na County Mayo: The Inishkea Journals" na 2012 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourcourtspress.ie/books/2012/francoise-henry-in-co-mayo/|title=Four Courts Press {{!}} Françoise Henry in Co. Mayo|work=www.fourcourtspress.ie|accessdate=2019-04-12}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.ucd.ie/archives/html/collections/henry-francoise.htm|title=Francoise Henry|work=University College Dublin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040827211958/http://www.ucd.ie/archives/html/collections/henry-francoise.htm|archivedate=27 August 2004|year=2015}} * {{Cite web|url=https://arthistorians.info/henryf|title=Françoise Henry|work=Dictionary of Art Historians|year=2015}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220703024005/https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:11593 Papers of Françoise Henry: textual and visual material consisting mainly of notes, drawings and plans, documenting early Christian Irish art, its inspiration and the extent of its influence in Europe, in areas including architecture, sculpture, manuscripts, metalwork, ivory and textiles.] A UCD Digital Library Collection. {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Henry, Françoise}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] cphzv6qzj3ka4pjynrbqzsoojpyaf3t 0 76497 674591 654063 2026-07-09T16:51:40Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Dinah Radtke.jpg|thumb|Dinah Radtke]] '''Dinah Christine Radtke''' (amụrụ na 10 Septemba 1947) bụ onye Germany na-eme ihe ike na mmegharị ikike ndị nwere nkwarụ. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Center for Independent Living for People with Disabilities (ZSL) na Erlangen. == Akụkọ ndụ == Dinah Radtke bụ onye ntụgharị asụsụ gọọmenti kwadoro maka asụsụ Bekee na French. N'ihi ọrịa ''spinal muscular atrophy'' (ọrịa na-emetụta akwara na ike anụ ahụ), ọ na-eji oche nkwagharị (''wheelchair'') eme njem. Kemgbe afọ ndị 1970, ọ na-alụ ọgụ ma na-akwado ikike na mkpa ndị mmadụ nwere nkwarụ. Dị ka otu n’ime ndị isi na-akwado mmegharị ''independent living'' (ibi ndụ n’onwe onye maka ndị nwere nkwarụ), o sonyere n’ịtọlite ''Center for Independent Living (Zentrum für Selbstbestimmtes Leben e.V.)'' na Erlangen n’afọ 1987. Site n’afọ 1997 ruo 2014, ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba ndụmọdụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. ''N’afọ 1990, o sonyere n’ịtọlite ​​òtù mba niile na-achịkọta ma na-anọchite anya ọtụtụ òtù dị iche iche. Leben [de] eV'' (ISL). <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=12 January 2026|language=de|title=30 Jahre ISL: Überzeugt, die Welt verändern zu können|url=https://kobinet-nachrichten.org/2020/10/19/30-jahre-isl-ueberzeugt-die-welt-veraendern-zu-koennen/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, njikọ ahụ ghọrọ onye otu ikike ndị nwere nkwarụ nke mba ụwa Disabled Peoples International (DPI), ebe Radtke jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi ala ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Site na 2003 ruo 2006, o sonyere na mkparịta ụka na United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya DPI maka ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=12 January 2026|language=de-de|title=Platz für WegbereiterInnen|url=https://www.metropolregionnuernberg.de/platz-fuer/alle-storys/wegbereiterinnen}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, o guzobere otu Weibernetz [de], otu mba niile maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ, na 1999 ọ kwadoro netwọk nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere nwere nkwarị na Bavaria.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=12 January 2026|language=de|title=Gründungsfrau Dinah Christine Radtke|url=https://netzwerkfrauen-bayern.de/wer-sind-wir/gruendung/gruendungsfrau-dinah-christine-radtke/|work=Netzwerkfrauen Bayern}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * 2000: Cross nke Order of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany <ref name="b716">{{Cite web|author=Redaktion kobinet-nachrichten|title=Dinah Radtke erhielt MAIK-Award 2017|work=kobinet-nachrichten|date=2 November 2017|url=https://kobinet-nachrichten.org/2017/11/02/dinah-radtke-erhielt-maik-award-2017/|language=de|accessdate=7 March 2026}}</ref> * 2009: Obe onye isi nke Order of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany <ref name="b716" /> * 2016: Nwa amaala nsọpụrụ nke obodo Erlangen <ref name="b733">{{Cite web|title=Platz für WegbereiterInnen|work=Die Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg|url=https://www.metropolregionnuernberg.de/platz-fuer/alle-storys/wegbereiterinnen|language=de|accessdate=7 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="b765">{{Cite web|title=Ehrenbürgerwürde für Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana|work=Stadt Erlangen|date=20 January 2026|url=https://erlangen.de/aktuelles/ehrenbuergerwuerde-herzberger-fofana|language=de|accessdate=7 March 2026}}</ref> * 2019: Bezirksmedaille des Bezirks Mittelfranken<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=20 January 2020|author=Werner Falk|date=19 November 2019|language=de-DE|title=Bezirksmedaille für vier|url=https://www.falk-report.de/2019/11/bezirksmedaille-fuer-vier/|work=Falk Report}}</ref> * 2019: Bayerische Verfassungsmedaille na Silber<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=7 February 2020|title=Terminhinweis: Bayerischer Landtag ehrt 43 Persönlichkeiten mit der Verfassungsmedaille 2019 {{!}} Bayerischer Landtag|url=https://www.bayern.landtag.de/aktuelles/presse/pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilungen-2020/terminhinweis-bayerischer-landtag-ehrt-43-persoenlichkeiten-mit-der-verfassungsmedaille-2019/}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == *  Georg põhlen (2019), Stadt Erlnagen, Sozialreferat (ed), Dinah Radtke,Menschen in Erlangen, Erlangen, pp. 38-49 == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Literature by and about Dinah Radtken'imeỌ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba GermanyNdepụta * [https://www.medienwerkstatt-franken.de/video/dinah-radtke-im-portraet-inklusion-und-selbstbestimmung/ Dinah Radtke - Wegbereiterin für Inklusion und Selbstbestimmung] (Filmporträt, 28:39 Minuten) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] nsbq89839wdplahjc0v9iraw9hadj7y 0 76503 674996 654103 2026-07-10T09:35:28Z Anastesia chi 23720 674996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irena Lorentowicz''' (1908–1985) bụ onye Poland na-ese ihe, onye na-emepụta ihe ndabere na uwe ejije, nakwa onye nkụzi nka. ==Ndụ mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ== A mụrụ Lorentowicz na 25 Septemba 1908 n'isi obodo Poland, [[Warsaw]]. Ọ bụ ada [[Jan Lorentowicz]], onye nduzi ihe nkiri, onye nkatọ na onye odeakwụkwọ ọha, na Ewa Lorentowicz (amụrụ Rościszewska), onye na-ese ihe eserese na onye na-ekekọta akwụkwọ. Site na 1925 ruo 1931, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na [[Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw|Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nkà Mara Mma dị na Warsaw]] n'okpuru nduzi [[Miłosz Kotarbiński]] na [[Tadeusz Pruszkowski]]. Ya na nke ikpeazụ, o sonyere n'ọrụ eserese ''[[plein-air]]'' na [[Kazimierz Dolny]] dị na Poland. N'otu n'ime mmemme ndị a, ọ zutere onye odee [[Maria Kuncewiczowa]], ha wee bụrụ enyi ruo ndụ ha niile. N'afọ 1931, ọ gara njem ọnwa isii na Czechoslovakia, Austria, Italy, France, Spain na Belgium. N'afọ 1934–35, ọ mụtara imepụta ihe ndabere ejije na State Institute of Theatre Arts (PIST) ma nweta ọzụzụ n'ịrụ ihe ịchọ mma maka ụlọ ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọ ka bụ nwata, ọ lụrụ Jan Karwowski, ma alụmdi na nwunye ahụ akwụsịghị ogologo oge.<ref name="Monika">{{cite web |last1=Januszek-Surdacka |first1=Monika |title=Córka znawcy literatury polskiej, muza Tadeusza Pruszkowskiego, autorka scenografii do paryskiej premiery Harnasiów Karola Szymanowskiego, mentorka Krzysztofa Kieślowskiego. Dziś zapomniana. Kim była Irena Lorentowicz? |url=https://www.historiaposzukaj.pl/wiedza,osoby,1742,osoba_irena_lorentowicz.html |website=Historia: Poszukaj |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Enc">{{cite web |title=Irena Lorentowicz |url=https://encyklopediateatru.pl/osoby/19036/irena-lorentowicz |website=ENCYKLOPEDIA TEATRU POLSKIEGO |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Museum">{{cite web |title=Wystawa "Irena Lorentowicz – Mena z Kazimierza" |url=https://mnkd.pl/exhibition/wystawa-irena-lorentowicz-mena-z-kazimierza/ |website=National Museum of Kazimierz Dolny |date=2022|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Opera">{{cite web |title=Irena Lorentowicz |url=https://archiwum.teatrwielki.pl/osoba/baza/irena-lorentowicz |website=Teatr Wielki – Opera Narodowa |access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref> ==Paris== N'agbata 1930 na 1935, Lorentowicz rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-emepụta ihe ndabere maka ụlọ ihe nkiri na ebe ntụrụndụ Warsaw. N'afọ 1935, ndị nchịkwa nke [[Paris Opera]] họpụtara ya ka ọ mepụta ihe ndabere maka ngosipụta mbụ e mere na [[Paris]] n'afọ 1936 nke balet [[Karol Szymanowski]] ''[[Harnasie]]'', nke [[Leon Schiller]] duziri. A hụrụ atụmatụ ya maka ihe ndabere na uwe ejije dịka ihe ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ ma nabata ha nke ọma. N'ihi nke a, gọọmenti France nyere ya agụmakwụkwọ afọ ise. N'afọ 1937, o mepụtara ihe ndabere maka ngosipụta balet ''Return'' nke [[Polish National Ballet]], nke egwu ya bụ nke [[Bolesław Woytowicz]]. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ France, gụnyere ''[[Opéra-Comique]]'' na ''[[Casino de Paris]]'', nakwa imepụta ihe ndabere maka balet ndị [[Serge Lifar]]. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọ gụrụ mmụta mmadụ na [[Sorbonne University|Sorbonne]] ma gosipụta eserese ya n'ọtụtụ ngosi, gụnyere ngosi Febrụwarị 1937 a kpọrọ ''[[Les femmes artistes d'Europe]]'', nke bụ ngosi nka mba ụwa mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị naanị ha mere na France, nke e mere na ''[[Jeu de Paume]]'' dị na Paris. N'ọnwa Mee 1937, o gosipụtara ihe karịrị atụmatụ ihe ndabere iri na abụọ na ''[[Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne]]'' dị na Paris, ma nweta nrite ọlaedo. E gosikwara ọrụ ya na [[1939 New York World's Fair]]. Mgbe ọ nọ na Paris, ọ na-ezikwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Poland dịka ''[[Kurjer Warszawski]]'' na ''{{Interlanguage link|Wiadomości Literackie |pl}}'' akụkọ gbasara mmemme omenala nke obodo ahụ.<ref name=Monika/><ref name=Enc/><ref name=Museum/><ref name=Opera/><ref>{{cite book |title="Les Femmes Artistes d'Europe exposent au Musée du Jeu de Paume": catalogue d'exposition, Paris, Jeu de Paume des Tuileries, février 1937. |date=February 1937 |access-date=30 March 2026|publisher=Musée du Jeu de Paume|location=Paris |url=https://www.duchamparchives.org/cp/archive/component/FRM5050-X0031143894/fr/}}</ref> ==United States== Mgbe [[World War II]] malitere, ọ nọrọ na Paris na mbụ, ma mgbe [[Battle of France]] nke Mee–Juun 1940 gasịrị, ọ siri ike gafee France, Spain na Portugal ruo isi obodo Portugal, [[Lisbon]], ebe o mechara nwee ike ịkwaga United States n'afọ 1941. N'ebe ahụ, ọ mepụtara ihe ndabere maka Polish Theatre of Artists dị na New York, nke na-eme ngosi n'ọtụtụ obodo dị na US, yana maka [[Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)|Metropolitan Opera House]] dị na New York na ụlọ ọrụ balet [[Ruth Abramovitsch Sorel|Ruth Sorel]]. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Canada. Ka oge na-aga, ọ malitere ịse ihe okpukpe, fresko na iko agba, gụnyere maka [[Holy Trinity Church (Chicago)|Holy Trinity Church]] dị na Chicago, ma mepụta ihe osise maka akwụkwọ ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa. Ọ kụziri eserese n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na New York ma nye nkuzi gbasara omenala na nka Poland. Mgbe ọ nọ na US, ọ na-ede akwụkwọ maka ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'' na akwụkwọ akụkọ Poland.<ref name=Monika/><ref name=Enc/><ref name=Museum/> ==Nlọghachi na Poland== N'afọ 1959 ma ọ bụ 1960, Lorentowicz laghachiri Poland. Ọ chọtara ọrụ n'ịmepụta ihe ndabere maka ụlọ ihe nkiri egwu dị na [[Poznań]], [[Bytom]], [[Wrocław]], [[Szczecin]], nakwa maka Polish Dance Ensemble nke {{Interlanguage link|Eugeniusz Papliński|pl}} na [[Łódź]]. Na Warsaw, ọ mepụtara ihe ndabere maka ngosipụta opera ọhụrụ ma kụzie akụkọ ihe mere eme nke uwe ejije na usoro nka ụlọ ihe nkiri na State Secondary School of Theatre Technology ruo 1969. Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya dịka onye na-emepụta ihe ndabere bụ maka ''[[Die Fledermaus]]'' na [[Warsaw Operetta]] n'afọ 1971. Site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu, ọ lekwasịrị anya n'ịse ihe. Ọ chọkwara oge dee ncheta ndụ ya, nke a kpọrọ ''Oczarowania'' (Ịdọ Mmasị), nke e bipụtara na Warsaw n'afọ 1972. Ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Warsaw haziri ngosi ọrụ ya n'afọ 1981 n'okpuru aha ahụ, gụnyere atụmatụ ya maka ''Harnasie'' na Paris. Otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya bụ onye nduzi fim [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]], onye kpọrọ ya ka ọ kpọọ onwe ya n'ihe nkiri telivishọn 1975, ''[[Personnel (film)|Personnel]]''.<ref name=Monika/><ref name=Enc/><ref name=Museum/><ref name=Opera/> ==Ọnwụ na ihe nketa== Lorentowicz nwụrụ na Warsaw na 11 Febrụwarị 1985. Naanị ọrụ ya ole na ole ka e debere n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, nke ukwuu n'ihi àgwà ya nke inye ndị enyi ya ọtụtụ n'ime ha. Nadwiślańskie Museum dị na Kazimierz Dolny nwere nchịkọta atụmatụ uwe ejije ya, ma n'afọ 2022 ọ hazikwara ngosi ọrụ ya sitere n'ọrụ ndị e gbaziri n'aka ndị nwe nchịkọta onwe ha.<ref name=Enc/><ref name=Museum/> ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lorentowicz, Irena}} [[Category: Ụmụ nwanyị]] tjdug7wasg7seekknfaye0qdzd9wblk 0 76539 675007 673355 2026-07-10T09:41:05Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Ariaria International Market ''{{Audio|Ig-Ariaria International Market.ogg|(mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ ahịa dị n'èzí nke dị na [[Aba, Nigeria|Aba]], obodo dị na Abia Steeti na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/at-last-a-breath-of-fresh-air-at-ariaria-international-market/|title=At last a breath of fresh air at Ariaria International Market|first=Peter|author=Okuta|date=15 March 2012|accessdate=25 July 2015|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ahịa ahụ bụ otu n'ime ahịa kachasị ukwuu na West Africa ma na-akpọ ya "China nke Africa" n'ihi mgbanwe ya n'ime uwe na Ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newtelegraphonline.com/bad-roads-ariaria-shoe-manufacturers-lament-poor-sales/|title=Bad roads: Ariaria shoe manufacturers lament poor sales|work=New Telegraph|first=Chijioke|author=Iremeka|date=4 May 2014|accessdate=25 July 2015}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi == E guzobere '''Ariaria''' International Market na 1976 mgbe ọkụ malitere nke bibiri ahịa Ekeoha ochie na Aba. Ahịa ahụ dị na mbụ n'ebe marsh.<ref name="ria">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/at-last-a-breath-of-fresh-air-at-ariaria-international-market/|title=At last a breath of fresh air at Ariaria International Market|first=Peter|author=Okuta|date=15 March 2012|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> A maara ahịa ahụ maka ọrụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na akpụkpọ anụ ya wee mee ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ahịa akpụkpọ anụ kachasị ukwuu na West Africa nke nwere ndị ahịa nde abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/ariaria-market-for-upgrade/|title=thenationonlineng.net/ariaria-market-for-upgrade/|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> N'inwe ihe karịrị 37,000 ụlọ ahịa, ákwà, ngwongwo ụlọ na ihe ọgwụ dịkwa n'ahịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-20|title=EEI Markets|url=https://rea.gov.ng/eeimarkets/|accessdate=2025-05-09|work=Rural Electrification Agency|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204223837/https://rea.gov.ng/eeimarkets/}}</ref> Ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ, ahịa ahụ enyela ndị ahịa ọrụ n'ụlọ na mba ofesi. Ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ahịa ahụ na-anya isi na ndị ahịa ha gafere ókèala Afrịka. "Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala na Yuropu na Afrịka nwere ahịa ha ga-ekele maka ọtụtụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ akpụkpọ anụ ha na-eyi," Amobi Nwanagu, Onyeisi oche nke StandUp Africa, na-ekwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinosun|first=Grace|date=2017-12-14|title=Abia State holds a lot of promise, Ariaria market is one, its emerging tech scene in Aba is another|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/12/14/abia-ariaria-market-aba-tech-scene/|accessdate=2021-09-18|work=Techpoint Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Ahịa ahụ gafere mpaghara gọọmentị atọ, [[Aba North]], [[Aba South]], na [[Osisioma Ngwa|Osisioma]]. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/155045-abia-government-denies-plans-relocate-ariaria-market.html|title=Abia government denies plans to relocate Ariaria market|date=12 February 2014|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.leadership.ng/features/391318/ariaria-market-generating-revenue-infrastructure|title=Ariaria Market: Generating Revenue But No Infrastructure|first=Mathias|author=Nwogu|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> == Ihe ịma aka == A chọpụtala na idei mmiri na-aga n'ihu na ọkụ na-agbasa n'ihi atụmatụ na-adịghị mma bụ ihe ịma aka na-abịaghachi na ahịa ahụ. Idei mmiri nke afọ 2022 n'ahịa ahụ nke e mere site na nrụzigharị nke ngalaba A-line kpatara mere ngagharị iwe site n'aka ndị ahịa bụ ndị kwuru na idei mmiri ahụ furu ngwongwo ruru ijeri naira.<ref>{{Cite news|author=RELEASE|first=PRESS|date=2022-10-12|title=Flooding: Governor Ikpeazu orders relocation of traders, goods at Ariaria Market|url=https://gazettengr.com/flooding-governor-ikpeazu-orders-relocation-of-traders-goods-at-ariaria-market/|accessdate=2025-05-09|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Gọọmentị Abia Steeti katọrọ omume a ma kpọọ ya ' ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'.<ref>{{Cite news|author=RELEASE|first=PRESS|date=2022-10-12|title=Flooding: Governor Ikpeazu orders relocation of traders, goods at Ariaria Market|url=https://gazettengr.com/flooding-governor-ikpeazu-orders-relocation-of-traders-goods-at-ariaria-market/|accessdate=2025-05-09|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, gọọmentị Abia Steeti kwadoro iwughachi ụzọ Ariaria nke jikọtara ahịa na ụzọ awara awara Aba - Port Harcourt iji belata ihe ịma aka nke oke mmadụ na netwọk okporo ụzọ na-adịghị mma na ahịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=News Agency of|date=2024-03-19|title=Governor Otti approves rehabilitation of Enyimba-Ariaria road|url=https://gazettengr.com/governor-otti-approves-rehabilitation-of-enyimba-ariaria-road/|accessdate=2025-05-09|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6cydwqldu5ft4iv44hoaymcxmhtgl6j 0 76553 675005 654430 2026-07-10T09:40:21Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lavra''' ma ọ bụ '''Laura''' (Grik: λαύρα; Cyrillic: ла́вρα) bụ ụdị ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ ọgba ndị ndị na-anọ naanị ha bi n’ime ha, ebe e nwere ụlọ ụka na, mgbe ụfọdụ, ụlọ nri n’etiti ya. Ebe obibi ndị mọnk lavra bụ akụkụ nke ọdịnala Ọtọdọks na ọdịnala Ndị Kraịst ndị ọzọ nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ; ụfọdụ obodo Katọlik na-ejikwa aha ahụ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110113182304/http://ocarm.org/en/content/ocarm/hermitical-communities Order of Carmelites: Hermitical Communities]</ref><ref>For example: [https://www.bethleem.org/monasteres/lavra_netofa_soeurs.php Lavra Netofa]</ref> N’asụsụ Grik, okwu ahụ pụtara na mbụ ụzọ dị warara ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ dị n’ime obodo.<ref name="LSJ">{{LSJ|lau/ra|λαύρα|ref}}.</ref><ref name="OxByz">{{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium|chapter=Lavra|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|place=New York, Oxford|editor-first=Alexander P.|editor-last=Kazhdan}}</ref> N’ọdịnala Ọtọdọks nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, okwu ahụ mechara nweta nkọwa ọhụrụ dịka aha a na-enye nnukwu ebe obibi ndị mọnk dị mkpa. 9erhe0w9du34ehnfxmc95jhw0qci3cc 0 76577 674595 655097 2026-07-09T17:07:26Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to the article 674595 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Charis Galanakis.jpg|thumb|Charis Galanakis]]   A mụrụ Galanakis n'abalị atọ nke ọnwa Eprel, afọ 1981, na Chania, Gris, n'ezinụlọ ndị ọkachamara na kemistrị.[1] O nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na kemistrị na afọ 2002, nwetakwa asambodo ya maka Oenology na afọ 2004, ha abụọ na Mahadum Patras. Ọ gụchakwara akara ugo mmụta masta ya na Teknụzụ Nri na afọ 2004 na Mahadum Patras-Mahadum Ioannina-Ulster. Na afọ 2010, ọ gụchara akara ugo mmụta doctorate ya na Mahadum Technical nke Crete. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=CHARIS M. GALANAKIS|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-0818|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[ORCID]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Galanakis malitere dịka ọkachamara na Kemistri na Oenologist na 2004 n'azụmahịa ezinụlọ nwere—ụlọ nyocha dị na Chania, Gris. Na 2009, Galanakis, ya na Eva Tornberg, hiwere Phenoliv AB nke mepụtara usoro ikike nke iwepụ polyphenol antioxidants site na mmiri mkpofu eji na mmanụ oliv ma na-asacha otu mmiri mkpofu ahụ n'otu usoro mwepụta ahụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=2010-07-01|title=Clarification of high-added value products from olive mill wastewater|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260877410000907|journal=Journal of Food Engineering|language=en|volume=99|issue=2|pages=190–197|doi=10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.02.018|issn=0260-8774}}</ref>Agbanyeghị, e mechara hapụ patent ahụ maka ihe a na-amaghị ama..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olive waste recovery|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20100240769A1/en?oq=US20100240769A1|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Google Patents]]}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, akwụkwọ nyocha mbụ ya—nke gosipụtara ihe ọhụrụ maka iji ihe ndị e ji eri nri mee site na mmiri mkpofu osisi oliv dị ka ihe nwere ike dochie abụba na ngwaahịa anụ—dọtara mmasị ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniells|first=Stephen|date=September 17, 2009|title=Olive fibre may replace fat in meat products|url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2009/09/18/Olive-fibre-may-replace-fat-in-meat-products|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Food Navigator|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dịka ọkammụta ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo, gburugburu ebe obibi na nri, ọrụ Galanakis lekwasịrị anya na ihe ọhụrụ na nkwado na ụlọ ọrụ nri, ọkachasị n'ọrụ "mweghachi ihe mkpofu nri".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gray|first=Nathan|date=May 3, 2012|title=Food waste has big potential for value-added ingredients|url=https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2012/05/04/Food-waste-has-big-potential-for-value-added-ingredients|accessdate=April 23, 2022|work=Food Navigator|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nchọcha a na-achọ ime ka ihe ndị dị mkpa site na ngwaahịa ndị e mefuru n'oge dị iche iche nke mmepụta nri dịkwuo mma, jiri ha mee ihe ọzọ n'usoro nri, ma mee ka ha nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu n'imezu Ebumnuche Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide (SDGs)—dịka SDGs 2, 3, 6, 12, 13 na 15.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=August 1, 2012|title=Recovery of high added-value components from food wastes: Conventional, emerging technologies and commercialized applications|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924224412000532|journal=Trends in Food Science & Technology|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=68–87|doi=10.1016/j.tifs.2012.03.003|issn=0924-2244}}</ref><ref name="Springer">{{Cite web|date=September 6, 2021|title=Climate change and food production: Adapt to the new era|url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/the-source/blog/blogposts-communicating-research/climate-change-and-food-production/19604128|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Springer Nature]]}}</ref> Echiche a nke "nchịkọta ihe mkpofu nri" pụtara ìhè nke ukwuu n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 nke metụtara nke ukwuu—n'etiti ndị ọzọ—ọtụtụ usoro mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ, nchekwa nri, nchekwa nri, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta nri na-adịghị adịgide adịgide kpatara gburugburu ụwa..<ref name="Springer" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Serpil|first=Aday|title=Impact of COVID-19 on the food supply chain|journal=[[Oxford University]]|year=2020|volume=2020|issue=4|pages=167–180|doi=10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa024|pmid=40504224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bisoffi|first=Stefano|date=2021|title=COVID-19 and Sustainable Food Systems: What Should We Learn Before the Next Emergency|journal=[[Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems]]|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fsufs.2021.650987|issn=2571-581X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=December 16, 2021|title=Food science articles in a post-COVID-19 era|journal=Discover Food|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1007/s44187-021-00003-3|pmid=40477577|issn=2731-4286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=McCarthy|first=Simone|date=June 22, 2020|title=Food-related Covid-19 outbreaks raise flags about supply security|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3089955/coronavirus-food-related-outbreaks-raise-flags-about-supply-security|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|language=en}}</ref> Dịka onye nkuzi, ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum King Saud; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilkinson|first=Joanna|date=November 3, 2020|title=Here's what Highly Cited Researchers look for in PhD students|url=https://clarivate.com/blog/heres-what-highly-cited-researchers-look-for-in-phd-students/|accessdate=April 22, 2022|work=[[Clarivate]]|language=en}}</ref> Ugbu a, ọ bụzi prọfesọ nsọpụrụ na Mahadum Taif dị na Saudi Arabia na prọfesọ nleta a ma ama na Mahadum Johannesburg dị na South Africa ma na-ejekwa ozi dịka onye nduzi nyocha na ihe ọhụrụ na Galanakis Laboratories dị na Gris <ref name="Springer"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 1, 2019|title=About us {{!}} Εργαστήρια Γαλανάκης|url=https://chemlab.gr/en/about-us/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Galanakis Laboratories|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Austria|Site n'ịbụ onye nkuzi na ọkà mmụta sayensị dị iche iche, o dekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ya.;[1] ] ọ bụkwa onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Food Waste Recovery Group (SIG5) nke ISEKI Food Association na Vienna, Austria]] na onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Discover Food <ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover Food|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/44187/editors|accessdate=April 23, 2022|work=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|language=en|archivedate=July 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730114702/https://www.springer.com/journal/44187/editors}}</ref> na Discover Environment .<ref name="Amazon">{{Cite web|title=About Charis M. Galanakis|url=https://www.amazon.com/kindle-dbs/entity/author/B016GQ8080?_encoding=UTF8&node=283155&offset=0&pageSize=12&searchAlias=stripbooks&sort=author-sidecar-rank&page=1&langFilter=default#formatSelectorHeader|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Amazon (company)#Website|Amazon]]|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Galanakis|first=Charis M.|date=June 18, 2019|title=Saving Food: Production, Supply Chain, Food Waste and Food Consumption|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4BIvgEACAAJ|accessdate=April 20, 2022|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-815357-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.foodwasterecovery.group/about-us/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=Food Waste Recovery|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover Environment|url=https://www.springer.com/journal/44274/updates/23744704|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Springer|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwado == N'afọ 2019, 2021-2023, Clarivate's Web of Science nabatara Galanakis dị ka "Onye nyocha a kpọtụrụ aha nke ukwuu n'ọhịa sayensị ọrụ ugbo".<ref name="Publons">{{Cite web|title=Charis M. Galanakis' Web of Science profile|url=https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/Y-2453-2019|accessdate=April 18, 2022|work=[[Publons]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 20, 2019|title=Παγκόσμια διάκριση Χανιώτη πανεπιστημιακού - Χανιώτικα Νέα|url=https://www.haniotika-nea.gr/pagkosmia-diakrisi-chanioti-panepistimiakoy/|accessdate=April 21, 2022|work="Χανιώτικα Νέα|language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Highly Cited Researchers|url=https://clarivate.com/highly-cited-researchers/|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Clarivate|language=en}}</ref> Site na 2019 ruo 2023, a na-akpọkwa ya aha mgbe niile ma tinye ya na ndepụta nke "Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Top 2% nke ụwa" site na Mahadum Stanford. [https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/6] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ioannidis|first=John|date=July 6, 2019|title=Supplementary data tables for "A standardized citation metrics author database annotated for scientific field" (PLoS Biology 2019)|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/1|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=1|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baas|first=Jeroen|date=October 8, 2020|title=Data for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/2|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=2|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Baas|first=Jeroen|date=October 19, 2021|title=August 2021 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/3|accessdate=April 20, 2022|volume=3|language=en|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Team|first=ECEBM|date=October 26, 2021|title=STANFORD UNIVERSITY NAMES WORLD'S TOP 2% SCIENTISTS, 2021|url=https://ecebm.com/2021/10/26/stanford-university-names-worlds-top-2-scientists-2021/|accessdate=April 20, 2022|work=ECEBM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ioannidis|first=John P. A.|date=2022-10-10|title=September 2022 data-update for "Updated science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators"|url=https://elsevier.digitalcommonsdata.com/datasets/btchxktzyw/4?fbclid=IwAR0u4xhKMuKGIsi_prZLxOIOaMPzV-LNCmoIlDYua90eybIVIyE6Sl70vyc|language=en|volume=4|doi=10.17632/btchxktzyw.4}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] gznjepu7eka00aiwj7vl21zbu70f2ma 0 76607 675011 655112 2026-07-10T09:44:31Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 675011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />N'akụkọ ifo na omenala ndị Rom,'''Cloacina''', nke a na-akpọkwa '''Cluacina''', bụ chi nwanyị nke chịkwara Cloaca Maxima ochie ('Mmiri Kachasị Ukwuu'): usoro mmiri nsị na mmiri kachasị na Rom. A na-ejikọta Cloacina na Venus, chi nwanyị Rom nke ịhụnanya na mmekọahụ. E nyere Venus aha ''Venus Cloacina'' ('Venus the Purifier'), ihe dị iche nke gosipụtara akụkụ dị ọcha nke ọrụ ya. Ebe nsọ nke Venus Cloacina guzo na Roman Forum, n'akụkụ Via Sacra. == Aha ya == Aha a na-akpọ Cloācīna bụ ihe e si na aha cloāca ('ebe a na-agba mmiri mmiri n'okpuru ala'; cf. cluere 'ime ka ọ dị ọcha'), onwe ya sitere na Proto-Italic *klowā-, nke mechara site na Proto-Indo-European *ḱleuH-o- ('dị ọcha'). Dịka Venus Cloacina—aha ma ọ bụ aha okpukpe nke Venus— a pụrụ ịkọwa Cloācīna dị ka 'Onye Na-asacha'.[2] == Cloaca Maxima == {{Reflist}}A na-ekwu na Tarquinius Priscus, eze nke ise a ma ama nke Rom, malitere iwu Cloaca Maxima n'afọ 600 TOA. Dị ka e kwenyere na Tarquinius si Etruria, Cloacina nwere ike ịbụ chi Etruscan na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tarquin {{!}} Etruscan Ruler, Last King, Tyrant {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tarquin-king-of-Rome-616-578-BC|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> E mepụtara ihe owuwu ahụ na mbụ iji wepụ mmiri n'ala ahịhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu ma mee ka iyi - nke na-esite na Tiber nke a maara dị ka ''Spinon'' - nke na'ebe ndị ga-aghọ Roman Forum, Velabrum, na Forum Boarium. [[Faịlụ:Cloaca_Maxima_LACMA_AC1997.240.6.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ nke Cloaca Maxima, nke e sere n'afọ 1859]] N'ime afọ 700 sochirinụ, a gbasaa ọwa mmiri ahụ nke ukwuu, na usoro a rụzuru na-ebufe mmiri site na Forum Augustus gaa na Tiber. E jikọtakwara ya na olulu mmiri iri na otu nke obodo ahụ, ma kpuchie ya n'elu ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Platner|first=Samuel Ball|title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Cloaca Maxima|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0054:id=cloaca-maxima|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> A na-eji usoro ahụ ebugharị mmiri dị ọcha n'ime obodo ahụ, kpochapụ ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu site n'okporo ámá, ma wepụ mmiri mmiri ruru unyi; n'ihi ya, ndị Rom ghọtara mkpa Cloaca Maxima dị na ịdị ọcha obodo ahụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Winterhalter|first=Elizabeth|date=2021-09-30|title=Venus of the Sewers|url=https://daily.jstor.org/venus-of-the-sewers/|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ụlọ mposi nke oge a, usoro ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enweta ihe mkpofu mmadụ site na ụlọ mposi onwe onye ma ọ bụ nke ọha na eze == Ọrụ == A na-agba akaebe na ofufe Cloacina dị ka Plautus (254-184 BCE) na egwuregwu ya <nowiki><i id="mwbg">Curculio</i></nowiki>, nke o yikarịrị ka e dere ya n'ihe dị ka 197-194 BCE. Ndị Rom oge ochie kwenyere na mmiri na-agagharị agagharị - nke Varro na Servius kpọrọ 'mmiri dị ndụ' - dị nsọ. Dị ka Cloaca Maxima bụ iyi na mbụ, enwere ike iwere usoro mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya dị ka ihe dị nsọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Winterhalter|first=Elizabeth|date=2021-09-30|title=Venus of the Sewers|url=https://daily.jstor.org/venus-of-the-sewers/|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ndị Rom ji chekwaa ụzọ mbụ na-agbagharị agbagharị nke iyi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ntụgharị na ntụgharị n'ime usoro ahụ mere ka Cloaca Maxima ghara ịdị irè karịa usoro mmiri ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ahụ. Ya mere, dị ka chi nwanyị, Cloacina nwere ike ịbụ onye isi oche nke usoro ahụ ma gosipụta ihe ndị dị nsọ na nke na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ekwuola na Cloacina esoghị na Cloaca Maxima dị ka isi iyi nke ịdị ọcha; usoro ahụ n'onwe ya adịghị ọcha, kama ọ mechara merụọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke obodo ahụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ọ na-achịkwa Velabrum oge ochie na iyi nke na-agafe ya, ''Spinon'', ma gosipụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha. === Dị ka Venus Cloacina === [[Faịlụ:Sacrum_Cloacina.jpg|thumb|Ihe fọdụrụ na Shrine of Venus Cloacina ka ha pụtara n'afọ 2012. N'elu ụlọ nsọ ahụ dị n'ala, ebe ala ya dị ọtụtụ mita n'okpuru ala.]] A maghị mgbe mbụ Venus na Cloacina jikọtara ma tinye ya na ''Venus Cloacina''. Dị ka akụkọ ifo nke ntọala ndị Rom si kwuo, mgbe agha dara n'etiti ndị Rom na ndị Sabine na-esote ndina n'ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Sabine, eze Sabine bụ Titus Tacitus na eze Romulus wepụrụ ngwá agha ha n'ebe nsọ Venus Cloacina dị, wee mee udo. Ya mere, ndị Sabine na ndị Rom jikọtara ọnụ dị ka otu ndị mmadụ, ememe ahụ ejirila ememe nhicha mee ihe site na iji alaka myrtle: ihe nnọchianya nke chi nwanyị Venus. <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Rome and Environs: An Archaeological Guide.|author=Coarelli|first=Filippo|pages=50|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520079618}}</ref> Dị ka agha malitere n'ihi nsogbu alụmdi na nwunye, a kwenyere na Tacitus bụ onye guzobere alụmdi na ụba n'etiti Sabines na ndị Rom, Venus Cloacina nwere ike ile anya dị ka chi nwanyị nke mere ka mmekọahụ dị ọcha n'ime alụmdi na eze.<ref name=":6" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, Livy kpọrọ ụlọ nsọ nke chi nwanyị ahụ aha dị ka ebe Verginius gburu nwa ya nwanyị Verginia iji gbochie ya ka decemvir Appius Claudius ghara ịmanye ya ka ọ bụrụ ohu mmekọahụ. Mgbe ọ gburu nwa ya nwanyị, Verginius na-ekwu, sị: "N'ụzọ a, naanị ụzọ m nwere ike, m ga-esi gbachitere, nwa m, nnwere onwe gị. " Ọnwụ Verginia mere ka o doo anya na ọ nọgidere na-enweghị ntụpọ, ebe ọ bụ ebe nsọ nke Venus Cloacina na-akwado echiche ahụ na a hụrụ chi nwanyị ahụ dị ka ike na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha. A na-ejikọkwa Venus na mmiri. Ọtụtụ ememme na emume a raara nye chi nwanyị ahụ gụnyere ịsacha onwe gị; otu ihe atụ bụ Veneralia, ebe ndị na-ejere nwanyị ozi na-asa ma Ihe oyiyi ofufe nke Venus na onwe ha, nke e ji okpueze nke myrtle chọọ mma. A na-ejikọkwa Venus na onye Gris ya bụ Aphrodite na ịsa ahụ: ihe oyiyi nke chi nwanyị ahụ pụtara n'ebe ịsa ahụ na Bostra na Akko. Ya mere, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na Venus Cloacina bụ chi nwanyị nke ọmụmụ na ịdị ọcha nke ike ya jikọtara ya na iji mmiri dị nsọ na-agagharị agagharị.<ref name=":1" /> == Ofufe == [[Faịlụ:Cloacina.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise abụọ nke Shrine of Venus Cloacina sitere na ''Das Forum Romanum'' nke Christian Hülsen (1904) ]] E nwere obere ebe nsọ Venus Cloacina gbara okirikiri n'ihu Basilica Aemilia dị n'Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Rom ma dị kpọmkwem n'elu Cloaca Maxima. Ihe owuwu fọdụrụnụ nwere ntọala mabụl dị n'elu slab nke travertine, gbara gburugburu ma e wezụga ihe ngosi akụkụ anọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya: ihe fọdụrụ na steepụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Cloacina, Sacrum|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0054:id=cloacina-sacrum|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu|accessdate=2026-01-28|author=Platner|first=Samuel Ball}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka ihe owuwu a malitere n'oge ọchịchị Sulla, ihe dị ka afọ 80 BCE. === Ihe osise === Ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ego ndị Rom nwere ihe oyiyi nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ. Otu denarius e mere na 39 BCE na-egosi ụlọ nsọ ahụ nwere balustrade na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, nke Pliny kwuru na ọ bụ ihe oyiyi Venus. Ụdị ndị ọzọ nke onyinyo ahụ yiri ya, mana ha na-egosi otu n'ime ndị na-ejide okooko osisi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, Cloacina, Sacrum|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0054:id=cloacina-sacrum|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu|accessdate=2026-01-28|author=Platner|first=Samuel Ball}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ a nwere ike ịnọchite anya akụkụ abụọ nke chi nwanyị ahụ: Venus na Cloacina. Otu mkpụrụ ego sitere na 42 BCE na-egosi isi nke chi nwanyị Concordia n'ihu na ụlọ nsọ nke Venus Cloacina na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ n'azụ. Mkpụrụ ego a nwere ike ịbụ ihe ncheta Nkwekọrịta ma ọ bụ ime udo n'etiti ndị otu, ma eleghị anya na-ezo aka na ime udo n"etiti ndị Sabine na ndị Rom mgbe e dinara ụmụ nwanyị Sabine n'ike. == N'agumagu == N'ọrụ Bekee ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị n'oge narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19, e ji Cloacina mee ihe dị ka onye na-atọ ọchị, a na-ejikwa "ụlọ nsọ Cloacina" mee ihe dị iche iche maka ụlọ mposi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Winterhalter|first=Elizabeth|date=2021-09-30|title=Venus of the Sewers|url=https://daily.jstor.org/venus-of-the-sewers/|accessdate=2026-01-27|work=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinsout00wate_1/page/150/mode/2up?q=Cloacina|title=Wanderings in South America|first=Waterton|author=Charles|authorlink=Charles Waterton|date=1866|publisher=T. Fellowes|location=London|accessdate=27 August 2024|quote=Now, in the British plantations of Guiana, as well as in Europe, there is always a little temple dedicated to the goddess Cloacina.}}</ref> Enwere ike ịkọwa nghọta a banyere Cloacina site na [[Augustine nke Hippo]] na-akwa Cloacina emo dị ka chi nwanyị na-enweghị nsọpụrụ nke nsị. N'ime The Dunciad, Alexander Popu kọwara Cloacina dị ka onye rụrụ arụ na onye na-esi ísì ọjọọ nke na-enwe njakịrị na-enweghị isi, nke a na-ejikwa poop eme ihe ndị ọkacha mmasị ya. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe ọ na-atụle ndụmọdụ Pope's Sober Advice site n'aka Horace, Philip Stanhope na-atụ aro ka nwa ya nwoke dọwaa otu peeji site na ederede oge ọ bụla ọ chọrọ iji ụlọ ịsa ahụ, dị ka "àjà nye Cloacina". A na-ejikọta Cloacina na okwu mkparị na okwu rụrụ arụ. N'afọ 1782, mgbe emesịrị oratorio Francis Hopkinson, The Temple of Minerva, ihe rụrụ arụ, nke a na-amaghị aha ya nke akpọrọ "The Temple of Cloacina: An Oral-whig-ial Entertainment" pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ James Rivington, ''Royal Gazette'' . Egwuregwu ahụ bụ ihe ihere, nke a kọwara dị ka "onye nwere ọgụgụ isi karịa Rabillais [''sic'']; ihe na-adịghị mma karịa Swift; ihe na-enweghị isi karịa Tom Brown," na "ihe niile gbasara unyi na ihe ọjọọ". == Hụkwa == * Venus * Mefitis * Mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Sabine * Verginia == Edensibia == {{Roman religion}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=de Vaan|first=Michiel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecZ1DwAAQBAJ|title=Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages|date=2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004167971|language=en|authorlink=Michiel de Vaan}} {{Roman religion}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rgqek0z5v9u6l8c86leztfkjej774d2 0 76618 674890 657320 2026-07-10T07:19:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674890 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dr. Jenna Ross''' OBE bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-eme nchọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ agric-tech Crop Health and Protection. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Oxford Farming Conference. A kpọrọ ya onye isi nke Order of the British Empire na Queen's Platinum Jubilee Honours. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Slug scientist Dr Jenna Ross honoured with an OBE for her contribution to agricultural research|url=https://www.thescottishfarmer.co.uk/news/20191408.slug-scientist-dr-jenna-ross-honoured-obe/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=The Scottish Farmer|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Riding the slime wave (views on slugs by a globe-trotting scholar) {{!}} AHDB|url=https://ahdb.org.uk/news/riding-the-slime-wave-views-on-slugs-by-a-globe-trotting-scholar|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=ahdb.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Shanks|first=Ciaran|date=2022-06-02|title=University of Aberdeen academic awarded OBE in Platinum Jubilee honours list|url=https://www.aberdeenlive.news/news/aberdeen-news/university-aberdeen-academic-awarded-obe-7156968|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=aberdeenlive|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Jenna Ross|url=https://www.nuffieldscholar.org/scholars/2018/jenna-ross|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Nuffield Farming Scholarships|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />.Dọkịta Ross toro na Tarland n'ugbo ezinụlọ ha.Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-achịkọta ejula ndị na-enweghị mkpụrụ n'ubi tonip, ma hụ mmetụta ọjọọ ha nwere n'ọrụ ugbo na ndụ ndị ọrụ ugbo.Ọ gara akwụkwọ na Aboyne Academy.Nne na nna ya, ndị nna nna ya, na ndị nna nna ukwu ya bụkwa ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na mahadum Robert Gordon , ebe ọ pụrụ iche na sayensị nyocha mpụ Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Grampian Police dịka onye ọrụ nyocha ebe mpụ mere. Nnyocha doctoral nke Dr. Ross tụlere mmepe nke ihe nchịkwa nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ maka slugs na snails. Slugs na-eweta nnukwu egwu maka mmepụta ọka na mmanụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-efu ụlọ ọrụ ugbo UK £ 100 nde kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mackenzie|first=Gemma|title=Tarland woman's battle to beat the slimy scourge on farms|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/business/farming/1862837/tarland-womans-battle-to-beat-the-slimy-scourge-on-farms/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Press and Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dr. Ross zụlitere nka ya na malacology n'oge njem izu iri abụọ na isii n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slime time - with Dr Jenna Ross {{!}} Eat Farm Now|url=https://eatfarmnow.com/2020/05/12/slime-time-with-dr-jenna-ross/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=eatfarmnow.com}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha ndị a, Dr. Ross dere akụkọ na-akọwa usoro nchịkwa ahụhụ na-apụta.<ref name=":1" /> Nnyocha ya kpughere na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị slug UK bụ ihe pụrụ iche, nakwa na slugs nwere ike inwe mmetụta akụ na ụba (n'ihi mmebi ihe ọkụkụ) na mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Riding the Slime Wave with Dr Jenna Ross|url=https://chap-solutions.co.uk/blogs/riding-the-slime-wave/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=CHAP|language=en}}</ref> Ọ dụrụ gọọmentị ọdụ ka ha mepụta usoro nchekwa ndụ iji chebe ọrụ ugbo na UK ma jiri usoro mkpochapụ maka slug Spanish.<ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate ya, Dr. Ross nwere ọkwa dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide, gụnyere Bioforsk.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == Dr. Ross lekwasịrị anya n'imeziwanye nkwado na ume na ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What's it like being an agri-scientist? {{!}} Eat Farm Now|url=https://eatfarmnow.com/2020/06/10/whats-it-like-being-an-agri-scientist/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=eatfarmnow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A day in the life of Innovation Hub Lead for crop health and protection.|url=https://jobs.newscientist.com/en-gb/article/a-day-in-the-life-of-innovation-hub-lead-for-crop-health-and-protection-/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=New Scientist Jobs|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmepe mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ agric-tech Crop Health and Protection, ebe ọ gbalịrị ịchịkwa slugs na snails site na iji ndị iro okike. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the CHAP team who are making a difference in UK agri-tech|url=https://chap-solutions.co.uk/about-chap/chap-team/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=CHAP|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019232751/https://chap-solutions.co.uk/about-chap/chap-team/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Q&A with Dr Jenna Ross {{!}} February 2019 {{!}} News {{!}} RGU|url=https://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/news-2019/1712-q-a-with-dr-jenna-ross|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=www.rgu.ac.uk|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022072628/https://www.rgu.ac.uk/news/news-2019/1712-q-a-with-dr-jenna-ross}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''www.rgu.ac.uk''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Robert Gordon iji mezue MBA, n'oge ahụ ka e nyere ya ihe nrite Aquaculture Higher Education Learner of the Year na Council for Awards of Royal Agricultural Societies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jenna leads the way for women in agriculture|url=https://www.thescottishfarmer.co.uk/news/16152687.jenna-leads-way-women-agriculture/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=The Scottish Farmer|language=en}}</ref> A kpọrọ Dr. Ross onye isi nke Order of the British Empire na Queen's Platinum Jubilee Honours . <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọnwụ nke Queen Elizabeth nke Abụọ gasịrị, Ross chọrọ ihe ncheta hay bales mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Roy|first=Cameron|title='It's just a thank you': Row of hay bales decorated in tribute to the Queen|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeen-aberdeenshire/4812022/aberdeenshire-queen-farming/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Press and Journal|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == * 2018 Aquaculture Higher Education Learner of the Year Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=Celebrating Scotland's Land-based Learners|url=https://www.thescottishfarmer.co.uk/news/16137712.celebrating-scotlands-land-based-learners/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=The Scottish Farmer|language=en}}</ref> * 2019 35 Under 35 Award <ref>{{Cite web|title="Proud" students awarded for farm work|url=https://www.sruc.ac.uk/all-news/proud-students-awarded-for-farm-work/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=www.sruc.ac.uk|language=en-gb}}</ref> * 2020 Farmers Club Educator Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jenna Ross wins Farmers Club Educator Award 2020|url=https://chap-solutions.co.uk/news/farmers-club-educator-award/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=CHAP|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019232750/https://chap-solutions.co.uk/news/farmers-club-educator-award/}}</ref> * 2022 Onye isi oche nke Order of the British Empire na Queen's Platinum Jubilee Honours <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] dd49nby0zau1i5pzz627j4dvgfi47mx 0 76623 674968 655347 2026-07-10T09:14:33Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    A kọrọ na ọrịa ahụ malitere na Equatorial Guinea na 7 Febụwarị 2023, na 13 Febụwarị 2023, achọpụtara na ọ bụ ọrịa Marburg virus. Ọ bụ nke mbụ a chọpụtara ọrịa ahụ na mba ahụ. Ruo 4 Eprel 2023, e nwere mmadụ 14 a chọpụtara na ha nwere ọrịa ahụ, mmadụ 28 a na-enyo enyo na ha nwere ọrịa ahụ, gụnyere mmadụ iri a chọpụtara na ha nwere ọrịa ahụ na Equatorial Guinea.<ref name="BNO" /><ref name="cidrap1" /> Na 8 June 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa kwupụtara ntiwapụ ahụ agwụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO declares end to Marburg virus outbreak in Equatorial Guinea|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230608-who-declares-end-to-marburg-virus-outbreak-in-equatorial-guinea|work=[[France 24]]|date=8 June 2023|accessdate=19 June 2023|archivedate=6 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106034119/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230608-who-declares-end-to-marburg-virus-outbreak-in-equatorial-guinea}}</ref> N'ozuzu, e dekọrọ ọrịa 17 na ọnwụ 12. A kọrọ na mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ ahụ nwere ike ịnwụ. Ndị ọrịa anọ gbakere site na nje ahụ ma debanye aha ha na mmemme ndị lanarịrị iji nweta nkwado psychosocial na ndị ọzọ na-agbake.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-08|title=Marburg Virus Disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea ends|url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/equatorial-guinea/news/marburg-virus-disease-outbreak-equatorial-guinea-ends|accessdate=2023-07-05|work=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa|language=en|archivedate=2023-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801060026/https://www.afro.who.int/countries/equatorial-guinea/news/marburg-virus-disease-outbreak-equatorial-guinea-ends}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ọrịa Nje Marburg bụ ọrịa ọbara na-efe efe nke nje Marburg kpatara, nke nwere ọnụọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ ruru pasent 88. Mgbaàmà ya yiri [[Nje ọrịa Ebola|Ọrịa Ebola]] virus.<ref name="ref1" /> Enweghị ọgwụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ nje maka Marburg.<ref name="ref1">{{Cite web|title=Marburg (Marburg Virus Disease) {{!}} Marburg (Marburg Virus Disease) {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/index.html|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=14 February 2023|language=en-us|date=8 August 2022|archivedate=19 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019213530/https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/index.html}}</ref> == Ntiwapụ == [[Faịlụ:Municipalities_of_Equatorial_Guinea.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|550x550px|Obodo nta nke Equatorial Guinea, Africa]] A kọrọ na ọrịa a na-amaghị aha ya malitere na 7 Febụwarị 2023 ma jikọta ya na ndị sonyere na emume olili ozu na mpaghara Nsok-Nsomo nke Kié-Ntem. A kọrọ na mmadụ asatọ nwụrụ na Febụwarị 10, 2023, nke mere ka a kwụsị mkpọchi obodo ahụ, ebe Cameroon webatara mmachi ókèala. Ihe mgbaàmà ndị a kọrọ gụnyere ọbara ọgbụgba n'imi, ahụ ọkụ, mgbu nkwonkwo na ọrịa ndị ọzọ..<ref name="REU">{{Cite web|title=Equatorial Guinea quarantines 200 after unknown hemorrhagic fever deaths|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-restricts-movement-along-equatorial-guinea-border-after-several-2023-02-10/|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=10 February 2023|first=Amindeh|author=Atabong|archivedate=2023-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223005949/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-restricts-movement-along-equatorial-guinea-border-after-several-2023-02-10/}}</ref> N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na Ngalaba Ahụike nke Equatorial Guinea kwupụtara na otu n'ime ihe nnwale ndị e zigara na ụlọ nyocha Pasteur Institute na [[Senegal]] anwalewo na ha nwere nje Marburg.<ref name="NAME">{{Cite web|title=Equatorial Guinea confirms first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak|date=13 February 2023|url=https://www.afro.who.int/countries/equatorial-guinea/news/equatorial-guinea-confirms-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|accessdate=13 February 2023|archivedate=13 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213183549/https://www.afro.who.int/countries/equatorial-guinea/news/equatorial-guinea-confirms-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, e nwere mmadụ iri abụọ na ise a na-enyo enyo, gụnyere mmadụ itoolu nwụrụ. A kọghị ọnọdụ nke onye ahụ e gosipụtara.<ref name="BNO">{{Cite web|title=Equatorial Guinea declares outbreak of Ebola-like Marburg virus|date=13 February 2023|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/|publisher=[[BNO News]]|accessdate=13 February 2023|archivedate=20 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220120932/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://bnonews.com/index.php/2023/02/equatorial-guinea-declares-outbreak-of-ebola-like-marburg-virus/ "Equatorial Guinea declares outbreak of Ebola-like Marburg virus"]. </cite></ref> Ndị agbata obi [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] chọpụtara mmadụ abụọ a na-enyo enyo na ha nwere ọrịa Marburg virus na 13 Febụwarị 2023, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cameroon detects two suspected cases of Marburg virus near Eq. Guinea|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-increasing-health-surveillance-after-equatorial-guinea-finds-marburg-virus-2023-02-14/|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=14 February 2023|archivedate=2023-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221132513/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-increasing-health-surveillance-after-equatorial-guinea-finds-marburg-virus-2023-02-14/}}</ref> mana e mechara wepụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/MINSANTE.PageOfficielle/videos/c4534e7c/757499088848735/|title=&#124; By Ministère de la Santé Publique du Cameroun &#124; Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2023-02-28|archivedate=2023-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228190904/https://www.facebook.com/MINSANTE.PageOfficielle/videos/c4534e7c/757499088848735/}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Febụwarị, a kọrọ na a na-enyo Marburg enyo n'obodo Valencia dị na Spain, <ref name="Spain">{{Cite web|title=Aislado un paciente en Valencia por sospechas de que padezca la grave fiebre de Marburgo|url=https://elpais.com/espana/comunidad-valenciana/2023-02-25/aislado-un-paciente-en-valencia-por-sospechas-de-que-padezca-la-grave-fiebre-de-marburgo.html|work=[[El País]]|date=25 February 2023|accessdate=25 February 2023|archivedate=2023-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225073702/https://elpais.com/espana/comunidad-valenciana/2023-02-25/aislado-un-paciente-en-valencia-por-sospechas-de-que-padezca-la-grave-fiebre-de-marburgo.html}}</ref> agbanyeghị, e mechara wepụ ikpe a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spain says patient does not have Marburg disease|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spanish-authorities-detect-first-suspected-case-marburg-disease-2023-02-25/|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=28 February 2023|archivedate=2023-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227191716/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/spanish-authorities-detect-first-suspected-case-marburg-disease-2023-02-25/}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, Minista Ahụike nke Equatoguinean Mitoha Ondo'o Ayekaba kọrọ na e nwụọla mmadụ abụọ ọzọ nwere mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ. N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Eprel, a kọrọ na mmadụ iri nwụrụ site na ọrịa ahụ. A kpughekwara na achọpụtala ndị ọrịa na mpaghara anọ dị iche iche nke mba ahụ, gụnyere ndị ọrịa asatọ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Bata.<ref name="cidrap1">{{Cite news|author=Schnirring|first=Lisa|title=Equatorial Guinea confirms another Marburg virus case|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/marburg/equatorial-guinea-confirms-another-marburg-virus-case|accessdate=4 April 2023|publisher=University of Minnesota|date=4 April 2023}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchnirring2023">Schnirring, Lisa (4 April 2023). </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọrịa na-efe efe * Ndepụta nke ntiwapụ ndị ọzọ nke Filoviridae == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Brauburger|first=Kristina|title=Forty-five years of Marburg virus research|journal=Viruses|date=1 October 2012|volume=4|issue=10|pages=1878–1927|doi=10.3390/v4101878|pmid=23202446|issn=1999-4915}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 01qw6ykj88m9maqm0z3q29i5fmdfo2l 0 76625 674694 655352 2026-07-09T21:06:46Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dockside Green bụ obodo dị 1,300,000-square-foot (120,000 m2) nke ndị na-eji ihe dị iche iche eme ihe na Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, nke Vancity Credit Union nwere ma bụrụkwa ebe a ma ama maka ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nke arch na-adịgide adịgide.. Ọrụ a dị n'ebe dị hekta iri na ise (hekta iri isii na otu) nke Victoria's Inner Harbour, ọ bụkwa ebe a na-ere ọkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ji eme ihe ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. Atụmatụ ọnụ ahịa nhicha ruru nde dọla iri na abụọ, site na kemịkalụ mmanụ ala a wụfuru, ígwè dị arọ na-egbu egbu na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe (ihe mkpofu na ihe ndị dị ize ndụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe). <ref>[https://archive.today/20130802202826/http://www.aboutremediation.com/render/pageRender.asp?itemcode=AR-NWS-LNRP&itemid=2556 News Room<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nzọụkwụ mbụ na nke abụọ nke ọrụ ahụ, nke a rụchara n'afọ 2011, enwetala ọkwa dị ịrịba ama n'ụwa niile maka nkwado.<ref>[http://docksidegreen.com/images/stories/bottom/itn/SustainabilityReport2007.pdf Dockside Green<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Dockside Green nwere Ụlọ ọrụ gas-emepụta gas nke na-agbanwe osisi mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ maka mmiri na okpomọkụ, yana nkwado oge kachasị elu site na gas boilers. Ọgbọ biomass na-eme ka Dockside carbon na-anọpụ iche na mmepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ, yana ụfọdụ ahịa ike na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Mmepe ahụ na-edozi nsị ya, na-eji mmiri a nụchara anụcha maka ụlọ mposi ya, ịgba mmiri, iyi na usoro ọdọ mmiri. Isi ịsa ahụ dị elu, olulu mmiri, ihe ịsa ahụ, ihe ịcha efere na igwe ịsa ákwà bụ ọkọlọtọ. Ebe obibi ọ bụla dị n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịlele mmiri oyi na nke ọkụ ya, okpomọkụ na ọkụ eletrik. Njikọ Ịntanetị na-enye ndị bi na ya ohere ịchịkwa okpomọkụ dị anya mgbe ha na-apụ. Dockside Green nwere mmemme ịkekọrịta ụgbọ ala, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri a haziri maka ụgbọ mmiri ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ebe ịnyịnya ígwè na mmiri ịsa ahụ maka ndị na-aga n'ebe azụmahịa nke mmepe. A na-ejikọta ohere ịnyịnya ígwè na mpaghara Galloping Goose. Dockside Green na-agba mbọ iji "LEED for Neighborhood Development", <ref>[http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=148 USGBC: LEED for Neighborhood Development<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. yiri usoro nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi LEED. Nhazi zuru oke kwekọrọ na ụkpụrụ nke New Urbanism, na-akwado mpaghara ndị dị n'etiti ruo n'elu, na-elekwasị anya na obodo na ebe a na-agagharị agagharị maka ọtụtụ mkpa ndị bi na ya kwa ụbọchị. Dị ka ezigbo obodo "iji ngwakọta eme ihe" Dockside na-atụ anya ngwakọta nke suites, omenala ụlọ ahịa na ọfịs na-aga nke ọma na ndị bi na afọ dịgasị iche iche, agbụrụ na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ndị otu mmepe ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ na obodo Victoria na atụmatụ ọnụ ahịa ụlọ iji mepụta "ụlọ dị ọnụ ala" (ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ dị na $ 30,000 ruo $ 60,000). Dockside Green guzo n'ala bụ ebe obibi nke ndị First Nations Songhees. Ndị mmepe etinyela ha na ememe na saịtị ahụ na site na itinye nka na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba mbụ na saịtị ahụ dum. Dockside akwadowokwa azụmaahịa mpaghara na nke Canada ebe ọ bụla o kwere omume: ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ British Columbia gụnyere [[Nexterra]] (ụlọ ọrụ gas) na Sol-Air Systems (mgbasa ikuku ultraviolet maka ụlọ ọrụ nsị), na ụlọ ọrụ Canada Zenon (usoro ọgwụgwọ nsị). N'October 15, 2017, a mara ọkwa na Bosa Development na-azụta mmepe Dockside Green site na Vancity. Ahịa maka mmepe ụlọ obibi na nke azụmahịa na-agwakọta ọnụ na-emechi na Disemba 15. Bosa Development ga-aga n'ihu na-ewu ọrụ ahụ na ụkpụrụ LEED-ND nke Dockside (ibute ụzọ na ike na imewe gburugburu ebe obibi - mmepe agbata obi). == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20070507004556/http://www.docksidegreen.ca/ - ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị maka Dockside Green * <nowiki>http://docksidegreen.com/images/stories/bottom/itn/SustainabilityReport2009.pdf</nowiki>[permanent dead link] - Dockside Green's 2009 Sustainability Report * https://web.archive.org/web/20080306105751/http://www.victoria.ca/cityhall/currentprojects_dockside.shtml - ihe onwunwe nke Victoria na Dockside Green * https://web.archive.org/web/20071217212158/http://www.victoria.ca/cityhall/pdfs/currentprojects_dockside_indctr.pdf - a "performance measurement framework" for Dockside Green * http://www.cagbc.org - Canada Green Building Council [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1xqeao4pt5bxop9ndtaeds4l5v1on8f 0 76638 674695 655374 2026-07-09T21:08:29Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ibn Nafis''' bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ ndị dị mkpa na Marrakesh, Morocco. Na Febụwarị 2001, Gọọmentị Morocco bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ego ruru nde dọla asatọ na OPEC Fund for International Development iji nyere aka melite ọrụ ahụike na Marrakech na gburugburu ya, nke dugara na mmụba nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ibn Nafess na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mahadum Ibn Tofail. E wuru ụlọ ọhụrụ asaa, nke nwere mkpokọta ala nke mita 43,000 (sq ft 460,000). E nyere ọgwụgwọ redio na akụrụngwa ahụike ọhụrụ ma rụzie oghere ụlọ ọgwụ dị ugbu a nke mita 29,000 (sq ft 310,000).<ref name="OFID">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ofid.org/NewsPress/tabid/87/ArticleId/150/Morocco-expands-hospital-services-with-US-8-million-OPEC-Fund-loan.aspx|title=Morocco expands hospital services with US$8 million OPEC Fund loan|publisher=[[The OPEC Fund for International Development]]|date=9 February 2001|accessdate=19 October 2012|archivedate=26 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926214636/http://www.ofid.org/NewsPress/tabid/87/ArticleId/150/Morocco-expands-hospital-services-with-US-8-million-OPEC-Fund-loan.aspx}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Marrakesh}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 43yskju2mdjxtvcs3mnlt6hf7u7gu8f 0 76644 674693 656539 2026-07-09T21:05:26Z Anastesia chi 23720 674693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''ụlọ ọgwụ Coptic''' ([[Arabic|Arabic:]]) bụ ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Cairo, Egypt . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Echiche nke ịmepụta ụlọ ọgwụ site n'aka Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Coptic malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19; na afọ 1920, otu ndị dọkịta Coptic na-ezukọ mgbe niile maka mkpakọrịta na mkparịta ụka. Otu a gụnyere El Menyawi Pasha, Naguib Pasha Mahfouz, Guergis (Guirguis) Pasha Antoun na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Otu a hiwere ọrụ ebere al-Jam'iyyat al-Khayriyyah al-Kibtiyyah Kubra (Coptic Philanthropic Society). Ha hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na Ramses Street na Azbakya ma nwee ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ (ma ụlọ ala ma ụlọ azụmahịa). Naguib Pasha Mahfouz rụrụ ọrụ na ya. Guergis Pasha Antoun na-elekọta ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231024600/http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~kma4/Watani25-7-4.pdf Watani international] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231024600/http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~kma4/Watani25-7-4.pdf |date=31 December 2006 }}</ref> (Marvin, 2015).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fallas|first=Amy|date=2025-01-22|title="The First Duty of Charity": Medical Philanthropy, Sectarian Infrastructures, and Legacies of the Coptic Hospital in Twentieth-Century Cairo|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article-abstract/doi/10.1215/1089201X-11706951/394784/The-First-Duty-of-Charity-Medical-Philanthropy?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|doi=10.1215/1089201X-11706951|issn=1089-201X}}</ref> E mere Ụlọ Ọgwụ Coptic nke Cairo mba n'afọ ndị 1960 ma bụrụ nke otu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-achị ugbu a. Chọọchị Copt gara n'ihu na-enye ụlọ ọgwụ ya aha ahụ na mpụga Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite web|author=egyptopia.com|title=The Copts in The History of Egypt - Egypt History, Where the whole story begins: -|url=https://egyptopia.com/en/articles/Egypt/history-of-egypt/The-Copts-in-The-History-of-Egypt.s.29.13329/|accessdate=2025-03-24|work=egyptopia.com|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9jvcphpf32rg9oh1d3hpbe9xfck6hlv 0 76654 674960 655509 2026-07-10T09:09:59Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist|30em}}'''Ndị [[Asụsụ Maasai|Maa]]''' (/ˈmɑːsaɪ,mɑːˈsaɪ/) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm|title=Lexicon|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=June 30, 2020|archivedate=June 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630153408/https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maasai|title=Maasai|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|accessdate=December 9, 2019|archivedate=August 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808161610/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maasai}}</ref> bụ agbụrụ Nilotic nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke sitere na mpaghara ugwu, etiti na ndịda [[Kenya]] gụnyere ugwu [[Tanzania]], na nso mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa. Asụsụ ala ha bụ Maa, [[Nilotic languages|Asụsụ Nilotic]] metụtara [[Asụsụ Dinka|Dinka]], Kalenjin na [[Nuer language|Nuer]].<ref name="b" /> Alaka dị n'ime ezinụlọ Nile-Sahara. Ewezuga ụfọdụ ndị okenye bi n'ime ime obodo, ihe ka ọtụtụ na ndị Maasai na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọchịchị nke Kenya na Tanzania - [[Swahili language|Swahili]] na [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berntsen|first=John L.|date=Autumn 1976|title=The Maasai and Their Neighbors: Variables of Interaction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601509|journal=[[African Economic History]]|issue=2|pages=1–11|doi=10.2307/3601509|accessdate=2021-09-20}}</ref> Akọpụtara ọnụọgụgụ ndị Maasai dịka 1,189,522 na Kenya na ngụkọ n'afọ 2019 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 377,089 na ngụkọ n'afọ 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Population and Housing Census - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/kenya-census-2019/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125150218/https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/kenya-census-2019/|archivedate=25 November 2025|accessdate=2026-01-24|work=www.knbs.or.ke|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Maasai bị na mpaghara nnukwu Great Lakes nke Africa wee si na [[South Sudan]] rute. Ndị Maasai, ndị Turkana na ndị Samburu, bụ [[Ịzụ atụrụ|Ndị na-azụ anụ]] ma bụrụ ndị ama ama dịka ndị dike na-atụ egwu na ndị na achị ehi.<ref name="Okothndaloh" /> Ndị Maasai na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka anabatala omenala na omume sitere n'aka ndị agbata obi na-asụ Asụsụ Cushitic, gụnyere usoro afọ nke nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ibi úgwù, na okwu okwu.<ref name="Collins">{{Cite book|first=Robert O.|author=Collins|title=The southern Sudan in historical perspective|publisher=Transaction Publishers|date=2006|pages=9–10}}</ref> Ndị Maasai na abata chụpụrụ ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị guzobere ebe obibi na mpaghara ahụ bụ ndị ndị Maasai na-abata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Maasai People|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/print_savanna_peopleM1.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị Southern Cushitic, sonyere n'etiti ndị Maasai. Ndị nna nna Nilotic nke Kalenjin n'otu aka ahụ mịrị ụfọdụ ndị Cushitic oge ochie.<ref>{{Cite book|author=International Labour Office|title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|date=2000}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Maasai_man,_Eastern_Serengeti,_October_2006.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwoke Maasai]] === Ebe obibi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka === Ókeala Maasai rutere n'oke kasị ukwuu n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 ma kpuchiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Great Rift Valley na ala ndị dị n'akụkụ site na Ugwu Marsabit n'ebe ugwu ruo Dodoma n'ebe ndịda.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar|first=Phillip|author=Briggs|date=2006|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=1-84162-146-3}}</ref> N'oge a, ndị Maasai, yana nnukwu ìgwè Nilotic ha so na ya, na-azu ehi ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ rụọ n'ụsọ oke mmiri Tanga na Tanganyika (nke bụzi ala Tanzania). Ndị na-agba ọsọ na-eji ube na ọta mana a na-atụkarị egwu maka ịtụ ụtarị (orinka) nke e nwere ike ịtụpụ ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi site na 70 nzọụkwụ. N'afọ 1852, e nwere akụkọ banyere ndị agha Maasai 800 na-agagharị n'ebe bụ Kenya ugbu a. N'afọ 1857, mgbe ha wepụsịrị "ọzara Wakuafi" nke dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya ugbu a, ndị agha Maasai yiri Mombasa egwu n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kenya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQJjYC74tu8C&pg=PA183|title=Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed|author=Falola|first=Toyin|year=2003|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-1-58046-134-4|pages=2, 18|accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0556,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Massaikrieger.jpg|thumb|Maasai warriors in German East Africa, c. 1906–1918]] N'ihi mbata a, ndị Maasai bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Nilotic n'ebe ndịda. Oge mgbasawanye ahụ sochiri Maasai "Emutai" nke 1883-1902. Oge a gosipụtara ọrịa na-efe efe nke bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest (lee 1890s African rinderpest epizootic) na kịtịkpa. Atụmatụ mbụ nke onye isi ala Germany na ihe bụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Tanganyika n'oge ahụ bụ na 90% nke ehi na ọkara anụ ọhịa nwụrụ site na ọrịa na-egbu egbu. Ndị dọkịta German nọ n'otu mpaghara ahụ kwụrụ na "nke abụọ ọbụla" Afrịka nwere ịhụ akara na-akpa ihi kịtịkpa. Oge a dabara na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo n'afọ 1897 rụọ n'afọ 1898. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ecology/news/news.asp?id=192|title=Ecology Books and Journals|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003192715/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ecology/news/news.asp?id=192|archivedate=3 October 2012|accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> Onye [[Austria|Austrian]] na-eme nchọpụta Oscar Baumann mere njem n'ala Maasai n'etiti afọ 1891 rụọ n'afọ 1893 wee kọwaa ebe obibi Maasai ochie na [[Ngorongoro District|Ngorongoro]]_Conservation_Area" id="mwjg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ngorongoro Conservation Area">Ngorongoro Crater n'akwụkwọ 1894 {{Lang|de|Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle}} (Site n'ala ndị Maasai ruo isi iyi nke Naịl). Site n'otu atụmatụ, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị Maasai nwụrụ n'oge a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00526.html|title=Rinderpest|date=14 February 1997|publisher=Ntz.info|accessdate=28 February 2012|archivedate=20 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520053942/https://ntz.info/gen/n00526.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitumusote.org/history|title=History of the Maasai|author=Kitumusote|publisher=Kitumusote|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429093833/http://www.kitumusote.org/history|archivedate=29 April 2017|accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ndị Maasai na Tanganyika (nke bụzi ala Tanzania) n'ala ndị na-eme nri n'etiti Ugwu Meru na Ugwu Kilimanjaro na ọtụtụ n'ime ugwu ndị na-emepụta nri dị nso na Ngorongoro n'afọ ndị 1940.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion|first=Jonathan S.|author=Adams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWtWDN0BWt0C&q=maasai+ears&pg=PA42|date=1996|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-20671-1|accessdate=2020-11-01}}</ref> E weghaara ala ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa na ogige ntụrụndụ mba: Ogige Ntụrụndụ Amboseli, Ogige Ntụ Nairobi, Maasai Mara, Ogige Mba Samburu, Ogige ntụrụntụ Lake Nakuru na Tsavo na Kenya; na Ọdọ Mmiri Manyara, Ogige Nchekwa Ngorongoro, Tarangire na Ogige Ntọala Serengeti n'ihe bụ Tanzania ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/tarangire.htm|date=14 August 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814101508/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/tarangire.htm|archivedate=14 August 2007|accessdate=28 February 2012|title=Tarangire National Park|work=Tanzania Parks Adventure}}</ref> Maasai bụ ndị na-azụ anụ ma jụọ ntule nke ndị ọchịchị Tanzania na Kenya ka ha na-ebi ndụ dị jụụ. Ha arịọla ikike ịta nri n'ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba abụọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Singo|first=Leiyo|date=2022-08-03|title=When Maasaiphobia Became Policy|url=https://republic.com.ng/august-september-2022/maasai-predicament-ngorongoro/|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=The Republic|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ndị Maasai guzoro megide ịgba ohu, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla akwadoro okporo ụzọ mmadụ, ndị si mba ndị ọzọ na-achọ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ohu zere ndị Maasai.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa's Great Rift Valley|first=Nigel|author=Pavitt|date=2001|publisher=Harry N. Abrams Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-0602-3}}</ref> N'ụzọ bụ isi, enwere mpaghara iri abụọ na abụọ ma ọ bụ ebi dị iche iche nke obodo Maasai, nke ọ bụla nwere omenala, ọdịdị ya, ndụ ya na olumba ya. A maara nkewa ndị a dịka 'mba' ma ọ bụ 'iloshon' n'[[Asụsụ Maasai|Asụsụ Maa]]: Keekonyokie, Ildamat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Ilkisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Ilooldokilani, Ilkaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, Samburu, Ilchamus, Lapiak, Loitokoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket na Parakuyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/facts.html|title=archived copy of laleyio.com|date=27 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212003604/http://www.laleyio.com/facts.html|archivedate=12 February 2009|accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> == Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa == Ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa enyerela aka mee ka e nwee nghọta banyere ethnogenesis nke ndị Maasai. Genealogy, ngwá ọrụ nke na-eji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị mmadụ nke oge a achọpụta mmalite agbụrụ na ala ha, enyekwara aka mee ka ndabere nke ndị Maasai nke oge a doo anya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Maasai Tribe - Maasai History And Culture - Kenya Travel Guide|url=http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html|work=www.siyabona.com|accessdate=24 May 2020|archivedate=22 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922171353/http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html}}</ref> === DNA nke onwe === A nyochara [[Dna|DNA]] autosomal nke Maasai na nyocha zuru oke nke Tishkoff et al. (2009) gbasara njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị dị iche iche n'Africa. Dị ka ndị dere nnyocha ahụ si kwuo, ndị Maasai "nọgidere na-enwe ọdịbendị ha n'ihu nnukwu mmegide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa".<ref name="Tishkoff2009">{{Cite journal|author=Tishkoff|first=Sarah A.|title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=324|issue=5930|pages=1035–44|year=2009|doi=10.1126/science.1172257|pmid=19407144}}</ref> Tishkoff et al. na-egosikwa na: "Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Nilo-Saharan n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, dị ka ndị Maasai, na-egosi ọtụtụ ọrụ ụyọkọ sitere na Nilo-Daharan [...] na Cushitic [...] AACs, n'ikwekọ na ihe akaebe asụsụ nke mmetọ Nilotic ugboro ugboro nke Cushites n'ime afọ 3000 gara aga yana oke nke mgbanwe dị n'East Africa metụtara lactose tolerance" <ref name="Tishkoff2009" /> Maasai na-egosipụta nnukwu ngwakọta West-Eurasian na ihe dịka ~ 20%. Ụdị ndị nna nna West-Eurasian a ruru 40-50% n'etiti ndị mmadụ ụfọdụ nke Horn of Africa, ọkachasị n'etiti Amharas. Ihe omuma ihe omuma na ihe akaebe nke ihe ochie na-egosi na ndị na-azụ anụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka natara ndị nna nna West Eurasian (~25%) site n'ìgwè ndị na-asụ Afroasiatic si Northern Africa ma ọ bụ Arabian Peninsula, ma mesịa gbasaa akụkụ nna nna a n'ebe ndịda n'ime ụfọdụ Ndị Khoisan ihe dị ka afọ 2,000 gara aga, na-akpata ~5% ndị nna nna ọdịda anyanwụ Eurasia n'etiti ndị na-achụ nta na ndị Southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dobon|first=Begoña|date=2015-05-28|title=The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1038/srep09996|pmid=26017457|issn=2045-2322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pickrell|first=Joseph K.|date=2014-02-18|title=Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=111|issue=7|pages=2632–2637|doi=10.1073/pnas.1313787111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24550290}}</ref> Nnyocha archaeogenetic nke afọ 2019 gosipụtara ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'oge ochie site n'aka ndị bi na Tanzania na Kenya, ma chọpụta na ha nwere njikọ siri ike na ndị Horn of Africa nke oge a. Ha gosipụtara obodo Maasai dịka ndị nwere ndị nna nna nke nwere ~47% Pastoral Neolithic Cushitic-related na ~53% Sudanese Dinka-related.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prendergast|first=Mary E.|date=2019-07-05|title=Ancient DNA Reveals a Multi-Step Spread of the First Herders into Sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Science|volume=365|issue=6448|doi=10.1126/science.aaw6275|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31147405}}</ref> Nnyocha Y chromosome nke Wood et al. (2005) nwalere ndị bi na Sub-Saharan dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị ikom Maasai 26 si Kenya, maka usoro nna. Ndị dere ya hụrụ haplogroup E1b1b-M35 (ọ bụghị M78) na 35% nke ndị Maasai a mụrụ.<ref name="Wood2005">{{Cite journal|first=Elizabeth T.|author=Wood|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/WoodEJHG2005.pdf|title=Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes|journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]]|date=2005|volume=13|issue=7|pages=867–876|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408|pmid=15856073}}</ref> E1b1b-M35-M78 na 15%, nna nna ha na ndị Cushitic nọ n'ebe ugwu, ndị nwere haplogroup na oke ugboro<ref name="Cruciani2004">{{Cite journal|author=Cruciani|date=May 2004|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)64365-1?large_figure=true|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|doi=10.1086/386294|pmid=15042509}}</ref> biri ihe karịrị afọ 13,000 gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-v22.net/the-phylogenetic-tree-based-on-snp-data/|title=The phylogenetic tree based on SNP data – Y-DNA haplogroup E-V22|accessdate=2020-01-30|archivedate=2020-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216132256/http://e-v22.net/the-phylogenetic-tree-based-on-snp-data/}}</ref> Ezinụlọ nna nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị Maasai bụ Haplogroup A3b2, nke a na-achọtakarị na ndị Nilotic, dị ka Alur; <ref name="Wood2005" /> a hụrụ ya na 27% nke ndị Maasai.<ref name="Hassan">{{Cite journal|author=Hassan|year=2008|title=Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history.|journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]|volume=137|issue=3|pages=316–23|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876|pmid=18618658}}</ref> Ihe ngosi DNA nna nke atọ a na-ahụkarị na Maasai bụ E1b1a1-M2 (E-P1), nke a na-emekarị na mpaghara Sub-Saharan; a chọtara ya na 12% nke ihe nlele Maasai. A hụkwara Haplogroup B-M60 na 8% nke ndị Maasai amụrụ, <ref name="Wood2005" /> nke a na-ahụkwa na 30% (16/53) nke Southern Sudanese Nilotes. <ref name="Hassan" /> === Mitochondrial DNA === Dịka ọmụmụ mtDNA sitere na Castri et al. (2008), nke nwalere ndị Maasai nọ na Kenya, usoro ọmụmụ nne dị n'etiti ndị Maasai dị iche iche mana ha yiri nke a na-ahụ na ndị Nilo-Hamitic ndị ọzọ si mpaghara, dịka Samburu. Ọtụtụ n'ime Maasai nwalere bụ nke dị iche iche macro-haplogroup L sub-clades, gunyere L0, L2, L3, L4 na L5. A kọkwara ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke nne si North na Northeast Africa, ọkachasị site na ọnụnọ mtDNA haplogroup M lineages n'ihe dịka 12.5% nke ihe nlele Maasa.<ref name="Castrí">{{Cite journal|first=Loredana|author=Castrì|year=2008|title=Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa.|url=http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Contents/2008%20vol86/12_Castri.pdf|journal=Journal of Anthropological Science|volume=86|pages=189–92|pmid=19934476|accessdate=2010-12-29}}</ref>[34] [[Faịlụ:Crocuta_vs_Maasai_2.png|thumb|Ndị agha Maasai na-eche hyena nwere ntụpọ ihu, anụ na-eri anụ ụlọ, dị ka e sere foto na In Wildest Africa (1907) ]] Ndị Maasai na-efe Otu chi a na-akpọ ''E''Nkai'''', Nkai<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Maasai People|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/print_savanna_peopleM1.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> ma ọ bụ ''Engai''. Engai nwere ọdịdị abụọ, nke agba abụọ na-anọchite anya ya: <ref name=":1" /> Engai Narok (Chi ojii) bụ onye obiọma, na Engai Na-nyokie (Chineke uhie) bụ onye na-abọ ọbọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.institut.veolia.org/en/cahiers/water-symbolism/water-myths/africa-water.aspx|title=African water symbolism and its consequences|publisher=Institut.veolia.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010202033/http://www.institut.veolia.org/en/cahiers/water-symbolism/water-myths/africa-water.aspx|archivedate=10 October 2007|accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> E nwekwara ogidi abụọ ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi nke ndị Maasai: Oodo Mongi, Red Cow na Orok Kiteng, Black Cow nwere nkewa nke agbụrụ ise ma ọ bụ Osisi ezinụlọ. Ndị Maasai nwekwara anụmanụ totemic, nke bụ ọdụm. Ndị Maasai na-eji igbu ọdụm eme ihe n'ememe nke ịgafe. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUlpBAAAQBAJ&q=maasai+people+shamanism&pg=PT260|title=Talking to the Shaman Within: Musings on Hunting|author=Vries|first=Manfred F. R. Kets de|date=17 June 2014|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4917-3151-2|language=en|accessdate=1 November 2020}}</ref> "Ugwu nke Chineke", Ol Doinyo Lengai, dị n'ebe ugwu Tanzania ma enwere ike ịhụ ya site na Ọdọ Mmiri Natron na ndịda Kenya. Onye isi mmadụ n'usoro okpukpe Maasai bụ ''' ''' onye ọrụ ya gụnyere ọgwụgwọ shamanistic, ịgba afa na amụma, na ijide n'aka na ọ ga-aga nke ọma n'agha ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo zuru oke. Taa, ha nwekwara ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi nkwalite nke ndị isi. Ike ọ bụla onye laibon nwere bụ ọrụ nke àgwà kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860|title=Society-MASAI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970504081734/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860|archivedate=4 May 1997|accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai anabatala [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] ma ọ bụ Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shadowsofafrica.com/travel-africa/kenyan-tribes-religions/|title=Kenyan Tribes & Religions {{!}} Travel to Africa|work=www.shadowsofafrica.com|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042714/http://www.shadowsofafrica.com/travel-africa/kenyan-tribes-religions/|archivedate=23 December 2017|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> Ndị Maasai na-emepụta ọla dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-ere ihe ndị a nye ndị njem nleta.[40] [[Faịlụ:Maasai_Enkang_and_Hut.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị Maasai na ụlọ ndị nwere ihe mgbochi enkang n'ihu - ọwụwa anyanwụ Serengeti, 2006]] [[Faịlụ:Open_air_classroom_for_Maasai_children_in_Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Maasai na Tanzania]] [[Faịlụ:Flickr_-_don_macauley_-_Maasai_Girl.jpg|thumb|Mkpịsị aka agbọghọ Maasai n'ọnụ ya]] [[Faịlụ:Maasai_woman_with_stretched_ears.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai nwere ntị gbatịrị agbatịoghere ntị gbatịrị agbatị]] Ịkpọpu na ịgbatị ntị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị Maasai dịka ọ dị n'ebo ndị ọzọ, ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom na-eyi hoops ígwè na ntị ha gbatịpụrụ. A na-eji ihe dị iche iche eme ihe ma na-agbatị ma lobes, gụnyere ogwu maka ịpị, alaka, ụyọkọ alaka, nkume, akụkụ nke ezé enyí na ihe nkiri efu. Ụmụnwanyị na-eyi ụdị ihe ịchọ mma dị iche iche na ntị na obere ntutu n'elu ntị. N'etiti ụmụnwoke Maasai, a na-eme ibi úgwù dịka emume nke mgbanwe site na nwata gaa na nwoke. A na-ebipụtakwa ụmụnwanyị úgwù (dị ka akọwapụtara n'okpuru na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya). Nkwenye na omume a abụghị naanị maka ndị Maasai. N'ime ime obodo Kenya, a nyochara otu ìgwè ụmụaka 95 dị n'agbata ọnwa isii na afọ abụọ n'afọ 1991/92. A chọpụtara na pasent 87 wepụrụ otu ma ọ bụ karịa ezé ezé. N'ime ndị okenye (afọ 3-7), 72% nke ụmụaka 111 nyochara gosipụtara nkịta mandibular ma ọ bụ maxillary deciduous.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=Apr 1995|title=Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in Kenyan rural Maasai|journal=East Afr Med J|volume=72|issue=4|pages=207–9|pmid=7621751}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=Apr 1992|title=Missing primary teeth due to tooth bud extraction in a remote village in Tanzania|journal=Int J Paediatr Dent|volume=2|issue=1|pages=31–4|doi=10.1111/j.1365-263x.1992.tb00005.x|pmid=1525129}}</ref> Dịka omenala si dị, ndị Maasai na-eme emume dị iche iche nke na-agụnye ịwa ahụ iji belata akụkụ ahụ iji mee ka ụmụaka bụrụ ndị toro eto. A na-eji okwu Maa maka ibi úgwù, "emorata," eme ihe maka ememe a maka ụmụnwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm|title=English - Maa|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2017-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901172726/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm}}</ref> Ọ bụ ndị okenye na-emekarị emume a, ndị na-eji mma dị nkọ na bandeeji akpụkpọ ehi eme ihe maka usoro ahụ.[46] Ememe nwoke na-ezo aka na mwepụ nke prepuce (foreskin). N'ememe nwoke, a na-atụ anya na nwata nwoke ahụ ga-atachi obi na ịwa ahụ n'emeghị mkpọtụ. Ngosipụta nke ihe mgbu na-ewetara ya ihere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị nwa oge. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, mkpu ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mmegharị a na-atụghị anya ya n'akụkụ nwata nwoke ahụ nwere ike ime ka okenye mejọọ ihe na usoro dị nro ma na-agwụ ike, nke nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ, dysfunction, na ihe mgbu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027143838/http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html}}</ref>[48]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027143838/http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html}}</ref> Ụmụagbọghọ na-enwetakwa nkwarụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị dịka akụkụ nke ememe a na-akpọ "Emuatare," ememe nke na-eme ka ụmụagbọghọ Maasai bụrụ ndị toro eto site na nkwarụ na alụmdi na nwunye a haziri n'oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.orato.com/world-affairs/maasai-ritual-of-female-circumcision|title=Maasai Ritual of Female Circumcision: Genital Cutting Practiced throughout Africa and Middle East|publisher=Orato.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807211153/http://www.orato.com/world-affairs/maasai-ritual-of-female-circumcision|archivedate=2011-08-07|accessdate=2012-05-05}}</ref> Ndị Maasai kwenyere na igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị dị mkpa na ndị ikom Maasai nwere ike ịjụ nwanyị ọ bụla na-enwetabeghị ya dịka onye na-enweghị ike ịlụ di ma ọ bụ onye kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ nwanyị dị ala. N'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, a pụrụ ibo ụmụnwanyị a na-ebighị ebi úgwù, ọbụnadị ndị omeiwu gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu dịka [[Linah Kilimo]], ebubo na ha tozuru oke iji were ha kpọrọ ihe.<ref name="irinnews.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=15&ReportId=62462|title=In-depth: Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation|date=March 2005|publisher=IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdate=2012-05-05|archivedate=2012-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418212459/http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=15&ReportId=62462}}</ref> Onye Maasai na-eme ngagharị iwe Agnes Pareyio na-eme mkpọsa megide omume ahụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, emume ụmụnwanyị na-eme njem na-eme ka a gbanwee ya n'oge na'oge ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe na emume "ịkpụcha okwu" nke gụnyere ịbụ abụ na ịgba egwú n'ọnọdụ ya. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe na iwu na agụmakwụkwọ, omume ahụ ka gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike, nke a na-eji akpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu ma bụrụ nke ndị otu ọdịbendị na-eme n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shell-Duncan|first=Bettina|date=2013-12-01|title=Legislating Change? Responses to Criminalizing Female Genital Cutting in Senegal|journal=Law & Society Review|volume=47|issue=4|pages=803–835|doi=10.1111/lasr.12044|issn=0023-9216|pmid=24771947}}</ref>[54] [[Faịlụ:Maasai_woman.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai nwere ntutu dị mkpụmkpụ]] Mgbe ọ ruru afọ 3 "ọnwa", a na-akpọ nwa ahụ aha ma na-akpụ isi ya dị ọcha ma e wezụga ntutu isi, nke yiri cockade, site n'olu n'olu ruo n'egedege ihu. N'etiti ndị ikom, ndị agha bụ naanị ndị otu Maasai na-eyi ogologo ntutu, nke ha na-akpa n'ime eriri ndị dị nro.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey|first=Elizabeth L.|author=Gilbert|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|isbn=0-87113-840-9}}</ref> Ngụsị akwụkwọ site na onye agha ruo onye okenye na-ewere ọnọdụ na nnukwu nnọkọ a maara dị ka Eunoto. A na-akpụ akpụ ogologo ntutu nke ndị bụbu ndị agha; ndị okenye ga-eyi ntutu ha dị mkpụmkpụ. A na-asọpụrụ ndị agha na-esoghị ụmụnwanyị na-enwetabeghị emume "Emuatare" karịsịa na nnọkọ Eunoto. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://maasai-association.org/maasai.html|title=Maasai People, Kenya|publisher=Maasai-association.org|accessdate=28 February 2012|archivedate=18 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518202543/http://www.maasai-association.org/maasai.html}}</ref>[57]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey|first=Elizabeth L.|author=Gilbert|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|isbn=0-87113-840-9}}</ref> Ụbọchị abụọ tupu e bi ụmụnwoke úgwù, a na-akpụ isi ha. Mgbe ndị agha na-agafe ''Eunoto'' ma ghọọ ndị okenye, a na-akpụ akpụ ogologo ntutu ha.[64] [[Faịlụ:Maasai-Adumu.jpg|thumb|Egwú ịgba ọsọ ọdịnala]] [[Faịlụ:Danza_de_bienvenida_de_mujeres_masái.webm|thumb|Egwú na abụ nnabata ụmụ nwanyị Maasai n'ime obodo, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Amboseli, Kenya.]] Egwú Maasai na-agụnye ụda nke ndị na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ mgbe onye ndu abụ, ma ọ bụ olaranyani, na-abụ egwú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilmurran.com/|title=ilMurran|date=1999-12-04|publisher=ilMurran|language=fi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428050356/http://www.ilmurran.com/|archivedate=2007-04-28|accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/music.html|title=Maasai Music|publisher=laleyio.com|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104184707/http://www.laleyio.com/music.html|archivedate=November 4, 2011|accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka, ndị Maasai na-eji polyphony drone eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ụmụnwanyị na-abụ abụ lullabies, abụ na abụ na-eto ụmụ ha. Ndị Namba, usoro nkwekọrịta oku na nzaghachi, ikwughachi ahịrịokwu ndị na-enweghị isi, abụ monophonic, ahịrịokwu a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro na-esote amaokwu ọ bụla a na-abụ n'ogo na-agbadata, na ndị na-abụ abụ na-azaghachi amaokwu ha bụ ihe e ji mara abụ ụmụnwanyị <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texth/Homophonic.html|title=Homophonic|date=2011-11-17|publisher=Music.vt.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2014-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027034300/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texth/Homophonic.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/homophony.html|title=What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.?|publisher=Medieval.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520054121/http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/homophony.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/songstructure.html|title=Song Structure of Maasai Music|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226032314/http://www.laleyio.com/songstructure.html|publisher=laleyio.com|archivedate=February 26, 2005|accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>[71] Mgbe ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị Maasai gbakọtara ọnụ, ha na-abụ abụ ma na-agba egwú n'etiti onwe ha. Eunoto, emume ntolite nke onye agha, nwere ike ịgụnye ụbọchị iri ma ọ bụ karịa nke ịbụ abụ, ịgba egwu na ememe. Ndị agha nke Il-Oodokilani na-eme ụdị March-past yana '''Adumu''', ma ọ bụ aigus, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "agba egwu na-awụli elu" site n'aka ndị na-abụghị ndị Masai. (Ma adumu ma aigus bụ ngwaa Maa nke pụtara "ịwụli elu" na adumu nke pụtara "Ịwụli elu na ala na ịgba egwú". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/performance.html|title=performance of Maasai Music|publisher=laleyio.com|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306032559/http://www.laleyio.com/performance.html|archivedate=2008-03-06|accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref>[77] ) === Nri === [[Faịlụ:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg|thumb|224x224px|Onye na-azụ anụ Maasai na-azụ ehi ya n'ime Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania]] Dịka omenala si dị, nri ndị Maasai bụ anụ a na-esighị esi, mmiri ara ehi, mmanụ aṅụ na ọbara a na-esi n'ụmụ ehi apụta - rịba ama na ehi ndị Maasai sitere na ụdị Zebu. Ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala ndị Maasai na-elekwasị anya n'ụmụ ehi ha, <ref>{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Savanna: Folklore|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/savanna_folklore_lo.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> nke bụ isi ihe oriri ha. Ha na-eri anụ ha, na-aṅụ mmiri ara ha kwa ụbọchị, ma na-ahapụ ọbara ha mgbe ụfọdụ. N'omenala nna ochie nke na-ele ụmụnwanyị anya dịka ihe onwunwe, a na-atụle akụ na ụba nwoke na ehi, ndị nwunye na ụmụaka. Ìgwè ehi iri ise bụ ihe a na-akwanyere ùgwù, ka ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ụmụ na-aka mma. A na-ewere nwoke nwere ọtụtụ ma ọ bụghị nke ọzọ dị ka ogbenye. Ndị Maasai na-azụkwa ewu na atụrụ, gụnyere atụrụ Red Maasai, nakwa ehi ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/4202/ILCA_SS_4.pdf?sequence=1|title=Maasai herding: An analysis of the livestock production system of Maasai pastoralists in eastern Kajiado District, Kenya|date=1991|editor=Bekure|format=PDF|accessdate=2020-02-02|publisher=International Livestock Centre for Africa|archivedate=2021-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711081909/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/4202/ILCA_SS_4.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> [82] A na-egbu oke ehi, ewu na nwa atụrụ maka anụ na mmemme pụrụ iche na ememe. [[Faịlụ:Musoke_Deo_MDK-MUSO_A_Traditional_Medicines_&_Herbs_Hawker_from_Masaai_Tribe.png|thumb|Onye na-ere ọgwụ na ahịhịa ọdịnala nke Maasai]] A na-eri ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri ara ehi dịka mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi (ihe a na-emepụta site na ime bọta). Ọnụọgụgụ mmiri ara ehi dị elu site na ụkpụrụ ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E07.htm|title=The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries|publisher=Fao.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227061816/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E07.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.taa.org.uk/TAAScotland/LivestockasfoodforpastoralistsinAfrica2001.htm|title=Livestock as food for pastoralists in Africa|author=Suttie|first=J.M.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311031855/http://www.taa.org.uk/TAAScotland/LivestockasfoodforpastoralistsinAfrica2001.htm|archivedate=11 March 2009}}</ref> A na-eri mkpụrụ osisi dị ka nri na-atọ ụtọ. Ha mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke nri ụmụaka na ụmụnwanyị na-elekọta ehi yana ndị agha Maasai (''morans'') na-eto eto na-eri n'ime ọhịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001266/126660e.pdf|title=Ethnobotany of the Loita Maasai: towards community management of the Forest of the Lost Child; experiences from the Loita Ethnobotany Project; People and plants working paper; Vol.:8; 2001|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607222155/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001266/126660e.pdf}}</ref> [86] Ụzọ ndụ niile nke ndị Maasai dabere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ehi ha, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi anọwo na-ebelata n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ndị Maasai na-adabere na nri dịka [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]], osikapa, poteto na cabbage (nke ndị Maasai maara dị ka akwụkwọ ewu). Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 banyere nri ndị Maasai chọpụtara na ihe karịrị 58% nke nri ndị Ma Masai nke oge a bụ nri osisi, ọkachasị [[ugali]] na ọka. Nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara na nri ndị Maasai bụ mmiri ara ehi (ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ esi) na ugali.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Knoll|first=Nadja|date=19 August 2011|title=High content of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in red blood cells of Kenyan Maasai despite low dietary intake|journal=Lipids in Health and Disease|volume=10|issue=141|doi=10.1186/1476-511X-10-141|pmid=21854590}}</ref> Otu echiche na-ezighi ezi banyere ndị Maasai bụ na nwa okorobịa ọ bụla kwesịrị igbu [[Odúm|ọdụm]] tupu e bi ya úgwù ma banye n'oge okenye. Ịchụ ọdụm bụ ọrụ n'oge gara aga, mana a machibidoro ya n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka - ma a ka na-achụ ọdụm mgbe ha na-egbu anụ ụlọ Maasai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maasai-association.org/lion.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618044327/http://www.maasai-association.org/lion.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lionconservation.org/LionKillinginAmboseliregion2000-May2006.pdf|title=Lion Killing in the Amboseli-Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001–2006, and its Implications for Kenya's Lion Population|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220706/http://www.lionconservation.org/LionKillinginAmboseliregion2000-May2006.pdf|archivedate=February 24, 2009}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, igbu ọdụm na-enye mmadụ nnukwu uru na ọnọdụ a ma ama na obodo. [93] === Ọgwụ na nlekọta ahụike === Ndị Maasai na-ejikarị gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe mgbe ha na-eme ọgwụ ha, ọtụtụ ka na-eme, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ọgwụgwọ ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a site na osisi, obere osisi, ogwe osisi, mgbọrọgwụ, wdg. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ gụnyere isi ha sie na ofe ma rie ha iji melite mgbari na ime ka ọbara dị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ryan|first=Kathleen|date=2000|title=Edible Wild Plants as Digestive Aids|url=https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/42-3/Science.pdf|journal=Ethnoarchaeology in Maasailand|volume=42|issue=3|accessdate=2 October 2022}}</ref> A pụkwara iji ụfọdụ n'ime ọgwụgwọ ndị a mee ihe na ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ mgbochi ọrịa. Ndị Maasai na-agbakwunye ahịhịa na nri dị iche iche iji zere nsogbu afọ ma nye enyemaka mgbari nri. Ojiji nke ọgwụ sitere na osisi ka bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Maasai. Ịkụziri ụmụnwanyị Maasai ka ha jiri ụlọọgwụ na ụlọ ọgwụ mgbe ha dị ime enyerela ụmụ ọhụrụ aka idị ndụ. A na-ahụ nke a na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.[96] A na-ahụ ozu nke ndị na-eri ihe jụrụ dị ka nke nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya, ma nwee ike ịkpata ihere ọha na eze; ya mere, ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ka abụba na ọbara sitere na ehi e gburu egbu kpuchie ozu. === Ebe mgbaba === [[Faịlụ:Maasai_shelter.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe mgbaba e ji nsị ehi kpuchie maka igbochi mmiri]] {{Reflist|30em}} <templatestyles src="Module:Wide image/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Uwe === [[Faịlụ:Maasai_Woman_Meeyu_Sale_Wearing_her_Finest.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai na-eyi uwe ya kachasị mma]] Uwe ndị Maasai na-anọchi anya ịbụ onye otu agbụrụ, ụdị ndụ ọzụzụ atụrụ, ya na ọnọdụ mmadụ. Site na nke a, ha nwere ike ikpebi ọrụ ha na-arụ maka agbụrụ ahụ. Ihe ịchọ mma nwekwara ike igosi okike, ọnọdụ mmekọrịta, na afọ.<ref name=":0" /> Uwe ọdịnala ndị Maasai bụ ụzọ isi mata agbụrụ na ihe nnọchianya: ụmụ okorobịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eyi oji rụọ ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe e bichara ha úgwù. Ndị Maasai malitere iji ákwà owuwe ihe ubi dochie akpụkpọ anụ, Akpụkpọ nwa ehi na akpụkpọ atụrụ n'afọ ndị 1960. Shúkà bụ okwu [[Asụsụ Maasai|Maa]] maka [[Ákwà akwa|ákwà]] ndị a na-eyi ma kechie gburugburu ahụ. Ndị a na-acha [[Ūfie|uhie]] uhie, mgbe ụfọdụ jikọtara ya na [[Àgwà|agba]] na ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/categories/main.htm|title=Maa (Maasai) Dictionary|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182446/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/categories/main.htm}}</ref> Otu uwe a maara dịka kanga, okwu [[Swahili language|Swahili]], bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glcom.com/hassan/kanga_history.html|title=Kanga history|publisher=Glcom.com|accessdate=2012-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217212401/http://www.glcom.com/hassan/kanga_history.html|archivedate=2012-02-17}}</ref> Maasai dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ike iyi kikoi, uwe yiri sarong nke na-abịa n'ọtụtụ agba na akwa dị iche iche <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kmatculture.htm|title=East Africa Living Encyclopedia|publisher=Africa.upenn.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022112308/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kmatculture.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/beads/essay3.html|title=Klumpp 1987, 105, 30, 31, 67|publisher=Smithsonianeducation.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715184107/http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/beads/essay3.html|archivedate=2007-07-15}}</ref> === Mmetụta sitere na ụwa dị n'èzí === [[Faịlụ:Ludzie06(js).jpg|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị Maasai na-arụzi ụlọ na Maasai Mara (1996) ]] Ụzọ ndụ nke ịzụ atụrụ ọdịnala aghọwo ihe siri ike n'ihi mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke oge a. Akụkọ Garrett Hardin na-akọwa "ọdachi nke ndị nkịtị", yana "ụlọ ehi" nke Melville Herskovits metụtara ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-eme iwu banyere mmerụ ahụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ Maasai na-akpata n'ala ịkpa anụ savannah. Nke a mechara bụrụ nke ụfọdụ Ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ụmụ mmadụ gbaghara. Ndị na-eme iwu ọchịchị mba Briten n'afọ 1951 wepụrụ ndị Maasai niile na ogige Serengeti ma nyefee ha na mpaghara na gburugburu Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA). [[Faịlụ:Lo'o_Paa'pai.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị Maasai na-eyi ihe mkpuchi nchebe n'oge ọrịa COVID-19.]] [[Faịlụ:Maasai_man_riding_a_motorcycle_(close_up).jpg|thumb|Ndị Maasai na-agba ọgba tum tum (2014) ]] N'ihi ọnụọgụgụ na arị elu, ọnwụ nke ehi n'ihi ọrịa, na enweghị ebe a na-azụ anụ n'ihi ókèala ogige ọhụrụ na asọmpi sitere n'ebo ndị ọzọ, a manyere ndị Maasai ịmepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji kwado onwe ha. Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai malitere ịkọ ọka na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ihe ịga nke ọma, omume a na-ele anya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ụmụnwanyị WaArusha na WaMeru ndị lụrụ ụmụnwoke Maasai mere ka ndị Maasai mara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-25|title=THE MAASAI|url=https://africultures.data.blog/2022/04/25/the-maasai-2/|accessdate=2025-03-11|work=Africulture|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1975, mpaghara Nchekwa Ngorongoro machibidoro ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ, na-amanye ebe ahụ isonye na akụnaụba Tanzania. Ha ga-ere anụmanụ na ọgwụ ọdịnala iji zụta nri. E wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ịkụ ihe n'afọ 1992 wee bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Maasai ọzọ. Oke ogige na ịwepu ala ka a na-amachi na-egbochi ebe anụ ụlọ Maasai na-ata ahịhịa. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọrụ dị iche iche agbalịwo inyere ndị Maasai aka. Ọrụ ndị a na-enyere aka ịchọta ụzọ isi chekwaa ọdịnala Maasai ma na-agbakwa ụmụ ume mmụta ọgbara ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html|title=The Maasai Tribe, East Africa|author=Siyabona Africa|work=Siyabona Africa|accessdate=20 April 2018|archivedate=22 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922171353/http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html}}</ref> Ọrụ na-apụta n'etiti ndị Maasai gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, azụmaahịa, na ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ na mpaghara ọha na nke onwe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/infoecon/docs/790/F2096573592/Pastoralists.pdf|title=Challenges To Traditional Livelihoods And Newly Emerging Employment Patterns Of Pastoralists In Tanzania|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924104436/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/infoecon/docs/790/F2096573592/Pastoralists.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-24|accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai esiwokwa n'ịakwagharị ndụ pụọ gaa n'ọkwá na azụmahịa na ndị ọchịchị. == Ịchụpụ n'ala nna nna ya == A na-akọ na a na-elekwasị ndị Maasai anya na mgbọ na gas na-agba mmiri n'ọnwa Juun 2022 na [[Tanzania]], na atụmatụ ndị ọchịchị iji weghara ala Maasai maka mmepe okomoko nke onwe. Ndị ọka iwu, òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nke mere ka okwu ahụ pụta ìhè kwuru na ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tanzania gbalịrị ịchụpụ ndị Maasai n'ala nna nna ha maka nguzobe ebe nchekwa egwuregwu okomoko site na Otterlo ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa (OBC) maka ndị eze na-achị [[United Arab Emirates]]. Ka ọ na-erule ụbọchị 18 Juun afọ 2022, ihe dị ka ndị Maasai 30 merụrụ ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye nwụrụ, n'aka ndị ọchịchị Tanzania Field Force Unit (FFU) mgbe ha na-eme mkpesa maka atụmatụ ndị ọchịchị maka ihe ọ na-azọrọ na ha na-ekewa ala 1500 sq km dị ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, iwu nke na-emebi iwu ụlọ ikpe ikpe nke East Africa (EACJ) nke 2018 na esemokwu ala ahụ, site na ndị na-eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Site n'ịgbanwe mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, ndị ọchịchị bu n'uche ịnapụ ebe obibi ndị Maasai na ịta nri n'ógbè ahụ, ndị ọkachamara dọrọ aka ná ntị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-06-14|title=Maasai protesters shot, beaten as Tanzania moves forward with wildlife game reserve|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/maasai-protesters-shot-beaten-as-tanzania-moves-forward-with-wildlife-game-reserve/|accessdate=2022-07-29|work=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710175359/https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/maasai-protesters-shot-beaten-as-tanzania-moves-forward-with-wildlife-game-reserve/}}</ref> Nke a abụghị oge mbụ a wakporo ala ndị Maasai. Ụlọ ọrụ na-achụ nta nnukwu egwuregwu na ndị ọchịchị awakpowo ìgwè ndị ahụ ogologo oge. Mwakpo n'afọ 2022 bụ mmụba kachasị ọhụrụ, nke hapụrụ ihe karịrị ndị Maasai 150,000 si n'ógbè Loliondo na Ngorongoro dịka United Nations si kwuo. OBC nwere ikike ịchụ nta nke dị na Loliondo, ụlọ ọrụ a na-ekwu na ọ na-ejikọta ya na Ezinụlọ eze Emirati bara ọgaranya dịka ndị ọka iwu Tanzania, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi yana ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ si kwuo. Anuradha Mittal, onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, Oakland ụlọ ọrụ kwuru na OBC abụghị "ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa maka onye ọ bụla, ọ nwere ọrụ maka ezinụlọ eze".<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1fbcc5c4-579a-47db-b736-cf368ccee40a|title=Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land|accessdate=18 June 2022|work=Financial Times|date=18 June 2022}}</ref> Akụkọ United Nations nke afọ 2019 kọwara OBC dịka ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta egwuregwu "nke dị na United Arab Emirates" nke ndị ọchịchị Tanzania nyere ikike ịchụ nta n'afọ 1992 na-enye "ezinụlọ eze UAE ohere ịhazi njem ịchụ nta onwe onye" na mgbakwunye na ịgọnarị ndị Maasai ịnweta ala na mmiri nna ha maka ịzụ ehi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24872|title=Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment; the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples; and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons|accessdate=11 October 2019|work=OHCHR|archivedate=9 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609080146/https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24872}}</ref> Mgbe a bịa kwutere ya, ndị ọchịchị UAE jụrụ inye nkwupụta ọ bụla. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị OBC kwuru okwu banyere okwu ahụ n'ekwughị banyere njikọ a na-ebo ya na ndị eze Emirati, na-ekwu na "enweghị nchụpụ na Loliondo" ma na-akpọ ya "ebe nchekwa ala" nke ndị ọchịchị nwere.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1fbcc5c4-579a-47db-b736-cf368ccee40a|title=Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land|accessdate=18 June 2022|work=Financial Times|date=18 June 2022}}</ref> == Ndị Maasai a ma ama == * Linus Kaikai - onye nta akụkọ Kenya na Onye isi oche nke Kenya Editors Guild * Francis Ole Kaparo - Onye bụbu Onye isi oche nke National Assembly of Kenya * James Ole Kiyiapi - osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Moi na odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ministri nke Mmụta na Gọọmentị Obodo * Olekina Ledama - Onye guzobere, Nchọpụta Mmụta Maasai * Stanley Shapashina Oloitiptip - Onye bụbu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya na minista * Josephine Lemoyan - ọkà mmụta sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye otu Tanzania nke 2017-2022 East African Legislative Assembly <ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Newest 'Kids' in Tanzania's Political Block|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/newest-kids-in-tanzania-s-political-block-2588788|accessdate=31 January 2024|work=[[Mwananchi Communications|The Citizen]]|date=15 April 2021}}</ref> * Nice Nailantei Lengete - Nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na kansụl ndị okenye Maasai na Ugwu Kilimanjaro, ma mee ka kansụl ahụ machibido igbu ọkpụkpụ ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ndị Maasai gafee Kenya na Tanzania * Joseph Ole Lenku - odeakwụkwọ nke Kenya maka ime obodo na nhazi nke gọọmentị mba site na 2012 ruo 2014 * Mbatian - Onye Amụma nke a gụrụ Batian Peak, ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Kenya, * Katoo Ole Metito - Onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Kajiado South * Joseph Nkaissery - Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke Kenya maka ime obodo na nhazi nke gọọmentị mba site na 2014 ruo ọnwụ ya na 2017 * William Ole Ntimama - Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya na onye ndú nke obodo Maa * Damaris Parsitau - onye na-akwado ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na ọkà mmụta * David Rudisha - onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa nke mita 800 * George Saitoti - onye bụbu osote onye isi ala nke Kenya * Moses ole Sakuda - onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya * Jackson Ole Sapit - Achịbishọp nke isii na Onyeisi nke Chọọchị Anglịkan nke Kenya * Edward Sokoine - Praịm Minista nke Tanzania site na 1977 ruo 1980 na ọzọ site na 1983 ruo 1984 * [[Sanaipei Tande]] - onye na-eti egwu na Kenya == Hụkwa == * [[Asụsụ Maasai]] * Okpukpe Maasai * Nzukọ nke Maa Civil Society * Ụnwụ nri 1899 na etiti Kenya == Ebensibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bqzeqoxva40crxo9l99y48i0n5jr7tv 0 76673 674964 655620 2026-07-10T09:12:25Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Kafue''' kilomita 1,576 (979 mi) n'ogologo bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo nke dị n'ime obodo [[Zambia]].<ref name="kambole">{{Cite journal|author=Kambole|first=Michael|title=Managing the water quality of the Kafue River|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|year=2003|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=1105–1109|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.031|url=http://bscw-app1.let.ethz.ch/pub/nj_bscw.cgi/d11576701/Kambole_2003_Managing_the.pdf|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref> A na-eji mmiri ya eme ihe maka [[ịgba mmiri]] na maka ịmepụta ihe [[:en:Hydroelectricity|gbasara eletrik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/rivers/kafue/|title=Kafue River}}</ref> Ọ bụ nnukwu mmiri nke [[:en:Zambezi|Zambezi]], na nke osimiri ndị isi [[Zambia]], ọ bụ nke kachasị n'etiti na nke kachasị n"obodo ukwu.<ref>[[:en:Worldbank.org|The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank]] (2010). [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/Zambezi_MSIOA_-_Vol_1_-_Summary_Report.pdf The Zambezi River Basin A Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis] (PDF) (Report)</ref> Ihe karịrị 50%(okara) nke [[:en:Demographics_of_Zambia|Ndị bi na Zambia]] bi na odomiri Kafue nke ana akpo (River Basin) na asusu oyibo na nke ndị a dị ka 65% ma obu (iri isii na ise) bụ obodo mepere emepe.<ref name="kambole" /> == Ebe ichoputa ndi Kwuru ihe ndia == l34fe36f8aieky888k6jzsfpwf9xr03 0 76680 674965 655652 2026-07-10T09:13:01Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Ogoulou''' dị na Gabon. Ọ bụ isi iyi nke Osimiri Ngounié. [[Yengué]] nọ na ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oj0lAQAAMAAJ&dq=ogoulou+river&pg=PA412|title=Fire in Relation to Primitive Agriculture and Grazing in the Tropics: A-G, Tropics in general; H-J, South Asia and Oceania|first=Harley Harris|author=Bartlett|date=August 30, 1955|publisher=University of Michigan Botanical Gardens}}</ref> Paul Belloni Du Chaillu dere banyere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIBbdArpUeEC&dq=ogoulou+river&pg=PA381|title=A Journey to Ashango-Land: And Further Penetration Into Equatorial Africa|first=Paul Belloni Du|author=Chaillu|date=August 30, 1867|publisher=J. Murray}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7wXAAAAYAAJ&dq=ogoulou+river&pg=PA219|title=The Country of the Dwarfs|first=Paul Belloni Du|author=Chaillu|date=August 30, 1899|publisher=Harper & brothers}}</ref> Ọ kọrọ akụkọ ihe mere eme mkpụrụ osisi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yf8RAAAAYAAJ&dq=ogoulou+river&pg=PA423|title=Adventures in the Great Forest of Equatorial Africa and the Country of the Dwarfs|first=Paul Belloni Du|author=Chaillu|date=August 30, 1890|publisher=Harper & brothers}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Gabon * Ogoulou (nkewa) == Ebensibịa == {{Reflist}} 17vkoiit6juw8181qsma3it7cgvhwiq 0 76692 674967 655680 2026-07-10T09:13:38Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    Adumu ma ọ bụ Enkipaata, nke a makwaara dị ka egwu egwu Maasai, bụ ụdị egwu ndị Maasai nke Kenya na Tanzania na-eme. Ndị dike Maasai na-eto eto n'ozuzu na-eme egwu ike na acrobatic n'oge emume gụnyere agbamakwụkwọ, ememe okpukpe na mmemme omenala ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=At Kenya’s Maasai Olympics, warriors swap lion hunt for high jump|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/11/at-kenyas-maasai-olympics-warriors-swap-lion-hunts-for-sports|accessdate=2023-02-25|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-07-28|title=15 Reasons Why the Great Migration Needs to Top Your Bucket List|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2017-07-28/great-migration-travel-guide-in-photos-kenya-tanzania-safari|accessdate=2023-02-25}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Maasai nke Kenya na Tanzania nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala nke jikọtara ya na egwu ọdịnala Adumu. Ọ bụ ezie na mmalite ịgba egwu ahụ edoghị anya, a na-eche na ọ bụ usoro maka ndị dike Maasai iji zụọ maka ọgụ na igosipụta ume, ike na ike ha.[1] Akụkọ Maasai na-ekwu na ndị dike na-eto eto na-agba egwu ahụ na mbụ dị ka usoro iji mee ka ikike ha na-awụli elu na-awụ elu, nke dị mkpa maka ịchụ nta na ọgụ. A malitere ịgba egwu a n'ememe omenala dị ịrịba ama gụnyere agbamakwụkwọ, mmemme okpukperechi na mmemme ndị ọzọ ka ọ na-etolite ka ọ bụrụ ịgba egwu ahaziri ahazi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olusola|first=Damilare|date=2022-02-16|title=10 Popular African Traditional Dance and Their History|url=https://www.motivation.africa/10-most-popular-african-traditional-dance-and-their-history.html|accessdate=2023-02-25|work=Motivation Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ihe e ji mara egwu Adumu bụ usoro mwụli elu nke ndị na-agba egwu na-agba, bụ ndị na-eguzo n'okirikiri wee na-amali elu n'ikuku ma na-eme ka ahụ ha kwụ ọtọ ma kwụ ọtọ dịka o kwere mee. Na mgbakwunye na iyiri shúkàs (akwa) na ihe ịchọ mma mara mma, ndị na-agba egwu na-eyikarị uwe ndị Maasai ọdịnala. A na-emekwa abụ ọdịnala Maasai na egwu n'oge egwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-10|title=A Visit to a Maasai Village in Africa (Photos)|url=https://www.themanual.com/travel/maasai-village-africa-photos/|accessdate=2023-02-25|work=The Manual|language=en}}</ref> A na-ekpe ndị dike Maasai ndị na-agba egwu Adumu n'ogo elu ha na-awụli elu yana amara na ịdị nkọ nke mmegharị ha. Egwu a na-asọ mpi nke ukwuu. A na-egosipụta ike, ike, na ntachi obi nke ndị dike, yana obi ike na obi ike ha, site na ịgba egwu ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maasai Mara: Moments of Wonder- The celebration|url=https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/moments-of-wonder/celebration/gallery|accessdate=2023-02-25|work=www.reuters.com|language=en}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == Enwere nkọwa dị iche iche dị iche iche sitere n'ebe dị iche iche na-enye, ya mere a maghị kpọmkwem mmalite na usoro okwu nke okwu ahụ bụ "Adumu". A na-eche na okwu ahụ bụ "Adumu" sitere na Maasai ma e were ya na o sitere na ngwaa "dumu," nke pụtara "ịwụli elu" ma ọ bụ "ịwụli elu." Dị ka echiche a si dị, okwu a bụ "Adumu" na-emetụta kpọmkwem na omume ịwụ elu na ịwụli elu bụ isi ihe na-eme egwuregwu ahụ. Echiche ọzọ bụ na "Adumu" bụ ụdị mkpirisi nke ekele Maasai "Aigus," bụ nke a na-eji oge ụfọdụ gosi mmalite nke egwu ahụ. Dị ka echiche a si dị, aha egwu ahụ, "Adumu," na-ezo aka n'ememe ya na ihe omume ya nakwa mmekọrịta ya na omenala na omenala Maasai.<ref name="UNO">{{Cite journal|author=Ojetayo|first=Gabriel Kehinde|date=2016|title=AN EXPLORATION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE OF MUSIC AND DANCE IN AFRICAN MILIEU|url=https://www.academicexcellencesociety.com/an_exploration_of_socio-cultural.pdf|journal=International Journal of Theology and Reformed Tradition|issue=8|pages=10}}</ref> Egwu a n'onwe ya bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke omenala na njirimara Maasai, a makwa aha ya nke ọma ma n'ime na n'èzí obodo Maasai, n'agbanyeghị mgbagwoju anya gbara gburugburu usoro okwu ahụ.<ref name="UNO">{{Cite journal|author=Ojetayo|first=Gabriel Kehinde|date=2016|title=AN EXPLORATION OF SOCIO-CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE OF MUSIC AND DANCE IN AFRICAN MILIEU|url=https://www.academicexcellencesociety.com/an_exploration_of_socio-cultural.pdf|journal=International Journal of Theology and Reformed Tradition|issue=8|pages=10}}</ref> == Ihe ọdịnala e ji mee ihe == [[Faịlụ:Maasai-Adumu.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ndị ikom Maasai na-agba egwú ọdịnala (Adumu) ]] Adumu bụ ịgba egwú ihe atụ nke a na-eme n'oge emume ma na-etinye ihe ọdịnala dịgasị iche iche. A na-ebute omenala, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ihe dị mkpa nke ndị Maasai site na ihe ndị a, nke mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịgba egwú. Uwe ọdịnala Maasai bụ otu n'ime ihe ọdịnala kachasị mkpa eji agba egwu Adumu. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ekpuchi ndị na-agba egwú na ákwà mara mma a na-akpọ shukas nke a na-eke n'ahụ ha n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. A na-etinye ihe ịchọ mma dị mgbagwoju anya na ihe ịchọ mma ndị ọzọ mgbe ụfọdụ na shukas ndị a, nke na-acha uhie uhie mgbe niile ma na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ndị Maasai.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cof|first=Katja|date=2015-07-25|title=Maasai Jumping Dance|url=https://safarijunkie.com/culture/maasai-jumping-dance/|accessdate=2023-02-25|work=Safari Junkie|language=en-US|archivedate=2016-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902100503/https://safarijunkie.com/culture/maasai-jumping-dance/}}</ref> Ịgba egwu Adumu na-eji ngwa egwu dị iche iche na mgbakwunye na ejiji, dị ka ịgbà, utu, na mpi. Ngwa egwu ndị a na-abụ ma ndị na-agba egwu na ndị obodo ndị ọzọ, ha na-atụnyekwa aka n'ịgba egwu egwu na egwu egwu. Ihe ịchọ mma Maasai ọdịnala bụ akụkụ omenala ọzọ dị mkpa etinyere na egwu Adumu. Ndị na-agba egwu na-eyikarị ihe olu, mgbaaka na ọla ntị ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa nke beads, shells cowrie, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ihe ịchọ mma ndị a bụ ihe atụ ma na-anọchi anya ihe ndị dị mkpa nke omenala Maasai, gụnyere ego, ugwu, na njirimara.[1] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ndị na-agba egwú na-ebu ube na ọta mgbe ha na-eme Adumu, bụ nke gụnyere ihe ngosi omenala na akara dị iche iche. Ihe nnọchianya ndị a na-echetara ndị obodo obi ike na obi ike nke ndị nna nna ha ma na-anọchi anya ọdịnala ndị dike nke Maasai. N'ikpeazụ, egwu ọdịnala Adumu na-akwado njirimara omenala na ihe nketa ndị Maasai site n'itinye ihe omenala. Ihe ndị a abụghị naanị na ọ mara mma ma bụrụ ihe ịchọ mma, mana ha nwekwara nnukwu mkpa ihe atụ ma na-ezisara ndị obodo na ndị ọbịa ozi ọdịnala dị mkpa. N'ihi ya, ha na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ịgba egwu yana omenala Maasai n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maasai swap lion hunts for sports to display their prowess|url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/maasai-swap-lion-hunts-for-sports-to-display-their-prowess-179251|accessdate=2023-02-25|work=Hürriyet Daily News|language=en}}</ref> == Mmechi == Egwu Adumu bụ egwu ọdịnala Maasai nke na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu na nke acrobatic. Ndị dike Maasai na-eto eto bụ ndị na-eme ya n'oge dị mkpa bụ ndị a ma ama maka mwụli elu na ịgba egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na a katọrọ agba egwú ahụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ ndị Maasai ka na-ewere ya dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ihe nketa ọdịnala ha.[1] == Edensibịa == it1ujrh6ivjhbwjmwom7ty0qpc0iokm 0 76717 674743 655727 2026-07-09T22:10:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Barn_wind_turbines_0504.jpg|thumb|Obere igwe ikuku nke mbụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri]] Ọchịchọ maka [[ike mmeghari ohuru]] emeela ka a nabata teknụzụ ikuku turbine n'ụwa niile ma gbasaa ngwa ngwa. A na-emekarị turbines ikuku ka ha ruo afọ iri abuo, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnvgl.com/publications/certification-of-wind-turbines-98201|title=DNV certification guidelines|author=|first=|date=2010|work=DNV GL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129234719/https://www.dnvgl.com/publications/certification-of-wind-turbines-98201|archivedate=2020-11-29|accessdate=}}</ref> agbanyeghị, n'ihi ibu na gburugburu ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ igwe ikuku anaghị arụ ọrụ ruo afọ ahụ na-enweghị nrụzi dị ukwu na mmezi sara mbara n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.windpowerengineering.com/wind-turbine-gearboxes-fail-hit-20-year-mark/|title=Why wind-turbine gearboxes fail to hit the 20-year mark|work=Windpower Engineering & Development|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-19}}</ref> Iji melite njikwa ugbo ikuku, enwere mmụba na-aga n'ihu na mmezi mgbochi kama idozi oge na mmeghachi omume iji belata oge ọrụ na mmepụta furu efu. A na-enweta nke a site na iji usoro nlekota/njikwa amụma. Usoro nhazi nke ikuku igwe a na-ahụkarị nwere ọtụtụ sistemụ dị mgbagwoju anya dịka igbe gia nke mbara ala dị iche iche, sistemụ hydraulic na ọtụtụ draịva elektrik na igwe jikọtara ọnụ ndị ọzọ. N'ihi oke nke ụfọdụ sistemụ igwe na ịdị anya nke ụfọdụ ebe, ndozi nke ikuku igwe nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ ma sie ike ịhazi, na-ebute oge ọrụ na-adịghị mma na mmepụta furu efu. Dị ka a na-atụ anya na ikike nke igwe ifufe ga-eru ihe karịrị iri na iseMW n'ime afọ ndị na-abịanụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/next-generation-wind-technology|title=Next-Generation Wind Technology|work=Energy.gov|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-19}}</ref> jikọtara ya na enweghị ike ịnweta ugbo ikuku n’ime oke osimiri, a na-eche na ojiji nke usoro amụma ga-abawanye n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. [[Faịlụ:Barrow_Offshore_wind_turbines_NR.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku nke n’akụkụ osimiri dị anya n’alanke oge a. ]] A na-akpọkwa amụma igwe ikuku dị njikwa ahụike akụ, nyocha ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ njikwa ọnọdụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Obere igwe ikuku ndị mbụ dị mfe ma na-ejikarị obere ngwá ọrụ achọrọ iji chịkwaa igwe. E nwere obere atụmatụ na-elekwasị anya n'ịhụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge maka teknụzụ ụmụaka. Ihe ndị bụ isi na-akpata oge nkwụsịtụ turbine na-abụkarị ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma ọ bụ usoro pitch metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wind Turbine Failures Encyclopedia|url=https://onyxinsight.com/failure-atlas/|accessdate=2020-02-19|work=ONYX Insight|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Gearbox_,_Rotor_Shaft_and_Disk_Brake_Assembly_for_Turbine_No_3_-_geograph.org.uk_-_758164.jpg|thumb|Nnọchi igbe nnyefe ike nke igwe ikuku .]] E nweela mmepe ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ ikuku. Ka igwe na-etolite na ikike, mgbagwoju anya na ọnụahịa, enwere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na nkà nke ngwá ọrụ arụnyere na igwe ifufe nke mere ka usoro amụma dị irè na igwe ifufe ọhụrụ. Na nzaghachi, enwere usoro na-arịwanye elu nke itinye usoro yiri nke ahụ na igwe ikuku dị ugbu a iji jikwaa akụ na ụba na-eme agadi nke ọma . Ụzọ amụma nke na-eme ka mmezi mgbochi bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ dịka mpara ikuku na mpara igwe na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ka ọnụahịa nke idozi igwe ifufe amụbaala ka atụmatụ dị mgbagwoju anya, a na-atụ anya na ụlọ ọrụ igwe ikuku ga-anakwere ọtụtụ usoro amụma na ụdị akụ na ụba site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a dị ka usoro ike-site-awa iji hụ na ọ dị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2019-06-24|title=Reducing complexity in Wind Turbine Maintenance|url=https://onyxinsight.com/engineering-and-consultancy/operations-and-maintenance-consulting/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=ONYX Insight}}</ref> == Ụzọ Ndị Na-ada == Ọdịda nke igwe, ọkachasị ọdịda nke igwe, na-akpata oge nkwụsịtụ dị ukwuu maka nrụzi. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-ewu igwe n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ ma ọ bụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụrụ adịpụ, ebe mmezi bụ ihe ịma aka na ego. Nnyocha na ibelata ọdịda igwe dị mkpa iji melite ọnụahịa na ntụkwasị obi nke ike ifufe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Wenxian|title=Wind turbine condition monitoring: technical and commercial challenges|journal=Wind Energy|date=1 August 2012|volume=17|issue=5|pages=673–693|doi=10.1002/we.1508|url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1504457}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-ahụ maka oge kachasị nkwụsịtụ ọ bụla bụ nku igwe na ihe ndị dị na usoro mbufe ike igwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Huan|title=Wind turbine generator failure analysis and fault diagnosis: A review|journal=IET Renewable Power Generation|date=26 September 2024|volume=18|issue=15|pages=3127–3148|doi=10.1049/rpg2.13104}}</ref> === Agụba Igwe === Aguba igwe ikuku na-eguzogide ibu dị elu na ndụ ha niile ma na-atachi obi na gburugburu ha. akuku na akpughari ikuku nwere ike ịnwe ihu igwe n'elu na n'akụkụ ndị na-ebute ụzọ na ndị na-esote n'ihi ájá ikuku na ihe mkpofu, nke na-emebi ihe mkpuchi ma na-emetụta arụmọrụ nke igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mitigating Risks of Wind Turbine Blade Failures: Matching Detection Methods to Failure Modes|date=25 March 2024|url=https://onyxinsight.com/blade-failures-detection-methods/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emebi ihe ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụghị ya, mmebi a dịkwa mfe nlekota ma rụzie ya tupu e nwee nnukwu mmebi. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emebi ihe bụ oghere dị n'ime nke ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya kpatara nke na-gbasaa n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu, na mmejọ njikọ na mgbọrọgwụ nke nwere ike ịkpata nkewa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defect Types and Mechanism of Wind Turbine Blades|url=https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/27751}}</ref> Ọkụ ndị ahụ nwekwara ike imebi ọkụ ọkụ, nke na-emerụ ahụ karịsịa maka blades ndị e ji polima ejiri eriri carbon mee ka osie ike, n'ihi nrụgide igwe nke okpomọkụ induction sitere na ntụgharị mmiri eletrik. === Ụgbọ ala na-akwọ ụgbọala === Ọrụ ya bụ iji gbanwee ntụgharị ọsọ dị ala nke nnukwu aguba ka ọ bụrụ ntụgharị na ọtụtụ puku rpm, drivetrain nke igwe ikuku na-enweta ụfọdụ n'ibu ibu kachasị njọ nke akụkụ ọ bụla, ọkachasị na bearings, nke na-akwado ibu nke usoro ahụ. Isi ihe kpatara ọdịda nke roller bearing na turbines bụ nnukwu nrụgide kọntaktị metụtara, na-apụta dị ka nkwarụ abrasive, micro pitting, scuffing, na nsogbu macropitting. Igwe ifufe na-enwekwa ọnọdụ ọrụ dịgasị iche iche dị ka ibu ikuku, ọsọ dịgasị anya, na mmetụta, nke nwere ike ịkwanye ihe ndị na-ebugharị karịa ókè ha, na-eme ka ọdịda ha dị ngwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Greco|first=A.|title=Material wear and fatigue in wind turbine Systems|journal=Wear|date=11 February 2013|volume=302|issue=1–2|pages=1583–1591|doi=10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.060}}</ref> Igwe ikuku bearings na-egosipụtakwa oghere na-acha ọcha ugboro ugboro, ụdị mmebi dị na ferrite microstructure nke ígwè. A maghị kpọmkwem ihe kpatara usoro a, mana ọ bụ ya kpatara nnukwu ọdịda nke njikwa njikwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Premature bearing failures in wind gearboxes and white etching cracks (WEC)|date=31 March 2013|publisher=Bearing-NEWS|url=https://www.bearing-news.com/premature-bearing-failures-in-wind-gearboxes-and-white-etching-cracks-wec/}}</ref> == Nchịkọta Data == Enwere ike ịhazi usoro maka amụma nke igwe ikuku n'ụzọ sara mbara n'ụdị abụọ ndi a : * SCADA dabeere * Na-adabere na ịma jijiji A na-etinye ọtụtụ igwe ikuku na ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche site n'aka onye na-emepụta ya. Otú ọ dị, nke a na-ejikarị ihe ndị achọrọ maka ọrụigwee, ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ usoro na ebunye ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ore.catapult.org.uk/app/uploads/2017/12/SP-00008-Wind-Turbine-Condition-Monitoring.pdf|title=Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring Methods|author=ORE Catapult (UK)|date=|work=ORE Catapult|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720015007/https://ore.catapult.org.uk/app/uploads/2017/12/SP-00008-Wind-Turbine-Condition-Monitoring.pdf|archivedate=2022-07-20|accessdate=}}</ref> Usoro amụmaigwe a nke dabeere na SCADA bụ ụzọ kachasị ọnụ ala maka atụmatụ turbine ikuku ndị ọzọ. Maka imewe ncheputa ndị dị mgbagwoju anya karị, yana sistemụ draịva na sistemu mmanụ dị mgbagwoju anya, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ egosila uru nke sistemụ nlekota egwu na nlekota mmanụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=García Márquez|first=Fausto Pedro|date=2012-10-01|title=Condition monitoring of wind turbines: Techniques and methods|journal=Renewable Energy|language=en|volume=46|pages=169–178|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2012.03.003|issn=0960-1481}}</ref> Ugbu a, a na-ere ha n’ahịa n’ụzọ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Sistemụ njikwa ọdịnaya ọdịnala (CMS) na-adaberekarị na sensọ mkpọtụ piezoelectric maka ọrụ nlekota gearbox. Ọ bụ ezie na sensọ ndị a nwere ike ijide data zuru oke, ha anaghị emezu ihe ọ bụla ma a bịa n'ịchọpụta ihe ndị na-adịghị emekarị ugboro ole, dị ka enweghị nhazi nke akuku igwe ikuku na agbaghari . Nke a bụ ihe mmeputa ebe sensọ sistemu eletrọnịkị na igwe arụ ọrụ dị ntakịrị (MEMS) na-enye nkọwa ndị ọzọ, <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2021-04-28|title=The unique advantages of ecoCMS – cutting edge sensor technology enabling real advances in condition monitoring.|url=https://onyxinsight.com/the-unique-advantages-of-ecocms-cutting-edge-sensor-technology-enabling-real-advances-in-condition-monitoring/|accessdate=2024-08-13|work=ONYX Insight|language=en-US}}</ref> ebe ha nwere ike ịtụ ugboro ole ruo 0.&nbsp;Hz (a na-akpọkwa DC mgbanwe ọnọdụ). Ike a na-enyere sensọ ndị a dị elu aka ịchọpụta ugboro dị mkpa metụtara ogwe ntinye ('1P') na ngafe agụba ('3P'), ha abụọ na-adakarị n'okpuru 1&nbsp;Hz ma teknụzụ CMS ọdịnala anaghị achọpụta ya. Site na iji teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ eme ihe, ngwọta nlekota dị elu a na-aka mma n'ịchọpụta usoro ịma jijiji, gụnyere ndị sitere na ice na-akpata na igwe aguba ifufe. Mgbe akuku ntughari na-enwe enweghị nguzozi, a na-eme sistemụ ahụ iji hụ mmụba ọ bụla na ugboro rotor 1P. Enweghị nguzozi oke nwere ike ịpụta site na ọtụtụ nsogbu, dịka mkpokọta unyi ma ọ bụ akpụrụ mmiri jụrụ oyi na-adịghị otu, ọnụnọ nke mmiri, ma ọ bụ mmebi. Na mgbakwunye, enweghị nguzozi aerodynamic nwere ike ime n'ihi enweghị nguzozi n'ime profaịlụ agụba nke ọ bụla, mmebi anụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ njehie na nhazi nkuku ntụgharị agụba. == Nnyocha Ihe E Mere == Mgbe e chịkọtara data site na sistemụ nnweta data dị n'ime ya, a na-ahazi ya ma ziga ya na sistemụ nchekwa data dabere na ala ma ọ bụ nke dabere na igwe ojii . A na- edekari ma na enyocha paramita mbu na ihe na egosi ahuike e si na ha nweta ngosi ahụike n'oge di iche iche iji hu mgbanwe ha na eme ka oge na aga. N'ihi ụdị nsogbu nke ụgbọala draịva, a na-enyocha ha na ngalaba ugboro ugboro iji chọpụta nsogbu. Enwere ike ịmepụta GHE site na sistemụ igwe ikuku SCADA (Nlekọta, Njikwa na Nchịkọta Data), site na ịkọwa arụmọrụ igwe dị ka ikike ya ịmepụta ike n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe agbanwe. A na-ahọrọ ọsọ ifufe, ntụziaka ifufe, ogo akụkụ ntughari , na paramita ndị ọzọ dị ka ntinye. Mgbe ahụ, a na-eji paramita abụọ dị mkpa n'ịkọwapụta mmepụta ike ifufe, ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike n'ezie, nke a na-anakọta ebe a maara na igwe na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ahụike nkịtị iji guzobe ụdị ntọala. Mgbe data oge ndu biarutere, a na-eji otu paramita ahụ emepụta arụmọrụ ugbu a. A na-enweta GHE site na ịgbakọ anya dị n'etiti data ọhụrụ na ụdị ntọala ya. Site n'itule GHE ka oge na-aga, enwere ike ịme amụma arụmọrụ mgbe ego ga-adaba n'okpuru oke nkwụsịtụ-ọbụlagodi. Ekwesịrị ịkpalite ma duzie ya na akụrụngwa nwere ụkpụrụ LDE dị ala. A na-agbakọ LDE dabere na nha sitere na sistemu nlekota ọnọdụ (CMS) na SCADA, a na-eji ya chọta na ịchọpụta ọdịda mmalite na ọkwa akụrụngwa. A na-ejikwa mmụta igwe site na ịnakọta na nyochaa nnukwu data, dị ka ịma jijiji, okpomọkụ, ike na ndị ọzọ site na ọtụtụ puku igwe ikuku ọtụtụ ugboro kwa nkeji iji buo amụma na igbochi ọdịda.[1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.version2.dk/artikel/neurale-netvaerk-kan-forudsige-hvornaar-moellens-tandhjul-knaekker-1043185|title=Neurale netværk kan forudsige, hvornår møllens tandhjul knækker|work=Version2/[[Ingeniøren]]|accessdate=19 November 2016|date=2016-11-19}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Usoro nkwado mkpebi * Ndị na-akọ ọdịnihu == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9akw2f3umy4410ymihsa7qd4wj5psnm 0 76730 674524 655753 2026-07-09T12:28:57Z 10kdollz 19775 674524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Mostafa Kamal Tolba | birth_place = [[Zefta]], [[Gharbia Governorate]], [[Egypt]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|12|8|df=y}} | death_place = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2016|3|28|1922|12|8|df=y}} | native_name = {{nobold|مصطفى كمال طلبة}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = DR MOSTAFA TOLBA.jpg | alt = | caption = | order = | office = President of the Egyptian Olympic Committee | status = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.--> | term_start = 1971 | term_end = 1972 | alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> | monarch = | president = | governor-general = | taoiseach = | chancellor = | governor = | deputy = | lieutenant = | vicechair = | succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--> | constituency = | majority = | predecessor = Muhammad Abu el-Ezz | successor = Abdel Moneim Wahbi Hussein | prior_term = | order2 = | office2 = 2nd Executive Director of [[United Nations Environment Programme]] | termstart2 = 1975 | termend2 = 1992 | alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | monarch2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | governor-general2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | primeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | chancellor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | taoiseach2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | governor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | viceprimeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | vicechair2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | succeeding2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | predecessor2 = [[Maurice Strong]] | successor2 = [[Elizabeth Dowdeswell]] | parliamentarygroup2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | prior_term2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | profession = Doctor }} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Infobox officeholder | name = Mostafa Kamal Tolba | birth_place = [[Zefta]], [[Gharbia Governorate]], [[Egypt]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|12|8|df=y}} | death_place = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2016|3|28|1922|12|8|df=y}} | native_name = {{nobold|مصطفى كمال طلبة}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = DR MOSTAFA TOLBA.jpg | alt = | caption = | order = | office = President of the Egyptian Olympic Committee | status = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.--> | term_start = 1971 | term_end = 1972 | alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> | monarch = | president = | governor-general = | taoiseach = | chancellor = | governor = | deputy = | lieutenant = | vicechair = | succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--> | constituency = | majority = | predecessor = Muhammad Abu el-Ezz | successor = Abdel Moneim Wahbi Hussein | prior_term = | order2 = | office2 = 2nd Executive Director of [[United Nations Environment Programme]] | termstart2 = 1975 | termend2 = 1992 | alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | monarch2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | governor-general2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | primeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | chancellor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | taoiseach2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | governor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | viceprimeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | vicechair2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | succeeding2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | predecessor2 = [[Maurice Strong]] | successor2 = [[Elizabeth Dowdeswell]] | parliamentarygroup2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | prior_term2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | profession = Doctor }} '''Mostafa Kamal Tolba''' (8 Disemba 1922 – 28 Maachị 2016) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Ijipt nke jere ozi ruo afọ iri na asaa dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|Mmemme Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] (UNEP).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Environment Encyclopedia and Directory 2001|date=2001|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=1857430891|edition=3rd}}</ref> N'ọkwa ahụ, o duziri mmepe nke [[Montreal Protocol]], nke zọpụtara ozone layer na si otú a zọpụta ọtụtụ nde mmadụ site na ọrịa kansa akpụkpọ ahụ na mmetụta ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Vaughan|first=Scott|date=29 March 2016|title=Dr. Mostafa Tolba: Architect of the Montreal Protocol, IPCC and Biodiversity Convention|url=https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/dr-mostafa-tolba-architect-montreal-protocol-ipcc-and-biodiversity-convention|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=International Institute for Sustainable Development|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Mustafa Kamal Tolba n'obodo Zifta (nke dị na Gharbia Governorate), Tolba gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cairo na 1943 wee nweta PhD na Imperial College London afọ ise ka e mesịrị. Ọ hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya na microbiology na ngalaba sayensị nke Mahadum Cairo ma kụzikwaara ya na Mahadum Baghdad n'oge 1950s. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, Tolba rụrụ ọrụ na ọrụ obodo Egypt.<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite web|url=http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|title=2005 Awards Profiles: Mostafa Kamal Tolba (Egypt)|work=The Vienna Convention Award For Outstanding Contributions to the Protection of the Ozone Layer|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]|accessdate=2010-10-08|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150412223537/http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|archivedate=2015-04-12}}</ref> Mgbe o jesịrị ozi obere oge dị ka onye isi oche kọmitii Olympic nke Egypt (1971–1972), Tolba duuru ndị nnọchi anya Egypt gaa na ogbako Stockholm nke 1972, bụ nke hiwere mmemme gburugburu gburugburu mba United Nations. Tolba ghọrọ osote onye isi oche UNEP ozugbo ogbako ahụ gasịrị, afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ewelitere ya ịbụ onye isi nchịkwa. N'oge ọ nọrọ ogologo oge dịka onye nduzi nke UNEP (1975–1992), ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọgụ megide mbelata ozone, nke mechara na Vienna Convention (1985) na [[Montreal Protocol]] (1987).<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite web|url=http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|title=2005 Awards Profiles: Mostafa Kamal Tolba (Egypt)|work=The Vienna Convention Award For Outstanding Contributions to the Protection of the Ozone Layer|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]|accessdate=2010-10-08|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150412223537/http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|archivedate=2015-04-12}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150412223537/http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml "2005 Awards Profiles: Mostafa Kamal Tolba (Egypt)"]. ''The Vienna Convention Award For Outstanding Contributions to the Protection of the Ozone Layer''. [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations Environment Programme]]. Archived from [http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml the original] on 2015-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-08</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mostafa Tolba: Green giant: A creator of the successful regime to reduce global emissions has died|url=https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21695857-creator-successful-regime-reduce-global-emissions-has-died-green-giant|accessdate=2 April 2016|work=[[The Economist]]|date=2 April 2016}}</ref> O mere ka mkparịta ụka ndị a kwe omume site n'ije ozi dị ka àkwà mmiri n'etiti ndị minista na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ebe ọ bụ na ha aghọtaghị asụsụ ibe ha.<ref name=":0" />Ọ kọwara Montreal Protocol dị ka nkwekọrịta "mmalite na ime ka ọ sie ike", ebe ndị otu ahụ malitere n'ụzọ dị nro, nweta ihe ọmụma ha chọrọ iji wepụ kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ, ma nweta obi ike ha chọrọ ime ihe karịrị akarị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Mostafa Tolba, Father of Montreal Protocol, Dies at 93 - IGSD|date=29 March 2016|url=https://www.igsd.org/dr-mostafa-tolba-father-of-montreal-protocol-dies-at-93/|accessdate=2023-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ duziri mkparịta ụka nke ọma maka Mgbakọ Basel nke mkpofu dị ize ndụ gafere oke.<ref name=":0" />O nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịmepụta na nhazi nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|Òtù Ọchịchị Mba Nile na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe]], na [[Global Environment Facility|Ebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Ụwa]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bolin|first=Bert|title=A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change. The Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref> O duuru ọrụ ahụ iji mepụta [[Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Dị iche iche|Mgbakọ na Ụdịdị Dị Iche Iche nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ]].<ref name=":0" /> Na 1982, Mostafa K. Tolba, dịka onye isi nchịkwa nke mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu, gwara ndị nnọchiteanya UN na ọ bụrụ na mba ụwa anọgide na-eme iwu ha ugbu a, ha ga-eche ihu n'oge mmalite nke narị afọ <nowiki>a "</nowiki>nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ga-ahụ mbibi zuru oke, nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, dịka mbibi nuklia ọ bụla.<nowiki>"</nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|author=Shabecoff|first=Philip|date=1982-05-11|title=U.N. ECOLOGY PARLEY OPENS AMID GLOOM|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/world/un-ecology-parley-opens-amid-gloom.html|accessdate=2023-02-07}}</ref> Tolba nwụrụ na 28 Maachị 2016 na Geneva mgbe ọ dị afọ 93.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mostafa K. Tolba, U.N. environmental official, dies at 93|author=Weil|first=Martin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/energy-environment/mostafa-k-tolba-un-environmental-official-dies-at-93/2016/03/29/e38b1e74-f558-11e5-9804-537defcc3cf6_story.html|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=29 March 2016|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref> == Mbipụta == Mbipụta Tolba gụnyere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 95 gbasara ọrịa osisi, yana ihe karịrị okwu na isiokwu 600 gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite web|url=http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|title=2005 Awards Profiles: Mostafa Kamal Tolba (Egypt)|work=The Vienna Convention Award For Outstanding Contributions to the Protection of the Ozone Layer|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]|accessdate=2010-10-08|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150412223537/http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|archivedate=2015-04-12}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 7akblu6ufmmmogyc6v7fwvcegb0qnw1 674525 674524 2026-07-09T12:30:26Z 10kdollz 19775 674525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Mostafa Kamal Tolba | birth_place = [[Zefta]], [[Gharbia Governorate]], [[Egypt]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|12|8|df=y}} | death_place = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2016|3|28|1922|12|8|df=y}} | native_name = {{nobold|مصطفى كمال طلبة}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = DR MOSTAFA TOLBA.jpg | alt = | caption = | order = | office = President of the Egyptian Olympic Committee | status = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.--> | term_start = 1971 | term_end = 1972 | alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> | monarch = | president = | governor-general = | taoiseach = | chancellor = | governor = | deputy = | lieutenant = | vicechair = | succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--> | constituency = | majority = | predecessor = Muhammad Abu el-Ezz | successor = Abdel Moneim Wahbi Hussein | prior_term = | order2 = | office2 = 2nd Executive Director of [[United Nations Environment Programme]] | termstart2 = 1975 | termend2 = 1992 | alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | monarch2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | governor-general2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | primeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | chancellor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | taoiseach2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | governor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | viceprimeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | vicechair2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | succeeding2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | predecessor2 = [[Maurice Strong]] | successor2 = [[Elizabeth Dowdeswell]] | parliamentarygroup2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | prior_term2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | profession = Doctor }} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Infobox officeholder | name = Mostafa Kamal Tolba | birth_place = [[Zefta]], [[Gharbia Governorate]], [[Egypt]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|12|8|df=y}} | death_place = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2016|3|28|1922|12|8|df=y}} | native_name = {{nobold|مصطفى كمال طلبة}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = DR MOSTAFA TOLBA.jpg | alt = | caption = | order = | office = President of the Egyptian Olympic Committee | status = <!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.--> | term_start = 1971 | term_end = 1972 | alongside = <!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)--> | monarch = | president = | governor-general = | taoiseach = | chancellor = | governor = | deputy = | lieutenant = | vicechair = | succeeding = <!--For President-elect or equivalent--> | constituency = | majority = | predecessor = Muhammad Abu el-Ezz | successor = Abdel Moneim Wahbi Hussein | prior_term = | order2 = | office2 = 2nd Executive Director of [[United Nations Environment Programme]] | termstart2 = 1975 | termend2 = 1992 | alongside2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | monarch2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | president2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | governor-general2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | primeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | chancellor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | taoiseach2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | governor2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | vicepresident2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | viceprimeminister2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | deputy2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | lieutenant2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | vicechair2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | succeeding2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | predecessor2 = [[Maurice Strong]] | successor2 = [[Elizabeth Dowdeswell]] | parliamentarygroup2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | majority2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | prior_term2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> | profession = Doctor }} '''Mostafa Kamal Tolba''' (8 Disemba 1922 – 28 Maachị 2016) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Ijipt nke jere ozi ruo afọ iri na asaa dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|Mmemme Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] (UNEP).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Environment Encyclopedia and Directory 2001|date=2001|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=1857430891|edition=3rd}}</ref> N'ọkwa ahụ, o duziri mmepe nke [[Montreal Protocol]], nke zọpụtara ozone layer na si otú a zọpụta ọtụtụ nde mmadụ site na ọrịa kansa akpụkpọ ahụ na mmetụta ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Vaughan|first=Scott|date=29 March 2016|title=Dr. Mostafa Tolba: Architect of the Montreal Protocol, IPCC and Biodiversity Convention|url=https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/dr-mostafa-tolba-architect-montreal-protocol-ipcc-and-biodiversity-convention|accessdate=2023-05-21|work=International Institute for Sustainable Development|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Mustafa Kamal Tolba n'obodo Zifta (nke dị na Gharbia Governorate), Tolba gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cairo na 1943 wee nweta PhD na Imperial College London afọ ise ka e mesịrị. Ọ hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya na microbiology na ngalaba sayensị nke Mahadum Cairo ma kụzikwaara ya na Mahadum Baghdad n'oge 1950s. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, Tolba rụrụ ọrụ na ọrụ obodo Egypt.<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite web|url=http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|title=2005 Awards Profiles: Mostafa Kamal Tolba (Egypt)|work=The Vienna Convention Award For Outstanding Contributions to the Protection of the Ozone Layer|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]|accessdate=2010-10-08|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150412223537/http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|archivedate=2015-04-12}}</ref> Mgbe o jesịrị ozi obere oge dị ka onye isi oche kọmitii Olympic nke Egypt (1971–1972), Tolba duuru ndị nnọchi anya Egypt gaa na ogbako Stockholm nke 1972, bụ nke hiwere mmemme gburugburu gburugburu mba United Nations. Tolba ghọrọ osote onye isi oche UNEP ozugbo ogbako ahụ gasịrị, afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ewelitere ya ịbụ onye isi nchịkwa. N'oge ọ nọrọ ogologo oge dịka onye nduzi nke UNEP (1975–1992), ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọgụ megide mbelata ozone, nke mechara na Vienna Convention (1985) na [[Montreal Protocol]] (1987).<ref name="UNEP" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mostafa Tolba: Green giant: A creator of the successful regime to reduce global emissions has died|url=https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21695857-creator-successful-regime-reduce-global-emissions-has-died-green-giant|accessdate=2 April 2016|work=[[The Economist]]|date=2 April 2016}}</ref> O mere ka mkparịta ụka ndị a kwe omume site n'ije ozi dị ka àkwà mmiri n'etiti ndị minista na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ebe ọ bụ na ha aghọtaghị asụsụ ibe ha.<ref name=":0" />Ọ kọwara Montreal Protocol dị ka nkwekọrịta "mmalite na ime ka ọ sie ike", ebe ndị otu ahụ malitere n'ụzọ dị nro, nweta ihe ọmụma ha chọrọ iji wepụ kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ, ma nweta obi ike ha chọrọ ime ihe karịrị akarị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Mostafa Tolba, Father of Montreal Protocol, Dies at 93 - IGSD|date=29 March 2016|url=https://www.igsd.org/dr-mostafa-tolba-father-of-montreal-protocol-dies-at-93/|accessdate=2023-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ duziri mkparịta ụka nke ọma maka Mgbakọ Basel nke mkpofu dị ize ndụ gafere oke.<ref name=":0" />O nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịmepụta na nhazi nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|Òtù Ọchịchị Mba Nile na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe]], na [[Global Environment Facility|Ebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Ụwa]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bolin|first=Bert|title=A History of the Science and Politics of Climate Change. The Role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref> O duuru ọrụ ahụ iji mepụta [[Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Dị iche iche|Mgbakọ na Ụdịdị Dị Iche Iche nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ]].<ref name=":0" /> Na 1982, Mostafa K. Tolba, dịka onye isi nchịkwa nke mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu, gwara ndị nnọchiteanya UN na ọ bụrụ na mba ụwa anọgide na-eme iwu ha ugbu a, ha ga-eche ihu n'oge mmalite nke narị afọ <nowiki>a "</nowiki>nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ga-ahụ mbibi zuru oke, nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, dịka mbibi nuklia ọ bụla.<nowiki>"</nowiki><ref>{{Cite news|author=Shabecoff|first=Philip|date=1982-05-11|title=U.N. ECOLOGY PARLEY OPENS AMID GLOOM|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/11/world/un-ecology-parley-opens-amid-gloom.html|accessdate=2023-02-07}}</ref> Tolba nwụrụ na 28 Maachị 2016 na Geneva mgbe ọ dị afọ 93.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mostafa K. Tolba, U.N. environmental official, dies at 93|author=Weil|first=Martin|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/energy-environment/mostafa-k-tolba-un-environmental-official-dies-at-93/2016/03/29/e38b1e74-f558-11e5-9804-537defcc3cf6_story.html|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=29 March 2016|accessdate=1 April 2016}}</ref> == Mbipụta == Mbipụta Tolba gụnyere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 95 gbasara ọrịa osisi, yana ihe karịrị okwu na isiokwu 600 gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite web|url=http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|title=2005 Awards Profiles: Mostafa Kamal Tolba (Egypt)|work=The Vienna Convention Award For Outstanding Contributions to the Protection of the Ozone Layer|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]|accessdate=2010-10-08|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150412223537/http://ozone.unep.org/Events/awards2005_profiles.shtml|archivedate=2015-04-12}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} o4jc0v6c28pa24yazmshh00tr7zn0aw 0 76738 674971 670462 2026-07-10T09:16:02Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Oued El Abiod''' (Bekee:Ndagwurugwu Abiod )bụ wadi nke na-emepụta ụzọ ugwu n'ime nnukwu ugwu Aurès , nke dị na Saharan Atlas n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Algeria. Ya na Oued Abdi, ọ bụ otu n'ime wadi ndị kachasị mkpa n'ime mpaghara ugwu Aurès.N'oge mmiri ozuzo, mmiri ozuzo na snow na-agbaze na-asọba n'ime ndagwurugwu ahụ ma mepụta Osimiri Abiod. Ndagwurugwu ahụ na-amalite n'okpuru Ugwu Djebel Chélia, nke bụ ugwu kachasị elu na Algeria, ma na-asọba n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Tolga. N'ikpeazụ, mmiri ya na-agbasa ma na-apụ n'anya n'ime Ọzara Sahara dị nso . <ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=978-0-89577-087-5|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=27}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kimble|first=George H. T.|date=June 1941|title=The Berbers of Eastern Algeria|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=97|issue=6|pages=337–347|doi=10.2307/1788169}}</ref><ref name="readersnatural" /> == Ọdịdị ala == Ahịhịa ndị dị n'ugwu dị n'ebe ugwu nke Ndagwurugwu Abiod na-abụkarị Mediterenian nke nwere oke ọhịa nke osisi oak, pine na osisi cedar oge ochie, nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-akwagide na mkpọda ugwu. Akụkụ ndịda bụ ọzara nke nwere ahịhịa na-adịghị ahụkebe, dị ka oak, junipa, cedar, clumps nke thyme, na harmel. Ndagwurugwu ahụ nwere ọtụtụ obere oases<ref name="readersnatural" /> [5] E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmadụ n'akụkụ mgbidi nke Ndagwurugwu Abiod, gụnyere Ghoufi . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNMLAAAAYAAJ&q=Ghoufi+abiod|title=Il était une fois l'ethnographie|author=Tillion|first=Germaine|date=2000|publisher=Seuil|isbn=9782020257022|pages=94|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zA5xAAAAMAAJ&q=Ghoufi+abiod|title=Encyclopédie berbère|author=Isguen-Bouzeis|first=Beni|date=1991|publisher=EDISUD|isbn=9782857442011|pages=1133|language=fr}}</ref> Mgbidi sandstone nke ndagwurugwu ahụ dị nro ma dị mfe ịrụ ọrụ n'ụdị, ya mere ọtụtụ obodo nta dị na mgbidi ndagwurugwum ahụ gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ nkume.[5] N'akụkụ obodo Tighanimine, e nwere ihe fọdụrụ na Ọwa mmiri Rom oge ochie. [8] == Edensibịa == <references /> sha8x0q1e02bzwccdrgrpotf40vzfrf 0 76745 674972 655860 2026-07-10T09:16:37Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Kolinbiné''' (French: Rivière Kolinbiné) bụ osimiri dị n'Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Ọ na-ebilite na ndịda Mauritania ma na-asọga ndịda, na-etolite akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa dị n'etiti Mauritania na Mali.<ref name="Brownlie, I.">{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|author=Brownlie|first=Ian|authorlink=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages=406–415}}</ref> Na Mali, ọ na-esonyere Osimiri Sénégal nke dị kilomita ise site na obodo Kayes. Osimiri ahụ na-agafe ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu na-adịghị omimi nke jupụtara na mmiri n'oge obere oge mmiri ozuzo (Julai ruo Septemba). Nke kachasị ukwuu n'ime ndị a bụ Ọdọ Mmiri Magui nke gbatịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 30 n'akụkụ ugwu-ndịda. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị kilomita 55 n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kayes na 14°47′N 11°5′W / 14.783°N 11.083°W / 14. 783; -11.083. Osimiri ahụ jupụtakwara Lake Doro nke dị kilomita 34 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ-n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Kayes, n'ebe ugwu nke okporo ụzọ RN1 na 14°30′45′′N 11°7′20′′W / 14.51250°N 11.12222°W / 14. 51250; -11.12222.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} k7mt4qc2z5lgkgrmu2f4vk5pfp88pw2 0 76758 674973 655932 2026-07-10T09:18:06Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ógbè Ọwụwa Anyanwụ''' a makwaara ya dịka Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mpaghara Koforidua bụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi mpaghara na nke a na-atụ aro na Koforidua na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ghana . <ref name="ghana">{{Cite web|title=Eastern region hospitals|url=http://ghana-net.com/GHANA_EASTERN_REGION.aspx|publisher=www.ghana-net.com|accessdate=4 December 2011|archivedate=18 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418073228/http://ghana-net.com/GHANA_EASTERN_REGION.aspx}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2016/12/30/koforidua-regional-hospital-targeting-teaching-hospital-status/|title=Koforidua Regional Hospital targeting teaching hospital status|first=Delali|author=Adogla-Bessa|date=30 December 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/695417/koforidua-regional-hospital-celebrates-90-years.html|title=Koforidua Regional Hospital celebrates 90 years|publisher=}}</ref> E guzobere Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mpaghara Koforidua na 1926. Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ dị na Obodo New Jauben na Mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. == Ọnọdụ mberede == A rụzigharịrị ngalaba mberede nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na 2020 iji mee ka ohere maka ndị ọrịa ndị ọzọ n'oge ọrịa COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-08|title=Eastern Regional Hospital upgrades coronavirus Treatment Centre|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Eastern-Regional-Hospital-upgrades-coronavirus-Treatment-Centre-1255546|accessdate=2021-06-04|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Regional Hospitals of Ghana}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8cvau92gxvnanyj7xdcr5det0j1relc 0 76773 674976 655965 2026-07-10T09:18:56Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''''Febodristningar''''' ma ọ bụ '''''vallgångsristningar''''' bụ ihe a tụrụ n'elu osisi na ugwu nwere ederede, akara, Runes, ọnụ ọgụgụ, mkpụrụedemede na ihe ịrịba ama ndị ọzọ, nke a chọtara na [[Sweden]] n'ihe gbasara ịzụ anụmanụ na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na-aga n'ihu, nke ndị ntorobịa na-arụ ọrụ na ịzụ anụmanụ hapụrụ. == Mmalite ya == Na Dalarna, Sweden, a chọtawo narị ihe osise ole na ole, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na mpaghara Ore (na Rättvik Municipality) nke mpaghara ahụ. The carvings were made with a knife and often followed the same pattern of initials, year, and often information about them, importantly the first or last day of the ''fäbod'' (summer pasture) period. Ihe osise ndị ahụ na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụfọdụ na ebe ụfọdụ dị ka ugwu na nso mmiri n'ihi na ha bụ ebe dị mma maka ịkpa anụ n'ebe ugwu Sweden. Otu n'ime ebe ndị a bụ Hästbergs klack n'ebe ugwu Ludvika. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahụ ntụleghachi nke oge ọzụzụ atụrụ dị ka "Ọdịmma" ma ọ bụ "Ọjọrọ". N'otu alaka osisi dị na Ore, Dalarna, ụmụ agbọghọ atọ ndị na-azụrụ anụ ha hapụrụ ihe osise na-asị "Anyị na-adị anyị mma dị ka hell" (Wi mår bra som fan). Ọ bụ omenala na ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe n'elu osisi, ebe ụmụ nwoke na-ese ya na nkume.<ref name="fakta"> <ref name="visf"> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == jeg4bxe539rcrmzwbb34gjlmk8krblc 0 76776 674977 655982 2026-07-10T09:19:36Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mmefu ego okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa''' bụ isi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okpomọkụ nke ụwa. A na-eme atụmatụ na okpomọkụ na-esi n'ime ụwa gaa n'elu ya dị 47±2 terawatts (TW) <ref name="Davies2010">{{Cite journal|author=Davies|first=J.H.|date=22 February 2010|title=Earth's surface heat flux|volume=1|issue=1|pages=5–24|journal=Solid Earth|doi=10.5194/se-1-5-2010}}</ref> ma na-abịa site na isi mmalite abụọ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu: ''okpomọkụ radiogenic'' nke na-emepụta site na mbibi nke isotopes na mantle na mkpo, na okpompe mbụ fọdụrụ site na mmalite nke ụwa. <ref name="Turcotte">{{Cite book|author=Donald L. Turcotte|title=Geodynamics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nCHlVuJ4FoC&q=primordial&pg=PA286|date=25 March 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66624-4}}</ref> Okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa na-aga n'akụkụ gradients geothermal na ike ọtụtụ usoro geological. Ọ na-akpali convection mantle, tectonics plate, ụlọ ugwu, metamorphism nkume, na mgbawa ugwu.<ref name="Turcotte">{{Cite book|author=Donald L. Turcotte|title=Geodynamics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nCHlVuJ4FoC&q=primordial&pg=PA286|date=25 March 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66624-4}}</ref> A na-ekwukwa na nnyefe okpomọkụ na-agafe n'ime etiti okpomọkụ dị elu nke mbara ala iji kwado geodynamo nke na-emepụta ala magnetik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mit.edu/2010/explained-dynamo-0325|title=Explained: Dynamo Theory|publisher=MIT News|author=Morgan Bettex|date=25 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kageyama|first=Akira|title=Computer simulation of a magnetohydrodynamic dynamo. II|journal=Physics of Plasmas|date=1 January 1995|volume=2|issue=5|pages=1421–1431|doi=10.1063/1.871485}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Glatzmaier|first=Gary A.|title=A three-dimensional convective dynamo solution with rotating and finitely conducting inner core and mantle|journal=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors|year=1995|volume=91|issue=1–3|pages=63–75|doi=10.1016/0031-9201(95)03049-3}}</ref> A na-anakọta data zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere oke okpomọkụ site na International Heat Flow Commission nke International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior. == Okpomọkụ na atụmatụ mmalite nke afọ ụwa == Dabere na ngụkọta nke ọnụego ịjụ oyi nke ụwa, nke na-eche na ọ na-aga n'ihu n'ime ụwa, na 1862 William Thomson, mgbe e mesịrị Lord Kelvin, mere atụmatụ na afọ nke ụwa dị nde afọ 98, nke dị iche na afọ nke ijeri afọ 4.5 nwetara na narị afọ nke 20 site na radiometric dating. <ref name="Taylor, S. R. 2007">{{Cite book|editor=Martin J. van Kranendonk|first=Stuart|author=Ross Taylor|title=Earth's Oldest Rocks (Developments in Precambrian Geology Vol 15, 2007)|chapter=Chapter 2: The Formation Of The Earth And Moon|pages=21–30|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIRpMW6gLm4C&q=%22chapter%202.1%22&pg=PA21|date=26 October 2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-055247-7}}</ref> Dị ka John Perry si kwuo na 1895 a variable conductivity in the Earth's interior nwere ike ịgbasa afọ nke ụwa ruo ọtụtụ ijeri afọ, dị ka e mesịrị kwado site na radiometric dating.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=England|first=Philip|title=John Perry's neglected critique of Kelvin's age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics|journal=GSA Today|date=2007|volume=17|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1130/GSAT01701A.1}}</ref> mgbanwe conductivity dị n'ime ime ụwa nwere ike ịgbasa afọ agbakọtara ọnụ nke ụwa ruo ọtụtụ ijeri afọ, dịka e mesịrị kwenye site na mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị redio. N'adịghị ka ihe nnọchianya nke arụmụka Thomson na-emebu, a gaghị akọwa ihe mgbakwụnye ọkụ nke ụwa site na mgbakwunye nke redioactivity dị ka isi iyi ọkụ. Karịrị nke ọma, mantle convection na-agbanwe otú a na-ebugharị okpomọkụ n'ime Ụwa, na-eme ka echiche Thomson nke ịjụ oyi na-agafe agafe ghara ịdị irè. == Okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa == Estimates of the total heat flow from Earth's interior to surface span a range of 43 to 49 terawatts (TW) (a terawatt is 10¹² watts). One recent estimate is 47&nbsp;TW,<ref name="Davies2010">{{Cite journal|author=Davies|first=J.H.|date=22 February 2010|title=Earth's surface heat flux|volume=1|issue=1|pages=5–24|journal=Solid Earth|doi=10.5194/se-1-5-2010}}</ref> equivalent to an average heat flux of 91.6&nbsp;mW/m², and is based on more than 38,000 measurements. The respective mean heat flows of continental and oceanic crust are 70.9 and 105.4&nbsp;mW/m².<ref name="Davies2010" /> Ọ bụ ezie na mkpokọta okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa na-eruba n'elu dị mma nke ọma, ntinye aka nke isi mmalite abụọ nke okpomọkụ ụwa, radiogenic na primordial okpomọkụ, bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka nke ukwuu n'ihi na nha ha kpọmkwem siri ike. Ụdị kemịkalụ na nke anụ ahụ na-enye atụmatụ dị iche iche 15-41 TW na 12-30 TW maka okpomọkụ radiogenic na okpomọkụ mbụ, n'otu n'otu.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ọdịdị nke Ụwa bụ mkpo siri ike nke dị n'èzí nke nwere mkpo siri elu nke kọntinent na mkpo dị nro nke oké osimiri, ihe siri ike ma na-agagharị na plastik, isi mmiri dị n'ime, na isi n'ime dị n'etiti. Mmiri nke ihe na-adabere na okpomọkụ; ya mere, mkpuchi siri ike ka nwere ike ịgafe ogologo oge, dịka ọrụ nke okpomọkụ ya <ref name="Turcotte">{{Cite book|author=Donald L. Turcotte|title=Geodynamics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nCHlVuJ4FoC&q=primordial&pg=PA286|date=25 March 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66624-4}}</ref> ya mere dịka ọrụ nke ikuku nke ụwa. Mkpịsị ugodi ahụ na-agbanye n'ihi okpomọkụ na-esi n'ime ụwa pụọ, na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eguzogide ihe na-ebili ma na-ajụ oyi, ya mere, mkpuchi ahụ na-ada. Mmiri a na-aga n'ihu na mantle na-akpali mmegharị nke efere lithospheric nke ụwa; ya mere, ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ ọzọ dị na mantle dị ala dị oke mkpa maka ọrụ nke tectonics plate na otu isi iyi nwere ike ịbụ enrichment nke ihe radioactive na mantle ala. Earth heat transport occurs by conduction, mantle convection, hydrothermal convection, and volcanic advection. A na-eche na okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa na-eruba n'elu bụ 80% n'ihi convection mantle, na okpomọkụ nke fọdụrụ na-esite na eriri ụwa. nwere ihe dịka 1% n'ihi ọrụ mgbawa ugwu, ala ọma jijiji na ụlọ ugwu.<ref name="Turcotte">{{Cite book|author=Donald L. Turcotte|title=Geodynamics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nCHlVuJ4FoC&q=primordial&pg=PA286|date=25 March 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66624-4}}</ref> Ya mere, ihe dị ka 99% nke okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa na-efunahụ elu bụ site na ntinye site na eriri, na convection mantle bụ njikwa kachasị na mbufe okpomọkụ site na omimi n'ime ụwa. Ọtụtụ n'ime okpomọkụ na-esi na eriri kọntinent buru ibu na-esite na isi mmalite redio nke ime; N'ụzọ dị iche, eriri oke osimiri dị gịrịgịrị nwere naanị 2% okpomọkụ radieshon dị n'ime.<ref name="Turcotte" /> Okpomọkụ fọdụrụnụ n'elu ga-abụ n'ihi ikpo ọkụ basal nke jikọrọ ọnụ site na convection mantle. A na-ejikọta mgbanwe ọkụ na-adịghị mma na afọ nkume,<ref name="Davies2010">{{Cite journal|author=Davies|first=J.H.|date=22 February 2010|title=Earth's surface heat flux|volume=1|issue=1|pages=5–24|journal=Solid Earth|doi=10.5194/se-1-5-2010}}</ref> nke nwere oke okpomọkụ kachasị elu site na nkume kacha nta na etiti oke osimiri na-agbasa ebe (mpaghara nke uwe elu), dị ka a hụrụ na map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke okpomọkụ ụwa.<ref name="Davies2010" /> == Isi iyi nke okpomọkụ == === Okpomọkụ radiogenic === Mmebi nke radiation nke ihe ndị dị n'ime mkpuchi na mkpo ụwa na-ebute mmepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị isotopes na ntọhapụ nke geoneutrinos na ike okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ radiogenic. Ihe dị ka 50% nke okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa na-esite na mbibi radiation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How much of the heat dissipated into space by Earth is due to radioactive decay of its elements? About half is due to this "radiogenic heat"|url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph241/estrada1/|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|year=2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625114931/http://large.stanford.edu:80/courses/2014/ph241/estrada1/|archivedate=2017-06-25}}</ref> Isotopes anọ na-emepụta radiation na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ okpomọkụ radiogenic n'ihi ọganihu ha na isotopes ndị ọzọ na-emepụta radioactive: [./Uranium_&#x3C;sup&#x20;id= 238" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uranium 238">uranium-238] (238U), [./Uranium_&#x3C;sup&#x20;id= 235" id="mw0Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uranium 235">uranium-235] (235U), [./Thorium-&#x3C;sup&#x20;id= 232" id="mw0w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Thorium-232">thorium-232] (232Th), na [./Potassium-&#x3C;sup&#x20;id= 40" id="mw1Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40]. N'ihi enweghị ihe nlele nkume site n'okpuru 200 km omimi, ọ na-esiri ike ikpebi kpọmkwem okpomọkụ radiogenic n'ime mantle dum, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ atụmatụ dị.<ref name="Korenaga 2011"><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-01-01|title=Geophysical and geochemical constraints on geoneutrino fluxes from Earth's mantle|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|language=en|volume=361|pages=356–366|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.001|issn=0012-821X|author=Šrámek|first=Ondřej}}</ref>&nbsp; Maka isi ụwa, ihe ọmụmụ geochemical na-egosi na o yighị ka ọ ga-abụ isi iyi ọkụ radieshon n'ihi obere mkpokọta redioaktivu a na-atụ anya ya na-ekewa n'ime ígwè. A na-ejikọta mmepụta okpomọkụ nke Radiogenic n'ime uwe mwụda ahụ na nhazi nke convection mantle, isiokwu nke arụmụka dị ukwuu, a na-eche na uwe mwụda ahụ nwere ike inwe usoro dị elu nke nwere ihe dị elu nke na-emepụta okpomọkụ na-emepụta ihe na uwe elu, ma ọ bụ obere mmiri mmiri na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na ihe ndị na-eme ka redio na-agbasasị n'ime uwe ahụ dum. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Atụmatụ nke isotopes ndị na-emepụta okpomọkụ nke oge a <ref name="Turcotte">{{Cite book|author=Donald L. Turcotte|title=Geodynamics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nCHlVuJ4FoC&q=primordial&pg=PA286|date=25 March 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66624-4}}</ref> !Isotope !Ịtọhapụ okpomọkụ ⁠W/kg isotope⁠<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;"> </span> !Ọkara <span style="font-size: smaller;">afọ</span><br /> !Nkezi nke mantle - kg isotope/kg mantle⁠<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;"> </span> !Ọkụ na-ewepụta ⁠W/kg mantle⁠<br /><span style="font-size: smaller;"> </span> |- |²³² |26.4×10−6 |14.0×109 |124×10−9 |3.27×10−12 |- |²³⁸ |94.6×10−6 |4.47×109 |30.8×10−9 |2.91×10−12 |- |40K |29.2×10−6 |1.25×109 |36.9×10−9 |1.08×10−12 |- |²³⁵ |569×10−6 |0.704×109 |0.22×10−9 |0.125×10−12 |} Ndị na-achọpụta geoneutrino nwere ike ịchọpụta mbibi nke ²³⁸ na ²³² ma si otú a nye ohere atụmatụ nke onyinye ha na mmefu ego okpomọkụ radiogenic ugbu a, ebe ²³⁵ na ⁴⁰ anaghị achọpụta. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ⁴⁰ ga-enye aka na 4 TW nke okpomọkụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi obere ọkara ndụ, mbibi nke ²³⁵ na ⁴⁰ nyere aka n'ụzọ dị ukwuu nke okpomọkụ radiogenic na mmalite ụwa, nke na-ekpo ọkụ karịa ugbu a. Nsonaazụ mbụ site n'ịtụle ngwaahịa geoneutrino nke ire ure radioactive site n'ime ụwa, onye nnọchi anya maka okpomọkụ radiogenic, wetara atụmatụ ọhụrụ nke ọkara nke ngụkọta nke isi iyi okpomọkụ dị n'ime ala bụ radiogenic, <ref name="Gando"> nke a kwekọrọ na atụmatụ ndị gara aga.&nbsp; Okpomọkụ nke mbụ bụ okpomọkụ nke ụwa na-efunahụ ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ajụ oyi site na nhazi mbụ ya, nke a dị iche na okpomọkụ radieshon ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Okpomọkụ nke isi ụwa—ọkụ na-ahapụ isi na na-asọba n'ime uwe mwụda karịrị akarị—echere na ọ bụ n'ihi okpomoku izizi, ma a na-eme atụmatụ na 5–15 TW. Atụmatụ nke ọnwụ okpomọkụ nke mantle primordial dị n'etiti 7 na 15 TW, nke a na-agbakọ dị ka okpomọkụ fọdụrụ mgbe ewepụchara okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekwo ọkụ nke ụwa site na okpomọkụ a hụrụ.&nbsp;&nbsp; Ọdịdị mbụ nke etiti ụwa nwere ike ịkpata oke okpomọkụ na ọnwụ okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa, na ọnwụ okike ga-ebelata ozugbo mantle siri ike. Okpomọkụ na-esi n'isi ahụ apụta dị mkpa iji mee ka isi ihe dị n'èzí na geodynamo na ala magnetik nke ụwa; ya mere okpomọkụ mbụ sitere na isi ahụ mere ka ikuku nke ụwa nwee ike ma si otú a nyere aka ijigide mmiri mmiri nke ụwa. [[Faịlụ:Tectonic_evolution_of_Earth.jpg|thumb|Ọganihu tectonic nke ụwa site na ọnọdụ gbazere agbaze na 4.5 Ga, <ref name="Taylor, S. R. 2007">{{Cite book|editor=Martin J. van Kranendonk|first=Stuart|author=Ross Taylor|title=Earth's Oldest Rocks (Developments in Precambrian Geology Vol 15, 2007)|chapter=Chapter 2: The Formation Of The Earth And Moon|pages=21–30|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIRpMW6gLm4C&q=%22chapter%202.1%22&pg=PA21|date=26 October 2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-055247-7}}</ref> gaa na lithosphere otu plate, gaa na tectonics nke oge a n'etiti 3.2 Ga na 1.0 Ga &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;]] Ike okpomọkụ mbụ na-abịa site na ike nwere ike ịpụta site na imebi nnukwu ihe n'ime olulu ike ọdịda, na Ike kinetic nke ihe agbakwunyere. == Okpomọkụ na-agafe na tectonic plates == Arụmụka banyere kpọmkwem ọdịdị nke mantle convectIo na-eme ka njikọ njikọ evolushọn nke mmefu ego okpomọkụ nke ụwa na ike na nhazi nke mantle sie ike iwepụ. E nwere ihe akaebe na usoro tectonics plate adịghị arụ ọrụ n'ụwa tupu ijeri afọ 3.2 gara aga, nakwa na mmalite nke okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa nwere ike ịbụ nke advection site na mgbawa ugwu. Ihe ndị dị n'ụwa nwere okpomọkụ dị ala, dị ka [[Ọnwa]] na [[Maas|Mars]], na-eduzi okpomọkụ ha n'ime site na otu efere lithospheric, na okpomọkụ na-agafe, dị ka n'ọnwa Jupiter Io, na-akpata njem okpomọkụ advective site na mgbawa ugwu, ebe tectonics na-arụ ọrụ nke ụwa na-eme na okpompe dị n'etiti na mantle convecting.<ref name="Moore" > == Hụkwa == * Ike okpomọkụ ala * Ndagwurugwu okpomọkụ * Ọdịiche dị n'etiti mbara ala * Akụkọ okpomọkụ nke ụwa * [[Okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ|Okpomọkụ sitere n'aka mmadụ]] == Njikọ mpụga == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Àlà]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cclwy37hgq9kpd91iktlq5l8iehplu5 0 76783 674775 657178 2026-07-09T23:43:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 12 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674775 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ike sitere n’ihe ndị dị ndụ nke [[Obodo Békè|Europe]]''' (nke a maara n'oge gara aga dị ka AEBIOM) bụ òtù azụmahịa Europe na-emeghe maka òtù biomass mba na ụlọ ọrụ bioenergy na-arụ ọrụ na Europe. E hiwere ya na 1990 n'okpuru nduzi nke onye omeiwu France Michel Souplet na ebumnuche ịkwalite mmepụta ike site na biomass n'ụdị ya niile: ike sitere n' ihe ndi di ndu, oku sitere n' ihe ndi di ndu, ma ọ bụ mmanụ sitere n' ihe ndi di ndu maka njem. Ike sitere n’ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Europe bụ nzukọ nche anwụ nke European Pellet Council (EPC), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epc.bioenergyeurope.org/|title=European Pellet Council – The voice of the wood pellet sector in Europe|work=Epc.bioenergyeurope.org|accessdate=3 February 2019}}</ref> na International Biomass Torrefaction Council (IBTC). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org/|title=IBTC – International Biomass Torrefaction Council|work=Ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org|accessdate=3 February 2019|archivedate=21 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321130816/https://ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org/}}</ref> Ike sitere n’ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Europe nwere asambodo mba ụwa abụọ maka <a href="./Wood_fuel" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="123" data-cx="{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;sourceTitle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Wood fuel&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;thumbnail&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;source&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Campfire_at_Bramble_Bield.jpg/120px-Campfire_at_Bramble_Bield.jpg&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:80,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:53},&amp;quot;description&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Wood used as fuel for combustion&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;pageprops&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wikibase_item&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Q1642788&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pagelanguage&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;targetFrom&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;label&amp;quot;}" class="cx-link" id="mwGg" title="Wood fuel">Mmanụ ọkụ pellet</a>. ENplus, na-enye asambodo nke osisi pellet <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enplus-pellets.eu/en-in/|title=ENplus - Home|work=Enplus-pellets.eu|accessdate=3 February 2019}}</ref> na GoodChips, Na-achọ ịhụ na mma di na obere osisi na mmanụ ọkụ sitere n’osisi (hog fuel). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bioenergyeurope.org/activities/european-ongoing-projects/goodchips-wood-chips-certification/|title=GoodChips®- Wood Chip certification · Bioenergy Europe|work=Bioenergyeurope.org|accessdate=3 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821151956/https://bioenergyeurope.org/activities/european-ongoing-projects/goodchips-wood-chips-certification/|archivedate=21 August 2018}}</ref> == Ọchịchị == Dị ka otu azụmahịa nke Europe, ndị otu Ike sitere n’ihe ndị dị ndụ Europe na-ahụ maka ọchịchị (lee ndepụta dị n'okpuru) ma hazie ya gburugburu Nzukọ Ezumezu, otu ndị nduzi na otu ndị isi na-ekpebi atụmatụ atụmatụ na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nzukọ ahụ dabere na ndụmọdụ nke Bioenergy European's Working Groups and Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bioenergyeurope.org/about-us/governance/|title=Governance · Bioenergy Europe|work=Bioenergyeurope.org|accessdate=3 February 2019}}</ref> == Ndị otu == Ndị otu ya gụnyere ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ere ahịa, ndị na-eweta ngwá ọrụ, ndị na'emepụta ike, ndị na-emepụta ọkụ ọkụ na stove, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mmepe, ndị na -enye ọrụ, ndị ọrụ asambodo, ụlọ ọrụ ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, òtù nkwado, na ụlọ ọrụ ego na itinye ego. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Join us now|url=https://bioenergyeurope.org/join-us-now/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=Bioenergy Europe|language=en-US}}</ref> === Njikọ Mba (39) === * Òtù Biomass nke Austria - [http://www.biomasseverband.at/home/ ABA] * Òtù Ndị Na-eme Egwú nke Austria - Ndị Na-emepụta Egwú nke[https://www.propellets.at/ Propelts Austria] * Njikọ Biomass nke Bosnia na Herzegovina - [https://web.archive.org/web/20170610091809/http://biomass-association.ba/ Udruženje Biomasa u Bosni na Hercegovini] * Belgium Renewable Energy trade federation - EDORA[https://www.edora.org Oge Anyị] * Njikọ azụmaahịa pellet osisi nke Belgium - FEBHEL[https://www.febhel.be Ụbọchị Iche] * [[Canadian Pellets Association|Òtù Ndị Pellets nke Canada]] - [https://www.pellet.org/ WPAC] * Central Agricultural Raw Material Marketing and Development network - [https://www.carmen-ev.de/ C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.] * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Akụnụba nke Croatia - [https://hgk.hr/ Hrvatska Gospodarska Komora] * Òtù Croatian nke Biomass, Pellets na Associated Technologies - CROBIOM[http://www.drvnipelet.hr/ Ihe omuma] * Czech Biomass Association - [http://czbiom.cz/en/ CZ-BIOM] * Ìgwè Pellets nke Czech - [http://www.ceska-peleta.cz/ Česká peleta, z.s.p.o] * Òtù Biomass nke Denmark - [https://www.danskindustri.dk/brancher/di-energi/di-bioenergi/ DI Bioenergy] * Òtù Pellets nke Denmark - [http://www.enplus-pellets.dk/ Propelts Denmark FMBA] * Njikọ Biomass nke Ojiji Ike - [https://web.archive.org/web/20220526030254/https://euba.bg/ EUBA] * Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ike Ọhụrụ nke Estonia - [https://www.taastuvenergeetika.ee/en/ EREA] * French Renewable Energy Industries Association - [https://www.enr.fr/ SER - FBE] * French Pellet Association - Propellet France[https://www.propellet.fr Ụgbọelu France] * France Miscanthus * German BioEnergy Association - [https://www.bioenergie.de BBE] * Òtù Ndị Biomass nke Gris - [http://www.hellabiom.gr/?lang=en HELLABIOM] * Italian Agroforestry Energy Association - [https://www.aiel.cia.it/ AIEL] * Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ike Ndị Dị Ndụ nke Ireland - [http://www.irbea.org IrBEA] * Latvian Bioenergy Association - LATBIO[http://latbio.lv/en/home/ Ihe na-egbu egbu] * Lithuanian Bioenergy Association - LITBIOMA[https://web.archive.org/web/20181126223635/http://www.biokuras.lt/titulinis.html Ihe omuma] * Òtù Norwegian Bioenergy - NOBIO[http://nobio.no/ Nkwụsị] * Polish Biomass Association - POLBIOM[http://www.polbiom.pl/ ỤMỌ Bụ Mgbalị] * Kansụl Pellet nke Poland - [https://www.polskaradapelletu.org Polska Rada Pelletu] * Òtù Pellet Portuguese - [https://www.anpeb.pt ANPEB] * Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ike Ọhụrụ nke Portugal - APREN[https://www.apren.pt Nkwupụta] * Òtù Romanian nke Biomass na Biogas - [https://web.archive.org/web/20220121210244/https://www.arbio.ro/ ARBIO] * Russian Bioenergy Association - ENBIO[https://web.archive.org/web/20260307180335/http://enbio.ru/ Ihe mgbochi] * Òtù Bionenergy nke Spain - [https://www.avebiom.org/es/ AVEBIOM] * Spanish Renewable Energies Association - [https://www.appa.es/ APPA] * Swedish Bioenergy Association - [https://www.svebio.se/english SVEBIO] * Swedish Wood-Fuel Association - [https://www.tradbransle.se Svenska Trädbränsleföreningern] * Swiss Pellets Association - [https://www.propellets.ch/ ProPellets Switzerland] * UK Pellet Council - UK Pellet Kansụl[https://www.pelletcouncil.org.uk/ Kansụl Pellet nke UK] * Ukrainian Bioenergy Association - [https://uabio.org/en/ UBA] * Nkwalite nke Biomass na Belgium - [http://www.valbiom.be/ ValBiom] === Ndị ọkà mmụta (7) === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha na Teknụzụ Hellas - CERTH[http://www.certh.gr - Ebe Obibi] * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ike nke Netherlands - [http://www.ecn.nl ECN] * [[European Institute for Energy Research]] - EIFER[https://www.eifer.kit.edu/ EBIGỌ MBI] * Mahadum [https://heig-vd.ch/ HEIG-VD] - HEIG-VP * National Renewable Energy Centre - [http://www.cener.com/ CENER - CIEMAT Foundation] * Walloon Agricultural Research Centre - [http://www.cra.wallonie.be Cra-w] * [[Wood Technology Institute|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà na Ụzụ Osisi]] === Ụlọ ọrụ (81) === * AIREX Ike inc. - Airex Energy[http://www.airex-energy.com Ike ikuku] * [http://www.albioma.com ALBIOMA] - ALBIOMA * [http://www.akahl.de Amandus Kahl] GmbH & Co.KG - Amandus Kahr * [http://americanbiocarbon.com American BiocarbonA] LLC - American Biocarc * AR-TU Kimya Sanayi hụrụ Ticaret A.Ş. - AR-TU Kimya Sanayi na-abịa na Ticaret[https://web.archive.org/web/20160507075150/http://artukimya.com/anasayfa-!1 AR-TU Kimya Sanayi na-ahụ Ticaret] * Arigna Fuels Ltd.- ArignaFuels[http://www.arignafuels.ie Mmanụ Arigna] * BIO ECO ENERGY COMPANY - [https://web.archive.org/web/20211127124106/http://beeco.hr/ Beeko] * BioEndev - [www.bioendev.se/ BioEndev] * [http://www.biofin.eu BIOFIN] Sprl - BIOFINE * [http://www.biopale.com Injinia Biopale] - Injinia biopale * [http://www.biowanze.be Biowanze] - Biowanze * Bord na Móna - Bord na Mona[https://www.bordnamona.ie Ụgbọ mmiri na Monaco] * [http://www.cadelsrl.com Cadel] srl - Cadel * Clean Electricity Generation B.V. - [http://cegeneration.com/ CEG] * [http://www.cleantektrade.com Azụmaahịa Cleantek] - Azụmaịa Cleantek * [http://www.cnim.com/ CNIM] - CNIM * Cockerill Maintenance na Injinịa SA - CMI Group[http://www.cmigroupe.com/ Òtù CMI] * [http://www.cplindustries.co.uk/ CPL] Industries Limited - CPL * [http://www.cpmeurope.nl CPM Europe] B.V - CPM Europe * [http://www.denoudengroep.com Den Ouden] Greenrecycling B.V. - Den Ouden * DISTRI & DESIGN sprl (SUTI) - [https://www.suti.be/] * [https://www.dnvgl.com/ DNV GL] Netherlands B.V - DNVGL * Ike [http://www.drax.com Drax] - Drax * [http://www.drufire.com DRU] Verwarming BV - DRU * Eastman Chemical - [https://www.eastman.com Eastman Chemical] * Electricite nke France - [http://www.edf.fr/en/the-edf-group EDF] * EDF [https://web.archive.org/web/20190403035036/https://edfluminus.edf.com/en/meta-home/edf-luminus Luminus] - Luminus * [http://www.ekmangroup.com/ Ekman] & Co AB - Ekman * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-enye Ọkụ - [https://www.esb.ie/ ESB] * Enea Trading Sp. z o.o. - Enia[https://web.archive.org/web/20250412080628/https://www.enea.pl/pl/eneatrading Enweghị eriri] * ENGIE Lab Laborelec - ENGIE[http://www.engie.com Ịgbaghara] * Enviva - [http://www.envivabiomass.com Enviva] * EP Power Europe A.S. - EP Power Europe[http://www.eppowereurope.cz EP Ike Europe] * Euro Energies - Euro Energies[http://www.woodstock-bois.fr Ike Euro] * Euronext - Euronext[http://www.euronext.com Ihe odide Euronext] * Biomass Europe - Biomass European[http://www.ebiomass.eu Biomass nke Europe] * EXOFLAM SAS - EXOFLam[http://www.exoflam.fr Ịchụpụ] * Forest Value Investment Management S.A. - Forest Value Investment Management[http://www.fvim.lu/ Nchịkwa Mkpụrụ Ego Ọhịa] * [http://www.fortum.com Fortum] Oyj - Fortum * Generandi SL - GENERANDI[http://www.generandi.com Ọmụmụ] * [http://www.glendimplex.nl Glen Dimplex Benelux] - Glen Dimplev Benelux * Granorama - Granorama[https://web.archive.org/web/20250121045236/http://www.granorama.com/ Nnukwu ihe nkiri] * [https://www.hawkinswright.com/ Hawkins Wright] Ltd.- Hawkins Wright * HOFOR Mmepụta Ike - HOFOR[https://www.hofor.dk Ụzọ E Si Eme Ihe] * [http://www.biomasseconsulting.de IB Biomasseconsulting] - IB Biomassaconsulting * Inspectorate International Ltd. - Inspectorate Internationale[http://www.bureauveritas.com/ Ndị Nnyocha Mba Nile] * [http://www.jeferco.com/ Jeferco Pellets] - Jeferco * [https://www.jord.one/ Jọdan] AB - Jọdan * [https://www.komptech.com/ Komptech] GmbH - Komptech * [http://www.kwb.net KWB] GmbH - KWB * LC Energy Limited - LC Energy[http://www.lcenergy.co.uk Ike LC] * [http://www.marquard-bahls.com Marquard & Bahls] AG - Marquard& Bahls * [http://www.metgen.com MetGen] Oy - MetGen * Mikkeli Development Miksei Ltd - Mmepe Miksei[http://www.mikseimikkeli.fi/ Mmepe nke Miksei] * Nkà na ụzụ Carbon nke Mba * NAWARO ENERGIE Betrieb GmbH - NAWARo ENERGIA[http://www.nawaro-energie.at Ntinye aka na NAWARO] * [https://newfuels.eu/ NewFuels RSEZ] SIA - NewFuels * [https://www.nextfuel.com NextFuel AB] - NextFuelAB * [https://www.northstar.pl Northstar Poland] LLC - Northstar Poland * Nkwupụta na ịzụ ahịa Ltda. - [https://www.novaliscc.com Nkwado na Ahịa] * [https://www.nyvraa.dk Ny Vraa Bioenergy] I/S - Ny Vraa Bienergy * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260414084747/https://www.okofen.be/ ÖkoFEN] Belgium - ÖkoFèn * [https://www.palazzettigroup.com/en/ Palazzetti] Lelio S.p.A. - Palazzetti * [https://www.onepeterson.com Peterson Rotterdam] B.V. - Peterson Rotterdam * [https://www.polytechnik.com Polytechnik] GmbH - Polytechnik * Pöyry Management Consulting Ltd - Pöyry Administration Consulting[https://www.poyry.com Ntụziaka Nlekọta Pöyry] * [https://newfuels.eu/ RAGT Ike] - RAGT Ike * RWE Ọgbọ NL BV - [https://www.rwe.com/rwe-generation-se RWE] * [https://www.salixenergi.se SalixEnergi Europe] AB - SalixEnerji Europa * Scandbio AB - Scandbio[https://www.scandbio.com Ihe ihere] * [https://www.schiedel.com Schiedel] GmbH - Schiedel * [https://www.sekab.com/ SEKAB E-Technology] AB - SEKAB e-Technology * [[Söderenergi]] AB - Söderenergi * [https://www.statkraft.com Statkraft] - Statkraft * Stora Enso Wood Products - [https://www.storaenso.com Stora Enso] * [https://www.stuv.com Stuv] SA - Stûv * [https://www.sveaskog.se/en/ Sveaskog] - Sveaskog * Teal Sales Incorporated (TSI) - TSI[https://tsi-inc.net/biomasswood/ IST] * Torr-Coal International B.V. - International[https://www.torrcoal.com/ Mba Nile] * [https://www.total.com/ Ngụkọta] Ahịa na Ọrụ - Ngụkọta * [https://www.traditiongreen.com Omenala Green] - Omenala Verde * [https://www.turboden.com/ Turboden] - Turboden * US Industrial Pellet Association ([https://www.theusipa.org/ USIPA]) - USIPA * Valmet Oy - [https://www.valmet.com Valmet] * Vapo Oy - [https://www.vapo.com Vapo Oy] * Veolia Mpaghara SA - Veolia[https://www.veolia.com Veolia Ebe obibi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20251015181139/https://victam.com/ Mmeri] mba ụwa Bv - Mmeri * Ọhịa & Onye mmekọ == Hụkwa == * Òtù Ụwa Na-ahụ Maka Ike Sitere n'ihe Ndi Dị Ndụ * Mmanụ ọkụ pellet == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://bioenergyeurope.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bioenergy Europe] * [https://epc.bioenergyeurope.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ EPC] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230421091117/https://ibtc.bioenergyeurope.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ IBTC] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.enplus-pellets.eu/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ENplus] {{Authority control}} g6fjgs7tgt4iuf9shk5mnhj214zsj8d 0 76828 674545 656206 2026-07-09T13:14:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital|name=Grand National Hospital of Mauritania '''Grand National Hospital of Mauritania'''|org_group=Mauritania Ministry of Health|logo=|logo_size=|image=|image_size=225|alt=|caption=|coordinates={{coord|18|5|15|N|15|59|17|W|type:landmark|display=it}}|location=Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser, opposite the [[Institut National de Recherches en Sante Publique]] and adjacent (east) to the [[Hôpital Sabah]], near the [[Ministry of Energy (Mauritania)|Ministry of Energy]] headquarters|region=[[Nouakchott]]|state=|country=Mauritania|healthcare=<!-- UK: NHS; AU/CA: Medicare; ELSE free-form text, e.g. Private -->|funding=|type=General|affiliation=|patron=|network=|standards=|emergency=|beds=|speciality=|helipad=|h1-number=|h1-length-f=|h1-length-m=|h1-surface=<!-- up to h12 -->|founded=<!-- cite in article as well -->|closed=|demolished=|website=<!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->|other_links=|module=}} Grand National Hospital of [[Mauritania]] bụ ụlọ ọgwụ mba nke Mauritania, nke dị na Nouakchott . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre Hospitalier National|url=http://www.chn.mr/|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=www.chn.mr|archivedate=2024-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219234556/http://www.chn.mr/}}</ref> Ọ dị n'akụkụ ụzọ Gamal Abdel Nasser, n'akụkụ Institut National de Recherches en Sante Publique na n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Hôpital Sabah, nso isi ụlọ ọrụ Ministry of Energy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurofinsa.com/en/nouakchot-national-hospital|title=National Hospital Nouakchot|work=Euro Finsa|accessdate=January 15, 2021|archivedate=January 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116110710/https://www.eurofinsa.com/en/nouakchot-national-hospital}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/2020-04/01/content_75885563.htm|title=China hands over infectious disease treatment center to Mauritania|work=China|accessdate=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.repsol.com/imagenes/global/en/04-%20ENTREGA%20EN%20MAURITANIA_ing_tcm14-33288.pdf|title=THE REPSOL RIDERS DELIVER 14 TONNES OF HEALTHCARE SUPPLIES IN MAURITANIA|work=Repsol|accessdate=January 15, 2021}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] edb53ipztngtbnx7dg02r6xssjx7tod 0 76830 674978 656216 2026-07-10T09:21:02Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hôpital National Amirou Boubacar Diallo'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abast Médica instala y realiza un curso de mantenimiento en el Hospital Nacional de Lamordé, en Niamey (Níger)|url=https://www.interempresas.net/Medico-hospitalario/Articulos/109303-Abast-Medica-instala-realiza-curso-mantenimiento-Hospital-Nacional-Lamorde-Niamey-(Niger).html|accessdate=2025-07-09|work=Interempresas|language=es}}</ref>bụ ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi na Niamey, Niger. Ụlọ ọrụ a nwere ihe ndina iri asaa na abụọ, nke jikọtara ya na Mahadum Abdou Moumouni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endfistula.org/download/niger_factsheet.pdf|title=Niger Fact Sheet|work=EndFistula.org|accessdate=2010-02-20|archivedate=2009-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106212416/http://www.endfistula.org/download/niger_factsheet.pdf}}</ref> It was the first public hospital in Niger to provide fistula repair services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fistulacare.org/pages/sites/niger.php|title=Lamordé National Hospital|work=Fistula Care|accessdate=2010-02-20|archivedate=2010-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019050644/http://www.fistulacare.org/pages/sites/niger.php#Lamorde}} FistulaCare.org</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1h70su8kmzel8voxt5q711nzxrlfkyu 0 76850 674981 656346 2026-07-10T09:23:07Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Manna Mission Hospital bụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụike onwe onye na Teshie, Greater Accra, Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Manna Mission Hospital, Accra, 2003 - Chris Chiswell|url=https://www.cmf.org.uk/resources/publications/content/?context=article&id=2541|accessdate=2022-10-10|work=Christian Medical Fellowship - cmf.org.uk|archivedate=2022-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010172703/https://www.cmf.org.uk/resources/publications/content/?context=article&id=2541}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Manna Mission Hospital|url=https://www.ghanabusinessweb.com/accra-teshie_nungua-str_0-manna_mission_hospital-9489.html|accessdate=2018-12-20|work=www.ghanabusinessweb.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manna Mission Incorporated celebrates 20th Anniversary|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/244575/manna-mission-incorporated-celebrates-20th-anniversary.html|accessdate=2022-10-10|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye == Òtù H4P ​​(Here maka Perfection) nyere Christina Hackman Wards na Manna Mission Hospital dị na Teshie onyinye iji mee emume ncheta afọ iri na atọ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=razak.bawa|date=2024-01-15|title=H4P celebrates 13th anniversary with donation to the Christina Hackman Wards, Manna Mission Hospital|url=https://theheraldghana.com/h4p-celebrates-13th-anniversary-with-donation-to-the-christina-hackman-wards-manna-mission-hospital/|accessdate=2024-09-21|work=The Herald ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nọọsụ Manna dị na Teshie, Accra, enyela Manna Mission Incorporated ọrụ ịkwado mba ahụ maka inye ọzụzụ nọọsụ ọkachamara nke lekwasịrị anya na Kraịst. Manna Nursing College na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ aka na Mahadum Oral Robert's Anna Vaughn College of Nursing na USA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manna Mission opens nursing training college - MyJoyOnline|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/manna-mission-opens-nursing-training-college/|accessdate=2025-03-08|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hqgr8s7g9tk9v3pss6uvqyddfk0qyz0 0 76853 674776 657179 2026-07-09T23:45:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674776 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sihwatidal.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik Sihwa Lake Tidal, nke dị na mpaghara Gyeonggi , South Korea, bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa maka etinye ike tidal, nke nwere ike mmepụta ọkụ zuru oke nke 254.&nbsp;MW.]] [[Faịlụ:Barrage_de_la_Rance.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdụ ọkụ Rance Tidal, dị n'obodo Brittany, ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke France, bụ ọdụ ọkụ mbụ buru ibu nke nwere ike ịgba mmiri (afọ 1966), nke nwere ike mmepụta ike zuru oke nke 240 MW.]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ana-ejikari '''Ike tidal''' eme ihe site n'ịgbanwe ike sitere na mmiri ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ike bara uru, ọkachasị ọkụ eletrik site na iji usoro dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na anaghị ejikarịa eme ihe nke ukwuu, Ike eletriki nwere ike imepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọdịnihu. A na-ahụta oke mmiri karịa ifufe na anyanwụ . N'ime isi iyi [[ike mmeghari ohuru]], Ike eletriki na-ata ahụhụ site na oke ọnụ ahịa na obere ebe nwere oke mmiri ma ọ bụ ọsọ mmiri zuru oke, si otú a na-egbochi nnweta ya niile. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ mmepe na mmezi teknụzụ na-adịbeghị anya, ma na nhazi (dịka ike mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọdọ mmiri mmiri ) na teknụzụ turbine (dịka ọmụmaatụ turbines axial ọhụrụ, turbines cross flow ), na-egosi na nnweta ike mmiri nwere ike ịdị elu karịa ka e chere na mbụ nakwa na [[Akụ na ụba gburugburu ebe obibi|ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi]] nwere ike ịdaba na ọkwa asọmpi. N'akụkọ mere eme, a na-eji igwe mmiri na-agba mmiri eme ihe ma na Europe ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Ugwu Amerịka. Mmiri nbata dị n'ime nnukwu ọdọ mmiri nchekwa, ka mmiri na-apụkwa apụ , ọ na-agbanwe wiil mmiri ndị na-eji ike igwe arụpụta ọka. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ocean Energy Council|title=Tidal Energy: Pros for Wave and Tidal Power|url=http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/index.php/Tidal-Energy/Tidal-Energy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513175027/http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/index.php/Tidal-Energy/Tidal-Energy.html|archivedate=2008-05-13|date=2011}}</ref> Ihe mbụ merenụ malitere site na Oge Etiti, ma ọ bụ ọbụna site n'oge ndị Rom . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kentarchaeology.ac/authors/005.pdf|title=Microsoft Word – RS01j.doc|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517013738/http://www.kentarchaeology.ac/authors/005.pdf|archivedate=2011-05-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Minchinton, W. E.|title=Early Tide Mills: Some Problems|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=20|issue=4|date=October 1979|pages=777–786|doi=10.2307/3103639}}</ref> Usoro nke iji mmiri na-ada ada na turbines na-agbagharị iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik ka ewebatara 'obodoa US na Europe na narị afọ nke 19. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dorf|first=Richard|title=The Energy Factbook|url=https://archive.org/details/energyfactbook00dorf|date=1981|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York}}</ref> Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere na teknụzụ mmiri mụbara ihe dị ka pasent 16 n'afọ 2018, yana atụmatụ nke pasent 13 n'afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean power – Tracking Power 2020 – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-power-2019/ocean-power|accessdate=2020-08-25|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619154701/https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-power-2019/ocean-power}}</ref> A chọrọ iwu ndị na-akwalite nyocha na mmepe iji nweta mbelata nke ọnụ ahịa na mmepe buru ibu. Ebe mbụ buru ibu nke ụwa bụ Rance Tidal Power Station nke obodo France, nke malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'afọ 1966. Ọ bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ruo mgbe Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station meghere na South Korea n'onwa August afọ 2011. Ọdụ Sihwa na-eji ihe mgbochi nchebe mgbidi oké osimiri nke nwere turbines iri na-emepụta 254.&nbsp;MW. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness world records 2014|author=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2013|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7}}</ref><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Ụkpụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Tide_type.svg|thumb|Mgbanwe nke mmiri n'ime otu ụbọchị]] <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>A na-enweputa ike mmiri site na ebili mmiri nke ụwa. [[Ike ebili mmiri|Ike mmiri]] na-esi na mgbanwe oge na ndọta ndọda nke ihe ndị dị n'eluigwe na-eme. Ike ndị a na-emepụta mmegharị ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo kwekọrọ na oke osimiri ụwa. Nke a na-eme ka oke osimiri na-agbanwe agbanwe mgbe niile, na-agbanwe ka ụwa na-agbagharị. Mgbanwe ndị a na-adịkarị mgbe niile ma na-ebu amụma, n'ihi usoro mgbanwe nke ụwa na gburugburu Ọnwa gburugburu Ụwa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=DiCerto|first=JJ|title=The Electric Wishing Well: The Solution to the Energy Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/electricwishingw0000dice|date=1976|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=9780025313200}}</ref> Oke na mgbanwe nke mmegharị a na-egosipụta mgbanwe ọnọdụ nke Ọnwa na Anyanwụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ụwa, mmetụta nke ntụgharị nke Ụwa, na ọdịdị ala mpaghara nke ala oké osimiri na ụsọ oké osimiri . Ike eletriki bụ naanị teknụzụ nke ana-enweta ike dị n'ime njirimara gburugburu nke sistemụ Ụwa-Ọnwa, ma na obere akụkụ na sistemụ nke Ụwa-Anyanwụ. Ike ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike teknụzụ nke mmadụ ji eme ihe sitere na anyanwụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, gụnyere mmanụ ọkụ fosil, hydroelectric nkịtị, ifufe, [[Mmanụ ala|mmanụ bio]], ebili mmiri na ike anyanwụ . Ike nuklia na-eji ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke ihe ndị a na-agbawa agbawa, ebe ike geothermal na-eji okpomọkụ dị n'ime Ụwa, nke sitere na njikọta nke okpomọkụ fọdụrụnụ site na mkpokọta mbara ala (ihe dị ka 20%) na okpomọkụ sitere na ire ere redioaktivu (80%). <ref name="turcotte">{{Cite book|author=Turcotte|first=D. L.|title=Geodynamics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England, UK|date=2002|edition=2nd|pages=136–137|chapter=Chapter 4|isbn=978-0-521-66624-4}}</ref> Igwe eji emepụta eletrik na-eme ka ike nke mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọkụ eletrik. Mgbanwe mmiri na-abawanye na ọsọ mmiri na-agba n'elu nwere ike ime ka ohere nke ebe a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na-agba ọsọ dịkwuo elu. N'aka nke ọzọ, ike mmiri na-agba ọsọ nwere ntụkwasị obi dị elu, njupụta ike dị mma, na ogologo oge dị elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chowdhury|first=M. S.|date=2021-06-01|title=Current trends and prospects of tidal energy technology|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01013-4|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability|language=en|volume=23|issue=6|pages=8179–8194|doi=10.1007/s10668-020-01013-4|issn=1573-2975|pmid=33041645}}</ref> N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke ụwa na-abụkarị ihe mmekọrịta ike ndọda Ọnwa na Anyanwụ na ntụgharị nke Ụwa, ike eletriki adịghị agwụ agwụ, ma si otú a na-ekewa ya dị ka ihe dị ka ihe onwunwe [[ike mmeghari ohuru]] . Mmegharị nke ebili mmiri na-akpata mfu nke ike igwe na sistemụ Ụwa-Ọnwa: nke a na-esite na mgbapụta mmiri sitere na mmachi ebumpụta ụwa gburugburu ụsọ oké osimiri na mfu viscous na-esi na ya apụta n'ala oké osimiri na n'ọgba aghara . Mfu nke ike a emeela ka ntụgharị nke Ụwa belata na 4.5.&nbsp;ijeri afọ kemgbe e guzobere ya. N'ime afọ 620 gara aga&nbsp;nde afọ oge ntụgharị nke Ụwa (ogologo ụbọchị) amụbaala site na 21.9&nbsp;awa ruo 24&nbsp;awa; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=George E. Williams|title=Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=38|issue=1|date=2000|pages=37–60|doi=10.1029/1999RG900016}}</ref> n'oge a, usoro Ụwa-Ọnwa efuola 17% nke ike ntụgharị ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ike mmiri ga-ewe ike ọzọ site na sistemụ ahụ, mmetụta ya adịghị mma ma a gaghị ahụ ya n'ọdịnihu a na-ahụ anya. == Usoro == [[Faịlụ:SeaGen_installed.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe mbụ na-emepụta iyi mmiri nke jikọtara na grid n'ụwa, nke e ji azụmaahịa na grid mee.&nbsp;– SeaGen – na Strangford Lough . <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1243/14750902JEME94|volume=222|issue=1|pages=1–12|author=Douglas|first=C. A.|title=Life cycle assessment of the Seagen marine current turbine|journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment|date=2008|url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/49243203/MCT_Seagen_Audit_Post_print.pdf}}</ref> Mmụba siri ike na-egosi ike dị na mmiri ozuzo .]] Enwere ike ikewaa ike mmiri n'ime ụzọ anọ eji emepụta mmiri: === Igwe na-emepụta iyi mmiri === {{Commons category|Tidal power}}Ndị na-emepụta mmiri iyi na-eji ike kinetic nke mmiri na-ebugharị gaa gbaye igwe eji emeputa ike, n'ụzọ yiri igwe mmeputa ikuku na-eji ikuku eme ihe iji gbaye igwe eji emeputa ike. Enwere ike iwulite ụfọdụ jenerato mmiri n'ime usoro nke àkwà mmiri ndị dị adị ma ọ bụ mikpuo ha kpamkpam, si otú a na-ezere nchegbu gbasara ịma mma ma ọ bụ mmetụta anya. Mkpuchi ala dị ka striats ma ọ bụ inlets nwere ike ịmepụta ọsọ dị elu na ebe ụfọdụ, nke enwere ike ijide site na iji igwe eji emeputa ike. Igwe eji emeputa ike ndị a nwere ike ịbụ kwụ ọtọ, kwụ ọtọ, mepere emepe, ma ọ bụ duct. <ref name="Tethys">{{Cite web|title=Tidal – Capturing tidal fluctuations with turbines, tidal barrages, or tidal lagoons|url=http://tethys.pnnl.gov/technology-type/tidal|work=Tidal / Tethys|publisher=[[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]] (PNNL)|accessdate=2 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216190319/https://tethys.pnnl.gov/technology-type/tidal|archivedate=16 February 2016}}</ref> === Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo na-eji ike dị n'ime oke dị elu (ma ọ bụ isi hydraulic ) n'etiti oke mmiri dị elu na nke dị ala. Mgbe a na-eji mgbidi mmiri ozuzo na-emepụta ike, a na-ejide ike dị n'ime mmiri site na itinye ihe mgbochi mmiri pụrụ iche. Mgbe oke osimiri na-arị elu ma mmiri ahụ amalite ịbanye, a na-abanye n'ime nnukwu efere dị n'azụ mmiri ahụ, na-ejide nnukwu ike dị n'ime ya. Site na mmiri na-ebelata, a na-agbanwe ike a ka ọ bụrụ ike igwe ka a na-ewepụta mmiri site na nnukwu Igwe eji emeputa ike nke na-emepụta ike eletrik site na iji jenereta. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Evans|first=Robert|title=Fueling Our Future: An Introduction to Sustainable Energy|url=https://archive.org/details/fuelingourfuture00evan_0|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York}}</ref> Mgbidi mmiri bụ ihe mgbochi mmiri n'ozuzu ya n'ofe oke mmiri mmiri. === Ọdọ mmiri mmiri === Nhọrọ ọhụrụ maka imepụta ike eletriki bụ iwu mgbidi gburugburu nke nwere turbines nke nwere ike ijide ike nke ebili mmiri. Ebe nchekwa mmiri ndị e kere dị ka nke mmiri ozuzo, ma e wezụga na ebe ahụ bụ nke e ji aka rụọ ma ọ nweghị usoro ihe ndị dịbu adị. <ref name="Tethys"/> Ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụdị okpukpu abụọ (ma ọ bụ atọ) na-enweghị mgbapụta <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnHwb8BKJzU|title=Hydrological Changing Double Current-typed Tidal Power Generation|work=[[YouTube]]|date=23 September 2012|format=video|accessdate=2015-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018074420/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnHwb8BKJzU|archivedate=2015-10-18}}</ref> ma ọ bụ site na mgbapụta <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/Lagoons.pdf|title=Enhancing Electrical Supply by Pumped Storage in Tidal Lagoons|accessdate=2014-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034732/http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/Lagoons.pdf|archivedate=2015-09-24}}</ref> nke ga-eme ka mmepụta ike dị larịị. Enwere ike inye ike mgbapụta site na oke ike mmeghari ohuru site na dịka ọmụmaatụ turbines ikuku ma ọ bụ usoro fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ. Enwere ike iji ike mmeghari ohuru karịa ibelata ya ma chekwaa ya maka oge ọzọ. Ọdọ mmiri mmiri ndị a gbasasịrị n'ókèala nwere oge igbu oge n'etiti mmepụta kacha elu ga-eme ka mmepụta kacha elu dị mfe nke na-enye mmepụta dị nso na ibu isi na ọnụ ahịa dị elu karịa ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka ebe nchekwa ike mmeghari ohuru nke mpaghara. Ọdọ mmiri Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay nke akagburu na Wales, United Kingdom gaara abụ ọdụ ike mbụ nke ụdị a ozugbo e wuru ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/42607/green-light-for-worlds-first-tidal-lagoon/|title=Green light for world's first tidal lagoon|author=Elsevier Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1&nbsp;GB, United Kingdom|work=renewableenergyfocus.com|accessdate=26 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818213310/http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/42607/green-light-for-worlds-first-tidal-lagoon/|archivedate=18 August 2015}}</ref> === Ike ebili mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe === <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:DTP_T_dam_top-down_view.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Eserese nke ọdọ mmiri DTP site n'elu ruo ala. Agba anụnụ anụnụ na ọbara ọbara gbara ọchịchịrị na-egosi obere na oke mmiri, n'otu n'otu.]] Ike eletriki na-agbanwe agbanwe (ma ọ bụ DTP) bụ usoro nkà na ụzụ nke ga-erigbu mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike kinetic na mmiri na-asọ asọ. Ọ na-atụ aro na a ga-enwe dam ndị dị ogologo (dịka ihe ọmụmaatụ: 30–50).&nbsp;(a ga-ewu ya site n'ụsọ oké osimiri gaa n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, na-enweghị ihe mgbochi mpaghara. A na-ewebata ọdịiche dị n'usoro mmiri n'ofe ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-eduga na nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọkwa mmiri n'oké osimiri dị omimi - nke nwere oke mmiri siri ike nke na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịka nke dị n' obodo UK, China, na Korea. == Ọmụmụ ihe US na Canada na narị afọ nke 20 == Nnyocha mbụ nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri bụ nke US Federal Power Commission mere n'afọ 1924. Ọ bụrụ na e wuo ụlọ ọrụ ike, a gaara enwe ike ịchọta ha n'ókèala ugwu nke steeti [[Mën|Maine]] nke US na mpaghara ókèala ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ógbè New Brunswick nke Canada, yana ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmiri, ebe ike dị ike, na mkpọchi ụgbọ mmiri nke gbara Bay of Fundy na Passamaquoddy Bay gburugburu (rịba ama: lee maapụ dị ka ntụaka). Ọ dịghị ihe si na nnyocha ahụ pụta, a maghịkwa ma Kọmishọna Ike Mba Nile nke US gwara Kanada gbasara nnyocha ahụ. N'afọ 1956, ụlọ ọrụ Nova Scotia gbasara oku na ike nke Halifax nyere iwu ka e mee nnyocha abụọ gbasara ohere mmepe ike mmiri azụmahịa n'akụkụ [[Nova Scotia]] nke Bay of Fundy. Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ ahụ, nke Stone &amp;amp; Webster nke Boston na Montreal Engineering Company nke Montreal mere, kwubiri n'onwe ha na enwere ike iji Fundy nweta ọtụtụ nde ịnyịnya ike (dịka gigawatts) mana na ọnụ ahịa mmepe ga-abụ ihe mgbochi n'ahịa. E nwekwara akụkọ gbasara kọmitii mba ụwa n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1961 nke isiokwu ya bụ "Nnyocha nke Ọrụ Ike Tidal nke Mba Nile nke Passamaquoddy" nke gọọmentị etiti US na Canada mepụtara. Dịka uru na oke ọnụ ahịa si dị, ọrụ ahụ baara mba Amerịka uru mana ọ baghị uru nye mba Canada. Gọọmentị Canada na Nova Scotia na New Brunswick (Nyocha nke Ike Tidal Fundy) nyere iwu ka e mee nnyocha iji chọpụta ike mmiri ozuzo na Chignecto Bay na Minas Basin - na njedebe nke ọdụ mmiri Fundy Bay. E nwere ebe atọ a chọpụtara na ha ga-ekwe omume n'ụzọ ego: Shepody Bay (1550).&nbsp;MW), Cumberland Basin (1085)&nbsp;MW), na Cobequid Bay (3800)&nbsp;MW). E wubeghị ihe ndị a n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ime n'afọ 1977. == Ọmụmụ ihe US na narị afọ nke 21 == Snohomish PUD, mpaghara ọrụ ọha nke dị na Snohomish County, Washington Steeti, malitere ọrụ ike mmiri n'afọ 2007. N'onwa Eprel afọ 2009, PUD họọrọ OpenHydro, ụlọ ọrụ dị na Ireland, ka ha mepụta turbine na akụrụngwa maka nrụnye n'ikpeazụ. Ọrụ ahụ dịka e mere na mbụ bụ itinye akụrụngwa mmepụta n'ebe mmiri na-asọpụta nke ọma ma jiri akụrụngwa ahụ rụọ ọrụ ruo afọ anọ ruo ise. Mgbe oge nnwale ahụ gasịrị, a ga-ewepụ akụrụngwa ahụ. E bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ọrụ ahụ na ngụkọta ego nke $10.&nbsp;nde, ya na ọkara nke ego ahụ nke PUD nyere site na ego nchekwa ihe onwunwe, na ọkara site na onyinye, ọkachasị site na gọọmentị etiti US. PUD kwụrụ ụgwọ maka akụkụ nke ọrụ a site na nchekwa ma nata onyinye $900,000 n'afọ 2009 na $3.5&nbsp;nde ego enyemaka n'afọ 2010 tinyere iji ihe nchekwa ego kwụọ atụmatụ $4&nbsp;nde ego. N'afọ 2010, atụmatụ mmefu ego ahụ mụbara ruo $20&nbsp;nde, ọkara nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-akwụ, ọkara nke gọọmentị etiti ga-akwụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweghị ike ịchịkwa mmefu na ọrụ a, ma ka ọ na-erule onwa Ọktoba afọ 2014, ọnụ ahịa ya amụbaala ruo ihe dị ka $38.&nbsp;nde ma a tụrụ anya na ha ga-anọgide na-amụba. PUD tụrụ aro ka gọọmentị etiti nye $10 ọzọ&nbsp;nde ego maka mmụba ọnụ ahịa a, na-ekwu maka nkwekọrịta nke ndị isi . Mgbe gọọmentị etiti jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ a, PUD kagburu ọrụ ahụ mgbe o mefuru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dọla iri site na ihe nchekwa na enyemaka. PUD hapụrụ nyocha ike niile nke mmiri mgbe a kagburu ọrụ a, ọ nweghịkwa ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla nke ike isi mmiri. == Ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri Rance dị na France == N'afọ 1966, ndị Électricité de France meghere Ọdụ Ike Rance Tidal, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Rance na Brittany . Ọ bụ ọdụ ike mbụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wyre Tidal Energy|url=http://www.wyretidalenergy.com/tidal-barrage/la-rance-barrage|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204062904/http://www.wyretidalenergy.com/tidal-barrage/la-rance-barrage|archivedate=4 February 2015}}</ref> n'ụwa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ọdụ ike kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa ruo afọ 45 site na ikike etinyere: Turbine ya 24 ruru mmepụta kachasị elu na megawatts 240 (MW) na nkezi 57&nbsp;MW, ihe ikike nke bụ ihe dị ka pasentị 24. == Mmepe ike ike mmiri na UK == E guzobere ebe nnwale ike mmiri mbụ n'ụwa n'afọ 2003 iji malite mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ ike ebili mmiri na mmiri na UK. Ebe European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) dị na Orkney, Scotland, akwadola itinye ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ ike ebili mmiri na mmiri karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa. EMEC na-enye ọtụtụ ebe nnwale n'ọnọdụ oké osimiri n'ezie. Ebe nnwale ebili mmiri jikọtara ya na grid dị na Fall of Warness, n'akụkụ agwaetiti Eday, n'ọwa dị warara nke na-eme ka ebili mmiri ahụ na-aga n'etiti Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Oké Osimiri Ugwu. Mpaghara ya nwere oke mmiri siri ike, nke nwere ike ịga ruo 4 m/s (8.9 mph; 7.8 kn; 14 km/h) n'oge mmiri ozuzo.Ndị na-emepụta ike Tidal ndị nwalere na saịtị ahụ gụnyere: Alstom (nke bụbu Tidal Generation Ltd); ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest; Atlantis Resources Corporation; Nautricity; OpenHydro; Scotrenewables Tidal Power; Voith. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emec.org.uk/|title=EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre|work=emec.org.uk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070127094922/http://www.emec.org.uk/|archivedate=2007-01-27}}</ref> Akụrụngwa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ 4&nbsp;TJ kwa afọ. N'ebe ọzọ na UK, enwere ike iwepụta ike TWh 50 kwa afọ ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ikike GW 25 na agụba ndị a na-atụgharị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tu.no/artikler/norske-oppfinneres-turbinteknologi-kan-bli-brukt-i-britisk-tidevannseventyr/367589|title=Norske oppfinneres turbinteknologi kan bli brukt i britisk tidevannseventyr|work=[[Teknisk Ukeblad]]|date=14 January 2017|accessdate=15 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115165731/http://www.tu.no/artikler/norske-oppfinneres-turbinteknologi-kan-bli-brukt-i-britisk-tidevannseventyr/367589|archivedate=15 January 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hendryreview.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/hendry-review-final-report-english-version.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2017-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118062135/https://hendryreview.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/hendry-review-final-report-english-version.pdf|archivedate=2017-01-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-12|title=Tidal Lagoon May Be Cheaper Than Hinkley, Government Report Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-12/swansea-tidal-lagoon-should-go-ahead-says-u-k-government-review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116181010/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-12/swansea-tidal-lagoon-should-go-ahead-says-u-k-government-review|archivedate=2017-01-16|accessdate=2017-01-15|work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> == Atụmatụ ike mmiri ugbu a na nke ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu == {{Commons category|Tidal power}} [[Faịlụ:VerdantPower_22Oct2020_RooseveltIsland.jpg|thumb|Ntinye nke injin atọ Verdant Power n'okpuru mmiri nke dị kilogram 35 n'elu otu ntọala triangle (a na-akpọ TriFrame) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Roosevelt Island nke New York City na Ọktoba 22, 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Deign|first=Jason|title=New York City Is About to Get an Injection of Tidal Power. Is This Time Different?|url=https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/how-new-york-could-snag-a-piece-of-upcoming-tidal-action|accessdate=22 October 2020|publisher=Greentech Media|date=20 October 2020}}</ref>]] * The Rance tidal power plant built over a period of six&nbsp;years from 1960 to 1966 at La Rance, France. It has 240&nbsp;MW installed capacity. * 254&nbsp;MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is the largest tidal power installation in the world. Construction was completed in 2011.<ref name="korea">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsworld.co.kr/cont/article2009/0909-52.htm|title=Hunt for African Projects|publisher=Newsworld.co.kr|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719135526/http://www.newsworld.co.kr/cont/article2009/0909-52.htm|archivedate=2011-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://engsales.yonhapnews.co.kr/YNA/ContentsSales/EngSales/YISW_PopupPhotoPreview.aspx?CID=PYH20110411088100341|title=Tidal power plant nears completion|work=yonhapnews.co.kr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235816/http://engsales.yonhapnews.co.kr/YNA/ContentsSales/EngSales/YISW_PopupPhotoPreview.aspx?CID=PYH20110411088100341|archivedate=2012-04-25}}</ref> * The Jiangxia Tidal Power Station, south of Hangzhou in [[China]] has been operational since 1985, with current installed capacity of 3.2&nbsp;MW. More tidal power is planned near the mouth of the Yalu River.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2004/11/china-endorses-300-mw-ocean-energy-project-17685|title=China Endorses 300 MW Ocean Energy Project|date=2 November 2004|publisher=Renewableenergyworld.com|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715035036/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2004/11/china-endorses-300-mw-ocean-energy-project-17685|archivedate=2012-07-15}}</ref> * The first in-stream tidal current generator in North America (Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project) was installed at Race Rocks on southern Vancouver Island in September 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cleancurrent.com/technology/rrproject.htm|title=Race Rocks Demonstration Project|publisher=Cleancurrent.com|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705173021/http://www.cleancurrent.com/technology/rrproject.htm|archivedate=2008-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/energy/tidalenergy/tidalenergy2.htm|title=Tidal Energy, Ocean Energy|publisher=Racerocks.com|accessdate=2011-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612142255/http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/energy/tidalenergy/tidalenergy2.htm|archivedate=2011-06-12}}</ref> The Race Rocks project was shut down after operating for five years (2006–2011) because high operating costs produced electricity at a rate that was not economically feasible.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.racerocks.ca/tidal-energy-turbine-removal/|title=Tidal Energy Turbine Removal|date=2011-09-18|work=Race Rocks Ecological Reserve- Marine mammals, seabirds|accessdate=2018-09-09|language=en-CA}}</ref> The next phase in the development of this tidal current generator will be in Nova Scotia (Bay of Fundy).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cleancurrent.com/media/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603100529/http://www.cleancurrent.com/media/index.htm|archivedate=2007-06-03|title=Information for media inquiries|publisher=Cleancurrent.com|date=2009-11-13|accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref> * A small project was built by the Soviet Union at Kislaya Guba on the Barents Sea. It has 0.4&nbsp;MW installed capacity. In 2006 it was upgraded with a 1.2&nbsp;MW experimental advanced orthogonal turbine. * Jindo Uldolmok Tidal Power Plant in South Korea is a tidal stream generation scheme planned to be expanded progressively to 90&nbsp;MW of capacity by 2013. The first 1&nbsp;MW was installed in May 2009. * A 1.2&nbsp;MW SeaGen system became operational in late 2008 on Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7790494.stm|work=BBC News|title=Tidal energy system on full power|date=December 18, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2010}}</ref> It was decommissioned and removed in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-01-27|title=Strangford tidal energy turbine to be removed|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-35416282|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> * The contract for an 812&nbsp;MW tidal barrage near Ganghwa Island (South Korea) north-west of Incheon has been signed by Daewoo. Completion was planned for 2015<ref name="korea" /> but project was retracted in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-06-29|title=Tidal Power in South Korea|url=https://saveinternational.org/saveinaction/tidal-power-in-south-korea/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=SAVE International|language=en}}</ref> * A 1,320&nbsp;MW barrage was proposed by the South Korean government in 2009, to be built around islands west of Incheon. The project halted since 2012 due to environmental concerns. * The Scottish Government has approved plans for a 10&nbsp;MW <nowiki>''Òran na Mara''</nowiki> array of tidal stream generators near Islay, Scotland, costing 40&nbsp;million pounds, and consisting of 10 turbines&nbsp;– enough to power over 5,000 homes. The first turbine was expected to be in operation by 2013<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12767211|title=Islay to get major tidal power scheme|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2011-03-19|date=March 17, 2011}}</ref> and then once again announced in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=Islay project to produce Scotch whisky by tidal power|url=https://www.scottishconstructionnow.com/articles/islay-project-to-produce-scotch-whisky-by-tidal-power|accessdate=2023-12-18|work=Scottish Construction Now|language=en}}</ref> but as of 2023 none existed. * The Indian state of Gujarat was planning to host South Asia's first commercial-scale tidal power station. The company Atlantis Resources planned to install a 50&nbsp;MW tidal farm in the Gulf of Kutch on India's west coast, with construction planned to start 2012,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12215065|work=BBC News|title=India plans Asian tidal power first|date=January 18, 2011}}</ref> later withdrawn due to high costs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-20|title=India's tidal power potential hampered by high costs and environmental risks|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2021/08/indias-tidal-power-potential-hampered-by-high-costs-and-environmental-risks/|accessdate=2021-10-11|work=Mongabay-India|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ocean Renewable Power Corporation was the first company to deliver tidal power to the US grid in September 2012 when its pilot TidGen system was successfully deployed in Cobscook Bay, near Eastport. * In New York City, Verdant Power successfully deployed and operated three tidal turbines in the East River near Roosevelt Island, on a single triangular base system, called a TriFrame. The Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project generated over 300MWh of electricity to the local grid, an American marine energy record. The system's performance was independently confirmed by Scotland's European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) under the new International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) international standards. This is the first instance of a third-party verification of a tidal energy converter to an international standard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Turbines Off NYC East River Will Create Enough Energy to Power 9,500 Homes|url=http://energy.gov/articles/turbines-nyc-east-river-will-create-enough-energy-power-9500-homes|publisher=U.S. Department of Energy|accessdate=13 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211073710/http://energy.gov/articles/turbines-nyc-east-river-will-create-enough-energy-power-9500-homes|archivedate=11 February 2012}}</ref> * The largest tidal energy project entitled MeyGen (398&nbsp;MW) is currently in construction in the Pentland Firth in northern Scotland with 6 MW operational since 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d197308a-7826-11e6-97ae-647294649b28|title=Scotland unveils world's largest tidal stream power project|work=Financial Times|date=12 September 2016|accessdate=2016-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MeyGen|url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/|accessdate=2023-12-18|work=SAE Renewables|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Construction of a 320&nbsp;MW tidal lagoon power plant outside the city of Swansea in the UK was granted planning permission in June 2015, however it was later rejected by the UK government in 2018. If built it would have been the world's first tidal power plant based on a constructed lagoon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-44589083|title=£1.3bn Swansea Bay tidal lagoon project thrown out|date=25 June 2018|work=BBC News website|accessdate=27 May 2022}}</ref> * Mersey Tidal Power, a proposed tidal range barrage within the channel of the Mersey Estuary with a capacity of up to 1&nbsp;GW is undergoing local consultation by the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-25|title=Mersey Tidal - Liverpool City Region Combined Authority - Citizen Space|url=https://lcrlistens.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/merseytidal/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925102134/https://lcrlistens.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/merseytidal/|archivedate=2024-09-25|accessdate=2024-09-25|work=Liverpool City Region Combined Authority}}</ref> * Up to 240&nbsp;MW of tidal stream generation is proposed at Morlais, Anglesey from multiple developers, with the first turbines expected to be installed in 2026. {{As of|2024|}}, a total of 38&nbsp;MW of capacity has been awarded Contracts for Difference to supply power to the GB grid.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maksumic|first=Zerina|date=2024-09-05|title=Industry welcomes boost to tidal stream projects following latest UK renewables auction results|url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/industry-welcomes-boost-to-tidal-stream-projects-following-latest-uk-renewables-auction-results/|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=Offshore Energy|language=en-US}}</ref> * The West Somerset Lagoon is a proposed tidal lagoon on the south side of the Bristol Channel between England and Wales. The intended power generation is 6.5 TWh/year. == Nsogbu na ihe ịma aka == === Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi === Ike eletriki nwere ike imetụta ndụ mmiri. Agụba ndị na-agbagharị agbagharị nke turbines nwere ike igbu ndụ mmiri n'amaghị ama. Ọrụ dịka nke dị na Strangford gụnyere usoro nchekwa nke na-agbanyụ turbine mgbe anụmanụ mmiri na-abịaru nso. Agbanyeghị,ihe a na-akpata nnukwu mfu ike n'ihi oke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri nke na-agafe na turbines. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tidal Energy Technology Brief|url=http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Tidal_Energy_V4_WEB.pdf|publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency|accessdate=16 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122225322/http://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/tidal_energy_v4_web.pdf|archivedate=22 November 2015}}</ref> Ụfọdụ azụ nwere ike izere mpaghara ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-agbagharị mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na-eme mkpọtụ na-eyi ya egwu. Ndụ mmiri bụ nnukwu ihe dị mkpa mgbe a na-etinye igwe na-emepụta ike eletrik, a na-emekwa nlezianya iji hụ na ọ bụ anụmanụ mmiri ole na ole ka o kwere mee ka ọ metụta. Banyere ike okpomọkụ ụwa (ya bụ, akara ụkwụ carbon), mmetụta nke teknụzụ mmepụta ike mmiri dị n'etiti 15 na 37&nbsp;_gCO2 -eq/kWhe, nke nwere uru etiti nke 23.8&nbsp;_gCO2 -eq/kWhe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaddoura|first=Mohamad|title=life cycle assessment of electricity generation from an array of subsea tidal kite prototypes|journal=Energies|date=2020|volume=13|issue=2|pages=456|doi=10.3390/en13020456}}</ref> Nke a kwekọrọ na mmetụta nke ihe ndị ọzọ a na-emegharị emegharị dị ka ifufe na ike anyanwụ, ma dịkwa mma karịa teknụzụ ndị e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee. Nchekwa data Tethys na-enye ohere ịnweta akwụkwọ sayensị na ozi izugbe gbasara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ike mmiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tethys|url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov|work=Tethys|publisher=PNNL}}</ref> ==== Ebili mmiri Turbine ==== Isi ihe na-echegbu gburugburu ebe obibi maka ike eletriki bụ na ọ na-ejikọta ya na mma agha agụba na njiko nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri ebe mmiri dị elu na-eme ka ohere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị nso ma ọ bụ site na ngwaọrụ ndị a. Dịka ọ dị na ike mmeghari ohuru niile dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, enwerekwa nchegbu gbasara otu esi emepụta ubi elektrọnik na mmepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị ndụ nwee ike imetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri. N'ihi na ngwaọrụ ndị a dị n'ime mmiri, mmepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị mma nwere ike ịdị ukwuu karịa nke e ji ike ifufe dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri mepụta. Dabere na ugboro ole na oke [[ụda]] nke ngwaọrụ ike mmiri na-emepụta, mmepụta ihe a nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị iche iche na anụmanụ mmiri (karịsịa ndị na -eme ka mmiri dị jụụ iji kwurịta okwu ma na-agagharị na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, dị ka dolphins na whale ). Iwepụ ike mmiri nwekwara ike ibute nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka imebi [[ịdị mma mmiri]] dị n'ebe dị anya na imebi usoro ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=X.|date=2019-11-25|title=Three-dimensional modelling of suspended sediment transport in the far wake of tidal stream turbines|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=151|pages=956–965|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.096|url=https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/3474423/renene-2019-11-096.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin-Short|first=R.|date=2015-04-01|title=Tidal resource extraction in the Pentland Firth, UK: Potential impacts on flow regime and sediment transport in the Inner Sound of Stroma|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=76|pages=596–607|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.079}}</ref> Gbasara na nha ọrụ ahụ, mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịdị site na obere ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'akụkụ ngwaọrụ mmiri ruo na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ukwuu. <ref name="tethys.pnnl.gov">{{Cite web|title=Tethys|url=http://tethys.pnnl.gov/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525011534/http://tethys.pnnl.gov/|archivedate=2014-05-25}}</ref> ==== Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo ==== Ịwụnye ihe mgbidi mmiri nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ mmiri dị n'ime ọnụ mmiri ma ọ bụ nke osimiri, na-emetụta nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke dabere na oke mmiri . Na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye yana ịpụ na mmiri, enwere ike inwe obere mmiri ozuzo nke mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri, na-akpata mmụba ọzọ (ihe siri ike a kwụsịrị) na obere mmiri nnu, nke nwere ike ibute ọnwụ nke azụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isi iyi nri dị mkpa nye nnụnụ na anụmanụ. Azụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ nwekwara ike ghara inwe ike ịnweta iyi ọmụmụ, ma nwee ike ịnwa ịgafe turbines. Otu nchegbu a na-enwe maka ụda olu na-emetụta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. Mbelata ohere mbupu nwere ike ịghọ nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, mana enwere ike itinye mkpọchi iji kwe ka ọ gafere nwayọ. Agbanyeghị, mgbochi mmiri ahụ nwere ike ime ka akụ na ụba mpaghara ka mma site n'ịbawanye ohere ịnweta ala dị ka àkwà mmiri. Mmiri dị jụụ nwekwara ike inye ohere ka mma ntụrụndụ n'ọnụ mmiri ma ọ bụ osimiri. <ref name="tethys.pnnl.gov"/> Na Ọgọst afọ 2004, otu [[Megaptera novaeangliae|azụ̀ humpback]] gwuuru mmiri site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Annapolis Royal Generating Station n'oge mmiri ozuzo, wee daa n'ime ụlọ ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị tupu o mechaa chọta ụzọ o ga-esi gaa n'Anapolis Basin . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/whale-still-drawing-crowds-at-ns-river/article1140088/|title=Whale still drawing crowds at N.S. river|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> ==== Ọdọ mmiri ==== Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe na-echegbukarị bụ ịkụ azụ̀ n'ime mmiri nke na-achọ ịbanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mmepụta ụda olu sitere na turbines, na mgbanwe na usoro sedimentation. Agbanyeghị, mmetụta ndị a niile dị n'ógbè ha, ha anaghị emetụta oke osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ dum. <ref name="tethys.pnnl.gov"/> === Nrụgide === Mmiri nnu na-akpata ire ere n'akụkụ ígwè. Ọ nwere ike isiri ike ịnọgide na-enwe ihe ndị na-emepụta mmiri iyi n'ihi nha na omimi ha n'ime mmiri. Ojiji nke ihe ndị na-eguzogide nchara dịka ígwè anaghị agba nchara, alloy nickel dị elu, alloy copper-nickel, alloy nickel-copper na titanium nwere ike ibelata nke ukwuu, ma ọ bụ wepụ mmebi nchara. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị mejupụtara ya, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya anaghị emebi emebi ma nwee ike inye ihe owuwu dị mfe, ma sie ike maka ike mmiri. A na-enyocha ihe ndị mejupụtara ya maka ike mmiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lusty|first=Ariel F|date=2024|title=Submerged Fatigue Testing of Marine Energy Advanced Materials|url=https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.34441.25445|language=en|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.34441.25445}}</ref> Mmiri igwe, dị ka mmanụ, nwere ike ịgbapụta, nke nwere ike imebi ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri dị n'akukuya. Nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ibelata ọnụọgụ kemịkalụ ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke nwere ike ịbanye n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. === Mmebi iwu === Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eme mgbe a na-etinye ihe owuwu ọ bụla n'ebe mmiri na-asọ asọ na oke mmiri na-emepụta ihe dị ndụ n'oké osimiri ga-eme ka ihe owuwu ahụ bụrụ ihe ndabere zuru oke maka ito eto nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri. === Ọnụ ego === Ike Tidal nwere nnukwu ọnụ ahịa dị elu mbụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime ihe kpatara na ọ bụghị isi iyi [[ike mmeghari ohuru]] a ma ama, ọ bụ ezie na nyocha egosila na ọha na eze dị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ ma kwadokwa nyocha na mmepe nke ngwaọrụ ike tidal. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Polis|first=Hilary Jacqueline|date=2017-06-01|title=Public Willingness to Pay and Policy Preferences for Tidal Energy Research and Development: A Study of Households in Washington State|journal=Ecological Economics|language=en|volume=136|pages=213–225|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.024|issn=0921-8009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dreyer|first=Stacia J.|date=July 2017|title=Changing Tides: Acceptability, support, and perceptions of tidal energy in the United States|journal=Energy Research & Social Science|language=en|volume=29|pages=72–83|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2017.04.013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jenkins|first=Lekelia Danielle|date=2018-12-01|title=Human dimensions of tidal energy: A review of theories and frameworks|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|language=en|volume=97|pages=323–337|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.036|issn=1364-0321}}</ref> Ụzọ esi emepụta ọkụ eletrik site na ike tidal bụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ike tidal ka dị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na usoro nyocha ahụ, o nwekwara ike ikwe omume ibelata ọnụ ahịa n'ọdịnihu. Ọnụ ego ya na-adịgasị iche dabere na ebe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agba mmiri si. Otu ihe na-egosi na ọnụ ahịa ya dị mma bụ oke Gibrat, nke bụ ogologo nke barrage na mita kewara site na mmepụta ike kwa afọ na awa kilowatt . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oceanenergycouncil.com/ocean-energy/tidal-energy/|title=Tidal Energy – Ocean Energy Council|work=Ocean Energy Council|accessdate=2018-05-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ike mmiri dị mma a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, Enwere ike ịkọ ogologo oge ọ ga-ewe iji kwụọ ụgwọ dị elu nke ndị na-emepụta ihe. N'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma nke imewe dị mfe nke ukwuu, turbine orthogonal na-enye nnukwu nchekwa ego. N'ihi ya, oge mmepụta nke nkeji mmepụta ọ bụla na-ebelata, ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri ígwè dị ala, arụmọrụ teknụzụ kakwa mma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ru.is/media/reyst/Niels-Sveinsson.pdf|title=Profitability Assessment for a Tidal Power Plant at the Mouth of Hvammsfjörður, Iceland|author=Sveinsson|first=Níels}}</ref> Ihe nwere ike ime bụ mmụba nke oke osimiri n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe àgwà nke ebili mmiri mpaghara ahụ ma belata mmepụta ike n'ọdịnihu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Doug|title=As Sea Levels Rise, Tidal Power Becomes a Moving Target|url=https://undark.org/2023/04/18/as-sea-levels-rise-tidal-power-becomes-a-moving-target/|accessdate=9 May 2023|work=[[Undark Magazine]]|date=18 April 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khojasteh|first=Danial|title=Sea level rise changes estuarine tidal stream energy|journal=Energy|date=15 January 2022|volume=239|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2021.122428|language=en|issn=0360-5442}}</ref> == Nhazi nlekota ahụike == Ihe ndị kpatara ibu dị elu sitere na eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmiri dị ihe dị ka okpukpu 800 karịa ikuku, na ọdịdị a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nke ebili mmiri ma e jiri ya tụnyere ifufe, na-eme ka ike ebili mmiri na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka mmepụta ike eletrik. Nlekota ọnọdụ bụ isi ihe dị mkpa iji ya mee ihe nke ọma na ọnụ ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Structural Health Monitoring in Composite Tidal energy converters|url=http://www.ndtwiki.com/index.php/SHM_of_Composite_in_tidal_energy_converters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325161507/http://www.ndtwiki.com/index.php/SHM_of_Composite_in_tidal_energy_converters|archivedate=2014-03-25}}</ref> == Leekwa ==   * Mmiri eletriki * Ike mmiri * Ndepụta nke ọdụ ike mmiri * Mmiri eletriki na-agba ọsọ na osimiri * Nlekota ahụike ụlọ * Mgbidi mmiri ozuzo * Ugbo mmiri ozuzo * Ike mmiri na Kanada * Ike mmiri na Niu Ziland * Ike ebili mmiri na Scotland * Ihe na-emepụta iyi mmiri * Ike mmiri * Ike mmiri ugbu a * Ike ebili mmiri * Mgbanwe ike okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri * Ike Osmotic * Oriri ike ụwa == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Ịgụkwu ihe == * Baker, AC 1991, ''Tidal power'', Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London. * Baker, GC, Wilson EM, Miller, H., Gibson, RA & Ball, M., 1980. "Ọrụ nnwale ike mmiri Annapolis", na ''Waterpower '79 Proceedings'', ed. Anon, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mbipụta Gọọmentị US, Washington, pp 550–559. * Hammons, TJ 1993, "Ike Mmiri", ''Akwụkwọ nke IEEE'', [N'ịntanetị], v81, n3, pp 419–433. Dị na: IEEE/IEEE Xplore. [Julaị 26, 2004]. * Lecomber, R. 1979, "Nyocha nke ọrụ ike mmiri", na ''Tidal Power and Estuary Management'', edits. Severn, RT, Dineley, DL & Hawker, LE, Henry Ling Ltd., Dorchester, pp 31–39. * Jubilo, A., 2019, "Ike Mmiri Na-eme Ka E Nwee Ike Imeghari: Ntọala maka Mmepe Teknụzụ na Mindanao nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ", Mgbakọ Mba nke 80 nke PIchE; Crowne Plaza Galleria, Ortigas Center, Quezon City, Philippines. * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-67170625 Mbuli elu nke UK ò nwere ike inye aka mee ka anyị ghara inweta mmanụ ọkụ?] . Akụkọ BBC. Ebipụtara na 22 Ọktoba 2023. * [http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/Lagoons.pdf Ịkwalite Ọkụ Eletriki site na Nchekwa A Na-agbapụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tidal] . David JC MacKay, Ụlọ Nyocha Cavendish, Mahadum Cambridge, UK. Ebipụtara ya na Mee 3, 2007. * [https://www.sd-commission.org.uk/data/files/publications/Tidal_Power_in_the_UK_Oct07.pdf Mgbasa nke Mmiri: Ike Mmiri na UK] - Akụkọ sitere na Sustainable Development Commission. Ebipụtara na Ọktoba 2007. * [https://www.worldenergy.org/publications/entry/2007-global-energy-survey 2007] – Akụkọ sitere na Global Energy Survey. Ebipụtara na 2007. {{Commons category|Tidal power}}  * [https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE Ọnụ ụzọ na Ebe Nchekwa Maka Ozi gbasara Ike Mmeghari Mmiri] Netwọk nke nchekwa data na-enye ohere sara mbara maka ozi ike mmiri. * [https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE/Basics/Current_Energy Isi ihe gbasara ike mmiri: Ike ugbu a] Ozi gbasara ike dị ugbu a. * [https://openei.org/wiki/PRIMRE/Databases/Projects_Database Nchekwa data Ọrụ Ike Mmiri] Nchekwa data nke na-enye ozi kachasị ọhụrụ gbasara ntinye ike mmiri na US na gburugburu ụwa. * [https://tethys.pnnl.gov Nchekwa data Tethys] Ebe nchekwa data nke ozi gbasara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ike mmiri na mmepe ike ifufe nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. * Nchekwa [https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov data Tethys Engineering Database] nke ozi gbasara nhazi teknụzụ na injinia nke ngwaọrụ ike mmiri. * [https://mhkdr.openei.org/ Ebe Nchekwa Data Mmiri na Mmiri Hydrokinetic] Data nchekwa data maka data niile nke nyocha na mmepe ike mmiri nke Ngalaba Ike nke US kwadoro. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110723014221/http://www.severnestuary.net/sep/resource.html Mmekọrịta Severn Estuary: Peeji Akụrụngwa Ike Tidal] * [http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/05-06/marine_renewables/home/1st_page.htm Mahadum Strathclyde ESRU] —Nyocha zuru ezu nke akụrụngwa ike mmiri, nyocha teknụzụ njide ike ugbu a na nkọwa mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi * [http://www.coastalresearch.co.uk/index.html Nnyocha Osimiri - Foreland Point Tidal Turbine na ịdọ aka ná ntị gbasara Severn Barrage a tụrụ aro] * [http://www.emec.org.uk/marine-energy/tidal-developers/ Ebe Ọrụ Ike Mmiri nke Europe] – Ndepụta nke Ndị Mmepe Ike Tidal - ewepụtara na 1 Julaị 2011 (njikọ emelitere na 31 Jenụwarị 2014) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114065259/http://www.environmentportal.in/category/thesaurus/tidal-energy Akụrụngwa na Ike Mmiri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140325161507/http://www.ndtwiki.com/index.php/SHM_of_Composite_in_tidal_energy_converters Nlekọta Ahụike Nhazi nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe ike mmiri dị iche iche] Archived * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOP68e9pGwc Ike Mmiri: Isi Iyi Ọhụrụ nke Ike (1959)] * [https://arena.gov.au/projects/?project-value-start=0&project-value-end=200000000&technology=ocean Ọrụ mmiri nke ụlọ ọrụ ike ọhụrụ nke Australia kwadoro] ou92wdr6b411c59f38f3vkdszys76bu 0 76903 674951 656636 2026-07-10T09:02:28Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} E hiwere '''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mohamed Bouyahiaoui''' (Arabic)e hiwere ya n'afọ 1978 n'obodo Boumerdès, ọ bụkwa ụlọ ọgwụ kacha ochie n'obodo a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/boumerdes/decharge-devant-une-polyclinique-11-05-2016|title=Décharge devant une polyclinique &#124; El Watan|work=www.elwatan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsp-boumerdes.dz/index.php/sample-sites-2|title=Présentation|work=www.dsp-boumerdes.dz}}</ref> Ụlọ ọgwụ a nwere njikọ na Ministry of Health, Population and Hospital Reform nke Algeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbilad.net/flash/detail?id=74538|title=البلاد / إنطلاق عملية التلقيح على مستوى ولايات تيبازة وبومرداس|work=www.elbilad.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entv.dz/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b6%d8%af-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b1/|title=انطلاق عملية التلقيح الوطنية ضد فيروس كورونا بولاية بومرداس}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na-enye ọrụ ndị a: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/editorial/divers-417|title=Divers: Toute l'actualité sur liberte-algerie.com|work=www.liberte-algerie.com/}}</ref> * Ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ * Ngalaba mberede<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabqpress.dz/national/انطلاق-التلقيح-ببومرداس-وتيبازة/|title=انطلاق التلقيح ببومرداس وتيبازة|date=February 1, 2021}}</ref> * Ọgwụ mberede<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ech-chaab.com/ar/الملفات-الأسبوعية/ملفات-خاصة/item/165389-بومرداس-تشرع-في-التلقيح-ضد-كورونا.html|title=يومية الشعب الجزائرية - بومرداس تشرع في التلقيح ضد كورونا|work=www.ech-chaab.com}}</ref> * Ọgwụ ezinụlọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elitihadcom.dz/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/|title=إنطلاق عملية التلقيح على مستوى ولايات تيبازة وبومرداس &#124; يومية الاتحاد الجزائرية}}</ref> * Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rues-algerie.openalfa.com/boumerdes/sante|title=Les services de santé à Boumerdès, Algérie|work=rues-algerie.openalfa.com}}</ref> * Ọgwụ ọrụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://akhbareldjazair.com/بومرداس-إنطلاق-عملية-التلقيح-ضد-كورون/|title=بومرداس: إنطلاق عملية التلقيح ضد كورونا ــ أخبار الجزائر|first=وليد|author=رمزي|date=February 1, 2021}}</ref> * Ọgwụ ụmụaka<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsme.fr/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204042203/https://mapsme.fr/|archivedate=February 4, 2018|title=MAPS.ME (MapsWithMe), cartes hors ligne détaillées du monde pour iPhone, iPad, Android|work=MAPS.ME (MapsWithMe), cartes hors ligne détaillées du monde pour iPhone, iPad, Android}}</ref> == Ebe == {{Adjacent communities|Centre=Mohamed Bouyahiaoui Hospital|North=[[University of Boumerdès]], [[Mediterranean Sea]]|Northeast=[[Zemmouri]], [[Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif]]|East=[[Ali Bouyahiaoui]], [[Sidi Yahia, Boumerdès|Sidi Yahia]], [[Ouled Ali, Boumerdès|Ouled Ali]], [[Talamali]]|Southeast=[[Thénia]], [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]|South=[[Tidjelabine]], [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]|Southwest=[[Keddara Dam]], [[Bouzegza Keddara]]|West=[[Boudouaou]], [[Corso, Boumerdès|Corso]]|Northwest=[[Boudouaou El Bahri]]}} == Hụkwa == * Ministri nke Ahụike, Ọnụ Ọgụgụ na Mgbanwe Ụlọ Ọgwụ * Ahụike na Algeria == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4znll63eo1rpoq8jtmjfoeu44ssag6i 0 76912 674953 674409 2026-07-10T09:04:39Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Siegfried Fred Singer''' (September 27, 1924 - April 6, 2020) <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Dr. S. Fred Singer, R.I.P.|url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/dr-s-fred-singer-rip|accessdate=April 7, 2020|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en}}</ref> bụbụ onye ọka mmụta sayensị na America a mụrụ na Austria na prọfesọ emeritus nke sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Virginia, zụrụ azụ dịka onye physics ikuku. A maara ya maka ịjụ nkwekọrịta sayensị n'ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe, njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụgụ melanoma, mmebi ozone stratospheric nke chlorofluoro compounds, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka refrigerants, na ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2013|author=Dunlap|first=R. E.|title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection|journal=The American Behavioral Scientist|volume=57|issue=6|pages=699–731|pmid=24098056|doi=10.1177/0002764213477096}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/naomi-oreskes-a-lightning-rod-in-a-changing-climate.html|title=Naomi Oreskes, a Lightning Rod in a Changing Climate|work=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2015|author=Gillis|first=Justin}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), na Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). O deekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Unstoppable Global Warming: Kwa afọ 1,500 Years (2007) na Dennis Avery, na Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) na Craig Idso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|title=S. Fred Singer, Ph.D.|accessdate=March 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045629/http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|archivedate=January 25, 2009}}</ref> Onye na-abụ abụ nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, na-eje ozi na ndị agha, gọọmentị, na agụmakwụkwọ. O rụrụ ogbunigwe maka ndị agha mmiri US n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, tupu ọ nweta Ph.D. ya na physics na Mahadum Princeton n'afọ 1948 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta sayensị na U.S. Embassy na London. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na nyocha mbara igwe mbụ, na-etinye aka na mmepe nke satellites na-ahụ maka ụwa, n'afọ 1962 guzobere National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mahadum nke Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences n'afọ 1964, ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị, gụnyere osote osote onye nchịkwa maka Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na onye isi sayensị maka Ngalaba Transportation. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia site n'afọ 1971 ruo n'afọ 1994, na Mahadum George Mason ruo n'afọ 2000. N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science & Environmental Policy Project, n'afọ 2006 ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Canada kpọrọ ya aha dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole kwuru na ha na-emepụta nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref name="CBCsmoking" /> Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru, n'ụzọ megidere nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọ nweghị ihe aka ebe na okpomọkụ ụwa bụ n'ihi mmụba nke carbon dioxide ikuku sitere na mmadụ, nakwa na ụmụ mmadụ ga-erite uru ma ọ bụrụ na okpompe arịgo.<ref name="Gray2009">{{Cite news|author=Louise Gray|title=Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6592414/Fred-Singer-to-speak-at-climate-change-sceptics-conference.html|accessdate=October 4, 2019|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|date=November 18, 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-emegide Kyoto Protocol, ma kwuo na ụdị ihu igwe anaghị adabere na eziokwu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe. A na-ebo onye na-abụ abụ ebubo ịjụ ihe aka ebe sayensị nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara ma kwado n'onwe ya na nkwupụta ya gbasara ahụike ọha na eze na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name="scheuering2004" /> <ref name="CBCsmoking"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2010|isbn=9781596916104}}</ref><ref name="Singer, S. Fred 2003">{{Cite book|author=Singer|first=S. Fred|chapter=The Revelle-Gore Story: Attempted Political Suppression of Science|editor=Gough|chapterurl=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817939326_283.pdf|title=Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking|publisher=Hoover Press|date=2003|accessdate=May 10, 2007}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ onye na-abụ abụ na Vienna, Austria, n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ọla na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbe Anschluss gasịrị n'etiti Nazi Germany na Austria n'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Austria, onye na-abụ abụ wee soro ụmụaka ndị Juu ndị ọzọ banye n'ụgbọ okporo igwe ụmụaka. Ọ gara England, ebe ọ biri na Northumberland, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye na-ahụ maka anya n'afọ iri na ụma. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ kwagara Ohio wee ghọọ nwa amaala America n'afọ 1944. Ọ natara nzere Bachelor nke Injinia Eletrik (B.E.E.) na Mahadum steeti Ohio n'afọ 1943. Ọ kụziri physics na Princeton mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na masters ya na doctorate ya, na-enweta Ph.D. ya n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1948. A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, "The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air shoers". Onye nlekọta ya bụ John Archibald Wheeler, na kọmitii edemede ya gụnyere J. Robert Oppenheimer na Niels Bohr. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singer, S. Fred|year=1949|title=The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air showers|journal=American Doctoral Dissertations}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 1950: Ndị Agha Mmiri nke United States === Mgbe nna ya ukwu gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ sonyeere ndị agha, na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States na agha ogbunigwe na mgbochi site n'afọ 1944 ruo n'afọ 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na Naval Ordnance Laboratory, ọ mepụtara ihe arithmetic maka Kọmputa dijitalụ nke ọ kpọrọ "ụbụrụ eletrọniki". A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 1946 wee sonye na Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory na Silver Spring, Maryland, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1950. O lekwasịrị anya na ozone, cosmic rays, na ionosphere, niile a tụrụ site na balloons na rocket ndị sitere na White Sands, New Mexico, ma ọ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri. [[Rachel White Scheuering]] dere na maka otu ọrụ iji gbaa rọket, ọ ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa [[Arktik|Arctic]], ma na-agbapụ rọket site na ụgbọ mmiri na equator. Site n'afọ 1950 ruo n'afọ 1953, ọ nọ na U.S. Embassy na London dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta sayensị na Office of Naval Research, ebe ọ mụrụ mmemme nyocha na Europe na radiation cosmic na physics nuklia. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya asatọ nwere nzụlite na ọrụ Ngwá agha ndị a na-eduzi iji kwuo okwu na Nzukọ nke anọ nke International Congress of Astronautics na Zurich n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1953, n'oge, dịka ''The New York Times'' kọrọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị hụrụ ụgbọ elu dịka akụkọ sayensị zoro ezo. [[Faịlụ:MOUSE_(Fred_Singer).jpg|thumb|188x188px|Satellite Singer's MOUSE, nke o mepụtara na mbido afọ 1950 ]] Onye na-abụ abụ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ gbara ume ka a tụọ satellites ụwa maka nyocha sayensị n'oge afọ 1950. N'afọ 1951 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1952, ọ tụrụ aro MOUSE ("Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth"), satịlaịtị 100 pounds (45 kg) nke ga-enwe Geiger counters maka ịlele ụzarị mbara igwe, mkpụrụ ndụ foto maka inyocha ụwa, telemetry electronics maka iziga data azụ n'ụwa, ngwaọrụ nchekwa data magnetic, na mkpụrụ ndụ ike anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na MOUSE enwetụbeghị ụgbọelu, ''Baltimore News-Post'' kọrọ n'afọ 1957 na arụmụka Singer banyere mkpa maka satellites ka a na-ege ntị, US gaara emeri Russia site na ịmalite Satellite mbụ nke ụwa. Ọ tụkwara aro (ya na R. C. Wentworth) na enwere ike iji nyocha satellite nke ultraviolet backscatter mee ihe dịka usoro iji tụọ profaịlụ ozone ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singer|first=S. F|title=A method for the determination of the vertical ozone distribution from a satellite|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=June 1957|volume=62|issue=2|pages=299–308|doi=10.1029/JZ062i002p00299|issn=2156-2202}}</ref> E mechara jiri usoro a mee ihe na Satellite ihu igwe mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Zerefos|title=Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer|date=2000|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4353-0|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792365136|series=Nato Science Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=[[Dordrecht]]|isbn=978-0-7923-6513-6|quote=Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.}}</ref> === 1953: Mahadum nke Maryland === Onye na-abụ abụ laghachiri na United States n'afọ 1953, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ dịka prọfesọ na physics na Mahadum Maryland, ma n'otu oge ahụ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Scheuering dere na ọrụ ya gụnyere ịme nnwale na rọket na satellites, remote sensing, radiation belts, [[magnetosphere]], na meteorites. Ọ mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ịtụba rọket na mbara igwe: ịgba ha site na ụgbọ elu na-efe elu, ma na-enweghị onye na-anya ụgbọelu. Ndị agha mmiri nabatara echiche ahụ ma Singer lekọtara ọrụ ahụ. Ọ natara White House Special Commendation site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower n'afọ 1954 maka ọrụ ya. Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu 12 nke American Astronautical Society, otu e guzobere n'afọ 1954 iji nọchite anya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia 300 na-eduga na mpaghara nke mgbọ ogbunigwe - ọ bụ otu n'etiti ndị otu asaa gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa disemba 1956 mgbe usoro esemokwu banyere ntụziaka na njikwa nke otu ahụ. N'ọnwa nọvemba afọ 1957, onye na-abụ abụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ nọ na mahadum ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma gbaa bọmbụ "Oriole" ọhụrụ atọ na Virginia Capes. Rocket ndị ahụ dị ihe na-erughị pounds 25 (11 kg) ma nwee ike iwu ya maka ihe dịka $ 2000. A chụpụrụ ha site na LSM Navy a gbanwere agbanwe, ha nwere ike iru n'ịdị elu nke 50,000 feet (15,000 m) ma nwee usoro telemetry zuru oke iji zipụ ozi gbasara cosmic, ultraviolet na X-rays. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ịgba égbè ahụ debere "nnyocha nke mbara igwe dị elu na rọket dị elu n'otu ihe ahụ, ọnụahịa na mgbalị, dị ka ọnụọgụ ikuku dị ala na balloons ihu igwe. Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, anyị nwere ike ịgba ọtụtụ puku rọket ndị a n'ụwa niile na obere ego". N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1958, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi nke otu cosmic ray nke ngalaba physics nke Mahadum Maryland, ọ natara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower maka "ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru na mmepe nke satellites maka ebumnuche sayensị". N'ọnwupụta n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958. A họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Kọmitii Nhọrọ Ụlọ na Astronautics na Space Exploration, nke na-akwadebe ịnwe ntị na aro Onye isi alaisenhower maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iji jikwaa nyocha mbara igwe mee nchọpụta, otu ọnwa ka ọ nwetakwuo ihe nrite Distinguished Alumnus nke Mahadụ. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na Maryland n'afọ 1959, ma họrọ ya n'afọ ahụ site na United States Junior Chamber of Commerce dịka otu n'ime ụmụ okorobịa iri pụtara ìhè na mba ahụ. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1960 na American Physical Society, Singer depụtara ọhụụ ya banyere ihe gburugburu ụwa nwere ike ịgụnye, na-agbasa ruo 40,000 kilomita (64,000 km) n'ime mbara igwe. A maara ya maka amụma mbụ ya banyere njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri eletrik ndị tọrọ n'ụwa, nke nchọpụta ndị e mechara chọpụta na nnwale satellite. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1960, ọ tụrụ aro ịdị adị nke mkpokoro ájá a na-ahụ anya gburugburu ụwa ihe dịka 600 ruo 1,000 kilomita (1,600 km) na mbara igwe, karịa nke e nwere obere ihe, micrometer ma ọ bụ obere n'obosara, na-agbasa 2,000 ruo 4,000 kilomita (6,400 km). N'ọnwa Maachị 1961, onye na-abụ abụ na onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka physics na Mahadum Maryland, E. J. Opik, nyere onyinye $ 97,000 site na NASA iji mee nyocha afọ atọ nke gas na uzuzu interplanetary. === 1960: Echiche nke Phobos aka mere === N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Astronautics nke afọ 1960, onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na echiche Iosif Shklovsky na usoro ọnwa Phobos na-atụ aro na ọ bụ oghere, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ nke aka mere. onye na-abụ abụ dere, sị: "Nkwupụta m dị, ebe a ka m kwadoro Shklovsky, na ọ bụrụ na satellite na agbagharị n'ime dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha nke mbara Egwu, mgbe ahụ enwere obere ihe ọzọ maka echiche ahụ na ọ bụ oghere ma ya mere e mere na Mars. Nnukwu 'ọ bụrụ' dị na nyocha nke astronomical; ha nwere ike ịbụ na ha na-ezighị ezi. Ebe ọ bụ na ha dabere na ọtụtụ usoro nke ndị na-ekiri dị iche iche na-ekiri ihe dị iche iche jiri ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iche iche mee ihe, njehie nwere ike ịmetụta ha. " Foto site na nyocha malitere n'afọ 1972 na-egosi elu nkume sitere n'okike nwere oghere. Ndị na-ahụ maka Ufology na-aga n'ihu na-egosi onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye na-akwado echiche Phobos nke Shklovsky. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|title=Andrew Kelleher, "Phobos: the odd moon of Mars", in Alienation News #211 Nov 2002.|accessdate=May 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902064151/http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|archivedate=September 2, 2004}}</ref> Mag Time dere n'afọ 1969 na onye na-abụ abụ nwere mmasị ndụ ya niile na Phobos na ọnwa nke abụọ nke Mars, Deimos. Ọ gwara o''''ge'''' na ọ nwere ike ikwe omume ịdọrọ Deimos n'ime usoro ụwa ka e wee nwee ike inyocha ya. N'oge nnọkọ mbara igwe mba ụwa n'ọnwa Mee 1966, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbara igwe si United States na Soviet Union bịara, ọ bu ụzọ kwuo na ịdakwasị ndị mmadụ n'ọnwa Martian ga-abụ nzọụkwụ ezi uche dị na ya mgbe ndị mmadụ rutere n'ọnwụrụ ụwa. O kwuru na obere nha nke Phobos na Deimos - ihe dịka iri na anọ na asatọ (23 na 13 km) n'obosara na ikike ndọda nke sub milli-g - ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ụgbọ mbara igwe mfe ịdakwasị ma bido ọzọ. === 1962: National Weather Center na Mahadum Miami === N'afọ 1962, o''ge'' ọ nọ na ezumike na mahadum ahụ, a kpọrọ Singer dịka onye nduzi mbụ nke ọrụ satellite ihu igwe maka National Weather Satellite Center, nke bụzi akụkụ nke National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ma duzie mmemme maka iji satellites ịkọ ihu igwe. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1964. Ọ gwara magazin Time n'afọ 1969 na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịgagharị. "Njem ọ bụla nyere m echiche ọhụrụ", ka o kwuru. "Ọ bụrụ na m nọdụrụ ala, ma eleghị anya m ka na-atụle ụzarị mbara igwe, isiokwu nke thesis m na Princeton. Nke ahụ bụ ihe na-eme ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. " Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị dịka onye nduzi, ọ natara ihe nrite Gold Medal nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa maka Ọrụ Federal. N'afọ 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Environmental and Planetary Sciences na University of Miami n'afọ 1964, ụlọakwụkwọ mbụ nke ụdị ya na mba ahụ, raara onwe ya nye nyocha nke afọ.. N'ọnwa Disemba 1965, akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times kọrọ banyere otu ogbako Singer kwadoro na Miami Beach n'oge nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ise, na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị onwe ha, gosipụtara nyocha nke na-egosi ihe ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe foduru nke ọkụ primordial nke mere mgbe a mụrụ eluigwe na ụwa.. === 1967–1994 === N'afọ 1967, ọ nakweere ọkwa osote odeakwụkwọ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Obodo nke United States, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ịdị mma mmiri na nyocha. Mgbe e guzobere [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] na 1970, ọ ghọrọ osote osote onye nchịkwa iwu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=S. Fred Singer (1924 - 2020)|url=https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer/|accessdate=2025-03-27|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer|title=S. FRED SINGER (1924 - 2020)|publisher=Heartland Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=October 31, 2019}}</ref> where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> In 1987 he took up a two-year post as chief scientist at the U.S. Department of Transportation, and in 1989 joined the [[Institute of Space Science and Technology]] in Gainesville, Florida where he contributed to a paper on the results from the Interplanetary Dust Experiment using data from the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite. When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000. Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway na-ekwu na Singer tinyere aka na mbọ gọọmentị Reagan na-agba iji gbochie usoro nchịkwa iji belata mmiri ozuzo acid. == Arụmụka ọha na eze == === Ide ihe === N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, Singer na-ede ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''The New York Times'', The Washington Post, na Wall Street Journal, na-ekwukarị n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ese okwu n'echiche. Ọnọdụ ya n'ozuzu ya bụ otu n'ime enweghị ntụkwasị obi na iwu gọọmentị etiti na nkwenye siri ike na ịdị irè nke ahịa nweere onwe ya. O kwenyere na ihe Rachel White Scheuering na-akpọ "nwere onwe ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi": na ụkpụrụ ahịa na ihe mkpali kwesịrị ezu iji duga na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị n'isiokwu ya bụ ike, mmachibido iwu mmanụ, OPEC, Iran, na ọnụahịa na-arị elu. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o belatara echiche nke Nsogbu ike ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi.<ref name="scheuering2004" /> N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na 1990s na 2000s, ọ kpughere ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ megide isi, na-ajụ njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụ melanoma, na nke dị n'agbata CFCs na ọnwụ ozone stratospheric. YArụmụka ọha na eze nke Singer nwetara ọtụtụ nkatọ bụ maka anwụrụ ọkụ na okpomọkụ ụwa. Ọ jụrụ njikọ dị n'etiti anwụrụ ọkụ na ọrịa kansa akpa ume, ọ bụkwa onye na-emegide echiche sayensị gbasara Mgbanwe ihu igwe; ọ rụrụ ụka na enweghị ihe akaebe na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomọkụ ụwa na okpomọkụ nke ụwa agbanweela mgbe niile.<ref name="Gray2009"/> Ihe ngosi CBC Fifth Estate na 2006 jikọtara arụmụka abụọ a, na-akpọ Singer dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara abụọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.<ref name="CBCsmoking"/> Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway kpọrọ Singer n'akwụkwọ ha, Merchants of Doubt, dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atọ na-emegide onwe ha - tinyere Fred Seitz na Bill Nierenberg - bụ ndị na-etinye onwe ha n'ime arụmụka ọha na eze banyere okwu sayensị na-ese okwu, na-etinye ha n'ọnọdụ dị ka ndị na-enwe obi abụọ, echiche ha na-enweta ike n'ihi na mgbasa ozi na-enye ha oge hà nhata n'ihi echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Seth|date=2010-06-01|title='Merchants of Doubt' delves into contrarian scientists|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083553/https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archivedate=2010-06-01|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> Dịka [[David Biello]] na John si kwuo na Scientific American, a maara onye na-abụ abụ nke ọma maka ịgọnahụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga. O sonyere n'afọ 1994 dịka onye edemede na onye nyocha nke akụkọ banyere okwu ahụ site na Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, ebe ọ bụ onye isi. Akụkọ ahụ katọrọ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) maka nyocha ha n'afọ 1993 banyere ihe ize ndụ cancer nke ịṅụ sịga, na-akpọ ya "sayensị mkpofu". Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC's Ụlọ nke ise n'afọ 2006 na ọ kwụsiri ike n'ọnọdụ na EPA "esiri data" iji gosi na anwụrụ ọkụ nke abụọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa akpa ume. CBC kwuru na ego ụtaba akwụla ụgwọ maka nyocha onye na-abụ abụ na nkwalite ya, nakwa na ọ bụ APCO haziri ya. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche ebe ego ahụ si. "Ha anaghị ebu akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ego dollar na-asị 'Nke a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba,'" ka o kwuru. "N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla amaghị m banyere ya, ajụghịkwa m APCO ebe ha na-enweta ego ha. Nke ahụ abụghị azụmahịa m. "<ref name="CBCsmoking">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|title=The Denial Machine|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050126/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|archivedate=October 26, 2007}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 2003 degara ''Financial Times'', Onye na-abụ abụ dere na "enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ihu igwe ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'ezie."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Climate concern is just a tax ruse|author=Singer|first=S.|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=November 26, 2003}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, CBC's Fifth Estate kpọrọ onye na-abụ abụ dị ka otu n'ime obere ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kpọrọ nkwụsị nke na-emebi nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpomọkụ ụwa. .<ref name="CBCsmoking"/> N'afọ sochirinụ ọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ British Channel 4 ''The Great Global Warming Swindle''. Onye na-abụ abụ na-arụ ụka na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ebili na ọ ga-adị mma maka mmadụ. Ọ gwara CBC: "Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ otu puku afọ gara aga karịa ka ọ dị taa. Vikings biri Greenland. Nke ahụ ọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ? Echere m na ọ dị mma. Ha na-eto mmanya na England, n'ebe ugwu England. echere m na nke ahụ dị mma. Ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ndị na-eche otú ahụ." "Anyị na-etinyekwu carbon dioxide na ikuku, "ka ọ gwara Daily Telegraph na 2009. Otú ọ dị, ikuku dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya na mmadụ enweghị ike ịrụ ụka na nnị n'ihi na CO2 bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpat okpomọkụ."<ref name="Gray2009"/> O kwenyere na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebiga ihe ókè na-ekwubiga okwu ókè. "Mgbalị dị n'okpuru ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ iji okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji belata iji ike eme ihe," ka o kwuru. "Ọ dị nnọọ mfe: ọ bụrụ na ị belata iji ike eme ihe, mgbe ahụ, ị na-ebelata ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ma kwere ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, e nwere ndị mmadụ n'ụwa kwenyere na anyị agafewo oke na ụba akụ na ụba." Echiche ndị na-agụ egwú na-emegide nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, <ref name="The MIT Press">{{Cite book|title=Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren|editor=DiMento|year=2007|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-54193-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime/page/n82 65]–66|chapter=The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|quote=The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together|publisher=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|title=CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227220848/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|archivedate=February 27, 2015}}</ref> ebe enwere nkwekọrịta siri ike maka okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ kpatara, yana njikọ dị n'etiti oke carbon dioxide na okpomọkụ nke ụwa, yana nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na ihu igwe ga-enwe ihe dị ize ndụ. <ref name="Stern"> {{Cite book|title=The Economics of Climate Change — The Stern Review|first=Nicholas Herbert|author=Stern|authorlink=Nicholas Stern|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70080-1|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/climatology-and-climate-change/economics-climate-change-stern-review|accessdate=February 19, 2014}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=How Dangerous Is Global Warming?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=April 14, 2007|date=June 17, 2001|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/74167018.html?dids=74167018:74167018&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+17%2C+2001&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=M.3&desc=DIALOGUE}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, magazin nne Jones kọwara Singer dị ka "nna nna nke ịGọnahụ okpomọkụ ụwa". Otú ọ dị, onye na-abụ abụ kọwara onwe ya dị ka "onye na-enwe obi abụọ" kama ịbụ "onye na'agọnahụ" mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref name="mj200505">{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank|title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank|date=May 2005|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science & Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) iji rụrịta ụka megide usoro mgbochi megide okpomọkụ ụwa. Mgbe 1991 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit, onye na-abụ abụ malitere ide ma kwuo okwu iji mee ka obi abụọ na sayensị. O buru amụma na ọdachi akụ na ụba sitere na mgbochi ọ bụla na ojiji mmanụ ala, ma kwuo na ụwa okike na usoro ihu igwe ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ nke a na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, nakwa na a maghị ihe gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ site n'oké osimiri gaa na ikuku, ma ọ bụ ọrụ igwe ojii. Ka nkwekọrịta sayensị na-eto, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka site na ọnọdụ na-eleghara anya. Ọ katọrọ ụdị ihu igwe nke na-ebu amụma okpomọkụ ụwa ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1994, o jiri nsonaazụ ihe nlereanya tụnyere okpomọkụ a hụrụ ma chọpụta na okpomọkụ e buru n'amụma maka afọ 1950 rụọ afọ 1980 si na okpompe nke mere n'ezie, nke o kwubiri na kọlụm ya na The Washington Times - na isiokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ "Mkpesa ihu igwe na-ada n'okpuru ọkụ Sayensị na-egbuke egbuke" - na ụdị ihu igwe adịghị mma. N'afọ 2007, ọ rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha nke chọpụtara na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tropospheric nke ụdị "Ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke 20"" dị iche na nyocha satellite site na okpukpu abụọ nke ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ejighị n'aka. Rachel White Scheuering dere na, mgbe SEPP malitere, ọ nwere njikọ na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke onye isi Unification Church Sun Myung Moon guzobere. Akụkọ n'afọ 1990 maka Cato Institute gosipụtara onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye nduzi nke ọrụ sayensị na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, na ezumike site na Mahadum Virginia.<ref>Singer, S. Fred. {{Cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|title=Environmental Strategies with Uncertain Science|accessdate=January 15, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110224712/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|archivedate=January 10, 2008}}</ref> Scheuering dere na Singer akwụsịla mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kwadoro ya.<ref name="scheuering2004" /> O dere na ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ARCO, ExxonMobil, Shell, Sun Oil Company, na Unocal, nakwa na SEPP natara enyemaka site na ExxonMobil. Singer kwuru na mmekọrịta ego ya emetụtaghị nyocha ya. Scheuering na-ekwu na nkwubi okwu ya kwekọrọ na ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-akwụ ya ụgwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ chọrọ ịhụ mbelata na nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="scheuering2004" /> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ''Newsweek'' kọrọ na n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1998, mmadụ iri na abụọ sitere n'ihe ọ kpọrọ "ngwunye ịgọnahụ" zutere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ American Petroleum Institute na Washington. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere otu onye na-abụ abụ, George C. Marshall Institute, na ExxonMobil. ''Newsweek'' kwuru na, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi dị peeji asatọ nke e wepụtara, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro mkpọsa nde $ 5 iji mee ka ọha na eze kwenye na sayensị nke okpomọkụ ụwa bụ arụmụka na ejighị n'aka. A kọọrọ ndị nta akụkọ atụmatụ ahụ ma ọ dịghị mgbe a rụzuru ya. N'izu mgbe akụkọ ahụ gasịrị, Newsweek bipụtara echiche dị iche site n'aka Robert Samuelson, otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, onye kwuru na akụkọ nke igwe na agọnahụ ego bụ nke e chepụtara echepụta ma na-eduhie eduhie. ABC News kọrọ na Machị 2008 na onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ọ bụghị na ụgwọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ike, mana ọ kwetara na SEPP natara otu onyinye ebere a na-arịọghị arịrịọ nke $ 10,000 site na ExxonMobil, nakwa na ọ bụ otu pasent nke onyinye niile natara. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na njikọ ya na Exxon dịka ịnọ na ndepụta ozi ha karịa ịnwe ọnọdụ a kwụrụ ụgwọ. Mmekọrịta ahụ emebiwo nyocha Singer n'etiti ndị otu sayensị, dị ka Scheuering si kwuo. Onye omebe iwu Lynn Rivers jụrụ ntụkwasị obi onye na-abụ abụ n'oge a na-ege ya ntị n'afọ 1995, na-ekwu na o nweghị ike ibipụta ihe ọ bụla na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ ya maka afọ 15 gara aga, ma e wezụga otu nkọwa teknụzụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Michaels|first=P. J.|title=Analyzing Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Is There a Trend?|journal=Science|date=May 27, 1994|volume=264|issue=5163|pages=1341–1342|doi=10.1126/science.264.5163.1341|pmid=17780851}}</ref> ==== Nkatọ nke IPCC ====   N'afọ 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) wepụtara [[Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha|akụkọ]] na-egosipụta nkwekọrịta ''Sayensị'' na nguzozi nke ihe akaebe na-egosi na enwere mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa. Onye na-abụ abụ ji akwụkwọ ozi zaghachi na sayensị na-ekwu na akụkọ IPCC gosipụtara ihe ahọpụtara. O dere, sị: "Nchịkọta ahụ ekwughị na afọ iri na asatọ nke data satellite ihu igwe nke na-egosi obere ọnọdụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emegide ụdị niile nke okpomọkụ ihu igwe. " Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ kwetara na thermometers nke elu site na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na-egosi okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ekwu na satellites na-enye data ka mma n'ihi na nha ha na-ekpuchi ogidi na ogidi. Dịka Edward Parson na Andrew Dessler si kwuo, data satịlaịtị egosighi okpomọkụ elu ozugbo, mana a ghaghị idozi ya site na iji ụdị. Mgbe emere mgbanwe maka ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe, data ahụ gosipụtara obere okpomọkụ, na nyocha tụrụ aro na ọdịiche dị n'etiti data elu na nke satellite bụ nsogbu dị ka odịiche dị na satellite. Onye na-abụ abụ dere "Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change in the U.S." n'afọ 1995, na emelite ya n'afọ 1997 iji gbaghaa Kyoto Protocol. [[Nkwekọrịta Kyoto]] bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa nke e mere na Kyoto, Japan, n'oge ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe kwetara belata gas ha na-eme ka okpomọkụ. Nkwupụta onye na-abụ abụ na-agụ, sị: "Ike dị mkpa maka uto akụ na ụba ... Anyị ghọtara ihe na-akpali iwepụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nwee ike; mana anyị kwenyere na Kyoto Protocol - iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na naanị akụkụ nke obodo ụwa dị ize ndụ, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ, ma na-ebibi akụ na ụba na ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ndụ. " Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ gbasara nke a na United States na Europe ma kpọkọta 100 ndị bịanyere aka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu na a na-enyo ụfọdụ n'ime asambodo ndị bịa nyekwara aka enyo. Ọ dịkarịa ala 20 bụ ndị nta akụkọ ihu igwe televishọn, ụfọdụ enweghị nzere sayensị, na ụbọchị iri na anọ edepụtara dịka ndị prọfesọ n'ekwughị otu mpaghara. Dịka Scheuering si kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mechara kwuo na ha kwenyere na ha na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ iji kwado ime ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe. Onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) n'afọ 2004 mgbe 2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Milan. NIPCC haziri ogbako ihu igwe mba ụwa na Vienna n'ọnwa eprel afọ 2007, <ref name="nature1" /> iji nye ihe ha kpọrọ nyocha onwe onye nke ihe akaebe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Singer kwadebere akụkọ NIPCC akpọrọ "Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate," nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Heartland Institute bipụtara n'ọnwa maachị 2008. ABC Ozi kwuru n'otu ọnwa ahụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe a na-akpọghị aha sitere na NASA, Stanford, na Princeton bụ ndị gwara ABC okwu banyere akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ya dị ka "ihe nzuzu efu". N'akwụkwọ ozi mkpesa o degaara ABC Ozi, Singer kwuru na akwụkwọ ha jiri "okwu ajọ mbunobi, eziokwu gbagọrọ agbagọ, nkwutọ, na nkwutọ na-amaghị aha". N'ọnwa Septemba 18, 2013, e bipụtara akụkọ nke anọ nke NIPCC, nke akpọrọ Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020171042/http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-20|title=Summary for Policymakers|publisher=[[The Heartland Institute]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}</ref> Dịka akụkọ NIPCC gara aga, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ ya mgbe e bipụtara ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, David Suzuki dere na ọ "jupụtara na nkwupụta a na ekwughị, gụnyere na ikuku carbon dioxide dị mma n'ihi na ha na-akpali ndụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/david-suzuki/climate-change-deniers_b_3984750.html|title=Climate Change Deniers Don't Deserve an Equal Voice|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014|author=Suzuki, David}}</ref> Mgbe akụkọ ahụ nwetara akụkọ dị mma site n'aka Doug McKelway nke Fox News Channel, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth na Michael Oppenheimer katọrọ akụkọ a, Trenberth kpọrọ ya "ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị isi" na Oppenheims na-akpọ ya "ihe na-ezighi ezi". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-study-says-threat-of-man-made-global-warming-greatly-exaggerated|title=New study says threat of man-made global warming greatly exaggerated|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=September 19, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/09/18/fox-equates-faux-un-climate-report-with-the-rea/195947|title=Fox Equates Faux UN Climate Report With The Real Thing|work=[[Media Matters for America]]|date=September 18, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}</ref> ==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ==== N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, mgbe esemokwu email nke Climatic Research Unit gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ dere otu echiche maka Reuters nke o kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ejirila Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, rụgidere ndị editọ ka ha gbochie mbipụta nke echiche ndị ọzọ, ma mebie ndị mmegide. O kwukwara na ozi ịntanetị ndị a na-agbapụta gosipụtara na "ihe ọmụma okpomọkụ nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]] dabere na ya dabere na data na algọridim gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agaghị ekerịta. " O kwuru na ihe omume ahụ kpughere usoro na-adịghị mma, nakwa na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-aga n'okpuru ọbụna ka gas ndị na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka CO<nowiki><sub id="mwAvA">2</sub></nowiki> na-abawanye na ikuku. O dere, sị: "Njikọ a na-adịghị mma na-emegide nsonaazụ nke ụdị nke IPCC dabere na ya ma na-egosi na okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ (AGW) dị obere," na-ekwubi "ma ugbu a ọ na-apụta na okpomanya ụwa nwere ike ịbụ 'mmadụ mere' n'ezie. " Kọmitii British House of Commons Science and Technology Select mechara wepụta akụkọ nke wepụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/science/earth/08climate.html|author=Gillis|first=Justin|title=British Panel Clears Climate Scientists|date=July 8, 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 23, 2025}}</ref> na kọmitii asatọ nyochara ebubo ahụ, na-enweghị ihe aka ebe nke aghụghọ ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ sayensị. == Ọnwụ == N'ọnwa Eprel 6, 2020, onye na-abụ abụ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi na Rockville, Maryland. <ref name=":0"/> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} == Hụkwa == * Sayensị dịpụrụ adịpụ * Ịṅụ sịga nke abụọ * ''Ike nke Nnukwu Mmanụ'' == Ihe edeturu == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721005121/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/merchants-of-doubt-9781596916104/ Oreskes, Naomi na Erik Conway. 2010. Ndị na-ere ahịa nke obi abụọ: Otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kpuchie eziokwu na nsogbu site na anwụrụ sịga ruo okpomọkụ ụwa. Bloomsbury] E debere ya na July 21, 2017, na Wayback Machine == Njikọ mpụga == *   [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 08y9vtc4ja7uc9k0hlogiacshua4gv5 0 76917 674955 656745 2026-07-10T09:06:01Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Osimiri Njaba''' (a na-akpọkwa Njaba), nke dị n’ime Niger Delta Basin, bụ otu n’ime nnukwu iyi na-asọba n’ime Ọdọ Mmiri Oguta n’Ọwụwa Anyanwụ steeti Imo, Naịjirịa. Osimiri a nwere omimi nkezi ruru mita 4.5 (ụkwụ 15), ogologo ya dum bụ kilomita 78.2, ebe mmiri ya na-anakọta sitere na ya bụ ihe dịka kilomita skwea 145.63, ma nwee nkezi mmiri ọ na-ebufe pụrụ iche nke ruru ihe dịka mita kubik 1,700 kwa elekere. == Mmiri na-asọ == [[Faịlụ:Njaba_River_in_Njaba(2).jpg|thumb|290x290px|Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịnala na-eme ka mmụọ / chi nke osimiri ahụ dị jụụ]] [[Faịlụ:Njaba_River_in_Njaba(4).jpg|thumb|290x290px|A na-ewere akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ dị ka ihe dị nsọ nye ndị bi n'ime obodo]] Njaba na-asọ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ, na-esi na Amucha na Ekwe na-agafe ọtụtụ obodo gụnyere Okwudor, Awo-Omamma na [[Mgbidi]] tupu ọ banye n'[[Oguta Lake|Ọdọ Mmiri Oguta]]. == Mmanụ na Gas == Ụfọdụ n’ime ebe a na-amịpụta mmanụ dị n’ime mpaghara mmiri Osimiri Njaba gụnyere Ossu, Izombe na Njaba. A na-arụ ọrụ n’ebe ndị a n’okpuru OML 53 nke ChevronTexaco na OML 124 nke Addax Petroleum, ha abụọ dị na Izombe<ref name="rigzone.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/72217/Addax_Strikes_Oil_at_Njaba_2_Well_Onshore_Nigeria|title=Njaba Oil Wells|work=rigzone.com}}</ref>.<ref name="owel-linkso.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project|title=Izombe Gas Processing Project|work=owel-linkso.com}}</ref> OML 124 nwekwara olulu mmanụ ọzọ a na-akpọ Njaba 2 nke ka na-emepụtaghị nke ọma n’ala Naịjirịa. A chọpụtara ya n’ọnwa Disemba afọ 2008 n’obodo Awo-Omamma<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/2934O_1-2009-3-4.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Management's Discussion and Analysis (for the year ended December 31, 2008): 2008 Operational Update, p5|work=londonstockexchange.com}}</ref> Dị ka Addax Petroleum si kwuo, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ebe achọpụtala na ha nwere ike ịnwe mmanụ ma ọ bụ gas gburugburu Njaba, ma a kpụbeghị olulu nyocha ma ọ bụ nwalee ha. Ebe mmanụ a nwere ike ịghọ otu n’ime nnukwu ebe mmanụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere na Naijira.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria|title=Addax Petroleum, License Areas; License|work=addaxpetroleum.com|accessdate=2015-08-04|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043917/https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria}}</ref> N’ịgbaso ntụziaka nke Gọọmenti Etiti Naịjirịa nke chọrọ ka a kwụsị ịkụ gas ọkụ ruo n’afọ 2008, e mepụtara atụmatụ iji wulite ụlọọrụ nhazi gas n’ime mpaghara mmiri Osimiri Njaba n’okpuru Izombe Integrated Gas Processing Project. == Ahịa nkwụ == Obodo ndị dị n’akụkụ Osimiri Njaba gụnyere Oguta, Mgbidi, Osemotor na Awo-Omamma bụbu ebe ndị dị mkpa maka azụmahịa. Mgbe a kwụsịrị azụmahịa ohu n’afọ 1830, nkwụ mmanụ ghọrọ otu n’ime ihe ndị bụ isi e ji enweta ego n’ime mpaghara mmiri Osimiri Njaba <ref name="jsd-africa.com">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jsd-africa.com/Jsda/V12No2_Spring2010_B/PDF/A%20Survey%20of%20Ethno-Religions%20Crisis.pdf|title=Beyond The Platitude of Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, and Reconciliation in Nigeria: Revolutionary Pressures in The Niger Delta|first=Abraham Nabhon|author=Thomas|journal=Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa|volume=12|date=2010|issn=1520-5509}}</ref> . <ref name="dspace.ucalgary.ca">{{Cite journal|url=http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48254/12/UofCPress_LandHasChanged_2010_Chapter01.pdf|title=The Land Has Changed: History, Society and Gender in Colonial Eastern Nigeria|first=Chima J.|author=Korieh|journal=University of Calgary Press}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ n’ọtụtụ obodo, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nkwụ Umuezukwe nke dị nso n’akụkụ mmiri na Awo-Omamma. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1903, mbupụ ngwaahịa mmanụ nkwụ mụbara nke ukwuu n’ihi ụzọ mmiri ọhụrụ e mepụtara iji bufee ngwaahịa ndị ahụ gaa n’ụsọ oké osimiri. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi, na akụrụngwa == Ndị ọkụ azụ, ebe ndị na-akụ azụ na ndị na-egbu azụ dị n'ọtụtụ obodo Imo State; ụfọdụ na-ahụ n'ime obodo ndị dị na [[Awo-Omamma]],[[Oguta]], Abiaziem, Nnebukwu, na Nkwesi na ọdọ mmiri Njaba, gụnyere Udoka Fish Farmers Group, [[Umuezukwe]], Awo-omamma na Kalabari Beach Fishermen Coop. Society, Oguta.<ref name="aquaticcommons.org">{{Cite web|url=http://aquaticcommons.org/848/1/FISON2003_007-011.pdf|first=H.O|author=Igwe|title=An Overview of The Capture Fisheries Development in Imo State|work=Department of Fisheries, [[Michael Okpara University of Agriculture]], [[Umudike]], [[Abia State]]|publisher=[[Aquatic Commons]]}}</ref> Ebe ha na-ebudata ma ọ bụ na-ebata ngwongwo ha gụnyere Umuezukwe (Ughamiri), Umudei, K-Beach, Osse Abiaziem, na Osemotor, ndị dị n’obodo Awo-Omamma na Oguta. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-akụ azụ ndị a na-eche ọtụtụ nsogbu akụ na ụba ihu, nke na-egbochi ha ịrụ ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ ha nke ọma ma nweta ezigbo mmepụta. A chọrọ itinye aka iji dozie ọtụtụ n'ime akụrụngwa ndị a na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime obodo ndị dị na [[Awo-omamma]]", [[Izombe]], Oguta, nnukwu ọdọ mmiri nwere mmanụ na ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na Imo steeti.Enyemaka dị mkpa na mmepe nke okporo ụzọ ndị a na-agafe agafe n'obodo nta na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị a dị ka Umuezukwe, [[Ubahaeze]], Abiaziem, [[Izombe]] et al. yana ịkwado ọrụ nhazi azụ na ihe ọkụkụ nke oge a site na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik na enyemaka ọrụ ugbo.Na Mọnde, Jenụwarị 28, 2013, ndị ntorobịa iwe mere mkpesa maka enweghị mmetụta nke Gọọmentị Steeti maka nsogbu nke ndị ha na-ejikọta ụzọ ha na Okwudor na obodo ndị agbata obi ha, ha, kwuru na steeti ahụ hapụrụla ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ. <ref name="dailyindependentnig.com">{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/01/angry-imo-youths-block-onitsha-owerri-highway/|title=Youths Protest Governments Insensitivity to their plight on Awo-Omamma Roads|date=January 2013|work=dailyindependentnig.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219194501/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/01/angry-imo-youths-block-onitsha-owerri-highway/|archivedate=2016-02-19}}</ref> Dị ka ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ nke Niger Delta, ịga n’ihu n’ịkụ gas ọkụ n’ụlọ ọrụ nchịkọta mmanụ na-ebute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ịdị mma ikuku gburugburu ebe ahụ.<ref name="www.isesco.org.ma">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.isesco.org.ma/ISESCO_Technology_Vision/NUM16/doc/2.pdf|title=Impact of Gaseous Emissions from "E" Flow Station on Oguta Lake and its associated Tributaries, Niger Delta Basin, South Eastern Nigeria|first=Cosmas A|author=Ahiarakwem|volume=9|issue=16|date=November 2013}}</ref> A na-atụ anya na mgbe e mechara Ụlọọrụ Nhazi Gas Izombe, ọ ga-abụ nnukwu etiti nhazi gas dị n'ime ala nke ga-arụ ọrụ n'ịnakọta na ịhazi ọtụtụ gas ndị ka na-enweghị ụzọ eji arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ osimiri Njaba. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Ȯra Imo]] m8apix8d9o5rvmomm70cn7n05hol0pg 0 76923 674956 672014 2026-07-10T09:06:44Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Osimiri Orashi''' (nke a na-akpọkwa Urashi ma ọ bụ Ulasi), <ref name="wedc.lboro.ac.uk">{{Cite journal|url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/29/Mbajiorgu.pdf|title=A water quality study of Urashi river at selected locations|first=C. C.|author=Mbajiorgu|journal=29th WEDC International Conference Towards the Millennium Development Goals|date=2003|accessdate=May 13, 2016}}</ref> bụ osimiri nke ala Niger River, na isi iyi nke Oguta Lake, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria. <ref name="www.ccsenet.org">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jgg/article/view/29114|title=Impact of the 2012 Flood on Water Quality and Rural Livelihood in the Urashi Province of the Niger Delta, Nigeria|first=Prince Chinedu|author=Mmom|journal=Journal of Geography and Geology|volume=5|issue=1916–9779|date=2013|doi=10.5539/jgg.v5n3p216|accessdate=January 16, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal|url=http://tours.logbaby.com/imo/content/attractions.html|title=The source of Urashi River|accessdate=May 20, 2016}}</ref> Urashi na-amalite site n'ugwu nkume ndị dị n'obodo Ezeama na Dikenafai, steeti Imo, n'ịdị elu ruru mita 183 (ụkwụ 600) karịa ọkwa oke osimiri. A na-akọwa iyi Orashi dịka isi iyi ndụ nye obodo ndị dị na Ideato South, n'ihi na ọ na-eje ozi dịka osimiri eji eme ọtụtụ ihe, dịka ịṅụ mmiri, ịsa ahụ, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ nye obodo dịka Umulewe, Umuchima, na Ntueke dị na mpaghara ahụ aka.<ref name="www.ajol.info">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajazeb/article/download/41147/8555|title=Sanitary Quality of Urashi River, Okija, Anambra State, Nigeria|first=I.J|author=Anazoo|journal=African Journal of Applied Zoology and Environmental Biology|volume=7|issn=1119-023X|date=2008|doi=10.4314/ajazeb.v7i1.41147|accessdate=May 14, 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.imoreporters.com/index.php/source-and-natural-course|title=Urashi River- Its Source and Natural Course|accessdate=May 20, 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceG">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.channelstv.com/tag/umulewe/|title=NGO Partners With Imo, Sinks Borehole In 3 Communities|accessdate=May 21, 2016}}</ref> == Nsụda Mmiri Urashi == Osimiri Urashi na-esi na nkume, na ala nke nsụda mmiri, <ref name="ReferenceI">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.oralhistory-productions.org/articles/MyFathersVillage.pdf|title=My Father's Village – Excerpts from a Memoir in Progress (New York)|author=Nema Obih (E.Obih-Frank)|date=2004|accessdate=May 21, 2016}}</ref> 183 m n'elu oke osimiri, na mpaghara Urashi nke Ezeama na Dikenafai, Imo steeti <ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/afrrev/article/view/47562/33939|title=Urashi Waterfall Ecotourism Development and Cultural Challenges in Dikenafai, Ideato South Local Government Area, Nigeria|first=Henry M|author=Ijeoma|journal=African Research Review|volume=7|issn=1119-023X|date=2008|accessdate=May 20, 2016}}</ref> Ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke nsụda mmiri ahụ dị gburugburu nkuku Ezeama, ebe ịchụàjà nke Chineke Mmiri. "Ọ bụ ụzọ dị warara, nke na-adịchaghị mma nke e gburu n'ime ahịhịa nke oké ọhịa ahụ. Site n'ụzọ ahụ, mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ka mmiri na-asọsi ike na-eto eto ka mmadụ na-eru nso. Otu anwụrụ ọkụ dị nro dị n'ime ikuku; ngwakọta dị ụtọ nke mmiri ozuzo na-atọ ụtọ nke na-agwakọta na ísì ala mmiri dị ọcha. “Ụzọ ahụ, nke na-erughị otu ụzọ n’ụzọ anọ nke maịl n’ogologo, mechara mepee gaa n’ebe sara mbara ma doo anya, ma n’otu ntabi anya nsụda mmiri ahụ pụtara. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri na-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu, dịka nnukwu amuma ọkụ eletrik n’ụbọchị ọkọchị na-enwu gbaa,” ka Nema Obih kọwara" == Mmiri na-asọ == Site na Dikenafai, Urashi na-agafe ọtụtụ obodo, gụnyere Urualla, Akokwa, Okija, Orsu, [[Ukpor]], [[Ihiala]], Uli, Oguta, Osemotor, Omoku, Obiakpo, Ebocha, Ukodu, Okarki, Mbiama na Epie.Osimiri ahụ na-emepụta ọtụtụ alaka mmiri n’ụzọ ọ na-asọ, site na steeti Imo, gafee Anambra, Rivers, ruo Bayelsa, tupu ọ banye n’ime Osimiri Atlantik. Ọ kewara ụzọ abụọ na Egbema. Akụkụ ka ukwuu (n'aka nri), gara n'ihu na-agafe Eluku tupu ọ kewaa n'ime abụọ ma na-ewepụ mmiri ya na ihe ndị dị n'ime ya na Edi Kalama (Degema) na Abonnema n'ime ọwara Biafra.<ref name="ReferenceD" /> == Ihe ngosi == === Osimiri Orashi na Oguta === <gallery> Faịlụ:Orashi_River(1)_at_oguta.jpg|Wooden made boat and vegetation stabilized cut bank on Orashi river Faịlụ:Orashi_River(6)_at_oguta.jpg|Residential thatched houses at the entrance of Orashi river Faịlụ:Orashi_River(7)_at_oguta.jpg|Orashi river showing vegetation at the far side of the river bank </gallery> === Osimiri Orashi na Ideato South === <gallery> Faịlụ:Orashi_River(4)_at_Ideato_South.jpg|Swimming and washing of clothes being done at the river. Faịlụ:Orashi_River(4)_at_Ideato_South.jpg|Other side of Orashi River in Ideato South with palm trees, bamboo tree and bushes surrounding the river. </gallery> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Ógbè Urashi dị na mpaghara oké ọhịa, n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria.Ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ, ịkụ nkwụ mmanụ na ịkụ azụ bụ ọrụ ndị mmadụ na isi ihe ha na- enweta.Enwere ike ịkpọ mpaghara ahụ 'ọhịa nkwụ mmanụ. " A na-eji ọtụtụ ụdị osisi mara mpaghara ọhịa ahụ, mgbe ụfọdụ na-agafe ụdị 150 dị iche iche kwa hekta. Site na isi iyi ya ruo n'Oké [[Ȯra Rivers|Osimiri]] Atlantic, osimiri ahụ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị ọkụ azụ ma na-enye ezinụlọ ha ụzọndụ. Ógbè Urashi, nke gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Njaba, nwere ihe karịrị 35% nke olulu mmanụ na steeti Niger Delta nke [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]] na Rivers. <ref name="www.nddc.gov.ng">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nddc.gov.ng/NDRMP%20Chapter%201.pdf|title=Federal Republic of Nigeria; The Niger Delta Region: Land and People|accessdate=May 14, 2016|work=www.nddc.gov.ng|archivedate=February 19, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219124004/http://www.nddc.gov.ng/NDRMP%20Chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> == Okporo ụzọ Azụmaahịa na Ụzọ Mmiri == Osimiri Urashi dị ka ụzọ azụmaahịa na ọdịbendị oge ochie, enyewo ụzọ njem na ịkwaga maka obodo ndị si n'otu obodo gaa na nke ọzọ site na ụgbọ mmiri maka ọdịbendị, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba n'ụbọchị ahịa.Iji melite ụzọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], Gọọmentị etiti kwadoro igwu mmiri nke Osimiri Urashi site na [[Oguta Lake|Ọdọ Mmiri Oguta]] na Imo Steeti ,Degema na Rivers Steeti. <ref name="www.thetidenewsonline.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2012/05/16/fg-to-dredge-orashi-river-votes-n8-3bn-for-inland-waterways-port/|title=FG To Dredge Urashi River …Votes N8.3bn For Inland Waterways Port|date=May 16, 2012|work=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}</ref><ref name="businessandmaritimewestafrica.com">{{Cite web|url=http://businessandmaritimewestafrica.com/port-infrastructure/fg-to-spend-n83bn-on-inland-ports-dredging-of-rivers/|title=FG To Spend N8.3bn On Inland Ports, Dredging Of Rivers|date=September 10, 2012|work=businessandmaritimewestafrica.com|accessdate=June 23, 2026|archivedate=August 11, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811171213/http://businessandmaritimewestafrica.com/port-infrastructure/fg-to-spend-n83bn-on-inland-ports-dredging-of-rivers}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ nke e nyere Simidia S na I International Company na Mee 2012 ga-emecha n'ime ọnwa 12. A na-atụ anya na a ga-egwute osimiri ahụ dị kilomita 205 n'obosara nke mita 40, obosara nke elu nke mita 70 na omimi n'okpuru data eserese nke mita 1.5. <ref name="www.dredgingtoday.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dredgingtoday.com/2012/05/02/nigeria-Urashi-river-dredging-progresses-well/|title=Nigeria: Urashi River Dredging Progresses Well|date=May 2012|work=www.dredgingtoday.com}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Ȯra Anambra]] [[Otú:Ȯra Imo]] rhlf7m1395iytkmq2tckl0o8ig4v9to 0 76928 674954 656777 2026-07-10T09:05:22Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''ọdọ mmiri Tonga''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na El-Kala National Park, na wilaya nke El Tarf, [[Algeria]]. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 11 Eprel 1983 maa makwaara ya dịka otu n’ime ebe kachasị mkpa maka akwu nnụnụ na North Africa. == Ebe == [[Faịlụ:Plan_elkala.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọ dị na obodo El Kala, Ọdọ Mmiri Tonga bụ nke kachasị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri atọ ahụ.]] Ọdọ mmiri Tonga bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ nke dị n’etiti Ogige Nchebe Mba El-Kala, tinyere Ọdọ mmiri Oubeïra, nke bụkwa ọdọ mmiri dị ọhụrụ, na Ọdọ mmiri El Mellah, nke bụ laguun nnu. Ọ dị n’otu nnukwu ndagwurugwu ala dị n’akụkụ ụsọ osimiri n’etiti obodo El Kala, nke dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria, na ókèala Algeria na Tunisia. Oke mpaghara mmiri ya ruru ihe dị ka hectare 15,000, gụnyere hectare 2,800 nke bụ kpọmkwem ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ onwe ya dị.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Côte|first=Marc|title=Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine|date=1996|publisher=Média-Plus|isbn=9961-9-2200-X|location=Algeria|pages=211|language=fr}}</ref> .<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Kadid|first=Yamina|date=2007|title=Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082|journal=Acta Botanica Gallica|language=fr|volume=154|issue=4|pages=597–599|doi=10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082|issn=1253-8078|accessdate=January 23, 2026}}</ref> A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri atọ ahụ dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar na 1983. Ọdọ Mmiri Tonga na-agbanye mmiri site na ọwa dị n'etiti nke e gwupụtara n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị ma ugbu a na-egosi njirimara nke nnukwu marsh. Ebe ahụ na-emepụta nnukwu ala mmiri nke na-agụnye ugwu ndị nwere osisi, mpaghara ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ, na usoro ájá. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ jikọtara ya na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/281?language=fr|accessdate=January 23, 2026|work=Ramsar|language=fr}}</ref> ma Oued El-Hout na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na Oued El -Eurg na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na-enye ya mmiri. Mmiri ndị a emeela ka usoro deltaic nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ya jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ belata ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Mpaghara ahụ nwere ihu igwe Mediterenian, nke nwere nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ nke 18.9 °C na oge ọkọchị na-adịru ihe dịka ọnwa anọ. Jenụwarị bụ ọnwa kachasị jụụ, ebe Ọgọstụ bụ ọnwa kachasị ọkụ. Nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ gafere 700 mm, na mmiri ozuzo na-elekwasị anya n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na oge oyi na ọkwa dị ala n'oge ọkọchị.<gallery widths="200" heights="180" class="center" caption="Lake Tonga"> Faịlụ:بحيرة_طونقا.jpg Faịlụ:Lac_Tonga.JPG Faịlụ:Lac_Tonga_01.JPEG </gallery> == Anụmanụ na osisi == [[Faịlụ:Lac_tonga_el_kala.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmanụ a na-akpọ lily]] Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enye ebe obibi dị mkpa maka osisi mmiri, ebe ahịhịa na-etolite n’ụdị ngwakọta nke obodo osisi dị iche iche. Ụdị ahịhịa kacha pụta ìhè bụ ahịhịa ogologo (reed bed) nke na-echebe ọtụtụ helophytes. N’oge opupu ihe ubi na ọkọchị, okooko lily mmiri ọcha na-ekpuchi nnukwu akụkụ nke elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ. A na-ewere Ọdọ Mmiri Tonga dị ka nnukwu ebe a na-anọ amụ nwa na North Africa, na-anabata ọtụtụ ụdị herons, Egrets, western marsh harriers, nnụnụ ndị ọzọ na-eri anụ, na nnụnụ mmiri dị iche iche, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụdị dị ụkọ na nke na-eyi egwu n'ụwa niile. Ndị bi n’ógbè ahụ na-etinye aka n’ịzụ anụ ụlọ na ịrụ ọrụ ugbo n’oge ụfọdụ n’afọ . == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ El Kala * Anụ ọhịa nke Algeria == Edensibịa == <references /> d4lam3y49dkxvrlxzhwds956dyqji4x 0 76982 674958 657619 2026-07-10T09:08:25Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ayres de Menezes''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdtravelhealth.com/destinations/africa/sao_tome_and_principe.php|title=Sao Tome and Principe|publisher=MD Travel Health|accessdate=13 December 2025}}</ref> bụ isi ụlọ ọgwụ na isi obodo São Tomé na São Tomé na Príncipe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.countryreports.org/travel/SaoTomeandPrincipe/health.htm|title=Sao Tome and Principe Medical Travel Information|work=CountryReports|accessdate=13 December 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2009, e wụnyere ụlọ ọrụ hemodialysis na enyemaka ndị Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telanon.info/sociedade/2009/06/19/1470/sao-tome-e-principe-podera-vir-a-ter-um-centro-de-hemodialise/|title=São Tomé e Príncipe poderá vir a ter um centro de hemodiálise|work=Téla Nón|language=pt|date=19 June 2009|accessdate=13 December 2025}}</ref> Na ngwụcha ọnwa Juun afọ 2017, e meghere ebe nyocha CT ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://saudeonline.pt/2017/06/30/novo-servico-de-diagnostico-no-principal-hospital-de-sao-tome/|title=Novo serviço de diagnóstico no principal hospital de São Tomé|publisher=Saúde Online|language=pt|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=13 February 2018}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụlọ na ihe owuwu na São Tomé na Príncipe == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] oplpf1wb5iwttkid6vqp2vw5w7hl7kq 0 76984 674692 657713 2026-07-09T20:42:22Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mmiri na-asọba n'obodo ukwu''' bụ mmiri na-asọ asọ n'elu ala, ịgba ala mmiri, na ịsa ụgbọala <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.highlandsranch.org/explore/open-space-trails/open-space-information-center/impact-of-water-runoff-from-streets-yards|title=Impact of Water Runoff from Streets and Yards|publisher=[[Highlands Ranch, Colorado|Highlands Ranch Metro District]]|accessdate=30 August 2021}}</ref> nke mepụtara site na ime obodo. A na-ewu ebe mmiri na-adịghị (okporo ụzọ, Ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ụzọ) n'oge [[mmepe ala]]. N'oge [[Ifufe|Mmiri ozuzo]], oké ifufe, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme na Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo, elu ihe ndị a (nke e ji ihe ndị dị ka asphalt na kọntaktị rụọ), tinyere Elu ụlọ, na-ebu mmiri ozuzo emetọ ka ọ banye n'ime mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="USGS-runoff">{{Cite web|url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/runoff.html|title=Runoff (surface water runoff)|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2018-06-06|work=USGS Water Science School|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref> Nke a na-eme ka tebụl mmiri dị ala (n'ihi na Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-ebelata) na [[idei mmiri]] ebe ọ bụ na mmiri fọdụrụ n'elu ya ka ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schueler|first=Thomas R.|editor=Schueler|title=The Practice of Watershed Protection|chapter=The Importance of Imperviousness|chapterurl=http://www.cwp.org/online-watershed-library/doc_download/308-the-importance-of-imperviousness|location=Ellicott City, MD|publisher=Center for Watershed Protection|pages=1–12|year=2000|origdate=initial publ. 1995|accessdate=2014-12-24}}</ref> Ọtụtụ usoro mmiri ozuzo nke obodo na-ewepụta mmiri ozuzo na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ na iyi, [[osimiri]], na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Mmiri a karịrị akarị nwekwara ike ịbanye n'ime ihe onwunwe ndị mmadụ site na ndabere ala ma na-abanye na mgbidi na ala ụlọ. Mmiri na-asọba n'obodo ukwu nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe na-akpata idei mmiri na mmetọ mmiri n'obodo ndị mepere emepe n'ụwa niile. == Ihe ndị na-emetọ ikuku == Mmiri na-agbapụ n'elu ebe ndị na-adịghị abanye mmiri n'obodo ukwu na-eburu mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ ụgbọala, ọla dị arọ, ihe mkpofu, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ihe site n'okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala, yana [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] na ọgwụ ahụhụ site na ahịhịa. Okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala bụ isi ihe na-enye polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nke e mepụtara dị ka ihe ndị sitere na ọkụ nke gasoline na mmanụ ndị ọzọ, yana nke ọla dị arọ nickel, ọla kọpa, zinc, cadmium, na ọta. Mmiri na-agba n'elu ụlọ na-enye aka n'ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị a na-emepụta na zinc (site na galvanized gutters). Ojiji a na-eji fatịlaịza eme ihe n'ebe obibi, ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige golf bụ isi iyi a na-atụle nke nitrates na phosphorus na mmiri na-asọba n'obodo ukwu mgbe a na-etinye fatịlaịtị n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ mgbe a na'elu ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers|chapter=Ch. 2: Receiving Water Uses, Impairments, and Sources of Stormwater Pollutants|first=G. Allen Jr.|author=Burton|publisher=CRC/Lewis Publishers|location=New York|year=2001|isbn=0-87371-924-7|url=http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Publications/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%20book/MainEDFS_Book.html|accessdate=2009-01-16}}</ref> Ala na-agbada ma ọ bụ ebe a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nwere ike ibute mmụba nke sedimentation na mmiri na-asọ asọ. Sedimentation na-agbakarị na ala nke mmiri ma nwee ike imetụta ogo mmiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ gabigara ókè nke ihe dị n'ime mmiri nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa na ọrịa site na ọkwa dị elu nke ihe oriri dị n'ala. Ọnọdụ ndị a dị elu nke ihe oriri nwere ike belata oxygen ma bulie uto algae ka ọ na-egbochi uto ahịhịa ala, nke nwere ike imebi usoro okike mmiri. Ọnọdụ gabigara ókè nke sediment na ihe siri ike a kwụsịtụrụ nwere ike imebi akụrụngwa dị ugbu a. Sedimentation nwere ike ịbawanye mmiri na-asọba n'elu site na ịgbanye usoro injection n'okpuru ala. Mmụba nke sedimentation nwekwara ike belata nchekwa n'azụ ọdọ mmiri. Mbelata a nke ikike ọdọ mmiri nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye mmefu maka ụlọ ọrụ ala ọha na eze ma na-emetụtakwa ogo nke ebe ntụrụndụ mmiri. Runoff nwekwara ike ime ka bioaccumulation na Biomagnification nke nsí na ndụ oké osimiri. A na-ebu obere ọla dị arọ site na mmiri na-abanye n'oké osimiri, nke nwere ike ịba n'ime anụmanụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri iji kpatara nsị ọla. Mmetụta a dị arọ nwekwara ike imetụta ụmụ mmadụ, ebe ọ bụ na iri anụmanụ nwere nsí na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke nsí dị arọ dịkwuo ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bortman|first=Marci|title=Marine Pollution|journal=Environmental Encyclopedia|date=2011|volume=3|pages=21–34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Weiss|first=Kenneth R.|title=Endangered Oceans|date=2009|publisher=Glenhaven Press|location=Farmington Hills, MI|pages=39–45}}</ref> Ka mmiri ozuzo na-abanye n'ime mmiri ozuzo ahụ na mmiri dị n'elu, ihe okike a na-ewepụ na mmiri na-enweta na-ebelata, ala mmiri na-asọba na ọsọ na-abawanye. N'ezie, mkpuchi na-adịghị abanye mmiri n'obodo na-emepụta okpukpu ise nke mmiri na-agbapụta n'ọhịa nke otu nha. [Nkọwa dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Mmetụta == === Mmiri ozuzo === Mmiri gabigara ókè site na ịgba mmiri site na sprinkler nwere ike ịmepụta mmiri na-eru na mmiri na-enweta n'oge ọnọdụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newportbeachca.gov/Home/ShowDocument?id=6207|title=Using Smart Controllers to Reduce Urban Runoff in the City of Newport Beach|author=Stein|first=Robert|work=|publisher=[[Newport Beach, California]]|accessdate=30 August 2021}}</ref> Runoff na-ebu ihe mmetọ ndị gbakọtara na iyi ndị nwere oke mmiri dị ala na-akpata oke mmetọ karịa ka a ga-ahụ n'oge ihe omume mmiri ozuzo mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcajon.gov/your-government/departments/public-works/over-irrigation|title=Over-Irrigation Can Cause Storm Water Pollution|publisher=[[El Cajon, California]]|accessdate=30 August 2021|archivedate=9 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109120948/https://www.elcajon.gov/your-government/departments/public-works/over-irrigation}}</ref> === Idei mmiri n'obodo ukwu === [[Faịlụ:Natural_&_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị na-adịghị abanye n'ime mmiri na Mmiri na-asọba n'elu]] Mmiri na-asọba n'obodo ukwu bụ isi ihe na-akpata idei mmiri n'obodo mepere emepe, idei mmiri nke ala ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe n'ime ebe e wuru ewu nke Mmiri ozuzo kpatara na-eme ka ikike nke usoro mmiri ozuzo, dị ka mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="USGS-water cycle">{{Cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2019-06-08|title=Surface Runoff - The Water Cycle|url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclerunoff.html|work=USGS Water Science School|publisher=USGS}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke ihe omume ndị dị ka idei mmiri, Oké ifufe, idei mmiri, ma ọ bụ snow na-agbaze, idei mmiri nke obodo ukwu na-emetụta ugboro ugboro, dị oke ọnụ, na mmetụta sistemụ na obodo, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ na-anọghị n'ime ala mmiri ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ mmiri ọ bụla. There are several ways in which stormwater enters properties: backup through sewer pipes, toilets and sinks into buildings; seepage through building walls and floors; the accumulation of water on the property and in public rights-of-way; and the overflow of water from water bodies such as rivers and lakes. Where properties are built with basements, urban flooding is the primary cause of basement flooding. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs a reliable source (January 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Weaselbrgrandavpassaicjeh.JPG|thumb|Weasel Brook dị na Passaic, New Jersey ejirila mgbidi simenti mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eme ihe na-emetụta mmiri ozuzo.]] === Mmetọ mmiri === Mmiri na-asọba n'obodo ukwu na-enye aka na nsogbu mmiri. N'afọ 2009, US National Research Council bipụtara akụkọ zuru oke banyere mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo n'obodo ukwu ma kwuo na ọ na-aga n'ihu ịbụ isi iyi mmetọ n'ọtụtụ mmiri na United States. :: vii  Akụkọ ahụ kọwara na "...ọ ga-aka mma ma ọ bụrụ na e lebaraghị mgbanwe ojiji ala nke na-egosi ebe mmetọ ndị ọzọ anya... Ndị a gụnyere ọrụ ugbo na-akpaghasị ala, ọrụ ugbo silvicural, obodo ukwu, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọrụ owuwu ebe ihe ndị na-emebi ihe siri ike na-apụta n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Mmetọ sitere na ala ndị a abụrụla ihe a na-ekweta n'ụwa niile dị ka ihe ịma aka kachasị mkpa maka mweghachi nke mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri n'ofe mba ahụ." <ref name="NRC-2009">:: 24  [[Faịlụ:Mali,_Bamako,_Rue_249_(1).JPG|thumb|Usoro mmeghe na [[Mali]]]] Mmiri ahụ na-emekwa ka okpomọkụ dị n'iyi, na-emerụ [[Fish|azụ]] na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. (Mgbapụta mberede nke mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịkpata mmiri ọkụ na-egbu azụ.) Ọzọkwa, nnu n'okporo ụzọ eji agbaze snow n'okpogige na n'okpolo ụzọ nwere ike imerụ iyi na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Urban Stream Contamination Increasing Rapidly Due to Road Salt|url=https://www.usgs.gov/news/national-news-release/urban-stream-contamination-increasing-rapidly-due-road-salt|date=2014-12-15|publisher=USGS}}</ref> Otu n'ime mmetụta kachasị pụta ìhè nke mmiri na-asọba n'obodo ukwu bụ na mmiri na-enweghị mmiri n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge ọkọchị (nke a na-akpọkarị iyi na-adịghị adịte aka). Mgbe a na-eme ka ebe dị gburugburu iyi dị otú ahụ bụrụ obodo mepere emepe, mmiri na-esi na ya apụta na-emepụta iyi na-adịghị mma n'afọ niile nke na-emerụ ahịhịa, Anụ ọhịa na ala iyi nke ụzọ mmiri ahụ. N'inwe obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ọ bụla dị n'ime ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe ọ dị n'ala na mmiri, mmiri na-asọba n'ọwara mmiri, na-ebibi ihe ndị sitere n'okike dị ka meanders na sandbars, ma na-emepụta nnukwu erosion - na-abawanye ibu dị n'ọnụ mgbe ọ na-akpụ mmiri n'elu mmiri. Dị ka ihe atụ, n'ọtụtụ ụsọ mmiri Ndịda California n'ọnụ ụzọ mmiri, mmiri na-asọba n'obodo ukwu na-ebu ihe mkpofu, mmetọ, oke mmiri, na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ, ma nwee ike ịkpata ihe ize ndụ ahụike dị n'etiti ma ọ bụ nke siri ike. N'ihi fatịlaịza na ihe mkpofu nke mmiri na-agba n'obodo ukwu na-ebukarị, eutrophication na-emekarị n'ụzọ mmiri nke ụdị mmiri a metụtara. Mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa okike, na-akpali uto nke okooko osisi algae nke na-eri ọtụtụ Oxygen n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ozugbo ikuku oxygen na-apụta na mmiri gwụrụ, algae na-ama ifuru, na ire ure ha na-akpata eutrophication ọzọ. Algae ndị a na-agbasa n'ebe mmiri dị jụụ, dị ka ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'azụ ihe mgbochi mmiri, weirs, na ụfọdụ ihe owuwu. Eutrophication na-abịakarị ihe na-egbu egbu maka azụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. [[Faịlụ:Large_oil_slick_in_parking_lot_of_Tenleytown_McDonald's.jpg|thumb|Mmanụ na-agbapụta site na runoff]] [[Faịlụ:Percolation_trench.jpg|thumb|Olulu mmiri na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo banye n'ime ala Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.]] [[Faịlụ:Oil-grit_separator_USGS_2002.png|thumb|A na-emepụta ihe na-ekewa mmanụ iji jide ihe siri ike, mmanụ na mmanụ, ihe mkpofu na ihe ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri site n'okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala]] Mmiri na-emebi ihe n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike ịkpata idei mmiri na mmebi ihe onwunwe. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, gọọmentị na-emeghachi omume na nsogbu nke mmiri na-emebi emebi site n'ịgbanwe iyi site n'iwu ihe mgbochi siri ike na ihe nchịkwa yiri ya site na iji ihe ndị a na-arụ na masonry. Ojiji nke ihe ndị a siri ike na-ebibi ebe obibi maka azụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Laws|first=Edward A.|year=2004|title=Impact of Stream Hardening on Water Quality and Metabolic Characteristics of Waimanalo and Kane'ohe Streams, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands|journal=Pacific Science|volume=58|issue=2|pages=261–280|doi=10.1353/psc.2004.0019|issn=0030-8870}}</ref> Ọrụ dị otú ahụ nwere ike ime ka ebe idei mmiri mebiri emebi kwụsie ike, mana ọ na-agbanwekarị nsogbu ahụ gaa n'akụkụ mmiri ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ osimiri. ''Lee Injinia osimiri''. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche mmiri ozuzo obodo nwere ike isi merụọ ụmụ mmadụ ahụ, dịka site n'imetọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, imebi ebe nri na ọbụna ime ka akụkụ nke osimiri mechie n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa. Mgbe mmiri ozuzo buru ibu nke na-eme ka mmiri ozuzo jupụta, mmiri ruru unyi nwere ike imetụta ụzọ mmiri ndị mmadụ si azụ azụ ma ọ bụ na-azụ azụ, nke na-eme ka osimiri ma ọ bụ ihe omume mmiri mechie. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmiri ozuzo ahụ nwere ike ibute mmụba na uto nje bacteria na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mmetọ kemịkalụ na-adịghị mma na mmiri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs a reliable source (January 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ anyị na-echekarị dị ka ihe kacha emebi emebi bụ mmanụ ụgbọala na mmanụ a wụsara, mana anyị na-elegharakarị mmetụta fatịlaịza na ọgwụ ahụhụ na-enwe anya. Mgbe a na-agba osisi mmiri ma na-agba mmiri n'ubi, a pụrụ ịsacha kemịkalụ ndị e ji ahịhịa na ihe ọkụkụ gwọọ n'ime mmiri. Gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ ndị kemịkalụ ndị a na-ebute na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi ọnụnọ ha ka ha na-egbu ahịhịa ndị dị n'ime ala, ndị na-enweghị ọdịdị ala, na ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe. == Mgbochi na ibelata == Nchịkwa dị irè nke mmiri na-asọba n'obodo ukwu na-agụnye ibelata ọsọ na mmiri nke oké ifufe, yana ibelata nsị mmetọ. Gọọmentị ime obodo na-eji usoro nchịkwa mmiri ozuzo dịgasị iche iche iji belata mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo. Usoro ndị a, nke a na-akpọ Usoro nchịkwa kachasị mma maka mmetọ mmiri (BMPs) na mba ụfọdụ, nwere ike ilekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri, ebe ndị ọzọ na-elekwasị anya n'imeziwanye ogo mmiri, ụfọdụ na-arụ ọrụ abụọ ahụ. Omume mgbochi mmetọ gụnyere mmepe mmetụta dị ala (LID) ma ọ bụ usoro akụrụngwa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ - nke a maara dị ka Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) na UK, na Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) na Australia na Middle East - dị ka ntinye nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri na njikwa kemịkal ka mma (dịka njikwa mmanụ ụgbọala na mmanụ, fatịlaịza, ọgwụ ahụhụ na deicers n'okporo ụzọ ).<ref>{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2014|title=Low Impact Development and Other Green Design Strategies|url=http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Low-Impact-Development-LID-and-Other-Green-Design-Strategies.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219220712/http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Low-Impact-Development-LID-and-Other-Green-Design-Strategies.cfm|archivedate=2015-02-19|work=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System|publisher=EPA}}</ref> Usoro mgbochi mmiri na-agụnye ọdọ mmiri, usoro nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ, ala mmiri e wuru, ọdọ mmiri na-ejigide, na ngwaọrụ ndị yiri ya. Inye ngwọta dị irè maka mmiri ozuzo n'obodo ukwu na-achọkarị mmemme obodo kwesịrị ekwesị nke na-eburu n'uche mkpa na ọdịiche nke obodo. Ihe ndị dị ka okpomọkụ nkezi nke obodo, ọkwa mmiri ozuzo, ebe ala, na ọkwa mmetọ ikuku nwere ike imetụta ọnụego mmetọ n'ime obodo ukwu ma weta ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche maka njikwa. Ihe ndị mmadụ dị ka ọnụego obodo ukwu, usoro ojiji ala, na ihe owuwu ahọpụtara maka ala ndị na-adịghị emebi emebi na-eme ka nsogbu ndị a ka njọ. Mmejuputa usoro mmezi obodo niile dị ka mmemme mkpocha okporo ámá nwekwara ike ịbụ usoro dị irè n'imeziwanye ogo nke mmiri na-asọba n'obodo. Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'okporo ámá na-anakọta uzuzu na ihe siri ike a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ọha na eze na-adọba ụgbọala na okporo ụzọ ndị na-ejikarị mmiri na-asọ asọ.<ref name="EPA4">{{Cite web|url=http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Parking-Lot-and-Street-Cleaning.cfm|title=Parking Lot and Street Cleaning|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828022543/http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/swbmp/Parking-Lot-and-Street-Cleaning.cfm|archivedate=2015-08-28|work=National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices|date=6 August 2014|publisher=EPA|accessdate=2014-12-24}}</ref> Mmemme agụmakwụkwọ nwekwara ike ịbụ ngwaọrụ dị irè maka ijikwa mmiri ozuzo obodo. Azụmaahịa na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata mmetọ na mmiri ozuzo obodo site na omume ha, mana ọtụtụ mgbe ha amaghị iwu. Ịmepụta mkparịta ụka bara uru gbasara mmiri ozuzo obodo na mkpa ọ dị iwepụ ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ nke ọma nwere ike inyere aka ịgba ume omume ndị na-adịghị ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọnụ ahịa dị ala nye obodo na akụ na ụba obodo..<ref> {{Cite journal|author=Ballo|first=Siaka|date=2009-07-10|title=Pollutants in stormwater runoff in Shanghai (China): Implications for management of urban runoff pollution|journal=Progress in Natural Science|volume=19|issue=7|pages=873–880|doi=10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.021}}</ref> Enwere ike ịchịkwa mmetọ okpomọkụ sitere na mmiri na-asọ asọ site na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa mmiri nke na-amịkọrọ mmiri ma ọ bụ na-eduzi ya n'ime Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, dị ka usoro nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na ọdọ mmiri. Mmiri nke Bioretention na-adịkarị obere na-ebelata okpomọkụ, ebe ọ bụ na anyanwụ nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị ọkụ tupu a wụpụ ya na iyi na-anabata. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]: p. 5–58  Mmiri ozuzo na-ewepụta ihe na-emetụta nchịkọta nke mmiri si na iyi, ndagwurugwu, iyi na-adịghị adịte aka, na ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị ọtụtụ ebumnuche, dị ka ibelata nsị emetọ na mmiri dị nro, ịkwalite mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, na ngwa ndị na-abụghị nke a na-aṅụ dị ka ịsacha ụlọ mposi na ịgba mmiri. == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rq4enodf59bqiyrxmh58gxk6ruu6lst 0 77028 674777 659016 2026-07-09T23:51:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674777 wikitext text/x-wiki <references group="Note" /> [[Faịlụ:20140301-IMG_2325_(12885985534).jpg|thumb|[[Mpako nke Cape Town|Cape Town Pride]] 2014 ndị mere ngagharị iwe iji kwado ikike LGBT na Naịjirịa.]] Ndị lesbian, ndị gay, ndị bisexual, ndị transgender, na ndị queer (LGBTQ) nọ na Naijiria na-eche ihe ịma aka siri ike ihu. Ma nwoke na nwanyị na-egosi homosexuality bụ ihe iwu na-akwadoghị na Naịjirịa ma a na-ata ha ahụhụ ọnwụ n'akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ yana ruo afọ iri na anọ na mkpọrọ na ndịda Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bourbeau|first=Heather|date=December 2019|title=Human Rights|url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1250681/download|journal=Shari'ah Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> Enweghị ihe nchebe iwu kwadoro maka ndị LGBTQ na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]—obodo a nke nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 230,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria|archivedate=9 January 2021|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|work=www.cia.gov|date=20 October 2022}}</ref> kewara n'etiti otu ndị Alakụba n'ebe ugwu na otu ndị Kraịst n'ebe ndịda.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Dickson|first=Prince Charles|date=2016-07-30|title=Homophobia unites Muslims and Christians in Nigeria|url=https://api.theworld.org/stories/2016/07/30/homophobia-unites-muslims-and-christians-nigeria|accessdate=2025-07-09|work=The World from PRX|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole LGBTQ na-ekwu okwu gbasara mmekọahụ ha, ebe ọ bụ na ime ihe ike megide ha na-emekarị. Dịka PinkNews si kwuo, ndị ọchịchị Naịjirịa na-etinye anya n'obodo LGBTQ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Condon|first=Ali|title=Nigeria: Mass LGBTQ+ arrests 'based on assumptions, not investigation', activists say|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/11/01/nigeria-lgbtq-arrests-assumptions-activists/|work=PinkNews|date=November 2023|accessdate=1 November 2023}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Naịjiria LGBTQ na-achọ ebe mgbaba n'obodo ndị nwere iwu na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/metro/from-near-death-to-detention-here-is-edafe-okporos-story-id8580707.html|title=From near death to detention in USA, this is the story of LGBTQ+ activist Edafe Okporo|author=Tayo|first=Ayomide O.|accessdate=29 November 2018|language=en-US|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> A na-ahụkwa mpụ nke ịnwa ịlụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị n'ime Naịjirịa kemgbe afọ 2013, dịka iwu [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013]] si dị. Ntaramahụhụ kachasị na steeti iri na abụọ nke ugwu site na iwu Shari'a bụ ọnwụ site na ntụgbu nkume. Iwu a metụtara ndị Alakụba niile na ndị kwetara n'afọ ofufo n'okpuru ikike nke ụlọ ikpe Sharia. Agbanyeghị, na ndịda Naịjirịa na n'okpuru iwu mpụ nke ụwa nke ugwu Naịjirịa, ntaramahụhụ kachasị maka mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị bụ mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ, nke na-adịghị njọ karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-14|title=Nigeria: Anti-LGBT Law Threatens Basic Rights {{!}} Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/14/nigeria-anti-lgbt-law-threatens-basic-rights|accessdate=2025-11-04|language=en}}</ref> Na 2022, otu ndị ngaghari iwe maka ikike mmadụ na otu na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na Naịjirịa tinyere akwụkwọ n'ụlọikpe na-ekwu na Nkebi nke 4(1), Iwu 5(2), na 5(3) nke Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013 mebiri iwu nke Iwu Naịjirịa. N'otu afọ ahụ, ụlọ ikpe kpebiri na ngalaba ndị a megidere iwu na enweghị ike itinye ha n'ọrụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke mba ahụ, n'ikwe ka òtù na ndị LGBTQ+ dị ma hazie onwe ha nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SSMPA Judgment – Where Love Is A Crime|url=https://whereloveisacrime.org/ssmpa-judgment/|accessdate=2025-11-04|language=en-US}}</ref> == Àgwà == Dịka ọrụ Pew Global Attitudes Project nke afọ 2007 si kwuo, pasentị iri itoolu na asaa (97%) Ndị bi na Naịjirịa kwenyere na nwoke idina nwoke bụ ụzọ ndụ ọha mmadụ ekwesịghị ịnakwere, nke bụ nke abụọ kachasị elu nke enweghị nnabata na mba 45 e nyochara.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf|title="Pew Global Attitudes Project", (pages 35, 83, and 117)|accessdate=3 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214225525/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2010}}</ref> Na 2015, nyocha sitere n'aka otu nzukọ nke [[Bisi Alimi]] hiwere, otu onye otu nwoke idina nwoke na Naịjirịa, onye bi na London kwuru na pasentị a dara ruo pasentị 94. N'ime nnyocha a, dịka ọ dị n'otu oge ahụ, pasentị iri atọ nke ndị Naịjirịa kwenyere na ndị LGBTQ kwesịrị inweta agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ebe obibi. Ọkwa nkwenye ahụ dara ntakịrị ruo pasentị iri itoolu na otu (91%) na ntuli aka Pew Research Center ọzọ mere na 2019.<ref name="pew2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/|title="The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists"|date=25 June 2020|accessdate=3 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701105248/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/|archivedate=1 July 2022}}</ref> Na 2006, Philip Alston, onye nnọchiteanya pụrụ iche nke mba United Nations, na-ahụ maka igbu mmadụ n'enweghị ikpe ziri ezi, nchịkọta ma ọ bụ igbu mmadụ n'enweghị ikpe ziri ezi, nyere nkwupụta ọnụ nye Kansụl Ndị Ikike . N'okwu a, onye nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na UN bụ Joseph Ayalogu, zara na "nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na-edina nwanyị" bụ "mpụ dị oke njọ na omume rụrụ arụ", na ntaramahụhụ siri ike bụ "ntaramahụhụ kwesịrị ekwesị na nke ziri ezi," nakwa na ndị kwenyere na ogbugbu "gafere oke" bụ "ikpe kama ịbụ ihe kpatara ya".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 4, 2008|title=Love, hate and the law: decriminalizing homosexuality|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=pol30%2f003%2f2008&language=en|accessdate=21 August 2019|work=www.amnesty.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2–18, 2008|title=Recognizing human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity at the Human Rights Council, Session 8|url=http://arc-international.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/SOGI-report-HRC8.pdf|accessdate=October 24, 2023|work=ARC International}}</ref> Ime ihe ike nye ndị LGBTQ nke a na-emeso ụmụ nwoke na edina nwoke ibe ha na ụmụ nwanyị transgender jupụtara ebe niile na mba ahụ. A na-akpọ ya ''[[Kito (slang)|Kito]],'' usoro e ji adọta ndị a n'ọnyà ma mee ka ha maa jijiji maka ịbụ ndị nwoke idina nwoke.''<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-05-15|title=The Nigerians lured into a trap and blackmailed for being gay|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65560062|accessdate=2025-11-04|language=en-GB}}</ref>'' Atụmatụ Kito na-agụnyekarị ịpụnara mmadụ ihe, ịpụ apụ, na mmerụ ahụ anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-04|title=US-Based Nigerian Gay Man, Emmanuel Onwe, Recounts Traumatic 'Kito' Experience|url=https://www.talktalknigeria.com/home/2025/9/4/us-based-nigerian-gay-man-emmanuel-onwe-recounts-traumatic-kito-experience|accessdate=2025-11-04|work=Talk Talk Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, òtù dị iche iche dịka [https://minoritywatchnigeria.org/?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAaeo7FsEt2tSpVbWbgDKzXavyB__5Iy-iJBdrTIC5K27kU0SPYU_sLcvNG1paw_aem_qDuSR9_ihIsNt4F7W8TDWw Minority Watch Nigeria] anọwo na-akwado maka nchekwa iwu maka ndị mmadụ na-eche ụdị ịkpa ókè dị otú ahụ ihu. == Iwu nke mmekọahụ nke nwoke na nwoke == A na-eme mpụ megide mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị n'ofe Naịjirịa n'okpuru iwu dị iche iche, gụnyere iwu gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti.<ref name="Ostien">{{Cite web|title=''Sharia Implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999–2006: A Sourcebook'', authored by Philip Ostien, Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2007, volume IV, chapter 4, part III (republished on the Internet by the University of Bayreuth with permission of the author and publisher)|url=http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/sharia-implementation-in-northern-nigeria/vol_4_4_chapter_4_part_III.pdf}}</ref> Ntaramahụhụ dị iche iche site na mkpọrọ ruo na ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na steeti ụfọdụ dị n'ebe ugwu nke iwu Sharia na-achị.<ref name="Ostien" /> Usoro iwu a na-egosipụta njikọta nke iwu ndị e mere n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, iwu ndị Alakụba, na iwu obodo, na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-egbochi ndị LGBTQ+ na Naịjirịa. === Iwu gọọmentị etiti === * Na ndịda Naịjirịa, Iwu Mpụ Naịjirịa na-eme ka mmekọahụ dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke bụrụ mpụ, a na-atụkwa ha ntaramahụhụ ruo mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ. A na-ata ajọ omume rụrụ arụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ahụhụ ruo afọ atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ọzọkwa, ndị mmadụ n'otu ma ọ bụ òtù dị iche iche na-akwado ikike nke ndị LGBTI nwere ike ịnọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ afọ iri n'okpuru iwu a.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2014|title=Nigeria: Anti-LGBT Law Threatens Basic Rights|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/14/nigeria-anti-lgbt-law-threatens-basic-rights|accessdate=27 November 2023|work=Human Right Watch}}</ref> * Nkebi nke 214 nke iwu mpụ: Iwu a na-eme ka "ihe ọmụma anụ ahụ megide usoro okike" bụrụ mpụ, nke a na-akọwa dị ka ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Section 214 of the Criminal Code Act in Nigeria. Unnatural offences|url=https://jurist.ng/criminal_code_act/sec-214|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=jurist.ng}}</ref> * Nkebi nke 217 nke iwu mpụ: Iwu a na-eme ka "omume rụrụ arụ" bụrụ ihe mpụ nke a na-akọwakwa dị ka ihe gbasara mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-08|title=Nigeria|url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country-profile/nigeria/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=Human Dignity Trust|language=en}}</ref> * Na ugwu Naịjirịa, Iwu Mpụ amachibidoro "mmekọahụ anụ ahụ megide usoro okike" maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, a ga-ata ya ahụhụ ruo mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ, ntaramahụhụ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. === Iwu Shari'a na steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu === * Steeti iri na abụọ dị n'ebe ugwu na-etinye iwu mpụ dabere na Sharia n'ọrụ metụtara ndị Alakụba na ndị kwenyere n'ikike ụlọ ikpe Sharia.<ref name="Ostien"/> * A na-ata ndị na-eme Sodomy na nwanyị na edina nwanyị ibe ya ahụhụ nke ukwuu, site na ịpịa otu narị utari maọbu ruo na ọnwụ site na ịtụ ha nkume, nke dabere na ọnọdụ alụmdi na nwunye na ebe ọ dị. * A na-akọwa mmasị nwanyị n'ebe ibe ya nọ dịka omume anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mkpali n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, a na-ata ya ahụhụ site n'ịtụ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ịtụ ya ihe n'ọtụtụ steeti, yana ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na [[Kano State|Kano]] na [[Katsina]]. === Òtù okpukpe ndị ọzọ === Okpukperechi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Naịjirịa, ebe okpukperechi Islam na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bụ okpukpe kachasị, na ọtụtụ usoro nkwenye ndị obodo na-enyekwa aka na ọdịdị ime mmụọ. Omume na emume okpukperechi dị n'ime akụkụ dị iche iche nke obodo Naịjirịa, na ụlọ okpukperechi na-arụkarị ọrụ dị mkpa na agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, na ọdịmma ọha mmadụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Okpukperechi na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ahụmahụ nke ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa.<ref name="Religion on LGBT">{{Cite journal|author=Okwusa|first=Ikechukwu Kenneth|title=Homosexuality and the church: Examining the moral implications of the stand of the church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) against homosexuality|journal=Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities|date=2022|volume=23|issue=1|pages=161–180|doi=10.4314/ujah.v23i1.6}}</ref> Nkọwa ndị Naịjirịa banyere Islam na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na-agbasokarị echiche ọdịnala gbasara mmekọahụ na ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị. Nke a emeela ka a na-akpọ ndị LGBTQ asị ma na-akpa ókè megide ha. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Àgwà ndị ọzọ e mere ka ha bụrụ mpụ === * A na-ata mmadụ ahụhụ iyi uwe dị iche iche na "iṅomi nwoke na nwanyị dị iche" n'ụfọdụ steeti. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Kano na-atụba ruo otu afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ maka ụmụ nwoke ndị yi uwe ma ọ bụ na-akpa àgwà dị ka ụmụ nwanyị. * Ịbụ onye a kpọrọ "onye na-awagharị awagharị" ma ọ bụ "onye na-awagharị awagharị a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe" maka ime ihe nwoke na nwoke ibe ya na-eme ma ọ bụ iyi uwe dị iche iche na-ebu ntaramahụhụ nke mkpọrọ, ipia utari, ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ. === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === A kpọwo aha ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa, nke e guzobere na narị afọ nke 18 na Naịjirịa n'oge ọchịchị ndị Britain, dị ka ndị rụrụ arụ na ndị na-emegbu mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-08-17|title="Everyone's in on the Game"|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/08/17/everyones-game/corruption-and-human-rights-abuses-nigeria-police-force|journal=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> E nwere akụkọ gbasara ndị uwe ojii na-enyocha ndị ha weere dị ka ndị nwoke idina nwoke nke na-eduga n'ịnwụchi, mwakpo, na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe.<ref name="Desmond">{{Cite web|author=Desmond|first=Vincent|date=2020-08-20|title=Nigerian Police Are Extorting People Who 'Look Gay'|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/nigerian-police-are-extorting-people-who-look-gay/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=Vice|language=en}}</ref> Iwu a nke na-eme nke kpọrọ nwoke idina nwoke asị bụ iwu dabere na iwu ọchịchị ndị Britain nke e webatara na Naịjirịa na narị afọ nke 19.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-12-17|title=This Alien Legacy: The Origins of "Sodomy" Laws in British Colonialism|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/12/17/alien-legacy/origins-sodomy-laws-british-colonialism|journal=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Criminalization of Homosexuality in Colonial History, by Dr Joseph O'Mahoney|url=https://blogs.reading.ac.uk/gender-history-cluster/2021/06/17/homosexuality/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=University of Reading|archivedate=2023-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603120406/https://blogs.reading.ac.uk/gender-history-cluster/2021/06/17/homosexuality/}}</ref> Tupu ọchịchị mba ọzọ amalite ịchị mba ahụ, ọ dịghị otu iwu kwuru na ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na Naịjirịa na-eme ihe ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arimoro|first=Augustine Edobor|date=2021-10-01|title=Interrogating the Criminalisation of Same-Sex Sexual Activity: A Study of Commonwealth Africa|journal=Liverpool Law Review|language=en|volume=42|issue=3|pages=379–399|doi=10.1007/s10991-021-09280-5|issn=1572-8625}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, e nwere iwu omenala megide mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ahụ. Gọọmentị Britain webatara iwu ndị mere ka mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke bụrụ ihe ọjọọ, dabere na iwu mpụ nke Britain, nke omume ọma nke Victoria metụtara. Nke kachasị pụta ìhè n'ime iwu ndị a bụ Iwu Mpụ nke 1916, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ mpụ nye "onye ọ bụla nwere ihe ọmụma anụ ahụ banyere onye ọ bụla megidere usoro okike".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-23|title=The Criminal Code Act|url=https://sabilaw.org/the-criminal-code-act/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=SabiLaw|language=en-US}}</ref> E jigidere iwu ndị a mgbe Naịjirịa nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960, wee bụrụ akụkụ nke Iwu Mpụ nke Naịjirịa. Ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na okpukperechi emetụtala ikike ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa, nke a na-emebikarị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aminu|first=Ado|date=2021-02-02|title=LGBT+ discrimination and the politics of being queer in Nigeria » YNaija|url=https://ynaija.com/lgbt-discrimination-and-the-politics-of-being-queer-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=2018-08-12|title=LGBTQ In Nigeria: Between Law And Love|url=https://guardian.ng/life/lgbtq-in-nigeria-between-law-and-love/|accessdate=2023-08-24|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> E jigidere iwu ndị a mgbe Naịjirịa nwetara nnwere onwe n'afọ 1960. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, e nweela ụfọdụ oku na ngagharị iwe maka iwepụ iwu ndị a, mana ha ka dị. == Ịmata mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị == Na Jenụwarị 18, 2007, kabinet nke Naịjirịa kwadoro mkpebi [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2006]] ma zigara ya na National Assembly maka ihe ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fulcrum-anglican.org.uk/news/2006/20061121radner.cfm?doc=167#appendix|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612181026/http://www.fulcrum-anglican.org.uk/news/2006/20061121radner.cfm?doc=167|title="Appendix: A Bill for an Act To Make Provisions for the Prohibition of Sexual Relationship Between Persons of the Same Sex, Celebration of Marriage By Them And For Other Matters Connected Therewith", reprinted in "Human Rights, Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion: Reflections in Light of Nigeria", ''Fulcrum: Renewing the Evangelical Centre'', authored by Ephraim Radner and Andrew Goddard|archivedate=12 June 2008}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, iwu ahụ emezughị. Na 29 Nọvemba 2011, Sineti Naịjirịa tinyere aka na ntuli aka "Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Bill, 2011". Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa kwadoro iwu a n'abalị iri atọ nke ọnwa Mee afọ 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/nigerian-same-sex-marriage-ban-violates-lgbti-rights|title=Nigerian Same Sex Marriage Ban Violates LGBTI Rights|work=www.freedomhouse.org}}</ref> ma onyeisiala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] bịanyere aka na ya dịka iwu na Jenụwarị 2014 dịka [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act]]. Iwu ahụ: * mere nkwekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ njikọ obodo n'etiti nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị "na-ezighi ezi na iwu akwadoghị na ... enweghị ya dịka ihe ruru eru inweta uru nke alụmdi na nwunye ziri ezi". * emee ka ọ ghara ịdị irè ma bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịmanye na Naịjirịa, nkwekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ njikọ obodo nke e tinyere n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwanyị site na asambodo nke mba ọzọ nyere * amachibidoro itinye alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ njikọ obodo ọ bụla e jikọrọ n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwanyị na ibe ha "n'ebe ofufe ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ ụka ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ alakụba ma ọ bụ n'ebe ọ bụla ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla a kpọrọ na Naịjirịa" * amachibidoro ndebanye aha nke "òtù ndị nwoke idina nwoke, òtù dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche, ihe oriri ha, ngagharị na nzukọ" * machibidoro "igosi mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n'ihu ọha na eze n'etiti nwoke na ibe ya na nwanyị na ibe ya ozugbo ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè" * mere ka onye banyere n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta alụmdi nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-alụ ọgụ maka mkpọrọ afọ 14 * mere ka mmadụ "debanye aha, na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-esonye na klọb ndị nwoke idina nwoke, ọha mmadụ na òtù dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ gosi n'ihu ọha na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya nwoke na nwanyị na Naịjirịa" nwere ike ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri * mere ka mmadụ ma ọ bụ otu ndị mmadụ "na-agba akaebe, na-akwado ma na-enyere aka ime emume nke alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ njikọ obodo, ma ọ bụ na-akwado ndebanye aha, ọrụ na inye ndị otu nwoke idina nwoke, òtù dị iche iche, òtù dị iche iche, ngagharị ma ọ bụ nzukọ na Naịjirịa" ndị a ga-atụ mkpọrọ afọ iri * A kọwara "njikọ obodo" maka ebumnuche nke iwu a ka ọ pụta "nkwekọrịta ọ bụla dị n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwanyị ibi ọnụ dị ka ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, na ... gụnyere nkọwa ndị dị ka mmekọrịta ndị okenye nọọrọ onwe ha, mmekọrịta nlekọta, mmekọrịta obodo, nkwekọrịta ịdị n'otu obodo, mmekọrịta dị n'ime obodo, mmekọrịta ndị ga-erite uru n'otu aka ahụ, mmekọrịta edebanyere aha, mmekọrịta dị mkpa, njikọ kwụsiri ike, wdg."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/74807203/Nigeria-Same-Sex-Marriage-Bill-final|title=Nigeria Same Sex Marriage Bill-final}}</ref> Iwu a na-agbaso iwu yiri nke ahụ emere na Uganda na Disemba 2013, nke na-amachibido mkpọrọ ndụ maka ụdị omume nwoke idina nwoke. == Nchebe megide ịkpa ókè == Iwu nke Federal Republic of Nigeria anaghị echebe ikike LGBTQ kpọmkwem, mana o nwere ọtụtụ iwu na-ekwe nkwa ikike nhata nye ụmụ amaala niile (Nkebi nke 17(2)(a)) yana ikike ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nlekọta ahụike na ahụike zuru oke (Nkebi nke 17(3)(d)) na ohere nhata n'ebe ọrụ (Nkebi nke 17(3)(a)).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm|title=Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria|work=www.nigeria-law.org|accessdate=2026-06-27|archivedate=2020-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515002448/https://www.nigeria-law.org/ConstitutionOfTheFederalRepublicOfNigeria.htm}}</ref> Enweghị iwu e tinyere n'iwu na-echebe megide ịkpa ókè ma ọ bụ mmekpa ahụ dabere na mmasị mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ njirimara nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ dịghị otu n'ime pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị na Naịjirịa kwadoro ikike LGBTQ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Abụọ n'ime pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na Mgbakọ Mba, [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] na [[All Nigeria People's Party|All Nigeria Peoples Party]], ha na-emegide ikike ndị LGBTQ nke ukwuu. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị pere mpe na ndị nwere nnwere onwe ekwuwokwa okwu megide ikike LGBTQ. == Ọnọdụ obibi ndụ == A na-ewere Naịjirịa dị ka mba na-echekwa echiche nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hancock|first=Edith|title=The 25 most conservative, intolerant, and polluted countries in the world|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-conservative-countries-in-the-world-2017-1|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=Business Insider}}</ref> Okpukperechi dị oke mkpa na Naịjirịa, ebe okpukperechi Islam na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bụ okpukpe ndị kacha pụta ìhè, na nkọwa ndị a ma ama nke ndị Naịjirịa gbasara Alakụba na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na-agbaso echiche ọdịnala gbasara mmekọahụ na ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":5"/><ref name="Religion on LGBT2">{{Cite journal|author=Okwusa|first=Ikechukwu Kenneth|date=2022|title=Homosexuality and the church: Examining the moral implications of the stand of the church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) against homosexuality|journal=Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities|volume=23|issue=1|pages=161–180|doi=10.4314/ujah.v23i1.6}}</ref> E gosipụtara ịkpọasị ọha na eze megide mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2016-10-20|title="Tell Me Where I Can Be Safe"|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> Tinyere ntaramahụhụ iwu, ụmụ amaala nwoke idina nwoke n'ihu ọha na-enwe mwakpo na ime ihe ike. Kemgbe e tinyere iwu nke Naịjirịa [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act (SSMPA)]] n'afọ 2014, ndị LGBTQ enwetawo mmegbu, ime ihe ike, na mwepu ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Onishi|first=Norimitsu|date=2015-12-20|title=U.S. Support of Gay Rights in Africa May Have Done More Harm Than Good|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/21/world/africa/us-support-of-gay-rights-in-africa-may-have-done-more-harm-than-good.html?smid=url-share|accessdate=2025-01-11|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị ohi, ndị agbata obi, na ndị uwe ojii na-ejikarị iwu eme ihe iji lekwasị anya n'ihe gbasara ndị LGBTQ, ha na-ejikarị mgbasa ozi ọha na eze ejide ndị a metụtara.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Wafula|first=Ian|date=2023-05-15|title=The Nigerians lured into a trap and blackmailed for being gay|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65560062|accessdate=2025-07-08|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> A maara omume nke ịnara ego n'aka ụmụ nwoke ndị na edina nwoke site n'iyi ha egwu dịka "[[Kito (slang)|kito]]".<ref name=":6" /> Njide na mmechuihu ọha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ọtụtụ mmadụ na-atụkwa egwu ịchọ nlekọta ahụike ma ọ bụ ịkọ akụkọ mpụ.<ref name=":4" /> E nwere akụkọ gbasara ndị uwe ojii na-enyocha ndị ha weere dị ka ndị nwoke idina nwoke, nke na-eduga n'ịnwụchi, mwakpo, na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe.<ref name="Desmond"/> Ahụmịhe ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-eme ihe ike na Naịjirịa ka edekọtara n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ''She Called Me Woman''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Seth-Smith|first=Niki|date=2019-03-20|title=Book review: She Called Me Woman|url=https://newhumanist.org.uk/5437/book-review-she-called-me-woman|accessdate=2025-09-03|work=newhumanist.org.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref>'','' onye deziri ya bụ Azeenarh Mohammed, [[Chitra Nagarajan]] na Rafeeat Aliya. Ọ bụ ezie na nkwado mba ọdịda anyanwụ, karịsịa site n'aka mba Amerịka, enyela nkwado ego maka ikike LGBTQ na Naịjirịa na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Africa, ndị nkatọ na-arụ ụka na mgbalị ndị a anọgidela ihe na-esi na ya apụta. <ref name=":4"/> Ọdịdị nke ndị LGBTQ amụbaala, nke na-akpali mmeghachi omume site n'aka ndị otu na-echekwa echiche bụ́ ndị na-ahụ mmegharị ahụ dị ka ụdị nke ọchịchị alaeze ukwu omenala.<ref name=":4" /> Ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ndị Naịjirịa na-atụ aro na nkwado obodo na-aga n'ihu nke ọma bụ ụzọ dị irè karị isi melite ọnọdụ maka obodo LGBTQ.<ref name=":4" /> Iwu a emeela ka ihere mee ka ọtụtụ ndị Naịjirịa na-akpọ ndị LGBTQ asị, ebe ha na-ejikọta ndị mba ọzọ.<ref name=":4"/> Ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị otu ikike mmadụ ekwuola na SSMPA emeela ka ndị nche nwee obi ike ma kwalite ọnọdụ nke ntaramahụhụ maka ime ihe ike megide LGBTQ.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Isaack|first=Wendy|date=2016-10-20|title="Tell Me Where I Can Be Safe"|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act|journal=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nsogbu ndị a, òtù dịka [[The Initiative for Equal Rights|The Initiative For Equal Rights]] nọgide na-enye nkwado na nkwado dị mkpa maka ndị LGBTQ Naijiria.<ref name=":4" /> Agbanyeghị [[Lagos Fashion Week]] na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji ugboro abụọ n'afọ n'ihu ọha, ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ejiji na-ahọrọ ime ihe ngosi nkeonwe iji gbochie ebubo omume rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ iji zere nkagbu oge ikpeazụ site n'aka ndị ọbịa n'etiti nlebara anya na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Akinwande|first=Bolaji|date=2024-06-13|title=The Nigerian fashion labels feeling forced to show in private|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/13/style/lagos-fashion-lgbtq-inclusivity/index.html|accessdate=2024-06-13|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Atụmatụ nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na mba ahụ dị site na nde iri na ise ruo nde iri abụọ.<ref name="Sussner 2022 pp. 31–53">{{Cite journal|author=Sussner|first=Petra|title=Addressing Heteronormativity: The Not-So-Lost Requirement of Discretion in (Austrian) Asylum Law|journal=International Journal of Refugee Law|volume=34|issue=1|date=2022-03-01|issn=0953-8186|doi=10.1093/ijrl/eeac018|pages=31–53}}</ref><ref name="Adéné 2017 p395">{{Cite web|author=Adéné|first=Ayϙ|title=Nigeria - 42 LGBT persons arrested|work=ZAM|date=2017-08-10|url=https://www.zammagazine.com/arts/780-nigeria-42-lgbt-persons-arrested|accessdate=2023-06-28}}</ref><ref name="Stewart 2009 p. 2-PA98">{{Cite book|author=Stewart|first=C.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide [3 volumes]: [3 volumes]|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-313-34232-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luPNEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA98|accessdate=2023-08-01}}</ref> Nnyocha achọpụtala na ọtụtụ ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa na-amata onwe ha dị ka Ndị Kraịst n'okpukpe dịka Anglicanism.<ref name="Nel 2021 p. 176">{{Cite book|author=Nel|first=M.|title=LGBTIQ + people and Pentecostals: An African Pentecostal hermeneutic perspective|publisher=Lit Verlag|series=Exegese in Unserer Zeit. Kontextuelle Bi Series|year=2021|isbn=978-3-643-91248-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXjlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176|accessdate=2023-08-01}}</ref> Ụfọdụ òtù dị na Naịjirịa na-agbalị inyere ndị LGBTQ aka, dịka Ụlọụka Obodo Metropolitan. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị otu a nwere ike itinye ndị mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ mmegbu.<ref name=":0"/> A hụrụ akụkọ ikike mmadụ nke Ngalaba Mba Amerịka nke afọ 2011:<ref name="2011 Report">{{Cite web|title=''2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186441.pdf}}</ref>: ^{<big>50</big>} <blockquote>N'ihi ihe ndị mmadụ na-anaghị anabata gbasara nwoke idina nwoke, ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole gosipụtara mmasị ha n'ebe ọha mmadụ nọ. Ndị [òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị] ... Global Rights na The Independent Project nyere otu ndị otu nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị, na onye nwere okike nwoke na nwanyị (LGBT) ndụmọdụ iwu na ọzụzụ n'ịkwado ndị mmadụ, ọrụ mgbasa ozi, na mmata gbasara HIV/AIDS. </blockquote> == Mkpọrọ na ihe omume == N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ndị uwe ojii steeti Bauchi jidere ụmụ nwoke iri na asatọ ma boo ha ebubo idina nwoke maka iyi uwe dịka ụmụ nwanyị, nke iwu na-akwadoghị dịka iwu Shari'a siri dị.<ref name="2008 HRR">{{Cite web|title=2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119018.htm|publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State}}</ref> E mechara chụpụ ebubo ndị a n'ime ndị na-anaghị aga ebe ọzọ, a kpọchirikwa ndị ikom ahụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ na-eche ka a kpee ha ikpe - nke mechara kwụsị na njedebe nke afọ 2011.<ref name="2011 Report"/>: ⁵¹  Na ụbọchị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa Septemba afọ 2008, akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ bipụtara aha na adreesị nke mmadụ iri na abụọ nke House of Rainbow Metropolitan Church, ụlọ ụka dị na Lagos nke na-anabata ndị LGBTQ. Ndị mmadụ na-eyi ụfọdụ n'ime ndị otu a egwu, tie ha ihe ma tụọ ha nkume.<ref name="2010 HRR">{{Cite web|title=''2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Nigeria'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, page 58|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/160138.pdf}}</ref> Mgbe ihe ndị a gasịrị, chọọchị ahụ kagburu ogbako maka nchegbu gbasara nchekwa nke ndị bịara ya.<ref name="2011 Report"/>: ⁵¹  Na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, ndị ọchịchị steeti [[Kaduna]] nwụchiri ụmụ nwoke iri ise na atọ maka ebubo na ha gbara izu ịga agbamakwụkwọ nwoke na nwoke.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria charges 53 over gay wedding|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/nigeria-charges-53-over-gay-wedding|accessdate=2021-04-10|work=SBS News|language=en}}</ref> E boro ndị a na-ebo ebubo ebubo ime nkwekọrịta, nzukọ iwu na-akwadoghị, na isonye na otu iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=53 Men Arrested in Nigeria for Attending 'Gay Wedding'|author=Broverman, Neal|work=The Advocate|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2017/4/22/53-men-arrested-nigeria-attending-gay-wedding|date=22 April 2017|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: 53 People Charged for 'Same-Sex Marriage Conspiracy'|author=Gaffey, Conor|work=Newsweek|url=http://www.newsweek.com/nigeria-same-sex-marriage-586746|date=20 April 2017|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria 'gay wedding' bust leads to charges|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39654568|date=20 April 2017|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos State]] nwụchiri ụmụ nwoke iri anọ na abụọ maka mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40774930|title=Mass 'homosexual' arrests in Nigeria|work=BBC News|date=31 July 2017}}</ref> Na June 2018, ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa nwụchiri ihe karịrị mmadụ 100 na-aga oriri na nkwari n'otu họtel dị na Asaba, [[Ȯra Delta|Delta State]], n'ebubo na ha bụ ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-edina ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rightsafrica.com/2018/06/11/nigeria-police-arrest-over-50-alleged-gay-and-lesbians/|title=Nigeria: Police arrest over 100 alleged gay and lesbians|date=11 June 2018|work=Rights Africa – Equal Rights, One Voice!|language=en-US|accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Julaị 2018, ha na-eche ebubo gbasara nwoke idina nwoke ihu n'ụlọ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://76crimes.com/2018/07/02/nigeria-100-youths-face-homosexuality-charges-in-court/|title=Nigeria: 100+ youths face homosexuality charges in court|author=Daemon|first=Mike|date=2 July 2018|work=Erasing 76 Crimes|language=en-US|accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> Emere emume ncheta ọmụmụ n'ụlọ nkwari akụ dị na [[Egbeda]], obodo dị n'ime ime obodo na Lagos, Naịjirịa, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, mwakpowe ojii mere ka ọ kwụsịtụrụ, nke mere ka e jide onye ọ bụla ndị uwe ojii nwere ike ịchọta site na gburugburu họtel ahụ. E kwuru na mmadụ iri ise na asaa n'ime ụmụ okorobịa ndị e jidere n'oge mwakpo ahụ bụ ndị malitere ịbanye n'ime otu LGBTQ. N'ime ndị ahụ metụtara bụ [[James Brown (internet personality)|James Brown]], onye Naịjiria nke a maara nke ọma n'asụsụ Naịjirịa "They Didnt Caught Me". Ikpe Egbeda 57 dọtara uche mba na nke ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa ruo afọ abụọ. Na Jenụwarị 2019, Dolapo Badmos, onye na-ekwuchitere ndị uwe ojii steeti Lagos, dọrọ ndị nwoke idina nwoke aka ná ntị ka ha gbapụ na mba ahụ ma ọ bụghị ya a ga-ekpe ha ikpe. O kwuru n'ozi o dere na Instagram: "Ndị ọ bụla nwere mmasị nwoke idina nwoke kwesịrị ịpụ na Naịjirịa ma ọ bụ tinye aka n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpe." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Dolapo Badmos gara n'ihu na-ekwu na e nwere iwu na Naịjirịa nke machibidoro klọb ndị nwoke idina nwoke, a ga-ata onye ọ bụla a hụrụ na ọ na-akpakọrịta na ha ntaramahụhụ ruo afọ iri na ise n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/leave-nigeria-now-or-suffer-police-tell-homosexuals/|title=Leave Nigeria now or suffer, police tell homosexuals|work=[[The Punch]]|date=22 January 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=23 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/99188/nigerian-police-chief-says-gay-people-should-leave-country|title=Nigerian police chief says gay people 'should leave country'|work=The Week UK|date=24 January 2019|language=en|accessdate=21 August 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, ndị uwe ojii wakporo agbamakwụkwọ ndị nwoke idina nwoke na Warri na steeti Delta ma jide ọtụtụ mmadụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|date=2023-10-24|title=Nigeria's paramilitary raids birthday party, arrests 76 gay people|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/24/africa/nigeria-paramilitary-raids-gay-party-intl/index.html|accessdate=2023-10-24|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> A maara ya dị ka Warri 67, ikpe njide ọha a mere n'ememe ndị a na-akpọ oriri/mmemme alụmdi na nwunye n'otu họtel dị na [[Warri]], obodo dị n'ime ime obodo dị na Delta steeti dị na ndịda Naịjirịa. A kọrọ na a gụrụ ndị ihe metụtara na mwakpo ahụ n'ime otu narị. Agbanyeghị, a kpọgara mmadụ iri isii na asaa n'ime ha n'ụlọ ikpe ka a kpee ha ikpe. N'okwu ndị uwe ojii kwuru mgbe ejidere ya, ha kwuru na ha mere ihe dabere na ozi e nyere n'aka onye a na-akọwaghị gbasara emume agbamakwụkwọ nke na-eme n'ụlọ nkwari akụ nkeonwe. Mana mwakpo ahụ mere ka ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ndị obodo leba anya n'okwu a, ebe ọ bụ na oriri ahụ bụ nke onwe, a na-atụkwa anya na a ga-enye ndị nhazi ya ikike nzuzo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Omonigho|first=Matthew|date=2023-08-29|title=Police arrest 67 gay suspects in Delta hotel|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/08/29/police-arrest-67-gay-suspects-in-delta-hotel/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Adurokiya|first=Ebenezer|date=2023-08-29|title=Police arrest gay suspects at wedding ceremony in Delta|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/police-arrest-gay-suspects-at-wedding-ceremony-in-delta/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=30 August 2023|title=Police storm gay marriage venue in Delta, arrest couple, 65 others|url=https://dailytrust.com/police-storm-gay-marriage-venue-in-delta-arrest-couple-65-others/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-05|title=100 queer persons arrested at a party in Warri, Delta state, Nigeria|url=https://aqyi.org/discussion-topics/100-queer-persons-arrested-at-a-party-in-warri-delta-state-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-12-04|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, e jidere mmadụ 76 (ụmụ nwoke 59 na ụmụ nwanyị 17) n'oriri ndị nwoke idina nwoke na steeti Gombe dị na ugwu Naịjirịa ebe ndị uwe ojii kwuru na a ga-eme agbamakwụkwọ ndị nwoke idina nwoke.<ref name=":2"/> A maara ya dịka Gombe 76, ndị otu nchekwa obodo na nchekwa obodo nke Naịjirịa mere mwakpo ahụ na njide ahụ. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa ahụ kwuru na e jidere ya mgbe ha nwetachara ozi gbasara emume ọmụmụ nke nwoke na edina nwoke na agbamakwụkwọ a na-eme atụmatụ ime n'isi obodo steeti ahụ. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa kwuru na mmadụ iri abụọ na otu n'ime ndị ahụ ejidere ekwupụtala na ha bụ ndị nwoke idina nwoke. Agbanyeghị, ndị Amnesty International katọrọ njide ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Babangida|first=Mohammed|date=2023-10-25|title=Amnesty International demands release of suspected gays arrested in Gombe|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/636935-amnesty-international-demands-release-of-suspected-gays-arrested-in-gombe.html|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Security Operatives Arrest 76 Suspects At Same-Sex Wedding In Gombe State {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/10/23/nigerian-security-operatives-arrest-76-suspects-same-sex-wedding-gombe-state|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Opanuga|first=Jimisayo|date=2023-10-23|title=Civil Defence arrests 76 people at same-sex birthday, planned wedding in Gombe|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/civil-defence-arrests-76-people-at-same-sex-birthday-planned-wedding-in-gombe/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba == Mmejuputa iwu Naịjirịa [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act]] ọ bụghị naanị na o mere ka alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke megide nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ihe ọjọọ, kamakwa o machibidoro ịkwado, nzukọ, na ngosipụta ịhụnanya n'ihu ọha. Iwu a amanyela ọtụtụ ndị LGBTQ Nigeria ịchọ ebe mgbaba na mba ofesi, gụnyere na United States.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Shakur|first=Fayemi|date=2014-09-26|title=Gay Africans Seeking Asylum in New York|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/09/26/gay-africans-seeking-asylum-in-brooklyn/index.html|accessdate=2025-01-09|work=[[The New York Times]]|language=}}</ref> Ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba na-ekwukarị na egwu nke ime ihe ike, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ihe ndị metụtara iwu dịka iwu ụwa na nke Sharia si dị.<ref name=":3" /> Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe egosila nnukwu ihe gbasara ahụike na akụnụba nke iwu ahụ nwere ike ịkpata, ebe ọ na-egbochi ohere ịnweta ọrụ mgbochi HIV ma na-amanye ndị LGBTQ na ndị otu ha ka ha hapụ ọrụ ha na ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ obodo.<ref name=":3" /> Òtù dịka Housing Works na Brooklyn na enye nkwado dị mkpa maka ndị LGBTQ na-achọ ebe mgbaba si Naịjirịa, na-enyere aka n'ịnọchite anya iwu, ebe obibi, na ịnweta nlekọta ahụike.<ref name=":3"/> Ndị na-achọ ebe mgbaba na-eche ihe ịma aka ihu ọbụlagodi mgbe ha gbapụrụ na Naịjirịa, gụnyere ihe mgbu nke mgbasa, ihere ọha mmadụ, na nchegbu maka ndị ezinụlọ ha ka nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ụlọ.<ref name=":3" /> Maka ụfọdụ, ohere ibi ndụ n'ihu ọha na-ebelata site n'egwu na-aga n'ihu nke ịbụ onye a na-achọ ịma ma ọ bụ ikpughe ndị ha hụrụ n'anya nye ihe ọjọọ.<ref name=":3" /> == Tebụl Nchịkọta == {| class="wikitable" |Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị iwu |/ (Nchegbu: Ruo ọnwụ na steeti Shari'a; ruo afọ 14 nke mkpọrọ na steeti ndị na-abụghị nke Sahara) [[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]][[Faịlụ:Skull_and_crossbones.svg|15x15px|No]] |- |Afọ nkwenye hà nhata |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ naanị |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè n'inye ngwaahịa na ọrụ |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Iwu mgbochi ịkpa ókè na mpaghara ndị ọzọ niile (gụnyere ịkpa ókè n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, okwu ịkpọasị) |/ Nchebe dị oke ala.[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]][[File:Yes_check.svg|15x15px|Yes]] |- |Alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị | (Mmachibido iwu kemgbe 2013) [[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Nkwado maka di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Nkuchi nwa site n'aka di na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Nkuchi nke di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |A na-ekwe ka ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha na ndị na-alụ nwanyị ibe ha rụọ ọrụ n'ihu ọha n'ọrụ agha |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Ikike ịgbanwe okike iwu |Crossdressing bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na steeti iri na abụọ dị na Northern Nigeria.[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Ịnweta IVF maka ụmụ nwanyị |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |Ịmụ nwa maka ndị nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ha |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |- |MSM kwere ka ha nye ọbara |[[Faịlụ:X_mark.svg|17x17px|No]] |} == Hụkwa ==   * All the Colours of the World Are Between Black and White, Naijiria film (2023) * [[Abuja Area Mama|Ebe Abuja Mama]], onye na-eyi nwanyị e gburu na Abuja * [[Bobrisky]], nwanyị transgender a ma ama na Naijiria * ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ maka ndina ụdị onwe * ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ na Naịjirịa * Ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Naịjirịa * Ikike LGBT n'Africa * [[LGBT rights in Northern Nigeria|Ikike LGBT na Northern Nigeria]] * Nkwado maka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na Naịjirịa * [[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Iwu Alụmdi na Nwoke (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013]] * The Initiative For Equal Rights, otu nkwado LGBTQ na Naịjirịa == Ihe edeturu == == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act Akụkọ Human Rights Watch banyere mmetụta nke Iwu Alụmdi na Nwoke (Mmachibido Iwu) na ndị Naijiria LGBT] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110427075540/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travelling-and-living-overseas/travel-advice-by-country/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?ta=lawsCustoms&pg=3 Ndụmọdụ njem gọọmentị UK maka Naijiria: Iwu na omenala obodo]  [[Otú:Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lqtw8a0e3kw4nv1igib5mnabf500e4d 0 77151 674681 671132 2026-07-09T20:26:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674681 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = <small>Rt. Hon.</small><br> Idris Garba Kareka | image = | office = Speaker of the [[Jigawa State House of Assembly]] | term_start = May 2019 | term_end = | predecessor = Isah Idris Gwaram | successor = | termstart1 = June 2015 | termend1 = January 2017 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = Malam Isah Idris | office2 = Member [[Jigawa State House of Assembly]]<br>for [[Jahun|Jahun Constituency]] | termstart2 = 2015 | termend2 = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC) | alma_mater = | occupation = Legislature | profession = Politician | website = {{URL|https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/state-asembly_1.php}} }} '''Idris Garba Kareka''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria amụrụ na Jahun, [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] . Ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara Jahun na Jigawa State House of Assembly n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke All Progressive Congress (APC), ma na-eje ozi dị ka ọkà okwu nke 7th Jigawa Assembly.<ref name="Nation" /> == Ịchụpụ ya == Obere oge ka ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2015 na mmalite nke Mgbakọ Jigawa nke isii na June, ndị otu ahụ ji otu olu họpụta Garba dịka ọkà okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jigawa Assembly Speaker emerges|author=<!-- no byline -->|date=11 June 2015|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jigawa-assembly-speaker-emerges/|accessdate=17 June 2021|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2017, ihe na-erughị ọnwa asaa ka e ṅụchara ya iyi, mmadụ iri abụọ na ise n'ime mmadụ iri atọ ahụ kpọrọ oku ka e mee mkpebi ịchụpụ ya n'ọchịchị mgbe gọvanọ ahụ nọ n'obodo ọzọ. Ihe kpatara e ji mee mkpebi a bụ na Garba anaghị anabata arịrịọ ndị ọrụ ibe ya, o kwukwara na ya nwere ike karịrị akarị, nke mere ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya ghara inwe obi ike n'ebe ọ nọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Real Reasons Why Former Jigawa Speaker, Idris Garba Was Impeached|author=<!-- no byline -->|date=5 January 2017|work=Universal Reporters|url=https://universalreportersng.com/real-reasons-why-former-jigawa-speaker-idris-garba-was-impeached/|accessdate=17 June 2021}}</ref> Obere oge ka ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2019 gasịrị, e hiwere ọgbakọ nke asaa nke Jigawa na Mee, a họpụtakwara Garba ọzọ ịbụ onyeisi okwu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/jigawa-house-of-assembly-impeaches-speaker/|title=Jigawa house of assembly removes speaker|first=Jerry|author=Lenbang|date=9 May 2019|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref><ref name="Nation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationonlineng.net/just-in-jigawa-assembly-re-elects-impeached-speaker/|title=JUST IN: Jigawa Assembly re-elects impeached Speaker|author=<!--no|location=Lagos, Nigeria byline-->|date=13 June 2019|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thenationonlineng.net/just-in-jigawa-assembly-re-elects-impeached-speaker/ "JUST IN: Jigawa Assembly re-elects impeached Speaker"]. ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]''. 13 June 2019.</cite></ref> == Edensịbịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311101152/https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php Gọọmentị Jigawa Steeti] E debere ya na Wayback Machine. E nwetara ya na 1 Mee 2021 [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pvcdmo17mjjqfqm5ojwv5pt5bz5fct2 0 77176 674780 670555 2026-07-10T00:20:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Bird sanctuary in Cape Verde}} {{Infobox islands | name = Ilhéu de Curral Velho | image_name = Boa Vista. Isolotto a Curral Vehlo - panoramio.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Ilhéu de Curral Velho and its natural cavern | nickname = | location = [[Atlantic Ocean]] | pushpin_map = Cape Verde#Atlantic Ocean | pushpin_label = | pushpin_label_position = top | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|15.969|-22.790|type:landmark_region:CV|display=inline, title}} | archipelago = | area_km2 = 0.0077 | length_km = | width_km = | highest_mount = | elevation_m = 5 | country = {{CPV}} | country_admin_divisions_title = Municipality | country_admin_divisions = [[Boa Vista, Cape Verde (municipality)|Boa Vista]] | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = | country_admin_divisions_1 = | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | population = 0 | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Curral Velho | designation1_date = 18 July 2005 | designation1_number = 1575<ref name=ramsar>{{Cite web|title=Curral Velho|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1575|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Ilhéu nke Curral Velho''' na ụsọ oké osimiri dị n'akụkụ ya dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti [[Cape Verde]]">Boa Vista na Cape Verde Archipelago n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. Ọ bụ ebe dị hekta 986 nke nwere Ilhéu de Curral Velho, yana mpaghara dị n'ihu ya na Boa Vista nke dị n'etiti obodo Curral Vello. A họpụtara ya dị ka Ala Mmiri Ramsar nke dị mkpa na mba ụwa na July 18, 2005.<ref name=ramsar>{{Cite web|title=Curral Velho|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1575|access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Passer_iagoensis_male.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|IBA dị mkpa maka Iago Sparrows]] [[Faịlụ:Curral_Velho3,_Cape_Verde.jpg|thumb|Ala mara na Curral Velho]] Ilhéu de Curral Velho nke dị hekta 0.77 (eka 1.9) bụ nkume calcareous nke na-enweghị akwụkwọ nri, nke gbawara agbawa nke ukwuu, nke dị mita 15 (ụkwụ 49) n'ịdị elu, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 500 (ụkwụ 1,600) site n'ebe ndịda kachasị na Boavista. Agwaetiti ahụ na mpaghara mmiri dị hekta 41 gbara ya gburugburu bụ ebe nchekwa okike echekwara. (''Reserva Natural Integral Ilhéu de Curral Velho'').<ref name=munic>[http://www.municipiodaboavista.com/boavista-capoverde/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Espa%C3%A7os-protegidos-da-Boa-Vista.pdf Protected areas in the island of Boa Vista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919215330/http://www.municipiodaboavista.com/boavista-capoverde/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Espa%C3%A7os-protegidos-da-Boa-Vista.pdf |date=2020-09-19 }} - Municipality of Boa Vista, March 2013 {{in lang|pt}}</ref><ref name=resol>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210118230515/http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cvi154186.pdf Resolução nº 36/2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118230515/http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/cvi154186.pdf |date=2021-01-18 }}, Estratégia e Plano Nacional de Negócios das Áreas Protegidas</ref> Ógbè dị n'agwaetiti ukwu ahụ nwere ájá ájá, ọdọ mmiri na oasis nwere ahịhịa osisi nkwụ, acacia na Tamarix senegalensis na-achị. O nwere osisi na anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè kpọrọ nkụ.<ref name="birdlife">{{Cite web|title=Ilhéu de Curral Velho and adjacent coastal area|work=BirdLife International|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ilh%C3%A9u-de-curral-velho-and-adjacent-coastal-area-iba-cape-verde|accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Ụsọ mmiri ájá bụ ebe dị mkpa maka Hawksbill na Loggerhead sea turtles na-eyi egwu. Lizards a hụrụ n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere ''Chioninia stangeri'' na ''Hemidactylus bouvieri'' . <ref name="birdlife" /> Agwaetiti a bụ eb a na-azụ ụmụ nnụnụ aja aja, nnụnụ frigate mara mma na Cape Verde shearwater. Nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị n'akụkụ ya gụnyere Iago sparrow, kestrel nkịtị, quail nkịtị, courser na-acha ude, Kentish plover na ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="birdlife" /> == Hụkwa == * [[Ọdịdị ala nke Cape Verde|Ndepụta agwaetiti nke Cape Verde]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} rq4rhnm48f8pjh42u7zr8tyw3peo5ta 0 77330 674668 671588 2026-07-09T19:57:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674668 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Ibrahim Tahir''' (1939-2009) <ref>{{Cite web|title=allAfrica.com: Nigeria: Ibrahim Tahir Dies at 70|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200912090057.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123201041/http://allafrica.com/stories/200912090057.html|archivedate=2010-01-23|accessdate=2026-06-08|work=allafrica.com}}</ref> bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye edemede, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge [[Mba Naịjirịa nke Abụọ|Republic nke Abụọ]] na onye ama ama na Kaduna Mafia. Tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke a ma ama maka echiche ọdịnala ya.<ref name="haruna2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamji.com/haruna/haruna303.htm|title=Tahir: The Death of a Radical Conservative|author=Haruna|first=Mohammed|work=Gamji.com}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Tahir na Tafawa Balewa, ọ gụkwara akwụkwọ ya nke mbụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Kobi. N'afọ 1954, ọ gara Barewa College ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1958. Ọ gara King's College, Cambridge na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị mpaghara ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na doctorate na anthropology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewgong.com/TributetoTahir.html|title=Tribute to Ibrahim Tahir|author=Alexander Egom|first=Peter|work=The New Gong|accessdate=March 23, 2020|archivedate=February 3, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203153952/http://thenewgong.com/TributetoTahir.html}}</ref> N'afọ 1967, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na [[Ahmadu Bello]] University">Mahadum Ahmadu Bello dị na [[Zaria]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/remembering-dr-ibrahim-tahir-emir-of-the-elite.html|title=Remembering Dr Ibrahim Tahir, 'emir of the elite'|author=Tahir|first=Tahir Ibrahim|date=December 19, 2010|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB|accessdate=March 23, 2020}}</ref> O guzobere klọb Gamji, klọb mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji sọpụrụ Premier Ahmadu Bello. Na mahadum, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-agbaso omenala nke na-esokarị ndị na-aga n'ihu Bala Usman na Patrick Wilmot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/dr-ibrahim-tahir-10-years-remembrance.html|title=Dr Ibrahim Tahir: 10 years remembrance|author=Tahir|first=Tahir|date=December 9, 2019|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB|accessdate=March 23, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọdịda nke Republic nke Mbụ gasịrị, ọ kwadoro maka uru dị mkpa nke Northern Nigeria nke nkwanye ùgwù maka ikike e guzobere na ụkpụrụ na-aga n'ihu nke ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/columnists/ibrahim-tahir-a-personal-loss-2/|title=Ibrahim Tahir: A Personal Loss|author=Kyari|first=Abba|date=December 23, 2009|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'ime nke a, ya na otu ndị Northerners a maara dị ka Kaduna Mafia, ndị bụ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ agha nwekọrọ obi ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamji.com/haruna/haruna304.htm|title=Ibrahim Tahir: An Appreciation|author=Daura|first=Mamman|date=December 22, 2009|work=Daily Trust|accessdate=March 23, 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Tahir bụ onye guzobere National Party of Nigeria ma mesịa bụrụ odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ. Na [[Mba Naịjirịa nke Abụọ|Republic nke Abụọ]], a họpụtara ya dịka onyeisi oche nke Ụlọ ọrụ Northern Nigeria Development Corporation ma mesịa bụrụ minista nkwukọrịta. O mechara sonye na Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Mba, ma duzie Òtù Red Cross na Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sip-trunking.tmcnet.com/news/2007/09/10/2925358.htm|title=In Sick Bed, Talban Bauchi Reflects on Life and Death|author=J. Ibrahim|first=Hussain|date=September 8, 2007|work=Daily Trust|accessdate=March 23, 2020|archivedate=March 23, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163418/http://sip-trunking.tmcnet.com/news/2007/09/10/2925358.htm}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Tahir nwụrụ na Cairo n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Disemba, afọ 2009, ka ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sabo|first=Labo|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200912090057.html|title=Ibrahim Tahir Dies at 70|date=December 9, 2009|work=Leadership}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Onye Imam Ikpeazụ'' (1984) == Edensibia == [[Otú:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] q9oi95knraqc8t92y4j0mfwh7rxpkzz 0 77367 674563 671859 2026-07-09T14:55:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 674563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hamisu Mu'azu Shira''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ Naijiria si Bauchi Steeti . Ọ nọchitere anya Shira / Giade Federal Constituency na House of representatives na 5th National Assembly.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Honorable Hamisu Muazu Shira {{!}} Ndokwa Reporters|url=https://www.ndokwareporters.com/tag/honorable-hamisu-muazu-shira/|accessdate=2025-07-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A egwuregwu Hamisu Mu'azu Shira n'nanọ Ọktoba afọ 1959. O nwere nzere bachelọ nke enyemaka na Business Administration na Manchester" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Mahadum Victoria, Manchester, England.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A Shira ka ọ bụrụ onye isi anya House of representatives n'afọ 2003, na- calaamad anya Shira / Giade Federal Constituency n'okpuru ikpo okwu nke Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu bọọdụ nke Bauchi State Muslim Pilgrims Welfare Board.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Hamisu Shira|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Bauchi/hamisu.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021064203/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Bauchi/hamisu.htm|archivedate=2007-10-21|accessdate=2025-07-20|work=nassnig.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''nassnig.org''. Archived from [http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Bauchi/hamisu.htm the original] on 2007-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-20</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamisu Shira Archives|url=https://dateline.ng/tag/hamisu-shira/|accessdate=2025-07-20|work=Dateline Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abdulhamid|first=Hafsat|date=2020-11-09|title=Bauchi commissioner alleges threat to life over clampdown on charcoal syndicate|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/11/09/bauchi-commissioner-alleges-threat-to-life-over-clampdown-on-charcoal-syndicate/|accessdate=2025-07-20|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Post|first=Hausa Daily|date=2020-05-03|title=Bauchi govt takes step to tackle illegal dumping of refuse on streets:|url=https://hausadailyposts.wordpress.com/2020/05/03/bauchi-govt-takes-step-to-tackle-illegal-dumping-of-refuse-on-streets/|accessdate=2025-07-20|work=HAUSA DAILY POST|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ isii.<ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu House of Representatives nke Nigeria, 2003-2007 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i9urqmnkdwjt0wo5sovn1irrcgby579 0 77485 674943 673441 2026-07-10T08:55:07Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Ruo''' bụ nnukwu mmiri nke [[Osimiri Shire]] dị na ndịda [[Malawi]] na [[Mozambique]]. Ọ malitere site na Mulanje Massif (Malawi) ma mepụta {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} nke ókèala Malawi na Mozambique. Ọ na-esonyere Osimiri Shire na Chiromo.<ref name=Britannica/> Mmiri Osimiri Ruo gụnyere ugwu ndịda nke Mulanje Massif na Shire Highlands na Malawi. Isi iyi mmiri ya bụ Osimiri Thuchila (ma ọ bụ Tuchila), nke na-asọpụ mkpọda ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mulanje na mkpọda ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ugwu Shire na ala Thuchila dị n'etiti ha. Njikọ Ruo na Thuchila dị nso na Sandama. Ruo na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe ya na-asọpụkwa akụkụ nke Mpaghara Milange na Mozambique dị nso. Mmiri Zoa (16°18'27"S 35°17'10"E) nwere mmiri dị mita 60, ma na-ekewapụ ọnụọgụ azụ̀ dị n'elu mmiri Ruo site na nke dị n'osimiri Zambezi na Osimiri [[Osimiri Shire | Shire]].<ref>Tweddle, Denis. "Mulanje". ''Freshwater Ecoregions of the World''. Accessed 17 August 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/562].</ref> Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Shire Highlands na-eso ụzọ ala nke Ruo n'etiti Sandama na Chiromo. ==Awọ na-eti mkpu n'Osimiri Ruo== E buru ụzọ nweta awọ "Arthroleptis francei" site n'akụkụ Osimiri Ruo n'ugwu nke Mulanje Massif. Otu n'ime aha ya a na-akpọkarị bụ awọ na-eti mkpu n'Osimiri Ruo.<ref name=Frost/> Aha ọzọ a na-akpọkarị ya bụ igbe okwu nke France,<ref name=Frost/> nakwa aha ya kpọmkwem bụ 'francei' nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mwute. Maazị F. H. France bụ onye ọrụ ugbo na-eto eto nwụrụ n'ịnwa ịgafe Osimiri Ruo nso ebe a chịkọtara ''Arthroleptis francei'' na mbụ. Arthur Loveridge, ọkà mmụta sayensị nke kọwara ụdị anụmanụ a, kpọrọ ya aha France ka "aha ya wee jikọta ya na oke ọhịa ọ chọrọ ichekwa n'ugwu ahụ ọ hụrụ n'anya nke ukwuu."<ref name="Loveridge 1953"/> N'agbanyeghị njikọ ya na osimiri site na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na aha ya, akịrị a bụ ụdị ala bi n'ime ahịhịa akwụkwọ.<ref name=IUCN/> ==Edensibia== {{reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=Britannica>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruo-River |title=Ruo River |date=20 July 1998 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> <ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Arthroleptidae/Arthroleptinae/Arthroleptis/Arthroleptis-francei |title=''Arthroleptis francei'' Loveridge, 1953 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2016 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group | title = ''Arthroleptis francei'' | volume= 2016 | article-number = e.T54371A77165298 | year = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T54371A77165298.en }}</ref> <ref name="Loveridge 1953">{{cite journal |last1=Loveridge |first1=A. |year=1953 |title=Zoological results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. IV. Amphibians from Nyasaland and Tete |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=110 |pages=325–406 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/8015 }}</ref> }} {{Malawi-river-stub}} {{Mozambique-river-stub}} colmhcql5c4m031o8lkucmp901v9031 0 77505 674944 673579 2026-07-10T08:56:19Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Nyando''' dị na [[[Western Province (Kenya) ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya]], na-agafe na mpaghara [[Kericho County | Kericho]], [[Nandi County | Nandi]], na [[Kisumu County|Kisumu]] tupu ha abanye n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]. Osimiri na ala ya na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmụta mmiri, akụ na ụba, na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Basin Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Satellite imagery uncovers the scale of Kenya's floods |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/health/satellite-imagery-uncovers-the-scale-of-kenya-s-floods-4385492 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Biophysical Baseline Information For The Nyando Catchment Area |url=http://localhost:8080/dspace/handle/0/8279 |language=en}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 153. == Ọdịdị ala na usoro == Osimiri Nyando sitere n'ugwu Tinderet Forest dị na [[Nandi Hills, Kenya|Nandi Hills]] na mpaghara [[Mau Escarpment]] dị na [[Rift Valley Province|Rift Valley]]. Ọ na-aga n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ site na mpaghara Kericho yana [[Muhoroni Constituency|Muhoroni]] gawa n'akụkụ Nyando nke Kisumu, na-agagharị nso Ahero dị na Kano Plains tupu ha abanye na [[Winam Gulf]] nke dị na mgbago ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Osimiri ndị bụ́ isi bụ Osimiri Asawo, Osimiri Awachi, Osimiri Paragusi, Osimiri Kipchorian na Ombei.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1" /> == Basin na hydrology == A na-eme atụmatụ na mpaghara Osimiri Nyando dị square kilomita 3,600, ebe ịdị elu ya sitere na ihe dị ka mita 2,700 n'ime ala elu ruo mita 1,100 n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ógbè mmiri ahụ nwere usoro mmiri ozuzo [[Multimodal distribution|bimodal]], nke na-eme ka idei mmiri na-apụtaghachi ugboro ugboro na ala dị larịị n'oge mmiri ozuzo dị ogologo (Maachị–Mee) na obere mmiri ozuzo (Ọktoba–Disemba).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=New flood forecasting system brings hope to Nyando residents |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/health/new-flood-forecasting-system-brings-hope-to-nyando-residents-4742690 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Idei mmiri na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi == Idei mmiri n'akụkụ Osimiri Nyando bụ nsogbu na-aga n'ihu, ọkachasị n'ala dị larịị nke mpaghara Kano Plains, Ahero, Kadibo, na [[Nyando Constituency|Nyando]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Ahero Floods: Nyando River In Kisumu Bursts Its Banks |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/families-sleep-on-highway-as-two-villages-are-submerged/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Nyando - NWHSA |url=https://www.waterauthority.go.ke/nyando/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.waterauthority.go.ke |language=en-US}}</ref> Na 1961, e nwere ihe ndị mere n'ime idei mmiri nke mere n'afọ 1997 ruo 1998 [[El Niño]], na 2020, mmiri ozuzo nke ọdọ mmiri Victoria kpuchiri obodo nta dị na Ahero na West Kano.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ram |first=Ed |date=2020-06-02 |title='The water will come back': why Kenya's struggle against flooding is far from over |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/02/the-water-will-come-back-why-kenyas-struggle-against-flooding-is-far-from-over |access-date=2026-05-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo nke ukwuu na igbukpọ oke ọhịa na-akpata nsị ájá, mbelata ikike mmiri ịgbapụta mmiri, na mbufe obodo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[PHOTOS] Destruction, vehicles submerged in Ahero as River Nyando breaks banks |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/nyanza/2024-05-05-photos-destruction-vehicles-submerged-in-ahero-as-river-nyando-breaks-banks |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> Iji belata mmetụta ndị a, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGO) na-emejuputa ọtụtụ ọrụ njikwa idei mmiri na njikwa mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-05 |title=Kisumu-Nairobi highway rendered impassable after river Nyando bursts its banks |url=https://www.citizen.digital/news/kisumu-nairobi-highway-rendered-impassable-after-river-nyando-bursts-its-banks-n341569 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Citizen Digital |language=en-KE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-05 |title=Transport paralysed on Kisumu-Nairobi highway as River Nyando bursts banks |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/kisumu/transport-paralysed-on-kisumu-nairobi-highway-as-river-nyando-bursts-banks--4613634 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Ala mmiri]], [[papyrus]] apịtị, na ahịhịa ndị dị n'ime idei mmiri so n'ime ebe obibi ndị na-eto nke ọma na ala Nyando dị ala. Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a dị oke mkpa maka ịmụpụta azụ, ọnụọgụ nnụnụ, na nzacha mmiri na Lake Victoria. Agbanyeghị, mmepe ọrụ ugbo, nsị mmiri, na mmetọ sitere na mmiri ozuzo obodo na ugbo na-etinye ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Kisumu residents sue Agro Chemicals over pollution |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/kisumu/kisumu-residents-sue-agro-chemicals-over-pollution-243066 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/articles/report/Pollution_by_sugar_industries_in_Kenya_the_damage_to_communities_along_River_Nyando/26446978/1 |title=Pollution by sugar industries in Kenya: the damage to communities along River Nyando |last=Onjala |first=Joseph |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=The Institute of Development Studies and Partner Organisations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-28 |title=Pollution: Nema withdraws Agro-Chemicals licence |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/pollution-nema-withdraws-agro-chemicals-licence-230828 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Assessment of water quality of the Nyando River (Muhoroni-Kenya) using the water quality index (WQI) method |url=https://www.isca.me/IJENS/Archive/v8/i2/4.ISCA-IRJEvS-2018-103.php |journal=International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=27–33}}</ref> == Akụ na ụba na ojiji ala == [[File:Nyando_at_Ahero_people.jpg|thumb|Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-eji Osimiri Nyando dị nso n'obe Ahero.]] N'ihi ụrọ vertisols, nke siri ike ịgbapụta mmiri ma dịkwa mma maka ịkọ osikapa, osimiri ahụ na-enye ebe a na-agba mmiri, gụnyere [[Ahero Irrigation Scheme]], nke [[National Irrigation Authority (Kenya)|National Irrigation Authority]] na-arụ ọrụ ma na-emepụta osikapa, ọka, na akwụkwọ nri.<ref name=":1" /> Obodo ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ na-adabere n'osimiri ahụ maka ịkụ azụ, mmiri ụlọ, na obere ọrụ ugbo. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-agba mbọ ịkwalite njikwa ala na ịkpụgharị ọhịa n'ebe ndị dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Changes of Okana Wetland Ecosystems in Lower Nyando River Basin, Kisumu County, Kenya – Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education |url=https://www.jriiejournal.com/analysis-of-land-use-land-cover-changes-of-okana-wetland-ecosystems-in-lower-nyando-river-basin-kisumu-county-kenya/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> A na-egwupụta ala osimiri ndị a nke ọma maka ájá e ji arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara ahụ. == Leekwa == * [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] * [[Ndepụta osimiri Kenya]] * [[Atụmatụ Ịgba Mmiri Ahero]] == Edensibia == <references /> sbxmmxre93bl589w3gtabplh1aw42o0 0 77525 674942 673718 2026-07-10T08:54:10Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Oponona''' (Ndonga: onye loro mmiri niile) bụ ọdọ mmiri sitere n'okike dị na mpaghara ọchịchị Uuvudhiya Constituency n'ime Mpaghara Oshana nke ugwu Namibia. Ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 70 (maili 43) site na Etosha Pan, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime Cuvelai Basin N'afọ mmiri na-ezo nke ọma, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ejide mmiri ruo mgbe oge mmiri ozuzo na-esote. N'ihi na ọ na-edobe mmiri ruo ogologo oge, ọtụtụ nnụnụ dịka flamingo na ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ na-akwaga ebe ahụ nwa oge mgbe oshana (ala idei mmiri), apiti, na ala mmiri ndị ọzọ akpọnwụọ. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2012/2013 Ọdọ Mmiri Oponona ji ihe karịrị mita 500 (1,600 belata n'ihi ọtụtụ puku ehi a kwagara ebe ahụ ịṅụ mmanya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newera.com.na/features/stricken-cattle-threaten-lake/|title=Stricken Cattle Threaten Lake|author=Shaanika|first=Helvy|work=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]|date=30 August 2013|accessdate=30 August 2013}}</ref> E nwekwara Osimiri Oponona nke dị n'obodo Onizimba nke Ompundja Constituency . == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} bdoa9vqjbzxxjuvik9hh825jg44nuk3 0 77529 674689 673822 2026-07-09T20:37:55Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}} '''Osimiri Dawa''' ({{langx|so|Webiga Daawa}}; Laga Daawwaa(Oromo) {{langx|it|fiume Daua}}) dị na [[East Africa]], na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 58,961&nbsp;km².<ref name="Source 1">{{Cite journal|last1=Woldemariyam|first1=Fikadu|last2=Ayenew|first2=Tenalem|date=2016|title=Application of hydrochemical and isotopic techniques to understand groundwater recharge and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia|journal=Environmental Earth Sciences|volume=75|issue=12|doi=10.1007/s12665-016-5777-0|s2cid=132722791}}</ref> Ọ na-agafe mba atọ dị mkpa: [[Kenya]], [[Etiopia]], na [[Somalia]], ebe a na-ahụ pasentị iri asatọ na otu n'ime ha n'ókèala Etiopia.<ref name="Source 1" /> A maara ya maka gburugburu ebe obibi ya dị mgbagwoju anya, nke pụtara ìhè site na usoro nhazi ya dị iche iche [[lithology]], na-abịa site na nso osimiri ahụ ruo ọtụtụ ihe omume [[Mgbọmgbọm|ugwu mgbawa-tectonic]].<ref name="Source 2">{{Cite journal|last1=Woldemariyam|first1=Fikadu|last2=Ayenew|first2=Tenalem|date=2016-07-25|title=Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=188|issue=8|page=481|doi=10.1007/s10661-016-5480-3|pmid=27456694|s2cid=7744765|issn=0167-6369}}</ref> Osimiri sara mbara ahụ nwere obere ugwu dị nro n'akụkụ abụọ nke [[ala]] ya a na-ahụ anya. Osimiri Dawa na-asọga ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ iji bụrụ akụkụ nke [[ókèala Etiopia-Somalia]] na [[ókèala Etiopia-Kenya]].<ref name="Source 2" /> Awata, Digati, na Mormora bụ naanị osimiri dị mkpa na-asọfe na Dawa. == Ọnọdụ na ọdịdị mmiri ahụ== Osimiri Dawa nwere oke na oke kachasị elu karịa ọkwa oke osimiri nke {{convert|3098|m|ft|0|disp=or}} na {{convert|169|m|ft|0|disp=or}} n'otu n'otu. Mkpọda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Source 1" /> Ebe kpọmkwem mmiri ahụ dị n'etiti 3.92°-6.47° N na 38.02°-42.08° E.<ref name="Source 1" />  A na-amata oke akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mpaghara dị n'ugwu ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[ridge]]s na ndagwurugwu, ebe a na-amata akụkụ ndịda na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na ala dị larịị, [[Mgbapụta|ala dị ala]], ogologo [[ndagwurugwu]], ntụpọ [[ugwu]] na ala dị elu nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri ukwu.<ref name="Number3">{{Cite journal|last1=Manalebish Debalike Asfaw|last2=Semu Mitiku Kassa|last3=Lungu|first3=Edward M.|last4=Woldeamlak Bewket|date=2019|title=Effects of temperature and rainfall in plant–herbivore interactions at different altitude|journal=Ecological Modelling|volume=406|pages=50–59|doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.05.011|issn=0304-3800}}</ref>   Osimiri Dawa gụnyere mpaghara oyi, mpaghara [[Ihu igwe dị ọkụ|ebe okpomọkụ]] na ala dị larịị, ndị a bụ isi atọ [[Nhazi ihu igwe|ebe ihu igwe]] nke mba ahụ.<ref name="Number3" /> Ụlọ ọrụ mba Etiopia [[Meteorology|Meteorology Agency]] na-anakọta mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa site na 1996 ruo 2016 wee chọpụta na e nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti mpaghara mmiri ozuzo dị elu, nke gụnyere mpaghara ugwu oyi, na obere mmiri ozuzo n'ebe dị larịị nke osimiri Dawa.<ref name="Number3" /> Nkezi mmiri ozuzo dị ihe dịka {{convert|1500|mm|in|-1|disp=or}} na nsọtụ ugwu ma na-ebelata dịka elu si dị na {{convert|200|mm|in|0|disp=or}} dị nso na nsọtụ osimiri dị na nsọtụ ndịda.<ref name="Number3" /> Okpomọkụ nkezi kwa afọ dị ihe dịka {{convert|15.5|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} na nsọtụ ugwu na {{convert|28|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} na nsọtụ ndịda. [[Mmiri dị n'ime ala]] na-adịkarị oyi, okpomọkụ ya na-adị site na {{convert|17.1|to|29.0|°C|°F}}.<ref name="Number3" /> Maka [[ala]] ọ bụla, ịdị mma mmiri zuru oke dị elu, yana [[nnu]] dị elu na ala sedimentary karịa na [[okwute ugwu mgbawa]].<ref name="Source 1" /> == Ihe mgbagwoju ala == A maara osimiri Dawa maka ebe pụrụ iche ya dị na mbara ala. O nwere usoro nhazi dị iche iche [[lithology]] na nhazi, nke e guzobere n'ihi ọnọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị nso na ọtụtụ ihe omume ugwu mgbawa-[[Tectonics|tectonic]]. Dịka ọ na-adịkarị, n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, [[Mgbaala ala (geology)|mgbaala ala ụlọ]] dị n'akụkụ n'etiti ebe a na-egwupụta mmiri ahụ, n'etiti ugwu ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, nkume mgbawa ugwu na ala ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ dị larịị sara mbara [[nhazi sedimentary]].<ref name="Source 2" /> Nhazi nke sdimentary na-ekpuchi akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Dawa. [[Karoo|sediment Karoo]], nke bụ nkeji kacha ochie n'usoro ma mejupụtara [[sandstone]] na [[Shale gas|shale]] ka [[Adigrat Sandstone]] na-ekpuchi. Ihe ndị kacha ochie ruo [[Cretaceous]] e ji sedimentary kpuchie bụ ájá Adigrat.<ref name="Source 2" /> [[Nnyocha ubi|Nlele ubi]] na [[Ihe na-eme ka ihe kwụsie ike | ihe na-egwu olulu]] n'ógbè ahụ na-egosi na nhazi ahụ gbawara nke ukwuu, nke na-eduga n'inweta ezigbo ntọala maka mmiri dị n'ime ala ime ma na-agagharị.<ref name="Source 2" /> Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ ihe ndị na-anaghị ekpuchi mmiri nke na-egbochi mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime ala, dịka [[marble]] na [[Shale gas|shale]].<ref name="Source 2" /> N'otu akụkụ nke Osimiri Dawa, e nwere akụkụ dị oke mmiri mmiri nke na-ekpuchi ebe a na-eme Hamanlie ma tinye onye nwere ike imepụta mmiri a karịa omimi dị ọnụ ala maka obodo nkịtị [[Olulu mmiri|olulu mmiri]].<ref name="Source 2" />  N'ozuzu, nkume ndị ochie na-abanye n'ime ma na-amịkọrọ mmiri, nke a na-eme ka ha na-enweta ma na-ebufe nnukwu mmiri. Agbanyeghị, nkume ndị ọhụrụ a na-apụghị ịgbapụ mmiri ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi nye mmiri kwụ ọtọ.<ref name="Source 2" /> A na-achịkwa mmegharị mmiri dị n'ala site na ntụzịaka nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma na-asọga n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. N'ógbè ndị dị n'ugwu mmiri, mmiri na-asọpụta kpọmkwem site na mmiri ozuzo mpaghara na mmiri mmiri na-asọpụta, ọkachasị dị ka isi iyi.<ref name="Source 2" /> N'aka nke ọzọ, na [[Ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ|Mpaghara Semiarid]] na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, mmiri na-apụta n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na idei mmiri na-apụta ìhè na mgbe mmiri ozuzo siri ike gasịrị, site na mmiri dị n'ime ala dị omimi n'ime akwa mmiri [[Wadi|wadi]]. N'ọtụtụ oge, ọ na-eme site n'aka obodo iji [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric electric plant]], ma ọ bụ site na igwu olulu mmiri dị mfe.<ref name="Source 2" /> === Ihe omume ugwu mgbawa === Osimiri ahụ nwere ihe e kere eke [[Mkpọtụ ime ụlọ Precambrian|Mkpọtụ ime ụlọ Precambrian]], [[Mesiozoic|Mesozoic sedimentary]], nkume ugwu mgbawa nke atọ na [[Ndebanye aha alluvial nke anọ]]. N'ala ugwu mgbawa ahụ, mmiri dị n'ime ala na-agbaze nke ukwuu, ebe nnu dị n'ime ala ahụ bụ nke kachasị elu.<ref name="Source 2" /> == Anụ ọhịa == Osimiri Dawa bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ puku anụmanụ na osisi, ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na iyi mmiri na-abanye n'osimiri ahụ n'oge. Osisi kachasị ukwuu dị na [[Ọhịa Riparian|Ọhịa osimiri]] dị n'akụkụ ala nke Osimiri Dawa. Ndị a gụnyere: [[Diospyros mespiliformis|Diospyros Mespliformis]], [[Ficus sycomorus|Ficus sycamorus]], Mimusops kummel, [[Tamarind|Tamarindus indica]] na [[Trichilia emetica|African mahogany Trichilia emetica]].<ref name="Source 9">{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia|date=2020|website=datazone.birdlife.org|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> Osisi nke [[Ficus|Ficus capreaefolia]] kpuchiri ọtụtụ akụkụ osimiri ahụ, ebe [[ala ọhịa]] na [[oké ọhịa]] na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ala Wachile.<ref name="Source 9" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime anụ ọhịa ka dị ụkọ n'oge ọkọchị ogologo oge, na-emepụta osisi dịka [[Acokanthera schimperi]], [[Dobera glabra]], [[Euclea racemosa|Euclea racemosa schimperi]] na [[Salvadora persica]] bara ụba ma a na-ahụ anya.<ref name="Source 9" /> Ndị Borena amụtala nkà ịkọ ehi na atụrụ n'ihi na ihe ubi ha kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu nke na ha agaghị eto n'oge ọkọchị ogologo oge.<ref name="Source 9" /> Ngwakọta nke ahịhịa na oke ọhịa kpuchiri mpaghara Osimiri Dawa.<ref name="Source 12">{{Cite book|last=Kebbede|first=Girma|title=Environment and Society in Ethiopia|date=2016-10-04|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315464299|isbn=978-1-315-46429-9}}</ref> Akwụkwọ nri nwere ngwakọta nke [[osisi na-adịgide adịgide|ahịhịa perennial]], [[forb]] na [[osisi na-adịgide adịgide|ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide]].<ref name="Source 12" /> E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ahịhịa na osisi ndị dị n'ime obodo nke na-enye nri dị mma, inye osisi ndị ahụ uru dị elu maka ndị gbara ha gburugburu.<ref name="Source 12" /> N'oge ọkọchị, osisi ndị ka dị ndụ na-ejigide [[Protein (ihe oriri)|protein a na-anaghị eri anụ]] karịa ahịhịa. Nkesa nke osisi dabere na [[elu]], [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[okpomọkụ]] na [[ụdị ala]].<ref name="Source 12" /> Mgbe a na-ele mpaghara ihu igwe atọ ahụ anya, e nwere ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche dị na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ugwu oyi, ọnụọgụgụ [[herbivore]] dị ole na ole n'ihi oke okpomọkụ.<ref name="Number3" /> N'ala ndị dị larịị, ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-azụ ahịhịa dịkwa obere n'ihi mmiri ozuzo na ụkọ mmiri. N'ógbè okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ala, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ ahịhịa nakwa ndị mmadụ dị elu.<ref name="Number3" /> Nnyocha sitere na ọrụ [[Simons Foundation|Simons foundation]] nke dabere na [[Botswana International University of Science and Technology|Botswana International University]] lere anya n'otú mmiri ozuzo na okpomọkụ si emetụta uto nke osisi gbara ala dị ala nke Osimiri Dawa gburugburu ma kwubie na ọ bụrụ na mmiri ozuzo ebelata site na 1.5%, ndị na-akọ ahịhịa ga-apụ n'anya na mpaghara ala dị larịị ma gaa [[Mbibi|nbibi]] ma ọ bụ kwaga mpaghara ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Number3" /> === Oké ọkọchị === Osimiri Dawa, na-agafe mpaghara Somalia ebe mpaghara a na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ enweela oke ọkọchị nke osimiri ahụ ruo ihe karịrị afọ atọ.<ref name="Source 11">{{Cite web|title=When the river dries out all life disappears {{!}} DRC|url=https://drc.ngo/news/when-the-river-dries-out-all-life-disappears|website=drc.ngo|language=da-DK|access-date=2020-05-16}}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Nke a na-akpọbu mmiri na-asọfe n'osimiri ahụ, ugbu a ọ na-ekpughe ala kpọrọ nkụ na nke na-ekpo ọkụ, enweghịkwa osisi na-eto eto, anụmanụ enweghịkwa ike iri nri.<ref name="Source 11" /> Nke a emeela ka Somalia na mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọrọ n'ọnụ ụzọ [[Nsogbu enyemaka mmadụ | ọdachi enyemaka mmadụ]].<ref name="Source 11" /> Mgbe osimiri ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, obodo agaghị enwe ike [[Ọrụ Ugbo|ịkọ ubi]], ịkụ azụ̀, iji osisi gbara osimiri gburugburu maka nri, nke kachasị mkpa bụ ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha. Nke a na-eme ka ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi na Somalia nke dị nde mmadụ 6.2, nọrọ n'ọnọdụ mkpa nri na mmiri nke Osimiri Dawa nyere n'oge gara aga.<ref name="Source 11" /> == Ojiji nke osimiri ahụ == Ịchọta ala dị mma bụ ihe ịma aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ala ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, ndị mmadụ anọwo na-eji ma na-emepe Osimiri Dawa iji bụrụ ebe dị mma maka obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu iji nweta mmiri na ike. Site na mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ọdịnihu a na-atụ anya ya, a ga-achọkwu mmiri.<ref name="Source 1" /> === Ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri eletrik === [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]] na [[Kenya]] na 14 Nọvemba 2014, ha kwetara ịrụ [[Dam|ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmiri]] na [[Hydroelectricity|ọdụ ọkụ mmiri]] n'Osimiri Dawa.<ref name="Source 6">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia inaugurates Genale Dawa III hydroelectric power plant|url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/|last=Ilolo|first=Patricia|date=2020-02-20|website=Construction Review Online|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref> E bidoro ọrụ a na mbụ n'afọ 2010 mana o nwetara nsogbu n'ihi nsogbu ndị metụtara ịkwaga ndị bi nso na Mmiri ahụ. N'ihi nsogbu dị n'ịchọta mmiri dị mma n'ime afọ a, atụmatụ a chọrọ idozi ụkọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke kpuchiri mpaghara gbara osimiri Dawa gburugburu. Na Febụwarị afọ 2020, Etiopia meghere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Genale Dawa nke atọ. Mmepe a ga-enyere aka mee ka ikike ọkụ eletrik nke obodo gbara ya gburugburu ruo 4654 MW, ebe ọ na-emekwa ka uru akụ na ụba nke obodo Dawa dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye mmepe ịgba mmiri.<ref name="Source 6" /> Mmiri mgbochi mmiri a nke dị mita 110 n'ogologo ma dịkwa mita 426 n'ogologo nwere ike iburu mmiri ruru ijeri cubic mita 2.5.<ref name="Source 6" /> Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke hydroelectric nwetara ego itinye ego ruru nde US$451, ụlọ ọrụ China a kpọrọ [[Gezhouba Group|China Gezhouba Group]] wuru ya.<ref name="Source 6" /> [[Prime Minista nke Etiopia | Praịm Minista Etiopia]] [[Abiy Ahmed]] na-ekwu na "mgbasawanye nke mmepe mmiri ga-enyere obodo Etiopia na ndị gbara ya gburugburu aka ịnọgide na-enwe nchekwa nri."<ref name="Source 6" /> Ọ bụ ezie na mba ọ bụla gbara ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik gburugburu nwere mmasị na mkpa nke ya, enwebeghị nkwekọrịta atọ gbasara mmekorita maka ojiji osimiri.<ref name="Source 10">{{Cite journal|last=Sipri|date=2019-07-08|title=WATER SECURITY AND GOVERNANCE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA|journal=Policies for Common Security|doi=10.4324/9780429277801|isbn=9780429277801}}</ref> Mmekọrịta gbara ya gburugburu ojiji ya abụrụla nke a na-eji site n'ọdịmma obodo na esemokwu dị n'etiti mba dị iche iche.<ref name="Source 10" /> Agbanyeghị, ohere nke esemokwu dị n'etiti steeti n'ihi esemokwu ndị a dị obere, n'ihi uru Etiopia nwere na [[agha]] ya, n'ihe gbasara mpaghara, n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.<ref name="Source 10" /> === Ọrụ ugbo a na-akọ mmiri === Ndị obodo dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Dawa ejirila ọrụ ugbo na ịkọ ala, ọkachasị [[Ndị Borana Oromo|Ndị na-azụ anụ na Borona]], kemgbe 1983/84, ọkachasị, ezinụlọ dị na Hadhessa na Qorati.<ref name="Source 5">{{Cite journal|last1=Boru|first1=Did|last2=Schwartz|first2=Moshe|last3=Kam|first3=Michael|last4=Degen|first4=A. Allan|date=2015-01-31|title=Effects of Family Size and Wealth on Size of Land Cultivated by Borana Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia|journal=Human Ecology|volume=43|issue=1|pages=15–28|doi=10.1007/s10745-014-9711-3|s2cid=153478205|issn=0300-7839}}</ref> Ndị Gada nke Liben Jaldessa malitere iji ya na 2000. Na afọ 2008, ọrụ ugbo mmiri, nke a na-eji ọkpọkọ ụgbọala arụ ọrụ, gbasaa n'akụkụ Osimiri Dawa ma ndị Borona [[Ndị Pastoralism|Ndị Pastoralists]] ji ya mee ihe na Liben. Gọọmentị n'ime afọ iri ruo iri abụọ gara aga agbaala ume ka a na-akọ ugbo n'akụkụ Osimiri Dawa n'ihi oke ọkọchị, na mbelata ọnụọgụ [[anụ ụlọ]] nke metụtara obodo niile dị na mba ahụ.<ref name="Source 5" /> Ná mmalite, ebo/obodo nwere ọtụtụ ehi, a machibidoro ịkọ ala ruo 1972.<ref name="Source 5" /> Ugbua, ndị mmadụ amụtala nkà ọrụ ugbo site na iji mmiri iyi, nke a mere e ji jiri Osimiri Dawa mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo mmiri.<ref name="Source 5" /> E nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ndị obodo wuru iji nye anụmanụ ha mmiri n'ebe sara mbara.<ref name="Source 9" /> Obodo ndị dị gburugburu Osimiri Dawa ga-egwu olulu mmiri miri emi nke na-amịpụta mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Olulu mmiri ndị a na-enye ihe karịrị ụzọ anọ n'ime ise nke mmiri niile a na-enweta n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name="Source 12" /> Ịse ihe site n'olulu mmiri na-ewe oge dị ukwuu, ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa nye ndị na-azụ anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba.<ref name="Source 12" />  Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa a n'akụkụ ndịda kpọrọ nkụ nke [[Borena Zone|Borena]], obodo ndị ahụ na-anakọta chịngọm na resin site na osisi nke [[Commiphora]] na [[Boswellia]].<ref name="Source 9" /> Esemokwu dị n'etiti agbụrụ ndị gbara Osimiri Dawa gburugburu na-abụkarị gbasara [[Ala ịta ahịhịa]] na [[aka nri mmiri]]. Ebe ọ bụ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-eme ugbu a kwa afọ 1 ruo 2, nke a na-akpata ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ anụ ụlọ.<ref name="Source 12" /> Nke a emeela ka ịkọ ala dịkwuo elu n'etiti ebo na obodo ndị dara ogbenye. == Nchọpụta ọlaedo == Osimiri Dawa abụrụla ebe a na-ahụ ihe [[gold]] achọpụtala n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name="Source 7">{{Cite web|title=Local history of Ethiopia: Daoierri - Dearo Tekle|url=https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html|date=2020-03-23|website=nai.uu.se|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> N'akụkụ Osimiri Dawa, a hụla ọlaedo n'etiti ihe ndị na-agbaze na Awata na Kokowa. A na-akpọ akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ dị ka nke nwere obere [[Okirikiri mbuze | okirikiri mbuze]], ndagwurugwu a sara mbara nke ukwuu, ebe ugwu dị nro n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ nwere nkume a na-ahụ anya. Ihe owuwu ahụ e kpugheere mere ka otu ụlọ ọrụ Texas Africa Exploration Co. [[ọkà mmụta ala]] na 1958 chọpụta [[titanium]] [[mineral]]s na [[ilmenite]] n'ime osimiri ahụ.<ref name="Source 7" /> Nchọpụta nke titanium na ilmenite dugara na nchọpụta ọlaedo na 1958-59, nke a mere ka o kwe omume ịbawanye ojiji ọlaedo na mpaghara Dawa maka ọrụ n'ụwa niile.<ref name="Source 7" /> Nke a bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke Osimiri Dawa n'oge gara aga, mana n'oge a mkpa nke Osimiri agbanweela gaa n'inye obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu mmiri. == Edensibia== {{reflist}} == Ndekọ Akwụkwọ == # Woldemariyam, F., Ayenew, T 2016, ‘Application of hydro chemical and isotopic techniques to understand [[groundwater recharge]] and flow systems in the Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia’, Environ Earth Sci 75, 1002 # Woldemariyam, F., Ayenew, T 2016. ‘Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater of Dawa River basin, southern Ethiopia’. ''Environ Monit Assess'' 188, 481 # Manalebish Debalike Asfaw, Semu Mitiku Kassa, Lungu, E. and Woldeamlak Bewket, 2019. ‘Effects of temperature and rainfall in plant–herbivore interactions at different altitude’. ''Ecological Modelling'', 406, pp.&nbsp;50–59 # Serur, A. and Sarma, A., 2017. ‘Current and projected water demand and water availability estimates under climate change scenarios in the Weyib River basin in Bale mountainous area of South-eastern Ethiopia’. ''Theoretical and Applied Climatology'', 133(3-4), pp.&nbsp;727–735 # Boru, D., Schwartz, M., Kam, M. and Degen, A., 2015. ‘Effects of Family Size and Wealth on Size of Land Cultivated by Borana Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia’. ''Human Ecology'', 43(1), pp.&nbsp;15–28 # Construction Review Online. 2020. ''Ethiopia Inaugurates Genale Dawa III Hydroelectric Power Plant''. Available at: https://constructionreviewonline.com/2020/02/ethiopia-inaugurates-genale-dawa-iii-hydroelectric-power-plant/ [Accessed 23 March 2020]. # Nai.uu.se. 2020. ''Local History Of Ethiopia : Daoierri - Dearo Tekle''. Available at: https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/thematic-resources/local-history-of-ethiopia.html [Accessed 23 March 2020] #Commons.wikimedia.org. 2010. ''File:Jubbarivermap.Png - Wikimedia Commons''. Available at: [[:File:Jubbarivermap.png|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jubbarivermap.png]] [Accessed 22 April 2020]. #Datazone.birdlife.org. 2020. ''Birdlife Data Zone''. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/dawa--wachile-iba-ethiopia [Accessed 15 May 2020]. #Sipri.org. 2020. ''WATER SECURITY AND GOVERNANCE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA''. Available at: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-03/sipripp54_0.pdf [Accessed 17 May 2020]. #Drc.ngo. 2020. ''When The River Dries Out All Life Disappears | DRC''. Available at: https://drc.ngo/news/when-the-river-dries-out-all-life-disappears{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [Accessed 16 May 2020]. #KEBBEDE, G., 2018. ''ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY IN ETHIOPIA''. [Place of publication not identified]: ROUTLEDGE. ssxptc7glilzaoz722dfs3z47nns5l0 0 77530 674691 673843 2026-07-09T20:40:39Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Sierra Leone''' bụ ọdụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Sierra Leone. Osimiri Bankasoka na Osimiri Rokel na-akpụ ya, ọ dịkwa n'agbata maịlụ 4 na 10 n'obosara (kilomita 6–16) na maịlụ 25 (kilomita 40) n'ogologo. Ọ nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị bụ isi nke Queen Elizabeth II Quay na Pepel. Osimiri ahụ dịkwa mkpa maka mbupu. Ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri okike kachasị ukwuu na kọntinent Afrịka. Ọtụtụ agwaetiti, gụnyere Agwaetiti Tasso (nke kachasị ukwuu), Agwaetiti Tombo, na Agwaetiti Bunce dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi == {{isi akụkọ|Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi}} Osimiri ahụ kewara Freetown, isi obodo Sierra Leone, nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, site na ọdụ ụgbọelu isi obodo ahụ, Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi, nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na mpaghara a na-akpọ "Bullom Shore." Ụzọ mbufe isi site na ọdụ ụgbọ elu gaa Freetown bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ọsọ. Ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na helikọpta anaghịzi arụ ọrụ. == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == A na-akpọ {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} nke osimiri Sierra Leone dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa maka mba ụwa Mgbakọ Ramsar n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>[http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&level=int ''World Database on Protected Areas: Site Information''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924014313/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&level=int |date=2008-09-24}}, UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2004), retrieved on 10 November 2007</ref> Ebe a bụ isi apịtị mangrove mana ọ gụnyekwara oke ọhịa apịtị mmiri dị ọcha.<ref>[http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm Ramsar Sites Information Service] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714104645/http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm |date=2008-07-14}}, Ramsar, retrieved on 10 November 2007</ref> BirdLife International akpọwokwa ebe a Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị Eurasian oystercatchers, curlew sandpipers na hooded vultures.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone|title= Sierra Leone River Estuary|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-11-06}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Hụkwa == * Ebe ndị a na-echebe na Sierra Leone * Ndepụta Ramsar nke ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dwe10ktgur79vciihj2qt0u8d5vpw13 0 77537 674922 674006 2026-07-10T08:36:51Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Tana''' bụ [[osimiri]] kachasị ogologo na [[Kenya]], a na-akpọkwa ya Osimiri Sagana na mpaghara Ugwu Kenya ma nye aha ya [[Obodo Osimiri Tana]].<ref name="The Pokomo tribe of Tana River County call it Saana name" =nakaegawa2012=""> Nakaegawa T., Wachana C. and KAKUSHIN Team-3 Modeling Group. (2012). "First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century," [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_pdf ''Hydrological Research Letters'', 6, pp. 29–34]. </ref> Ogologo ya dị ihe dị ka kilomita 1000, ebe mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka kilomita 100,000, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime isi mmiri na Tana dị ala nke mejupụtara akụkụ dị n'okpuru ala Kora ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe dị ka kilomita 700 site na mbara ala kpọrọ nkụ.<ref>(Omengo, Fred & Geeraert, Naomi & Bouillon, Steven & Govers, Gerard. (2016). Sediment deposition patterns in a tropical floodplain, Tana River, Kenya. Catena. 143. 57–69. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.024.) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301291119_Sediment_deposition_patterns_in_a_tropical_floodplain_Tana_River_Kenya]</ref> [[Osimiri|Osimiri]] ya gụnyere ụfọdụ osimiri dị mkpa na Mpaghara Etiti dịka [[Osimiri Thika|Thika]], Osimiri Ragati, Nyamindi, Thiba, Mathioya, Chania, Thuci na Mutonga. The river rises from Mt Kenya in [[Nyeri]]. Ọ na-amalite ịgbaga ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ tupu ọ tụgharịa gaa ndịda gburugburu [[massif]] nke [[Ugwu Kenya]] wee gbadaa ruo Oké Osimiri India. N'okpuru [[#Dams|dams]], osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ugwu ma na-asọfe n'ókèala ugwu-ndịda n'etiti [[Meru, Kenya|Meru]] na Ugwu [[Kitui County|Kitui]] na Bisanadi, Kora na Rabole National Reserve. N'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị ọwụwa anyanwụ, wee gaa ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ọ na-agafe obodo ndị dị na [[Garissa]], [[Hola, Kenya|Hola]] na [[Garsen]] tupu ọ banye na [[Oké Osimiri India]] na mpaghara [[Ungwana Bay]]-[[Kipini]], na njedebe nke [[osimiri delta]] nke ruru ihe dị ka kilomita iri atọ site n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="The Pokomo tribe of Tana River County call it Saana name"/> Ọ na-agafe n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ ma na-agba mmiri n'ala gbara ya gburugburu. Mmiri mmiri kwa afọ karịrị nde 5,000 [[cubic mita]] (MCM) na nkezi, mana ọ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ma n'ime na n'ime afọ niile, ọ na-agụnyekwa oge idei mmiri abụọ kwa afọ. N'agbata afọ 1944 na 1978, nkezi mmiri zuru oke (na Garissa) bụ MCM 6,105, nke dị iche site na naanị MCM 1,789 na 1949 ruo MCM 13,342 na 1968.<ref>Hughes, F. (1990). "The Influence of Flooding Regimes on Forest Distribution and Composition in the Tana River Floodplain, Kenya," [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2404295 ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 27(2), pp. 475–491].</ref> N'oge 1982-1996, mmiri kwa afọ dị n'elu 5,000 MCM.<ref>Maingi, J.K. and Marsh, S.E. (2002). "Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya," [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196300908607 ''Journal of Arid Environments'', 50, pp. 53–79].</ref> A na-esi n'osimiri ahụ enweta mmiri site na ọrụ ịgba mmiri ndị a dị mkpa: [[Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwụ Ala na Bura (Kenya)|Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwụ Ala na Bura]], Atụmatụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Tana na Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Tana Delta.<ref>Government of Kenya 2007. ''Kenya Vision 2030: a Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya''.</ref> E nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na [[mgbanwe ihu igwe]] ga-emebi Osimiri Tana na ebe obibi ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jenkins|first1=Rhosanna L. M.|last2=Warren|first2=Rachel F.|last3=Price|first3=Jeff T.|date=2021-07-21|title=Addressing risks to biodiversity arising from a changing climate: The need for ecosystem restoration in the Tana River Basin, Kenya|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=7|article-number=e0254879|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254879|pmid=34288974|issn=1932-6203|pmc=8294490|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654879J|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muthuwatta|first1=Lal|last2=Sood|first2=Aditya|last3=McCartney|first3=Matthew|last4=Silva|first4=Nishchitha Sandeepana|last5=Opere|first5=Alfred|date=2018-06-05|title=Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya|url=https://piahs.copernicus.org/articles/379/37/2018/|journal=Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences|language=English|publisher=Copernicus GmbH|volume=379|pages=37–42|doi=10.5194/piahs-379-37-2018|bibcode=2018PIAHS.379...37M|hdl=10568/96602|s2cid=51999648 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nakaegawa|first1=Tosiyuki|last2=Wachana|first2=Calistus|date=2012|title=First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_article|journal=Hydrological Research Letters|volume=6|pages=29–34|doi=10.3178/hrl.6.29|bibcode=2012HRL.....6...29N|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dam== E wuru ọtụtụ dam mmiri hydroelectric (Ụlọ ọrụ Seven Forks Hydro Stations ma ọ bụ Seven Forks Scheme) n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere (n'usoro e si agbaze) [[Masinga Dam]] (e nyere ọrụ na 1981 nke nwere ikike arụnyere nke 40MW), [[Mdam Kamburu]] (1974, 94.20MW), [[Mdam Gitaru]] (1978, 225.25MW), [[Mdam Kindaruma]] (1968, 72MW) na [[Mdam Kiambere]] (1988, 168MW).<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0016-7185(86)90007-2 | title=The environmental effects of dam construction in tropical Africa: Impacts and planning procedures | year=1986 | last1=Adams | first1=W.M. | last2=Hughes | first2=F.M.R. | journal=Geoforum | volume=17 | issue=3–4 | pages=403–410 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDISMGMT/Resources/0821363328.pdf |access-date=2012-06-23 |title=Reducing the Impacts of Floods through Early Warning and Preparedness: A Pilot Study for Kenya |work=Arnold, Chen, Deichmann, Dilley, Lerner-Lam, Pullen, and Trohanis. Natural Disaster Hotspots Case Studies. |publisher=The World Bank |last1=Galadin |first1=H. |last2=Bidault |first2=N. |last3=Stephen |first3=L. |last4=Watkins |first4=B. |last5=Dilley |first5=M. |last6=Mutunga |first6=N. |year=2006}}</ref> en<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207:seven-forks-hydro-stations&catid=33:power-stations|title = KenGen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energypedia.info/wiki/Hydropower_Stations_in_Kenya|title = Hydropower Stations in Kenya - energypedia}}</ref> [[Ọdọ Mmiri Masinga]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kiambere]], nke Masinga na Kiambere dam mepụtara n'otu n'otu, na-arụ ọrụ abụọ: [[ike mmiri na ọkụ eletrik]] (HEP) mmepụta na ịgba mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo. A na-eji atọ ndị ọzọ eme ihe nanị maka mmepụta HEP. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2003 gosiri na usoro ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Tana nyere ụzọ abụọ n'ime atọ nke mkpa ọkụ eletrik nke Kenya. Ọtụtụ mmadụ kwenyere na mmiri dị n'okpuru osimiri a dị n'okpuru ya, mana ọ dịghị otú ahụ.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy06tana.pdf |title=Tana River, Kenya: integrating downstream values into hydropower planning |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |work=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #6 |date=May 2003 |access-date=2012-06-24}}</ref> A na-enye ọkụ eletrik ahụ na sistemụ grid mba ma kesaa ya n'ofe mba ahụ site na usoro nke obere ọdụ, transformer na waya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/KenGen-increases-hydropower-output/1056-4521358-dtimtu/index.html|title=KenGen increases hydropower output|website=Daily Nation|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref> ==Aha ndị yiri ya== A na-akpọ ụdị anụ abụọ dị n'Africa aha Osimiri Tana: ''[[Mochlus tanae]]'' na ''[[Myriopholis|Myriopholis tanae]]''.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Tana", p. 260).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malonza |first=Patrick K. |last2=Wasonga |first2=Victor D. |last3=Muchai |first3=Vincent |last4=Rotich |first4=Damaris |last5=Bwong |first5=Beryl A. |last6=Bauer |first6=Aaron M. |date=July 2006 |title=Diversity and Biogeography of Herpetofauna of the Tana River Primate National Reserve, Kenya |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-east-african-natural-history/volume-95/issue-2/0012-8317_2006_95_95_DABOHO_2.0.CO_2/DIVERSITY-AND-BIOGEOGRAPHY-OF-HERPETOFAUNA-OF-THE-TANA-RIVER-PRIMATE/10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |language=en |volume=95 |issue=2 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |issn=1026-1613 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220120162002/https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-east-african-natural-history/volume-95/issue-2/0012-8317_2006_95_95_DABOHO_2.0.CO_2/DIVERSITY-AND-BIOGEOGRAPHY-OF-HERPETOFAUNA-OF-THE-TANA-RIVER-PRIMATE/10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |archive-date=2022-01-20}}</ref> ==Leekwa== *[[Ebe Nchekwa Osimiri Tana River]] *[[Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwaga Bura (Kenya)|Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwaga Bura]] *[[Galana Kulalu Project]] ==Edensibia== {{reflist}} ==Ịgụkwu ihe== *[http://www.hydrology.nl/mainnews/1-latest-news/377-securing-water-and-land-in-the-tana-basin-kenya-a-resource-book-for-water-managers-and-practitioners.html Securing water and land in the Tana Basin, Kenya: a resource book for water managers and practitioners] * "And the River Flowed On; An Adventurous Journey Down the Tana River" site n'aka James Meester 1958 ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons category|Tana River (Kenya)}} * [http://www.kenweb.or.ke/index.php/projects/tana-delta.html "Tana River Delta"]. ''The Kenya Wetlands Biodiversity Research Team''. Retrieved 2026-06-01. {{Authority control}} n3t4emxkshnnb0uhm8gi184tpql4ug1 0 77539 674926 674011 2026-07-10T08:40:34Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary''' (French: Parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj, ) dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Senegal na Senegal, n'ebe ugwu Biffeche, n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke St-Louis Ọ na-enye ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri mmiri nke na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu n'etiti nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha agafeela Sahara. N'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nnụnụ 400, ndị kacha apụta ìhè bụ pelicans na flamingo. Ndị na-awagharị mmiri na-esi na Europe kwaga ebe ahụ anaghị apụta ìhè nke ọma; maka ndị a, ogige ahụ bụ otu ebe kachasị mkpa maka oge oyi achọpụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 February 2007|title=Expedition solves Aquatic Warbler mystery|url=http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/02/aquatic_warbler_senegal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224175807/http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/02/aquatic_warbler_senegal.html|archivedate=24 February 2007|work=[[BirdLife International]]}}</ref> Ọtụtụ Anụ ọhịa na-ebikwa n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, nke a họpụtara dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa. A gbakwunyere saịtị ahụ na ndepụta nke World Heritge in Danger na 1984 n'ihi iwebata nnukwu osisi salvinia na-awakpo, nke na-eyi egwu igbuchapụ ahịhịa ndị dị n'ogige ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/2412/|title=Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=World Heritage Convention|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, e wepụrụ ya na ndepụta ahụ na 2006. == Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:DjoudjNASA.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|N'aka ekpe, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke Septemba 1979; n'aka nri, idei mmiri nke Nọvemba 1999]] Kemgbe ọrụ nke Diama Dam n'Osimiri Senegal malitere na 1988, ndị ọkachamara ahụla na ọkwa mmiri na-ebelata, na-eme ka nnu dị ọcha, na-emebi ájá. Mgbanwe ndị a na-eyi anụmanụ na osisi egwu. Karịsịa, e nweela mmụba nke typhas na Phragmites. N'aka ekpe, foto satịlaịtị nke NASA sere na 1979 (tupu e wuo dam ahụ) na 1999 (mgbe e mesịrị) na-egosi mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara ahụ. N'afọ 2006, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe a kọrọ banyere influenza nnụnụ na Senegal, a malitere usoro nlekota. Na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 16,000 hekta, e dekọrọ ụdị nnụnụ 395 (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde nnụnụ atọ) n'ebe ahụ, na-eme ka Ogige Ntụrụndụ Djoudj bụrụ nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Parc National des oiseaux du Djoudj (PNOD)|url=https://www.saintlouisdusenegal.com/parc-du-djoudj/|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=Saint-Louis du Sénégal|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ebe nsọ ahụ nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke agụ iyi na Manatees. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25/|title=Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary|accessdate=2026-05-21|work=World Heritage Convention|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>{{clear left}} == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Diawling * Anụ ọhịa nke Senegal == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070209070541/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/djoudj.html WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet] * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25 Ntinye weebụsaịtị UNESCO] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nke okike, ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri aka mere: Ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa], 13 Ọktoba 2005. [[Faịlụ:Djoudj_ile_pelican.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Pelicans n'àgwàetiti dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] [[Faịlụ:Embarcadere_du_Djoudj.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Ụgbọ mmiri na warthogs]] 01yfr5t05ntt2tmgajlqbo1fqg3ltyl 0 77548 674938 674022 2026-07-10T08:51:27Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tudor Creek''' bụ otu n'ime isi mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke kewara [[Agwaetiti Mombasa]] (na obodo [[Mombasa]]) na ala [[Kenya]] (ahụ nke ọzọ bụ [[Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Kilindini]]). Tupu [[osimiri]] abanye [[Oké Osimiri India]], [[iyi]] na-agafe n'okpuru [[Akwa Nyali]], ma [[Makupa Causeway]] na-agbakọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ nke ghọrọ iyi ahụ dị nso n'obodo [[Mariakani]], ihe dị ka {{convert|20|mi|km}} n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mombasa. ==Njikọ mpụga== {{commonscat-inline}} ks7rgmvcm5ql3civpv7k1ph3ylg0trw 0 77562 674929 674183 2026-07-10T08:42:51Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Ọdọ mmiri Kinkony bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Madagascar, n'ime mpaghara nnakọta mmiri nke Osimiri Mahavavy Sud na Mpaghara Boeny (nke bụbu Mpaghara Mahajanga).Ọ dị gburugburu 16°9′0″S 45°50′0″E / 16.15000°S 45.83333°E, ma na-ekpuchi mpaghara dị ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 100.Ọdọ Kinkony bụ ala mmiri dị ezigbo mkpa maka nnụnụ, karịsịa nnụnụ mmiri na ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ n'oge ụfọdụ nke afọ.[./Lake_Kinkony#cite_note-LC-2 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] == Edensibịa == <references /> ac26tp1v7qx95jp15d5yutlgabh41bu 0 77563 674925 674185 2026-07-10T08:37:46Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Ọdọ Alaotra (Malagasy: farihin' Alaotra; French: Lac Alaotra) bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Madagascar,nke dị na Mpaghara Alaotra-Mangoro, n'elu ugwu etiti nke akụkụ ugwu agwaetiti ahụ.Mpaghara nnakọta mmiri ya nwere ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha na-emighị emi na ala mmiri apịtị, nke ahịhịa toro nke ọma gbara gburugburu. Ọ bụkwa etiti mpaghara kachasị mkpa maka ịkụ osikapa na Madagascar.Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra bụ ebe obibi bara ụba nke ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na osisi, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụdị ndị na-adị ụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi. Ọ bụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka ịkụ azụ.Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra na ala mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na-ekpuchi mpaghara dị ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 7,223 (maịl skwea 2,789), ma gụnye ụdị ebe obibi dị iche iche dịka mmiri mepere emepe, ahịhịa amị , ala mmiri apịtị, na ubi osikapa.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 900 (maịl skwea 350).Na 2 Febrụwarị 2003, a kpọpụtara Ọdọ mt Alaotra dịka ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ogo mba ụwa n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm|title=Aythya innotata - Range & Habitat|accessdate=2006-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155141/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm|archivedate=2007-09-30}}</ref> E webatara London tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir) n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Alaotra site na ala na 1954 ma mụbaa ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule 1957, ọ na-enye 46% nke ihe ndị e jidere, ikekwe n'ihi na ọ na-agagharị n'ime ebe obibi efu dị ka ụdị phytophagous.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA322|title=Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa|author=C. Lévêque|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-521-57033-6}}</ref> Ala dị mma maka ọrụ ugbo nke gbara Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra gburugburu bụ mpaghara kacha mkpa na Madagascar maka mmepụta osikapa. Ugwu ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu bụbu ebe ọhịa dị, ma n'ime iri afọ ndị gara aga, e gbuturu ọtụtụ n'ime ọhịa ndị ahụ ka e nwee ala a ga-akọ ugbo.Mmebi ala siri ike n'ugwu ndị a na-adị mfe ịsachapụ emeela ka nnukwu ájá na unyi banye n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ na-apụ n'anya ngwa ngwa. Ugbu a, n'oge ọkọchị, omimi Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra na-adị naanị ihe dị ka sentimita 60 (ihe dị ka sentimita 61).Nrụgide iji mepụta ubi osikapa ọhụrụ emewokwa ka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-akpọọ ahịhịa amị ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu ọkụ. Ahịhịa amị ndị a bụ naanị ebe obibi nke Alaotra gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis), ụdị lemọ a na-ahụ naanị n'Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra.Ugbu a, Alaotra gentle lemur fọdụrụ naanị n'ime ihe dị ka kilomita skwea 220 nke ahịhịa amị ndị ka dị. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha belatara ngwa ngwa site na ihe dị ka 7,500 n'afọ 1994 ruo ihe dị ka 3,000 n'afọ 2001, nke bụ mbelata ruru pasent 60. Ihe kpatara nke a bụkarị mbibi ebe obibi ha, tinyere ịchụ nta nke ụfọdụ ndị obodo. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ụdị obodo nke urukurubụba ''Artitropa alaotrana'' na ebe dị mkpa ma na-eyi egwu maka nnụnụ mmiri, gụnyere Meller's duck (''Anas melleri''). Ụdị nnụnụ mmiri abụọ dị n'ebe ugwu Madagascar, Madagascar pochard (''Aythya innotata'') na Alaotra grebe (''Tachybaptus rufolavatus''). A na-etinye pochard Madagascar n'ihe ize ndụ ugbu a ma ọ dịghịzi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta dị n'ebe ndị ọzọ. E kwupụtara na Alaotra grebe agwụla n'afọ 2010. Ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị ebe obibi ya. Osimiri Am atọ na-enye ọdọ mmiri ahụ mmiri ma na-agbanye ya. Mgbe kilomita 381 gasịrị, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'[[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]].&nbsp; Ọdọ mmiri Alaotra na-echebe ala dị n'otu bụ nke Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust na-elekọta. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.avsf.org/uk/article.php?rub_id=110&art_id=188 Ọrụ GRAP-Lake Alaotra] E debere Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155141/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm Madagascar Pochard bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Madagascar, ebe a hụrụ ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdọ mmiri Alaotra] * [http://www.mwc-info.net Ọrụ Alaotra site na Madagascar Wildlife Conservation] fyj7yng50ntng7x0v2lhnyxqcsvhu2u 0 77565 674931 674196 2026-07-10T08:44:51Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ọdọ mmiri Débo bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Mali, nke idei mmiri nke mpaghara nnakọta mmiri nke Osimiri Niger na-eme n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ na-emepụta. Ọ dị n'ime Inner Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger.N'oge mmiri osimiri na-ebili elu, delta ahụ nke ọdọ mmiri, obere iyi, na mmiri ndị na-anọ n'akụkụ osimiri na-emepụta na-abụ akụkụ nke Ọdọ mmiri Débo. Inner Niger Delta nwere ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri sara mbara, nke na-emighị emi na ala mmiri apịtị idei mmiri juru. Delta a na-agbatị ihe dị ka kilomita 320 (maịl 200) n'ogologo ma nwee obosara nke kilomita 80 (maịl 50).N'oge mmiri na-asọ nke ukwuu, Ọdọ mmiri Débo dị ihe dị ka kilomita 80 (maịl 50) site na Mopti n'akụkụ elu osimiri ya, nke dị n'ebe ndịda, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (maịl 150) site na Timbuktu n'akụkụ ala osimiri ya, nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ.Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime ọtụtụ ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-apụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ nke mejupụtara Inner Niger Delta, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Mali. Nha ya na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị, site na Septemba ruo Maachị.E gosipụtara ịdị adị nke ọdọ mmiri a, nke a na-akpọ "Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu", n'ime Inner Niger Delta nke Osimiri Niger n'etiti Jenne na Timbuktu na Mali, mgbe e nyochachara maapụ mpaghara ahụ nke ọma, nke na-ekpuchi oge sitere n'afọ 1000 ruo 1900 AD. A mụrụ maapụ 400 nke oge ahụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Lake_Debo_NASA.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Ọdọ Mmiri Débo a hụrụ site na mbara igwe]] Ọdọ mmiri a, nke a na-akpọ "Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu" n'ime Delta nke Osimiri Niger n'etiti Jenne na Timbuktu na Mali, bụ nke ndị Europe maara site n'oge mbụ. Akụkọ mbụ a maara banyere ya bụ na puku afọ mbụ BC. Ptolemy kọwara ya dị ka nke nwere ọdịdị barbell. Nnyocha nke ihe karịrị map 400 nke mpaghara ahụ mepụtara n'ime oge site na 1000 ruo 1900 AD chọpụtara na ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụtara na pasentị 95; naanị ihe ngosi egosiri na map ndị ọzọ bụ Naịl. <ref name="Maps" /> <ref name="Beacon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Beacon|author=Gerald J. Rizzo|publisher=Afriterra Foundation|accessdate=2013-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223241/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa|author=Gerald J. Rizzo|pages=80–89|doi=10.1080/03085690500362439|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=58 (Part 1)|year=2006}}</ref> A maara ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka Nigrite Palus, ọdọ mmiri Sigisma, ọdọ mmiri Guber, ọdọ mmiri Guarda, Bog/Morais of Guarda,ọdọ mmiri Maberia, Bahar Seafeena, ọdọ mmiri Dibbie, mana a maara ya ugbu a dị ka ọdọ mmiri Débo.A na-enyocha Osimiri Niger dị ka osimiri na-eto eto nke dị afọ 2000 ma ka na-akwụsi ike. Otú ọ dị, ọwa okike enweela ọtụtụ mgbanwe.<ref name="wetland">{{Cite web|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|title=Support Project for Wetland Management In the Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2012|publisher=Cmsdata.iucn.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024042541/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|archivedate=24 October 2012}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:AT0903_map.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Inner Niger Delta, gụnyere Lake Debo, map ecoregion savanna]] E guzobere ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'elu mmiri Niger na Bani. Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri a ma ama na Mali, nke nwere dayameta nke 30 km (19 mi) na nke na-adịghị omimi ya mere nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri enweghị ike ịgafe ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Velton2004">{{Cite book|author=Ross Velton|title=Mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLs1WaRmXBQC&pg=PA172|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=1 December 2004|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-077-0|pages=172–}}</ref> N'elu Okwu nke osimiri ndị a, ndagwurugwu ugwu dị nro nke na-akpata mbelata nke mmiri na okike nke ọdọ mmiri a. Ndagwurugwu a kọrọ tupu e kee ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ 1.5 kwa 160 km ( 100 mi). A na-ekewa ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na ihe mgbochi gaa na mpaghara abụọ, nke dị n'elu na nke dị n"okpuru. Ihe mgbochi ahụ gbatịrị ọtụtụ 'ebe ndịda. N'èzí ihe mgbochi ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị warara ma dị ogologo ma a naghị ahụ ya anya.<ref name="Caillie2013">{{Cite book|author=Caillie|title=Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo and Across the Great Desert to Morocco 1824-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1CL4YQkApkC&pg=PA21|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42792-0|pages=21–}}</ref> [[Mto Bani|Osimiri Bani]] Lisa na-abanye na Niger n'elu Dire. Ọ na-esi n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri Debo pụọ na deltas ma na-asọba n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.Issa Baris , isi aka nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-esi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ wee tụgharịa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ iji sonyere Bara Lisa.<ref name="Shahin2002">{{Cite book|author=M. Shahin|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=30 November 2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5|pages=307–}}</ref> Ọdịdị ala na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "site na nkume crystalline Precambrian sandstone compacted na Taoudeni Syncline sara mbara dị ka onye na-ekpuchi ala ma kpuchie ya na ihe siri ike nke simenti-laterite. "Ndagwurugwu dị larịị na ọdịdị ala nke àkwà ahụ emeela ka e meandering na ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri, nke dugara n'ị n'ịpụta ọdịdị nke Delta nke Niger. Delta dị n'ime nwere ọtụtụ ọwa sara mbara, nke na-adịghị omimi na mmiri na-asọ asọ; delta a na-agbasa n'ogologo nke 320 km (200 mi) na obosara nke 80 km (50 mi). A na-ekwu site na nyocha nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ map 400 na ọ bụ delta nke bụ mmalite ọdọ mmiri ahụ nakwa na ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ nke kachasị ukwuu na delta ahụ.<ref name="Maps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Afriterra.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|archivedate=9 June 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html "The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection"]. Afriterra.org. Archived from [http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html the original] on 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ọwa osimiri sara mbara na nha ya na-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{Cite book|author=Ralph H. Hughes|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA394|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=394–}}</ref> Ọ na-enyekwa nkwenye nke ọdịdị nke mmiri a na-egbochi ma gụnyekwa Erg nke mpaghara Bara.<ref name="McIntosh2005">{{Cite book|author=Roderick J. McIntosh|title=Ancient Middle Niger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i72Q2e35P6kC&pg=PA68|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=29 September 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81300-6|pages=68–}}</ref> Idei mmiri kachasị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na delta na-eme n'oge Nọvemba na Disemba.<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005">{{Cite book|author=Michele L. Thieme|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA187|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-791-5|pages=187–}}</ref> N'okpuru Ọdọ Mmiri Debo, ndagwurugwu Osimiri Niger nwere ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ogo dị ala karịa ọkwa mmiri nke osimiri ahụ.Dị ka akụkụ nke Delta Etiti Niger, Ọdọ Mmiri Debo bụ nke kachasị ukwuu. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ akụkụ nke Osimiri Niger, nha ya na-agbanwe dabere n'ịrị elu na ịda ogo mmiri nke osimiri ahụ. Oge idei mmiri kacha ukwuu na-eme n'osimiri ahụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba na Disemba.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere nnukwu mbara mmiri nke na-agbasa n'akụkụ niile. Osimiri na-apụta n'ọnụ ụzọ ọpụpụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere obosara ihe dị ka kilomita 10 ma na-aga otu ogologo ahụ n'ihu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-adị warara ma na-ekewa n'ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri. Nke a na-eme ka agwaetiti apịtị pụta, ebe omimi mmiri na-adịkarị n'agbata mita 2.4 na 3.0 (8-10 ft).Ndị Foolahs, bụ ndị na-akwagharị na-azụ anụ ma bi n'ebe ahụ, na-eji ala apịtị ndị a dị ka ebe ịta nri anụ ụlọ n'oge ọkọchị. Mgbe oge ahụ gachara, ha na-alaghachi n'ebe obibi ha dị n'ime mpaghara nnukwu ndagwurugwu ahụ.<ref name="West Africa">{{Cite book|title=West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA253|accessdate=20 March 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=253–|id=GGKEY:XNB450PQT77|year=1957}}</ref><ref name="GreatheedParken1830">{{Cite book|author=Samuel Greatheed|title=The Eclectic Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkcwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1830|pages=307–}}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri kacha elu, a na-akọ na mmiri idei na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Debo na-eru ihe dị ka 12,400 m³/s (440,000 cu ft/s). A na-echekwa nnukwu akụkụ nke mmiri a n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke na-eme ka mmiri na-apụ na ya belata ruo ihe dị ka 2,400 m³/s (85,000 cu ft/s) mgbe ọ rutere Niamey, isi obodo Niger.Kemgbe afọ 1962, ọbụna mmụba mmiri nke naanị 1,000 m³/s (35,000 cu ft/s) sitere n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ime ka ogo mmiri dị na mpaghara Niamey bawanye ihe dị ka mita 2 ( 6 ft 7 in), ruo n'ogo 181.51 mita (595 ft 6 in).<ref name="Bloise2000">{{Cite book|author=Remo Capra Bloise|title=Bridge Over Niger: The True Story of the J. F. Kennedy Bridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtq16YfSI_MC&pg=PA7|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=11 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4697-7432-9|pages=7–}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === Ọdọ mmiri dị na Sahel, n'ebe ndịda nke ọzara Sahara, nwere ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ mpaghara mgbanwe nke ihu igwe Guinea na-ekpo ọkụ na ndịda ruo na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ na ókèala Sahara. Oge mmiri ozuzo na ndịda na-adị na July ruo October, na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 750 mm (). Otú ọ dị, oge mmiri ozuzo n'ebe ugwu na-adị na July ruo September, na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ edere na 250 in). Okpomọkụ na-adịgasị iche na nkwenye siri ike n'oge. Nkezi okpomọkụ kachasị elu edere na Mee na Tombouctou bụ 43 na Mopti bụ 40 . Oge ihu igwe dị jụụ bụ site na Disemba ruo Jenụwarị na okpomọkụ na-agbadata na nke kacha nta nke 3 ruo 6 °F) n'akụkụ ugwu nke delta. N'oge mmiri juputara n'Ọdọ Mmiri Débo, mgbe ọ na-eru nha ya kachasị ukwuu, ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 80 (maili 50) site na Mopti n'akụkụ elu iyi ya, n'ebe ndịda, ma dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (maili 150) site na Timbuktu n'akụkụ ala iyi ya, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ.Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime ọtụtụ ala mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-apụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'ime Inner Niger Delta, ma bụrụkwa ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Mali. Nha ya na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị, nke na-adịkarị site n'ọnwa Septemba ruo Maachị.<ref name="Brit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154733/Lac-Debo|title=Lac Débo|accessdate=21 March 2013|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="world">{{Cite web|url=http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|title=Africa adventure 4|work=Update 019 April 24th, Debo Lake --Sunny Water World|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Jinfeibao8844.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624055402/http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|archivedate=24 June 2012}}</ref> == Ahịhịa == [[Faịlụ:Cynodon_dactylon.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Cynodon dactylon'', ahịhịa dūrvā gras[[Dūrvā gras|dūrvā buru ibu]]]] Mgbe Ọdọ Mmiri Débo na Walado Débo ( Inner Niger Delta na Mali) jupụtara na mmiri, ha na-emepụta nnukwu ala ịta nri nke a na-akpọ ọnụ savanna ọhịa nke idei mmiri kpuchiri, nke nwere ọtụtụ ahịhịa mmiri na ụdị acacia abụọ bụ ndị kachasị baa ụba.A na-akpọ ebe ịta nri ndị a n'asụsụ obodo ahịhịa bourgou.A na-ahụkwa ụdị nkwụ dịka Hyphaene thebaica na Borassus aethiopum n'akụkụ ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Science">{{Cite web|url=http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|title=Applied GIS for Managing Flooded Pastures of Lake Debo and Walado Debo/Mali|accessdate=21 March 2013|publisher=Journal of GIS Trends|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016211627/http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|archivedate=16 October 2011}}</ref> E nwere ụdị ala ịta ahịhịa atọ, akọwapụtara dabere na njikwa ya. Ndị a bụ: Ebe ịta nri nke ndị Fulani bi na ya nke Amiro (onye isi Joro) na-achịkwa; "Harima" (nke pụtara: mgbakọ mpaghara) na onye isi ''obodo nta'' ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ojiji ya; na ọtụtụ obere ala (n'ime obodo) nke e kewara ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. ahịhịa na-eto eto na-eri nri ma na-agbari ngwa ngwa na aha botanical nke ''Echinochloa stagnina'' (osisi na-eto ogologo oge) na ''Vossia cuspidata'', nke na-eto na omimi mmiri dịgasị iche (3-5 ). Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ, nke buru ibu, bụ Osikapa ọhịa (Oryza longistaminata na [[bartti]]). Ụdị osisi ọzọ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ájá bụ ''Vetiveria nigritiana,'' mgbe mmiri na-aga n'ọdọ mmiri na delta dị elu. Osisi ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-akwado ọkwa dịgasị iche iche nke mmiri n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ụdị ala na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara ahụ. Ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ndị na-adaba nwayọọ nwayọọ nwere obere ọhịa ndị jikọtara na ahịhịa na oghere ala efu, tinyere osisi ndị siri ike, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụdị acacia.Akkagoun na Dentaka bụ mpaghara ọhịa gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Delta Niger gburugburu, ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ mmiri.A na-akọkwa na mmụba algae na-eme n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke nwere ike ime ka mmiri ghara ịdị doo anya dịka ọ na-adị na mbụ site n'ibelata nghọta mmiri. == Anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Hippopotamus_-_04.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Enyí mmiri]] Manatee nke West Africa bụ ụdị anụmanụ a ma ama na ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ ebe obibi ikpeazụ ya n'ụwa.<ref name="Fishes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|title=Ecoregion Description:Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Fresh Water Ecoregions of the World, FWEO Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183644/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|archivedate=29 October 2013}}</ref> A na-akọkwa Enyí mmiri site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ (a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ enyí mmiri dị 40 ruo 60). A na-akọkwa Agụ iyi Naịl site na ala mmiri. N'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara nke Delta a kọrọ gụnyere: antilope roan, dorcas gazelle, dama gazelle, red-fronted gazelle, ebe ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ gụnyere onye na-ahụ maka Naịl na African rock python. [[Faịlụ:Artis_black_crowned_crane1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Crane na-acha oji.]] Nnụnụ a na-ahụ n'ime mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri kachasị mkpa na Sahel, gụnyere ụdị sitere na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi Palearctic na Afrotropical. E dekọrọ na ihe karịrị otu nde nnụnụ na-eji ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ebe izu ike; ha gụnyere ọtụtụ nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe dị iche iche n'oge ụfọdụ na ndị na-anọgide ebe ahụ, dịka sand martin, yellow wagtail, reed cormorant, glossy ibis, spoonbill, great white egret, purple heron, ferruginous duck, white-winged black tern, ruff, na black-tailed godwit.Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ nke mpaghara Afrotropical, dịka black crowned crane nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha.N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Delta Niger, mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta dị ka nke dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri, n'ihi na ikuku juputara n'olu nnụnụ mmiri na gull.<ref name="Narayan2012">{{Cite book|author=Kirin Narayan|authorlink=Kirin Narayan|title=Alive in the Writing: Crafting Ethnography in the Company of Chekhov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdFFyWmehRoC&pg=PA32|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=26 January 2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56792-1|pages=32–}}</ref> Dị ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị, UNESCO ekewaala ya dị ka mpaghara Ramsar n'okpuru aha Lake Walado Débo dum, nke bụ akụkụ nke delta dị n'ime ya nwere ụdị nnụnụ 350, gụnyere ụdị nnụisi 118 na-agafe agagharị. [[Faịlụ:Giant_Barb.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|nnukwu afụ ọnụ]] ''Synodontis gobroni'' na ''Gobiocichla wonderi'' bụ ụdị azụ abụọ dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke bụ akụkụ nke delta dị n'ime ala. Anụmanụ mmiri dị na Delta Niger dum, nke na-anọchitekwa anya ndụ mmiri dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Débo, gụnyere ụdị azụ 130, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere n'ezinụlọ Mormyridae, Mochokidae, na Cyprinidae.E nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị azụ na-akwaga ebe dị iche iche, ndị na-eso Osimiri Niger bịa n'ógbè a. N'ime azụ ndị a na-akwaga, Brycinus leuciscus, nke bụ otu n'ime azụ African tetras, na-eme njem dị anya ruo Delta Niger, ma na-erukwa n'okpuru Ụlọ Mgbochi Mmiri Markala == Omenala == Mgbe Osimiri [[Oshimiri Orimiri|Niger]] na Bani na-aga n'ihu, a na-eme ọrụ ịkụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na iji ụgbọ mmiri. Onye ọkụ azụ agbụrụ Bozo, onye bi n'ikperé mmiri ahụ na-etinye aka na ọrụ ndị a. N'oge ọkọchị, ọtụtụ ndị agbụrụ Fula na-agagharị agagharị na-abịa n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri a dị ka ebe ha na-aga n'oge njem n'oge oge ya na ìgwè atụrụ ha si n'ebe ugwu. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rwcyungtb0uhyumz403jo1s2i4melfx 0 77567 674502 674488 2026-07-09T12:04:46Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Expanded this article 674502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> 2hkr6phk19050cxh57wpsywmbilr9bh 674529 674502 2026-07-09T12:47:11Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Expanded this article 674529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == Na omenala== ===Nka na akwụkwọ=== <gallery> File:Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg|Ihe osise ochie a nke ndị Ijipt, "Menna na Ịchụ nta Ezinụlọ n'ime Ala Mmiri", dị n'ime [[Ili Menna]] dị na [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Azụ̀ [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] na-eri.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} File:0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG| [[ala Nilotic]], dị ka mosaic ndị Rom nke narị afọ nke abụọ a, na-egosipụtakarị agụ iyi na hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> File:New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg| ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' bụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl site na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> </gallery> A na-ahụkarị osimiri ahụ na [[Nka nke Ijipt oge ochie | nka Ijipt oge ochie]], ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere ndị eze na-akụ azụ̀ ma ọ bụ na-akụ azụ̀ hippopotamuse.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> A na-akpọ [[eserese ala|Ihe osise ala]] nke gosipụtara osimiri Naịl{{snd}} ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ{{snd}} [[ala nilotic]]. A na-ahụ ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Nilotic site n'osimiri nke gosipụtara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Ijipt. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere papyrus, nkwụ, azụ̀ na nnụnụ mmiri, na {{snd}}nwamba, enwe, na agụ iyi.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|pp=68–69,97,126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53–54}}. }}</ref> A na-egosikwa ala Nilotic n'ihe osise sitere na Gris oge ochie na [[ihe osise ndị Rom|Rom oge ochie]].<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman/> Ihe osise ndị Rom nke oge ochie na-elekwasị anya n'anụmanụ ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke na-agụnyekarị agụ iyi na hippopotamuses.<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Betancourt|2007|pp=93,122,146,190}}. |{{harvnb|Versluys|2002|pp=3–4, 23, 28–30,43–50, 55, 65}}. }}</ref> Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke Naịl n'ihe osise bụ ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl dị ukwuu sitere na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].{{efn|A colossal sculpture is one twice life size or larger.{{sfn|"Colossal", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}}} A na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke na-ehulata n'elu ihe e ji ọka wit mee. N'akụkụ ya bụ [[sphinx]]{{snd}} nke na-anọchite anya Ijipt{{snd}} na ụmụ iri na isii nke na-ezo aka na cubit iri na isii (ogologo kacha mma nke idei mmiri kwa afọ). E nwere agụ iyi, nkịta ndị a na-akpọ pygmi, na ehi mmiri.<ref name=colossal>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|pp=282–289}}. |{{harvnb|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}}. |{{harvnb|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}}. }}</ref> A na-ahụ Osimiri Naịl n'ihe osise ndị nwere nnukwu osimiri anọ n'ụwa: Osimiri Naịl (Afrịka), [[Danube]] (Europe), [[Ganges]] (Asia), na [[Río de la Plata]] (America). Ihe atụ gụnyere eserese ahụ ''[[The Four Continents|The Four Rivers of Paradise]]'' site n'aka [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1615){{sfn|Rosenthal|2005|pp=41-42}} na isi iyi ahụ dị na Rom ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' emebere ya site n'aka [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1651).{{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=289-305}} N'isi iyi Bernini, a na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke kpuchiri isi ya n'ákwà, nke na-anọchite anya ihe omimi nke isi iyi Naịl a na-amaghị ama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|p=302}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=351}}. }}</ref> Ndị Ijipt oge ochie dere ma bụọ [[Abụ a maka Naịl]]; o mere emume maka idei mmiri nke Naịl na uru o wetara n'ọdịbendị Ijipt.{{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} [[Isma'il Pasha]] nyere [[Giuseppe Verdi]] ọrụ ide opera iji mee emume mmeghe nke Suez Canal. E mere opera a, ''[[Aida]]'', n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Royal Opera nke e wuru ọhụrụ [[Egyptian Royal Opera House]] n'afọ 1871. E tinyere ihe nkiri opera nke atọ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=43}} Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ nke Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, ndị egwu Etiopia emepụtala egwu ndị na-eme emume ma na-eto Naịl na dam.{{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} [[William Shakespeare]] nwere agwa [[Marc Antony]] na-akọwa idei mmiri Naịl n'egwuregwu ahụ ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'': "Otu a ka ha si eme, nna m ukwu: ha na-ewere mmiri nke Naịl site na ihe atụ ụfọdụ na pyramid; ha maara, Site n'ịdị elu, ala, ma ọ bụ nke dị ala, ma ọ bụrụ na ụkọ ma ọ bụ foison na-eso: ka Nilus na-eto nke ọma, ka o kwere nkwa karịa: ka ọ na-agbọpụta, onye na-agha mkpụrụ na-agbasasị ọka ya n'elu ala ahịhịa na mmiri ozuzo, Ọ na-abịakwa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi." {{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=59}}{{efn|Quote from ''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Act 2, Scene 7). "Foison" means a rich harvest.}}<!-- The Nile also plays a role in other depictions of [[Cleopatra]] in art, including the 1898 play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=73}} and the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra ]]''.{{cn}} --> [[Agatha Christie]] dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi nke afọ 1937 a ma ama ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', gbasara ogbugbu n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mgbanwe.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=77-78}} ''[[Adrift on the Nile]]'' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Ijipt na onye meriri [[Nobel Laureate|Nobel Prize]] [[Naguib Mahfouz]] dere n'afọ 1966 gbasara otu nwa okorobịa bi n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. Osimiri ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ndụ ọ na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ gbakụta ọha mmadụ azụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=72-73}} Osimiri Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ [[egwuregwu vidiyo]], gụnyere ''[[Civilization VI]]''.{{sfn|Tian|2025|pp=95,100-102}} ===Akụkọ ifo na okpukperechi=== [[File:Hapy_tying.svg|thumb|Chi ndị Ijipt [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] kpatara idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ.<ref name=Hapy/>|alt=A diagram of two identical blue men, facing each other. They are holding green plants.]] [[File:Jozef Geirnaert - Finding of Moses.jpg|thumb|Baịbụl Hibru nwere akụkọ gbasara ebe a napụtara nwa ọhụrụ [[Moses]] n'ime Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}}|alt=A detailed colorful painting, of several men and women alongside a river. A baby is in a basket.]] [[Okpukpe ochie nke ndị Ijipt#Cosmology|Cosmology]] nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie bụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okike: kama ile ndụ anya dị ka ihe nwere mmalite na njedebe, a na-ele ya anya dị ka usoro na-adịgide adịgide. Echiche ndụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere n'ụwa ebumpụta ụwa nke gbara ndị Ijipt gburugburu, ụzọ anyanwụ si agafe kwa ụbọchị, na idei mmiri nke Naịl kwa afọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=104}}. |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 15, 108}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. }}</ref> Chi anyanwụ [[Ra]] na-agafe n'eluigwe kwa ụbọchị site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, usoro atọ nke ụbọchị (ọwụwa anyanwụ, ehihie, na anyanwụ dara) kwekọrọ na usoro ndụ mmadụ: ọmụmụ, ndụ, na ọnwụ. N'ihi nke a, e tinyere ọtụtụ ebe ili ozu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, ebe ha ga-adị nso na anyanwụ na-ada.<ref name=west>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|p= 147 |loc=Article: "Hymns"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp= 123, 376 |loc=Articles: "Re", "Temples" }}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 18, 29, 60}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The west side of the river is where many Egyptian funerary monuments are located, including the [[Giza pyramid complex]], the [[Memphite Necropolis]], and the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name=west/>}} N'ime [[chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie]], ọ dịghị otu chi ọ bụla mere ka osimiri Naịl bụrụ otu ụzọ ahụ chi Ra si mee ka anyanwụ bụrụ otu.{{sfn|Hornung|1982|pp=77–79}} Chi ndị e jikọtara na osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] (chi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ) na [[Khnum]] (chi nke [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataract mbụ]]), ndị jikọrọ aka mee ka idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ala ubi dị n'ime obodo ahụ dị mma.<ref name=Hapy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=61,85–86}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=9}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming|Lothian|1997|pp=30–31}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=14-15}}. }}</ref> Okpukpe ndị Ijipt tinyere isi iyi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ nke Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ [[Agwaetiti Elephantine]] (n'oge mbụ nke cataract) ebe a kwenyere na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ụwa dị n'ala mmụọ na-asọpụta.{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=54-55, 63}} [[Isis]] bụ [[Chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|chi ukwu]] n'okpukpe Ijipt, nke jikọtara ya na Naịl nke ukwuu. Òtù nzuzo ndị dabeere na Isis gbasaa site n'Ijipt gaa Europe na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=1}} Ihe atụ nke mmetụta nke ofufe Isis na Europe bụ [[Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Palestrina]], dị na Rom ma dee ya na narị afọ mbụ Tupu Oge Anyị: mosaic nke mita 4 na 3 na-egosi ala Nilotic zuru ezu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=2}} Na [[akụkọ ifo ndị Gris]], [[Nilus (akụkọ ifo)|Nilus]] bụ chi nke Naịl, otu n'ime ọtụtụ puku ụmụ chi osimiri nke [[Titans]] [[Oceanus]] na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị [[Tethys (akụkọ ifo)|Tethys]]. Nilus bụ nna nke [[naiad]] [[Memphis (nwunye Epaphus)|Memphis]], onye guzobere akụkọ ifo nke obodo [[Memphis, Ijipt|Memphis]].{{sfn| Smith|1878|pp=499, 553-554, 564, 866}} <!-- {{efn|Memphis was an important city in the Ancient Egyptian civilization. It declined during the [[Roman Egypt|Roman rule of Egypt]], and was superseded by [[Cairo]], located about 20 km north of Memphis.}}{{cn}} --> A kpọtụrụ aha Naịl n'ime [[Bible]] ọtụtụ ugboro, gụnyere akụkọ dị na [[Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ]] gbasara nwa ọhụrụ [[Mozis]] e tinyere n'ime nkata n'ime osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-akọwa osimiri [[Gihon]]{{snd}} nke a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Jenesis]] dị ka otu n'ime [[Osimiri Paradaịs]]{{snd}} anọ dị ka Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Akụkọ dị oke mkpa nye [[Ndị Copts|Ndị Copt]] nke Ijipt dị na [[Akwụkwọ Matiu]]: ọ na-akọ akụkọ otú [[Senti Josef|Joseph]] na [[Meri, nne Jizọs|Meri]] [[gbaga Ijipt|gbaga Ijipt]] wee biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ruo ọtụtụ afọ, si otú a zere [[Herọd Ukwu|Herọd]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} {{clear }} eklrulduu4eakot9vc484cvfodduc0a 674532 674529 2026-07-09T12:56:42Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Expanded this article 674532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == Na omenala== ===Nka na akwụkwọ=== <gallery> File:Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg|Ihe osise ochie a nke ndị Ijipt, "Menna na Ịchụ nta Ezinụlọ n'ime Ala Mmiri", dị n'ime [[Ili Menna]] dị na [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Azụ̀ [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] na-eri.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} File:0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG| [[ala Nilotic]], dị ka mosaic ndị Rom nke narị afọ nke abụọ a, na-egosipụtakarị agụ iyi na hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> File:New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg| ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' bụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl site na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> </gallery> A na-ahụkarị osimiri ahụ na [[Nka nke Ijipt oge ochie | nka Ijipt oge ochie]], ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere ndị eze na-akụ azụ̀ ma ọ bụ na-akụ azụ̀ hippopotamuse.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> A na-akpọ [[eserese ala|Ihe osise ala]] nke gosipụtara osimiri Naịl{{snd}} ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ{{snd}} [[ala nilotic]]. A na-ahụ ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Nilotic site n'osimiri nke gosipụtara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Ijipt. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere papyrus, nkwụ, azụ̀ na nnụnụ mmiri, na {{snd}}nwamba, enwe, na agụ iyi.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|pp=68–69,97,126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53–54}}. }}</ref> A na-egosikwa ala Nilotic n'ihe osise sitere na Gris oge ochie na [[ihe osise ndị Rom|Rom oge ochie]].<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman/> Ihe osise ndị Rom nke oge ochie na-elekwasị anya n'anụmanụ ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke na-agụnyekarị agụ iyi na hippopotamuses.<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Betancourt|2007|pp=93,122,146,190}}. |{{harvnb|Versluys|2002|pp=3–4, 23, 28–30,43–50, 55, 65}}. }}</ref> Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke Naịl n'ihe osise bụ ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl dị ukwuu sitere na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].{{efn|A colossal sculpture is one twice life size or larger.{{sfn|"Colossal", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}}} A na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke na-ehulata n'elu ihe e ji ọka wit mee. N'akụkụ ya bụ [[sphinx]]{{snd}} nke na-anọchite anya Ijipt{{snd}} na ụmụ iri na isii nke na-ezo aka na cubit iri na isii (ogologo kacha mma nke idei mmiri kwa afọ). E nwere agụ iyi, nkịta ndị a na-akpọ pygmi, na ehi mmiri.<ref name=colossal>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|pp=282–289}}. |{{harvnb|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}}. |{{harvnb|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}}. }}</ref> A na-ahụ Osimiri Naịl n'ihe osise ndị nwere nnukwu osimiri anọ n'ụwa: Osimiri Naịl (Afrịka), [[Danube]] (Europe), [[Ganges]] (Asia), na [[Río de la Plata]] (America). Ihe atụ gụnyere eserese ahụ ''[[The Four Continents|The Four Rivers of Paradise]]'' site n'aka [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1615){{sfn|Rosenthal|2005|pp=41-42}} na isi iyi ahụ dị na Rom ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' emebere ya site n'aka [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1651).{{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=289-305}} N'isi iyi Bernini, a na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke kpuchiri isi ya n'ákwà, nke na-anọchite anya ihe omimi nke isi iyi Naịl a na-amaghị ama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|p=302}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=351}}. }}</ref> Ndị Ijipt oge ochie dere ma bụọ [[Abụ a maka Naịl]]; o mere emume maka idei mmiri nke Naịl na uru o wetara n'ọdịbendị Ijipt.{{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} [[Isma'il Pasha]] nyere [[Giuseppe Verdi]] ọrụ ide opera iji mee emume mmeghe nke Suez Canal. E mere opera a, ''[[Aida]]'', n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Royal Opera nke e wuru ọhụrụ [[Egyptian Royal Opera House]] n'afọ 1871. E tinyere ihe nkiri opera nke atọ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=43}} Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ nke Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, ndị egwu Etiopia emepụtala egwu ndị na-eme emume ma na-eto Naịl na dam.{{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} [[William Shakespeare]] nwere agwa [[Marc Antony]] na-akọwa idei mmiri Naịl n'egwuregwu ahụ ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'': "Otu a ka ha si eme, nna m ukwu: ha na-ewere mmiri nke Naịl site na ihe atụ ụfọdụ na pyramid; ha maara, Site n'ịdị elu, ala, ma ọ bụ nke dị ala, ma ọ bụrụ na ụkọ ma ọ bụ foison na-eso: ka Nilus na-eto nke ọma, ka o kwere nkwa karịa: ka ọ na-agbọpụta, onye na-agha mkpụrụ na-agbasasị ọka ya n'elu ala ahịhịa na mmiri ozuzo, Ọ na-abịakwa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi." {{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=59}}{{efn|Quote from ''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Act 2, Scene 7). "Foison" means a rich harvest.}}<!-- The Nile also plays a role in other depictions of [[Cleopatra]] in art, including the 1898 play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=73}} and the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra ]]''.{{cn}} --> [[Agatha Christie]] dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi nke afọ 1937 a ma ama ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', gbasara ogbugbu n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mgbanwe.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=77-78}} ''[[Adrift on the Nile]]'' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Ijipt na onye meriri [[Nobel Laureate|Nobel Prize]] [[Naguib Mahfouz]] dere n'afọ 1966 gbasara otu nwa okorobịa bi n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. Osimiri ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ndụ ọ na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ gbakụta ọha mmadụ azụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=72-73}} Osimiri Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ [[egwuregwu vidiyo]], gụnyere ''[[Civilization VI]]''.{{sfn|Tian|2025|pp=95,100-102}} ===Akụkọ ifo na okpukperechi=== [[File:Hapy_tying.svg|thumb|Chi ndị Ijipt [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] kpatara idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ.<ref name=Hapy/>|alt=A diagram of two identical blue men, facing each other. They are holding green plants.]] [[File:Jozef Geirnaert - Finding of Moses.jpg|thumb|Baịbụl Hibru nwere akụkọ gbasara ebe a napụtara nwa ọhụrụ [[Moses]] n'ime Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}}|alt=A detailed colorful painting, of several men and women alongside a river. A baby is in a basket.]] [[Okpukpe ochie nke ndị Ijipt#Cosmology|Cosmology]] nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie bụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okike: kama ile ndụ anya dị ka ihe nwere mmalite na njedebe, a na-ele ya anya dị ka usoro na-adịgide adịgide. Echiche ndụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere n'ụwa ebumpụta ụwa nke gbara ndị Ijipt gburugburu, ụzọ anyanwụ si agafe kwa ụbọchị, na idei mmiri nke Naịl kwa afọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=104}}. |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 15, 108}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. }}</ref> Chi anyanwụ [[Ra]] na-agafe n'eluigwe kwa ụbọchị site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, usoro atọ nke ụbọchị (ọwụwa anyanwụ, ehihie, na anyanwụ dara) kwekọrọ na usoro ndụ mmadụ: ọmụmụ, ndụ, na ọnwụ. N'ihi nke a, e tinyere ọtụtụ ebe ili ozu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, ebe ha ga-adị nso na anyanwụ na-ada.<ref name=west>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|p= 147 |loc=Article: "Hymns"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp= 123, 376 |loc=Articles: "Re", "Temples" }}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 18, 29, 60}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The west side of the river is where many Egyptian funerary monuments are located, including the [[Giza pyramid complex]], the [[Memphite Necropolis]], and the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name=west/>}} N'ime [[chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie]], ọ dịghị otu chi ọ bụla mere ka osimiri Naịl bụrụ otu ụzọ ahụ chi Ra si mee ka anyanwụ bụrụ otu.{{sfn|Hornung|1982|pp=77–79}} Chi ndị e jikọtara na osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] (chi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ) na [[Khnum]] (chi nke [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataract mbụ]]), ndị jikọrọ aka mee ka idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ala ubi dị n'ime obodo ahụ dị mma.<ref name=Hapy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=61,85–86}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=9}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming|Lothian|1997|pp=30–31}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=14-15}}. }}</ref> Okpukpe ndị Ijipt tinyere isi iyi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ nke Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ [[Agwaetiti Elephantine]] (n'oge mbụ nke cataract) ebe a kwenyere na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ụwa dị n'ala mmụọ na-asọpụta.{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=54-55, 63}} [[Isis]] bụ [[Chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|chi ukwu]] n'okpukpe Ijipt, nke jikọtara ya na Naịl nke ukwuu. Òtù nzuzo ndị dabeere na Isis gbasaa site n'Ijipt gaa Europe na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=1}} Ihe atụ nke mmetụta nke ofufe Isis na Europe bụ [[Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Palestrina]], dị na Rom ma dee ya na narị afọ mbụ Tupu Oge Anyị: mosaic nke mita 4 na 3 na-egosi ala Nilotic zuru ezu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=2}} Na [[akụkọ ifo ndị Gris]], [[Nilus (akụkọ ifo)|Nilus]] bụ chi nke Naịl, otu n'ime ọtụtụ puku ụmụ chi osimiri nke [[Titans]] [[Oceanus]] na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị [[Tethys (akụkọ ifo)|Tethys]]. Nilus bụ nna nke [[naiad]] [[Memphis (nwunye Epaphus)|Memphis]], onye guzobere akụkọ ifo nke obodo [[Memphis, Ijipt|Memphis]].{{sfn| Smith|1878|pp=499, 553-554, 564, 866}} <!-- {{efn|Memphis was an important city in the Ancient Egyptian civilization. It declined during the [[Roman Egypt|Roman rule of Egypt]], and was superseded by [[Cairo]], located about 20 km north of Memphis.}}{{cn}} --> A kpọtụrụ aha Naịl n'ime [[Bible]] ọtụtụ ugboro, gụnyere akụkọ dị na [[Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ]] gbasara nwa ọhụrụ [[Mozis]] e tinyere n'ime nkata n'ime osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-akọwa osimiri [[Gihon]]{{snd}} nke a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Jenesis]] dị ka otu n'ime [[Osimiri Paradaịs]]{{snd}} anọ dị ka Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Akụkọ dị oke mkpa nye [[Ndị Copts|Ndị Copt]] nke Ijipt dị na [[Akwụkwọ Matiu]]: ọ na-akọ akụkọ otú [[Senti Josef|Joseph]] na [[Meri, nne Jizọs|Meri]] [[gbaga Ijipt|gbaga Ijipt]] wee biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ruo ọtụtụ afọ, si otú a zere [[Herọd Ukwu|Herọd]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} {{clear }} ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== ====Books==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!--{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 749–770 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/749 | chapter = Nile Basin Asymmetries: A Closed Fresh Water Resource, Soil Water Potential, the Political Economy and Nile Transboundary Hydropolitics | first= John | last = Allan }} <!-- {{sfn|Allen |2000 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Allen | first=James P | author-link=James Peter Allen | title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000 | url= https://archive.org/details/middle-egyptian-an-introduction-to-the-language-and-culture-of-hieroglyphs-1999 | isbn=0521774837 }} <!-- {{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience | editor-last1 =Appiah |editor-first1= A. | editor-link1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah | editor-last2= Gates |editor-first2= H.L. | editor-link2 = Henry Louis Gates Jr. | isbn=9780195170559 | url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi | year=2005 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Assmann | first=Jan | author-link=Jan Assmann | others=Lorton, David transl | title=The Search for God in Ancient Egypt | publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] | year=2001 | orig-year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheSearchForGodInAncientEgypt_201807 | isbn=0801487293 }} <!-- {{sfn|Badawi |2003 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Al-Muhit Oxford Study Dictionary: English-Arabic | editor-first= Mohammad | editor-last = Badawi | isbn= 995330050X | year= 2003 | url= https://archive.org/details/20240125_20240125_1408 | publisher= Academia | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Beaumont|1993|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Drylands: Environmental Management and Development | first= Peter | last = Beaumont | isbn= 0415004578 | year= 1993 | url= https://archive.org/details/drylandsenvironm0000beau | publisher= [[Routledge]] | access-date= 13 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Betancourt|2007|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Introduction to Aegean Art |first1= P.P |last1=Betancourt | author-link=Philip Betancourt | isbn= 9781623030841 | year= 2007 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoae0000beta | publisher= [[Institute for Aegean Prehistory]] | access-date= 1 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter = The Egyptian Nile | editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first= Karl M. |first1= Judith |last1= Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages = 43–78 | author-link= Judith Bunbury | isbn= 9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 | year= 2023 | url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 | publisher= [[UNESCO]] | access-date= 10 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =307–333 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/307 | chapter = Nile Basin Climates | first= Pierre | last = Camberlin | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title= The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} The "Bibliographical Essay" (pp. 245{{ndash}}248) lists books about the Nile River. <!--{{sfn|Dumont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 1–22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/1 | chapter = A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | first= Henri | last = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|Eggermont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 243–262 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/883 | chapter = Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the Nile | first= Hilde | last = Eggermont | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 95–124 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/95 | chapter = The Fayum Depression | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy | first2= Henri | last2 = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 125–156 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/125 | chapter = Lake Nasser-Nubia | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy }} <!--{{sfn|El-Sheekh |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 395–406 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/395 | chapter = River Nile Pollutants and Their Effect on Life Forms and Water Quality | first1= Mostafa | last1 = El-Sheekh }} <!-- {{sfn|Embabi |2018 | pp=>? }} --> * {{Cite book |last=Embabi |first=N.S. |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt |year=2018 |isbn=9783319656595 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |url-status=live }} <!-- {{sfn|Faulkner|1964 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Raymond |last = Faulkner |author-link = Raymond O. Faulkner |title= A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |year= 1964 |orig-year= 1962 |publisher = [[Griffith Institute]] |url= https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000faul/ |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fierro | first1 = Pedro | first2 = Evan K. | last2 = Nyer | title = The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781420012583 | url = https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000unse_j5x4 | access-date = 24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fleming | first1 = Fergus | first2 = Alan | last2 = Lothian | title = The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth | publisher = Duncan Baird | year = 1997 | isbn = 0705435032 | url =https://archive.org/details/waytoeternityegy00flem }} <!-- {{sfn|Gardiner|1964|p =?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Alan |last = Gardiner |author-link = Alan Gardiner |title=Egyptian Grammar |year= 1964 |edition =3rd |orig-year= 1927 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press ]] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammar0000alan |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 499–520 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/499 | chapter = The Oligochaeta of the Nile Basin Revisited | first= Samir | last = Ghabbour }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =205–214 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/205 | chapter = The Kyoga Catchment | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 705–720 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/705 | chapter = Birds of the Nile | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=???}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 193–204 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/193 | chapter = Swamps of the Upper White Nile | first1= Jim | last1 = Green | first2= Asim | last2 = El-Moghraby }} <!-- {{sfn|Hamilton |2016|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Luganda Dictionary and Grammar |first1= Alan |last1= Hamilton | isbn= 9780954149611 | year= 2016 | url= https://archive.org/details/lugandadictionar0000hami | publisher= Alan Hamilton | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 75–94 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/75 | chapter = The Nile Delta | first= Waleed | last = Hamza }} <!-- {{sfn|Hart|2005|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=Second |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 0415344956 |url=https://archive.org/details/edg-the-routledge-dictionary-of-egyptian-gods | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Holl|2025|pp=355–375}} * {{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General History of Africa |volume=IX: General history of Africa Revisited |chapter =Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=355–375 |year=2025 |isbn=9789231008092 |chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7 |access-date=2 February 2026 }}--> <!-- {{sfn|Hornung|1982|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hornung |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hornung |translator-first=John |translator-last=Baines |translator-link= John Baines (Egyptologist) |others=Original in German. |title=Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1982 |orig-year= 1971 | isbn=9780801412233 | url= https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofgod0000horn_q6b3 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hughes|1992|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ralph H. |display-authors=etal |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=2013-03-25 |year=1992 |publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=9782880329495 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehman|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =215–242 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/215 | chapter = Lake Victoria | first= John | last = Lehman }} <!-- {{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last= Murray |first= G. W. |title=An English-Nubian Comparative Dictionary |year= 1923 |publisher= [[Humphrey Milford]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnubiancom0004gwmu_4 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Okidi|1994|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Okidi |first=C. O. |editor-first1=P.P. |editor-last1=Howell |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last2=Alan |isbn=9780521450409 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521450409/page/321 |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource |chapter=History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties |pages=321–350 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001 |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume = 2 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume2 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138228 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001a|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001a |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume =3 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138236 }} <!-- {{sfn|Roach|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last= Roach |first= Steven |year= 2025 |chapter=Introduction: Nile Basin Politics and its Challenges |pages=1–16 |title=Nile Basin Politics: From Coordinated to Cooperative Peace |editor-last1= Roach |editor-first1= Steven |editor-last2= Hudson |editor-first2= Derrick |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/book/9781803927176/9781803927176.xml | doi=10.4337/9781803927176 |access-date=15 January 2026 |isbn= 9781803927176 }} <!--{{sfn|Robins|2008|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title= The Art of Ancient Egypt | last =Robins | first= Gay | author-link= Gay Robins | isbn=9780674030657 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD-z8hmdUMIC |access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=2008 | orig-year=1997 | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Rosenthal|2005}} --> * {{cite book |last= Rosenthal |first= Lisa |year= 2005 |title=Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/genderpoliticsal0000rose |access-date=15 December 2025 |isbn= 9780521842440 }} <!-- {{sfn|Said|1993}} --> * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Rushdi |author-link=Rushdi Said |year=1993 |title=The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology, and Utilization |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/rivernilegeology0000said |access-date=11 February 2026 |isbn= 0080418864 }} <!-- {{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |year=1995 |isbn=9780679402558 |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=[[A.A. Knopf]] |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapememory0000scha_k7e4 |access-date=15 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shahin|2002}} --> * {{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=Mamdouh |url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9781402008665 | access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc= articleName }} --> * {{Cite book | title=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture | last=Shoup |first= John A. | display-authors=etal | isbn=9798216123323 | url=https://archive.org/details/the-nile-an-encyclopedia-of-geography-history-and-culture | access-date= 14 February 2026 | year=2017 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] / [[ABC-CLIO]] }} EBook. The hardcover is {{isbn|9781440840401}}. <!-- {{sfn| Siliotti|1997|p=?}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Guide to the Valley of the Kings | last =Siliotti | first= Alberto | author-link = Alberto Siliotti | isbn=9780760733257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owicnQAACAAJ | access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=1997 | publisher=[[Barnes & Noble ]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Smith|1878}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Smith |first= William |author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |url= https://archive.org/details/anewclassicaldi00unkngoog |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography |date= 1878 |publisher= [[Harper & Brothers]] |lccn=04035163 |access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Stokes|2009 |p=??}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Stokes |first= Jamie |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000unse_h6k0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |volume=2 |date= 2009 |isbn=9781438126760 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |access-date=13 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 334–364 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/334 | chapter = The Hydrology of the Nile Basin | first= John | last = Sutcliffe | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 37–60 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/37 | chapter = Cenozoic Evolution of the Nile Basin | first1= Michael | last1 = Talbot | first2= Martin | last2 = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 23–34 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/23 | chapter = History of Scientific Research | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 367–394 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/367 | chapter = Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Tian|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book | title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = [[de Gruyter Oldenbourg]] | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian }} <!-- {{sfn|Tvedt|2021}} --> * {{cite book | title= The Nile: History's Greatest River | last=Tvedt | first= Terje | author-link = Terje Tvedt | isbn= 9780755616800 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=brYsEAAAQBAJ | access-date= 10 December 2025 | year= 2021 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!--{{sfn|Van Damme| Bocxlaer|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 585–630 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/585 | chapter = Freshwater Molluscs of the Nile Basin, Past and Present | first1= Dirk | last1 = Van Damme | first2= Bert | last2 = Bocxlaer }} <!-- {{sfn|Versluys|2002 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1= Versluys |first1= M. J. |year= 2002 |title=Aegyptiaca Romana : Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |url= https://archive.org/details/aegyptiacaromana0000vers |access-date=15 January 2026 | isbn = 9004124403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Vijverberg|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 163–192 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/163 | chapter = Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | first= Jacobus | last = Vijverberg | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. --> * {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110 |url-access=registration }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 61–72 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/61 | chapter = Late Quaternary Environments in Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 771–780 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/771 | chapter = Human Impact on Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 647–676 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 | chapter = Fish Fauna of the Nile | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 723–748 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/723 | chapter = Fisheries of the Nile System | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} {{refend}} ====Journals and websites==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- {{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam |first1=Mohamed G. |title=The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=177 |pages=742–773 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ESRv..177..742A }} <!-- {{sfn|Abdullah|2020}} * {{cite journal |display-author1=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah|2020}} |last1=Abdullah |first1=Al-Noor |last2=Rahman |first2=Sanzidur |last3=Essex |first3=Stephen |last4=Benhin |first4=James |title=Economic Contributions of Mega-Dam Infrastructure as Perceived by Local and Displaced Communities: A Case Study of Merowe Dam, Sudan |journal=Agriculture |date=12 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=227 |doi=10.3390/agriculture10060227 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abotalib|2023}} |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Abdelhady |first2=Ahmed A. |last3=Heggy |first3=Essam |last4=Salem |first4=Salem G. |last5=Ismail |first5=Esam |last6=Ali |first6=Ahmed |last7=Khalil |first7=Mahmoud M. |title=Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta |journal=Earth's Future |date=March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022EF002987 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002987 |doi-access= free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102987A }} <!-- {{sfn| Alnaqbi|2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Alnaqbi|2022}} |last1=Alnaqbi |first1=Shaima |last2=Alasad |first2=Shamma |last3=Aljaghoub |first3=Haya |last4=Alami |first4=Abdul |last5=Abdelkareem |first5=Mohammad |last6=Olabi |first6=Abdul |title=Applicability of Hydropower Generation and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Energies |date=25 March 2022 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=2412 |doi=10.3390/en15072412 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Angurini|2021}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 | title= Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers | newspaper= [[Daily Monitor]] |date= 2021 |first= Tom | last= Angurini |access-date=8 February 2026 |location= Uganda |oclc= 44216472 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Ayenalem|2023}} |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |last2=Fantini |first2=Emanuele |last3=Van der Zaag |first3=Pieter |title=Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Beck|2018 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Beck|2018}} |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |doi-access=free |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }} <!-- {{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Francis Burton |title=On Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western Lake-Reservoir of the Nile |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=35 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/3698075 |jstor=3698075 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Creasman|) |pp = ?? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Creasman|2010}} |last1=Creasman |first1=Pearce Paul |last2=Doyle |first2=Noreen |title=Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman }} <!-- {{sfn|Driouech |2020}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Driouech|2020}} |last1=Driouech |first1=Fatima |last2=ElRhaz |first2=Khalid |last3=Moufouma-Okia |first3=Willfran |last4=Arjdal |first4=Khadija |last5=Balhane |first5=Saloua |title=Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate |journal=Earth Systems and Environment |date=September 2020 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ESE.....4..477D }} <!-- {{sfn|El Mahmoudi |2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. --> * {{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=A. |last2=Gabr |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |issn=1866-7511}} <!-- {{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} --> * {{Cite news |newspaper= [[Reuters]] |last= Endeshaw |first= Dawit |date= 2025 |title=Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/ |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Griffin| 2018 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735 | title=Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn = 0791-5144 |date= 2018 |first=Dan | last=Griffin |access-date=28 December 2021 |location=Dublin, Ireland }} <!-- {{sfn|Hafez |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hafez|2024}} |last1=Hafez |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Haggag |first2=Mohammed |last3=Wagdy |first3=Ahmad |last4=Radwan |first4=Hany G. |title=Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |date=December 2024 |volume=56 |article-number=102007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5602007H }} <!-- {{sfn|Hailu |2022 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Ashebir Dingeto |title=Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.3934/energy.2022006 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Halsall|1998}} * {{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year = 1998 | website = Ancient History Sourcebook |title=Hymn to the Nile, C. 2100 BCE |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/floodindex.html |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Fordham University }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|1997}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1997 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=December 2007 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |jstor=40743449 }} <!-- {{sfn|Haupt|1926}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Haupt |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Haupt |title=Etymological and Critical Notes |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1926 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.2307/289993 |jstor=289993 }} <!-- {{sfn|Healy|2007|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web | title=Water Budgets: Foundations for Effective Water-Resources and Environmental Management | last =Healy | first= R. 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The Amazon Would Like a Word |date = 20 June 2023 | newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/12/amazon-nile-longest-river/ |access-date=24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|McKenna|2025}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= McKenna |first1=Amy |display-authors=etal |title=Blue Nile River |year= 2025 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Blue-Nile-River |access-date=31 December 2025 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/09/ethiopia-inaugurates-africa-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egypt-rift-deepens |access-date= 15 February 2026 |title=Ethiopia Inaugurates Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam as Egypt Rift Deepens |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 September 2025 |first=Carlos |last=Mureithi }} <!-- {{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Plummer|2023}} |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Oliver |first2=James S. |last3=Finestone |first3=Emma M. |last4=Ditchfield |first4=Peter W. |last5=Bishop |first5=Laura C. |last6=Blumenthal |first6=Scott A. |last7=Lemorini |first7=Cristina |last8=Caricola |first8=Isabella |last9=Bailey |first9=Shara E. |last10=Herries |first10=Andy I. 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Development''}} |url=https://opecfund.org/where-we-work/list/upper-atbara-dam-complex-project |title=Upper Atbara Dam Complex Project |publisher=[[OPEC Fund for International Development]] |date= 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations''}} --> * {{Cite book | ref={{sfnRef| ''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations'' }} |title=Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin |year= 2020 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] - [[United Nations]] |url= https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9895en |access-date=11 December 2025 |doi= 10.4060/ca9895en |isbn=9789251329825 }} {{refend}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes|}} {{Authority control}} 79gmerubewmyokhcp2j3rx1ejupdc5l 674534 674532 2026-07-09T12:57:37Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 674534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == Na omenala== ===Nka na akwụkwọ=== <gallery> File:Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg|Ihe osise ochie a nke ndị Ijipt, "Menna na Ịchụ nta Ezinụlọ n'ime Ala Mmiri", dị n'ime [[Ili Menna]] dị na [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Azụ̀ [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] na-eri.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} File:0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG| [[ala Nilotic]], dị ka mosaic ndị Rom nke narị afọ nke abụọ a, na-egosipụtakarị agụ iyi na hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> File:New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg| ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' bụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl site na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> </gallery> A na-ahụkarị osimiri ahụ na [[Nka nke Ijipt oge ochie | nka Ijipt oge ochie]], ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere ndị eze na-akụ azụ̀ ma ọ bụ na-akụ azụ̀ hippopotamuse.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> A na-akpọ [[eserese ala|Ihe osise ala]] nke gosipụtara osimiri Naịl{{snd}} ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ{{snd}} [[ala nilotic]]. A na-ahụ ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Nilotic site n'osimiri nke gosipụtara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Ijipt. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere papyrus, nkwụ, azụ̀ na nnụnụ mmiri, na {{snd}}nwamba, enwe, na agụ iyi.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|pp=68–69,97,126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53–54}}. }}</ref> A na-egosikwa ala Nilotic n'ihe osise sitere na Gris oge ochie na [[ihe osise ndị Rom|Rom oge ochie]].<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman/> Ihe osise ndị Rom nke oge ochie na-elekwasị anya n'anụmanụ ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke na-agụnyekarị agụ iyi na hippopotamuses.<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Betancourt|2007|pp=93,122,146,190}}. |{{harvnb|Versluys|2002|pp=3–4, 23, 28–30,43–50, 55, 65}}. }}</ref> Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke Naịl n'ihe osise bụ ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl dị ukwuu sitere na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].{{efn|A colossal sculpture is one twice life size or larger.{{sfn|"Colossal", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}}} A na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke na-ehulata n'elu ihe e ji ọka wit mee. N'akụkụ ya bụ [[sphinx]]{{snd}} nke na-anọchite anya Ijipt{{snd}} na ụmụ iri na isii nke na-ezo aka na cubit iri na isii (ogologo kacha mma nke idei mmiri kwa afọ). E nwere agụ iyi, nkịta ndị a na-akpọ pygmi, na ehi mmiri.<ref name=colossal>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|pp=282–289}}. |{{harvnb|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}}. |{{harvnb|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}}. }}</ref> A na-ahụ Osimiri Naịl n'ihe osise ndị nwere nnukwu osimiri anọ n'ụwa: Osimiri Naịl (Afrịka), [[Danube]] (Europe), [[Ganges]] (Asia), na [[Río de la Plata]] (America). Ihe atụ gụnyere eserese ahụ ''[[The Four Continents|The Four Rivers of Paradise]]'' site n'aka [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1615){{sfn|Rosenthal|2005|pp=41-42}} na isi iyi ahụ dị na Rom ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' emebere ya site n'aka [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1651).{{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=289-305}} N'isi iyi Bernini, a na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke kpuchiri isi ya n'ákwà, nke na-anọchite anya ihe omimi nke isi iyi Naịl a na-amaghị ama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|p=302}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=351}}. }}</ref> Ndị Ijipt oge ochie dere ma bụọ [[Abụ a maka Naịl]]; o mere emume maka idei mmiri nke Naịl na uru o wetara n'ọdịbendị Ijipt.{{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} [[Isma'il Pasha]] nyere [[Giuseppe Verdi]] ọrụ ide opera iji mee emume mmeghe nke Suez Canal. E mere opera a, ''[[Aida]]'', n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Royal Opera nke e wuru ọhụrụ [[Egyptian Royal Opera House]] n'afọ 1871. E tinyere ihe nkiri opera nke atọ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=43}} Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ nke Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, ndị egwu Etiopia emepụtala egwu ndị na-eme emume ma na-eto Naịl na dam.{{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} [[William Shakespeare]] nwere agwa [[Marc Antony]] na-akọwa idei mmiri Naịl n'egwuregwu ahụ ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'': "Otu a ka ha si eme, nna m ukwu: ha na-ewere mmiri nke Naịl site na ihe atụ ụfọdụ na pyramid; ha maara, Site n'ịdị elu, ala, ma ọ bụ nke dị ala, ma ọ bụrụ na ụkọ ma ọ bụ foison na-eso: ka Nilus na-eto nke ọma, ka o kwere nkwa karịa: ka ọ na-agbọpụta, onye na-agha mkpụrụ na-agbasasị ọka ya n'elu ala ahịhịa na mmiri ozuzo, Ọ na-abịakwa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi." {{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=59}}{{efn|Quote from ''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Act 2, Scene 7). "Foison" means a rich harvest.}}<!-- The Nile also plays a role in other depictions of [[Cleopatra]] in art, including the 1898 play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=73}} and the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra ]]''.{{cn}} --> [[Agatha Christie]] dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi nke afọ 1937 a ma ama ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', gbasara ogbugbu n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mgbanwe.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=77-78}} ''[[Adrift on the Nile]]'' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Ijipt na onye meriri [[Nobel Laureate|Nobel Prize]] [[Naguib Mahfouz]] dere n'afọ 1966 gbasara otu nwa okorobịa bi n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. Osimiri ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ndụ ọ na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ gbakụta ọha mmadụ azụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=72-73}} Osimiri Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ [[egwuregwu vidiyo]], gụnyere ''[[Civilization VI]]''.{{sfn|Tian|2025|pp=95,100-102}} ===Akụkọ ifo na okpukperechi=== [[File:Hapy_tying.svg|thumb|Chi ndị Ijipt [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] kpatara idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ.<ref name=Hapy/>|alt=A diagram of two identical blue men, facing each other. They are holding green plants.]] [[File:Jozef Geirnaert - Finding of Moses.jpg|thumb|Baịbụl Hibru nwere akụkọ gbasara ebe a napụtara nwa ọhụrụ [[Moses]] n'ime Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}}|alt=A detailed colorful painting, of several men and women alongside a river. A baby is in a basket.]] [[Okpukpe ochie nke ndị Ijipt#Cosmology|Cosmology]] nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie bụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okike: kama ile ndụ anya dị ka ihe nwere mmalite na njedebe, a na-ele ya anya dị ka usoro na-adịgide adịgide. Echiche ndụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere n'ụwa ebumpụta ụwa nke gbara ndị Ijipt gburugburu, ụzọ anyanwụ si agafe kwa ụbọchị, na idei mmiri nke Naịl kwa afọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=104}}. |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 15, 108}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. }}</ref> Chi anyanwụ [[Ra]] na-agafe n'eluigwe kwa ụbọchị site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, usoro atọ nke ụbọchị (ọwụwa anyanwụ, ehihie, na anyanwụ dara) kwekọrọ na usoro ndụ mmadụ: ọmụmụ, ndụ, na ọnwụ. N'ihi nke a, e tinyere ọtụtụ ebe ili ozu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, ebe ha ga-adị nso na anyanwụ na-ada.<ref name=west>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|p= 147 |loc=Article: "Hymns"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp= 123, 376 |loc=Articles: "Re", "Temples" }}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 18, 29, 60}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The west side of the river is where many Egyptian funerary monuments are located, including the [[Giza pyramid complex]], the [[Memphite Necropolis]], and the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name=west/>}} N'ime [[chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie]], ọ dịghị otu chi ọ bụla mere ka osimiri Naịl bụrụ otu ụzọ ahụ chi Ra si mee ka anyanwụ bụrụ otu.{{sfn|Hornung|1982|pp=77–79}} Chi ndị e jikọtara na osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] (chi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ) na [[Khnum]] (chi nke [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataract mbụ]]), ndị jikọrọ aka mee ka idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ala ubi dị n'ime obodo ahụ dị mma.<ref name=Hapy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=61,85–86}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=9}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming|Lothian|1997|pp=30–31}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=14-15}}. }}</ref> Okpukpe ndị Ijipt tinyere isi iyi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ nke Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ [[Agwaetiti Elephantine]] (n'oge mbụ nke cataract) ebe a kwenyere na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ụwa dị n'ala mmụọ na-asọpụta.{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=54-55, 63}} [[Isis]] bụ [[Chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|chi ukwu]] n'okpukpe Ijipt, nke jikọtara ya na Naịl nke ukwuu. Òtù nzuzo ndị dabeere na Isis gbasaa site n'Ijipt gaa Europe na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=1}} Ihe atụ nke mmetụta nke ofufe Isis na Europe bụ [[Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Palestrina]], dị na Rom ma dee ya na narị afọ mbụ Tupu Oge Anyị: mosaic nke mita 4 na 3 na-egosi ala Nilotic zuru ezu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=2}} Na [[akụkọ ifo ndị Gris]], [[Nilus (akụkọ ifo)|Nilus]] bụ chi nke Naịl, otu n'ime ọtụtụ puku ụmụ chi osimiri nke [[Titans]] [[Oceanus]] na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị [[Tethys (akụkọ ifo)|Tethys]]. Nilus bụ nna nke [[naiad]] [[Memphis (nwunye Epaphus)|Memphis]], onye guzobere akụkọ ifo nke obodo [[Memphis, Ijipt|Memphis]].{{sfn| Smith|1878|pp=499, 553-554, 564, 866}} <!-- {{efn|Memphis was an important city in the Ancient Egyptian civilization. It declined during the [[Roman Egypt|Roman rule of Egypt]], and was superseded by [[Cairo]], located about 20 km north of Memphis.}}{{cn}} --> A kpọtụrụ aha Naịl n'ime [[Bible]] ọtụtụ ugboro, gụnyere akụkọ dị na [[Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ]] gbasara nwa ọhụrụ [[Mozis]] e tinyere n'ime nkata n'ime osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-akọwa osimiri [[Gihon]]{{snd}} nke a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Jenesis]] dị ka otu n'ime [[Osimiri Paradaịs]]{{snd}} anọ dị ka Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Akụkọ dị oke mkpa nye [[Ndị Copts|Ndị Copt]] nke Ijipt dị na [[Akwụkwọ Matiu]]: ọ na-akọ akụkọ otú [[Senti Josef|Joseph]] na [[Meri, nne Jizọs|Meri]] [[gbaga Ijipt|gbaga Ijipt]] wee biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ruo ọtụtụ afọ, si otú a zere [[Herọd Ukwu|Herọd]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} {{clear }} ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== ====Books==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!--{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 749–770 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/749 | chapter = Nile Basin Asymmetries: A Closed Fresh Water Resource, Soil Water Potential, the Political Economy and Nile Transboundary Hydropolitics | first= John | last = Allan }} <!-- {{sfn|Allen |2000 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Allen | first=James P | author-link=James Peter Allen | title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000 | url= https://archive.org/details/middle-egyptian-an-introduction-to-the-language-and-culture-of-hieroglyphs-1999 | isbn=0521774837 }} <!-- {{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience | editor-last1 =Appiah |editor-first1= A. | editor-link1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah | editor-last2= Gates |editor-first2= H.L. | editor-link2 = Henry Louis Gates Jr. | isbn=9780195170559 | url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi | year=2005 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Assmann | first=Jan | author-link=Jan Assmann | others=Lorton, David transl | title=The Search for God in Ancient Egypt | publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] | year=2001 | orig-year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheSearchForGodInAncientEgypt_201807 | isbn=0801487293 }} <!-- {{sfn|Badawi |2003 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Al-Muhit Oxford Study Dictionary: English-Arabic | editor-first= Mohammad | editor-last = Badawi | isbn= 995330050X | year= 2003 | url= https://archive.org/details/20240125_20240125_1408 | publisher= Academia | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Beaumont|1993|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Drylands: Environmental Management and Development | first= Peter | last = Beaumont | isbn= 0415004578 | year= 1993 | url= https://archive.org/details/drylandsenvironm0000beau | publisher= [[Routledge]] | access-date= 13 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Betancourt|2007|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Introduction to Aegean Art |first1= P.P |last1=Betancourt | author-link=Philip Betancourt | isbn= 9781623030841 | year= 2007 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoae0000beta | publisher= [[Institute for Aegean Prehistory]] | access-date= 1 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter = The Egyptian Nile | editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first= Karl M. |first1= Judith |last1= Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages = 43–78 | author-link= Judith Bunbury | isbn= 9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 | year= 2023 | url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 | publisher= [[UNESCO]] | access-date= 10 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =307–333 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/307 | chapter = Nile Basin Climates | first= Pierre | last = Camberlin | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title= The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} The "Bibliographical Essay" (pp. 245{{ndash}}248) lists books about the Nile River. <!--{{sfn|Dumont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 1–22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/1 | chapter = A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | first= Henri | last = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|Eggermont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 243–262 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/883 | chapter = Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the Nile | first= Hilde | last = Eggermont | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 95–124 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/95 | chapter = The Fayum Depression | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy | first2= Henri | last2 = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 125–156 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/125 | chapter = Lake Nasser-Nubia | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy }} <!--{{sfn|El-Sheekh |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 395–406 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/395 | chapter = River Nile Pollutants and Their Effect on Life Forms and Water Quality | first1= Mostafa | last1 = El-Sheekh }} <!-- {{sfn|Embabi |2018 | pp=>? }} --> * {{Cite book |last=Embabi |first=N.S. |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt |year=2018 |isbn=9783319656595 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |url-status=live }} <!-- {{sfn|Faulkner|1964 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Raymond |last = Faulkner |author-link = Raymond O. Faulkner |title= A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |year= 1964 |orig-year= 1962 |publisher = [[Griffith Institute]] |url= https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000faul/ |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fierro | first1 = Pedro | first2 = Evan K. | last2 = Nyer | title = The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781420012583 | url = https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000unse_j5x4 | access-date = 24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fleming | first1 = Fergus | first2 = Alan | last2 = Lothian | title = The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth | publisher = Duncan Baird | year = 1997 | isbn = 0705435032 | url =https://archive.org/details/waytoeternityegy00flem }} <!-- {{sfn|Gardiner|1964|p =?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Alan |last = Gardiner |author-link = Alan Gardiner |title=Egyptian Grammar |year= 1964 |edition =3rd |orig-year= 1927 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press ]] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammar0000alan |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 499–520 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/499 | chapter = The Oligochaeta of the Nile Basin Revisited | first= Samir | last = Ghabbour }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =205–214 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/205 | chapter = The Kyoga Catchment | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 705–720 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/705 | chapter = Birds of the Nile | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=???}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 193–204 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/193 | chapter = Swamps of the Upper White Nile | first1= Jim | last1 = Green | first2= Asim | last2 = El-Moghraby }} <!-- {{sfn|Hamilton |2016|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Luganda Dictionary and Grammar |first1= Alan |last1= Hamilton | isbn= 9780954149611 | year= 2016 | url= https://archive.org/details/lugandadictionar0000hami | publisher= Alan Hamilton | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 75–94 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/75 | chapter = The Nile Delta | first= Waleed | last = Hamza }} <!-- {{sfn|Hart|2005|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=Second |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 0415344956 |url=https://archive.org/details/edg-the-routledge-dictionary-of-egyptian-gods | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Holl|2025|pp=355–375}} * {{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General History of Africa |volume=IX: General history of Africa Revisited |chapter =Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=355–375 |year=2025 |isbn=9789231008092 |chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7 |access-date=2 February 2026 }}--> <!-- {{sfn|Hornung|1982|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hornung |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hornung |translator-first=John |translator-last=Baines |translator-link= John Baines (Egyptologist) |others=Original in German. |title=Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1982 |orig-year= 1971 | isbn=9780801412233 | url= https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofgod0000horn_q6b3 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hughes|1992|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ralph H. |display-authors=etal |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=2013-03-25 |year=1992 |publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=9782880329495 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehman|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =215–242 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/215 | chapter = Lake Victoria | first= John | last = Lehman }} <!-- {{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last= Murray |first= G. W. |title=An English-Nubian Comparative Dictionary |year= 1923 |publisher= [[Humphrey Milford]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnubiancom0004gwmu_4 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Okidi|1994|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Okidi |first=C. O. |editor-first1=P.P. |editor-last1=Howell |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last2=Alan |isbn=9780521450409 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521450409/page/321 |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource |chapter=History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties |pages=321–350 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001 |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume = 2 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume2 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138228 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001a|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001a |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume =3 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138236 }} <!-- {{sfn|Roach|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last= Roach |first= Steven |year= 2025 |chapter=Introduction: Nile Basin Politics and its Challenges |pages=1–16 |title=Nile Basin Politics: From Coordinated to Cooperative Peace |editor-last1= Roach |editor-first1= Steven |editor-last2= Hudson |editor-first2= Derrick |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/book/9781803927176/9781803927176.xml | doi=10.4337/9781803927176 |access-date=15 January 2026 |isbn= 9781803927176 }} <!--{{sfn|Robins|2008|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title= The Art of Ancient Egypt | last =Robins | first= Gay | author-link= Gay Robins | isbn=9780674030657 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD-z8hmdUMIC |access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=2008 | orig-year=1997 | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Rosenthal|2005}} --> * {{cite book |last= Rosenthal |first= Lisa |year= 2005 |title=Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/genderpoliticsal0000rose |access-date=15 December 2025 |isbn= 9780521842440 }} <!-- {{sfn|Said|1993}} --> * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Rushdi |author-link=Rushdi Said |year=1993 |title=The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology, and Utilization |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/rivernilegeology0000said |access-date=11 February 2026 |isbn= 0080418864 }} <!-- {{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |year=1995 |isbn=9780679402558 |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=[[A.A. Knopf]] |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapememory0000scha_k7e4 |access-date=15 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shahin|2002}} --> * {{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=Mamdouh |url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9781402008665 | access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc= articleName }} --> * {{Cite book | title=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture | last=Shoup |first= John A. | display-authors=etal | isbn=9798216123323 | url=https://archive.org/details/the-nile-an-encyclopedia-of-geography-history-and-culture | access-date= 14 February 2026 | year=2017 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] / [[ABC-CLIO]] }} EBook. The hardcover is {{isbn|9781440840401}}. <!-- {{sfn| Siliotti|1997|p=?}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Guide to the Valley of the Kings | last =Siliotti | first= Alberto | author-link = Alberto Siliotti | isbn=9780760733257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owicnQAACAAJ | access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=1997 | publisher=[[Barnes & Noble ]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Smith|1878}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Smith |first= William |author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |url= https://archive.org/details/anewclassicaldi00unkngoog |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography |date= 1878 |publisher= [[Harper & Brothers]] |lccn=04035163 |access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Stokes|2009 |p=??}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Stokes |first= Jamie |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000unse_h6k0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |volume=2 |date= 2009 |isbn=9781438126760 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |access-date=13 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 334–364 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/334 | chapter = The Hydrology of the Nile Basin | first= John | last = Sutcliffe | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 37–60 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/37 | chapter = Cenozoic Evolution of the Nile Basin | first1= Michael | last1 = Talbot | first2= Martin | last2 = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 23–34 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/23 | chapter = History of Scientific Research | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 367–394 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/367 | chapter = Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Tian|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book | title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = [[de Gruyter Oldenbourg]] | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian }} <!-- {{sfn|Tvedt|2021}} --> * {{cite book | title= The Nile: History's Greatest River | last=Tvedt | first= Terje | author-link = Terje Tvedt | isbn= 9780755616800 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=brYsEAAAQBAJ | access-date= 10 December 2025 | year= 2021 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!--{{sfn|Van Damme| Bocxlaer|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 585–630 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/585 | chapter = Freshwater Molluscs of the Nile Basin, Past and Present | first1= Dirk | last1 = Van Damme | first2= Bert | last2 = Bocxlaer }} <!-- {{sfn|Versluys|2002 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1= Versluys |first1= M. J. |year= 2002 |title=Aegyptiaca Romana : Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |url= https://archive.org/details/aegyptiacaromana0000vers |access-date=15 January 2026 | isbn = 9004124403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Vijverberg|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 163–192 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/163 | chapter = Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | first= Jacobus | last = Vijverberg | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. --> * {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110 |url-access=registration }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 61–72 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/61 | chapter = Late Quaternary Environments in Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 771–780 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/771 | chapter = Human Impact on Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 647–676 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 | chapter = Fish Fauna of the Nile | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 723–748 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/723 | chapter = Fisheries of the Nile System | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} {{refend}} ====Journals and websites==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- {{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam |first1=Mohamed G. |title=The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=177 |pages=742–773 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ESRv..177..742A }} <!-- {{sfn|Abdullah|2020}} * {{cite journal |display-author1=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah|2020}} |last1=Abdullah |first1=Al-Noor |last2=Rahman |first2=Sanzidur |last3=Essex |first3=Stephen |last4=Benhin |first4=James |title=Economic Contributions of Mega-Dam Infrastructure as Perceived by Local and Displaced Communities: A Case Study of Merowe Dam, Sudan |journal=Agriculture |date=12 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=227 |doi=10.3390/agriculture10060227 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abotalib|2023}} |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Abdelhady |first2=Ahmed A. |last3=Heggy |first3=Essam |last4=Salem |first4=Salem G. |last5=Ismail |first5=Esam |last6=Ali |first6=Ahmed |last7=Khalil |first7=Mahmoud M. |title=Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta |journal=Earth's Future |date=March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022EF002987 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002987 |doi-access= free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102987A }} <!-- {{sfn| Alnaqbi|2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Alnaqbi|2022}} |last1=Alnaqbi |first1=Shaima |last2=Alasad |first2=Shamma |last3=Aljaghoub |first3=Haya |last4=Alami |first4=Abdul |last5=Abdelkareem |first5=Mohammad |last6=Olabi |first6=Abdul |title=Applicability of Hydropower Generation and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Energies |date=25 March 2022 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=2412 |doi=10.3390/en15072412 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Angurini|2021}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 | title= Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers | newspaper= [[Daily Monitor]] |date= 2021 |first= Tom | last= Angurini |access-date=8 February 2026 |location= Uganda |oclc= 44216472 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Ayenalem|2023}} |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |last2=Fantini |first2=Emanuele |last3=Van der Zaag |first3=Pieter |title=Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Beck|2018 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Beck|2018}} |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |doi-access=free |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }} <!-- {{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Francis Burton |title=On Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western Lake-Reservoir of the Nile |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=35 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/3698075 |jstor=3698075 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Creasman|) |pp = ?? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Creasman|2010}} |last1=Creasman |first1=Pearce Paul |last2=Doyle |first2=Noreen |title=Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman }} <!-- {{sfn|Driouech |2020}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Driouech|2020}} |last1=Driouech |first1=Fatima |last2=ElRhaz |first2=Khalid |last3=Moufouma-Okia |first3=Willfran |last4=Arjdal |first4=Khadija |last5=Balhane |first5=Saloua |title=Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate |journal=Earth Systems and Environment |date=September 2020 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ESE.....4..477D }} <!-- {{sfn|El Mahmoudi |2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. --> * {{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=A. |last2=Gabr |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |issn=1866-7511}} <!-- {{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} --> * {{Cite news |newspaper= [[Reuters]] |last= Endeshaw |first= Dawit |date= 2025 |title=Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/ |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Griffin| 2018 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735 | title=Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn = 0791-5144 |date= 2018 |first=Dan | last=Griffin |access-date=28 December 2021 |location=Dublin, Ireland }} <!-- {{sfn|Hafez |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hafez|2024}} |last1=Hafez |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Haggag |first2=Mohammed |last3=Wagdy |first3=Ahmad |last4=Radwan |first4=Hany G. |title=Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |date=December 2024 |volume=56 |article-number=102007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5602007H }} <!-- {{sfn|Hailu |2022 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Ashebir Dingeto |title=Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.3934/energy.2022006 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Halsall|1998}} * {{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year = 1998 | website = Ancient History Sourcebook |title=Hymn to the Nile, C. 2100 BCE |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/floodindex.html |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Fordham University }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|1997}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1997 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=December 2007 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |jstor=40743449 }} <!-- {{sfn|Haupt|1926}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Haupt |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Haupt |title=Etymological and Critical Notes |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1926 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.2307/289993 |jstor=289993 }} <!-- {{sfn|Healy|2007|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web | title=Water Budgets: Foundations for Effective Water-Resources and Environmental Management | last =Healy | first= R. 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The Amazon Would Like a Word |date = 20 June 2023 | newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/12/amazon-nile-longest-river/ |access-date=24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|McKenna|2025}} --> * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1= McKenna |first1=Amy |display-authors=etal |title=Blue Nile River |year= 2025 |encyclopedia=[[Britannica]] |url= https://www.britannica.com/place/Blue-Nile-River |access-date=31 December 2025 }} <!-- {{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/09/ethiopia-inaugurates-africa-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egypt-rift-deepens |access-date= 15 February 2026 |title=Ethiopia Inaugurates Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam as Egypt Rift Deepens |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 September 2025 |first=Carlos |last=Mureithi }} <!-- {{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Plummer|2023}} |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Oliver |first2=James S. |last3=Finestone |first3=Emma M. |last4=Ditchfield |first4=Peter W. |last5=Bishop |first5=Laura C. |last6=Blumenthal |first6=Scott A. |last7=Lemorini |first7=Cristina |last8=Caricola |first8=Isabella |last9=Bailey |first9=Shara E. |last10=Herries |first10=Andy I. 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Development''}} |url=https://opecfund.org/where-we-work/list/upper-atbara-dam-complex-project |title=Upper Atbara Dam Complex Project |publisher=[[OPEC Fund for International Development]] |date= 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations''}} --> * {{Cite book | ref={{sfnRef| ''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations'' }} |title=Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin |year= 2020 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] - [[United Nations]] |url= https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9895en |access-date=11 December 2025 |doi= 10.4060/ca9895en |isbn=9789251329825 }} {{refend}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes|}} {{Authority control}} gx5m2fqvia4wnooz9gyuht9u0ig74s5 674535 674534 2026-07-09T12:58:18Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 674535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == Na omenala== ===Nka na akwụkwọ=== <gallery> File:Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg|Ihe osise ochie a nke ndị Ijipt, "Menna na Ịchụ nta Ezinụlọ n'ime Ala Mmiri", dị n'ime [[Ili Menna]] dị na [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Azụ̀ [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] na-eri.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} File:0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG| [[ala Nilotic]], dị ka mosaic ndị Rom nke narị afọ nke abụọ a, na-egosipụtakarị agụ iyi na hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> File:New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg| ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' bụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl site na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> </gallery> A na-ahụkarị osimiri ahụ na [[Nka nke Ijipt oge ochie | nka Ijipt oge ochie]], ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere ndị eze na-akụ azụ̀ ma ọ bụ na-akụ azụ̀ hippopotamuse.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> A na-akpọ [[eserese ala|Ihe osise ala]] nke gosipụtara osimiri Naịl{{snd}} ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ{{snd}} [[ala nilotic]]. A na-ahụ ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Nilotic site n'osimiri nke gosipụtara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Ijipt. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere papyrus, nkwụ, azụ̀ na nnụnụ mmiri, na {{snd}}nwamba, enwe, na agụ iyi.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|pp=68–69,97,126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53–54}}. }}</ref> A na-egosikwa ala Nilotic n'ihe osise sitere na Gris oge ochie na [[ihe osise ndị Rom|Rom oge ochie]].<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman/> Ihe osise ndị Rom nke oge ochie na-elekwasị anya n'anụmanụ ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke na-agụnyekarị agụ iyi na hippopotamuses.<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Betancourt|2007|pp=93,122,146,190}}. |{{harvnb|Versluys|2002|pp=3–4, 23, 28–30,43–50, 55, 65}}. }}</ref> Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke Naịl n'ihe osise bụ ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl dị ukwuu sitere na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].{{efn|A colossal sculpture is one twice life size or larger.{{sfn|"Colossal", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}}} A na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke na-ehulata n'elu ihe e ji ọka wit mee. N'akụkụ ya bụ [[sphinx]]{{snd}} nke na-anọchite anya Ijipt{{snd}} na ụmụ iri na isii nke na-ezo aka na cubit iri na isii (ogologo kacha mma nke idei mmiri kwa afọ). E nwere agụ iyi, nkịta ndị a na-akpọ pygmi, na ehi mmiri.<ref name=colossal>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|pp=282–289}}. |{{harvnb|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}}. |{{harvnb|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}}. }}</ref> A na-ahụ Osimiri Naịl n'ihe osise ndị nwere nnukwu osimiri anọ n'ụwa: Osimiri Naịl (Afrịka), [[Danube]] (Europe), [[Ganges]] (Asia), na [[Río de la Plata]] (America). Ihe atụ gụnyere eserese ahụ ''[[The Four Continents|The Four Rivers of Paradise]]'' site n'aka [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1615){{sfn|Rosenthal|2005|pp=41-42}} na isi iyi ahụ dị na Rom ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' emebere ya site n'aka [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1651).{{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=289-305}} N'isi iyi Bernini, a na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke kpuchiri isi ya n'ákwà, nke na-anọchite anya ihe omimi nke isi iyi Naịl a na-amaghị ama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|p=302}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=351}}. }}</ref> Ndị Ijipt oge ochie dere ma bụọ [[Abụ a maka Naịl]]; o mere emume maka idei mmiri nke Naịl na uru o wetara n'ọdịbendị Ijipt.{{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} [[Isma'il Pasha]] nyere [[Giuseppe Verdi]] ọrụ ide opera iji mee emume mmeghe nke Suez Canal. E mere opera a, ''[[Aida]]'', n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Royal Opera nke e wuru ọhụrụ [[Egyptian Royal Opera House]] n'afọ 1871. E tinyere ihe nkiri opera nke atọ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=43}} Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ nke Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, ndị egwu Etiopia emepụtala egwu ndị na-eme emume ma na-eto Naịl na dam.{{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} [[William Shakespeare]] nwere agwa [[Marc Antony]] na-akọwa idei mmiri Naịl n'egwuregwu ahụ ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'': "Otu a ka ha si eme, nna m ukwu: ha na-ewere mmiri nke Naịl site na ihe atụ ụfọdụ na pyramid; ha maara, Site n'ịdị elu, ala, ma ọ bụ nke dị ala, ma ọ bụrụ na ụkọ ma ọ bụ foison na-eso: ka Nilus na-eto nke ọma, ka o kwere nkwa karịa: ka ọ na-agbọpụta, onye na-agha mkpụrụ na-agbasasị ọka ya n'elu ala ahịhịa na mmiri ozuzo, Ọ na-abịakwa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi." {{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=59}}{{efn|Quote from ''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Act 2, Scene 7). "Foison" means a rich harvest.}}<!-- The Nile also plays a role in other depictions of [[Cleopatra]] in art, including the 1898 play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=73}} and the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra ]]''.{{cn}} --> [[Agatha Christie]] dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi nke afọ 1937 a ma ama ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', gbasara ogbugbu n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mgbanwe.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=77-78}} ''[[Adrift on the Nile]]'' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Ijipt na onye meriri [[Nobel Laureate|Nobel Prize]] [[Naguib Mahfouz]] dere n'afọ 1966 gbasara otu nwa okorobịa bi n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. Osimiri ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ndụ ọ na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ gbakụta ọha mmadụ azụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=72-73}} Osimiri Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ [[egwuregwu vidiyo]], gụnyere ''[[Civilization VI]]''.{{sfn|Tian|2025|pp=95,100-102}} ===Akụkọ ifo na okpukperechi=== [[File:Hapy_tying.svg|thumb|Chi ndị Ijipt [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] kpatara idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ.<ref name=Hapy/>|alt=A diagram of two identical blue men, facing each other. They are holding green plants.]] [[File:Jozef Geirnaert - Finding of Moses.jpg|thumb|Baịbụl Hibru nwere akụkọ gbasara ebe a napụtara nwa ọhụrụ [[Moses]] n'ime Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}}|alt=A detailed colorful painting, of several men and women alongside a river. A baby is in a basket.]] [[Okpukpe ochie nke ndị Ijipt#Cosmology|Cosmology]] nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie bụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okike: kama ile ndụ anya dị ka ihe nwere mmalite na njedebe, a na-ele ya anya dị ka usoro na-adịgide adịgide. Echiche ndụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere n'ụwa ebumpụta ụwa nke gbara ndị Ijipt gburugburu, ụzọ anyanwụ si agafe kwa ụbọchị, na idei mmiri nke Naịl kwa afọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=104}}. |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 15, 108}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. }}</ref> Chi anyanwụ [[Ra]] na-agafe n'eluigwe kwa ụbọchị site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, usoro atọ nke ụbọchị (ọwụwa anyanwụ, ehihie, na anyanwụ dara) kwekọrọ na usoro ndụ mmadụ: ọmụmụ, ndụ, na ọnwụ. N'ihi nke a, e tinyere ọtụtụ ebe ili ozu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, ebe ha ga-adị nso na anyanwụ na-ada.<ref name=west>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|p= 147 |loc=Article: "Hymns"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp= 123, 376 |loc=Articles: "Re", "Temples" }}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 18, 29, 60}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The west side of the river is where many Egyptian funerary monuments are located, including the [[Giza pyramid complex]], the [[Memphite Necropolis]], and the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name=west/>}} N'ime [[chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie]], ọ dịghị otu chi ọ bụla mere ka osimiri Naịl bụrụ otu ụzọ ahụ chi Ra si mee ka anyanwụ bụrụ otu.{{sfn|Hornung|1982|pp=77–79}} Chi ndị e jikọtara na osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] (chi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ) na [[Khnum]] (chi nke [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataract mbụ]]), ndị jikọrọ aka mee ka idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ala ubi dị n'ime obodo ahụ dị mma.<ref name=Hapy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=61,85–86}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=9}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming|Lothian|1997|pp=30–31}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=14-15}}. }}</ref> Okpukpe ndị Ijipt tinyere isi iyi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ nke Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ [[Agwaetiti Elephantine]] (n'oge mbụ nke cataract) ebe a kwenyere na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ụwa dị n'ala mmụọ na-asọpụta.{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=54-55, 63}} [[Isis]] bụ [[Chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|chi ukwu]] n'okpukpe Ijipt, nke jikọtara ya na Naịl nke ukwuu. Òtù nzuzo ndị dabeere na Isis gbasaa site n'Ijipt gaa Europe na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=1}} Ihe atụ nke mmetụta nke ofufe Isis na Europe bụ [[Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Palestrina]], dị na Rom ma dee ya na narị afọ mbụ Tupu Oge Anyị: mosaic nke mita 4 na 3 na-egosi ala Nilotic zuru ezu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=2}} Na [[akụkọ ifo ndị Gris]], [[Nilus (akụkọ ifo)|Nilus]] bụ chi nke Naịl, otu n'ime ọtụtụ puku ụmụ chi osimiri nke [[Titans]] [[Oceanus]] na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị [[Tethys (akụkọ ifo)|Tethys]]. Nilus bụ nna nke [[naiad]] [[Memphis (nwunye Epaphus)|Memphis]], onye guzobere akụkọ ifo nke obodo [[Memphis, Ijipt|Memphis]].{{sfn| Smith|1878|pp=499, 553-554, 564, 866}} <!-- {{efn|Memphis was an important city in the Ancient Egyptian civilization. It declined during the [[Roman Egypt|Roman rule of Egypt]], and was superseded by [[Cairo]], located about 20 km north of Memphis.}}{{cn}} --> A kpọtụrụ aha Naịl n'ime [[Bible]] ọtụtụ ugboro, gụnyere akụkọ dị na [[Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ]] gbasara nwa ọhụrụ [[Mozis]] e tinyere n'ime nkata n'ime osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-akọwa osimiri [[Gihon]]{{snd}} nke a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Jenesis]] dị ka otu n'ime [[Osimiri Paradaịs]]{{snd}} anọ dị ka Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Akụkọ dị oke mkpa nye [[Ndị Copts|Ndị Copt]] nke Ijipt dị na [[Akwụkwọ Matiu]]: ọ na-akọ akụkọ otú [[Senti Josef|Joseph]] na [[Meri, nne Jizọs|Meri]] [[gbaga Ijipt|gbaga Ijipt]] wee biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ruo ọtụtụ afọ, si otú a zere [[Herọd Ukwu|Herọd]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} {{clear }} ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== ====Books==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!--{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 749–770 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/749 | chapter = Nile Basin Asymmetries: A Closed Fresh Water Resource, Soil Water Potential, the Political Economy and Nile Transboundary Hydropolitics | first= John | last = Allan }} <!-- {{sfn|Allen |2000 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Allen | first=James P | author-link=James Peter Allen | title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000 | url= https://archive.org/details/middle-egyptian-an-introduction-to-the-language-and-culture-of-hieroglyphs-1999 | isbn=0521774837 }} <!-- {{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience | editor-last1 =Appiah |editor-first1= A. | editor-link1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah | editor-last2= Gates |editor-first2= H.L. | editor-link2 = Henry Louis Gates Jr. | isbn=9780195170559 | url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi | year=2005 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Assmann | first=Jan | author-link=Jan Assmann | others=Lorton, David transl | title=The Search for God in Ancient Egypt | publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] | year=2001 | orig-year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheSearchForGodInAncientEgypt_201807 | isbn=0801487293 }} <!-- {{sfn|Badawi |2003 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Al-Muhit Oxford Study Dictionary: English-Arabic | editor-first= Mohammad | editor-last = Badawi | isbn= 995330050X | year= 2003 | url= https://archive.org/details/20240125_20240125_1408 | publisher= Academia | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Beaumont|1993|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Drylands: Environmental Management and Development | first= Peter | last = Beaumont | isbn= 0415004578 | year= 1993 | url= https://archive.org/details/drylandsenvironm0000beau | publisher= [[Routledge]] | access-date= 13 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Betancourt|2007|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Introduction to Aegean Art |first1= P.P |last1=Betancourt | author-link=Philip Betancourt | isbn= 9781623030841 | year= 2007 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoae0000beta | publisher= [[Institute for Aegean Prehistory]] | access-date= 1 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter = The Egyptian Nile | editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first= Karl M. |first1= Judith |last1= Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages = 43–78 | author-link= Judith Bunbury | isbn= 9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 | year= 2023 | url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 | publisher= [[UNESCO]] | access-date= 10 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =307–333 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/307 | chapter = Nile Basin Climates | first= Pierre | last = Camberlin | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title= The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} The "Bibliographical Essay" (pp. 245{{ndash}}248) lists books about the Nile River. <!--{{sfn|Dumont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 1–22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/1 | chapter = A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | first= Henri | last = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|Eggermont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 243–262 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/883 | chapter = Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the Nile | first= Hilde | last = Eggermont | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 95–124 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/95 | chapter = The Fayum Depression | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy | first2= Henri | last2 = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 125–156 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/125 | chapter = Lake Nasser-Nubia | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy }} <!--{{sfn|El-Sheekh |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 395–406 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/395 | chapter = River Nile Pollutants and Their Effect on Life Forms and Water Quality | first1= Mostafa | last1 = El-Sheekh }} <!-- {{sfn|Embabi |2018 | pp=>? }} --> * {{Cite book |last=Embabi |first=N.S. |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt |year=2018 |isbn=9783319656595 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |url-status=live }} <!-- {{sfn|Faulkner|1964 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Raymond |last = Faulkner |author-link = Raymond O. Faulkner |title= A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |year= 1964 |orig-year= 1962 |publisher = [[Griffith Institute]] |url= https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000faul/ |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fierro | first1 = Pedro | first2 = Evan K. | last2 = Nyer | title = The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781420012583 | url = https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000unse_j5x4 | access-date = 24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fleming | first1 = Fergus | first2 = Alan | last2 = Lothian | title = The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth | publisher = Duncan Baird | year = 1997 | isbn = 0705435032 | url =https://archive.org/details/waytoeternityegy00flem }} <!-- {{sfn|Gardiner|1964|p =?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Alan |last = Gardiner |author-link = Alan Gardiner |title=Egyptian Grammar |year= 1964 |edition =3rd |orig-year= 1927 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press ]] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammar0000alan |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 499–520 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/499 | chapter = The Oligochaeta of the Nile Basin Revisited | first= Samir | last = Ghabbour }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =205–214 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/205 | chapter = The Kyoga Catchment | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 705–720 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/705 | chapter = Birds of the Nile | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=???}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 193–204 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/193 | chapter = Swamps of the Upper White Nile | first1= Jim | last1 = Green | first2= Asim | last2 = El-Moghraby }} <!-- {{sfn|Hamilton |2016|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Luganda Dictionary and Grammar |first1= Alan |last1= Hamilton | isbn= 9780954149611 | year= 2016 | url= https://archive.org/details/lugandadictionar0000hami | publisher= Alan Hamilton | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 75–94 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/75 | chapter = The Nile Delta | first= Waleed | last = Hamza }} <!-- {{sfn|Hart|2005|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=Second |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 0415344956 |url=https://archive.org/details/edg-the-routledge-dictionary-of-egyptian-gods | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Holl|2025|pp=355–375}} * {{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General History of Africa |volume=IX: General history of Africa Revisited |chapter =Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=355–375 |year=2025 |isbn=9789231008092 |chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7 |access-date=2 February 2026 }}--> <!-- {{sfn|Hornung|1982|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hornung |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hornung |translator-first=John |translator-last=Baines |translator-link= John Baines (Egyptologist) |others=Original in German. |title=Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1982 |orig-year= 1971 | isbn=9780801412233 | url= https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofgod0000horn_q6b3 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hughes|1992|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ralph H. |display-authors=etal |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=2013-03-25 |year=1992 |publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=9782880329495 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehman|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =215–242 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/215 | chapter = Lake Victoria | first= John | last = Lehman }} <!-- {{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last= Murray |first= G. W. |title=An English-Nubian Comparative Dictionary |year= 1923 |publisher= [[Humphrey Milford]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnubiancom0004gwmu_4 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Okidi|1994|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Okidi |first=C. O. |editor-first1=P.P. |editor-last1=Howell |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last2=Alan |isbn=9780521450409 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521450409/page/321 |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource |chapter=History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties |pages=321–350 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001 |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume = 2 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume2 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138228 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001a|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001a |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume =3 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138236 }} <!-- {{sfn|Roach|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last= Roach |first= Steven |year= 2025 |chapter=Introduction: Nile Basin Politics and its Challenges |pages=1–16 |title=Nile Basin Politics: From Coordinated to Cooperative Peace |editor-last1= Roach |editor-first1= Steven |editor-last2= Hudson |editor-first2= Derrick |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/book/9781803927176/9781803927176.xml | doi=10.4337/9781803927176 |access-date=15 January 2026 |isbn= 9781803927176 }} <!--{{sfn|Robins|2008|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title= The Art of Ancient Egypt | last =Robins | first= Gay | author-link= Gay Robins | isbn=9780674030657 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD-z8hmdUMIC |access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=2008 | orig-year=1997 | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Rosenthal|2005}} --> * {{cite book |last= Rosenthal |first= Lisa |year= 2005 |title=Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/genderpoliticsal0000rose |access-date=15 December 2025 |isbn= 9780521842440 }} <!-- {{sfn|Said|1993}} --> * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Rushdi |author-link=Rushdi Said |year=1993 |title=The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology, and Utilization |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/rivernilegeology0000said |access-date=11 February 2026 |isbn= 0080418864 }} <!-- {{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |year=1995 |isbn=9780679402558 |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=[[A.A. Knopf]] |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapememory0000scha_k7e4 |access-date=15 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shahin|2002}} --> * {{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=Mamdouh |url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9781402008665 | access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc= articleName }} --> * {{Cite book | title=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture | last=Shoup |first= John A. | display-authors=etal | isbn=9798216123323 | url=https://archive.org/details/the-nile-an-encyclopedia-of-geography-history-and-culture | access-date= 14 February 2026 | year=2017 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] / [[ABC-CLIO]] }} EBook. The hardcover is {{isbn|9781440840401}}. <!-- {{sfn| Siliotti|1997|p=?}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Guide to the Valley of the Kings | last =Siliotti | first= Alberto | author-link = Alberto Siliotti | isbn=9780760733257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owicnQAACAAJ | access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=1997 | publisher=[[Barnes & Noble ]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Smith|1878}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Smith |first= William |author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |url= https://archive.org/details/anewclassicaldi00unkngoog |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography |date= 1878 |publisher= [[Harper & Brothers]] |lccn=04035163 |access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Stokes|2009 |p=??}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Stokes |first= Jamie |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000unse_h6k0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |volume=2 |date= 2009 |isbn=9781438126760 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |access-date=13 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 334–364 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/334 | chapter = The Hydrology of the Nile Basin | first= John | last = Sutcliffe | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 37–60 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/37 | chapter = Cenozoic Evolution of the Nile Basin | first1= Michael | last1 = Talbot | first2= Martin | last2 = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 23–34 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/23 | chapter = History of Scientific Research | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 367–394 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/367 | chapter = Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Tian|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book | title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = [[de Gruyter Oldenbourg]] | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian }} <!-- {{sfn|Tvedt|2021}} --> * {{cite book | title= The Nile: History's Greatest River | last=Tvedt | first= Terje | author-link = Terje Tvedt | isbn= 9780755616800 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=brYsEAAAQBAJ | access-date= 10 December 2025 | year= 2021 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!--{{sfn|Van Damme| Bocxlaer|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 585–630 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/585 | chapter = Freshwater Molluscs of the Nile Basin, Past and Present | first1= Dirk | last1 = Van Damme | first2= Bert | last2 = Bocxlaer }} <!-- {{sfn|Versluys|2002 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1= Versluys |first1= M. J. |year= 2002 |title=Aegyptiaca Romana : Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |url= https://archive.org/details/aegyptiacaromana0000vers |access-date=15 January 2026 | isbn = 9004124403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Vijverberg|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 163–192 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/163 | chapter = Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | first= Jacobus | last = Vijverberg | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. --> * {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110 |url-access=registration }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 61–72 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/61 | chapter = Late Quaternary Environments in Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 771–780 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/771 | chapter = Human Impact on Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 647–676 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 | chapter = Fish Fauna of the Nile | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 723–748 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/723 | chapter = Fisheries of the Nile System | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} {{refend}} ====Akwụkwọ akụkọ na weebụsaịtị==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- {{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam |first1=Mohamed G. |title=The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=177 |pages=742–773 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ESRv..177..742A }} <!-- {{sfn|Abdullah|2020}} * {{cite journal |display-author1=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah|2020}} |last1=Abdullah |first1=Al-Noor |last2=Rahman |first2=Sanzidur |last3=Essex |first3=Stephen |last4=Benhin |first4=James |title=Economic Contributions of Mega-Dam Infrastructure as Perceived by Local and Displaced Communities: A Case Study of Merowe Dam, Sudan |journal=Agriculture |date=12 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=227 |doi=10.3390/agriculture10060227 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abotalib|2023}} |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Abdelhady |first2=Ahmed A. |last3=Heggy |first3=Essam |last4=Salem |first4=Salem G. |last5=Ismail |first5=Esam |last6=Ali |first6=Ahmed |last7=Khalil |first7=Mahmoud M. |title=Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta |journal=Earth's Future |date=March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022EF002987 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002987 |doi-access= free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102987A }} <!-- {{sfn| Alnaqbi|2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Alnaqbi|2022}} |last1=Alnaqbi |first1=Shaima |last2=Alasad |first2=Shamma |last3=Aljaghoub |first3=Haya |last4=Alami |first4=Abdul |last5=Abdelkareem |first5=Mohammad |last6=Olabi |first6=Abdul |title=Applicability of Hydropower Generation and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Energies |date=25 March 2022 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=2412 |doi=10.3390/en15072412 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Angurini|2021}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 | title= Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers | newspaper= [[Daily Monitor]] |date= 2021 |first= Tom | last= Angurini |access-date=8 February 2026 |location= Uganda |oclc= 44216472 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Ayenalem|2023}} |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |last2=Fantini |first2=Emanuele |last3=Van der Zaag |first3=Pieter |title=Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Beck|2018 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Beck|2018}} |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |doi-access=free |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }} <!-- {{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Francis Burton |title=On Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western Lake-Reservoir of the Nile |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=35 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/3698075 |jstor=3698075 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Creasman|) |pp = ?? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Creasman|2010}} |last1=Creasman |first1=Pearce Paul |last2=Doyle |first2=Noreen |title=Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman }} <!-- {{sfn|Driouech |2020}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Driouech|2020}} |last1=Driouech |first1=Fatima |last2=ElRhaz |first2=Khalid |last3=Moufouma-Okia |first3=Willfran |last4=Arjdal |first4=Khadija |last5=Balhane |first5=Saloua |title=Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate |journal=Earth Systems and Environment |date=September 2020 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ESE.....4..477D }} <!-- {{sfn|El Mahmoudi |2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. --> * {{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=A. |last2=Gabr |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |issn=1866-7511}} <!-- {{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} --> * {{Cite news |newspaper= [[Reuters]] |last= Endeshaw |first= Dawit |date= 2025 |title=Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/ |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Griffin| 2018 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735 | title=Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn = 0791-5144 |date= 2018 |first=Dan | last=Griffin |access-date=28 December 2021 |location=Dublin, Ireland }} <!-- {{sfn|Hafez |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hafez|2024}} |last1=Hafez |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Haggag |first2=Mohammed |last3=Wagdy |first3=Ahmad |last4=Radwan |first4=Hany G. |title=Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |date=December 2024 |volume=56 |article-number=102007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5602007H }} <!-- {{sfn|Hailu |2022 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Ashebir Dingeto |title=Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.3934/energy.2022006 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Halsall|1998}} * {{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year = 1998 | website = Ancient History Sourcebook |title=Hymn to the Nile, C. 2100 BCE |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/floodindex.html |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Fordham University }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|1997}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1997 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=December 2007 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |jstor=40743449 }} <!-- {{sfn|Haupt|1926}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Haupt |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Haupt |title=Etymological and Critical Notes |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1926 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.2307/289993 |jstor=289993 }} <!-- {{sfn|Healy|2007|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web | title=Water Budgets: Foundations for Effective Water-Resources and Environmental Management | last =Healy | first= R. 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Development''}} |url=https://opecfund.org/where-we-work/list/upper-atbara-dam-complex-project |title=Upper Atbara Dam Complex Project |publisher=[[OPEC Fund for International Development]] |date= 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations''}} --> * {{Cite book | ref={{sfnRef| ''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations'' }} |title=Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin |year= 2020 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] - [[United Nations]] |url= https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9895en |access-date=11 December 2025 |doi= 10.4060/ca9895en |isbn=9789251329825 }} {{refend}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes|}} {{Authority control}} 4oorgbbajqg2f0qrcri3yu19kemr4r8 674537 674535 2026-07-09T12:59:03Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 674537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == Na omenala== ===Nka na akwụkwọ=== <gallery> File:Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg|Ihe osise ochie a nke ndị Ijipt, "Menna na Ịchụ nta Ezinụlọ n'ime Ala Mmiri", dị n'ime [[Ili Menna]] dị na [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Azụ̀ [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] na-eri.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} File:0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG| [[ala Nilotic]], dị ka mosaic ndị Rom nke narị afọ nke abụọ a, na-egosipụtakarị agụ iyi na hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> File:New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg| ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' bụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl site na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> </gallery> A na-ahụkarị osimiri ahụ na [[Nka nke Ijipt oge ochie | nka Ijipt oge ochie]], ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere ndị eze na-akụ azụ̀ ma ọ bụ na-akụ azụ̀ hippopotamuse.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> A na-akpọ [[eserese ala|Ihe osise ala]] nke gosipụtara osimiri Naịl{{snd}} ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ{{snd}} [[ala nilotic]]. A na-ahụ ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Nilotic site n'osimiri nke gosipụtara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Ijipt. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere papyrus, nkwụ, azụ̀ na nnụnụ mmiri, na {{snd}}nwamba, enwe, na agụ iyi.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|pp=68–69,97,126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53–54}}. }}</ref> A na-egosikwa ala Nilotic n'ihe osise sitere na Gris oge ochie na [[ihe osise ndị Rom|Rom oge ochie]].<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman/> Ihe osise ndị Rom nke oge ochie na-elekwasị anya n'anụmanụ ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke na-agụnyekarị agụ iyi na hippopotamuses.<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Betancourt|2007|pp=93,122,146,190}}. |{{harvnb|Versluys|2002|pp=3–4, 23, 28–30,43–50, 55, 65}}. }}</ref> Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke Naịl n'ihe osise bụ ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl dị ukwuu sitere na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].{{efn|A colossal sculpture is one twice life size or larger.{{sfn|"Colossal", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}}} A na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke na-ehulata n'elu ihe e ji ọka wit mee. N'akụkụ ya bụ [[sphinx]]{{snd}} nke na-anọchite anya Ijipt{{snd}} na ụmụ iri na isii nke na-ezo aka na cubit iri na isii (ogologo kacha mma nke idei mmiri kwa afọ). E nwere agụ iyi, nkịta ndị a na-akpọ pygmi, na ehi mmiri.<ref name=colossal>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|pp=282–289}}. |{{harvnb|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}}. |{{harvnb|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}}. }}</ref> A na-ahụ Osimiri Naịl n'ihe osise ndị nwere nnukwu osimiri anọ n'ụwa: Osimiri Naịl (Afrịka), [[Danube]] (Europe), [[Ganges]] (Asia), na [[Río de la Plata]] (America). Ihe atụ gụnyere eserese ahụ ''[[The Four Continents|The Four Rivers of Paradise]]'' site n'aka [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1615){{sfn|Rosenthal|2005|pp=41-42}} na isi iyi ahụ dị na Rom ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' emebere ya site n'aka [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1651).{{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=289-305}} N'isi iyi Bernini, a na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke kpuchiri isi ya n'ákwà, nke na-anọchite anya ihe omimi nke isi iyi Naịl a na-amaghị ama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|p=302}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=351}}. }}</ref> Ndị Ijipt oge ochie dere ma bụọ [[Abụ a maka Naịl]]; o mere emume maka idei mmiri nke Naịl na uru o wetara n'ọdịbendị Ijipt.{{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} [[Isma'il Pasha]] nyere [[Giuseppe Verdi]] ọrụ ide opera iji mee emume mmeghe nke Suez Canal. E mere opera a, ''[[Aida]]'', n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Royal Opera nke e wuru ọhụrụ [[Egyptian Royal Opera House]] n'afọ 1871. E tinyere ihe nkiri opera nke atọ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=43}} Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ nke Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, ndị egwu Etiopia emepụtala egwu ndị na-eme emume ma na-eto Naịl na dam.{{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} [[William Shakespeare]] nwere agwa [[Marc Antony]] na-akọwa idei mmiri Naịl n'egwuregwu ahụ ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'': "Otu a ka ha si eme, nna m ukwu: ha na-ewere mmiri nke Naịl site na ihe atụ ụfọdụ na pyramid; ha maara, Site n'ịdị elu, ala, ma ọ bụ nke dị ala, ma ọ bụrụ na ụkọ ma ọ bụ foison na-eso: ka Nilus na-eto nke ọma, ka o kwere nkwa karịa: ka ọ na-agbọpụta, onye na-agha mkpụrụ na-agbasasị ọka ya n'elu ala ahịhịa na mmiri ozuzo, Ọ na-abịakwa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi." {{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=59}}{{efn|Quote from ''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Act 2, Scene 7). "Foison" means a rich harvest.}}<!-- The Nile also plays a role in other depictions of [[Cleopatra]] in art, including the 1898 play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=73}} and the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra ]]''.{{cn}} --> [[Agatha Christie]] dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi nke afọ 1937 a ma ama ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', gbasara ogbugbu n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mgbanwe.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=77-78}} ''[[Adrift on the Nile]]'' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Ijipt na onye meriri [[Nobel Laureate|Nobel Prize]] [[Naguib Mahfouz]] dere n'afọ 1966 gbasara otu nwa okorobịa bi n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. Osimiri ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ndụ ọ na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ gbakụta ọha mmadụ azụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=72-73}} Osimiri Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ [[egwuregwu vidiyo]], gụnyere ''[[Civilization VI]]''.{{sfn|Tian|2025|pp=95,100-102}} ===Akụkọ ifo na okpukperechi=== [[File:Hapy_tying.svg|thumb|Chi ndị Ijipt [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] kpatara idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ.<ref name=Hapy/>|alt=A diagram of two identical blue men, facing each other. They are holding green plants.]] [[File:Jozef Geirnaert - Finding of Moses.jpg|thumb|Baịbụl Hibru nwere akụkọ gbasara ebe a napụtara nwa ọhụrụ [[Moses]] n'ime Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}}|alt=A detailed colorful painting, of several men and women alongside a river. A baby is in a basket.]] [[Okpukpe ochie nke ndị Ijipt#Cosmology|Cosmology]] nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie bụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okike: kama ile ndụ anya dị ka ihe nwere mmalite na njedebe, a na-ele ya anya dị ka usoro na-adịgide adịgide. Echiche ndụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere n'ụwa ebumpụta ụwa nke gbara ndị Ijipt gburugburu, ụzọ anyanwụ si agafe kwa ụbọchị, na idei mmiri nke Naịl kwa afọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=104}}. |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 15, 108}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. }}</ref> Chi anyanwụ [[Ra]] na-agafe n'eluigwe kwa ụbọchị site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, usoro atọ nke ụbọchị (ọwụwa anyanwụ, ehihie, na anyanwụ dara) kwekọrọ na usoro ndụ mmadụ: ọmụmụ, ndụ, na ọnwụ. N'ihi nke a, e tinyere ọtụtụ ebe ili ozu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, ebe ha ga-adị nso na anyanwụ na-ada.<ref name=west>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|p= 147 |loc=Article: "Hymns"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp= 123, 376 |loc=Articles: "Re", "Temples" }}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 18, 29, 60}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The west side of the river is where many Egyptian funerary monuments are located, including the [[Giza pyramid complex]], the [[Memphite Necropolis]], and the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name=west/>}} N'ime [[chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie]], ọ dịghị otu chi ọ bụla mere ka osimiri Naịl bụrụ otu ụzọ ahụ chi Ra si mee ka anyanwụ bụrụ otu.{{sfn|Hornung|1982|pp=77–79}} Chi ndị e jikọtara na osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] (chi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ) na [[Khnum]] (chi nke [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataract mbụ]]), ndị jikọrọ aka mee ka idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ala ubi dị n'ime obodo ahụ dị mma.<ref name=Hapy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=61,85–86}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=9}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming|Lothian|1997|pp=30–31}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=14-15}}. }}</ref> Okpukpe ndị Ijipt tinyere isi iyi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ nke Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ [[Agwaetiti Elephantine]] (n'oge mbụ nke cataract) ebe a kwenyere na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ụwa dị n'ala mmụọ na-asọpụta.{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=54-55, 63}} [[Isis]] bụ [[Chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|chi ukwu]] n'okpukpe Ijipt, nke jikọtara ya na Naịl nke ukwuu. Òtù nzuzo ndị dabeere na Isis gbasaa site n'Ijipt gaa Europe na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=1}} Ihe atụ nke mmetụta nke ofufe Isis na Europe bụ [[Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Palestrina]], dị na Rom ma dee ya na narị afọ mbụ Tupu Oge Anyị: mosaic nke mita 4 na 3 na-egosi ala Nilotic zuru ezu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=2}} Na [[akụkọ ifo ndị Gris]], [[Nilus (akụkọ ifo)|Nilus]] bụ chi nke Naịl, otu n'ime ọtụtụ puku ụmụ chi osimiri nke [[Titans]] [[Oceanus]] na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị [[Tethys (akụkọ ifo)|Tethys]]. Nilus bụ nna nke [[naiad]] [[Memphis (nwunye Epaphus)|Memphis]], onye guzobere akụkọ ifo nke obodo [[Memphis, Ijipt|Memphis]].{{sfn| Smith|1878|pp=499, 553-554, 564, 866}} <!-- {{efn|Memphis was an important city in the Ancient Egyptian civilization. It declined during the [[Roman Egypt|Roman rule of Egypt]], and was superseded by [[Cairo]], located about 20 km north of Memphis.}}{{cn}} --> A kpọtụrụ aha Naịl n'ime [[Bible]] ọtụtụ ugboro, gụnyere akụkọ dị na [[Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ]] gbasara nwa ọhụrụ [[Mozis]] e tinyere n'ime nkata n'ime osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-akọwa osimiri [[Gihon]]{{snd}} nke a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Jenesis]] dị ka otu n'ime [[Osimiri Paradaịs]]{{snd}} anọ dị ka Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Akụkọ dị oke mkpa nye [[Ndị Copts|Ndị Copt]] nke Ijipt dị na [[Akwụkwọ Matiu]]: ọ na-akọ akụkọ otú [[Senti Josef|Joseph]] na [[Meri, nne Jizọs|Meri]] [[gbaga Ijipt|gbaga Ijipt]] wee biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ruo ọtụtụ afọ, si otú a zere [[Herọd Ukwu|Herọd]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} {{clear }} ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Isi mmalite=== ====Akwụkwọ==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!--{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 749–770 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/749 | chapter = Nile Basin Asymmetries: A Closed Fresh Water Resource, Soil Water Potential, the Political Economy and Nile Transboundary Hydropolitics | first= John | last = Allan }} <!-- {{sfn|Allen |2000 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Allen | first=James P | author-link=James Peter Allen | title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000 | url= https://archive.org/details/middle-egyptian-an-introduction-to-the-language-and-culture-of-hieroglyphs-1999 | isbn=0521774837 }} <!-- {{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience | editor-last1 =Appiah |editor-first1= A. | editor-link1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah | editor-last2= Gates |editor-first2= H.L. | editor-link2 = Henry Louis Gates Jr. | isbn=9780195170559 | url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi | year=2005 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Assmann | first=Jan | author-link=Jan Assmann | others=Lorton, David transl | title=The Search for God in Ancient Egypt | publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] | year=2001 | orig-year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheSearchForGodInAncientEgypt_201807 | isbn=0801487293 }} <!-- {{sfn|Badawi |2003 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Al-Muhit Oxford Study Dictionary: English-Arabic | editor-first= Mohammad | editor-last = Badawi | isbn= 995330050X | year= 2003 | url= https://archive.org/details/20240125_20240125_1408 | publisher= Academia | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Beaumont|1993|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Drylands: Environmental Management and Development | first= Peter | last = Beaumont | isbn= 0415004578 | year= 1993 | url= https://archive.org/details/drylandsenvironm0000beau | publisher= [[Routledge]] | access-date= 13 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Betancourt|2007|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Introduction to Aegean Art |first1= P.P |last1=Betancourt | author-link=Philip Betancourt | isbn= 9781623030841 | year= 2007 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoae0000beta | publisher= [[Institute for Aegean Prehistory]] | access-date= 1 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter = The Egyptian Nile | editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first= Karl M. |first1= Judith |last1= Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages = 43–78 | author-link= Judith Bunbury | isbn= 9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 | year= 2023 | url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 | publisher= [[UNESCO]] | access-date= 10 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =307–333 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/307 | chapter = Nile Basin Climates | first= Pierre | last = Camberlin | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title= The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} The "Bibliographical Essay" (pp. 245{{ndash}}248) lists books about the Nile River. <!--{{sfn|Dumont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 1–22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/1 | chapter = A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | first= Henri | last = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|Eggermont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 243–262 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/883 | chapter = Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the Nile | first= Hilde | last = Eggermont | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 95–124 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/95 | chapter = The Fayum Depression | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy | first2= Henri | last2 = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 125–156 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/125 | chapter = Lake Nasser-Nubia | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy }} <!--{{sfn|El-Sheekh |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 395–406 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/395 | chapter = River Nile Pollutants and Their Effect on Life Forms and Water Quality | first1= Mostafa | last1 = El-Sheekh }} <!-- {{sfn|Embabi |2018 | pp=>? }} --> * {{Cite book |last=Embabi |first=N.S. |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt |year=2018 |isbn=9783319656595 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |url-status=live }} <!-- {{sfn|Faulkner|1964 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Raymond |last = Faulkner |author-link = Raymond O. Faulkner |title= A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |year= 1964 |orig-year= 1962 |publisher = [[Griffith Institute]] |url= https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000faul/ |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fierro | first1 = Pedro | first2 = Evan K. | last2 = Nyer | title = The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781420012583 | url = https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000unse_j5x4 | access-date = 24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fleming | first1 = Fergus | first2 = Alan | last2 = Lothian | title = The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth | publisher = Duncan Baird | year = 1997 | isbn = 0705435032 | url =https://archive.org/details/waytoeternityegy00flem }} <!-- {{sfn|Gardiner|1964|p =?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Alan |last = Gardiner |author-link = Alan Gardiner |title=Egyptian Grammar |year= 1964 |edition =3rd |orig-year= 1927 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press ]] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammar0000alan |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 499–520 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/499 | chapter = The Oligochaeta of the Nile Basin Revisited | first= Samir | last = Ghabbour }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =205–214 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/205 | chapter = The Kyoga Catchment | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 705–720 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/705 | chapter = Birds of the Nile | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=???}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 193–204 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/193 | chapter = Swamps of the Upper White Nile | first1= Jim | last1 = Green | first2= Asim | last2 = El-Moghraby }} <!-- {{sfn|Hamilton |2016|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Luganda Dictionary and Grammar |first1= Alan |last1= Hamilton | isbn= 9780954149611 | year= 2016 | url= https://archive.org/details/lugandadictionar0000hami | publisher= Alan Hamilton | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 75–94 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/75 | chapter = The Nile Delta | first= Waleed | last = Hamza }} <!-- {{sfn|Hart|2005|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=Second |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 0415344956 |url=https://archive.org/details/edg-the-routledge-dictionary-of-egyptian-gods | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Holl|2025|pp=355–375}} * {{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General History of Africa |volume=IX: General history of Africa Revisited |chapter =Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=355–375 |year=2025 |isbn=9789231008092 |chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7 |access-date=2 February 2026 }}--> <!-- {{sfn|Hornung|1982|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hornung |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hornung |translator-first=John |translator-last=Baines |translator-link= John Baines (Egyptologist) |others=Original in German. |title=Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1982 |orig-year= 1971 | isbn=9780801412233 | url= https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofgod0000horn_q6b3 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hughes|1992|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ralph H. |display-authors=etal |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=2013-03-25 |year=1992 |publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=9782880329495 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehman|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =215–242 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/215 | chapter = Lake Victoria | first= John | last = Lehman }} <!-- {{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last= Murray |first= G. W. |title=An English-Nubian Comparative Dictionary |year= 1923 |publisher= [[Humphrey Milford]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnubiancom0004gwmu_4 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Okidi|1994|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Okidi |first=C. O. |editor-first1=P.P. |editor-last1=Howell |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last2=Alan |isbn=9780521450409 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521450409/page/321 |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource |chapter=History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties |pages=321–350 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001 |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume = 2 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume2 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138228 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001a|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001a |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume =3 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138236 }} <!-- {{sfn|Roach|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last= Roach |first= Steven |year= 2025 |chapter=Introduction: Nile Basin Politics and its Challenges |pages=1–16 |title=Nile Basin Politics: From Coordinated to Cooperative Peace |editor-last1= Roach |editor-first1= Steven |editor-last2= Hudson |editor-first2= Derrick |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/book/9781803927176/9781803927176.xml | doi=10.4337/9781803927176 |access-date=15 January 2026 |isbn= 9781803927176 }} <!--{{sfn|Robins|2008|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title= The Art of Ancient Egypt | last =Robins | first= Gay | author-link= Gay Robins | isbn=9780674030657 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD-z8hmdUMIC |access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=2008 | orig-year=1997 | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Rosenthal|2005}} --> * {{cite book |last= Rosenthal |first= Lisa |year= 2005 |title=Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/genderpoliticsal0000rose |access-date=15 December 2025 |isbn= 9780521842440 }} <!-- {{sfn|Said|1993}} --> * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Rushdi |author-link=Rushdi Said |year=1993 |title=The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology, and Utilization |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/rivernilegeology0000said |access-date=11 February 2026 |isbn= 0080418864 }} <!-- {{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |year=1995 |isbn=9780679402558 |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=[[A.A. Knopf]] |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapememory0000scha_k7e4 |access-date=15 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shahin|2002}} --> * {{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=Mamdouh |url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9781402008665 | access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc= articleName }} --> * {{Cite book | title=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture | last=Shoup |first= John A. | display-authors=etal | isbn=9798216123323 | url=https://archive.org/details/the-nile-an-encyclopedia-of-geography-history-and-culture | access-date= 14 February 2026 | year=2017 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] / [[ABC-CLIO]] }} EBook. The hardcover is {{isbn|9781440840401}}. <!-- {{sfn| Siliotti|1997|p=?}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Guide to the Valley of the Kings | last =Siliotti | first= Alberto | author-link = Alberto Siliotti | isbn=9780760733257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owicnQAACAAJ | access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=1997 | publisher=[[Barnes & Noble ]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Smith|1878}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Smith |first= William |author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |url= https://archive.org/details/anewclassicaldi00unkngoog |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography |date= 1878 |publisher= [[Harper & Brothers]] |lccn=04035163 |access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Stokes|2009 |p=??}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Stokes |first= Jamie |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000unse_h6k0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |volume=2 |date= 2009 |isbn=9781438126760 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |access-date=13 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 334–364 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/334 | chapter = The Hydrology of the Nile Basin | first= John | last = Sutcliffe | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 37–60 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/37 | chapter = Cenozoic Evolution of the Nile Basin | first1= Michael | last1 = Talbot | first2= Martin | last2 = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 23–34 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/23 | chapter = History of Scientific Research | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 367–394 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/367 | chapter = Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Tian|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book | title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = [[de Gruyter Oldenbourg]] | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian }} <!-- {{sfn|Tvedt|2021}} --> * {{cite book | title= The Nile: History's Greatest River | last=Tvedt | first= Terje | author-link = Terje Tvedt | isbn= 9780755616800 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=brYsEAAAQBAJ | access-date= 10 December 2025 | year= 2021 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!--{{sfn|Van Damme| Bocxlaer|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 585–630 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/585 | chapter = Freshwater Molluscs of the Nile Basin, Past and Present | first1= Dirk | last1 = Van Damme | first2= Bert | last2 = Bocxlaer }} <!-- {{sfn|Versluys|2002 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1= Versluys |first1= M. J. |year= 2002 |title=Aegyptiaca Romana : Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |url= https://archive.org/details/aegyptiacaromana0000vers |access-date=15 January 2026 | isbn = 9004124403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Vijverberg|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 163–192 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/163 | chapter = Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | first= Jacobus | last = Vijverberg | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. --> * {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110 |url-access=registration }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 61–72 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/61 | chapter = Late Quaternary Environments in Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 771–780 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/771 | chapter = Human Impact on Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 647–676 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 | chapter = Fish Fauna of the Nile | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 723–748 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/723 | chapter = Fisheries of the Nile System | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} {{refend}} ====Akwụkwọ akụkọ na weebụsaịtị==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- {{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam |first1=Mohamed G. |title=The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=177 |pages=742–773 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ESRv..177..742A }} <!-- {{sfn|Abdullah|2020}} * {{cite journal |display-author1=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah|2020}} |last1=Abdullah |first1=Al-Noor |last2=Rahman |first2=Sanzidur |last3=Essex |first3=Stephen |last4=Benhin |first4=James |title=Economic Contributions of Mega-Dam Infrastructure as Perceived by Local and Displaced Communities: A Case Study of Merowe Dam, Sudan |journal=Agriculture |date=12 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=227 |doi=10.3390/agriculture10060227 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abotalib|2023}} |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Abdelhady |first2=Ahmed A. |last3=Heggy |first3=Essam |last4=Salem |first4=Salem G. |last5=Ismail |first5=Esam |last6=Ali |first6=Ahmed |last7=Khalil |first7=Mahmoud M. |title=Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta |journal=Earth's Future |date=March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022EF002987 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002987 |doi-access= free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102987A }} <!-- {{sfn| Alnaqbi|2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Alnaqbi|2022}} |last1=Alnaqbi |first1=Shaima |last2=Alasad |first2=Shamma |last3=Aljaghoub |first3=Haya |last4=Alami |first4=Abdul |last5=Abdelkareem |first5=Mohammad |last6=Olabi |first6=Abdul |title=Applicability of Hydropower Generation and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Energies |date=25 March 2022 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=2412 |doi=10.3390/en15072412 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Angurini|2021}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 | title= Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers | newspaper= [[Daily Monitor]] |date= 2021 |first= Tom | last= Angurini |access-date=8 February 2026 |location= Uganda |oclc= 44216472 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Ayenalem|2023}} |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |last2=Fantini |first2=Emanuele |last3=Van der Zaag |first3=Pieter |title=Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Beck|2018 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Beck|2018}} |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |doi-access=free |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }} <!-- {{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Francis Burton |title=On Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western Lake-Reservoir of the Nile |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=35 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/3698075 |jstor=3698075 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Creasman|) |pp = ?? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Creasman|2010}} |last1=Creasman |first1=Pearce Paul |last2=Doyle |first2=Noreen |title=Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman }} <!-- {{sfn|Driouech |2020}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Driouech|2020}} |last1=Driouech |first1=Fatima |last2=ElRhaz |first2=Khalid |last3=Moufouma-Okia |first3=Willfran |last4=Arjdal |first4=Khadija |last5=Balhane |first5=Saloua |title=Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate |journal=Earth Systems and Environment |date=September 2020 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ESE.....4..477D }} <!-- {{sfn|El Mahmoudi |2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. --> * {{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=A. |last2=Gabr |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |issn=1866-7511}} <!-- {{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} --> * {{Cite news |newspaper= [[Reuters]] |last= Endeshaw |first= Dawit |date= 2025 |title=Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/ |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Griffin| 2018 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735 | title=Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn = 0791-5144 |date= 2018 |first=Dan | last=Griffin |access-date=28 December 2021 |location=Dublin, Ireland }} <!-- {{sfn|Hafez |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hafez|2024}} |last1=Hafez |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Haggag |first2=Mohammed |last3=Wagdy |first3=Ahmad |last4=Radwan |first4=Hany G. |title=Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |date=December 2024 |volume=56 |article-number=102007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5602007H }} <!-- {{sfn|Hailu |2022 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Ashebir Dingeto |title=Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.3934/energy.2022006 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Halsall|1998}} * {{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year = 1998 | website = Ancient History Sourcebook |title=Hymn to the Nile, C. 2100 BCE |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/floodindex.html |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Fordham University }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|1997}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1997 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=December 2007 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |jstor=40743449 }} <!-- {{sfn|Haupt|1926}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Haupt |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Haupt |title=Etymological and Critical Notes |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1926 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.2307/289993 |jstor=289993 }} <!-- {{sfn|Healy|2007|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web | title=Water Budgets: Foundations for Effective Water-Resources and Environmental Management | last =Healy | first= R. 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Development''}} |url=https://opecfund.org/where-we-work/list/upper-atbara-dam-complex-project |title=Upper Atbara Dam Complex Project |publisher=[[OPEC Fund for International Development]] |date= 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations''}} --> * {{Cite book | ref={{sfnRef| ''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations'' }} |title=Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin |year= 2020 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] - [[United Nations]] |url= https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9895en |access-date=11 December 2025 |doi= 10.4060/ca9895en |isbn=9789251329825 }} {{refend}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes|}} {{Authority control}} 7vms753k6m6h7iy2aq0ze8myc5trsko 674538 674537 2026-07-09T12:59:56Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 674538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == Na omenala== ===Nka na akwụkwọ=== <gallery> File:Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg|Ihe osise ochie a nke ndị Ijipt, "Menna na Ịchụ nta Ezinụlọ n'ime Ala Mmiri", dị n'ime [[Ili Menna]] dị na [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Azụ̀ [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] na-eri.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} File:0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG| [[ala Nilotic]], dị ka mosaic ndị Rom nke narị afọ nke abụọ a, na-egosipụtakarị agụ iyi na hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> File:New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg| ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' bụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl site na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> </gallery> A na-ahụkarị osimiri ahụ na [[Nka nke Ijipt oge ochie | nka Ijipt oge ochie]], ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere ndị eze na-akụ azụ̀ ma ọ bụ na-akụ azụ̀ hippopotamuse.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> A na-akpọ [[eserese ala|Ihe osise ala]] nke gosipụtara osimiri Naịl{{snd}} ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ{{snd}} [[ala nilotic]]. A na-ahụ ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Nilotic site n'osimiri nke gosipụtara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Ijipt. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere papyrus, nkwụ, azụ̀ na nnụnụ mmiri, na {{snd}}nwamba, enwe, na agụ iyi.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|pp=68–69,97,126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53–54}}. }}</ref> A na-egosikwa ala Nilotic n'ihe osise sitere na Gris oge ochie na [[ihe osise ndị Rom|Rom oge ochie]].<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman/> Ihe osise ndị Rom nke oge ochie na-elekwasị anya n'anụmanụ ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke na-agụnyekarị agụ iyi na hippopotamuses.<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Betancourt|2007|pp=93,122,146,190}}. |{{harvnb|Versluys|2002|pp=3–4, 23, 28–30,43–50, 55, 65}}. }}</ref> Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke Naịl n'ihe osise bụ ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl dị ukwuu sitere na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].{{efn|A colossal sculpture is one twice life size or larger.{{sfn|"Colossal", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}}} A na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke na-ehulata n'elu ihe e ji ọka wit mee. N'akụkụ ya bụ [[sphinx]]{{snd}} nke na-anọchite anya Ijipt{{snd}} na ụmụ iri na isii nke na-ezo aka na cubit iri na isii (ogologo kacha mma nke idei mmiri kwa afọ). E nwere agụ iyi, nkịta ndị a na-akpọ pygmi, na ehi mmiri.<ref name=colossal>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|pp=282–289}}. |{{harvnb|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}}. |{{harvnb|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}}. }}</ref> A na-ahụ Osimiri Naịl n'ihe osise ndị nwere nnukwu osimiri anọ n'ụwa: Osimiri Naịl (Afrịka), [[Danube]] (Europe), [[Ganges]] (Asia), na [[Río de la Plata]] (America). Ihe atụ gụnyere eserese ahụ ''[[The Four Continents|The Four Rivers of Paradise]]'' site n'aka [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1615){{sfn|Rosenthal|2005|pp=41-42}} na isi iyi ahụ dị na Rom ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' emebere ya site n'aka [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1651).{{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=289-305}} N'isi iyi Bernini, a na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke kpuchiri isi ya n'ákwà, nke na-anọchite anya ihe omimi nke isi iyi Naịl a na-amaghị ama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|p=302}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=351}}. }}</ref> Ndị Ijipt oge ochie dere ma bụọ [[Abụ a maka Naịl]]; o mere emume maka idei mmiri nke Naịl na uru o wetara n'ọdịbendị Ijipt.{{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} [[Isma'il Pasha]] nyere [[Giuseppe Verdi]] ọrụ ide opera iji mee emume mmeghe nke Suez Canal. E mere opera a, ''[[Aida]]'', n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Royal Opera nke e wuru ọhụrụ [[Egyptian Royal Opera House]] n'afọ 1871. E tinyere ihe nkiri opera nke atọ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=43}} Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ nke Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, ndị egwu Etiopia emepụtala egwu ndị na-eme emume ma na-eto Naịl na dam.{{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} [[William Shakespeare]] nwere agwa [[Marc Antony]] na-akọwa idei mmiri Naịl n'egwuregwu ahụ ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'': "Otu a ka ha si eme, nna m ukwu: ha na-ewere mmiri nke Naịl site na ihe atụ ụfọdụ na pyramid; ha maara, Site n'ịdị elu, ala, ma ọ bụ nke dị ala, ma ọ bụrụ na ụkọ ma ọ bụ foison na-eso: ka Nilus na-eto nke ọma, ka o kwere nkwa karịa: ka ọ na-agbọpụta, onye na-agha mkpụrụ na-agbasasị ọka ya n'elu ala ahịhịa na mmiri ozuzo, Ọ na-abịakwa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi." {{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=59}}{{efn|Quote from ''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Act 2, Scene 7). "Foison" means a rich harvest.}}<!-- The Nile also plays a role in other depictions of [[Cleopatra]] in art, including the 1898 play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=73}} and the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra ]]''.{{cn}} --> [[Agatha Christie]] dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi nke afọ 1937 a ma ama ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', gbasara ogbugbu n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mgbanwe.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=77-78}} ''[[Adrift on the Nile]]'' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Ijipt na onye meriri [[Nobel Laureate|Nobel Prize]] [[Naguib Mahfouz]] dere n'afọ 1966 gbasara otu nwa okorobịa bi n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. Osimiri ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ndụ ọ na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ gbakụta ọha mmadụ azụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=72-73}} Osimiri Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ [[egwuregwu vidiyo]], gụnyere ''[[Civilization VI]]''.{{sfn|Tian|2025|pp=95,100-102}} ===Akụkọ ifo na okpukperechi=== [[File:Hapy_tying.svg|thumb|Chi ndị Ijipt [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] kpatara idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ.<ref name=Hapy/>|alt=A diagram of two identical blue men, facing each other. They are holding green plants.]] [[File:Jozef Geirnaert - Finding of Moses.jpg|thumb|Baịbụl Hibru nwere akụkọ gbasara ebe a napụtara nwa ọhụrụ [[Moses]] n'ime Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}}|alt=A detailed colorful painting, of several men and women alongside a river. A baby is in a basket.]] [[Okpukpe ochie nke ndị Ijipt#Cosmology|Cosmology]] nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie bụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okike: kama ile ndụ anya dị ka ihe nwere mmalite na njedebe, a na-ele ya anya dị ka usoro na-adịgide adịgide. Echiche ndụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere n'ụwa ebumpụta ụwa nke gbara ndị Ijipt gburugburu, ụzọ anyanwụ si agafe kwa ụbọchị, na idei mmiri nke Naịl kwa afọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=104}}. |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 15, 108}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. }}</ref> Chi anyanwụ [[Ra]] na-agafe n'eluigwe kwa ụbọchị site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, usoro atọ nke ụbọchị (ọwụwa anyanwụ, ehihie, na anyanwụ dara) kwekọrọ na usoro ndụ mmadụ: ọmụmụ, ndụ, na ọnwụ. N'ihi nke a, e tinyere ọtụtụ ebe ili ozu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, ebe ha ga-adị nso na anyanwụ na-ada.<ref name=west>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|p= 147 |loc=Article: "Hymns"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp= 123, 376 |loc=Articles: "Re", "Temples" }}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 18, 29, 60}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The west side of the river is where many Egyptian funerary monuments are located, including the [[Giza pyramid complex]], the [[Memphite Necropolis]], and the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name=west/>}} N'ime [[chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie]], ọ dịghị otu chi ọ bụla mere ka osimiri Naịl bụrụ otu ụzọ ahụ chi Ra si mee ka anyanwụ bụrụ otu.{{sfn|Hornung|1982|pp=77–79}} Chi ndị e jikọtara na osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] (chi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ) na [[Khnum]] (chi nke [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataract mbụ]]), ndị jikọrọ aka mee ka idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ala ubi dị n'ime obodo ahụ dị mma.<ref name=Hapy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=61,85–86}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=9}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming|Lothian|1997|pp=30–31}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=14-15}}. }}</ref> Okpukpe ndị Ijipt tinyere isi iyi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ nke Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ [[Agwaetiti Elephantine]] (n'oge mbụ nke cataract) ebe a kwenyere na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ụwa dị n'ala mmụọ na-asọpụta.{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=54-55, 63}} [[Isis]] bụ [[Chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|chi ukwu]] n'okpukpe Ijipt, nke jikọtara ya na Naịl nke ukwuu. Òtù nzuzo ndị dabeere na Isis gbasaa site n'Ijipt gaa Europe na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=1}} Ihe atụ nke mmetụta nke ofufe Isis na Europe bụ [[Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Palestrina]], dị na Rom ma dee ya na narị afọ mbụ Tupu Oge Anyị: mosaic nke mita 4 na 3 na-egosi ala Nilotic zuru ezu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=2}} Na [[akụkọ ifo ndị Gris]], [[Nilus (akụkọ ifo)|Nilus]] bụ chi nke Naịl, otu n'ime ọtụtụ puku ụmụ chi osimiri nke [[Titans]] [[Oceanus]] na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị [[Tethys (akụkọ ifo)|Tethys]]. Nilus bụ nna nke [[naiad]] [[Memphis (nwunye Epaphus)|Memphis]], onye guzobere akụkọ ifo nke obodo [[Memphis, Ijipt|Memphis]].{{sfn| Smith|1878|pp=499, 553-554, 564, 866}} <!-- {{efn|Memphis was an important city in the Ancient Egyptian civilization. It declined during the [[Roman Egypt|Roman rule of Egypt]], and was superseded by [[Cairo]], located about 20 km north of Memphis.}}{{cn}} --> A kpọtụrụ aha Naịl n'ime [[Bible]] ọtụtụ ugboro, gụnyere akụkọ dị na [[Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ]] gbasara nwa ọhụrụ [[Mozis]] e tinyere n'ime nkata n'ime osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-akọwa osimiri [[Gihon]]{{snd}} nke a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Jenesis]] dị ka otu n'ime [[Osimiri Paradaịs]]{{snd}} anọ dị ka Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Akụkọ dị oke mkpa nye [[Ndị Copts|Ndị Copt]] nke Ijipt dị na [[Akwụkwọ Matiu]]: ọ na-akọ akụkọ otú [[Senti Josef|Joseph]] na [[Meri, nne Jizọs|Meri]] [[gbaga Ijipt|gbaga Ijipt]] wee biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ruo ọtụtụ afọ, si otú a zere [[Herọd Ukwu|Herọd]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} {{clear }} ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{notelist}} ===Ntụaka=== {{Reflist}} ===Isi mmalite=== ====Akwụkwọ==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!--{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 749–770 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/749 | chapter = Nile Basin Asymmetries: A Closed Fresh Water Resource, Soil Water Potential, the Political Economy and Nile Transboundary Hydropolitics | first= John | last = Allan }} <!-- {{sfn|Allen |2000 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Allen | first=James P | author-link=James Peter Allen | title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000 | url= https://archive.org/details/middle-egyptian-an-introduction-to-the-language-and-culture-of-hieroglyphs-1999 | isbn=0521774837 }} <!-- {{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience | editor-last1 =Appiah |editor-first1= A. | editor-link1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah | editor-last2= Gates |editor-first2= H.L. | editor-link2 = Henry Louis Gates Jr. | isbn=9780195170559 | url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi | year=2005 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Assmann | first=Jan | author-link=Jan Assmann | others=Lorton, David transl | title=The Search for God in Ancient Egypt | publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] | year=2001 | orig-year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheSearchForGodInAncientEgypt_201807 | isbn=0801487293 }} <!-- {{sfn|Badawi |2003 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Al-Muhit Oxford Study Dictionary: English-Arabic | editor-first= Mohammad | editor-last = Badawi | isbn= 995330050X | year= 2003 | url= https://archive.org/details/20240125_20240125_1408 | publisher= Academia | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Beaumont|1993|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Drylands: Environmental Management and Development | first= Peter | last = Beaumont | isbn= 0415004578 | year= 1993 | url= https://archive.org/details/drylandsenvironm0000beau | publisher= [[Routledge]] | access-date= 13 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Betancourt|2007|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Introduction to Aegean Art |first1= P.P |last1=Betancourt | author-link=Philip Betancourt | isbn= 9781623030841 | year= 2007 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoae0000beta | publisher= [[Institute for Aegean Prehistory]] | access-date= 1 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter = The Egyptian Nile | editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first= Karl M. |first1= Judith |last1= Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages = 43–78 | author-link= Judith Bunbury | isbn= 9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 | year= 2023 | url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 | publisher= [[UNESCO]] | access-date= 10 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =307–333 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/307 | chapter = Nile Basin Climates | first= Pierre | last = Camberlin | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title= The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} The "Bibliographical Essay" (pp. 245{{ndash}}248) lists books about the Nile River. <!--{{sfn|Dumont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 1–22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/1 | chapter = A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | first= Henri | last = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|Eggermont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 243–262 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/883 | chapter = Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the Nile | first= Hilde | last = Eggermont | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 95–124 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/95 | chapter = The Fayum Depression | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy | first2= Henri | last2 = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 125–156 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/125 | chapter = Lake Nasser-Nubia | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy }} <!--{{sfn|El-Sheekh |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 395–406 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/395 | chapter = River Nile Pollutants and Their Effect on Life Forms and Water Quality | first1= Mostafa | last1 = El-Sheekh }} <!-- {{sfn|Embabi |2018 | pp=>? }} --> * {{Cite book |last=Embabi |first=N.S. |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt |year=2018 |isbn=9783319656595 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |url-status=live }} <!-- {{sfn|Faulkner|1964 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Raymond |last = Faulkner |author-link = Raymond O. Faulkner |title= A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |year= 1964 |orig-year= 1962 |publisher = [[Griffith Institute]] |url= https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000faul/ |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fierro | first1 = Pedro | first2 = Evan K. | last2 = Nyer | title = The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781420012583 | url = https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000unse_j5x4 | access-date = 24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fleming | first1 = Fergus | first2 = Alan | last2 = Lothian | title = The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth | publisher = Duncan Baird | year = 1997 | isbn = 0705435032 | url =https://archive.org/details/waytoeternityegy00flem }} <!-- {{sfn|Gardiner|1964|p =?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Alan |last = Gardiner |author-link = Alan Gardiner |title=Egyptian Grammar |year= 1964 |edition =3rd |orig-year= 1927 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press ]] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammar0000alan |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 499–520 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/499 | chapter = The Oligochaeta of the Nile Basin Revisited | first= Samir | last = Ghabbour }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =205–214 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/205 | chapter = The Kyoga Catchment | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 705–720 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/705 | chapter = Birds of the Nile | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=???}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 193–204 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/193 | chapter = Swamps of the Upper White Nile | first1= Jim | last1 = Green | first2= Asim | last2 = El-Moghraby }} <!-- {{sfn|Hamilton |2016|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Luganda Dictionary and Grammar |first1= Alan |last1= Hamilton | isbn= 9780954149611 | year= 2016 | url= https://archive.org/details/lugandadictionar0000hami | publisher= Alan Hamilton | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 75–94 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/75 | chapter = The Nile Delta | first= Waleed | last = Hamza }} <!-- {{sfn|Hart|2005|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=Second |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 0415344956 |url=https://archive.org/details/edg-the-routledge-dictionary-of-egyptian-gods | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Holl|2025|pp=355–375}} * {{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General History of Africa |volume=IX: General history of Africa Revisited |chapter =Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=355–375 |year=2025 |isbn=9789231008092 |chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7 |access-date=2 February 2026 }}--> <!-- {{sfn|Hornung|1982|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hornung |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hornung |translator-first=John |translator-last=Baines |translator-link= John Baines (Egyptologist) |others=Original in German. |title=Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1982 |orig-year= 1971 | isbn=9780801412233 | url= https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofgod0000horn_q6b3 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hughes|1992|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ralph H. |display-authors=etal |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=2013-03-25 |year=1992 |publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=9782880329495 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehman|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =215–242 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/215 | chapter = Lake Victoria | first= John | last = Lehman }} <!-- {{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last= Murray |first= G. W. |title=An English-Nubian Comparative Dictionary |year= 1923 |publisher= [[Humphrey Milford]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnubiancom0004gwmu_4 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Okidi|1994|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Okidi |first=C. O. |editor-first1=P.P. |editor-last1=Howell |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last2=Alan |isbn=9780521450409 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521450409/page/321 |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource |chapter=History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties |pages=321–350 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001 |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume = 2 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume2 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138228 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001a|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001a |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume =3 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138236 }} <!-- {{sfn|Roach|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last= Roach |first= Steven |year= 2025 |chapter=Introduction: Nile Basin Politics and its Challenges |pages=1–16 |title=Nile Basin Politics: From Coordinated to Cooperative Peace |editor-last1= Roach |editor-first1= Steven |editor-last2= Hudson |editor-first2= Derrick |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/book/9781803927176/9781803927176.xml | doi=10.4337/9781803927176 |access-date=15 January 2026 |isbn= 9781803927176 }} <!--{{sfn|Robins|2008|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title= The Art of Ancient Egypt | last =Robins | first= Gay | author-link= Gay Robins | isbn=9780674030657 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD-z8hmdUMIC |access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=2008 | orig-year=1997 | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Rosenthal|2005}} --> * {{cite book |last= Rosenthal |first= Lisa |year= 2005 |title=Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/genderpoliticsal0000rose |access-date=15 December 2025 |isbn= 9780521842440 }} <!-- {{sfn|Said|1993}} --> * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Rushdi |author-link=Rushdi Said |year=1993 |title=The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology, and Utilization |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/rivernilegeology0000said |access-date=11 February 2026 |isbn= 0080418864 }} <!-- {{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |year=1995 |isbn=9780679402558 |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=[[A.A. Knopf]] |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapememory0000scha_k7e4 |access-date=15 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shahin|2002}} --> * {{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=Mamdouh |url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9781402008665 | access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc= articleName }} --> * {{Cite book | title=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture | last=Shoup |first= John A. | display-authors=etal | isbn=9798216123323 | url=https://archive.org/details/the-nile-an-encyclopedia-of-geography-history-and-culture | access-date= 14 February 2026 | year=2017 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] / [[ABC-CLIO]] }} EBook. The hardcover is {{isbn|9781440840401}}. <!-- {{sfn| Siliotti|1997|p=?}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Guide to the Valley of the Kings | last =Siliotti | first= Alberto | author-link = Alberto Siliotti | isbn=9780760733257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owicnQAACAAJ | access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=1997 | publisher=[[Barnes & Noble ]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Smith|1878}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Smith |first= William |author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |url= https://archive.org/details/anewclassicaldi00unkngoog |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography |date= 1878 |publisher= [[Harper & Brothers]] |lccn=04035163 |access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Stokes|2009 |p=??}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Stokes |first= Jamie |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000unse_h6k0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |volume=2 |date= 2009 |isbn=9781438126760 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |access-date=13 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 334–364 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/334 | chapter = The Hydrology of the Nile Basin | first= John | last = Sutcliffe | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 37–60 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/37 | chapter = Cenozoic Evolution of the Nile Basin | first1= Michael | last1 = Talbot | first2= Martin | last2 = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 23–34 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/23 | chapter = History of Scientific Research | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 367–394 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/367 | chapter = Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Tian|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book | title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = [[de Gruyter Oldenbourg]] | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian }} <!-- {{sfn|Tvedt|2021}} --> * {{cite book | title= The Nile: History's Greatest River | last=Tvedt | first= Terje | author-link = Terje Tvedt | isbn= 9780755616800 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=brYsEAAAQBAJ | access-date= 10 December 2025 | year= 2021 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!--{{sfn|Van Damme| Bocxlaer|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 585–630 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/585 | chapter = Freshwater Molluscs of the Nile Basin, Past and Present | first1= Dirk | last1 = Van Damme | first2= Bert | last2 = Bocxlaer }} <!-- {{sfn|Versluys|2002 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1= Versluys |first1= M. J. |year= 2002 |title=Aegyptiaca Romana : Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |url= https://archive.org/details/aegyptiacaromana0000vers |access-date=15 January 2026 | isbn = 9004124403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Vijverberg|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 163–192 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/163 | chapter = Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | first= Jacobus | last = Vijverberg | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. --> * {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110 |url-access=registration }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 61–72 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/61 | chapter = Late Quaternary Environments in Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 771–780 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/771 | chapter = Human Impact on Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 647–676 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 | chapter = Fish Fauna of the Nile | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 723–748 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/723 | chapter = Fisheries of the Nile System | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} {{refend}} ====Akwụkwọ akụkọ na weebụsaịtị==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- {{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam |first1=Mohamed G. |title=The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=177 |pages=742–773 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ESRv..177..742A }} <!-- {{sfn|Abdullah|2020}} * {{cite journal |display-author1=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah|2020}} |last1=Abdullah |first1=Al-Noor |last2=Rahman |first2=Sanzidur |last3=Essex |first3=Stephen |last4=Benhin |first4=James |title=Economic Contributions of Mega-Dam Infrastructure as Perceived by Local and Displaced Communities: A Case Study of Merowe Dam, Sudan |journal=Agriculture |date=12 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=227 |doi=10.3390/agriculture10060227 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abotalib|2023}} |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Abdelhady |first2=Ahmed A. |last3=Heggy |first3=Essam |last4=Salem |first4=Salem G. |last5=Ismail |first5=Esam |last6=Ali |first6=Ahmed |last7=Khalil |first7=Mahmoud M. |title=Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta |journal=Earth's Future |date=March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022EF002987 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002987 |doi-access= free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102987A }} <!-- {{sfn| Alnaqbi|2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Alnaqbi|2022}} |last1=Alnaqbi |first1=Shaima |last2=Alasad |first2=Shamma |last3=Aljaghoub |first3=Haya |last4=Alami |first4=Abdul |last5=Abdelkareem |first5=Mohammad |last6=Olabi |first6=Abdul |title=Applicability of Hydropower Generation and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Energies |date=25 March 2022 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=2412 |doi=10.3390/en15072412 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Angurini|2021}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 | title= Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers | newspaper= [[Daily Monitor]] |date= 2021 |first= Tom | last= Angurini |access-date=8 February 2026 |location= Uganda |oclc= 44216472 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Ayenalem|2023}} |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |last2=Fantini |first2=Emanuele |last3=Van der Zaag |first3=Pieter |title=Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Beck|2018 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Beck|2018}} |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |doi-access=free |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }} <!-- {{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Francis Burton |title=On Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western Lake-Reservoir of the Nile |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=35 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/3698075 |jstor=3698075 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Creasman|) |pp = ?? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Creasman|2010}} |last1=Creasman |first1=Pearce Paul |last2=Doyle |first2=Noreen |title=Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman }} <!-- {{sfn|Driouech |2020}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Driouech|2020}} |last1=Driouech |first1=Fatima |last2=ElRhaz |first2=Khalid |last3=Moufouma-Okia |first3=Willfran |last4=Arjdal |first4=Khadija |last5=Balhane |first5=Saloua |title=Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate |journal=Earth Systems and Environment |date=September 2020 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ESE.....4..477D }} <!-- {{sfn|El Mahmoudi |2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. --> * {{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=A. |last2=Gabr |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |issn=1866-7511}} <!-- {{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} --> * {{Cite news |newspaper= [[Reuters]] |last= Endeshaw |first= Dawit |date= 2025 |title=Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/ |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Griffin| 2018 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735 | title=Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn = 0791-5144 |date= 2018 |first=Dan | last=Griffin |access-date=28 December 2021 |location=Dublin, Ireland }} <!-- {{sfn|Hafez |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hafez|2024}} |last1=Hafez |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Haggag |first2=Mohammed |last3=Wagdy |first3=Ahmad |last4=Radwan |first4=Hany G. |title=Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |date=December 2024 |volume=56 |article-number=102007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5602007H }} <!-- {{sfn|Hailu |2022 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Ashebir Dingeto |title=Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.3934/energy.2022006 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Halsall|1998}} * {{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year = 1998 | website = Ancient History Sourcebook |title=Hymn to the Nile, C. 2100 BCE |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/floodindex.html |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Fordham University }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|1997}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1997 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=December 2007 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |jstor=40743449 }} <!-- {{sfn|Haupt|1926}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Haupt |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Haupt |title=Etymological and Critical Notes |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1926 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.2307/289993 |jstor=289993 }} <!-- {{sfn|Healy|2007|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web | title=Water Budgets: Foundations for Effective Water-Resources and Environmental Management | last =Healy | first= R. 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Development''}} |url=https://opecfund.org/where-we-work/list/upper-atbara-dam-complex-project |title=Upper Atbara Dam Complex Project |publisher=[[OPEC Fund for International Development]] |date= 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations''}} --> * {{Cite book | ref={{sfnRef| ''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', ''United Nations'' }} |title=Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin |year= 2020 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] - [[United Nations]] |url= https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9895en |access-date=11 December 2025 |doi= 10.4060/ca9895en |isbn=9789251329825 }} {{refend}} {{Ancient Egypt topics}} {{Subject bar|auto=yes|wikt=yes|}} {{Authority control}} ne146xs5pigxr52fpfpb4s2gad95edx 674539 674538 2026-07-09T13:00:50Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 674539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri ukwu dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka}} {{Infobox river | name = Nile | map = File:Nile basin map.png | map_alt = A map of northeast Africa; the Nile River is a wiggly line running from a large lake at the bottom, to the Mediterranean Sea at the top. | mapframe = no | image = Nile 3rd Cataract Left.jpg | image_caption = The [[Cataracts of the Nile|Third Cataract]] of the Nile | image_alt = A wide, calm river, under a blue sky, with many bushes on its sandy banks. | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]], [[DR Congo]], [[Egypt]], [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[South Sudan]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}} | subdivision_type2 = Major cities | subdivision_name2 = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Cairo]], [[Khartoum]], [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Juba]] | length = {{cvt|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}}{{efn| name=longest| The 7,088 km value for the length of the Nile is based on the {{harvnb|Liu|2009}} study. This study measured ten rivers around the world using the same methodology: the length was measured along the centerline of the river using satellite imagery. The imagery was collected during the years 1999 to 2002.{{sfn|Liu|2009}} The lengths of all rivers vary over time, as the river changes course, sources are refined, deltas change size, or new measurement methodologies are developed.{{sfn|Liu|2009|p=81}} The title of longest river is somewhat controversial.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McCoy|2023}}. |{{harvnb|Liu|2009|pp=80-81}}. }}</ref> Sources stating that the Nile is the longest river include {{harvnb|Liu|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p=5.35}}; {{harvnb|Talbot|Williams |2009|p=39}}; {{harvnb|Dumont |2009|p=1}}; and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe |2009|p=336}}. }} | basin_size = 2,927,843 km{{super|2}}<ref name=basinSize>Size from {{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}. Ten percent from {{harvnb|Shahin|2002|p=272}}. According to {{harvnb|Hughes|1992|p=97}}, authorities report a variety of values for the size of the Nile Basin because the flat, waterless deserts of Egypt make it difficult to establish a boundary in the northern regions.</ref> | discharge1_location = [[Aswan]], Egypt | discharge1_avg = 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}}{{efn| name=discharge | Discharge rate is 2,757 m{{sup|3}}/sec (87 km{{sup|3}}/yr) at Aswan.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} Between Aswan and the Mediterranean, Egypt withdraws large amounts of water for irrigation, leading to lower discharge values downstream. Near Cairo, the discharge is 1,251 m{{sup|3}}/sec (40 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4}} The discharge from the delta into the Mediterranean Sea is only 150 m{{sup|3}}/sec (5 km{{sup|3}}/yr).{{sfn|''Water Accounting in the Nile River Basin'', United Nations|p=1}} These values were measured before construction of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]].}} | source1 = [[Rukarara River]], Rwanda<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}{{sfn|Liu|2009}} | mouth = [[Mediterranean Sea]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|30|10|21|N|31|8|24|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|sp=us}} }} '''Nịle''' bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]]. Na {{convert|7,088| km|mi|sp=us}} ogologo, ọ bụ [[osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]],{{efn|name=longest}} ọ bụ ezie na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu bụ [[Ndepụta osimiri site na mmiri na-asọpụta|pere mpe karịa osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa]] dịka [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] ma ọ bụ [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na omenala nke Afrịka ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Osimiri Naịl nwere isi [[ndị na-asọba]] abụọ: [[Nịl Ọcha]] na [[Nịl Anụnụ]]. Osimiri Ọcha dị ogologo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka [[isi mmiri]], mana Osimiri Ọcha na-enye ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke Osimiri Ọcha. Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ma na-agafe Uganda na South Sudan; ebe Osimiri Blue na-amalite nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] na Etiopia ma na-asọba na Sudan site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri abụọ ahụ na-ezukọ n'isi obodo [[Khartoum]] nke Sudan. Site n'ebe ahụ, Osimiri Naịl na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọzara Nubia]] ruo isi obodo Ijipt, [[Cairo]], wee mechaa gbapụta n'ime Oké Osimiri Mediterenian dị nso na [[Alexandria]], ebe o mepụtara [[Naịl Delta|nnukwu delta osimiri]]. N'ihe gbasara ala, osimiri Naịl bụ obere osimiri ma ọ na-agbaso ụzọ ya ugbu a ihe dị ka afọ 15,000. [[Mpaghara Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri ya]] gbasaara mba iri na otu. Ọtụtụ mmiri dị na Naịl na-esi na mmiri ozuzo na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri [[Etiopia]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], na [[Uganda]] abịa. Mba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri{{snd}}[[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan]]{{snd}} bụkarị ọzara ma na-ewepụ mmiri osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya bụ [[Burundi]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Eritrea]], na [[Rwanda]]. Naịl bụ ntọala nke [[mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie]], nke dabere na osimiri ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke ndụ. [[Idei mmiri nke Naịl|mmiri kwa afọ]] nke osimiri ahụ tinyere ájá bara ụba n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ala a kwadoro ihe ọkụkụ ndị mere ka ọha mmadụ mara mma nwee ike ito eto n'ọzara na-adịghị mma. Osimiri Naịl mere ka azụmaahịa, nkwukọrịta, njem, na ọchịchị dị mfe. Ndịda (n'elu mmiri) nke cataract nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[omenala Kerma]] na [[Alaeze Kushite]]. Ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu nwere mmasị na Osimiri Naịl, nchọpụta ha mere gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 bụkwa isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ. N'ime omenala ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl n'oge a bụ [[Ndị Nilotic]], ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ndị na-azụ ehi na-eme njem nlegharị anya, ibugharị ehi ha n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị maka idei mmiri nke Naịl. N'oge a, Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'akụnụba Ijipt na Sudan, nke na-adabere na ya iji nye ala ubi sara mbara mmiri. Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, arụọla ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ n'Osimiri Naịl iji nye mmiri mmiri na [[Ike Mmiri|ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik]]. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a agbanweela usoro idei mmiri kwa afọ nke osimiri ahụ ma gbochie mbufe ájá n'okpuru ala, nke mere ka Osimiri Naịl belata. Ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi mmiri dịka Aswan High Dam na Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam{{snd}} abụrụla isi iyi nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa gbasara [[ụkọ mmiri]], nchekwa, [[nchekwa nri]], na [[Mbugharị nke mmepe kpatara |Mbugharị mmanye nke ndị mmadụ]]. == Aha na isi ihe ọmụmụ == Okwu Bekee bụ́ "Naịl" sitere na [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Nilus}} na [[Grik ochie]] (Neilos), nke nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sitere na okwu [[asụsụ Semitic|Semitic]] ''naḥal'', nke pụtara 'osimiri'.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] maka {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}},<br>okwu maka 'osimiri' ma ọ bụ 'Naịl':{{sfn|Gardiner|1964|pp=43,623}}{{efn|Other hieroglyphs for 'river' are presented in {{harvnb|Faulkner|1964|p=33}} and {{harvnb|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}}. }} <hiero>M17-X1:D21-G43-N35:N35:N35</hiero> N'asụsụ oge ochie [[ndị Ijipt]], e ji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka 'Naịl' na 'osimiri': {{lang|egy-latn|jtrw}}.{{sfn|Allen|2000|pp=21,101}} Ndị Ijipt kpọrọ obodo ha {{lang|egy-latn|kmt}} nke pụtara 'ojii', n'ihe gbasara agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke idei mmiri Naịl ka ha na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'elu osimiri.{{sfn|Allen|2000|p=339, 470}} Aha Bekee "Blue Nile" bụ nsụgharị nke aha Arabic ''Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq''.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|The waters of the Blue Nile are very dark during the winter flood season, as they carry vast amounts of sediment downstream.{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503-504}} }} --> N'oge a, osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Na Ijipt, a na-akpọ ya ''Al-Nīl'', ''Baḥr Al-Nīl'' ma ọ bụ ''Nahr Al-Nīl''.<ref name=Barh>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Badawi|2003 |p=717}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|''Bahr'' is 'sea'; ''Nahr'' is 'river'.<ref name=Barh/> }} --> Na mba Saụt Sudan, ndị Arabic na-akpọkarị ya mgbe ụfọdụ ''Baḥr el-Jebel'', nke pụtara 'Osimiri Ugwu'.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}} Na Uganda, ndị na-asụ [[Luganda]] na-eji aha ''Kiyira''.{{sfn|Hamilton |2016|p=66}} Ụfọdụ ndị Nubia nke Ijipt na Sudan na-eji aha [[asụsụ Nobiin|Nobiin]] ''Áman Dawū'' ('Mmiri Ukwu').{{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=8}} Ọtụtụ [[osimiri ndị na-asọba]] (osimiri ndị pere mpe na-abanye na Naịl) na akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere "Naịl" n'aha ha, gụnyere: * Albert Nile{{snd}}Ngalaba nke Naịl Ọcha na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]] ruo [[Nimule]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=5,6,40}}. |{{harvnb| Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}}. }}</ref> * Osimiri Ojii{{snd}}Aha ọzọ maka [[Osimiri Attbarah]]<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Haupt|1926|p=305}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}. }}</ref> * [[Naịl Blue]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime isi iyi abụọ dị na Naịl * Kyoga Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=338,345}} * Isi Naịl{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl site na [[njikọ]] nke Naịl Blue na Naịl White{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=4}} * [[Ugwu Naịl]]{{snd}}Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site n'ugwu Uganda ruo na mbara ala nke South Sudan{{sfn|Talling|2009|p=390}}<!-- {{efn|The Mountain Nile is also called ''Baḥr al-Jabal'' or ''Baḥr el-Jebel'' in Arabic. }} --> * Nkewa nke Naịl Ọcha site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=5}} * [[Naịl Ọcha]]{{snd}}Otu n'ime mmiri abụọ dị mkpa nke Naịl * Osimiri Naịl Yellow{{snd}}[[Wadi Howar]], ihe fọdụrụ n'osimiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga{{sfn| Dumont|2009|p=4}} == Isi mmalite == [[File:Nile River Sources.svg|thumb|alt= A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is visible as a meandering blue line, running vertically. The river starts at the bottom in green forested area, and goes upward then ends in a blue sea at the top.| Osimiri Naịl nwere isii [[Ọrịa cataracts na Naịl | cataracts]]{{efn| Some of the cataracts have been submerged by human-made reservoirs.}} na ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche. ]] <!-- SAVE THIS LOCATION lat/long data for posterity: | label1 = Furthest Source | pos1 = left | marksize1 = 20 | background1 = white | coordinates1 = {{coord| 2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E }} | label2 = Highest source | pos2 = left | marksize2 = 12 | background2 = white | coordinates2 = {{coord|0.3598|N|29.9329|E }} | label3 = Southernmost source | pos3 = bottom | marksize3 = 24 | background3 = white | coordinates3 = {{coord|3|54|54|S| 29|50|16|E }} | label4 = Lake Victoria outflow | pos4 = right | marksize4 = 12 | background4 = white | coordinates4 = {{coord|0.4258|N|33.1946|E }} | label5 = Blue Nile Source | pos5 = bottom | marksize5 = 12 | background5 = white | coordinates5 = {{coord|10.9702|N|37.1987|E }} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Rukara]], na [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda, na {{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E}}, n'elu {{convert|2,539|m|ft|sp=us}}.<ref name=SourceCite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Liu|2009}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=277–278}}. }}</ref>{{efn |name=sourceNote|An approximate source location was initially determined in 1969 by a group of researchers from [[Waseda University]].<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2006, a group of adventurers rediscovered that location, and placed a marker on a nearby tree ({{Coord|2|16|56|S|29|19|53|E|display=inline}}) which is now a minor tourist sight.<ref name=SourceCite/> In 2009, academics used satellite imagery to refine the location of the source, placing it at a spring ({{Coord|2|19|35|S|29|21|30|E|display=inline}}) several km from the 1969/2006 location.<ref name=SourceCite/>}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence}} A kọwara isi iyi ahụ dị ka ebe mmalite nke mmiri kachasị ogologo n'afọ niile na [[Mpaghara Mmiri Naịl|Mpaghara mmiri Naịl]].<ref name=SourceCite/> Site na isi iyi a, osimiri ahụ na-asọ {{convert|7,088|km|mi|sp=us}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn|name=longest}} A tụrụ anya ya n'afọ 2009 n'akụkụ etiti osimiri ahụ site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị.<ref name=SourceCite/> Isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl dị na mkpọda nke [[Rwenzori]] na [[Uganda]].<ref name=Rwenz/><!-- {{efn|Some have described these high sources as the "true source" of the Nile.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340–341}} }} --> A na-ejikọta [[Ugwu Ọnwa (Afrịka)|Ugwu Ọnwa]] a ma ama, nke onye Gris na-enyocha mbara igwe [[Ptolemy]] kọwara, na Rwenzori.<ref name=Rwenz>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont|2009|pp=243–246}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=282}}. }}</ref> Isi iyi Naịl kacha dị na ndịda dị na [[Burundi]] n'otu n'ime isi nke [[Osimiri Ruvyironza]], nke na-abanye n'ime [[Osimiri Kagera]].<ref name=southSource/> E wuru ihe ncheta dị nso na 1937 site n'aka [[Burkhart Waldecker]] dị nso na obodo [[Rutovu]], dị nso na [[Ugwu Kikizi]].<ref name=southSource>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=300–301}}. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|pp=475,483-484}}. |{{harvnb|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The monument erected by Waldecker for the southernmost source is at {{Coord|3|54|54.0|S|29|50|16.5|E}}.{{sfn|"Source Du Nil", ''Google Maps''}} }} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]{{snd}}nke Tanzania, Uganda, na Kenya kesara{{snd}}a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka isi mmalite, n'ihi na ọ na-enye Naịl Ọcha nri site na mmiri ya na-asọpụta na [[Jinja, Uganda]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=6}}{{efn|The Nile exits Lake Victoria at the town of [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], which hosts several tourist sights named "source of the Nile" including the [[Source of the Nile Bridge]].{{Sfn|Walubiri|2018}}}} Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ekwuola na isi iyi nke Naịl bụ igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo nke a na-ahụkarị n'elu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, n'ihi na ha na-enye aka na ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340-341}}. |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=312-314}}. Map of rainfall intensity over Lake Victoria. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke mmiri mmiri [[Blue Nile]] dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]], ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}{{efn|The source of the Blue Nile is about 75 km south of [[Lake Tana]], at {{Coord|10.9699|N|37.1986|E|format=dms}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}} }}{{clear}} == Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Nile River Landmarks.svg|thumb|Mmiri nke Naịl na-amalite dịka mmiri ozuzo n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.|alt=A map of northeast Africa, showing the location of several cities and tourist sights on the river]] Osimiri Naịl bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka nke na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Osimiri Naịl bụ [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri|ala niile na-asọpụta]] n'ime Naịl, ọ na-ekpuchikwa 2,927,843km{{sup|2}}{{snd}}ihe dị ka 10% nke kọntinent Afrịka (lee maapụ dị n'akụkụ).<ref name=basinSize/> Mba iri na otu dị n'ime ala ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya: Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, na Uganda.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=753}}{{efn| In 2011, [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudan broke away from Sudan]], becoming the eleventh country in the Nile Basin.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}}}} Ala mmiri a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, site na ọzara kpọrọ nkụ na ájá dị n'ebe ugwu, ruo ala mmiri dị larịị, nke apịtị dị n'etiti, ruo ugwu mmiri ozuzo na oke ọhịa dị na ndida.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=335-340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=5}}. }}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ asaa; mpaghara ise n'ime ha gụnyere ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl. Dịka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'usoro dị n'okpuru ala, mpaghara ise ndị a bụ: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Afrịka]], [[Ugwu Naịl]], [[Naịl Ọcha]], isi Naịl, na [[Mmiri Naịl]]. Mpaghara abụọ ọzọ gụnyere nnukwu mmiri: [[Blue Nile]] na [[Atbarah Osimiri]].{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}<!-- {{efn|There are other ways to divide the Nile Basin into regions; a division based on geological principles is found in {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|page= 761|loc=Section 5 "Segments of the Nile System"}}. }} --> ===Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka=== Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka nwere isi iyi nke Naịl yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri Naịl: [[Ọdọ mmiri Victoria]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], [[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]], na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Eggermont |2009|p=255}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=27-46}}. Overview of African Great Lakes. }}</ref> Isi iyi nke Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Rukara]] n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ Nyungwe nke Rwanda,<ref name=SourceCite/> ọ na-edugakwa na [[Osimiri Kagera]] nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}}{{efn|name=sourceRivSequence|The source of the Nile leads to the [[Rukarara River]], then to the [[Mwogo River]], which joins with the [[Mbirurume River]] to form the [[Nyabarongo River]], which leads to the [[Kagera River]], which drains into Lake Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=260,263,277–278}}. Furthest source. |{{harvnb|Hughes|1992|pp=97,119,198}}. Southernmost source. }}</ref> }} Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri{{snd}} [[Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri site na mpaghara|ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu]] n'ụwa{{efn|Measured by area, not volume.}}{{snd}} Ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere nke ukwuu, nkezi omimi ya bụ {{convert|40|m|ft|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=214}} Osimiri Naịl buru ụzọ nweta aha ahụ bụ "Naịl" ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-awụpụ n'akụkụ ugwu ya: a na-akpọ akụkụ site n'ebe ahụ ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert Naịl Victoria.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} E nwere mmiri mmiri abụọ{{snd}} [[Ripon Falls]] na [[Owen Falls]]{{snd}} ebe Naịl si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, mana ha abụọ emeriela site na owuwu nke [[Nalubaale dam]]. Mgbe [[Bujagali Falls]] na [[Bujagali Power Station]] gasịrị, osimiri Victoria na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]]. Mgbe ha si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga pụta, mmiri mmiri [[Osimiri Kafu]] na-esonyere osimiri ahụ, wee gafere [[Murchison Falls]] wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'adịghị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, Ọdọ Mmiri Albert bụ ọdọ mmiri miri emi nke ugwu gbara gburugburu. Osimiri ahụ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert pụọ n'akụkụ ugwu ya, ebe a na-akpọ ya [[Albert Nile]]; Ókèala osimiri a dị larịị ma obosara, ọ dịkwa mma maka ịnyagharị site na [[ụgbọ mmiri steamer]].<ref name=phys>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=336–339}}. }}</ref> ===Ugwu Naịl=== Mpaghara nke abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke na-aga n'ihu n'ala ala, bụ Ugwu Naịl ({{langx|ar-latn|Bahr al Jabal}}).<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5. Arabic translation.}} }}</ref> Mpaghara a na-amalite nso obodo [[Nimule]], gbasaa ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri No]], ma dị kpamkpam n'ime South Sudan. Mgbe ọ gafere Nimule, osimiri ahụ gafere [[Fula Rapids]] wee gaa [[Juba]]{{snd}}isi obodo South Sudan. Mgbe Juba gasịrị, Naịl gafere n'obodo [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]], wee banye [[Sudd]], nnukwu apịtị dị n'ala dị larịị.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=47-69}}. Overview of Sudd.</ref> [[Ọkwa (mkpọda)|mkpọda]] nke ala dị na Sudd bụ naanị 1:13,000 [[ịrị elu n'elu ọsọ]], ya mere osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-agbasa. Osisi mara mma, gụnyere [[sedge]], [[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Pontederia crassipes|hyacinth mmiri nkịtị]] ([[ụdị ndị na-awakpo]]) na-emechi ụzọ mmiri ma na-eme ka njem sie ike. N'akụkụ ugwu nke apịtị Sudd, Naịl na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, obere ọdọ mmiri ebe [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal]] na-esonyere Naịl (Arabic: 'gazelle river'){{snd}}otu nke na-asọba n'ime mmiri si n'ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=phys/> Otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara Ugwu Naịl bụ [[Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal|Bahr el Ghazal]] nke si ọdịda anyanwụ Sudan na-abata ma na-esonye na White Nile na Ọdọ Mmiri No. Mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Bahr el Ghazal buru ibu nke dị ihe dịka square kilomita 860,000{{sfn|"Baḥr al-Ghazāl" ''Britannica''}}{{snd}}ma na-enweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, mana onyinye ya na Naịl dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ndị ọzọ.{{efn|Most precipitation in the Bahr el Ghazal basin is lost to evaporation before reaching the Nile.<ref name=Ghazal/>}} Mmiri ya gụnyere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kundi]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Keilak]]. Bahr el Ghazal na-agafe n'obodo [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]], South Sudan: ọ bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Wau, mana ọ bụ [[Osimiri na-agafe agafe|iyi oge]] n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name=Ghazal>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=352–354}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. }}</ref> ===Mpaghara Naịl Ọcha=== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|alt=Aerial photograph of Khartoum, showing two rivers joining, each with a distinct coloration of its water|A na-ahụ agba dị iche iche nke [[Ọcha Nile]] (aka ekpe) na [[Blue Nile]] (aka nri) ebe ha jikọtara ọnụ iji mepụta isi Naịl (n'elu aka ekpe).]] Na-aga n'ihu na mgbada ala, mpaghara nke atọ nke Osimiri Naịl bụ mpaghara Naịl Ọcha{{efn|The White Nile region, as defined here, contains only a small portion of the much larger [[White Nile]] River.}} nke gụnyere otu akụkụ osimiri {{convert|800 |km|mi|sp=us}} site na nso [[Malakal]] ruo [[Khartoum]], isi obodo Sudan. N'ebe ahụ ka Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-agbakọta. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu iyi dị jụụ, nke nwere nsọtụ apịtị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Osimiri ebe a dị obere ma na-efunahụ nnukwu ihe n'ihi uzuoku.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ebe Naịl Ọcha na-ejikọta na Naịl Anụnụ, ha bụ agba dị iche iche nke ukwuu. Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-acha ọcha n'ihi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọ na-ebu gụnyere nnukwu [[quartz]] na [[feldspar]]. Nke a dị iche na Blue Nile nke na-ebu ihe ndị sitere na [[okwute basaltic]] nke Etiopia.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=44-45}} [[Osimiri Sobat]] bụ mmiri nke na-esonye na Osimiri Ọcha dị nso na obodo [[Malakal]] (mgbe njikọta Bahr el Ghazal gasịrị, tupu Blue Nile). Mmiri ya nke gụnyere [[Machar Marshes]]{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=6}}{{snd}}na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka square kilomita 225,000.{{sfn|Shahin|2002|p=276}} Idei mmiri na-asọ n'etiti Julaị na Disemba n'etiti Sobat.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} ===Isi Naịl=== [[File:Assuan-Hochdamm 15.JPG|thumb|[[Aswan High Dam]] dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Ijipt na Sudan. Ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik ya nwere ike imepụta 2.1 [[gigawatt]]s.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009| p= 149}}|alt=A large concrete building next to a placid lake. Many large power transmission towers are next to the building.]] Mpaghara nke anọ nke Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}isi Naịl{{efn|The segment of the Nile between the Blue/White confluence and the Mediterranean is called the main Nile or the Saharan Nile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=360}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|p=62}}. }}</ref> }}{{snd}}sitere na Khartoum ruo Cairo, isi obodo Ijipt.<ref name=phys/> Mgbatị a nwere obosara na omimi otu nhata: ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft|sp=us}} obosara na {{convert|10|m|ft|sp=us}} miri emi n'ebe kachasị omimi ya (mgbe ọ naghị anọ n'ime idei mmiri).{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Obere oge ka ha hapụrụ Khartoum, osimiri ahụ banyere [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]] wee gafee nnukwu [[ọsọ ọsọ]] dị ike nke ụgbọ mmiri na-agaghị agafe. Nke a bụ nke isii (na nke kachasị elu) n'ime isii [[cataracts nke Naịl]]. [[Osimiri Atbarah]]{{snd}}nke bụ isi iyi mmiri{{snd}} na-esonye na Naịl, nke na-esochi nnukwu mgbagọ dị ka S gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-ahụ [[mmiri mmiri|cataracts]] anọ ọzọ (nke nọmba ya bụ 5, 4, 3, na 2) n'ime nnukwu usoro S a, nke na-eme ka osimiri ahụ ghara ngafe; ọ bụ ezie na ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị n'ebe dị jụụ n'etiti cataracts. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri: [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]].<!-- {{efn|[[Lake Nasser]] is called "Lake Nubia" in Sudan.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> Ọdọ mmiri a{{snd}} bụ ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mmadụ mere{{snd}} ka e wuru mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] na Ijipt, ma jupụta ihe karịrị {{convert|480 |km|mi|sp=us}} nke Naịl. [[Aswan Low Dam]]{{snd}}kacha ochie ma dị obere karịa High Dam{{snd}} dị n'okpuru Aswan High Dam, nso ebe mbụ Nile cataract dị (nke dị ugbu a n'ime mmiri). Site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a, Naịl na-asọfe ihe dị ka {{convert|800|km|mi|sp=us}} site na ala limestone, ókèala ya nwere ọtụtụ ala ubi a na-agba mmiri, ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cairo.<ref name=phys/> ===Delta Naịl=== [[File:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|thumb|[[Naịl Delta]] bụ nnukwu mpaghara akwụkwọ nri nwere akụkụ atọ dị n'elu foto a, ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri Mediterenian]].|alt=A photograph of north Egypt, taken from space. The Nile terminates by flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a large, triangular area of land.]] Mpaghara nke ise, ma nke ikpeazụ, nke gbara Osimiri Naịl gburugburu bụ Nile Delta, nnukwu triangle [[delta osimiri]] (ihe dị ka 22,000km{{sup|2}}){{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=75}} nke sitere na Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Osimiri ahụ na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ dị mkpa n'ime delta: alaka Rosetta na alaka Damietta.<!-- {{efn|Historically, there were four or more distributaries, including the [[Pelusium|Pelusiac branch]] and the [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopic branch]] which disappeared in the 8th to 9th centuries.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} }} --> Oke olu nke delta (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri) dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}. E kere delta ahụ ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, e wuru ya site na ájá e si n'elu mmiri gbadaa osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=37–40, 57}}. }}</ref> Kemgbe e mechara Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, delta amalitela ịbelata n'ihi mbuze sitere na mmiri ozuzo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. N'oge gara aga, ala ọhụrụ na-abata n'ụdị ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na-ebu, na-edozi mbuze; mana mmiri ahụ na-ejide ájá n'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ya, na-egbochi ájá ọhụrụ iru na delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=93}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=45-46}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Most of the sediment is deposited at the south end of Lake Nasser, where the Nile enters the reservoir.{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}} }} --> === Osimiri Naịl Na-acha Anụnụ === [[File:Lower Aber river and tributaries.png|thumb|Isi iyi nke [[Blue Nile]] bụ [[Gish Abay]] dị n'okpuru akara ahụ mara mma. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site n'ebe ahụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]] n'elu.|alt=A map of Ethiopia, showing a part of the Blue Nile and Lake Tana.]] Ụzọ kachasị ogologo nke Naịl{{snd}} nke gụnyere mmiri iyi nke Naịl Ọcha{{snd}} nwere ọtụtụ mmiri iyi ndị ọzọ. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile na Atbarah mejupụtara mpaghara abụọ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia pụta ebe ọ malitere dị ka iyi a na-akpọ ''Abay'' dị nso n'obodo [[Gish Abay]]: {{lang|am|Gish}} bụ okwu [[Amharic]] nke pụtara 'isi iyi', Abay bụkwa aha iyi ahụ.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=323–324}}. |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=88-104}}. Overview of Blue Nile. }}</ref> Gish Abay na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tana]], nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị omimi, nke nwere otu mmiri na-asọpụta ebe ọ na-anabata aha "Blue Nile". Osimiri ahụ na-eme okirikiri sara mbara: nke mbụ gaa ndịda, wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ site na nnukwu ugwu dị egwu {{convert|2 |km|ft|sp=us}} miri emi, wee si n'ebe ugwu gafere South Sudan banye Sudan, ebe ọ na-esonye na White Nile na Khartoum iji mepụta isi Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|McKenna|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009}}. }}</ref> N'akụkụ ya, Blue Nile na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik, gụnyere [[ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tis Abay]] na [[Blue Nile Falls]], Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Etiopia na South Sudan, [[Mgbawa Roseires]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ad Damazin]], na [[Mgbawa Sennar]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=274, 339}}. Blue Nile Falls. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=116,135}}. Roseires Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=341}}. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=118, 131, 348}}. Sennar Dam. }}</ref> Nha nke ebe mmiri mmiri nke Blue Nile dị karịrị square kilomita 306,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} === Osimiri Atbarah=== Osimiri Atbarah bụ otu mmiri nke Naịl nke na-ebilite n'ebe ugwu Etiopia, ma na-esonye na Naịl ihe dịka {{convert|320|km|mi|sp=us}} n'ebe ugwu Khartoum.<ref name=Atbarah/> Ebe mmiri ya dị n'ime ya karịrị square kilomita 204,000.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 3}} Atbarah na-asọ asọ nke ukwuu n'oge na mgbe oge [[mmiri ozuzo]] gasịrị na Etiopia (oge okpomọkụ na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ), mana ọ nwere ike ịkpọ nkụ n'oge oyi na oge opupu ihe ubi. N'agbanyeghị na osimiri ahụ na-agafe oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị pasentị iri nke mmiri niile Naịl na-asọpụta kwa afọ.<ref name=Atbarah>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=7}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Dams on the Atbarah include the [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]], the [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]], and the [[Tekezé Dam]] (on the [[Tekezé River]] tributary).<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=321,336–337}}. Tekezé Dam. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}. Khashm el-Girba Dam. |{{harvnb|Hafez |2024}}. Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex. }}</ref> ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== [[File:Monthly variations of the flow of the Nile River.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|alt=Chart showing monthly flow of the Nile in cubic meters per second. Values (January to December) are 1285.7, 1006.0, 831.3, 881.7, 828.7, 845.2, 1930.3, 6984.0, 7866.5, 4895.2, 2510.8, 1596.9.|Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl na-asọfe n'afọ niile. Ọnụ (m{{sup|3}}/sekọnd) a tụrụ na [[Dongola]] n'elu isi Naịl.{{sfn|"Nile Basin Dongola", ''Global Runoff Data Center''}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} ]] ===Mmiri na idei mmiri=== Ọ bụ ezie na Naịl bụ [[Ndepụta nke usoro osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa]], ọ nweghị [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụ|mwụpụta kachasị ukwuu]]. Mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka 87km{{sup|3}} kwa afọ{{efn| name=discharge}}{{snd}} dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Mmiri Naịl na-asọpụta naanị ihe dịka 1% nke [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]], 6% nke [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]], na 12% nke [[Yangtze]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=340}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=11}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Comparisons are using discharge of the Nile as measured at Aswan. The Nile's discharge into the Mediterranean Sea is far less.{{efn| name=discharge}} }} Ntinye ego kwa afọ na isi osimiri Naịl site na isi iyi atọ bụ: 54% sitere na Blue Nile, pasentị iri atọ na abụọ (32%) sitere na Osimiri Ọcha (gụnyere onyinye sitere na mmiri Bahr el Ghazal na Sobat), na pasentị iri na anọ sitere na Atbarah.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }} <!-- Thus, the proportion of water from the Ethiopian Highlands is about 68% (the Blue Nile and Atbarah arise in Ethiopia), and the proportion from the African Great Lakes region (source of most of the White Nile) is about 32%.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc= Table 4. Based on annual discharge figures: Blue Nile 48 km{{sup|3}}; White Nile 28 km{{sup|3}}; Atbarah 12 km{{sup|3}} }}{{efn|The discharge varies widely from year to year. These data were published in 2014. Another source from 1994 states 80% to 85% of the Nile's water originates in Ethiopia (the Blue Nile, Atbarah, and Sobat tributaries combined), and the remaining 15% to 20% is from the Great Lakes region and western South Sudan (the [[Mountain Nile]] and [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] tributaries).{{sfn|Okidi|1994|pp=321,325,330,341}} Another source from 2009 states that at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile at Khartoum, the Blue Nile provides two thirds of the water.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}} }} -->Ugwu Nile nke Naịl Ọcha na Naịl Blue na-enwe mmiri ozuzo n'oge, mana mmiri Naịl Ọcha na-asọba n'ime Naịl Blue na-adịgide adịgide karịa Naịl Ọcha.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, nke na-ebelata mmetụta mmiri ozuzo oge.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=357}} Ka Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-agafe n'ime apịtị [[Sudd]], ihe dị ka ọkara mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ uzuoku.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=346}} N'ụzọ dị iche, mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-asọfe n'afọ niile: ọ na-eruba n'etiti Julaị na Ọktoba, n'ihi mmiri ozuzo.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl Naịl Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị oke ukwuu n'oge ọkọchị nke na Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na-alaghachi azụ n'oge a na [[confluence]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Ghabbour|2009|pp=503–504}}. }}</ref> N'oge idei mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, ihe ndị dị na isi Naịl bụ ihe dịka pasentị iri asaa (70%) site na Blue Nile, ihe dịka pasentị iri (20%) site na Atbarah, ihe dịka pasentị iri (10%) site na White Nile.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} N'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, mmiri na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] kwa ụbọchị dị ihe dị ka 0.71km{{sup|3}}, ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nkezi kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ nke 0.23km{{sup|3}} kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. Summer flood: 25.1 billion ft{{sup|3}} per day, or 0.71 km{{sup|3}} per day. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8639|loc=Table 4}}. Annual mean measured at [[Dongola]] station: 83 km{{sup|3}} per year, or 0.23 km{{sup|3}} per day. }}</ref>{{ efn|name=exclGERD}}{{ efn| As the Blue Nile flow diminishes in the winter, the pent-up waters of the White Nile increase their flow past Khartoum.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} In April and May, the White Nile supplies about 80% of the main Nile's water. Thus, the areas downstream of Khartoum receive a steady (not to say constant) flow that made irrigation possible year-round.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=5}} }} Tupu e wuo ihe mgbochi mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl, mmiri Naịl na-asọ na Ijipt na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge: ọ na-arị elu n'oge ọkọchị/oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ; ọ na-ebelata n'oge oyi/oge opupu ihe ubi.{{efn| The magnitude of the annual Nile flood can vary widely from year to year. Low-flood periods can last for decades or centuries.{{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=20-26}} }} Agbanyeghị, mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]]{{snd}} nke mepụtara ebe nchekwa mmiri nke nwere ike ijide ihe dị ka afọ abụọ nke mmiri iyi{{snd}} mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta ugbu a anaghị agbanwe agbanwe n'afọ niile.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=5}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=45}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The annual flow of the river at [[Aswan]] is about 84 cubic km; and the capacity of the Aswan High Dam's reservoir is about 160 cubic km.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p= 8644 |loc=section 3.5.4}}. }}</ref> }} === Njem mbupu mmiri === Osimiri Naịl na-ebu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala. [[Njem ihe ndị dị n'ala ala|mmegharị ihe ndị dị n'ala ala]] ka a na-ekewa dị ka [[ibu ndị a kwụsịrị|ihe ndị a kwụsịrị]] (ihe ndị a kwụnyere n'ime mmiri) ma ọ bụ [[ibu akwa|ibu akwa]] (ihe ndị dị n'ala osimiri nke na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ala).{{sfn|Lemma |2019|p=1}} Pasentị iri itoolu na asaa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ndị Naịl na-ebu na-esi na Atbarah na Blue Nile, ha abụọ si na Etiopia.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=38}} Mbuze na mbufe ájá na-eme naanị n'oge [[Oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]] nke Etiopia mgbe mmiri ozuzo dị oke elu na [[Ugwu Etiopia]]; N'afọ fọdụrụnụ, nnukwu osimiri ndị na-asọba Etiopia n'ime Naịl na-enwe obere mmiri.{{sfn|Hurst|2025}} Ala dị na Naịl Delta malitere dị ka nkume na Etiopia. Ọnụọgụ nkume ndị gbawara n'ime afọ nde iri atọ gara aga site na isi mmiri Naịl Etiopia dị ihe dị ka 102,000km{{sup|3}}, nke dị ka olu ala dị na Naịl Delta (gụnyere akụkụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri) nke dị ihe dị ka 150,000km{{sup|3}}.{{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=37}} Mmiri mmiri nke osimiri na-ebuga n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe nwere ike ịdaba n'ime ebe a na-echekwa ihe ma belata ikike nchekwa ya. Nsụda mmiri gbakọtara n'azụ Sennar Dam, [[Roseires Dam]] (n'elu Blue Nile), na [[Khashm el Girba Dam]] (n'elu Atbarah) ebelatala ikike nchekwa nke ebe nchekwa ha nke ukwuu kemgbe e wuru ha.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} E depụtara njem kwa afọ nke a tụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'okpuru.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}}{{efn|The sediment transport data was gathered over a wide range of years, spanning from 1997 to 2019. Every measurement site had unique collection time spans, specified in {{harvnb|Lemma|2019|p=11}} and {{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}}.}} Pasentị ibu ihe ndina bụ oke nke ihe ndina na mkpokọta (ihe ndina na ihe ndị a kwụsiri ike). A chịkọtara data a tupu e wuo Akwa Mmiri Renaissance Ukwu nke Etiopia, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibu ihe ndị dị n'ala ala nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Lemma|2019|p=11}} * [[Gilgel Abay]], Ethiopia : Nde tọn 7.6 nde nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 0.7% ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[El Deim]] (n'ókè Etiopia na Sudan): tọn nde 140{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=359}} * [[Aswan]], Egypt: 0.14 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 28% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Beni Sweif]], Egypt: Nde tọn nde 0.5 nke nkwụsịtụ, yana pasentị iri abụọ ọzọ nke ibu ihe ndina * [[Qena]], Egypt: 0.27 nde tọn nke nkwụsịtụ, yana 27% nke ibu ihe ndina ọzọ * [[Sohag]], Egypt: Ngụkọta nde tọn 1.5 nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana pasentị 13 ọzọ nke ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'elu akwa ===Isi iyi mmiri na sink=== [[File:Surface water cycle.svg|thumb|right| A na-enyocha [[nhazi mmiri]] dị na [[Basin Naịl]] site na iji [[hydrology]]: mmiri sitere na mmiri ozuzo na-adaba site na mmiri si na ala, uzuoku, na iyi.|alt=A schematic diagram shows water movements around a piece of ground. Arrows show water moving upward due to evaporation and transpiration; other arrows show water moving downward into groundwater recharge.]] Ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ala, ọ na-amụba olu ya n'ebe ụfọdụ ma na-ebelata olu ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mpaghara bụ "isi iyi" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ enye mmiri; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ "mkpọmkpọ mmiri" ma ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ahụ ewepụ mmiri.{{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}{{efn|The technical definitions of source and sink used by scientists are more complicated than presented here. For clarity, the definitions of source and sink have been simplified.}} Ịchọpụta isi iyi na ebe mkpọmkpọ mmiri dị mkpa nye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ banyere mmegharị mmiri ([[hydrology]]), tinyere ndị na-eme iwu na-ekwurịta okwu gbasara ikekọrịta mmiri.<ref name=policy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8648|loc=Section 4}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=19}}. |{{harvnb|Okidi|1994|p=341}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Sources and sinks are useful to policy makers when negotiating international water-sharing issues, such as dam construction.<ref name=policy/> In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} }} Mpaghara mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe mmiri si apụta bụ mpaghara mmiri dị n'elu mmiri gụnyere [[Ugwu Etiopia]] na mpaghara [[Great Lakes (Africa)|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka]]. A na-ahụkarị ebe mmiri na-amịkọrọ mmiri n'ógbè ndị dị n'ala ala, gụnyere South Sudan, Sudan, na Egypt.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8641,8648|loc=Figure 7; Sections 3.5.5, 4; Tables 3,4,5 and 6}}{{efn|name=exclGERD}} A na-eji usoro [[nhazi mmiri]] achọpụta mpaghara ndị bụ isi iyi na ndị bụ sink. Nhazi mmiri bụ ụkpụrụ mmiri nke na-ekwu na mmiri na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site na mmiri na-apụ na mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} <!-- {{efn|Another term for the "water balance" principle is "water budget".{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} --> Maka mpaghara enyere, ndị ọkachamara na mmiri na-atụ (ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ) [[mmiri ozuzo]], [[anwụ]], [[transpiration]], [[recharge mmiri n'ime ala]], ọnụ mmiri jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri, na [[streamflow|net streamflow]]. Ịtụle ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-egosi ma mpaghara ọ bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink. N'ozuzu, mpaghara bụ isi iyi ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma; n'aka nke ọzọ, mpaghara bụ sink ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri iyi dị mma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Healy|2007|pp=5–6}}. |{{harvnb|Senay|2014|p=8631|loc= Equation (4)}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The water balance of a region can be represented by equation. There are many water balance equations.{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} A relatively simple equation is: :<math>P = ET + \Delta S + D + Q</math> In this formula, the [[precipitation]] (''P'') received is equal to the sum of the water losses: [[evaporation]] and [[transpiration]] (''ET''), [[groundwater recharge]] (<math>\Delta S</math>), lake-filling (''D''), and [[streamflow|net streamflow]] (''Q'').{{sfn|Healy|2007|pp=5-6}} }} ====Isi mmalite na ebe na amị mmiri: mba dị iche iche==== Tebụl na-esote na-achịkọta nha nha mmiri maka mba ndị dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl. Ewepụrụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mba ndị na-abụghị Naịl n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ndị a. {| class="wikitable" |+ Igodo maka ogidi "Isi/Sink" |- | {{D-P|Source}} || Obodo a bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa |- | {{D-N|Sink}} || Obodo a bụ ebe mmiri na apụ nke ukwuu |- | {{D-W|Neutral}} || Mba ahụ abụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ sink dị mkpa |} <!-- The data includes the following: * Per-basin data: land surface area, [[precipitation]], [[evapotranspiration]], [[surface runoff]] * Per-station data: [[Discharge (hydrology)|discharge]] --> A na-egosi ọtụtụ data kwa-basin dị ka nha kwa afọ (na-abụkarị na km{{sup|3}}); mana a na-egosikwa ụfọdụ data dị ka uru "omimi" hà nhata (millimita kwa afọ, nke na-ekpuchi basin dum).{{sfn|Senay|2014}} {{Table alignment}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Ntụle mmiri obodo (kwa afọ){{sfn|Senay|2014|p=8640|loc=Table 5}}{{efn|name=exclGERD|Data does not include impacts of the [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], completed in 2025}}{{efn|name=TableLegend}} ! scope="col" | Country ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}}{{efn|Basin area is the Nile Basin within the country.}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | [[Burundi]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 13,240|| 14 || 13 || 3 |- ! scope="row" |[[DR Congo]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (0) || 19,919|| 23 || 23 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Egypt]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−39) || 235,108 || 4 || 44 || 0 |- ! scope="row" | [[Eritrea]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (2) || 24,427 || 14 || 12 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |[[Ethiopia]] | {{D-P|Source}} (164) || 363,775 || 459 || 295 || 138 |- ! scope="row" |[[Kenya]] | {{D-P|Source}} (27) || 49,513 || 76 || 49 || 23 |- ! scope="row" | [[Rwanda]] | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 20,676 || 21 || 20 || 4 |- ! scope="row" |[[South Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−146) || 617,256 || 612 || 757 ||92 |- ! scope="row" |[[Sudan]] | {{D-N|Sink}} (−81) || 1,226,660 || 364 || 445 ||23 |- ! scope="row" |[[Tanzania]] | {{D-P|Source}} (38) || 120,506 || 160 || 122 || 18 |- ! scope="row" | [[Uganda]] | {{D-P|Source}} (25) || 236,763 || 301 || 276 ||22 |- ! scope="row" | Total | || 2,927,843 || 2,048 || 2,056 || 324 |} ====Isi mmalite na sink: ebe ndị dị n'ala==== [[File:Nile River discharge flow gauge locations.svg|thumb|Tebụl nhazi mmiri nke akụkọ a nwere ozi gbasara etu mmiri si aga n'ebe iri na abụọ egosiri na map a.<ref name=HydroData/>{{efn|name=StnNames}}|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile River is drawn, and there are a dozen landmarks shown on the map, at various points of the river]] Ụzọ ọzọ e si enyocha nguzozi mmiri nke Naịl bụ ikewa ala ahụ n'ụzọ mpaghara (ma leghara ókèala mba anya). Tebụl na-esote kewara Osimiri Naịl n'ime obere bezin iri na abụọ, ma chịkọta data nguzozi mmiri nke obere bezin ọ bụla. Data a dabere na nha emere na iri na abụọ [[Ọdụ nha Stream | ọdụ nha osimiri]].{{sfn|Senay|2014}}{{efn|name=StnNames|For clarity, the names of some stations have been changed to use the names of nearby major geographic features. For example, the Kilo3 station is presented here as "Mouth of the [[Atbarah River]]". The Paara station is presented here as "[[Murchison Falls]]". The "Owen Reservoir" station is presented here as "[[Lake Victoria]] outlet".}} Ebe ndị a, nke egosiri na map dị n'akụkụ, kewara Osimiri Naịl ka ọ bụrụ obere ebe ndị a. A na-akpọ ha aha nke ọ bụla n'ime ha site na ebe ha na-agbada. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Murchison Falls (2) dị n'okpuru ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lake Victoria (1), ya mere a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri dị n'etiti ha ebe a na-akpọ ebe a na-adọba mmiri Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|pp=8629-8630|loc=Sec. 2.2}}{{efn|name=StnNames}}{{efn|The measuring stations are listed in the following table proceeding from upstream to downstream. The discharge "rate" data is an average of the entire year. The basin data in the table is for each individual basin; it is not cumulative. For example, the runoff of the second basin (Murchison Falls) does not include the runoff of the upstream basin (Lake Victoria outlet).}} {| class= "wikitable mw-collapsible mw-uncollapsed nowrap defaultright col1left sortable" style="font-size: 85%;" |+ Nha mmiri mpaghara (kwa afọ)<ref name=HydroData>{{harvnb|Senay|2014|loc=Tables 3,4,5 and 6; Sec 3.5.5 (Source/Sink)}}.</ref>{{efn|name=exclGERD}}{{efn|name=TableLegend|Hydrology Table Legend:{{sfn|Senay|2014}} * ''Precip'' - Precipitation (P) * ''Evap''- Evapotranspiration (ET) * ''Water Bal'' - Precip-ET * ''Discharge'' - River flow at measuring station (average of the entire year) * ''Source or Sink '' - Is basin a significant source or sink of water? }} ! scope="col" | Basin's<br />downstream<br />station ! scope="col" | Source/Sink<br />(water bal km{{sup|3}}) ! scope="col" | Basin<br />Area km{{sup|2}} ! scope="col" | Precip km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Evap km{{sup|3}} ! scope="col" | Runoff km{{sup|3}} |- ! scope="row" | 1 [[Lake Victoria]] outlet{{efn|Measured at [[Nalubaale dam]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (74) || 264,259 || 353 || 279 || 57 |- ! scope="row" | 2 [[Murchison Falls]]{{efn|Measured at [[Paara (Uganda)]], slightly downstream from Murchison Falls.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (15) || 85,513 || 109 || 94 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |3 [[Mongalla, South Sudan|Mongalla]]{{efn|Measured at [[Mongalla, South Sudan]], about 40 km downstream (north) of [[Juba]].{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (1) || 131,691 || 159 || 158 || 5 |- ! scope="row" | 4 [[Malakal]]{{efn|Malakal is after the confluence of the White Nile and Sobat. It includes both [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Sobat River]] tributaries.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−159) || 925,160|| 798 || 957 || 150 |- ! scope="row" |5 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Measured at [[Al Mogran]] before the Blue Nile confluence (includes only the White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} |{{D-N|Sink}} (−40) || 257,130 || 134 || 174 || 14 |- ! scope="row" | 6 [[Roseires Dam|Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-P|Source}} (105) || 188,296|| 246 || 142 || 70 |- ! scope="row" |7 [[Khartoum]]{{efn|Includes only Blue Nile (excludes White Nile).{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (10) || 118,651|| 96 || 72 || 9 |- ! scope="row" |8 [[Khashm el Girba]]{{efn|Roughly at the midpoint of the Atbarah river.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-P|Source}} (30) || 100,318|| 95 || 66 || 10 |- ! scope="row" | 9 Mouth of [[Atbarah River]]{{efn |Measured at the Kilo3 station, where the Atbarah joins the Nile.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}}}} | {{D-W|Neutral}} (−3) || 104,051 || 22 || 25 || 1 |- ! scope="row" | 11 [[Aswan Dam]]{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 188,011||2 || 13 || 0 |- ! scope="row" |12 [[Cairo]]/[[Nile Delta|Delta]]{{efn|Station is El Ekhsase, near Cairo. Basin data includes the Nile Delta, even though the delta is downstream of the station.{{sfn|Senay|2014|loc=Figure 1, Table 2, Sec 2.2.5}}}} | {{D-N|Sink}} (−10) || 145,293||3 || 12 || 0 |} ===Nilometers=== [[File:Nilometer, Cairo; built in 861 during reign of Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil (18).jpg|thumb|E jiri [[Nilometer]] a dị na [[Roda Island]] tụọ ọkwa Naịl.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}|alt=The interior of a large human-made stone structure. Many steps lead downward to the lower levels.]] Ịtụle mmiri Naịl dị oke mkpa n'inyere ndị Ijipt aka ijikwa nchekwa na ịgba mmiri ha. A na-eji Simple [[Stream gauges|gauges]], nke a na-akpọ [[nilometer]]s, atụ ọkwa Naịl ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.<ref name=nilometer>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=25}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=68}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=15-20}}. }}</ref> Idei mmiri zuru oke n'Ijipt {{snd}} nke na-adịghị oke elu ma ọ dịghịkwa ala{{snd}} bụ mmụba {{convert|6|m|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} n'elu ọkwa mmiri na-abụghị idei mmiri.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=45}} Idei mmiri ọ bụla dị elu ma dị njọ nwere ike imebi obodo osimiri ahụ; ájá ọ bụla dị ala ma na-eme nri agaghị ejupụta n'ala ubi.<ref name=nilometer/> A na-eji nilometer dị mkpa eme ihe na [[Roda Island]] kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 622 OA; ndị Ijipt debeere ndekọ nke ọkwa osimiri kachasị elu na nke kacha nta site na nha ahụ ruo 1921.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} A malitere itinye ihe nlele ọgbara ọhụrụ iji tụọ ọkwa osimiri n'afọ 1860, e tinyere ihe nlele ndị na-atụkwa [[Ugbu a (hydrology)|ugbu a]]{{snd}} nke osimiri ahụ nke na-enye ozi ziri ezi karị{{snd}} malitere na 1900.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|pp=340,361}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == ===Anụmanụ=== [[File:Hippos in their Natural Habitat in Kazinga Channel 10.jpg|thumb| |alt= A hippopotamus standing on the grassy shore of a lake, with bushes in the background. |''[[Hippopotamus amphibius]]'' nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-azù Naịl nri]] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ azụ̀ niile a hụrụ na Osimiri Naịl karịrị narị asatọ. Naanị n'ime osimiri ahụ, a hụrụ ụdị azụ̀ 128, nke ezinụlọ 27.<ref name=fish/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị anụmanụ ndị a bụ nọ n'ime ezinụlọ anọ a: [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids), [[Cyprinidae]] (carp), [[Mormyridae]] (elephantfish), na [[Mochokidae]] (catfish).{{sfn|Witte|2009|p=647 }} A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị Cichlid n'Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka.<ref name=fish>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009|pp=647, 651–652 }}. |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. }}</ref> Tinyere azụ̀, anụmanụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri Naịl mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere [[hippo]]s, [[agịgọ Naịl|agụ iyi]], na [[agịgọ Afrịka]]. Ndị ọzọ bi na mmiri gụnyere [[mollusc]]s, [[Potamonutes|crab]]s, na [[Caridina nilotica|oporo]].<ref name=animals/> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'akụkụ osimiri, gụnyere [[enyí Afrịka|enyí]], [[antelope]], na [[giraffe]].<ref name=animals/> Ejula ndị a hụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri Naịl na-ebu [[Schistosoma|ikpuru ndị na-adịghị mma]]{{snd}}a maara dị ka ọbara flukes{{snd}} nke na-akpata [[schistosomiasis]] nke na-emetụta anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn| Green|2009|p=205}} Nnụnụ ndị bi na Naịl ma ọ bụ nso ya gụnyere [[heron]], [[kingfisher]], [[osprey]], na ụdị [[stork]]{{snd}} dị iche iche gụnyere [[shoebill]].<ref name=animals>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=189}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer |2009|pp=585}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont |2009|pp=10–11}}. |{{harvnb|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=193,196–197,201–202}}. }}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na Osimiri Naịl (dịka [[Cyanochen cyanopterus|blue-wing goose]]), ebe ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere [[nkesa cosmopolitan]] (gụnyere [[Gallinula chloropus|moorhen]] na [[Pandion haliaetus|osprey]]).{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} Ọtụtụ ụdị heron, ọbọgwụ, geese, na egret bi n'ime mmiri ahụ n'afọ niile, ụdị ọbọgwụ iri na anọ na geese na-abịa naanị maka ibi n'oge oyi.{{sfn|Green|2009a|p=705}} N'ime [[gull]] na [[tern]] nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. N'ime puku afọ gara aga, oke ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ebelatala n'ihi mwakpo ụmụ mmadụ na-eme n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=705}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}}. }}</ref> ===Osisi=== [[File:Nymphaea lotus1XMATT.jpg|thumb|alt= A white flower and green leaves floating on the top of water.|[[Nymphaea lotus|Lotus ọcha nke Ijipt]] sitere na mmiri dị jụụ nke Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|pp=205,207}}. |{{harvnb| Vijverberg|2009|p=166}}. }}</ref>]] Mpaghara [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu Afrịka|Ọdọ Mmiri Ukwu]] nke Osimiri Naịl gụnyere osisi dịka [[Nymphaea|lili mmiri]], [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]], na [[Eichhornia|water hyacinth]]. Mmiri hyacinth bụ ụdị osisi na-awakpo ihe, o metụtakwara ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ ndị bi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga n'ụzọ dị njọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb| Green|2009|p=205}}. |{{harvnb| Dumont|2009|p=13}}. }}</ref> Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na apịtị Sudd gụnyere ụdị osisi ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi dịka [[Vossia (plant)|Vossia]], [[Echinochloa stagnina|hippo grass]], [[reed mace]], [[ambatch]], na papyrus. Sudd na-enwekwa ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-eto nke ọma n'ime idei mmiri dị omimi, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[Oryza]], [[Echinochloa pyramidalis|antelope grass]], na [[Phragmites]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=350}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> ===Mmetọ=== N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a maara mmiri Naịl dị ka ihe a na-aṅụ, mana na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ dịghịzi mma n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009a|p=368}}. }}</ref>{{efn|Jack Talling wrote "Two characteristics of water from the Lower Nile long attracted attention{{snd}}that it was of excellent quality for drinking and irrigation, and that it seasonally contained high concentration of silt."{{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=368}} }} Mmetọ a na-apụtakarị ìhè n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nso obodo ukwu, nakwa na Naịl Delta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=18}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|pp=395–396}}. }}</ref> Isi ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na Naịl gụnyere ihe mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ihe mkpofu ezinụlọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri atọ na isii na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emetọ ha ozugbo n'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe iri anọ na otu n'ime ọwa mmiri. Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị a bụ: kemịkalụ, ọkụ eletrik, injinia, fatịlaịza, nri, ígwè, igwu ala, mmanụ na ncha, pulp na akwụkwọ, ákwà na osisi. E nwere ihe karịrị ọwara mmiri ọrụ ugbo iri itoolu na-asọba n'ime Naịl nke gụnyere [[ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe]].{{sfn|"Nile Basin National Water Quality", ''Nile Basin Initiative''|pp=12-22}} Mmetọ osimiri kacha pụta ìhè n'etiti Aswan na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Mmetọ ebe ahụ na-esi n'ọrụ mmadụ, mmiri na-asọpụta n'ọrụ ugbo, na ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọnụọgụgụ nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na-abawanye ka osimiri na-asọda n'ala, n'ihi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe.<ref name=delta>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hegab|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=75}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,59,69}}. }}</ref> A na-enwe ike inweta oke mmiri dị n'akụkụ delta ahụ n'ihi na mmiri anaghị agbapụta nke ọma, nke na-eme ka ala dị larịị na nnukwu ájá dị n'akụkụ osimiri ka njọ.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}}<!-- {{efn|The northeast region of the delta is the most polluted part of the river in Egypt, and has a high incidence of [[pancreatic cancer]], which may be related to high levels of heavy metals and [[Organochlorine chemistry|organochlorine]] [[pesticides]] found in the soil and water.{{Sfn|Soliman|2006}} The river delta contains Egypt's primary oil and gas production facilities, and the chemical industry in the delta is the single largest contributor of toxic waste to the Nile.<ref name=delta/> The Nile Delta has relatively high levels of [[Toxic heavy metal|heavy metal]] concentrations.{{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} }} --> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwetara mmụba [[eutrophication]] (ihe oriri karịrị akarị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme ka osisi na algae too nke na-ebelata ikuku oxygen dị na mmiri). Eutrophication a bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, igbukpọ ọhịa, na omume ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị mma, nke kpatakwara [[algal bloom]] na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke hyacinth mmiri, nke mebiri usoro ihe dị ndụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|p=733}}. |{{harvnb|El-Sheekh|2009|p=395}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=18}}. }}</ref> ===Nchekwa na mmetụta mmadụ === [[File:Murchison Falls, Uganda (23475021234).jpg|thumb|[[Murchison Falls]] na Osimiri Ọcha|alt=A large waterfall, with dense foliage on both sides.]] Mmiri Naịl dị [[Oge mmiri dị n'Africa|dịtụ mmiri ma dịkwa mmiri mmiri]] site na puku afọ 15 gara aga (kya) ruo puku afọ 5, nke mere ka e nwee ike ịmalite ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na Osimiri Naịl ihe dị ka puku afọ 5.<ref name=Humid/> Kemgbe ahụ, mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe obibi, nke butere nnukwu mbibi nke ọhịa na mbuze ala.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Mmetụta ndị a ka njọ site na [[ihe omume kilogram 4.2 | ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ]] n'Africa nke [[Holocene#Africa|malitere ihe dị ka puku anọ]]. Ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ndị a butere ụnwụ nri, nsogbu ọha mmadụ, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=771}} Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ anwụọla n'ime Osimiri Naịl n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. [[Ibis dị nsọ]] dị mkpa n'okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie, a chụkwara ọtụtụ nde ibis n'àjà n'ụzọ emume. Ụdị a gbapụrụ n'obodo Ijipt na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mana ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na etiti na ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718 }}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53,55}} }}</ref> N'Ijipt, oke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na owuwu nke Aswan High Dam emeela ka ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nwụọ.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=53-55,58,70}} [[Nịl perch]] dị ebe dị iche iche n'Africa, gụnyere Congo, mana ọ nọghị na Naịl ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ya ruo mgbe e webatara ya n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ụzọ nzuzo n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta azụ̀ ịkụ azụ.<ref name=perch/>{{efn|The Nile perch was introduced to Lake Victoria by Ugandan authorities in a clandestine effort to create a new fishery; but this has never been acknowledged by Uganda.<ref name=perch/>}} Oke osimiri Naịl mere ka e bibie ihe karịrị ụdị cichlids 500 na Lake Victoria, nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Les Kaufman]] kọwara dị ka mbibi mbụ nke oke ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ohere ịhụ.<ref name=perch>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Marshall|2018|pp=1542–1543,1546–1548}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=216}}. |{{harvnb|Lehman|2009|p=227 }}. |{{harvnb|Green|2009a|p=718}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|There were small signs of cichlid recovery around the year 2000.{{sfn|Lehman|2009|pp=228,231}} }} --> Oke osimiri Naịl dugara n'ịbawanye oke mbibi, n'ihi na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri osisi rụọ azụ̀ ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=735}} Ọdọ mmiri satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mbọ nchekwa n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine iri isii, nakwa na perch Naịl abatabeghị n'ime ha.{{sfn|Green|2009|p=205}} ===Ihu Igwe na Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe=== [[File:Climate Africa Koppen with legend.svg|thumb| |alt=Map of northeast Africa, dividing the land into various regions, each with climate indicators. |Maapụ a na-egosi mpaghara [[Köppen climate classification]] dị na Osimiri Naịl na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. Akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ ọzara na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ (Bwh) ebe ndịda dị jụụ ma dị mmiri mmiri karịa (mpaghara C na A).{{sfn|Beck|2018}} ]] A na-ahụ ihu igwe nke Osimiri Naịl site na oke ala, na-agbanwe site na oke akọrọ n'ebe ugwu gaa na mmiri mmiri gaa na ndịda.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=307}} Enwere ike kewaa ala mmiri ahụ ụzọ itoolu dị iche iche: mpaghara ugwu (Ijipt na Sudan) na-akpọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'afọ niile; mpaghara etiti (gụnyere Etiopia) nwere oke mmiri ozuzo siri ike n'oge ọkọchị; mpaghara ndịda (gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Victoria) nwekwara oke mmiri ozuzo abụọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Camberlin|2009|pp=314-315}}. |{{harvnb|Sutcliffe|2009|p=339}}. }}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'Osimiri Naịl na-ejikọta ya na oge okpomọkụ [[mmiri ozuzo]].{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307-310}} Ógbè Naịl na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara mmụba nke [[gas griinhouse]] na ikuku.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} Some projections for the 21st century predict a temperature increase of 2 rụọ 4&nbsp;°C.{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|pp=307,327-329}} <!-- {{ efn| Kemgbe afọ 1970, mpaghara Blue Nile dị na Etiopia na-enwe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na mmiri ozuzo. N'ime nyocha e bipụtara na 2024, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị buru amụma na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-arị elu. Mmiri ozuzo na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-emetụta mmepụta ihe ubi, mana ihe ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu edoghị anya.{{Sfn|Wedajo|2024}} }} --> Models of the future climate in the North Africa and Middle East region predict an increase in the frequency and severity of droughts, and increasing variability of precipitation.{{sfn|Driouech |2020}} Oke Osimiri Naịl dị oke nrọ, na njikọta nke [[mmụba nke oke osimiri]] na enweghị mmịpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala (n'ihi ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Naịl) nwere ike ime ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ala nke Naịl Delta pụọ n'ime narị afọ na-abịa.<ref>{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=52–53}}. The value "one third" is from the UN [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]].</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala== [[File:Geological map of Egypt accessible.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt= A map of northeast Africa, where various areas are shaded different colors indicating the geological ages of rocks found in each region. | Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eji data ala, dịka a hụrụ na maapụ a nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka, iji wughachi ọdịdị ala ochie na usoro mmiri.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=743}}]] Osimiri Naịl dị ka ọtụtụ osimiri{{snd}} si n'usoro osimiri nna ochie ndị sochiri ụzọ dị iche iche. N'ime ọtụtụ nde afọ, [[tectonic]] na ike gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere, kewaa, ma jikọta osimiri. Osimiri ahụ malitere ịdị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe dị ka afọ 15,000 gara aga.<ref name=geologOverview>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|p=742}}. |{{harvnb| Embabi|2018|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=4}}. Young river. |{{harvnb| Said|1993|pp=32–52}}. }}</ref> Otu echiche na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naịl dị ka usoro nke oge ise evolushọn.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}}{{efn|These five periods were proposed by {{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018}} based on major environmental and tectonic events that impacted the Nile.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=768}} Other scientists hypothesize a different set of evolutionary periods; for example, geologist [[Rushdi Said]] hypothesized eight periods in their book {{harvnb| Said|1993}}.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=761}} }} * Ihe dị ka afọ nde iri abụọ gara aga (mya), akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift System]] malitere [[tectonic uplift|uplift]], na-ekewa mpaghara Great Lakes nke Afrịka na mpaghara Congo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 6, osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie dị n'Ijipt bụ obere osimiri, nke malitere nso [[Wadi Howar]] nke oge a ma na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria adịghị, osimiri ndị dị n'ugwu Etiopia na Uganda anaghịkwa asọfe n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768-770|loc=Figure 30A }}. |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|pp=77–78}}. }}</ref> * Site na mmiri dị mita isii ruo ọkara (6.4 mya), e guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Tana n'Ugwu Etiopia, e nwekwara nnukwu [[paleolake]]{{snd}}[[Ọdọ Mmiri Obweruka|Obweruka]]{{snd}} ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke oge a na Ọdọ Mmiri Edward dị.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30B }} [[Nsogbu nnu nke Mesaịa]] mere n'oge a: Oké Osimiri Mediterenian kwụsịrị na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ya mere oké osimiri ahụ gbapụrụ kpamkpam. Oké osimiri Mediterenian tọgbọ chakoo mere ka osimiri Naịl nke nna ochie gwuo nnukwu olulu mmiri n'Ijipt, nke a na-akpọ Eonile.<!-- {{efn|The prefix ''eo'' of Eonile is Greek for 'early'.}} --> Mmiri osimiri ahụ nke na-asọfe n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mebiri otu ọwara mmiri dị ọtụtụ narị mita n'okpuru ọkwa oke osimiri ụwa na Aswan, na {{convert|2,400|m|ft|sp=us}} n'okpuru na Cairo. Mgbe Oké Osimiri Mediterenian [[Idei mmiri Zanclean|ejikọtara ọzọ]] na oke osimiri ahụ, oké osimiri ahụ jupụtaghachiri, Eonile wee ghọọ nnukwu olulu mmiri nke mechara jupụta na ájá.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,763-764,770|loc=Figure 30B }} |{{harvnb|Talbot|Williams|2009|pp=39–40}}. |{{harvnb|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. |{{harvnb|El Mahmoudi |Gabr|2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. |{{harvnb|Embabi |2018 |pp=39–45 }}. }}</ref> * Ihe dị ka mya 2.5 maka oge mbụ mmiri Etiopia na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ma jikọọ na Naịl Ijipt ochie. Ugwu Rwenzori [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] mere ka paleolake Obweruka malite ịgbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (tupu, ọ gbapụta mmiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ) wee malite ịmepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{efn|Obweruka existed from about 7.5 mya to 2.5 mya.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|p=749}} }} Mmiri ndị mejupụtara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria erutebeghị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ma ọ bụ Ijipt.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30C }} * N'ihe dị ka mya 0.5, Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria dị ka ọdịdị ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, ala dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ukwu wee gbadaa n'ebe ugwu ma malite ịgbapụ mmiri n'ime Sudan mgbe ụfọdụ ma mgbanaka na Naịl nna dị ochie na Ijipt, na-eme usoro osimiri nke na-agbaso usoro nke Naịl White ọgbara ọhụrụ. Paleolakes dị n'ógbè apịtị Sudd nke oge a.{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770|loc=Figure 30D }} * Mgbe afọ iri na ise gachara, ọdọ mmiri ukwu nke Afrịka malitere ịdị ka ha dị ugbu a, mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan anaghịzi agafe agafe. Ụfọdụ paleolakes kpọrọ nkụ na South Sudan na Ijipt dị nso na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,770}}. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. |{{harvnb|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}}. }}</ref> N'oge a, mmiri ozuzo [[mmiri ozuzo oge okpomọkụ]] gbanwere ma mụbaa nke ukwuu n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Victoria na ọdọ mmiri Albert.{{sfn|Williams|2009|pp=61,70}} Oke mmiri nke Blue Nile na White Nile gbanwere nke ukwuu n'oge a, ebe oke mmiri dị elu na-eme ọtụtụ ugboro.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} E guzobere usoro osimiri Naịl nke oge a na mmalite oge a.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=767,770}}. Between 15,000 and 12,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=346}}. Slightly more than 15,000 kya. |{{harvnb|Van Damme|Bocxlaer|2009|p=606}}. Around 12,000 kya. }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu oge eruo=== [[File:The Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea (iss071e405499).jpg | thumb | Osimiri Naịl (ala) na-asọfe n'ime ọzara Ijipt, nke dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]].<ref name=Humid/> |alt=A satellite photo of Egypt, showing mostly sandy ground, with a dark, meandering river flowing through the sand, emptying into a sea. ]] Ndị nna nna ochie nke ụdị mmadụ bi nso Osimiri Naịl. A hụrụ [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fosil [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]] ntakịrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ala ahụ. [[Olduvai Gorge]]{{snd}}ebe e si nweta [[Homo habilis]] mbụ dị n'ebe ndịda nke ala ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=246,346}} N'ime Osimiri Naịl, ebe ihe ochie [[Nyayanga]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ngwaọrụ [[Oldowan]] dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.6.{{Sfn|Plummer |2023 }}{{efn| The Nile and Lake Victoria did not exist in their current forms during the times of [[Australopithecus afarensis]], [[Homo habilis]], or the [[Oldowan|Oldowan industry]].{{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018|pp=742,768|loc=Figures 30A, 30B, 30C, 30D}} }} E nwere akụkọ na ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl dị ihe dị ka afọ 12,000 na 20,000 gara aga n'otu obodo dị nso n'obodo [[Qurta]] (Ijipt) nke oge a. Ụmụ mmadụ ndị a kpụrụ [[petroglyphs]] n'ime nkume, na-egosi [[auroch]]s, nnụnụ, [[hippopotamid]], gazelle, [[hartebeest]], na azụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị a, ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ bi nso, nwere ike inwe atụrụ, ewu, ma ọ bụ ehi.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p= 53}}. |{{harvnb|Huyge|2011}}. |{{harvnb|Leplongeon |2017}}. }}</ref> Sahara{{snd}}nke gụnyere Ijipt na Sudan nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị mmiri mmiri karịa n'oge [[oge mmiri dị n'Africa]] nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 ruo 5,000 gara aga. Ọdịnala ịzụ atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ malitere n'oge ahụ, mana mgbe ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 3,900 Tupu Oge Anyị, a manyere ndị mmadụ ịkwaga na ndagwurugwu Naịl iji dị ndụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke [[Nubian | Omenala Nubia]] na Sudan na mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie.<ref name=Humid>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Kuper |Kröpelin|2006 |pp=803–807}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=47,57}}. Egyptian culture. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Nubian (Sudanese) culture in Sudan. }}</ref> ===Mmepeanya Ijipt oge ochie === [[File:Journey to Abydos, Tomb of Pairy MET DT10886.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|alt=A painting on a wall of a boat on a river, with Ancient Egyptians rowing it|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie jiri ụgbọ mmiri mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem. Foto a sitere na [[TT139|Ili Pairy]].<ref name=ancientTransport/>]] Osimiri Naịl dị mkpa n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ndị Ijipt: ọ na-enye nri site na ihe ubi ọ na-agba mmiri, ọ na-akpatakwa ọnwụ mgbe oké ọkọchị butere ọdịda ihe ubi na ụnwụ nri. Osimiri Naịl gbara ume ka sayensị na gọọmentị too: ịgba mmiri mmiri, amụma idei mmiri na ụtụ isi niile chọrọ nkà mgbakọ na mwepụ na nchịkwa ọhụrụ. Amụma ihu igwe na mbara igwe zụlitekwara dịka ihe si na mkpa ndị Ijipt nwere ịghọta osimiri ahụ na idei mmiri ya pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=9–10}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |pp=49,63,69}}. }}</ref> [[Kalenda Ijipt|kalịnda Ijipt oge ochie]] dabere na usoro idei mmiri nke Naịl. E kewara afọ ahụ ụzọ atọ, nke ọ bụla nwere ọnwa anọ nke ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọ bụla. Oge ndị ahụ bụ [[Oge Mmiri Idei mmiri|Akhet]] (n'ụzọ nkịtị, 'mmiri Idei mmiri'), [[Oge Mmalite | Peret]] ('ịkọ ihe'), na [[Oge Owuwe ihe ubi|Shemu]] ('owuwe ihe ubi'). Akhet bụ oge afọ mgbe osimiri Naịl jupụtara, wee hapụ ala ọhụrụ dị mma; Peret bụ oge ịkọ ihe; Shemu bụkwa oge owuwe ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị.<ref name="Seasons">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=103}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021 |p=355}}. Footnote 10. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023 |p=62}}. }}</ref> Naịl metụtara asụsụ ha: ntụziaka compass dabere na onye na-eche ihu n'elu mmiri: a pụrụ iji otu okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ma ''elu'' na ''ndịda''; okwu ọzọ maka ''aka ekpe'' na ''ọwụwa anyanwụ''; na okwu ọzọ maka ''aka nri'' na ''ọdịda anyanwụ''.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=21}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=61}}. }}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-akpọ mmiri ozuzo "Naịl dị n'eluigwe".{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |p=59}} Ijipt oge ochie nwere mpaghara abụọ: [[Ugwu Ijipt dị ala]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl) na [[Ugwu Ijipt dị elu]] (Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ihe dị ka n'etiti [[Giza]] na cataract mbụ). Osimiri Naịl rụrụ ọrụ n'ịchọpụta ihe pụrụ iche nke mpaghara ọ bụla, n'ihi na ụzọ mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na Lower Egypt pụtara na ụzọ njem, a na-amanyekarị ebe obibi, na mpaghara nchịkwa ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. E nwere otu osisi pụrụ iche nke Naịl nke nọchiri anya mpaghara Ala na Elu nke ọ bụla: [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]] na [[Cyperaceae|sedge]], n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|pp=17,305-306|loc=Articles: "Geography", "Lower Egypt"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp=464-466|loc=Article: "Upper Egypt"}}. }}</ref> Ókèala ndịda Ijipt oge ochie dị n'ebe mbụ e si enweta cataract n'osimiri ahụ (n'akụkụ [[Elephantine Island]]) n'ihi na ọ siri ike ịgafe oke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=82,92-93}} Ndị Ijipt maara ụzọ mmiri nke Naịl si aga n'elu mmiri ruo na nke isii nke cataract (nke a na-akpọ Khartoum nke oge a), mana ha amaghị ụzọ osimiri ahụ si aga (ma ọ bụ ebe o si aga) karịa nke ahụ.<ref name=unknown>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp= 54–55}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=6}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The ancient Egyptians were familiar with the Blue Nile's course up to Lake Tana.<ref name=unknown/>}} Osimiri Naịl dugara ndị Ijipt iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ a maara n'ụwa{{snd}}nke a maara ugbu a dị ka ''[[Sadd el-Kafara]]''{{snd}}ihe dị ka afọ 2600 Tupu Oge nchịkwa idei mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}{{efn|The [[Sadd el-Kafara]] failed before it was completed, and never functioned as a dam.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=11-12}}}} ===Omenala Nubian, Etiopia, na Nilotic=== [[File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|thumb|Ndị eze [[Kushites|Kushite]], nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Fero ojii, duziri [[Usoro Ọchịchị Ijipt nke Iri Abụọ na Ise]].<ref name=Kushite/>|alt=A photograph of seven stone statues of individual men, in a standing posture.]] N'ebe ndịda nke oghere mmiri nke Naịl nke abụọ dị [[Nubia]], ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ omenala dị n'akụkụ Naịl (nke bụ ugbu a Sudan nke oge a) nke malitere mmepe na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka.<ref name=Kerma/>{{efn|Some authorities place the northern limit of Nubia at the First Cataract;{{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=1447}} others at the Second Cataract.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=93}} }} Omenala ndị Nubia a toro n'otu aka ahụ na mmepeanya Ijipt nke dị n'ebe ugwu, mana ha enweghị njikọ ọ bụla ruo [[Alaeze Ochie nke Ijipt]] ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Culture of the Nile"}} Mmepe mbụ nke Nubia bụ [[omenala Kerma]], nke dị site n'ihe dị ka 2600 TOA ruo 1500 TOA. Omenala Kerma bụ nke ndị na-azụ anụ na ndị na-azụ ehi, mana ọ gbanwere nwayọ nwayọ gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ka Sahara kpọrọ nkụ na njedebe nke oge mmiri ozuzo Africa.<ref name=Kerma>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Culture of the Nile", "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River"}}. Little contact between Egypt and Sudan: "Culture of the Nile". |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=39-42}}. Collins focuses on language groups, and refers to the Kerma as "Cushitic people" based on their use of [[Cushitic languages]]. }}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 780 Tupu Oge Anyị, [[Alaeze Ukwu Kushite]] bilitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Atbarah. Alaeze Ukwu Kush meriri ọtụtụ akụkụ Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị nke [[Black Pharaoh]] ya,{{efn|Also called "Kushite Pharaohs".{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Egypt: Ancient"}} }} onye duru alaeze ukwu ahụ site n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.<ref name=Kushite>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=92–95}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=107-115}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "History of the Nile", "History of Egypt: Ancient", "History of Sudan: Ancient Kush and Nubia", "Atbara River", "Meroe"}}. }}</ref> Mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bilitere, alaeze Ndị Kraịst dị na Nubia (gụnyere [[Nobatia]], [[Makuria]], na [[Alodia]]) malitere n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam"}} N'ógbè ebe [[Eritrea]] nke oge a na nke ugwu [[Etiopia]] bi, [[Alaeze Aksum]] toro site na narị afọ nke mbụ ruo 960 O.A. Aksum ji Oké Osimiri Uhie eme njem, mana Atbarah na Blue Nile dịkwa n'ime obodo ya.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Ndị [[Funj Sultanate]] (1504 ruo 1821) chịrị mpaghara nke Sudan nke oge a kpuchiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=102}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Blue Nile River", "History of Sudan: Arrival of Christianity and Islam", "History of Sudan: Modern Period"}}. }}</ref> Ndị [[Alaeze Etiopia]] (1270–1974) bi n'ógbè Etiopia na Eritrea nke oge a.{{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Ethiopia (Abyssinia)"}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Nilotic]], otu nnukwu obodo ndị malitere nso Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ South Sudan ugbu a, ma kwaga ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Uganda na Kenya nke oge a.{{sfn| Stokes|2009 |pp=499-500|loc=Article: "Nilotes"}} Ndị Nilotic gụnyere [[Ndị Dinka|Ndị Dinka]] na [[Ndị Nuer|Ndị Nuer]], bụ́ ndị bụ agbụrụ kachasị na South Sudan; ha abụọ bụ ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-azụ ehi n'oge ụfọdụ, ndị na-akwaga ehi ha n'oge ụfọdụ maka idei mmiri nke Naịl.<ref> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=138–144}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=70-77}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Articles: "Sudd", "Dinka", "Nuer"}} }}</ref> ===Ijipt site n'oge ndị Rom ruo oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị=== [[File:Mahmoudiyah Canal.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848) wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Mahmoudiah]] iji kwado ịgba mmiri na njem.<ref name=ali/>|alt=A photograph of a river, lined with trees on both banks, and a boat docked on the side.]] Osimiri Naịl bụ isi ihe kpatara uto nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Rom]], nke [[Imerị Rom|chịkwara Ijipt]] ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ndị Rom si Ijipt na-ebubata nnukwu ọka, nke a kụrụ na idei mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=19-20}} Na narị afọ mbụ, eze ukwu [[Trajan]] wuru [[Ọwa Mmiri Suez#Cairo ruo Oké Osimiri Uhie|ọwa mmiri]] nke jikọtara Naịl na [[Oke Osimiri Uhie]].{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=50}} N'agbata afọ 945 na 977 OA, idei mmiri nke Naịl dị obere nke ukwuu; ọdịda ihe ubi ndị a kpatara kpatara enweghị ntụkwasị obi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere ka [[Fatimid Caliphate]] pụta.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}{{efn|Around 642 CE, Arab conquerors had brought Islam to Egypt, supplanting the Ancient Egyptian religion.{{sfn|Collins|2002|p=21}}}} Ndị Fatimid (narị afọ nke 10 na nke 11), [[Mamluk Sultanate]] (narị afọ nke 13 ruo nke 16), na [[Ottoman Egypt]] (narị afọ nke 16 ruo nke 19) nọgidere na-ewu ma na-elekọta ọwa mmiri dị n'Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} E ji ọwa mmiri mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo, nakwa maka azụmaahịa na maka agha.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=50-52}} Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt nwere nkà n'iwu ọwa mmiri, ha arụghị ihe mgbochi mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri n'elu osimiri Naịl nke ọma ruo narị afọ nke 19, mgbe owu{{snd}}gbara mmiri na mmiri Naịl{{snd}} ghọrọ ihe ubi dị mkpa maka Ijipt.<ref name=ali>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ a n'oge ọchịchị [[Muhammad Ali nke Ijipt|Muhammad Ali]] (onye chịrị Ijipt site na 1805 ruo 1848). E wuru obere ọdọ mmiri mbụ n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nso Cairo, ma mee ihe iji mee ka oge ihe ubi na-eto eto dịkwuo ogologo. Ali rụkwara ọwa mmiri gụnyere [[Ọwa mmiri Mahmoudiah]], nke malitere na 1818.<ref name=ali/><!-- {{ efn| Ali's son, [[Mohamed Sa'id Pasha]], worked with [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]] on other canals in Egypt, such as the [[Suez Canal]], begun in 1859.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=42-43}} }} --><nowiki> </nowiki>[[Ismail Pasha]] (Onyeisi oche nke Ijipt, 1863–1879) wuru [[Ọwa Ibrahimiya]]{{snd}} nke e mechara na 1873{{snd}} nke na-aga n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ma na-eji ya eme igba mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Beaumont|1993|p=249}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc=Article: "Khedive Isma'il 1830-1895"}}. }}</ref> === Ịchọ ebe Naịl si bịa=== [[File:Abyssinia 1619 map by Jodocus Hondius.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=An engraved map of central Africa. The map shows numerous towns and rivers through the continent. The map contains some geographic inaccuracies, indicating it is old and prepared before the modern era.|Maapụ Europe nke etiti Afrịka nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa. A na-akpọ Naịl ''Nilus fl.'' Ọtụtụ ihe dị na maapụ ahụ bụ echiche efu ma ọ bụ ihe efu.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}{{efn|The map was engraved by [[Jodocus Hondius]] or one of his followers, and published around 1619.{{sfn|"Abyssinia", ''Library of Congress''}}}}]] Kemgbe oge ndị Gris oge ochie, ndị Yuropu na-achọ ịmata ebe Naịl si apụta na ebe idei mmiri ya si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=2}}. |{{harvnb|Warburg|2007|p=475}}. }} </ref> [[Herodotus]] bụ onye Gris na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gara Ijipt n'afọ 457 Tupu Oge Anyị wee gaa Aswan n'elu Osimiri Naịl; ọ nwere mgbagwoju anya maka idei mmiri nke Naịl{{snd}} nke malitere n'oge ọkọchị mgbe mmiri ezoghị na Ijipt.{{sfn|Williams|2009|p=70}} Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na Yuropu, Afrịka, na Arebia{{snd}} malitere na [[Eratosthenes]] na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị{{snd}} kwuru na ebe o si bịa bụ nchịkọta ọdọ mmiri dị n'etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}. }}</ref><!-- {{efn|Other Europeans that inquired or speculated about the source of the Nile included [[Ptolemy]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Emperor Nero]], and [[Pedro Tafur]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}} }} --> Ọtụtụ maapụ Afrịka mbụ gosiri na Osimiri Naịl sitere n'ọdọ mmiri buru ibu dị n'ime ime Afrịka mana ruo afọ 1600, ha niile bụ echiche efu, ha adabereghịkwa na ihe ọmụma sayensị siri ike.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=177-179}}{{efn|An example of an early map that shows the Nile and its source is from the 12th century, when the Arabian geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]] published a book ''[[Tabula Rogeriana]]'' which showed the Nile flowing from a large lake in Africa's interior.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=178}} }} E guzobere isi iyi nke Blue Nile n'ihi mmasị ndị Portugal nwere na Etiopia: [[Jesuits|Jesuit missionaries]] [[Pedro Páez]] gara leta isi iyi{{snd}}[[Gish Abay]]{{snd}}na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, ma dee ''[[História da Ethiópia]]'' na-akọwa oge ọ nọrọ na Etiopia. Akụkọ ya enweghị ụbọchị kpọmkwem ọ gara Gish Abay. Ndị nchọpụta Yuropu mechara rute Etiopia na narị afọ nke 17 na nke 18{{snd}}gụnyere [[Jerónimo Lobo]] na [[James Bruce]]{{snd}}kpọsara ihe Páez dere ma mee atụmatụ na ọ gara ebe ahụ n'agbata afọ 1613 na 1618.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}<!-- {{efn|Another European scholar that analyzed Páez's visit to the source of the Blue Nile was [[Athanasius Kircher]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=324}} }} --> Isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha siri ike ịchọta karịa nke Naịl Blue. E guzobere Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'ezie dị ka isi iyi nke Naịl Ọcha ruo afọ 260 mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ bụ isi iyi nke Naịl Blue.<ref>{{Multiref |Source of Blue Nile: 1613-1618. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=324}}. | Source of White Nile: 1874. {{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174–175}}. }}</ref> Na 1858, [[John Hanning Speke]] bụ onye Europe mbụ hụrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, o mechara hụ osimiri na-asọpụta site n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke o chere na ọ bụ Naịl. <!-- {{ efn| In 1857, [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[Richard Francis Burton]] started a search for the Nile's source by departing from Zanzibar on the east coast of Africa{{snd}}rather than traveling upriver from Egypt{{snd}}and headed westward to the interior of Africa. They reached [[Lake Tanganyika]] and determined it was not the source.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}} During this first trip to Africa, Speke made a side trip on which he briefly saw Lake Victoria in 1858, but was unable to perform any measurements or draw conclusions about whether it was the source. Speke made a second journey to Lake Victoria that started in 1860; in 1862 he saw a river (now known to be the Nile) flowing out of Lake Victoria at modern [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]]. But he did not follow that river north to [[Gondokoro]] (the southernmost location of the known Nile) so there were some{{snd}}including Burton{{snd}}who disputed Speke's conclusion about the source.{{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} }} --> O soghị osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo Sudan, nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị nwee obi abụọ banyere nkwubi okwu ya na ọ bụ Naịl ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ si apụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=173-174}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=36}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{ efn| In 1864, [[Samuel Baker]] became the first European to follow the Nile upstream from the Mediterranean Sea to [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} Baker gave Lake Albert its name.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=175}} In 1874, [[Henry Morton Stanley]] circumnavigated Lake Victoria, and determined that the outflowing river that Speke had identified was the only river leaving the lake. That fact{{snd}}in conjunction with the research from Baker and others{{snd}}confirmed that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp= 174-175}} }} --> Mgbalị iji chọpụta kpọmkwem ebe mmiri Naịl Ọcha dị kpọmkwem malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 mgbe [[Richard Kandt]] kwuru na ebe mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Kagera]] n'ime [[Ọhịa Nyungwe]]{{snd}} Kagera na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.<ref name=SourceCite/> E mere ka ebe ebe ahụ si pụta dịkwuo mma na 1969 mgbe otu ndị nchọpụta si [[Mahadum Waseda]] chọpụtara otu mpaghara Kagera kpọmkwem.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na afọ 2006, otu ndị njem ahụ chọtara ebe ahụ n'afọ 1969 ọzọ, wee tinye nnukwu ihe nrịbama n'elu osisi dị nso.<ref name=SourceCite/> Na 2009, ndị ọkà mmụta jiri onyonyo satịlaịtị mee ka ebe isi iyi ahụ dị dịkwuo mma, wee tinye ya n'ebe dị kilomita ole na ole site na isi iyi 1969/2006.<ref name=SourceCite/>{{efn |name=sourceNote}} == Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmiri n'oge a== Osimiri Naịl gafere ọtụtụ ókèala mba ụwa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[osimiri na-agafe ókèala]] ma bụrụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=749-751}} ===Oge ọchịchị obodo=== Mgbe [[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Britain na-achị Ijipt]] malitere na 1882,{{efn|European powers divided up Africa during a process called the [[Scramble for Africa]], formalized in the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1885. Under that agreement, Britain received most of the Nile Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=176–177,317}}. |{{harvnb|Shoup|2017|loc= Article: "Geography of the Nile"}}. }}</ref> }} ha malitere ọrụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji mee ka mmepụta owu dịkwuo mma ma kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Ijipt na-amụba ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=59–64}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref>{{efn|name=EgyptIndep}} E wuru nnukwu mgbochi mmiri mbụ n'elu Osimiri Naịl [[Aswan Low Dam]], nke e mechara na 1902. E buliri elu ya ugboro abụọ: na 1912 na 1933.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=15}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. }}</ref> E wuru ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị aka ike gụnyere Ọdọ Mmiri Sennar, nke e wuru n'etiti 1914 na 1925 n'elu Osimiri Blue Nile na Sudan, na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia]], nke e mechara na 1937 n'akụkụ Khartoum.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} Isi ihe mere e ji rụọ dam ndị e wuru n'ime narị afọ nke 20 bụ ịkwado ịgba mmiri; mmepụta [[ike mmiri]] bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke abụọ.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} Na 1929, e nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Ijipt na [[Sudan Anglo-Egypt]].<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> <!-- {{efn|The 1929 agreement was an exchange of letters between [[Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha]] (prime minister of Egypt) and the [[British High Commission]] of Egypt (representing Sudan). No other countries from the Nile Basin were involved in the agreement.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}} The 1929 agreement was not the first treaty governing Nile waters: in 1891 Britain and Italy signed an agreement prohibiting dams on Ethiopian rivers;{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp =305-306}} and in 1902 a treaty between Britain, Ethiopia and Egypt was signed, prohibiting dams on the Blue Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021| p =329}} }} --> Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na mba Ijipt na mba Sudan na-eji mita kubik ijeri iri anọ na asatọ na anọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu. Ijipt nwere ikike inyocha otú mmiri si aga na mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, ịrụ ọrụ ndị metụtara osimiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke mba ndị dị n'elu osimiri, na ịgbachi nkịtị maka ọrụ owuwu ọ bụla ga-emetụta Ijipt nke ukwuu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p= 22}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Roach|2025|p=5}}. }}</ref> ===Oge mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị=== [[File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|E bufere [[Abu Simbel|Abu Simbel]] n'ala dị elu mgbe e wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] ma jupụta ebe mbụ ha dị.{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} |alt=A huge rock sculpture of four kings sitting on thrones.]] Ijipt na Sudan nwere onwe ha n'aka Briten n'etiti afọ 1950.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-23}}{{efn|name=EgyptIndep|Egypt became nominally independent in 1922, but Britain maintained control of foreign policy and kept armed forces near the Suez Canal. Full independence was achieved in 1957 after the [[Suez Crisis]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=63-68}}}} N'afọ 1959, Ijipt na Sudan gbanwere nkwekọrịta nkewa mmiri nke afọ 1929. Nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ahụ kewara mmiri ahụ ka Ijipt na Sudan kewaa na ijeri cubic mita 55.5 na ijeri cubic mita 18.5 n'otu n'otu.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=122–123}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=22–24}}. }}</ref> E wepụrụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dị n'ime Osimiri Naịl na nkwekọrịta 1959 nke gụnyere Etiopia, nke bụ isi iyi nke ihe karịrị ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Naịl.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}} Nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 gụnyere usoro ndị kwere ka Ijipt na Sudan wuo mgbochi mmiri, nke ha mere: Ijipt wuru [[Aswan High Dam]] (emechara 1970); Sudan wuru [[Khashm el-Girba Dam]] (1964), [[Roseires Dam]] (1966), [[Merowe Dam]] (2009), na [[Upper Atbara na Setit Dam Complex]] (2017).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=24}}{{efn|The 1959 agreement also provided for financial compensation paid from Egypt to Sudan for the displacement of [[Nubians]] as a result of the new reservoir behind the Aswan High Dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=22-24}}}} N'afọ 1960, Ijipt malitere iwu Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke na-echekwa mmiri Naịl ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|pp=15–16}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=125}}. |{{harvnb|Hurst|2025}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=52}}. }}</ref> Akwa mmiri ahụ gbanwere akụkụ ala nke osimiri Naịl (site na akwa mmiri ahụ ruo n'oké osimiri) ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ọwa mmiri.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=16}} Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mmetụta dị mma: enwere ọtụtụ mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ike mmiri enyekwala ọkụ eletrik karịa maka mmepụta ihe ndị Ijipt. Mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere adịghị mma mmiri, mbelata nke ala ọmụmụ n'ihi enweghị ájá ọhụrụ nke idei mmiri na-etinye, mmụba [[Nnu ala#Nnu n'ihi ịgba mmiri|nnu ala]], schistosomiasis, mfu ebe obibi maka osisi na anụmanụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na mgbasa nke ndị Nubia.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|2009|pp=148–151}}. |{{harvnb|Talling|2009|p=29}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=46,53,69}}. }}</ref> Aswan High Dam jupụtara mmiri idei n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ gaarakwa emebi ọtụtụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. [[Mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile Iji Zọpụta Ihe Ncheta nke Nubia|mgbasa Ozi Mba Nile]] iji zọpụta ụfọdụ ihe ncheta ka mmiri ghara ijupụta n'ime mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ zọpụtara ụfọdụ ihe ncheta nke ọma, gụnyere [[Abu Simbel | Temple Abu Simbel]].{{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |pp=135-136}} Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan nke dị elu manyere ịkwaga ọtụtụ [[ndị Nubia]] bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ nke mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ kpuchiri. A chụpụrụ ndị Nubia n'ala nna nna ha, a manyekwara ọtụtụ n'ime ha ịkwaga n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche dị n'Ijipt na Sudan.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hassan|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=132–133}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=187-189}}. }}</ref> === Esemokwu na mkparịta ụka na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20=== [[File:Slope of Nile.png|thumb|Oke mmiri nke Naịl dị n'elu mmiri (n'aka ekpe, na eserese a), nke na-enye ohere nke ukwuu maka mmepụta ike mmiri.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}}]] N'ime narị afọ nke 20 niile, e nwere enweghị nguzozi n'ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime Osimiri Naịl: Ijipt na Sudan n'ebe ugwu nwere ike karịa mba iri ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda.<ref name=powerShift/> Mgbe Ijipt na Sudan mechara nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959, ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri (gụnyere Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, na Etiopia) malitere ikwu okwu megide usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ, ma rụrịta ụka na ha ejighị nkwekọrịta ahụ n'aka n'ihi na ha abụghị ndị so na ya.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=24-25}} Arụmụka nke mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri bụ na ọdọ mmiri ndị Ijipt na Sudan wuru chebere mba abụọ ahụ pụọ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri, mana mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri dịka Etiopia ka nọ n'okpuru oké ọkọchị na ụnwụ nri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=71, 339-344}}{{efn|According to [[Sundeep Waslekar]], Nile Basin droughts in the 20th century affected around 170 million people and killed half a million people.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}} From the 70 incidents of drought which took place between 1900 and 2012, 55 incidents took place in Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania.{{Sfn|Waslekar|2009|p=2}}}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan High Dam na-emepụta ihe dị ka ijeri kilowatt iri kwa afọ; ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Ijipt ohere ịkọ ihe ubi ugboro atọ kwa afọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu owuwe ihe ubi tupu ọwa mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=70}} Ndị ndu Ijipt na-ekwukarị na ha dị njikere iji ndị agha chebe ikike ha dịka nkwekọrịta nke afọ 1959 si dị.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=24–25}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=82}}. }}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, mba Afrịka sonyere n'ọtụtụ mgbalị iji guzobe amụma nkekọrịta mmiri{{snd}}gụnyere [[Undugu Commission]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1983 ruo 1993) na [[TECCONILE]] (na-arụ ọrụ site na 1993 ruo 1998){{snd}} mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=26-27}} Na 1999, itoolu n'ime iri {{efn| South Sudan was not yet a country in 1999, but joined the [[Nile Basin Initiative]] in 2012.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Eritrea has declined to participate in the Nile Basin Initiative.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=312}} }} mba ndị dị na Naịl {{snd}}Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania na Uganda{{snd}}guzobere [[Mmepe Naịl Basin]] iji kwalite mkparịta ụka udo gbasara okwu ndị metụtara Naịl Basin.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin Trust Fund", ''World Bank Group''}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=16}}. }}</ref> === Mgbanwe ike gaa mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri === [[File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Dam Mmiri Renaissance nke Etiopia]], nke e mechara n'afọ 2025, na-emepụta ihe karịrị gigawatts ise.{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}}|alt=A photograph of large concrete dam and the reservoir it creates. The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint, looking down from above. Large plumes of white water spray over a spillway.]] Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 21, ike gbanwere gaa na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri ka ha malitere iwu ọdọ mmiri na-enweghị nkwenye nke Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.<ref name=powerShift>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=20–21,25,32–33}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=336–337, 341–342}}. |{{harvnb|Allan|2009|pp=760–768}}. }} </ref> Na afọ 2008, Etiopia wuru [[Mmiri Tekezé]] n'achọghị ikike n'aka Ijipt ma ọ bụ Sudan.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=336-337}} Na 2010, mba ise dị n'elu {{snd}}Uganda, Etiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, na Kenya{{efn|Kenya abụghị otu n'ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya, kama ha bịanyere aka na ya obere oge ka e mechara mepụta ya.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=244-245}} }}{{snd}}binyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ {{snd}} [[Agreement Conoperative Framework Agreement]]{{snd}} nke bu n'obi ikenye mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi maka mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri. Ihe kpaliri Kenya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ na ha nwere atụmatụ ịpụpụta mmiri site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria maka ịgba mmiri. Egypt na Sudan megidere nkwekọrịta nke afọ 2010.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=244–245}}. |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|pp=25–26}}. |{{harvnb|Roussi|2020}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Na 2011, [[2011 ntuli aka nnwere onwe nke South Sudan|South Sudan ghọrọ mba nke iri na otu n'ime Osimiri Naịl. N'esemokwu mmiri ndị sochirinụ, South Sudan jikọrọ aka na mba ndị dị n'elu mmiri kama iso Sudan.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=18}} Na 2011, Etiopia kwupụtara atụmatụ iwu nnukwu mgbochi mmiri na Blue Nile dị nso na ókèala ya na Sudan. E mechara kpọọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] (GERD).{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Etiopia lere GERD anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọdịnihu mba ahụ, n'ihi na ike ọkụ eletrik nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ga-eme ka o nwee ike ime ka ndụ ndị bi na ya dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu. Ijipt nwere nchegbu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-etinye mmiri n'ihe ubi ya n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na Ijipt na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri osimiri niile na-abata n'obodo ya, ma ọ na-echegbu onwe ya na mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-ebute ụkọ mmiri. Sudan nwere nchegbu maka nchekwa na mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Ranjan|2024|p=30}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=316}}. }}</ref> Mgbe a mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ, onyeisiala Ijipt [[Mohamed Morsi]] kwuru na mwakpo ndị agha megide Etiopia bụ nhọrọ,{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=27}} Sudan na Ijipt mekwara ọtụtụ [[mmega agha]] nkwonkwo.{{sfn|İlkbahar|Mercan|2023|pp=1165-1166}} E mere ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka n'etiti Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt mgbe a na-arụ akwa mmiri ahụ ma na-ejupụta ebe a na-edebe mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Roach|2025|pp=1-2}} Na 2015, mba ndị ahụ bịanyere aka na "Nkwupụta nke Ụkpụrụ" nke nwere nkwekọrịta dị elu gbasara ojiji mmiri na usoro ijupụta ihe dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}}{{efn| The 2015 agreement stipulated that the three countries would use the Nile's waters in a fair and appropriate manner; and they agreed on an approach to filling the reservoir and operating the dam.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} }} Na 2019, mba Amerịka kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti mba ndị a.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|p=28}} Na 2020, [[African Union]] malitere ịkwado mkparịta ụka.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=29-31}} N'afọ ahụ, Ijipt rịọrọ [[Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] ka ha tinye aka, mana ha jụrụ ime otú ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30-32}} N'afọ 2021 na 2022, [[UAE]] kwadoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.{{sfn|Ranjan|2024|pp=30,33}} E mechara iwu ụlọ nke GERD dam n'afọ 2020, ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara na 2025, ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ eletrik na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{Sfn|Mureithi |2025}} <!-- ===Future=== In the early 2020s, the population of the Nile Basin was about 250 million people, and the total population of the eleven countries of the basin was over 400 million.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"The Nile Basin", ''Nile Basin Initiative''}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=70}}. }}</ref> Egypt's population was about 100 million, a dramatic increase from 2.5 million in 1800{{snd}}made possible by the construction of dams, the [[green revolution]], and the industrialization of agricultural practices.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=61}} In the 21st century, Egypt and Sudan continue to rely on extracting large amounts of water from the Nile for their existence.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|pp=43-44,61}} Some experts predict that the Nile Basin may experience a [[water scarcity]] problem in the future, if population growth, agricultural needs, and climate change combine to create a scenario where the water demands exceed the amount of water available.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=70}} --> ==Akụnụba == ===Ọrụ Ugbo=== [[File:Desert agriculture in Egypt (Copernicus 2024-02-03).jpg|thumb|alt=An aerial photograph of a yellow sandy desert to the west of the Nile. Over forty green circles are visible, where irrigation water has been used to grow crops.|Ihe ubi ndị a dị n'Ijipt (n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka]]) bụ ihe si na [[Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ|usoro ịgba mmiri]] nke na-amịpụta mmiri Naịl site na [[Lake Nasser]] pụta.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Desert Agriculture", ''Copernicus Programme''}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=84–85}}. }}</ref> ]] E nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ugbo n'etiti mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) na mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda (Uganda, Etiopia, wdg).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Ugwu bụ ọzara, mana ndịda na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu; ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe ugwu na-adaberekarị na ịgba mmiri, ebe ndịda na-adabere na mmiri ozuzo echekwara n'ime ala ([[Mmiri ala (njide)|mmiri ala]]); ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma n'ebe ugwu (n'ihi iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ọma) karịa na ndịda; ebe ugwu nwere nnukwu akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri (odo mmiri dam, ọwa mmiri, wdg) nke amụma gọọmentị na isi mmalite ego mba ụwa na-akwado.{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-758}} Mmiri ala e ji eme ihe ubi kwa afọ na ndịda bụ 229km{{sup|3}}, nke karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri Naịl kwa afọ (ihe dị ka 100km{{sup|3}}).{{sfn|Allan|2009|pp=754-755}} Ihe ubi na ndịda na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ site n'ebe dị anya site n'ahịa; n'adịghị ka ugwu, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugbo niile dị n'obere warara n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ohere njem zuru oke.{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=758}} Enweghị mmiri ozuzo na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mere ka Ijipt dabere na Naịl maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpa mmiri niile ọ chọrọ.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84">{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=84}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-akọ n'Ijipt gụnyere owu, ọka wit, ọka, osikapa, ọka wit, na agwa fava.<ref name="Hamza 2009 84"/> E nwere oge abụọ a na-akọ ihe ubi n'Ijipt: oge okpomọkụ (owu) na oge oyi (ọka na akwụkwọ nri).{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Kemgbe afọ 1950, Ijipt ejirila usoro ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (gụnyere iji fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje eme ihe nke ukwuu) mee ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nke ọma.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hamza|2009|p=85}}. |{{harvnb|Holt|2026}}. }}</ref> Ala Ijipt bụ ọzara 94% na 3% [[ala a na-akọ ihe ubi]].{{sfn|Holt|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala ubi Ijipt dị na Naịl Delta, ebe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Hamza|2009|pp=75, 84}} Ihe ọkụkụ ndị bụ́ isi na Sudan bụ ahụekere, owu, sesame, okpete, na [[ọka]]. Ihe ndị ọzọ a kụrụ n'ubi gụnyere millet, wit, ọka, na ọka bali.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ihe ubi Sudan na-enweta mmiri sitere na Blue Nile na White Nile, nke ọtụtụ dam dị iche iche gụnyere Sennar Dam na Khashm el-Girba Dam na-akwado.{{sfn|Sabr|2026}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-agba mmiri dị n'ime [[Usoro Gezira]], ọrụ ịgba mmiri sara mbara malitere na 1920s.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Sabr|2026}} |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=315}}. }}</ref> ===Ịkụ azụ=== [[File:Lates niloticus by DaijuAzuma.jpg|thumb|E webatara [[Nịl perch]] n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria n'afọ 1950 iji mepụta ebe a na-akụ azụ ọhụrụ..<ref name=perch/>|alt=A grey fish, viewed from the side. Rocks and blue water are in the background.]] Naịl na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara ya abụrụla ebe dị mkpa maka ndị bi nso mmiri kemgbe oge ochie.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} N'afọ 2000, Osimiri Naịl na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn azụ nde 1.4 kwa afọ, nke karịrị ọkara nke mmiri ọhụrụ niile sitere na kọntinent Afrịka dum (ton nde 2.2).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725}} Naanị Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria{{snd}}Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa{{snd}}nyere otu nde tọn.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=724-725, 742}} Mkpụrụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Naịl karịrị nke azụ̀ e jidere n'osimiri ya.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} Mmiri niile dị na Osimiri Naịl{{snd}}ma e wezụga Sudd{{snd}}na-egosi ihe akaebe nke ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Witte|2009a|pp=723–724, 742}}. |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|Vijverberg|2009|p=182}}. }}</ref> N'afọ 1950, e webatara Naịl perch na Naịl tilapia n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria iji gbanwee mmepụta azụ̀ ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ka ha ghara ịmịpụta nke ọma; mgbalị ahụ gara nke ọma, mana o butere mbelata n'ọnụọgụgụ ụdị azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Witte|2009a|p=723}} Ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụ̀ a na-ejide n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ Nile perch na [[Silver cyprinid]] (Lake Victoria sardine).{{sfn|Witte|2009a|pp=723-724}} A na-ebuga ụfọdụ azụ̀{{snd}}karịsịa [[Nịl perch]]{{snd}}karịsịa na Yuropu, kama iri ha n'obodo.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|p=17}} A na-akọ azụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Dumont|2009|p=17}}. |{{harvnb|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=119}}. }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri=== [[File:Nile River Hydropower Stations.svg|thumb|Ụfọdụ ọdụ ọkụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. "GERD" bụ [[Dam Ukwu nke Renaissance nke Etiopia]].|alt=A map of northeast Africa. The Nile is shown as a blue line. Along the Nile, locations of about ten hydropower stations are indicated.]] Osimiri Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na-enye ike site n'ọtụtụ ọdụ [[hydropower]], bụ́ ndị nwere ikike imepụta ihe karịrị ike eletrik iri [[gigawatts]] (GW).{{efn|Total generation capacity for the Nile Basin was computed by summing generation capacity values from the table titled "Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin". Sources for capacities of individual power stations are identified in that same table.}} Tupu afọ 2000, e nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ole na ole n'elu osimiri Naịl, mana mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị mere ka ọsọ ọrụ owuwu mmiri dịkwuo elu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=348}} <!-- {{efn|Hydropower stations generate electricity from rivers and lakes by using the water to turn turbine generators. Most hydropower stations are integrated with a dam, but some{{snd}}such as Ethiopia's [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant]]{{snd}}do not have a dam, and instead use a [[Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity|'run of the river']] design to take water from a lake and run the water through conduits to the generators.}} --> E depụtara ebe ndị nwere ike mmiri nwere ike [[Akara aha|ike]] karịrị 100 MW n'okpuru tebụl dị n'okpuru.{{efn|This table only includes hydropower stations with capacities over 100 MW. Smaller stations including [[Assiut Barrage]], [[Jebel Aulia Dam]], [[Naga Hammadi dam]], [[Esna Power Plant]], and [[Tis Abay I, II]] are not included. Hydropower stations ''outside'' the Nile Basin are not included, such as Ethiopia's [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam|Gilgel Gibe Dams I]], [[Gilgel Gibe II Dam|II]], and [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam|III]].}} {| class= "wikitable defaultright col2center col5center sortable" |+ Major hydropower stations in the Nile Basin{{efn|Colors in the "Landmark" column indicate the country in which the hydropower station is located.}} ! scope="col" | Hydropower<br>station ! scope="col" | Nearby<br>landmark ! scope="col" | Year<br>completed ! scope="col" | [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]<br>(MW, in 2025) ! scope="col" | Tributary |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan Low Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan, Egypt]]}} ||1902, 1912, 1933, 1985|| 550{{sfn|"Aswan Low Dam", ''Egypt MOEE'' }} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Aswan High Dam]] | {{operational|[[Aswan]] Egypt}} || 1970 || 2,100{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=149}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Merowe Dam]] | {{WinDL|[[Merowe, Sudan]] }}|| 2009 || 1,250{{sfn|"Merowe Dam - Sudan", '' Abu Dhabi Fund for Development''}} || Main Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit]] | {{WinDL| [[Showak|Showak, Sudan]] }}|| 2017 || 320{{sfn|"Upper Atbara Dam", ''OPEC Fund for International Development''}} || [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] and [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Roseires Dam]] | {{WinDL| [[Er Roseires|Er Roseires, Sudan]]}} || 1966, 2013 || 280{{sfn|"Roseires Dam", ''IHA''}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Beles Hydroelectric Power Plant|Tana Beles]] | {{partial|[[Lake Tana|Lake Tana, Ethiopia]]}} || 2010 || 460{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Beles River]], Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Tekezé Dam]] | {{partial|[[Tekezé River|Tekezé River, Ethiopia]]}} || 2009 || 300{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || [[Tekezé River|Tekezé]], [[Atbarah River|Atbarah]] |- ! scope="row" | [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] | {{partial|[[Bameza|Bameza, Ethiopia]] }}|| 2020 || 5,150{{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} || Blue Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Fincha Hydroelectric Power Station|Fincha]] | {{partial| [[Fincha'a|Fincha'a, Ethiopia]]}} || 1973|| 134{{sfn|Hailu|2022 |loc=Table 4}} || Blue Nile (Chomen Lake) |- ! scope="row" | [[Karuma Hydroelectric Power Station|Karuma]] | {{nom| [[Karuma Falls|Karuma Falls, Uganda ]]}} || 2024 || 600{{sfn|"Karuma", ''Uganda Radio Network''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Isimba Hydroelectric Power Station|Isimba]] | {{nom| [[Kamuli District|Kamuli District, Uganda]]}}|| 2019 || 183{{sfn|"Isimba Power Station", ''UEGCL''}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station|Bujagali]] | {{nom| [[Bujagali Falls|Bujagali Falls, Uganda]]}}|| 2012|| 250{{sfn|Griffin|2018}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Kiira Hydroelectric Power Station|Kiira]] | {{nom| [[Kimaka|Kimaka, Uganda]]}}|| 2003 || 200{{sfn|Angurini|2021}} || Victoria Nile |- ! scope="row" | [[Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station|Nalubaale]] | {{nom| [[Jinja, Uganda]]}} || 1954|| 180{{Sfn|Tumwesigye|2011|p=10}} || Victoria Nile |} ===Ụgbọ njem=== [[File:Nile Barge R08.jpg|thumb|alt=A cargo boat, empty, in a wide river|A na-eji ụgbọ mmiri {{snd}}dị ka nke a dị nso na [[Luxor]], Ijipt{{snd}}ebu ibu n'osimiri ahụ.]] <!-- [[File:Ecluse-Nil.jpg|thumb|[[Lock (water navigation)|Locks]] permit boats to pass through dams on the river. This lock is in [[Esna]], Egypt.|alt=A boat lock in a dam on a river.]] --> Osimiri Naịl nwere oke ala dị larịị n'ebe ugwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndịda ugwu {{snd}}ya mere mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu (Ijipt, Sudan, na South Sudan) nwere oke mmiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị karịa.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=336}} N'Ijipt, osimiri ahụ enweghị nnukwu ihe mgbochi n'etiti delta na cataract mbụ dị na Aswan, n'ihi ya, ejirila akụkụ ahụ mee ihe nke ukwuu maka njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=12}} A pụrụ iji usoro ahụ mee ihe ọbụna tupu ụgbọ mmiri [[steamship]] abịa, n'ihi na mmiri nwere ike ibu ụgbọ mmiri n'ala ala, ifufe si n'ebe ugwu na-enyekwa aka mgbe ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'elu mmiri.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|pp=12,14}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=64}}. }}</ref> <!-- Several bridges cross the Nile, including the [[6th October Bridge]], [[Rod El Farag Axis Bridge]], [[Aswan Bridge]] (all in Egypt); and the [[Tuti Bridge]] (Sudan).{{cn|date=February 2026}} -->A naghị aga Blue Nile n'ọtụtụ ebe. Kama osimiri ahụ, ndị Etiopia na ndị ọchịchị Itali jiri ụzọ dị n'elu ala {{snd}} nke ''[[Strada Imperiale]]''{{snd}} maka njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ugwu ruo ndịda na Etiopia.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=317}} N'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 1903, ndị nchọpụta ka nọ na-eme nnyocha banyere Blue Nile iji hụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee njem n'etiti Etiopia na Sudan, mana ha emeghị nke ọma.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=115-117, 317}} N'Ijipt oge ochie, osimiri bụ ụzọ isi ebuga ihe, e wuru ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche ma nke bara uru ma nke emume.<ref name=ancientTransport> {{Multiref |{{harvnb|Van de Moortel|2007}}. |{{harvnb|Creasman|2010}}. }}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri ndị Ijipt siri ike nke ukwuu iji buru nnukwu [[obelisks]] na nkume maka iwu pyramid na ụlọ nsọ.<ref name=boatStone>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|p=126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|p=60|loc=Figure 4.6}}. | {{harvnb|Younes |2024}}. }}</ref>{{efn | name=Giza| Artwork showing an obelisk on a boat is in the [[Deir el-Bahari]] [[mortuary temple]]s. The Nile River used to be much closer to the Giza Pyramid Complex than it is today, enabling boats to bring stones close to the construction site.{{sfn|Younes |2024}} }} N'oge a, a ka na-eji osimiri eme njem, ọkachasị n'Ijipt, ebe o nwere ụzọ mmiri anọ a na-eji aga ụgbọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri: abụọ dị na delta, otu dị n'etiti delta na Aswan High Dam, na otu dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. Ijipt na-ebuga ihe ruru nde tọn narị ise nke ibu n'osimiri kwa afọ, nke bụ naanị ihe dị ka pasentị 0.8 nke mbugharị ibu niile nke Ijipt (ọtụtụ n'ime ibu ndị a na-ebu site n'okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè).{{efn|Data regarding Egyptian waterborne cargo is from 2023.{{sfn|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}}} Cargo transported on the river includes cement, limestone, coal, petroleum products, and phosphates.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|"Private Sector in River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. |{{harvnb|"Current State of River Transport", ''EnterpriseAM''}}. }}</ref> Site n'elu ọdọ mmiri Nasser, Naịl na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya nwere mmiri mmiri, [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataracts]], rapid, na ihe mgbochi mmiri ndị na-eme ka njem dị anya sie ike.{{sfn|Dumont|2009|pp=6-7}} Ihe mgbochi ọzọ na-egbochi njem ụgbọ mmiri bụ [[Sudd]], nnukwu ala mmiri jupụtara na mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọcha na South Sudan. A malitere atụmatụ iwu ọwa mmiri site na apịtị a kpọrọ [[Ọwa mmiri Jonglei]]{{snd}} na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 iji nye mmiri ka ukwuu iji kụọ owu na Ijipt. A malitere iwu ụlọ ahụ obere oge n'afọ 1978, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Shahin|2002|pp=286–287}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=154}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp= 61-64,195-212}}. }}</ref> ===Njem nlegharị anya na ntụrụndụ=== [[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|alt=A boat on river. In the boat are about 20 people.|Akụkụ dị iche iche nke osimiri ahụ na-adọta ndị njem nleta. Ụgbọ mmiri a na-ekiri [[Murchison Falls]] n'elu Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.]] Karịsịa osimiri Naịl, nke dị n'Ijipt, abụrụla otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ, ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ njem.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}{{efn|In 1992, Smithsonian librarian [[Martin R. Kalfatovic]] documented 1,150 books that described travels on the Nile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}}}} Otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kacha aga n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl bụ [[Giza pyramid complex]]{{snd}}about {{convert|9|km |mi|sp=us}} site na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịl dị na Cairo{{snd}} nke bụ ebe ndị njem nleta kemgbe oge ndị Gris.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=54}}{{efn |name=Giza}} Oke osimiri Naịl dị n'etiti Cairo na Aswan abụrụla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga kemgbe: n'oge emume gbasara mmeghe nke [[Suez Canal]] na 1870, otu ìgwè ndị njem nleta buru ụgbọ mmiri gaa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ wee gaa leta [[Luxor]], [[Dendera]], [[Saqqara]], [[Edfu]], na [[Philae]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=47}} Otu n'ime [[ụlọ ọrụ njem|ụlọ ọrụ njem]] mbụ n'ụwa, [[Thomas Cook & Son]], malitere inye njem nlegharị anya n'osimiri ahụ na 1870 mgbe e meghere Ọwa Mmiri Suez, ma malite njem ụgbọ mmiri steam mgbe niile n'elu osimiri Naịl n'afọ 1875.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=77}} Kemgbe e wuru Aswan High Dam n'afọ 1970, ọdọ mmiri ahụ aghọọla ebe ndị njem nleta na-aga, tinyere ụlọ nsọ ndị dị nso e bufere n'oge a na-ewu ya ka ha ghara ịdaba n'ime mmiri.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=85-87}} Ọdọ mmiri Aswan High Dam bakwaara ụlọ ọrụ njem ụgbọ mmiri uru n'ihi na osimiri site na Aswan ruo na delta ahụ ghọrọ nke a na-eji agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=71}} Osimiri Naịl bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe nchekwa ihe okike, gụnyere [[Murchison Falls National Park]] nke Uganda,{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=189}} na [[Saluga na Ghazal Protectorate|Salouga na Ghazal Chekwara]] nke Ijipt.{{sfn|Bunbury|2023|p=53}}<!-- {{efn|Other parks on or near the Nile include Uganda's [[Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary]], [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], and [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]]. South Sudan has the [[Boma National Park]], [[Bandingilo National Park]], [[Shambe National Park]], and [[Zeraf Game Reserve]]. Sudan contains the [[Sabaloka Game Reserve]]. Egypt has [[Wadi al Hitan]], [[Lake Burullus|Lake Burullus Protected Area]], and [[Wadi Allaqi|Wadi Allaqi biosphere]]. }} --> Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali so n'ebe ndị a ma ama n'Africa, mana ha aghọọla ndị mmiri kpuchiri n'ihi owuwu nke [[Ọdụ Ike Bujagali]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=219}} <!-- {{ efn| The river has several major cities on or near its banks including Cairo, [[Khartoum]], [[Juba]], and [[Kampala]]. These cities have hotels and facilities for tourists, such as the [[Speke Resort and Conference Center]], opened in Kampala in 2007.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=217}} }} --> == Na omenala== ===Nka na akwụkwọ=== <gallery> File:Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna MET DT10878.jpg|Ihe osise ochie a nke ndị Ijipt, "Menna na Ịchụ nta Ezinụlọ n'ime Ala Mmiri", dị n'ime [[Ili Menna]] dị na [[Theban Necropolis]].{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 003.jpg|Azụ̀ [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] na-eri.{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}}{{efn|Detail of larger artwork in the [[Tomb of Menna]] in the [[Theban Necropolis]]{{sfn| Siliotti|1997|pp=154-155}} }} File:0 Mosaïque à scène mytholgique - villa Severi - Pal. Massimo 3.JPG| [[ala Nilotic]], dị ka mosaic ndị Rom nke narị afọ nke abụọ a, na-egosipụtakarị agụ iyi na hippos.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> File:New Wing, Vatican Museums (25497052238) (cropped).jpg| ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'' bụ nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl site na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].<ref name=colossal/> </gallery> A na-ahụkarị osimiri ahụ na [[Nka nke Ijipt oge ochie | nka Ijipt oge ochie]], ọtụtụ mgbe, e nwere ndị eze na-akụ azụ̀ ma ọ bụ na-akụ azụ̀ hippopotamuse.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian/> A na-akpọ [[eserese ala|Ihe osise ala]] nke gosipụtara osimiri Naịl{{snd}} ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ{{snd}} [[ala nilotic]]. A na-ahụ ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Nilotic site n'osimiri nke gosipụtara ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Ijipt. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere papyrus, nkwụ, azụ̀ na nnụnụ mmiri, na {{snd}}nwamba, enwe, na agụ iyi.<ref name=Nilotic_Egyptian>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Robins|2008|pp=68–69,97,126}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=53–54}}. }}</ref> A na-egosikwa ala Nilotic n'ihe osise sitere na Gris oge ochie na [[ihe osise ndị Rom|Rom oge ochie]].<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman/> Ihe osise ndị Rom nke oge ochie na-elekwasị anya n'anụmanụ ndị na-eme ihe ike, nke na-agụnyekarị agụ iyi na hippopotamuses.<ref name=Nilotic_GreekRoman>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Betancourt|2007|pp=93,122,146,190}}. |{{harvnb|Versluys|2002|pp=3–4, 23, 28–30,43–50, 55, 65}}. }}</ref> Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke Naịl n'ihe osise bụ ''[[Personification of the River Nile]]'', ihe ọkpụkpụ mabụl dị ukwuu sitere na {{circa}} narị afọ nke abụọ OA Rome{{snd}}ugbua dị na [[Vatican Museum]].{{efn|A colossal sculpture is one twice life size or larger.{{sfn|"Colossal", ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary''}}}} A na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke na-ehulata n'elu ihe e ji ọka wit mee. N'akụkụ ya bụ [[sphinx]]{{snd}} nke na-anọchite anya Ijipt{{snd}} na ụmụ iri na isii nke na-ezo aka na cubit iri na isii (ogologo kacha mma nke idei mmiri kwa afọ). E nwere agụ iyi, nkịta ndị a na-akpọ pygmi, na ehi mmiri.<ref name=colossal>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|pp=282–289}}. |{{harvnb|"Nile", ''Vatican Museum''}}. |{{harvnb|"Personification of the River Nile", ''Yale Peabody Museum''}}. }}</ref> A na-ahụ Osimiri Naịl n'ihe osise ndị nwere nnukwu osimiri anọ n'ụwa: Osimiri Naịl (Afrịka), [[Danube]] (Europe), [[Ganges]] (Asia), na [[Río de la Plata]] (America). Ihe atụ gụnyere eserese ahụ ''[[The Four Continents|The Four Rivers of Paradise]]'' site n'aka [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (1615){{sfn|Rosenthal|2005|pp=41-42}} na isi iyi ahụ dị na Rom ''[[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]]'' emebere ya site n'aka [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]] (1651).{{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=289-305}} N'isi iyi Bernini, a na-egosi Naịl dị ka nwoke kpuchiri isi ya n'ákwà, nke na-anọchite anya ihe omimi nke isi iyi Naịl a na-amaghị ama.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Schama|1995|p=302}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=351}}. }}</ref> Ndị Ijipt oge ochie dere ma bụọ [[Abụ a maka Naịl]]; o mere emume maka idei mmiri nke Naịl na uru o wetara n'ọdịbendị Ijipt.{{sfn|"Hymn to the Nile Flood", ''University College London''}} [[Isma'il Pasha]] nyere [[Giuseppe Verdi]] ọrụ ide opera iji mee emume mmeghe nke Suez Canal. E mere opera a, ''[[Aida]]'', n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Royal Opera nke e wuru ọhụrụ [[Egyptian Royal Opera House]] n'afọ 1871. E tinyere ihe nkiri opera nke atọ n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=43}} Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ nke Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, ndị egwu Etiopia emepụtala egwu ndị na-eme emume ma na-eto Naịl na dam.{{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} [[William Shakespeare]] nwere agwa [[Marc Antony]] na-akọwa idei mmiri Naịl n'egwuregwu ahụ ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]'': "Otu a ka ha si eme, nna m ukwu: ha na-ewere mmiri nke Naịl site na ihe atụ ụfọdụ na pyramid; ha maara, Site n'ịdị elu, ala, ma ọ bụ nke dị ala, ma ọ bụrụ na ụkọ ma ọ bụ foison na-eso: ka Nilus na-eto nke ọma, ka o kwere nkwa karịa: ka ọ na-agbọpụta, onye na-agha mkpụrụ na-agbasasị ọka ya n'elu ala ahịhịa na mmiri ozuzo, Ọ na-abịakwa n'oge owuwe ihe ubi." {{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=59}}{{efn|Quote from ''Antony and Cleopatra'' (Act 2, Scene 7). "Foison" means a rich harvest.}}<!-- The Nile also plays a role in other depictions of [[Cleopatra]] in art, including the 1898 play ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (play)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' by [[George Bernard Shaw]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=73}} and the 1963 film ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra ]]''.{{cn}} --> [[Agatha Christie]] dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omimi nke afọ 1937 a ma ama ''[[Death on the Nile]]'', gbasara ogbugbu n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'Osimiri Naịl, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ mgbanwe.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=77-78}} ''[[Adrift on the Nile]]'' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Ijipt na onye meriri [[Nobel Laureate|Nobel Prize]] [[Naguib Mahfouz]] dere n'afọ 1966 gbasara otu nwa okorobịa bi n'ụgbọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl. Osimiri ahụ bụ ihe atụ maka ndụ ọ na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa, nke na-eme ka ọ gbakụta ọha mmadụ azụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=72-73}} Osimiri Naịl na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ [[egwuregwu vidiyo]], gụnyere ''[[Civilization VI]]''.{{sfn|Tian|2025|pp=95,100-102}} ===Akụkọ ifo na okpukperechi=== [[File:Hapy_tying.svg|thumb|Chi ndị Ijipt [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] kpatara idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ.<ref name=Hapy/>|alt=A diagram of two identical blue men, facing each other. They are holding green plants.]] [[File:Jozef Geirnaert - Finding of Moses.jpg|thumb|Baịbụl Hibru nwere akụkọ gbasara ebe a napụtara nwa ọhụrụ [[Moses]] n'ime Osimiri Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}}|alt=A detailed colorful painting, of several men and women alongside a river. A baby is in a basket.]] [[Okpukpe ochie nke ndị Ijipt#Cosmology|Cosmology]] nke ndị Ijipt oge ochie bụ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okike: kama ile ndụ anya dị ka ihe nwere mmalite na njedebe, a na-ele ya anya dị ka usoro na-adịgide adịgide. Echiche ndụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere n'ụwa ebumpụta ụwa nke gbara ndị Ijipt gburugburu, ụzọ anyanwụ si agafe kwa ụbọchị, na idei mmiri nke Naịl kwa afọ.<ref>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Allen|2000|p=104}}. |{{harvnb|Assmann |2001 |pp=63–64}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 15, 108}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. }}</ref> Chi anyanwụ [[Ra]] na-agafe n'eluigwe kwa ụbọchị site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ, usoro atọ nke ụbọchị (ọwụwa anyanwụ, ehihie, na anyanwụ dara) kwekọrọ na usoro ndụ mmadụ: ọmụmụ, ndụ, na ọnwụ. N'ihi nke a, e tinyere ọtụtụ ebe ili ozu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, ebe ha ga-adị nso na anyanwụ na-ada.<ref name=west>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Redford|2001|p= 147 |loc=Article: "Hymns"}}. |{{harvnb|Redford|2001a|pp= 123, 376 |loc=Articles: "Re", "Temples" }}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=10}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming |Lothian | 1997 | pp = 18, 29, 60}}. }}</ref>{{efn|The west side of the river is where many Egyptian funerary monuments are located, including the [[Giza pyramid complex]], the [[Memphite Necropolis]], and the [[Valley of the Kings]].<ref name=west/>}} N'ime [[chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|okpukpe Ijipt oge ochie]], ọ dịghị otu chi ọ bụla mere ka osimiri Naịl bụrụ otu ụzọ ahụ chi Ra si mee ka anyanwụ bụrụ otu.{{sfn|Hornung|1982|pp=77–79}} Chi ndị e jikọtara na osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Hapi (chi Naịl)|Hapy]] (chi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ) na [[Khnum]] (chi nke [[Cataracts nke Naịl|cataract mbụ]]), ndị jikọrọ aka mee ka idei mmiri Naịl kwa afọ nke na-eme ka ala ubi dị n'ime obodo ahụ dị mma.<ref name=Hapy>{{Multiref |{{harvnb|Hart|2005|pp=61,85–86}}. |{{harvnb|Tvedt|2021|p=9}}. |{{harvnb|Fleming|Lothian|1997|pp=30–31}}. |{{harvnb|Bunbury|2023|pp=62–63}}. |{{harvnb|Collins|2002|pp=14-15}}. }}</ref> Okpukpe ndị Ijipt tinyere isi iyi nke idei mmiri kwa afọ nke Naịl n'ebe a na-akpọ [[Agwaetiti Elephantine]] (n'oge mbụ nke cataract) ebe a kwenyere na mmiri idei mmiri ahụ na-esi n'ụwa dị n'ala mmụọ na-asọpụta.{{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=54-55, 63}} [[Isis]] bụ [[Chi ndị Ijipt oge ochie|chi ukwu]] n'okpukpe Ijipt, nke jikọtara ya na Naịl nke ukwuu. Òtù nzuzo ndị dabeere na Isis gbasaa site n'Ijipt gaa Europe na narị afọ nke abụọ Tupu Oge Anyị.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=1}} Ihe atụ nke mmetụta nke ofufe Isis na Europe bụ [[Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Palestrina]], dị na Rom ma dee ya na narị afọ mbụ Tupu Oge Anyị: mosaic nke mita 4 na 3 na-egosi ala Nilotic zuru ezu.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|p=2}} Na [[akụkọ ifo ndị Gris]], [[Nilus (akụkọ ifo)|Nilus]] bụ chi nke Naịl, otu n'ime ọtụtụ puku ụmụ chi osimiri nke [[Titans]] [[Oceanus]] na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị [[Tethys (akụkọ ifo)|Tethys]]. Nilus bụ nna nke [[naiad]] [[Memphis (nwunye Epaphus)|Memphis]], onye guzobere akụkọ ifo nke obodo [[Memphis, Ijipt|Memphis]].{{sfn| Smith|1878|pp=499, 553-554, 564, 866}} <!-- {{efn|Memphis was an important city in the Ancient Egyptian civilization. It declined during the [[Roman Egypt|Roman rule of Egypt]], and was superseded by [[Cairo]], located about 20 km north of Memphis.}}{{cn}} --> A kpọtụrụ aha Naịl n'ime [[Bible]] ọtụtụ ugboro, gụnyere akụkọ dị na [[Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ]] gbasara nwa ọhụrụ [[Mozis]] e tinyere n'ime nkata n'ime osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị na-akọwa osimiri [[Gihon]]{{snd}} nke a kpọtụrụ aha na [[Akwụkwọ Jenesis]] dị ka otu n'ime [[Osimiri Paradaịs]]{{snd}} anọ dị ka Naịl.{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} Akụkọ dị oke mkpa nye [[Ndị Copts|Ndị Copt]] nke Ijipt dị na [[Akwụkwọ Matiu]]: ọ na-akọ akụkọ otú [[Senti Josef|Joseph]] na [[Meri, nne Jizọs|Meri]] [[gbaga Ijipt|gbaga Ijipt]] wee biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl ruo ọtụtụ afọ, si otú a zere [[Herọd Ukwu|Herọd]].{{sfn|Tvedt|2021|pp=20-22}} {{clear }} ==Edensibia== ===Ihe odide ala ala=== {{notelist}} ===Ntụaka=== {{Reflist}} ===Isi mmalite=== ====Akwụkwọ==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!--{{sfn|Allan|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 749–770 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/749 | chapter = Nile Basin Asymmetries: A Closed Fresh Water Resource, Soil Water Potential, the Political Economy and Nile Transboundary Hydropolitics | first= John | last = Allan }} <!-- {{sfn|Allen |2000 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Allen | first=James P | author-link=James Peter Allen | title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000 | url= https://archive.org/details/middle-egyptian-an-introduction-to-the-language-and-culture-of-hieroglyphs-1999 | isbn=0521774837 }} <!-- {{sfn|Appiah|Gates|2005|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience | editor-last1 =Appiah |editor-first1= A. | editor-link1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah | editor-last2= Gates |editor-first2= H.L. | editor-link2 = Henry Louis Gates Jr. | isbn=9780195170559 | url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi | year=2005 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Assmann |2001 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | last=Assmann | first=Jan | author-link=Jan Assmann | others=Lorton, David transl | title=The Search for God in Ancient Egypt | publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] | year=2001 | orig-year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/TheSearchForGodInAncientEgypt_201807 | isbn=0801487293 }} <!-- {{sfn|Badawi |2003 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Al-Muhit Oxford Study Dictionary: English-Arabic | editor-first= Mohammad | editor-last = Badawi | isbn= 995330050X | year= 2003 | url= https://archive.org/details/20240125_20240125_1408 | publisher= Academia | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Beaumont|1993|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book | title= Drylands: Environmental Management and Development | first= Peter | last = Beaumont | isbn= 0415004578 | year= 1993 | url= https://archive.org/details/drylandsenvironm0000beau | publisher= [[Routledge]] | access-date= 13 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Betancourt|2007|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Introduction to Aegean Art |first1= P.P |last1=Betancourt | author-link=Philip Betancourt | isbn= 9781623030841 | year= 2007 | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoae0000beta | publisher= [[Institute for Aegean Prehistory]] | access-date= 1 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Bunbury |2023|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=River Culture |chapter = The Egyptian Nile | editor-last=Wantzen |editor-first= Karl M. |first1= Judith |last1= Bunbury |display-authors=etal |pages = 43–78 | author-link= Judith Bunbury | isbn= 9789231005404 |doi=10.54677/HHMI3947 | year= 2023 | url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000382775 | publisher= [[UNESCO]] | access-date= 10 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Camberlin|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =307–333 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/307 | chapter = Nile Basin Climates | first= Pierre | last = Camberlin | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Collins|2002|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title= The Nile |first1= Robert |last1= Collins | author-link= Robert O. Collins | isbn= 9780300097641 | year= 2002 | url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | publisher= [[Yale University Press]] | access-date= 16 March 2026 }} The "Bibliographical Essay" (pp. 245{{ndash}}248) lists books about the Nile River. <!--{{sfn|Dumont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 1–22 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/1 | chapter = A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources | first= Henri | last = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|Eggermont |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 243–262 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/883 | chapter = Rwenzori Mountains (Mountains of the Moon): Headwaters of the Nile | first= Hilde | last = Eggermont | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|Dumont|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 95–124 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/95 | chapter = The Fayum Depression | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy | first2= Henri | last2 = Dumont }} <!--{{sfn|El-Shabrawy|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 125–156 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/125 | chapter = Lake Nasser-Nubia | first1= Gamal | last1 = El-Shabrawy }} <!--{{sfn|El-Sheekh |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 395–406 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/395 | chapter = River Nile Pollutants and Their Effect on Life Forms and Water Quality | first1= Mostafa | last1 = El-Sheekh }} <!-- {{sfn|Embabi |2018 | pp=>? }} --> * {{Cite book |last=Embabi |first=N.S. |title=Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt |year=2018 |isbn=9783319656595 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204215026/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-65661-8 |url-status=live }} <!-- {{sfn|Faulkner|1964 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Raymond |last = Faulkner |author-link = Raymond O. Faulkner |title= A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian |year= 1964 |orig-year= 1962 |publisher = [[Griffith Institute]] |url= https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000faul/ |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fierro|Nyer|2007|p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fierro | first1 = Pedro | first2 = Evan K. | last2 = Nyer | title = The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources | publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2007 | isbn = 9781420012583 | url = https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000unse_j5x4 | access-date = 24 March 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Fleming |Lothian |1997 |p = ?? }} --> * {{cite book | last1 = Fleming | first1 = Fergus | first2 = Alan | last2 = Lothian | title = The Way to Eternity: Egyptian Myth | publisher = Duncan Baird | year = 1997 | isbn = 0705435032 | url =https://archive.org/details/waytoeternityegy00flem }} <!-- {{sfn|Gardiner|1964|p =?? }} --> * {{cite book |first= Alan |last = Gardiner |author-link = Alan Gardiner |title=Egyptian Grammar |year= 1964 |edition =3rd |orig-year= 1927 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press ]] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptiangrammar0000alan |access-date = 26 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Ghabbour|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 499–520 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/499 | chapter = The Oligochaeta of the Nile Basin Revisited | first= Samir | last = Ghabbour }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =205–214 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/205 | chapter = The Kyoga Catchment | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 705–720 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/705 | chapter = Birds of the Nile | first= Jim | last = Green }} <!-- {{sfn|Green|El-Moghraby|2009|pp=???}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 193–204 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/193 | chapter = Swamps of the Upper White Nile | first1= Jim | last1 = Green | first2= Asim | last2 = El-Moghraby }} <!-- {{sfn|Hamilton |2016|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |title=Luganda Dictionary and Grammar |first1= Alan |last1= Hamilton | isbn= 9780954149611 | year= 2016 | url= https://archive.org/details/lugandadictionar0000hami | publisher= Alan Hamilton | access-date= 31 January 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Hamza|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 75–94 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/75 | chapter = The Nile Delta | first= Waleed | last = Hamza }} <!-- {{sfn|Hart|2005|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hart |first=George |author-link=George Hart (Egyptologist) |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |edition=Second |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn= 0415344956 |url=https://archive.org/details/edg-the-routledge-dictionary-of-egyptian-gods | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Holl|2025|pp=355–375}} * {{cite book |last1=Holl |first1=Augustin |title=General History of Africa |volume=IX: General history of Africa Revisited |chapter =Ancient Civilizations of Africa |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |pages=355–375 |year=2025 |isbn=9789231008092 |chapter-url = https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000396045?posInSet=1&queryId=N-EXPLORE-612fe50c-9ec6-4256-8bd3-7b7ec50033a7 |access-date=2 February 2026 }}--> <!-- {{sfn|Hornung|1982|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last=Hornung |first=Erik |author-link=Erik Hornung |translator-first=John |translator-last=Baines |translator-link= John Baines (Egyptologist) |others=Original in German. |title=Conceptions of God in Egypt: The One and the Many |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |year=1982 |orig-year= 1971 | isbn=9780801412233 | url= https://archive.org/details/conceptionsofgod0000horn_q6b3 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Hughes|1992|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Ralph H. |display-authors=etal |title=IUCN Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=2013-03-25 |year=1992 |publisher= [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |isbn=9782880329495 }} <!-- {{sfn|Lehman|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages =215–242 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/215 | chapter = Lake Victoria | first= John | last = Lehman }} <!-- {{sfn|Murray| 1923|p=??}} --> *{{cite book |last= Murray |first= G. W. |title=An English-Nubian Comparative Dictionary |year= 1923 |publisher= [[Humphrey Milford]], [[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/englishnubiancom0004gwmu_4 | access-date= 15 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Okidi|1994|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Okidi |first=C. O. |editor-first1=P.P. |editor-last1=Howell |editor-first2=J. J. |editor-last2=Alan |isbn=9780521450409 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521450409/page/321 |access-date=12 January 2026 |title=The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource |chapter=History of the Nile and Lake Victoria Basins through Treaties |pages=321–350 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1994 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001 |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume = 2 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume2 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138228 }} <!-- {{sfn|Redford |2001a|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |year= 2001a |title= Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt | volume =3 |editor-last1= Redford |editor-first1= Donald B. |editor-link1= Donald B. Redford |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://archive.org/details/oxfordencyclopediaofancientegyptvolume3 |access-date=26 March 2026 |isbn= 0195138236 }} <!-- {{sfn|Roach|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book |last= Roach |first= Steven |year= 2025 |chapter=Introduction: Nile Basin Politics and its Challenges |pages=1–16 |title=Nile Basin Politics: From Coordinated to Cooperative Peace |editor-last1= Roach |editor-first1= Steven |editor-last2= Hudson |editor-first2= Derrick |publisher= [[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/book/9781803927176/9781803927176.xml | doi=10.4337/9781803927176 |access-date=15 January 2026 |isbn= 9781803927176 }} <!--{{sfn|Robins|2008|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title= The Art of Ancient Egypt | last =Robins | first= Gay | author-link= Gay Robins | isbn=9780674030657 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD-z8hmdUMIC |access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=2008 | orig-year=1997 | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] }} <!-- {{sfn|Rosenthal|2005}} --> * {{cite book |last= Rosenthal |first= Lisa |year= 2005 |title=Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/genderpoliticsal0000rose |access-date=15 December 2025 |isbn= 9780521842440 }} <!-- {{sfn|Said|1993}} --> * {{cite book |last=Said |first=Rushdi |author-link=Rushdi Said |year=1993 |title=The River Nile: Geology, Hydrology, and Utilization |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url= https://archive.org/details/rivernilegeology0000said |access-date=11 February 2026 |isbn= 0080418864 }} <!-- {{sfn|Schama|1995|pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Schama |year=1995 |isbn=9780679402558 |title=Landscape and Memory |publisher=[[A.A. Knopf]] |url= https://archive.org/details/landscapememory0000scha_k7e4 |access-date=15 December 2025 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shahin|2002}} --> * {{Cite book |last=Shahin |first=Mamdouh |url=https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |date=2002 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |isbn=9781402008665 | access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn|Shoup|2017|loc= articleName }} --> * {{Cite book | title=The Nile: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture | last=Shoup |first= John A. | display-authors=etal | isbn=9798216123323 | url=https://archive.org/details/the-nile-an-encyclopedia-of-geography-history-and-culture | access-date= 14 February 2026 | year=2017 | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] / [[ABC-CLIO]] }} EBook. The hardcover is {{isbn|9781440840401}}. <!-- {{sfn| Siliotti|1997|p=?}} --> * {{Cite book | title=Guide to the Valley of the Kings | last =Siliotti | first= Alberto | author-link = Alberto Siliotti | isbn=9780760733257 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=owicnQAACAAJ | access-date= 24 February 2026 | year=1997 | publisher=[[Barnes & Noble ]] }} <!-- {{sfn| Smith|1878}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Smith |first= William |author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |url= https://archive.org/details/anewclassicaldi00unkngoog |title=A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology And Geography |date= 1878 |publisher= [[Harper & Brothers]] |lccn=04035163 |access-date=7 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Stokes|2009 |p=??}} --> * {{Cite book |last= Stokes |first= Jamie |url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpe0000unse_h6k0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East |volume=2 |date= 2009 |isbn=9781438126760 |publisher= [[Facts On File]] |access-date=13 March 2026 }} <!--{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 334–364 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/334 | chapter = The Hydrology of the Nile Basin | first= John | last = Sutcliffe | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Talbot|Williams|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 37–60 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/37 | chapter = Cenozoic Evolution of the Nile Basin | first1= Michael | last1 = Talbot | first2= Martin | last2 = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 23–34 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/23 | chapter = History of Scientific Research | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Talling|2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 367–394 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/367 | chapter = Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics | first= Jack | last = Talling }} <!-- {{sfn|Tian|2025|p=??}} --> * {{cite book | title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = [[de Gruyter Oldenbourg]] | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian }} <!-- {{sfn|Tvedt|2021}} --> * {{cite book | title= The Nile: History's Greatest River | last=Tvedt | first= Terje | author-link = Terje Tvedt | isbn= 9780755616800 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=brYsEAAAQBAJ | access-date= 10 December 2025 | year= 2021 | publisher= [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] }} <!--{{sfn|Van Damme| Bocxlaer|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 585–630 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/585 | chapter = Freshwater Molluscs of the Nile Basin, Past and Present | first1= Dirk | last1 = Van Damme | first2= Bert | last2 = Bocxlaer }} <!-- {{sfn|Versluys|2002 |pp=??}} --> * {{cite book |last1= Versluys |first1= M. J. |year= 2002 |title=Aegyptiaca Romana : Nilotic Scenes and the Roman Views of Egypt |publisher= [[Brill Publishers]] |url= https://archive.org/details/aegyptiacaromana0000vers |access-date=15 January 2026 | isbn = 9004124403 }} <!-- {{sfn|Vijverberg|2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 163–192 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/163 | chapter = Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | first= Jacobus | last = Vijverberg | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Warren| 2006 | p =352 }}. --> * {{Cite book |last=Warren |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/evaporitessedime0000warr |title=Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year=2006 |isbn=3540260110 |url-access=registration }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 61–72 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/61 | chapter = Late Quaternary Environments in Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams | display-authors=etal }} <!--{{sfn|Williams |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 771–780 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/771 | chapter = Human Impact on Nile Basin | first= Martin | last = Williams }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009 | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 647–676 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/647 | chapter = Fish Fauna of the Nile | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} <!-- {{sfn|Witte |2009a|p=??}} --> * {{ cite book | title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use | editor-first=Henri | editor-last=Dumont | isbn=9781402097263 | year=2009a | publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] | access-date= 1 December 2025 | pages = 723–748 | chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/nileoriginenviro0000unse/page/723 | chapter = Fisheries of the Nile System | first= Frans | last = Witte | display-authors=etal }} {{refend}} ====Akwụkwọ akụkọ na weebụsaịtị==== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} <!-- {{sfn|Abdelsalam|2018}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Abdelsalam |first1=Mohamed G. |title=The Nile's journey through space and time: A geological perspective |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |date=February 2018 |volume=177 |pages=742–773 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018ESRv..177..742A }} <!-- {{sfn|Abdullah|2020}} * {{cite journal |display-author1=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abdullah|2020}} |last1=Abdullah |first1=Al-Noor |last2=Rahman |first2=Sanzidur |last3=Essex |first3=Stephen |last4=Benhin |first4=James |title=Economic Contributions of Mega-Dam Infrastructure as Perceived by Local and Displaced Communities: A Case Study of Merowe Dam, Sudan |journal=Agriculture |date=12 June 2020 |volume=10 |issue=6 |article-number=227 |doi=10.3390/agriculture10060227 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Abotalib|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Abotalib|2023}} |last1=Abotalib |first1=Abotalib Z. |last2=Abdelhady |first2=Ahmed A. |last3=Heggy |first3=Essam |last4=Salem |first4=Salem G. |last5=Ismail |first5=Esam |last6=Ali |first6=Ahmed |last7=Khalil |first7=Mahmoud M. |title=Irreversible and Large-Scale Heavy Metal Pollution Arising From Increased Damming and Untreated Water Reuse in the Nile Delta |journal=Earth's Future |date=March 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022EF002987 |doi=10.1029/2022EF002987 |doi-access= free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102987A }} <!-- {{sfn| Alnaqbi|2022}} * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Alnaqbi|2022}} |last1=Alnaqbi |first1=Shaima |last2=Alasad |first2=Shamma |last3=Aljaghoub |first3=Haya |last4=Alami |first4=Abdul |last5=Abdelkareem |first5=Mohammad |last6=Olabi |first6=Abdul |title=Applicability of Hydropower Generation and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in the Middle East and North Africa |journal=Energies |date=25 March 2022 |volume=15 |issue=7 |article-number=2412 |doi=10.3390/en15072412 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Angurini|2021}} --> * {{cite news |url= https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/business/finance/eskom-invests-in-kiira-dam-water-controllers-3379660 | title= Eskom Invests in Kiira Dam Water Controllers | newspaper= [[Daily Monitor]] |date= 2021 |first= Tom | last= Angurini |access-date=8 February 2026 |location= Uganda |oclc= 44216472 }} <!-- {{sfn|Ayenalem|2023}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Ayenalem|2023}} |last1=Ayenalem |first1=Abebe Yirga |last2=Fantini |first2=Emanuele |last3=Van der Zaag |first3=Pieter |title=Popular culture and Nile hydropolitics: Amharic songs about the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam |journal=International Journal of Water Governance |date=28 December 2023 |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.59490/ijwg.10.2023.7359 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Beck|2018 }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Beck|2018}} |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |issue=1 |article-number=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |doi-access=free |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062 |bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B }} <!-- {{sfn|Burton|1864|pp = 6–14 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Richard F. |author-link1=Richard Francis Burton |title=On Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western Lake-Reservoir of the Nile |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=1865 |volume=35 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.2307/3698075 |jstor=3698075 }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Creasman|) |pp = ?? }} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Creasman|2010}} |last1=Creasman |first1=Pearce Paul |last2=Doyle |first2=Noreen |title=Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=16 September 2010 |volume=2 |issue=3 |doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i3_creasman }} <!-- {{sfn|Driouech |2020}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Driouech|2020}} |last1=Driouech |first1=Fatima |last2=ElRhaz |first2=Khalid |last3=Moufouma-Okia |first3=Willfran |last4=Arjdal |first4=Khadija |last5=Balhane |first5=Saloua |title=Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate |journal=Earth Systems and Environment |date=September 2020 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=477–492 |doi=10.1007/s41748-020-00169-3 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020ESE.....4..477D }} <!-- {{sfn|El Mahmoudi |2008 |pp = 53–67 }}. --> * {{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=A. |last2=Gabr |first2=A. |year=2008 |title=Geophysical Surveys to Investigate the Relation Between the Quaternary Nile Channels and the Messinian Nile Canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |publisher=Springer Nature |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |issn=1866-7511}} <!-- {{sfn|Endeshaw|2025}} --> * {{Cite news |newspaper= [[Reuters]] |last= Endeshaw |first= Dawit |date= 2025 |title=Ethiopia Opens Africa's Largest Hydroelectric Dam to Egyptian Protest |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/ethiopia-opens-africas-largest-hydroelectric-dam-egyptian-protest-2025-09-09/ |access-date=20 January 2026 }} <!-- {{sfn| Griffin| 2018 }} --> * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/nearly-completed-dam-on-white-nile-casts-a-long-shadow-1.3431735 | title=Nearly Completed Dam on White Nile Casts a Long Shadow | newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |issn = 0791-5144 |date= 2018 |first=Dan | last=Griffin |access-date=28 December 2021 |location=Dublin, Ireland }} <!-- {{sfn|Hafez |2024}} --> * {{cite journal |display-authors=1 |ref={{sfnref|Hafez|2024}} |last1=Hafez |first1=Ahmed M. |last2=Haggag |first2=Mohammed |last3=Wagdy |first3=Ahmad |last4=Radwan |first4=Hany G. |title=Assessing the influences of future water development projects in Tekeze-Atbara-Setit basin on the Nile River inflow at Aswan, Egypt |journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies |date=December 2024 |volume=56 |article-number=102007 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102007 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JHyRS..5602007H }} <!-- {{sfn|Hailu |2022 }} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hailu |first1=Ashebir Dingeto |title=Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics |journal=AIMS Energy |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.3934/energy.2022006 |doi-access=free }} <!-- {{sfn|Halsall|1998}} * {{Cite web |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year = 1998 | website = Ancient History Sourcebook |title=Hymn to the Nile, C. 2100 BCE |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/literature/floodindex.html |access-date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Fordham University }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|1997}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The dynamics of a riverine civilization: A geoarchaeological perspective on the Nile Valley, Egypt |journal=World Archaeology |date=June 1997 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–74 |doi=10.1080/00438243.1997.9980363 |doi-access=free }} --> <!-- {{sfn|Hassan|2007}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Hassan |first1=Fekri A. |title=The Aswan High Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=December 2007 |volume=24 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–94 |doi=10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5 |jstor=40743449 }} <!-- {{sfn|Haupt|1926}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Haupt |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Haupt |title=Etymological and Critical Notes |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1926 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.2307/289993 |jstor=289993 }} <!-- {{sfn|Healy|2007|p=??}} --> * {{Cite web | title=Water Budgets: Foundations for Effective Water-Resources and Environmental Management | last =Healy | first= R. 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Béni Mellal-Khénifra, na Morocco. Ọ dị n'ebe ịdị elu ruru mita 2,080 n'elu oke osimiri. Aguelmame Sidi Ali nwere mpaghara elu mmiri dị ihe dịka hekta 500 (eka 1,200) ma nwee omimi ruru mita 36.Ọ dị nso na ókèala Mpaghara Ifrane, n'ime ugwu Middle Atlas. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Khénifra , ebe echedoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere mpaghara dị 842 km²(325 mi2), nke e hiwere n'afọ 2008.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Physio-géo|author=Sayad|first=Ahmed|year=2011|chapter=Effet des conditions climatiques sur le niveau du lac Sidi Ali (Moyen Atlas, Maroc)|pages=251–268|language=fr|doi=10.4000/physio-geo.2145}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/khenifra-national-park-national-park|title=Khenifra National Park in Morocco|publisher=Protected Planet|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ime ugwu Middle Atlas, n'ebe ịdị elu ruru mita 2,080 n'elu oke osimiri, ma nwee mpaghara mmiri na-anakọta mmiri nke dị ihe dịka 15.6 km².E hiwere ya n'oge Upper Miocene ruo Quaternary, n'ebe ahịrị mgbaji ala abụọ na-ezukọta. Ọ dị n'ime oghere eke dị n'ime nkume basalt, ma mejupụtara ya site n'ọdọ mmiri abụọ nke ugwu nkume dị n'etiti ha na-ekewa. Ugwu nkume a na-apụta ìhè mgbe ogo mmiri dara.Mmiri ya na-enweta site na mmiri ozuzo na-asọba n'elu ala, mmiri snow na-agbaze, na isi iyi mmiri karst. Ọkwa pH nke mmiri ahụ bụ 9.1, ọdịnaya mineral dị na ya adịghị elu, ebe ikike ya ịduzi ọkụ eletrik dị n'agbata 1200 na 1600 µS/cm.<ref>{{Cite web|author=s.r.o|first=Tripomatic|title=Aguelmame Sidi Ali lake in Khenifra National Park, Morocco|url=https://travel.sygic.com/en/poi/aguelmame-sidi-ali-lake-poi:20057484|accessdate=2024-04-30|work=travel.sygic.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Marini, Alberto|title=Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo-BZJz8GOEC&pg=PA146|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8937-4}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Middle Atlas Morocco, Holocene diatom analyses|url=https://www.jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol7/vol7_N10/404-JMES-El%20hamouti.pdf}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ebe gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu bụ nke osisi cedar Atlas (''Cedrus atlantica'') gbara gburugburu, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, oké ọhịa a emebiwo na mpaghara gbara ọdọ mmiri gburugburu aghọwo ala kpọrọ nkụ, nke nwere ogwu nke Spanish juniper (''Juniperus thurifera'') na-achịkwa. plankton na sediment dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bara ọgaranya na diatoms, ọkachasị nke ụdị ''Cyclotella'', a na-ejikwa ha nye ihe akaebe nke paleohydrology na mgbanwe hydroclimatic metụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ enweela n'elu Aeons.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-26|title=Aguelmams Sidi Ali - Tifounassine {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|accessdate=2024-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426213423/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|archivedate=2018-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-10|title=Note archéologique sur l'Aguelman de Sidi-Ali (Moyen-Atlas, Maroc) - Persée|doi=10.3406/bspf.1932.5669|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1932_num_29_12_5669|accessdate=2024-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210235521/https://www.persee.fr/doc/bspf_0249-7638_1932_num_29_12_5669|archivedate=2020-02-10}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, e nyere Aguelmams Sidi Ali / Tifounassine Complex, nke mejupụtara ala mmiri ugwu atọ dị n'ebe ịdị elu ha dị n'agbata mita 1,900 na 2,100, ọnọdụ Ebe Ramsar. Ala mmiri ndị a bụ ebe dị mkpa nke nnụnụ ndị bi n'ala mmiri na-akwaga ebe ọzọ na-anọ n'oge oyi, gụnyere ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea) na crested coot (Fulica cristata).Mbelata mmiri ozuzo kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ emeela ka ogo mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ daa, nke mere na ala apịtị nke dịbu n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịkwaghị.Nlekọta ìgwè atụrụ na ewu nke ndị na-azụ anụ na-akwagharị na-eme n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge ọkọchị emebiela ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ahịhịa niile na-eto n'ime mmiri n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.N'ihi nke a, ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ mmiri na-abịa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'oge oyi ebelatala, ma great crested grebe anaghịzi amụ ụmụ n'ebe ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na e chebere ya, ruddy shelduck na ụdị nnụnụ mmiri ndị ọzọ ka na-enwe nsogbu nke ịchụ nta na-akwadoghị iwu . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1468|title=Aguelmams Sidi Ali – Tifounassine|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=31 July 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Marini">{{Cite book|author=Marini, Alberto|title=Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fo-BZJz8GOEC&pg=PA150|year=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-8937-4}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụbu naanị ebe n'ụwa ebe ''Salmo pallaryi'', ụdị trout, biri mana azụ ahụ lara n'iyi mgbe a tọhapụrụ carp (''Cyprinus carpio'') n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 1934.<ref name="Marini" /> Northern pike (''Esox lucius'') na zander (''Sander lucioperca''), bụ ụdị azụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke ala a kpọbatara n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Marini" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 89the4wh4slui8d73fz56kfaw5a3ql3 0 77580 674949 674398 2026-07-10T08:59:38Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} McKinney bụ obodo dị na Collin County, Texas, United States, nke dị n'ime obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ obodo nke atọ kachasị na Collin County, ma e wezụga Plano na Frisco. McKinney, nke dị n'akụkụ Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, dị ihe dị ka maịlụ 32 (kilomita 51) n'ebe ugwu Dallas.. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Old_map-McKinney-1876.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Map sitere na 1876]] A na-akpọ ma obodo ahụ na obodo ahụ aha Collin McKinney, onye bịanyere aka na Texas Declaration of Independence, na onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Red River nke Republic of Texas. Ọ bụ onye dere iwu na-eguzobe mpaghara dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke steeti ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=26765|title=Profile for McKinney, Texas, TX|publisher=ePodunk|accessdate=August 14, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011054722/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=26765|archivedate=11 October 2019}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ ihu igwe === A na-ewere McKinney dị ka akụkụ nke mpaghara mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ. [[Faịlụ:Independent_Bank_in_Texas.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ego kwụụrụ onwe ya na 2019 na Henneman Way]] Obodo a na-anabata ọtụtụ nnukwu ihe omume n'afọ niile, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ blọk nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere: [[Faịlụ:McKinney_April_2017_012_(Historic_U.S._Post_Office).jpg|thumb|Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mere Eme nke Collin County]] Erwin Park bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke obodo nwere na 212 ime obodo acres na ugwu McKinney. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ahọpụtara ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe n'abalị na ebe ndị a ga-eme ngaji nakwa ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè ugwu 10 nke Dallas Off-Road Bicycle Association na-elekọta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountain Bike Skills Area Now Open at Erwin Park, McKinney|url=https://www.localprofile.com/community/mountain-bike-erwin-park-mckinney-7505247|date=May 26, 2023|publisher=Local Profile|accessdate=October 28, 2023}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:McKinney_April_2017_043_(Roy_&_Helen_Hall_Memorial_Library).jpg|thumb|Roy & Helen Hall Memorial Library na 2017]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] pbiozf97cdv7vt2ud4ufdth61bs6yus 0 77582 674514 674491 2026-07-09T12:14:52Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674514 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title category" id="7" style="font-size:125%;" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB; color:inherit;font-size:100%;" |[[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |[[File:Saloum.gif|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[Saloum Delta]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |<mapframe zoom="10" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="-16.633333333333" latitude="13.7" height="200" width="270">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-16.633333333333333,13.7],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Saloum Delta National Park","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Map mmekọrịta nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Sites by country|Ebe]] | class="infobox-data" |Senegal |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Akụkụ nke | class="infobox-data" |[[Saloum Delta]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Site#Selection criteria|Ihe ndị e ji mara]] | class="infobox-data category" |Omenala: (iii) (iv) (v) &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359 1359] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |2011 (Mgbakọ nke 35th) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[Geographic coordinate system|Njikọ]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta_National_Park&params=13_42_N_16_38_W_region:SN_dim:50000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.700°N 16.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.700; -16.633</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:16}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta_National_Park&params=13_42_N_16_38_W_region:SN_dim:50000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.700°N 16.633°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">13.700; -16.633</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Delta du Saloum |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |3 Eprel 1984; <span class="noprint">Afọ 42 gara aga&#x20;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1984-04-03</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |288 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Senegal_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Saloum Delta National Park is located in Senegal]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:65.306%;left:17.418%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Saloum Delta National Park]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Ebe ogige ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta dị na Senegal</div></div></div></div></div> |} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ [[Saloum Delta]]''' ma ọ bụ Parc National du Delta du Saloum na Senegal, bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke mba dị square kilomita 760 (190,000-acre). E guzobere ya na 1976, ọ dị n'ime Saloum Delta na njikọ nke Osimiri Saloum na North Atlantic. Ogige ntụrụndụ a, nke bụ akụkụ nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO na ebe Mgbakọ Ramsar, dị n'ime ebe nchekwa biosphere 1,800 km2 (440,000-acre). Mmiri nwere 610 km2 (150,000 acres) nke ogige ahụ, mangrove intertidal na ahịhịa mmiri nnu na-ekpuchi 70 km2 (17,000 acres), na savannah na ọhịa na-ekpuchi 80 km2 (20,000 acres). Ọ dị na East Atlantic Flyway. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ na-eme oyi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere royal tern, greater flamingo, Eurasian spoonbill, curlew sandpiper, ruddy turnstone, na obere stint. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359/|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Saloum Delta dị ihe dị ka 100 mi) n'ebe ndịda isi obodo Senegal, Dakar . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta (Senegal) {{!}} African World Heritage Sites|url=https://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/traditional-cultural-landscapes/saloum-delta.html|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=www.africanworldheritagesites.org}}</ref> == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  N'afọ 2022, IPCC Sixth Assessment Report gụnyere Saloum Delta National Park na ndepụta nke ebe nketa okike nke Afrịka nke [[idei mmiri]] na mbuze mmiri ga-eyi egwu na njedebe nke narị afọ, mana ọ bụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na Mgbanwe ihu igwe sochiri [[Ụzọ Nchịkọta Ndị Nnọchiteanya|RCP 8.5]], nke bụ ihe omume nke nnukwu ikuku na-abawanye na okpomọkụ nke ihe karịrị 4 °C. , ma a naghịzi ele ya anya dị ka onye nwere ike ịbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hausfather|first=Zeke|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hausfather|first=Zeke|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117|pmid=33082220}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe ndị ọzọ kwere omume na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị ala ma si otú a belata oke osimiri: ma, oke osimiri ga-anọgide na-abawanye ruo ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 n'okpuru ha niile.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf|title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=August 2021|publisher=IPCC|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ahụ na-ejedebe na 1.5 °C, a ka na-atụ anya na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-agafe 2-3 m (7-10 mgbe afọ 2000 gasịrị (na ọkwa okpomọkụ dị elu ga-ahụ mmụba dị ukwuu n'oge ahụ), n'ihi ya gafere 2100 nke oke osimiri n'okpuru RCP 8.5 (~0.75 na nso nke 0.5-1 m (2-3 ) tupu afọ 4000.<ref>IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Sine * Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Dị Iche  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6852&m=0 BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Delta du Saloum]. Birdlife International. * [[UNESCO]].org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=SEN+02" id="mwwQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Biosphere Reserve Information - Senegal - DELTA DU SALOUM. UNESCO. * (n'asụsụ French) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe a na-edebe ihe]. Gọọmentị nke Senegal. [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] d3jmyl51sipz5uwdojdwane1e0cd48x 674522 674514 2026-07-09T12:26:30Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674522 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title category" id="7" style="font-size:125%;" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB; color:inherit;font-size:100%;" |[[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |[[File:Saloum.gif|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[Saloum Delta]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |<mapframe zoom="10" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="-16.633333333333" latitude="13.7" height="200" width="270">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-16.633333333333333,13.7],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Saloum Delta National Park","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Map mmekọrịta nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Sites by country|Ebe]] | class="infobox-data" |Senegal |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Akụkụ nke | class="infobox-data" |[[Saloum Delta]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Site#Selection criteria|Ihe ndị e ji mara]] | class="infobox-data category" |Omenala: (iii) (iv) (v) &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359 1359] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |2011 (Mgbakọ nke 35th) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[Geographic coordinate system|Njikọ]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta_National_Park&params=13_42_N_16_38_W_region:SN_dim:50000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.700°N 16.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.700; -16.633</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:16}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta_National_Park&params=13_42_N_16_38_W_region:SN_dim:50000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.700°N 16.633°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">13.700; -16.633</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Delta du Saloum |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |3 Eprel 1984; <span class="noprint">Afọ 42 gara aga&#x20;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1984-04-03</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |288<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc national du Delta du Saloum|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/288|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Senegal_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Saloum Delta National Park is located in Senegal]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:65.306%;left:17.418%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Saloum Delta National Park]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Ebe ogige ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta dị na Senegal</div></div></div></div></div> |} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ [[Saloum Delta]]''' ma ọ bụ Parc National du Delta du Saloum na Senegal, bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke mba dị square kilomita 760 (190,000-acre). E guzobere ya na 1976, ọ dị n'ime Saloum Delta na njikọ nke Osimiri Saloum na North Atlantic. Ogige ntụrụndụ a, nke bụ akụkụ nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO na ebe Mgbakọ Ramsar, dị n'ime ebe nchekwa biosphere 1,800 km2 (440,000-acre). Mmiri nwere 610 km2 (150,000 acres) nke ogige ahụ, mangrove intertidal na ahịhịa mmiri nnu na-ekpuchi 70 km2 (17,000 acres), na savannah na ọhịa na-ekpuchi 80 km2 (20,000 acres). Ọ dị na East Atlantic Flyway. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ na-eme oyi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere royal tern, greater flamingo, Eurasian spoonbill, curlew sandpiper, ruddy turnstone, na obere stint. Mpaghara a na-anọchite anya njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti okike na ọtụtụ ụdị ihe dị ndụ na ụzọ mmepe mmadụ si dị, nke ka dị, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị nro. shellfish working bụ nke e mepụtara nke ọma ebe a ma bụrụkwa isi iyi nri na ego mbupụ dị mkpa maka obodo na Senegal n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Saloum Delta dị ihe dị ka 100 mi) n'ebe ndịda isi obodo Senegal, Dakar . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta (Senegal) {{!}} African World Heritage Sites|url=https://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/traditional-cultural-landscapes/saloum-delta.html|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=www.africanworldheritagesites.org}}</ref> == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Na 2022, [[IPCC Assessment Report]] gụnyere Saloum Delta National Park na ndepụta saịtị ihe nketa okike nke Africa nke [[iju mmiri]] ga-eyi egwu na [[coastal erosion]] na njedebe nke narị afọ, mana naanị ma ọ bụrụ na [[ọnọdụ ihu igwe. mgbanwe]] sochiri [[ụzọ ntinye uche #rcp 8.5|rcp 8.5]], nke bụ ọnọdụ nke ikuku dị elu ma na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye [[greenhouse gas]] jikọtara ya na ikpo ọkụ nke ihe karịrị 4{nbsp}}°c.,<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> na agaghịkwa atụle nnọọ yiri.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |pmid=33082220 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H |doi-access=free|pmc=7668049}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ, nke a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi karị, na ọkwa okpomọkụ dị ala na mmụba dị ala nke oke osimiri: mana, ọkwa mmiri ga-anọgide na-abawanye ruo ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 n'okpuru ha niile.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụrụgodị na okpomọkụ ahụ dị naanị 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C, a ka na-atụ anya na mmụba ọkwa oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-agafe {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} mgbe afọ 2000 gachara (ọkwa okpomọkụ dị elu ga-ahụ mmụba ka ukwuu mgbe ahụ), nke a na-eme ka ọ gafere ọkwa 2100 nke mmụba ọkwa oke osimiri n'okpuru RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} yana oke nke {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) tupu afọ 4000.<ref>IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Sine * Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Dị Iche  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6852&m=0 BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Delta du Saloum]. Birdlife International. * [[UNESCO]].org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=SEN+02" id="mwwQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Biosphere Reserve Information - Senegal - DELTA DU SALOUM. UNESCO. * (n'asụsụ French) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe a na-edebe ihe]. Gọọmentị nke Senegal. [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] gw96f0224vo7ur8hcuzamii12wg5jam 674562 674522 2026-07-09T14:50:44Z Adimora chidinma 15845 /* Mgbanwe ihu igwe */ 674562 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title category" id="7" style="font-size:125%;" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB; color:inherit;font-size:100%;" |[[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |[[File:Saloum.gif|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">[[Saloum Delta]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;" |<mapframe zoom="10" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="-16.633333333333" latitude="13.7" height="200" width="270">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-16.633333333333333,13.7],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"title":"Saloum Delta National Park","marker-color":"#5E74F3"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Map mmekọrịta nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Sites by country|Ebe]] | class="infobox-data" |Senegal |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Akụkụ nke | class="infobox-data" |[[Saloum Delta]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[World Heritage Site#Selection criteria|Ihe ndị e ji mara]] | class="infobox-data category" |Omenala: (iii) (iv) (v) &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359 1359] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |Ihe odide | class="infobox-data" |2011 (Mgbakọ nke 35th) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.3em;" |[[Geographic coordinate system|Njikọ]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta_National_Park&params=13_42_N_16_38_W_region:SN_dim:50000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.700°N 16.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.700; -16.633</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:16}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saloum_Delta_National_Park&params=13_42_N_16_38_W_region:SN_dim:50000 <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°42′N</span> <span class="longitude">16°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.700°N 16.633°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">13.700; -16.633</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ Delta du Saloum |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |3 Eprel 1984; <span class="noprint">Afọ 42 gara aga&#x20;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1984-04-03</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp; |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |288<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc national du Delta du Saloum|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/288|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[Faịlụ:Senegal_relief_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Saloum Delta National Park is located in Senegal]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:65.306%;left:17.418%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Saloum Delta National Park]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Ebe ogige ntụrụndụ Saloum Delta dị na Senegal</div></div></div></div></div> |} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ [[Saloum Delta]]''' ma ọ bụ Parc National du Delta du Saloum na Senegal, bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke mba dị square kilomita 760 (190,000-acre). E guzobere ya na 1976, ọ dị n'ime Saloum Delta na njikọ nke Osimiri Saloum na North Atlantic. Ogige ntụrụndụ a, nke bụ akụkụ nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO na ebe Mgbakọ Ramsar, dị n'ime ebe nchekwa biosphere 1,800 km2 (440,000-acre). Mmiri nwere 610 km2 (150,000 acres) nke ogige ahụ, mangrove intertidal na ahịhịa mmiri nnu na-ekpuchi 70 km2 (17,000 acres), na savannah na ọhịa na-ekpuchi 80 km2 (20,000 acres). Ọ dị na East Atlantic Flyway. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ na-eme oyi n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere royal tern, greater flamingo, Eurasian spoonbill, curlew sandpiper, ruddy turnstone, na obere stint. Mpaghara a na-anọchite anya njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti okike na ọtụtụ ụdị ihe dị ndụ na ụzọ mmepe mmadụ si dị, nke ka dị, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị nro. shellfish working bụ nke e mepụtara nke ọma ebe a ma bụrụkwa isi iyi nri na ego mbupụ dị mkpa maka obodo na Senegal n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Saloum Delta dị ihe dị ka 100 mi) n'ebe ndịda isi obodo Senegal, Dakar . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta (Senegal) {{!}} African World Heritage Sites|url=https://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/traditional-cultural-landscapes/saloum-delta.html|accessdate=2021-02-01|work=www.africanworldheritagesites.org}}</ref> == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Na 2022, Akụkọ Nyocha nke Isii nke IPCC gụnyere Saloum Delta National Park na ndepụta ebe ihe nketa eke nke Afrịka nke ga-eyi egwu site na idei mmiri na mbibi ụsọ oké osimiri na ngwụcha narị afọ a, mana naanị ma ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe esochie RCP 8.5, nke bụ ọnọdụ nke mmụba gas griinhouse dị elu ma na-abawanye mgbe niile nke metụtara okpomọọkụ nke ihe karịrị 4{{Nbsp}}°C.<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> na agaghịkwa atụle nnọọ yiri.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |pmid=33082220 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H |doi-access=free|pmc=7668049}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ, nke a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi karị, na ọkwa okpomọkụ dị ala na mmụba dị ala nke oke osimiri: mana, ọkwa mmiri ga-anọgide na-abawanye ruo ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 n'okpuru ha niile.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụrụgodị na okpomọkụ ahụ dị naanị 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C, a ka na-atụ anya na mmụba ọkwa oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-agafe {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} mgbe afọ 2000 gachara (ọkwa okpomọkụ dị elu ga-ahụ mmụba ka ukwuu mgbe ahụ), nke a na-eme ka ọ gafere ọkwa 2100 nke mmụba ọkwa oke osimiri n'okpuru RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} yana oke nke {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) tupu afọ 4000.<ref>IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Sine * Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Dị Iche  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6852&m=0 BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Delta du Saloum]. Birdlife International. * [[UNESCO]].org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=SEN+02" id="mwwQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Biosphere Reserve Information - Senegal - DELTA DU SALOUM. UNESCO. * (n'asụsụ French) [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ogige ntụrụndụ na ebe a na-edebe ihe]. Gọọmentị nke Senegal. [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] j01ifhft3jj5t88xbshenrwbakryyz6 0 77585 674507 2026-07-09T12:11:40Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362095233|Mohamed V Dam]]" 674507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam|name=Mohamed V Dam|name_official=Barrage Mohamed V|image=|image_size=|image_caption=|image_alt=|pushpin_map=Morocco|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_caption=|coordinates={{coord|34|39|47|N|02|56|18|W|type:landmark_region:MA|display=inline,title}}|country=Morocco|location=[[Hassi Berkane]], [[Nador]]|status=O|construction_began=|opening=1967|demolished=|cost=|owner=|dam_type=Arch-gravity|dam_height={{Convert|64|m|abbr=on}}|dam_height_thalweg=|dam_height_foundation=|dam_length={{Convert|280|m|abbr=on}}|dam_width_crest=|dam_width_base=|dam_volume={{Convert|250000|m3|abbr=on}}|dam_elevation_crest=|dam_crosses=[[Moulouya River]]|spillway_count=|spillway_type=|spillway_capacity=|res_name=|res_capacity_total={{Convert|730|e6m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}|res_capacity_active={{Convert|690|e6m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}|res_capacity_inactive=|res_catchment={{Convert|49920|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book|editor= D.E. Walling |others= Jointly organized by the Department of Geography, University of Exeter|title=Erosion and sediment yield : global and regional perspectives; proceedings of an international symposium held at Exeter, UK, from 15 to 19 July 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ-ufVQV5yAC&dq=Mohammed+V+dam+morocco+kw&pg=PA492|year=1996|publisher=IAHS Press|location=Wallingford|isbn=0-947571-89-2|pages=493}}</ref>|res_surface=|res_elevation=|res_max_depth=|res_max_length=|res_max_width=|plant_hydraulic_head={{Convert|48|m|abbr=on}}|res_tidal_range=|plant_operator=|plant_commission=1967|plant_decommission=|plant_type=|plant_turbines=1 x {{convert|23|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis-type]]|plant_capacity=23 MW<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohamed V Hydroelectric Power Project Morocco|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=41614|publisher=Global Energy Observatory|accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref>|plant_annual_gen=|website=|extra={{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Barrage Mohammed V | designation1_date = 15 January 2005 | designation1_number = 1472<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barrage Mohammed V|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1472|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}}} Ụlọ mgbochi mmiri Mohamed V bụ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri ụdị arch-gravity nke dị ihe dịka kilomita 35 n'ebe ndịda obodo Zaio, n'elu Osimiri Moulouya n'ógbè Nador, Morocco.Ebumnuche kachasị mkpa e ji wuo ụlọ mgbochi mmiri a bụ ịnye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi ndị dị n'okpuru ya, nke ruru ihe dịka hekta 70,000(170,000 hekta). A na-ejikwa mmiri ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri ma na-enye obodo Nador mmiri a na-aṅụ.A kpọrọ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri a aha Mohammed V, nke Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohamed V|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217|publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement|accessdate=22 August 2011|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183108/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217|archivedate=9 October 2011}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|accessdate=23 August 2011|date=26 June 2005}}</ref> A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-acha uhie uhie na marble teals.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-mohamed-v-iba-morocco|title=Barrage Mohamed V|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />  * Al Massira Dam - ebe ọzọ Ramsar dị na Morocco * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Morocco == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 3pjfj6s5hfrua708jk8irkapciw7rw1 674508 674507 2026-07-09T12:12:36Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam|name=Mohamed V Dam|name_official=Barrage Mohamed V|image=|image_size=|image_caption=|image_alt=|pushpin_map=Morocco|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_caption=|coordinates={{coord|34|39|47|N|02|56|18|W|type:landmark_region:MA|display=inline,title}}|country=Morocco|location=[[Hassi Berkane]], [[Nador]]|status=O|construction_began=|opening=1967|demolished=|cost=|owner=|dam_type=Arch-gravity|dam_height={{Convert|64|m|abbr=on}}|dam_height_thalweg=|dam_height_foundation=|dam_length={{Convert|280|m|abbr=on}}|dam_width_crest=|dam_width_base=|dam_volume={{Convert|250000|m3|abbr=on}}|dam_elevation_crest=|dam_crosses=[[Moulouya River]]|spillway_count=|spillway_type=|spillway_capacity=|res_name=|res_capacity_total={{Convert|730|e6m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}|res_capacity_active={{Convert|690|e6m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}|res_capacity_inactive=|res_catchment={{Convert|49920|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book|editor= D.E. Walling |others= Jointly organized by the Department of Geography, University of Exeter|title=Erosion and sediment yield : global and regional perspectives; proceedings of an international symposium held at Exeter, UK, from 15 to 19 July 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ-ufVQV5yAC&dq=Mohammed+V+dam+morocco+kw&pg=PA492|year=1996|publisher=IAHS Press|location=Wallingford|isbn=0-947571-89-2|pages=493}}</ref>|res_surface=|res_elevation=|res_max_depth=|res_max_length=|res_max_width=|plant_hydraulic_head={{Convert|48|m|abbr=on}}|res_tidal_range=|plant_operator=|plant_commission=1967|plant_decommission=|plant_type=|plant_turbines=1 x {{convert|23|MW|abbr=on}} [[Francis-type]]|plant_capacity=23 MW<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohamed V Hydroelectric Power Project Morocco|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/form.php?pid=41614|publisher=Global Energy Observatory|accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref>|plant_annual_gen=|website=|extra={{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Barrage Mohammed V | designation1_date = 15 January 2005 | designation1_number = 1472<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barrage Mohammed V|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1472|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}}} Ụlọ mgbochi mmiri Mohamed V bụ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri ụdị arch-gravity nke dị ihe dịka kilomita 35 n'ebe ndịda obodo Zaio, n'elu Osimiri Moulouya n'ógbè Nador, Morocco.Ebumnuche kachasị mkpa e ji wuo ụlọ mgbochi mmiri a bụ ịnye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi ndị dị n'okpuru ya, nke ruru ihe dịka hekta 70,000(170,000 hekta). A na-ejikwa mmiri ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri ma na-enye obodo Nador mmiri a na-aṅụ.A kpọrọ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri a aha Mohammed V, nke Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohamed V|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217|publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement|accessdate=22 August 2011|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183108/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217|archivedate=9 October 2011}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|accessdate=23 August 2011|date=26 June 2005}}</ref> A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-acha uhie uhie na marble teals.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-mohamed-v-iba-morocco|title=Barrage Mohamed V|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Al Massira Dam - ebe ọzọ Ramsar dị na Morocco * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Morocco == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ndkw5n9rb44mc9zh0iev4xfp3j5wplr 674513 674508 2026-07-09T12:14:40Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674513 wikitext text/x-wiki Ụlọ mgbochi mmiri Mohamed V bụ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri ụdị arch-gravity nke dị ihe dịka kilomita 35 n'ebe ndịda obodo Zaio, n'elu Osimiri Moulouya n'ógbè Nador, Morocco.Ebumnuche kachasị mkpa e ji wuo ụlọ mgbochi mmiri a bụ ịnye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi ndị dị n'okpuru ya, nke ruru ihe dịka hekta 70,000(170,000 hekta). A na-ejikwa mmiri ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri ma na-enye obodo Nador mmiri a na-aṅụ.A kpọrọ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri a aha Mohammed V, nke Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohamed V|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217|publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement|accessdate=22 August 2011|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183108/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217|archivedate=9 October 2011}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|accessdate=23 August 2011|date=26 June 2005}}</ref> A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-acha uhie uhie na marble teals.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-mohamed-v-iba-morocco|title=Barrage Mohamed V|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Al Massira Dam - ebe ọzọ Ramsar dị na Morocco * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Morocco == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 7ysh6leew54nw8cvc3tgrnq6bo4ksdy 674935 674513 2026-07-10T08:48:53Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ụlọ mgbochi mmiri Mohamed V bụ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri ụdị arch-gravity nke dị ihe dịka kilomita 35 n'ebe ndịda obodo Zaio, n'elu Osimiri Moulouya n'ógbè Nador, Morocco.Ebumnuche kachasị mkpa e ji wuo ụlọ mgbochi mmiri a bụ ịnye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi ndị dị n'okpuru ya, nke ruru ihe dịka hekta 70,000(170,000 hekta). A na-ejikwa mmiri ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri ma na-enye obodo Nador mmiri a na-aṅụ.A kpọrọ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri a aha Mohammed V, nke Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohamed V|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217|publisher=Secretariat D'etat Charge de L'eau et de L'environnement|accessdate=22 August 2011|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009183108/http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=217|archivedate=9 October 2011}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri dị ka Ebe Ramsar na 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morocco names 20 varied new Ramsar sites|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-76^16152_4000_0__|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|accessdate=23 August 2011|date=26 June 2005}}</ref> A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-acha uhie uhie na marble teals.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/barrage-mohamed-v-iba-morocco|title=Barrage Mohamed V|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Al Massira Dam - ebe ọzọ Ramsar dị na Morocco * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Morocco == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 11zv5tare99rohpdvjxfuxaqu3tacnw 0 77586 674510 2026-07-09T12:12:59Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1302700638|Lake Ihema]]" 674510 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Ihema |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lake_Ihema.jpg|264x264px]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Rwanda_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Location of the lake in Rwanda]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:45.873%;left:87.963%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|alt=Location of the lake in Rwanda|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Ihema]]</div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Ihema</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data region" |[[Rwanda]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Ihema&params=1_51_48_S_30_48_40_E_type:waterbody_dim:20000_region:RW <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°51′48′′S</span> <span class="longitude">30°48′40′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.86333°S 30.81111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.86333; 30.81111</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Ihema&params=1_51_48_S_30_48_40_E_type:waterbody_dim:20000_region:RW <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°51′48″S</span> <span class="longitude">30°48′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.86333°S 30.81111°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-1.86333; 30.81111</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data category" |ọdọ mmiri |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |100 km² (40 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Nkezi omimi</div> | class="infobox-data" |5 m (16 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Max omimi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |7 m (23 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Elu ala</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,292 m (4,239 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} '''Ọdọ Mmiri Ihema''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Rwanda, n'ókèala ya na Tanzania. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ime ala apịtị nke Osimiri Kagera ebe ọ na-asọba site na ọwa dị mkpụmkpụ. N'inwe mpaghara 100 km2 (40 sq mi), ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Rwanda kpamkpam. Ọ bụrụ na e jiri ya tụnyere ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ niile dị na mba ahụ (gụnyere ọdọ mmiri ndị mba ọzọ na-ekerịta), ọ ga-abụ nke atọ kachasị ukwuu mgbe Lake Kivu dị 2,700 km2 (1,040 sq mi) n'etiti Rwanda na Democratic Republic of the Congo na Lake Rweru n'etiti Rwanda na Burundi dị 133 km2 (50 sq mi) nke naanị 47 km2 (20 sq mi) dị na Rwanda. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị na Kayonza District na mpaghara ndịda nke Akagera National Park nke nwere ihe karịrị ọdọ mmiri iri na abụọ ọzọ, nke Ihema bụ nke kachasị ukwuu. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bara ọgaranya na ụdị dị iche iche, ma e wezụga azụ. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke Enyí mmiri na agụ iyi. O nwere ụdị nnụnụ 550, gụnyere ụdị dị ịrịba ama dị ka shoebill (''Balaeniceps rex'') na papyrus gonolek (''Laniarius mufumbiri''). N'etiti ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị, e nwere Ibises, Jacanas, herons, plovers, sandpipers, malachite kingfishers, Hawks na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Lake Ihema">{{Cite web|author=Sehene|first=Jean Chrysostome|title=Lake Ihema – Rwanda|url=https://www.globalnature.org/35615/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/resindex.aspx|work=Global Nature Fund|publisher=Rwanda Environmental Conservation Organisation (RECOR)|accessdate=16 July 2020|archivedate=30 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630061525/http://www.globalnature.org/35615/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/resindex.aspx}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] nsmbwk43lsatyjmbftc6nj2ldylycyh 0 77587 674519 2026-07-09T12:23:45Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355201336|Moulouya River]]" 674519 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Moulouya''' bụ osimiri dị ogologo kilomita 520 na Morocco. Isi iyi ya dị n'Ugwu Ayashi nke dị n'ugwu Middle Atlas. Osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian n'akụkụ obodo Saïdia, nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Morocco Mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ na-agbanwe mgbe niile. A na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ịgba mmiri ma Hassan II na Mohamed V Dams na-egbochi ya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A maara osimiri ahụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka '''''Malva''''' (Anglicized: '''Malve'''), '''''Malua''''', '''''Malvam''''', '''''Mulva''''', '''''Mulucha''''', ma ọ bụ Molochath flumen, aha ndị nwere ike ịmekọrịta na Mgbọrọgwụ Semitic ''melach'' ma ọ bụ ''malach'', nke pụtara " nnu". Maurice Besnier tụrụ aro na a na-eji akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru osimiri ahụ emepụta nnu, mana enwetabeghị ihe akaebe. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)|chapter=Mulucha|chapterurl=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=mulucha-geo|accessdate=2024-09-30}}</ref> Site na njedebe nke narị afọ nke anọ ruo mmalite nke narị afọ de atọ BC, Mulucha mejupụtara ókèala dị n'etiti Alaeze nke Mauri n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Alaeze nke Masaesylli n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=UNESCO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&dq=masaesyli+kingdom&pg=PA289|title=History of Humanity: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.|date=1996-12-31|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-102812-0|pages=289|language=en}}</ref> Titus Livius (nke a makwaara dị ka Livy) kpọrọ ya Mulucha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 29, chapter 30|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0159:book=29:chapter=30|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Chisholm, Hugh|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=11th|pages=817–823}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Flamingo_at_Moulouya.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Flamingoes na Moulouya.]] N'akwụkwọ Historia Brittonum (c.828), a kpọrọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Malvam, dịka akụkụ nke ụzọ njem akụkọ ifo nke ndị Scoti si Ijipt gaa Hispania.N'akwụkwọ Historia Regum Britanniae (c.1136) nke Geoffrey nke Monmouth dere, Brutus nke Troy soro ụzọ yiri nke ahụ malite na Leogecia. Akụkọ ahụ gbakwụnyere na ha zutere ndị ohi mmiri, wakpoo Mauretania, ma hụkwa ụmụ nwanyị mmiri n'Ogidi Hercules , tupu ha gafee Osimiri Malvam ma banye n'ala Mauretania.<ref name="GB">{{Cite web|author=Fitzpatrick-Matthews|first=Keith J.|year=2020|title=Genealogia Brittonum: the complete Historia Brittonum|url=http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/hb/historia_brittonum1.html|accessdate=2022-10-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBw2AAAAMAAJ|title=Gottfried's von Monmouth: Historia Regum Britanniae|publisher=Eduard Anton|year=1854|editor=San-Marte|pages=13, 196|language=la, de}}</ref> Osimiri Moulouya guzobere ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Rif Republic na 1920s, obere akụkụ nke Morocco nwere obodo ndị dị mkpa dị ka Saïdia na Oujda dị n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ, n'etiti Moulouya na ókèala ya na Algeria. Ruo n'afọ 1956, osimiri ahụ ghọkwara ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Spanish Protectorate of Morocco.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Tupu ndị France achịkwa, a na-ewere Osimiri Moulouya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ókèala dị n'etiti Regency nke Algiers na usoro ndị eze na-achịkwa Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Martinière|first=Maximilien Antoine Cyprien Henri Poisson de La|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oT46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA15|title=Documents pour servir à l'étude du Nord Ouest africain: réunis et rédigés par ordre de M. Jules Cambon|date=1894|publisher=Gouvernement général de l'Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Merouche|first=Lemnouar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité|date=2007-10-15|publisher=Editions Bouchène|isbn=978-2-35676-055-5|language=fr}}</ref> agha n'etiti ndị Algeria na ndị Alawit mere na 1692 na ford nke osimiri a. E nyere ọwa mmiri Martian ndị a na-amaghị ama aha osimiri ndị dị adị na ndị dị adị, gụnyere otu a na-akpọ "Malva" site na Osimiri Malvam. == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:Désastre_écologique_pour_le_fleuve_Moulouya_au_Maroc_(6034999449).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|230x230px|Azụ ndị mmetọ gburu jupụtara na Osimiri Moulouya n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2011.]] Osimiri Moulouya na-anata mmiri mkpofu sitere n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ bi n'akụkụ ya, yana mmetọ sitere n'ọrụ ugbo nke na-esite na mpaghara isi iyi ya dị n'ugwu. N'etiti afọ 2011, a hụrụ ọtụtụ puku azụ nwụrụ anwụ n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, nke mere ka òtù na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi bo ụlọ ọrụ nhazi shuga Sucrafor, nke dị nso ma bụrụ akụkụ nke Cosumar Group, ebubo na ọ bụ mmetọ sitere n'aka ha kpatara ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweelarị ụdị ebubo ahụ n'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990.North Moroccan Green Platform kọrọ na mmiri dị nso na Zaio ghọrọ ojii ma nwee isi ọjọọ, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo kwuru na ụfọdụ anụ ụlọ ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ṅụsịrị mmiri sitere n'osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chahboune|first=M.|date=2014-11-18|title=Monitoring of the water's quality of Moulouya River: main tributary of Hassan II dam (Province of Midelt, Morocco)|url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/morjchem/article/view/2413|journal=Moroccan Journal of Chemistry|language=en|volume=2|issue=5|doi=10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/MORJCHEM-V2I5.2413}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-05|title=Fish Deaths and Pollution in a Moroccan River.|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2011/08/160383/fish-deaths-and-pollution-in-a-moroccan-river/|accessdate=2025-10-06|work=Morocco World News|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Trakadas|first=Athena|title=Fish-Salting in the Northwest Maghreb in Antiquity: A Gazetteer of Sites and Resources|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|date=2016-01-22|isbn=978-1-78491-242-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvMYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|accessdate=2025-10-26|chapter=Oued Moulouya}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   {{Authority control}} gqlmd3px6wmxv7sa28wbgwlmnjn594u 674930 674519 2026-07-10T08:43:46Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Moulouya''' bụ osimiri dị ogologo kilomita 520 na Morocco. Isi iyi ya dị n'Ugwu Ayashi nke dị n'ugwu Middle Atlas. Osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian n'akụkụ obodo Saïdia, nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Morocco Mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ na-agbanwe mgbe niile. A na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ịgba mmiri ma Hassan II na Mohamed V Dams na-egbochi ya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A maara osimiri ahụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka '''''Malva''''' (Anglicized: '''Malve'''), '''''Malua''''', '''''Malvam''''', '''''Mulva''''', '''''Mulucha''''', ma ọ bụ Molochath flumen, aha ndị nwere ike ịmekọrịta na Mgbọrọgwụ Semitic ''melach'' ma ọ bụ ''malach'', nke pụtara " nnu". Maurice Besnier tụrụ aro na a na-eji akụkụ ndị dị n'okpuru osimiri ahụ emepụta nnu, mana enwetabeghị ihe akaebe. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854)|chapter=Mulucha|chapterurl=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=mulucha-geo|accessdate=2024-09-30}}</ref> Site na njedebe nke narị afọ nke anọ ruo mmalite nke narị afọ de atọ BC, Mulucha mejupụtara ókèala dị n'etiti Alaeze nke Mauri n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Alaeze nke Masaesylli n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=UNESCO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&dq=masaesyli+kingdom&pg=PA289|title=History of Humanity: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D.|date=1996-12-31|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-102812-0|pages=289|language=en}}</ref> Titus Livius (nke a makwaara dị ka Livy) kpọrọ ya Mulucha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 29, chapter 30|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0159:book=29:chapter=30|accessdate=2024-09-30|work=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Chisholm, Hugh|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol. 16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=11th|pages=817–823}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Flamingo_at_Moulouya.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|Flamingoes na Moulouya.]] N'akwụkwọ Historia Brittonum (c.828), a kpọrọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Malvam, dịka akụkụ nke ụzọ njem akụkọ ifo nke ndị Scoti si Ijipt gaa Hispania.N'akwụkwọ Historia Regum Britanniae (c.1136) nke Geoffrey nke Monmouth dere, Brutus nke Troy soro ụzọ yiri nke ahụ malite na Leogecia. Akụkọ ahụ gbakwụnyere na ha zutere ndị ohi mmiri, wakpoo Mauretania, ma hụkwa ụmụ nwanyị mmiri n'Ogidi Hercules , tupu ha gafee Osimiri Malvam ma banye n'ala Mauretania.<ref name="GB">{{Cite web|author=Fitzpatrick-Matthews|first=Keith J.|year=2020|title=Genealogia Brittonum: the complete Historia Brittonum|url=http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/hb/historia_brittonum1.html|accessdate=2022-10-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBw2AAAAMAAJ|title=Gottfried's von Monmouth: Historia Regum Britanniae|publisher=Eduard Anton|year=1854|editor=San-Marte|pages=13, 196|language=la, de}}</ref> Osimiri Moulouya guzobere ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Rif Republic na 1920s, obere akụkụ nke Morocco nwere obodo ndị dị mkpa dị ka Saïdia na Oujda dị n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ, n'etiti Moulouya na ókèala ya na Algeria. Ruo n'afọ 1956, osimiri ahụ ghọkwara ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Spanish Protectorate of Morocco.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Tupu ndị France achịkwa, a na-ewere Osimiri Moulouya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ókèala dị n'etiti Regency nke Algiers na usoro ndị eze na-achịkwa Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Martinière|first=Maximilien Antoine Cyprien Henri Poisson de La|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oT46AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA15|title=Documents pour servir à l'étude du Nord Ouest africain: réunis et rédigés par ordre de M. Jules Cambon|date=1894|publisher=Gouvernement général de l'Algérie, Service des affaires indigènes|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Merouche|first=Lemnouar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité|date=2007-10-15|publisher=Editions Bouchène|isbn=978-2-35676-055-5|language=fr}}</ref> agha n'etiti ndị Algeria na ndị Alawit mere na 1692 na ford nke osimiri a. E nyere ọwa mmiri Martian ndị a na-amaghị ama aha osimiri ndị dị adị na ndị dị adị, gụnyere otu a na-akpọ "Malva" site na Osimiri Malvam. == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Faịlụ:Désastre_écologique_pour_le_fleuve_Moulouya_au_Maroc_(6034999449).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|230x230px|Azụ ndị mmetọ gburu jupụtara na Osimiri Moulouya n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2011.]] Osimiri Moulouya na-anata mmiri mkpofu sitere n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ bi n'akụkụ ya, yana mmetọ sitere n'ọrụ ugbo nke na-esite na mpaghara isi iyi ya dị n'ugwu. N'etiti afọ 2011, a hụrụ ọtụtụ puku azụ nwụrụ anwụ n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, nke mere ka òtù na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi bo ụlọ ọrụ nhazi shuga Sucrafor, nke dị nso ma bụrụ akụkụ nke Cosumar Group, ebubo na ọ bụ mmetọ sitere n'aka ha kpatara ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweelarị ụdị ebubo ahụ n'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990.North Moroccan Green Platform kọrọ na mmiri dị nso na Zaio ghọrọ ojii ma nwee isi ọjọọ, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo kwuru na ụfọdụ anụ ụlọ ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ṅụsịrị mmiri sitere n'osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chahboune|first=M.|date=2014-11-18|title=Monitoring of the water's quality of Moulouya River: main tributary of Hassan II dam (Province of Midelt, Morocco)|url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/morjchem/article/view/2413|journal=Moroccan Journal of Chemistry|language=en|volume=2|issue=5|doi=10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/MORJCHEM-V2I5.2413}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-05|title=Fish Deaths and Pollution in a Moroccan River.|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2011/08/160383/fish-deaths-and-pollution-in-a-moroccan-river/|accessdate=2025-10-06|work=Morocco World News|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Trakadas|first=Athena|title=Fish-Salting in the Northwest Maghreb in Antiquity: A Gazetteer of Sites and Resources|publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd|date=2016-01-22|isbn=978-1-78491-242-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvMYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|accessdate=2025-10-26|chapter=Oued Moulouya}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   {{Authority control}} av2peui7z9pluwviywsspdk5avgnu2v 0 77588 674528 2026-07-09T12:36:41Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312700841|Lake Rweru]]" 674528 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị nso n'ebe ugwu nke [[Burundi]] na etiti Afrịka. Ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala Burundi na [[Rwanda]]. Ọ bụ ebe kachasị anya nke [[Nile|Osimiri Naịl]]. Osimiri Kagera, nke ọtụtụ ndị weere dị ka mmalite nke Osimiri Naịl, na-ebili n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke dị na [[Rwanda]]. == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mpaghara elu mmiri nke ruru 100 km², nke dị n'etiti mba abụọ: Burundi (kilomita skwea 80) na Rwanda (kilomita skwea 20). Ogologo ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ihe dịka kilomita 76.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịghị emi n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ya, ebe nkezi omimi ya bụ mita 2.1, ma omimi kachasị ya bụ mita 3, nke dị n'akụkụ Burundi.Osimiri Kagera na-esi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta na Burundi, na-asọga n'akụkụ ókèala Rwanda n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo mgbe ọ jikọtara na Osimiri Ruvubu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortuneofafrica.com/rwanda/lake-rweru/|title=Lake Rweru - Fortune of Africa Rwanda|work=fortuneofafrica.com|accessdate=2017-03-05|archivedate=2017-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309153719/http://fortuneofafrica.com/rwanda/lake-rweru/}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Na Ọgọọst 2014, ndị na-akụ azụ bi gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ógbè Muyinga dị na Burundi chọtara ihe karịrị ozu mmadụ 40 a na-amaghị onye ha bụ ka ha na-ese n'elu mmiri. E kechiri ọtụtụ n'ime ozu ndị ahụ n'ime plastik. Ozu ndị ahụ amalitelarị ire ere nke ukwuu, nke kpatara nchegbu n'etiti ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'ihi ihe egwu ọ nwere ike ibute n'ahụike ọha.Burundi kwuru na ndị ozu niile a chọtara bụ ụmụ amaala Rwanda, ma ruo ugbu a, enweghị nkwubi okwu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi banyere otú ha si nwụọ. Mba abụọ ahụ jụrụ na ndị ozu ahụ bụ ụmụ amaala ha.Mgbe mba abụọ ahụ gosiri na ha enweghị mmasị ịga n'ihu na nyocha nke okwu ahụ, Ụlọ Ọrụ Federal Bureau of Investigation nke United States kwetara ileba anya n'okwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burundi-bodies-rwanda-idUSKCN0I31XB20141014|title=Burundi says 40 corpses found in lake were Rwandans|date=2016-10-14|work=Reuters|accessdate=2016-10-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Lake-Rweru-floating-bodies/1066-2482026-55d4f/index.html|title=Mystery over bodies found in Lake Rweru|work=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|accessdate=2016-10-14}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Kagera * [https://www.flickr.com/search/?text=Lake%20Rweru Foto ọdọ mmiri] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} hbif61e2c0nrql8q81we15pqbu8kmgo 674933 674528 2026-07-10T08:47:07Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị nso n'ebe ugwu nke [[Burundi]] na etiti Afrịka. Ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala Burundi na [[Rwanda]]. Ọ bụ ebe kachasị anya nke [[Nile|Osimiri Naịl]]. Osimiri Kagera, nke ọtụtụ ndị weere dị ka mmalite nke Osimiri Naịl, na-ebili n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke dị na [[Rwanda]]. == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mpaghara elu mmiri nke ruru 100 km², nke dị n'etiti mba abụọ: Burundi (kilomita skwea 80) na Rwanda (kilomita skwea 20). Ogologo ụsọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ihe dịka kilomita 76.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịghị emi n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ya, ebe nkezi omimi ya bụ mita 2.1, ma omimi kachasị ya bụ mita 3, nke dị n'akụkụ Burundi.Osimiri Kagera na-esi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta na Burundi, na-asọga n'akụkụ ókèala Rwanda n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo mgbe ọ jikọtara na Osimiri Ruvubu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortuneofafrica.com/rwanda/lake-rweru/|title=Lake Rweru - Fortune of Africa Rwanda|work=fortuneofafrica.com|accessdate=2017-03-05|archivedate=2017-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309153719/http://fortuneofafrica.com/rwanda/lake-rweru/}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Na Ọgọọst 2014, ndị na-akụ azụ bi gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ógbè Muyinga dị na Burundi chọtara ihe karịrị ozu mmadụ 40 a na-amaghị onye ha bụ ka ha na-ese n'elu mmiri. E kechiri ọtụtụ n'ime ozu ndị ahụ n'ime plastik. Ozu ndị ahụ amalitelarị ire ere nke ukwuu, nke kpatara nchegbu n'etiti ndị bi n'ebe ahụ n'ihi ihe egwu ọ nwere ike ibute n'ahụike ọha.Burundi kwuru na ndị ozu niile a chọtara bụ ụmụ amaala Rwanda, ma ruo ugbu a, enweghị nkwubi okwu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi banyere otú ha si nwụọ. Mba abụọ ahụ jụrụ na ndị ozu ahụ bụ ụmụ amaala ha.Mgbe mba abụọ ahụ gosiri na ha enweghị mmasị ịga n'ihu na nyocha nke okwu ahụ, Ụlọ Ọrụ Federal Bureau of Investigation nke United States kwetara ileba anya n'okwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burundi-bodies-rwanda-idUSKCN0I31XB20141014|title=Burundi says 40 corpses found in lake were Rwandans|date=2016-10-14|work=Reuters|accessdate=2016-10-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Lake-Rweru-floating-bodies/1066-2482026-55d4f/index.html|title=Mystery over bodies found in Lake Rweru|work=Daily Nation|language=en-UK|accessdate=2016-10-14}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Kagera * [https://www.flickr.com/search/?text=Lake%20Rweru Foto ọdọ mmiri] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 5qrsyg6yjq3xs93bx08zni2qqaygn5e 0 77589 674530 2026-07-09T12:51:01Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358431068|Lake Ruhondo]]" 674530 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ [[Rwanda]] . Ọ dị nso n'[[Ọdọ Mmiri Burera|Ọdọ Mmiri Bulera]] na mpụga Musanze . <ref name="Fitzpatrick2009">{{Cite book|author=Fitzpatrick|first=Mary|title=Lonely Planet East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3e8P7XvcokC&pg=PA561|accessdate=24 April 2013|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-769-1}}</ref> Ọ dị na ala nke ugwu mgbawa kachasị ukwuu na Rwanda, ugwu mgbawa Kalisimbi. Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo bụ otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri abụọ e kere site n'ọrụ mgbawa ugwu nke Ugwu Mgbawa Sabyinyo. Mgbawa ugwu ahụ mere ka lava wụsaa gafee ndagwurugwu osimiri, ebe ọ jụrụ oyi ma sie ike, si otú ahụ mepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ.Ala dị ihe dịka kilomita 1 (0.62 mi)kewara Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo na Ọdọ Mmiri Burera. Ọdọ mmiri Ruhondo na Burera abụọ ahụ dị n'ebe ugwu Rwanda, ma dịkwa nso na ókèala Uganda.Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo gbasara mpaghara distrikti atọ, bụ Burera, Musanze, na Gakenke. Ọ na-anata mmiri sitere na Ọdọ Mmiri Burera n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ndịda ya. A na-eme atụmatụ na mpaghara ya dị ihe dịka hekta 2,800.Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo na-anatakwa mmiri sitere na iyi ndị ọzọ, ma na-asọba n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ndịda site n'Osimiri Mukungwa, nke bụ otu n'ime osimiri na-asọba n'Osimiri Nyabarongo. Ụgbọ njem mmiri emebeghị nke ọma na obere ụgbọ mmiri osisi dị ka ụzọ njem. [[Faịlụ:Panaromic_of_Lake_Ruhondo,_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Nke a bụ panoramic nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo na Northern Rwanda site na 2015]] [[Faịlụ:Ruhondo_Lake_Sunset.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ruhondo]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}2. Rwanda Natural Resources Authority, Burera na Ruhondo Development Plan. https://rwandalanduse.rnra.rw/portal/sharing/rest/content/items/bdf78d97d2f4446eb973d45fae7a6013/data E debere Wayback Machine tjf764cq2wosiyfp7ugq871ftdq4eoy 0 77590 674551 2026-07-09T13:30:08Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359687010|Rokel River]]" 674551 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Osimiri Rokel Osimiri Seli Osimiri Pamoronkoh<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Osimiri Seli * Osimiri Pamoronkoh </div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[Faịlụ:Freetown-aerialview.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Freetown n'ọnụ mmiri</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="6" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Rokel River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q1781219"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Rokel River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q1781219"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-12.8,8.55],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Rokel River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Sierra Leone]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Ugwu Loma, Ugwu Guinea, [[Sierra Leone]], West AfricaEbe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |900 m (3,000 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |0 m (0 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |386 kilomita (240 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |10,6² km2 (4,101 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ịchụpụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |N'akụkụ ọnụ |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; nkezi&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" | (Oge: 1971-2000) 546.9 m³/s (19,310 cu ft/s) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Usoro osimiri</span> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Rokel |} Osimiri Rokel (nke a makwaara dị ka Osimiri Seli; a na-akpọbu ya Osimiri Pamoronkoh) bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na Republic of Sierra Leone dị na West Africa.Mpaghara mmiri ya ruru kilomita skwea 10,622, ebe Ugwu Gbengbe, Ugwu Kabala, na Ugwu Sula na-ekewa mpaghara mmiri ya.Ọnụ osimiri ahụ , nke gbasara mpaghara ruru kilomita skwea 2,950 (1,140 mil2)ghọrọ ala mmiri Ramsar nke nwere nnukwu mkpa n'ụwa na afọ 1999. <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf|title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site|accessdate=3 July 2013|publisher=Wetland Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf|title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary|date=13 December 1999|accessdate=7 July 2013|publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Osimiri Rokel si n'ugwu dị n'elu ala dị ihe dịka mita 900 n'ime Ugwu Loma, nke dị na Guinea Highlands n'ebe ugwu etiti Sierra Leone, pụta. Ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ihe dịka kilomita 390, na-agafe ọtụtụ ugwu. Mgbe e mesịrị, ya na obere iyi ọzọ a na-akpọ Port Loko Creek, nke na-asọ n'akụkụ ya, na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri Rokel Estuary tupu ọ banye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantik.Mgbe ọnụ mmiri ahụ jikọtara na Osimiri Bankasoka, a na-akpọkwa ya Osimiri Sierra Leone. Ọ dị ihe dịka kilomita 40 n'ogologo, ebe obosara ya dị n'etiti kilomita 6.4 na 16.1,Obodo Freetown na Pepel bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ dị n'akụkụ ọnụ mmiri ahụ. Ka ọnụ mmiri ahụ na-abawanye obosara ma na-ejikọta na Oké Osimiri Atlantik, obosara ya na-eru ihe dịka kilomita 11. Akụkụ ndịda nke ọnụ mmiri ahụ bụ nke kacha emi, ma na-emepụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri eke, nke a na-akọ na ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri eke nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Apiti mangrove na mbara ala apịtị bụ ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị pụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọnụ mmiri (ria) nke Osimiri Rokel. Ha na-ekpuchi ihe dịka pasent 19 nke ọhịa mangrove niile dị na Sierra Leone.Mpaghara mmiri nke osimiri ahụ ruru kilomita skwea 10,622, ebe Ugwu Gbengbe, Ugwu Kabala, na Ugwu Sula na-ekewa usoro mgbapụta mmiri ya.N'ebe Mmiri Ọda Bumbuna , Osimiri Rokel na-adaba ihe dịka mita 15.Ụdị osisi mangrove ndị e dekọrọ n'ebe ahụ gụnyere Rhizophora, Avicennia, Laguncularia, na Conocarpus, bụ́ ndị na-ekpuchi mpaghara ruru ihe dịka hekta 34.23.Isi obodo Sierra Leone, bụ Freetown, dị n'ọnụ ụzọ Osimiri Sierra Leone, ihe dịka kilomita 40 site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pepel. == Ọdịdị ala == A na-akọwa Osimiri Rokel na ndị na-eso ya dị ka "Rokel River Group" maka ọmụmụ ala. A na-akọ na ọdịdị ala n'ime otu a bụ nke Tabe na ice sediments na-achịkwa ọnụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya ma na-ekpughe n'akụkụ osimiri n'akụkụ ụfọdụ; ọdịdị ala a hụrụ n'osimiri ahụ bụ nkume granite. A na-ekewapụta ọdịdị ahụ n'ozuzu ya dị ka nkume sedimentary folded. A kọwakwara na orogeny ya bụ nke Pan African thermo-tectonic age nke ihe dị ka 550 Ma.N'ihe gbasara ala, ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri a na-achịkwa na tectonically nke nwere usoro Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian na Pleistocene. Osimiri ahụ dị n'etiti Ugwu Sula dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ugwu grantoid nke ugwu Gbengbe na Kabal dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. A maara mmiri a ma ama dị n'osimiri ahụ dị ka mmiri Bumbuna na-ada ebe osimiri ahụ na-ada site na mita 15 (49 na-enye maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ hydroelectric. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == John MacCormac, N'afọ 1816, John MacCormac, onye ọchụnta ego sitere na Ireland, biri n'Agwaetiti Timbo ma malite ibupụ osisi African Oak sitere n'Osimiri Rokel. Ahịa ahụ gara nke ọma ruo oge ụfọdụ, ma emesịa ọ dara.A malitere ịkụpụta ígwè ore na ọlaedo alluvial n'ọgwụgwụ afọ ndị 1920 na mmalite afọ ndị 1930, ebe ọrụ iwulite ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Bumbuna Falls malitekwara.Ndị Yalunka guzobere isi obodo ha, Falaba, n'akụkụ isi iyi Osimiri Rokel.Ọnụ mmiri nke osimiri ahụ, nke gbasara mpaghara ruru kilomita skwea 2,950, debanyere aha ya dị ka Ebe Ala Mmiri Ramsar nke nwere nnukwu mkpa n'afọ 1999.Ebe ahụ nwere Cape Point n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Freetown dị ka ókè ya, Osimiri Bunce n'otu akụkụ ya, na Tagrin Point n'ebe ndịda nke ọnụ mmiri ahụ, ebe akụkụ nke Osimiri Rokel na-ejikọta n'ọnụ ya.<ref name="DACB">{{Cite web|title=McCormack, John|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|work=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission|accessdate=10 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|archivedate=11 October 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party|work=ramsar.org|date=15 January 2000|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025, Thomas Mariee mechara gbadaa 365km n'onwe ya n'osimiri Rokel n'ime ụbọchị 17. == Ọganihu == A tụọla mmiri nke osimiri Rokel na ọdụ atọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na nke kachasị nta a kọrọ na Magbass, otu n'ime ọdụ atọ ahụ, bụ 1,905 mita (67,300 na 2 cubic mita (71 cu ft) n'otu n'otu. E nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ mepụtara na ndagwurugwu osimiri nke na-enweta mmiri ha chọrọ site na osimiri a. Mmanụ ala ígwè na Marampa na-adabere na mmiri a na-enweta site na osimiri ahụ. A bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ikike mmiri nke Osimiri Rokel (Ratification) Act na ndị mmepe nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala; ebe a na'egwupụta mmiri na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1933 ruo 1975 site na Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) na Astro Minerals site na 1983. Nkwekọrịta mmiri ahụ na-enye "ikike pụrụ iche na nke kachasị mma maka iji mmiri Rokel site na nkwekọrịta pụrụ iche" maka oge afọ 89 site na 1 Jenụwarị 1938. Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ọrụ na-agbadata na mwepụ nke nsị sitere na ọrụ igwu ala akọwaghị. Igwe a na-ewepụta emeela ka ịdị elu nke otu n'ime ugwu ndị na-ebute ore belata site na mita 24.4 (80 ft) A malitere nnukwu ọrụ ịkụpụta ọlaedo n'Ugwu Sula na n'ime ájá na unyi nke Osimiri Rokel na ndị iyi ya kemgbe afọ 1929, mgbe a chọpụtara ọlaedo n'ugwu ndị ahụ.E mere ọmụmụ banyere sedimenti nke osimiri iji tụọ oke mkpokọta arsenic na mineral ndị ọzọ. A na-eji ọrụ aka eme nchọpụta na ịsa ájá n'osimiri ahụ, dabere n'usoro a na-akpọ paddocking.A kọwara ụdị ọrụ ịkụpụta ọlaedo a dị ka nke na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu, n'ihi na igbutu ọhịa maka ọrụ ngwuputa mere ka ugwu na-emebi emebi ma na-asachapụ ngwa ngwa. Nke a butere nnukwu nchikọta ájá na unyi n'Osimiri Rokel na ndị iyi ya. E mepụtara Bumbuna Dam n'osimiri ahụ site n'iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri dị mita 93 (305 n'ebe dị warara nke osimiri ahụ, nke mepụtara ọdọ mmiri nke gbatịrị kilomita 30 (19 mi) n'elu mmiri.[16sq.">] E mere atụmatụ ịgba mmiri Magbass n'okpuru mmiri nke mmiri ahụ. China nyere aka na mmejuputa oru ngo maka ịkọ okpete. Ọrụ ahụ, nke etinyere n'ọrụ na 1980, dị na Magbass n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ ma nwee iwu ịgba mmiri nke 880 square kilomita (340 sq mi). [17] == Flora na fauna == Osisi ndị dị n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ nwere ọhịa mangrove. Nnụnụ dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere nnụnụ 10,000 nke ụdị 36 (ihe ndekọ nke afọ 1995). A kọwakwara na e nwere ụdị wader asatọ n'oge oyi nke na-akpata 1% nke ndị bi na ya n'ụwa. Ụdị asatọ nke Palaearctic migrant waders e dekọrọ bụ: <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf|title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site|accessdate=3 July 2013|publisher=Wetland Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf "Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> * Plovụ nwere mgbaaka (''Charadrius hiaticula'') * Nnụnụ Kentish (''Pluvialis squatarola'') * Ịgbagharị (''Calidris alba'') * Onye na-eti mkpu (''Calidris ferruginea'') * Nnụnụ Eurasian (''Numeniusphaeopus'') * ahịhịa ndụ (''Tringa nebularia'') * Ogwe uhie (''Tringa totanus'') * Nnụnụ Western reef heron (''Egrette gularis'') == Hụkwa == * Mabilafu, obodo ukwu dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Rokel == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bird|first=Eric|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA933|date=8 April 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8638-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Brebbia|first=C. A.|title=Food and Environment II: The Quest for a Sustainable Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsGsLmjUU2EC&pg=PA45|date=2013|publisher=WIT Press|isbn=978-1-84564-703-2}} * {{Cite book|first=M. J.|author=Hambrey|title=Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iw-gQf4_LYC&pg=PA132|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-17230-1}} * {{Cite book|first=Dan|author=Rosbjerg|title=Sustainability of Water Resources Under Increasing Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPDr7HLdSt4C&pg=PA496|year=1997|publisher=International Association for Hydrological Sciences|isbn=978-1-901502-05-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Shillington|first=Kevin|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA922|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-57958-245-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Mangroves of Western and Central Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdrMCcDQaaoC&pg=PA41|year=2007|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2792-0|pages=41–}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] igvvt71ynyhq1obzzlyimnvs3x7stbn 674553 674551 2026-07-09T13:31:58Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674553 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Osimiri Rokel Osimiri Seli Osimiri Pamoronkoh<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Osimiri Seli * Osimiri Pamoronkoh </div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[Faịlụ:Freetown-aerialview.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Freetown n'ọnụ mmiri</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="6" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Rokel River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q1781219"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Rokel River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q1781219"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-12.8,8.55],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Rokel River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Sierra Leone]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Ugwu Loma, Ugwu Guinea, [[Sierra Leone]], West AfricaEbe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |900 m (3,000 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |0 m (0 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |386 kilomita (240 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |10,6² km2 (4,101 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ịchụpụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |N'akụkụ ọnụ |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; nkezi&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" | (Oge: 1971-2000) 546.9 m³/s (19,310 cu ft/s) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Usoro osimiri</span> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Rokel |} Osimiri Rokel (nke a makwaara dị ka Osimiri Seli; a na-akpọbu ya Osimiri Pamoronkoh) bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na Republic of Sierra Leone dị na West Africa.Mpaghara mmiri ya ruru kilomita skwea 10,622, ebe Ugwu Gbengbe, Ugwu Kabala, na Ugwu Sula na-ekewa mpaghara mmiri ya.Ọnụ osimiri ahụ , nke gbasara mpaghara ruru kilomita skwea 2,950 (1,140 mil2)ghọrọ ala mmiri Ramsar nke nwere nnukwu mkpa n'ụwa na afọ 1999. <ref name="Ramsar" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf|title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary|date=13 December 1999|accessdate=7 July 2013|publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Osimiri Rokel si n'ugwu dị n'elu ala dị ihe dịka mita 900 n'ime Ugwu Loma, nke dị na Guinea Highlands n'ebe ugwu etiti Sierra Leone, pụta. Ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ihe dịka kilomita 390, na-agafe ọtụtụ ugwu. Mgbe e mesịrị, ya na obere iyi ọzọ a na-akpọ Port Loko Creek, nke na-asọ n'akụkụ ya, na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri Rokel Estuary tupu ọ banye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantik.Mgbe ọnụ mmiri ahụ jikọtara na Osimiri Bankasoka, a na-akpọkwa ya Osimiri Sierra Leone. Ọ dị ihe dịka kilomita 40 n'ogologo, ebe obosara ya dị n'etiti kilomita 6.4 na 16.1,Obodo Freetown na Pepel bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ dị n'akụkụ ọnụ mmiri ahụ. Ka ọnụ mmiri ahụ na-abawanye obosara ma na-ejikọta na Oké Osimiri Atlantik, obosara ya na-eru ihe dịka kilomita 11. Akụkụ ndịda nke ọnụ mmiri ahụ bụ nke kacha emi, ma na-emepụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri eke, nke a na-akọ na ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri eke nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Apiti mangrove na mbara ala apịtị bụ ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị pụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọnụ mmiri (ria) nke Osimiri Rokel. Ha na-ekpuchi ihe dịka pasent 19 nke ọhịa mangrove niile dị na Sierra Leone.Mpaghara mmiri nke osimiri ahụ ruru kilomita skwea 10,622, ebe Ugwu Gbengbe, Ugwu Kabala, na Ugwu Sula na-ekewa usoro mgbapụta mmiri ya.N'ebe Mmiri Ọda Bumbuna , Osimiri Rokel na-adaba ihe dịka mita 15.Ụdị osisi mangrove ndị e dekọrọ n'ebe ahụ gụnyere Rhizophora, Avicennia, Laguncularia, na Conocarpus, bụ́ ndị na-ekpuchi mpaghara ruru ihe dịka hekta 34.23.Isi obodo Sierra Leone, bụ Freetown, dị n'ọnụ ụzọ Osimiri Sierra Leone, ihe dịka kilomita 40 site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pepel. == Ọdịdị ala == A na-akọwa Osimiri Rokel na ndị na-eso ya dị ka "Rokel River Group" maka ọmụmụ ala. A na-akọ na ọdịdị ala n'ime otu a bụ nke Tabe na ice sediments na-achịkwa ọnụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya ma na-ekpughe n'akụkụ osimiri n'akụkụ ụfọdụ; ọdịdị ala a hụrụ n'osimiri ahụ bụ nkume granite. A na-ekewapụta ọdịdị ahụ n'ozuzu ya dị ka nkume sedimentary folded. A kọwakwara na orogeny ya bụ nke Pan African thermo-tectonic age nke ihe dị ka 550 Ma.N'ihe gbasara ala, ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri a na-achịkwa na tectonically nke nwere usoro Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian na Pleistocene. Osimiri ahụ dị n'etiti Ugwu Sula dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ugwu grantoid nke ugwu Gbengbe na Kabal dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. A maara mmiri a ma ama dị n'osimiri ahụ dị ka mmiri Bumbuna na-ada ebe osimiri ahụ na-ada site na mita 15 (49 na-enye maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ hydroelectric. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == John MacCormac, N'afọ 1816, John MacCormac, onye ọchụnta ego sitere na Ireland, biri n'Agwaetiti Timbo ma malite ibupụ osisi African Oak sitere n'Osimiri Rokel. Ahịa ahụ gara nke ọma ruo oge ụfọdụ, ma emesịa ọ dara.A malitere ịkụpụta ígwè ore na ọlaedo alluvial n'ọgwụgwụ afọ ndị 1920 na mmalite afọ ndị 1930, ebe ọrụ iwulite ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Bumbuna Falls malitekwara.Ndị Yalunka guzobere isi obodo ha, Falaba, n'akụkụ isi iyi Osimiri Rokel.Ọnụ mmiri nke osimiri ahụ, nke gbasara mpaghara ruru kilomita skwea 2,950, debanyere aha ya dị ka Ebe Ala Mmiri Ramsar nke nwere nnukwu mkpa n'afọ 1999.Ebe ahụ nwere Cape Point n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Freetown dị ka ókè ya, Osimiri Bunce n'otu akụkụ ya, na Tagrin Point n'ebe ndịda nke ọnụ mmiri ahụ, ebe akụkụ nke Osimiri Rokel na-ejikọta n'ọnụ ya.<ref name="DACB">{{Cite web|title=McCormack, John|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|work=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission|accessdate=10 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|archivedate=11 October 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party|work=ramsar.org|date=15 January 2000|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025, Thomas Mariee mechara gbadaa 365km n'onwe ya n'osimiri Rokel n'ime ụbọchị 17. == Ọganihu == A tụọla mmiri nke osimiri Rokel na ọdụ atọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na nke kachasị nta a kọrọ na Magbass, otu n'ime ọdụ atọ ahụ, bụ 1,905 mita (67,300 na 2 cubic mita (71 cu ft) n'otu n'otu. E nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ mepụtara na ndagwurugwu osimiri nke na-enweta mmiri ha chọrọ site na osimiri a. Mmanụ ala ígwè na Marampa na-adabere na mmiri a na-enweta site na osimiri ahụ. A bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ikike mmiri nke Osimiri Rokel (Ratification) Act na ndị mmepe nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala; ebe a na'egwupụta mmiri na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1933 ruo 1975 site na Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) na Astro Minerals site na 1983. Nkwekọrịta mmiri ahụ na-enye "ikike pụrụ iche na nke kachasị mma maka iji mmiri Rokel site na nkwekọrịta pụrụ iche" maka oge afọ 89 site na 1 Jenụwarị 1938. Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ọrụ na-agbadata na mwepụ nke nsị sitere na ọrụ igwu ala akọwaghị. Igwe a na-ewepụta emeela ka ịdị elu nke otu n'ime ugwu ndị na-ebute ore belata site na mita 24.4 (80 ft) A malitere nnukwu ọrụ ịkụpụta ọlaedo n'Ugwu Sula na n'ime ájá na unyi nke Osimiri Rokel na ndị iyi ya kemgbe afọ 1929, mgbe a chọpụtara ọlaedo n'ugwu ndị ahụ.E mere ọmụmụ banyere sedimenti nke osimiri iji tụọ oke mkpokọta arsenic na mineral ndị ọzọ. A na-eji ọrụ aka eme nchọpụta na ịsa ájá n'osimiri ahụ, dabere n'usoro a na-akpọ paddocking.A kọwara ụdị ọrụ ịkụpụta ọlaedo a dị ka nke na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu, n'ihi na igbutu ọhịa maka ọrụ ngwuputa mere ka ugwu na-emebi emebi ma na-asachapụ ngwa ngwa. Nke a butere nnukwu nchikọta ájá na unyi n'Osimiri Rokel na ndị iyi ya. E mepụtara Bumbuna Dam n'osimiri ahụ site n'iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri dị mita 93 (305 n'ebe dị warara nke osimiri ahụ, nke mepụtara ọdọ mmiri nke gbatịrị kilomita 30 (19 mi) n'elu mmiri.[16sq.">] E mere atụmatụ ịgba mmiri Magbass n'okpuru mmiri nke mmiri ahụ. China nyere aka na mmejuputa oru ngo maka ịkọ okpete. Ọrụ ahụ, nke etinyere n'ọrụ na 1980, dị na Magbass n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ ma nwee iwu ịgba mmiri nke 880 square kilomita (340 sq mi). [17] == Flora na fauna == Osisi ndị dị n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ nwere ọhịa mangrove. Nnụnụ dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere nnụnụ 10,000 nke ụdị 36 (ihe ndekọ nke afọ 1995). A kọwakwara na e nwere ụdị wader asatọ n'oge oyi nke na-akpata 1% nke ndị bi na ya n'ụwa. Ụdị asatọ nke Palaearctic migrant waders e dekọrọ bụ: <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf|title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site|accessdate=3 July 2013|publisher=Wetland Organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf "Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> * Plovụ nwere mgbaaka (''Charadrius hiaticula'') * Nnụnụ Kentish (''Pluvialis squatarola'') * Ịgbagharị (''Calidris alba'') * Onye na-eti mkpu (''Calidris ferruginea'') * Nnụnụ Eurasian (''Numeniusphaeopus'') * ahịhịa ndụ (''Tringa nebularia'') * Ogwe uhie (''Tringa totanus'') * Nnụnụ Western reef heron (''Egrette gularis'') == Hụkwa == * Mabilafu, obodo ukwu dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Rokel == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bird|first=Eric|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA933|date=8 April 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8638-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Brebbia|first=C. A.|title=Food and Environment II: The Quest for a Sustainable Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsGsLmjUU2EC&pg=PA45|date=2013|publisher=WIT Press|isbn=978-1-84564-703-2}} * {{Cite book|first=M. J.|author=Hambrey|title=Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iw-gQf4_LYC&pg=PA132|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-17230-1}} * {{Cite book|first=Dan|author=Rosbjerg|title=Sustainability of Water Resources Under Increasing Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPDr7HLdSt4C&pg=PA496|year=1997|publisher=International Association for Hydrological Sciences|isbn=978-1-901502-05-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Shillington|first=Kevin|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA922|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-57958-245-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Mangroves of Western and Central Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdrMCcDQaaoC&pg=PA41|year=2007|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2792-0|pages=41–}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] juiq1btk3yq3fl7a1ylxylc5ky18wy6 0 77591 674560 2026-07-09T14:14:50Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha na Kenya}} {{Infobox body of water | name = Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo | image = LakeBaringo.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|38|N|36|05|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Molo River|Molo]], [[Ol Arabel]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width = | area = {{convert|130|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Baringo in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = | extra = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 10 January 2002 | designation1_number = 1159<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Baringo|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1159|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo''' bụ, mgbe [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]] gasịrị, nke kachasị n'ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri [[Kenya Rift Valley]], nke nwere oke elu nke {{convert|130|km2}} na elu nke {{convert|970|m}}. Ọtụtụ osimiri na-azụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ: [[Osimiri Molo|Molo]], [[Osimiri Perkerra|Perkerra]] na [[Ol Arabel]]. O nweghị ebe ọ na-esi apụta ìhè; a na-eche na mmiri ahụ na-asọba site na ihe ndị dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ banye n'ime nkume ugwu mgbawa [[Nsogbu (geology)|Nsogbu]]. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri abụọ [[Mmiri ọhụrụ|mmiri ọhụrụ]] dị na Rift Valley dị na Kenya, nke ọzọ bụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]].<ref name="ramsar"> See "Kenya designates freshwater lake in Great Rift Valley," at [http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-45-87^22874_4000_0__ Ramsar 2009 - 2002].</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ebe dị anya nke na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ekuru uzuzu, ebe ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 470 dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, gụnyere ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ. Otu [[Goliath heron]] dị n'agwaetiti dị n'oké nkume n'ọdọ mmiri a maara dị ka Gibraltar. Ludwig Krapf na J. Rebmann, ndị ozi ala ọzọ German bi na Mombasa, kọrọ akụkọ banyere ịdị adị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo na Yuropu n'ihe dị ka afọ 1850; na maapụ J. H. Speke nke isi iyi Naịl (1863) Baringo na Kavirondo Gulf of Victoria Nyanza gbagwojuru anya; ọ dị na maapụ Sir H. M. Stanley (1877) dị ka nnukwu mpempe mmiri N.E. nke Victoria Nyanza. N'ime njem ya na mba Masai na 1883, Joseph Thomson bụ onye Europe nke hụrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma dozie echiche ndị e buru n'amụma gbasara nha ya. Otú ọ dị, omenala ndị obodo na-ekwu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ kpuchiri ebe buru ibu karịa.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=418}} ==Nkọwa== Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke usoro [[East African Rift]]. [[Tugen Hills]], ebe e wuliri elu nke [[Mkpọda ugwu mgbawa ugwu mgbawa ugwu]] na [[mkpọda ugwu mgbawa ugwu]], dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Escarpment nke Laikipia dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mmiri na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na [[Ugwu Mau]] na Ugwu Tugen. Ọ bụ ebe obibi na ebe mgbaba dị mkpa maka ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ na anụmanụ 500, ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị nnụnụ mmiri na-akwaga ebe ọzọ dị oke mkpa n'ógbè na n'ụwa niile. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enyekwa ebe obibi maka ụdị azụ asaa dị ndụ. Otu, ''Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis'' (ụdị [[Nịl tilapia]]), bụ [[Endism|nke jupụtara na ya]] n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ịkụ azụ n'ọdọ mmiri dị mkpa maka mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba obodo. Na mgbakwunye, mpaghara ahụ bụ ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche gụnyere [[hippopotamus]] (''Hippopotamus amphibius''), [[Agụ iyi Naịl]] (''Crocodylus niloticus'') na ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, anụmanụ ndị a na-amị amị, anụmanụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ na obodo ndị na-enweghị ọdịdị ala.<ref name="ramsar" /><ref name="kenyabirds">{{cite web | url = http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm | title = Kenya Birds - baringo | publisher = www.kenyabirds.org.uk | access-date = 2008-03-17 | archive-date = 2008-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302021900/http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na oke osimiri tilapia nke dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ala ugbu a, mbelata nke ụdị a egosila na ọganiru nke ụdị ọzọ, [[azụ azụ̀ lungfish marbled]] (''Protopterus aethiopicus'') nke e [[E webatara ụdị|webatara]] n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 1974 ma ugbu a ọ na-enye ọtụtụ azụ̀ sitere n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mmiri ebelatala n'ihi oké ọkọchị na ịgba mmiri gabiga ókè. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-abụkarị ájá jupụtara na ájá, nke bụ n'ihi oke mbuze ala n'ebe a na-adọba mmiri, ọkachasị n'ugwu Loboi dị n'ebe ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> Ihe e ji mara obodo dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "ugwu" nke ndanda ọcha ([[termite]]. Ha bụ ogidi oghere dị mita iri na abụọ n'ogologo, site na mita otu ruo sentimita iri na asatọ n'obosara. [[kudu ukwu]], nke a na-amaghị ebe ọzọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, bi n'akụkụ ugwu Laikipia dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-abịa n'ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ Baringo iji rie nri.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=418}} Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na e nwere mmekọrịta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma n'etiti ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị mkpa maka àgwà mmiri na oke nje ndị a gbakechara. ''O. niloticus baringoensis'' site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo dekọkwara ọtụtụ nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa, nke a na-achọkwa ka ọha na eze mara ihe egwu ndị nwere ike ịpụta site n'iri azụ̀ ndị e sighị esi nke ọma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Adamba|first1=Stephanie Wangare Kamau|last2=Otachi|first2=Elick Onyango|last3=Ong’ondo|first3=Geoffrey Odhiambo|date=2020-02-19|title=Parasite Communities of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Trewavas, 1983) in Relation to Selected Water Quality Parameters in the Springs of Lorwai Swamp and Lake Baringo, Kenya|journal=Acta Parasitologica|volume=65|issue=2|pages=441–451|doi=10.2478/s11686-020-00178-2|pmid=32077035|s2cid=211171158|issn=1230-2821}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ obere agwaetiti, nke kachasị ukwuu bụ [[Agwaetiti Ol Kokwe]]. Ol Kokwe, ebe ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa nke metụtara ugwu mgbawa [[Korosi]] dị n'ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nwere ọtụtụ [[mmiri ọkụ]] na [[fumarole]], ụfọdụ n'ime ha emeela ka mmiri tọgbọrọ [[sulfur]]. Otu ìgwè mmiri ọkụ na-agbapụta n'akụkụ osimiri dị na Soro dị nso n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ. Ọtụtụ ebe dị mkpa e ji ihe mgbe ochie na ihe ochie mee, ụfọdụ n'ime ha ewepụtala ihe ndị e ji ihe ochie mee [[hominoid]] na [[hominin]], dị na usoro [[Miocene]] ruo [[Pleistocene]] nke ugwu Tugen.<ref name=Ward&Hill1987>{{citation |author=Ward, Steven |author2=Hill, Andrew|year=1987 |title=Pliocene Hominid Partial Mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=21–37 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330720104 |pmid=3103460}} [http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 Abstract from web search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180350/http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 |date=2014-04-16 }}</ref><ref name=SmithsonianExamples>{{citation|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/search/google-appliance/Tugen%20Hills|title=Tugen Hills examples from Smithsonian website|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|access-date=1 May 2010}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Wood1999>{{citation|year=1999|chapter=Plio-Pleistocene hominins from the Baringo Region, Kenya|author=Wood, Bernard |editor=Andrews, P.|editor2=Banham, P. |title=Late Cenozoic Environments and Hominid Evolution: a Tribute to Bill Bishop|pages=113–122|location=London|publisher=Geological Society|isbn=9781862390362|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVF8EzWfX2EC&q=%22Baringo+Region%22&pg=PA113|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref> Isi obodo dị nso n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ Marigat, ebe obere obodo ndị dị nso gụnyere [[Kampi ya Samaki]] na [[Loruk]]. Ndị njem nleta na-eleta mpaghara a nke ukwuu, ọ dịkwa na nsọtụ ndịda nke mpaghara Kenya nke agbụrụ [[ịzụ anụ | ndị na-azụ anụ]] bi na ya, gụnyere [[Il Chamus]], [[Rendille people|Rendille]], [[Turkana people|Turkana]] na [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]]. Ebe obibi, (họtel, obere ụlọ nri na ebe a na-ama ụlọikwuu) yana ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na na nso Kampi-Ya-Samaki dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ, yana n'ọtụtụ agwaetiti dị n'ime odo mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Lake Baringo"> {{cite web |url = http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10 |title = Lake Baringo |publisher = www.lake-baringo.com |access-date = 2012-02-16 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120115084108/http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10 |archive-date = 2012-01-15 }}</ref> Akụkọ gọọmentị Kenya mere na 2021 kwuru na elu ọdọ mmiri Baringo amụbaala site na ihe karịrị 100% ruo square kilomita 268 n'ime oge 2010-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Kenya Government and UNDP |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Idei mmiri jupụtara n'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri, achụpụkwara ndị mmadụ n'ebe obibi ha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Enweela mmụba n'ọnụọgụgụ anụmanụ dịka agụ iyi, tinyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti anụmanụ ndị a na mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-06 |title=Kenya's Lake Baringo: Surviving hippo and crocodile attacks |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66707507 |access-date=2023-10-08}}</ref> == Leekwa == * [[Ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley]] * [[Korosi]], a volcano at the northern end of Lake Nakuru == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} '''Onyinye''' *{{EB1911|wstitle=Baringo|volume=3|page=418}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baringo}} 407pq7m5en8bo8091yovpsmua599095 0 77592 674561 2026-07-09T14:47:18Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Alkaline lake in Arusha Region, Tanzania}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} {{Infobox body of water | name = Ọdọ Mmiri Natron (ọdọ mmiri Medusa) | image = Lake Natron (Tanzania) – 2017-03-06 (very early in rainy season) – satellite image (cropped).jpg | alt = Satellite image of lake. | caption = The lake on 6 March 2017 (satellite image) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location =[[Ngorongoro District]], [[Arusha Region]], [[Tanzania]], [[Kajiado County]], [[Narok County]], [[Kenya]] | coords = {{Coord|02|25|S|36|00|E|region:TZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Tanzania | pushpin_map_alt = Located in Northern Tanzania near Kenya border. | lake_type = [[saline lake|saline]] | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Tanzania]] | length = | width = | area = {{cvt|850|-|1,040|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite : DNews|url = http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm|website = DNews|access-date = 2016-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beachsafari.com/en/kb/lake-natron|title=Lake Natron|website=Beach Safari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/6994|title=Key Biodiversity Areas|website=www.keybiodiversityareas.org}}</ref> | depth = | max-depth = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|600|m}}<ref name="WWF"/> | islands = | cities = | frozen = | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = ''Lake Natron Basin'' | designation1_date = 4 July 2001 | designation1_number = 1080<ref name=ramsar>{{Cite web |title=Lake Natron Basin |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} [[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|right|Ọkara ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Natron (n'elu). A pụkwara ịhụ [[Fault scarp]] na [[Gelai Volcano]]. Ọtụtụ "rafts" dị nso na nnu dị ka ihe na-acha ọcha na akụkụ kachasị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ (n'ime).]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Natron''' bụ nnukwu [[ọdọ mmiri soda|alkaline]] [[ọdọ mmiri nnu]] dị na ugwu [[Mpaghara Ngorongoro]] nke [[Mpaghara Arusha]] na [[Tanzania]] ya na nsọtụ ugwu ya na-agafe na [[Mpaghara Kajiado]] na [[Narok County]] na [[Kenya]]. Ọ dị na [[Gregory Rift]], nke bụ alaka ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[East African Rift]].<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901|title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya|work=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> The lake is within the [[Lake Natron Basin]], a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar Site]] [[wetland]] of international significance.<ref name=ramsar/> == Nkọwa == Isi mmiri a na-enye ọdọ mmiri a bụ Osimiri [[Ewaso Ng'iro Ndịda]], nke na-arịgo n'etiti [[Kenya]], yana isi iyi ọkụ jupụtara na mineral.<ref name="WWF"/> Ọ dị obere nke ukwuu, ọ pere mpe karịa {{convert|3|m|ft}} omimi, ọ dịkwa iche iche n'obosara dabere na ọkwa mmiri ya. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere oke ogologo nke {{convert|57|km}} na obosara nke {{convert|22|km}}.<ref name="WWF"/> Mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu na-enweta mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị mma n'oge, ọkachasị n'etiti Disemba na Mee, nke bụ {{convert|800|mm|in}} kwa afọ.<ref name="WWF"/> Okpomọkụ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-adịkarị elu karịa {{convert|40|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WWF"/> Oke ikuku amịkọrọ mmiri ahapụla [[natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) na [[trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate). Alkalinity nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike iru pH karịrị 12. Dịka Live Science si kwuo, oke alkaline nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ sodium carbonate na mineral ndị ọzọ na-asọba n'ime mmiri site na gburugburu ya. Ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ ala ahụ bụ lava [[trachyte]] alkaline, nke sodium jupụtara na ya, nke e tinyere n'oge Pleistocene. Lava nwere nnukwu carbonate mana ọkwa calcium na magnesium dị ala, nke mere ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwee ike ịchịkọta mmiri nnu alkaline dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro. Ọnọdụ kemịkalụ ndị a dị oke njọ na-emepụta gburugburu ebe siri ike ebe naanị ihe ndị dị ndụ pụrụ iche nwere ike ịdị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Marc|date=2013-10-02|title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite|url=https://www.livescience.com/40135-photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron.html|access-date=2026-05-07|website=Live Science|language=en|last=Lallanilla}}</ref> A maara [[calcification|calcify]] ahụ nke ihe ọ bụla dị ndụ nwụrụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka kemịkalụ nke mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite magazine| title=This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone |author=Joseph Stromberg |date=2 October 2013 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> ==Osisi== Agba nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ihe e ji mara ebe oke mmiri na-ekupụ mmiri. Ka mmiri na-apụ n'anya n'oge ọkọchị, ọkwa nnu na-abawanye ruo n'ókè nke na ndị hụrụ nnu n'anya na-amalite itolite. Ihe ndị dị ndụ [[halophile]] dị otu a gụnyere ụfọdụ [[cyanobacteria]] nke na-emepụta nri nke ha site na iji [[photosynthesis]] dịka osisi si eme. Agba ọbara ọbara nke na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime cyanobacteria na-emepụta agba ọbara ọbara miri emi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na agba oroma nke akụkụ ndị na adịghị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. A na-agbakwa isi nnu [[alkali]] dị n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ agba ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ pink site na ụmụ ahụhụ [[halophilic]] bi ebe ahụ. [[Apịtị nnu]] na mmiri mmiri dị ọcha gbara gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-akwado ọtụtụ osisi dị iche iche. ==Anụmanụ== Ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-ahụ oke okpomọkụ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ (ruo {{convert|60|C|F|disp=sqbr}}) na oke nnu ya na-agbanwe agbanwe adịghị mma.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swancer |first=Brent |title=The Bizarre Medusa Lake of Africa |url=https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/04/the-bizarre-medusa-lake-of-africa/ |date=20 April 2015 |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, Ọdọ Mmiri Natron bụ ebe obibi nke ụfọdụ [[Endemism|endemic]] [[algae]], [[invertebrates]], na [[nnụnụ]]. N'ime mmiri nnu dị n'akụkụ ya, ụfọdụ azụ̀ nwekwara ike ịlanarị. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ naanị ebe a na-azụkarị ụmụ anụmanụ na East Africa maka nde mmadụ 2.5 [[flamingo ndị dị obere]], ndị ọnọdụ ha nke "dị nso n'ihe egwu" sitere na ndabere ha n'otu ebe a. Mgbe mmiri nnu na-amụba, otú ahụ ka [[cyanobacteria]] na amụba, ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwekwara ike ịkwado akwụkwu ndị ọzọ. Flamingoes ndị a, otu nnukwu ìgwè dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, na-ezukọ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri nnu dị nso iji rie ''[[Spirulina (genus)|Spirulina]]'' (algae na-acha anụnụ anụnụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere agba uhie). Ọdọ Mmiri Natron bụ ebe dị mma maka ịzụ ụmụ n'ihi na gburugburu ebe obibi ya [[ihe na-emebi emebi|caustic]] bụ ihe mgbochi megide [[Ndị na-eri anụ | ndị na-eri anụ]] na-agbalị iru akwụ ha n'agwaetiti [[evaporite]] nke na-etolite n'oge. [[Ndị flamingo nke ukwuu]] na-amụkwa nwa n'elu ájá ájá. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ emeela ka ihe nkiri okike pụta ìhè ''[[The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' site n'aka [[Disneynature]], maka mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na [[Lesser Flamingo]] dị ka naanị ebe ha na-azụkarị. Ụdị azụ abụọ a na-ahụkarị, [[Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[Alcolapia latilabris]]'' na ''[[Alcolapia ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', na-emekwa nke ọma n'ime mmiri dị n'akụkụ mmiri ọkụ. ''[[Alcolapia alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' dịkwa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mana ọ bụghị ebe niile. ==Ihe iyi egwu na nchekwa== A dịghị ebi n'ógbè gbara [[ọdọ mmiri nnu]] gburugburu mana e nwere ụfọdụ ịzụ anụ na ịkọ ihe ubi n'oge. Ihe iyi egwu nye nguzozi nnu site na mmụba nke mmiri mmiri [[ala]] ga-esi na atụmatụ igbutu osisi ndị ọzọ na mmiri Natron pụta na atụmatụ e mere [[hydroelectric]] [[ọkụ eletrik]] n'elu [[Ewaso Ng'iro]] n'ofe ókèala na [[Kenya]]. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ mmepe gụnyere iwuli mmiri mmiri n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ iji gbochie mmiri dị ọcha, ihe iyi egwu nke ịgbasa ebe a na-azụ ụmụ nwere ike ka dị njọ. Enweghị nchebe nkịtị. Ihe iyi egwu ọhụrụ nye Ọdọ Mmiri Natron bụ atụmatụ imepụta ụlọ ọrụ [[soda ash]] n'ụsọ osimiri ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-amịpụta mmiri site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ wee wepụta sodium carbonate ka ọ ghọọ ntụ ịsa ákwà maka mbupụ. Ndị ga-eso ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe a ga-enwe ebe obibi maka ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ 1000, yana ebe a na-ere ọkụ eletrik site na kol iji nye ike maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ahụ. Tinyere nke ahụ, enwere ike na ndị nrụpụta nwere ike itinye ngwakọ [[ogbe brine]] iji mee ka arụmọrụ nke mwepụta dịkwuo mma. Dịka Chris Magin, onye ọrụ mba ụwa [[Royal Society for the Protection of Nnụnụ|RSPB's]] maka Afrịka si kwuo, "Ohere nke obere flamingoes ịnọgide na-amụba n'agbanyeghị ọgba aghara dị otu a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ efu. Mmepe a ga-eme ka obere flamingoes dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka ghara ịla n'iyi." Pasent iri asaa na ise nke obere flamingoes dị n'ụwa mụrụ na Lake Natron.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Billock|first1=Jennifer|title=The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/|access-date=17 June 2016|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=14 June 2016}}</ref> Ugbua, otu ihe karịrị iri ise ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na-eme mkpọsa zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kwụsị atụmatụ iwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe soda ash nke Tata Chemicals Ltd nke Mumbai, India, na National Development Corporation nke Tanzania. [[Ken Mwathe]], Onye njikwa mmemme nchekwa na [[BirdLife International]] nke Africa Secretariat na-ahazi otu a na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nche anwụ aha ya bụ Lake Natron Consultative Group. Dịka ozi e nyere na June 2008 si kwuo, Tata Chemicals agaghị aga n'ihu na Natron Project, a ga-enyochakwa ọrụ a ọzọ dịka atụmatụ Ramsar Wetlands si dị, nke a na-akwado ugbu a.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf |title=Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project |date=13 June 2008 |access-date=7 October 2013 |publisher=Tata Chemicals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> N'ihi ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị na ya, Tanzania kpọrọ Ọdọ Mmiri Natron Basin aha [[Ndepụta Ramsar nke Ala Mmiri nke Mkpa Mba Nile]] na 4 Julaị 2001. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụkwa [[World Wildlife Fund]] halophytics nke East Africa [[ecoregion]]. ==Ịga leta ebe ahụ== E nwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-ama ụlọikwuu n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke bụkwa isi ebe a na-arịgo [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Ọdọ Mmiri Natron nwere ike ịdọta ndị njem nleta nke dị mkpa maka mmepe [[ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya gburugburu ebe obibi]]. Agbanyeghị, enweghị atụmatụ njikwa izugbe, enweghị ego zuru oke n'ọkwa ọrụ, enweghị usoro iji hụ na ekesara uru njem nlegharị anya gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọma, na ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya na-adịghị mma nke ọma ka achọpụtara dị ka ihe ịma aka ndị bụ isi metụtara njikwa njem nlegharị anya gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara ahụ. A pụkwara ịnweta ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na Shompole Conservancy [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Shoo|first=Rehema Abeli|chapter=Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania|date=2020|title=Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania|series=Geotechnologies and the Environment|volume=22|pages=75–90|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|isbn=978-3-030-43301-7}}</ref> {{Gallery|align=center |File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|Ọdọ Mmiri Natron dịka a hụrụ na program [[World Wind]] nke NASA |File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|Ọdọ mmiri nwere [[flamingo]] |File:Lengai from Natron.jpg|[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] a hụrụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Natron }} ==Leekwa== *[[Ọdọ mmiri Rift Valley]] *[[The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]] ==Edensibia== {{reflist}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{commons category|Lake Natron}} *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031024103822/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=9099 LakeNet Profile]}} *[http://www.birdlife.org/action/campaigns/lake_natron_flamingos/index.html Think Pink – Save Africa's Flamingos] *[http://www.nbcnews.com/science/bird-mummies-natron-lakes-toxic-waters-petrify-animals-fall-8C11322626 NBC article about Nick Brandt's photos of petrified animals at Natron lake] *{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17239 |title=Lake Natron, Tanzania |work=[[NASA Earth Observatory|Earth Observatory Newsroom]] |access-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001020850/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17239 |archive-date=1 October 2006 }} *{{WWF ecoregion|name=East African halophytics|id=at0901}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Natron, Lake}} 1djnr7zxhia1zjze884z0v87yiqjbpk 0 77593 674564 2026-07-09T14:56:51Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334860522|Lake Piso]]" 674564 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Grand_Cape_Mount_County_Liberia_locator.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Grand Cape Mount County (nke e gosipụtara) na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Liberia]]]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Piso''', nke a makwaara dị ka Ọdọ Mmiri Pisu ma ọ bụ Ọdọ Mmiri Ndị Na-akụ Azụ , bụ ọdọ mmiri laguun dị ogologo nke mmiri oke osimiri na-emetụta . Ọ dị na Grand Cape Mount County n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Liberia, nso obodo Robertsport.Aha Piso sitere n'okwu obodo nke pụtara "olulu nduru", nke bụ ntụaka nye ìgwè nduru ndị na-abịakarị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Piso n'oge gara aga iji ṅụọ mmiri. == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere mpaghara 103 km2 (40 sq mi). Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Liberia. [[Faịlụ:Lake_Piso_Drone_Shot.jpg|thumb|Ebe SW nke Ọdọ Mmiri Piso]] === Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri === Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-acha nnu na-ejikọta ala mmiri Cape Mount. A na-ejikọta ya na [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] site na ọnụ ụzọ dị warara nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka "ọnụ mmanya ". Osimiri dị iche iche, gụnyere Mole Creek na Mafa River, na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. === Ebe obibi === E nwere ọtụtụ agwaetiti n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, gụnyere Massatin Island, nke bụ ebe ezumike maka enwe na nnụnụ. A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-piso-(cape-mount)-iba-liberia|title=Lake Piso (Cape Mount)|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-11-08}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Ọdọ Mmiri Piso rụrụ ọrụ dịka ebe ndị agha jikọrọ aka na-eji ụgbọelu na-efe ma na-adaba n'elu mmiri arụ ọrụ Ọdọ Mmiri Piso jupụtara n'ikpere mmiri ya ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro abụọ na 1998, na-akpata nnukwu idei mmiri na Garwular District. Idei mmiri n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1998 mere n'ihi mgbochi nke ọnụ ụzọ dị warara nke jikọtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Oké Osimiri Atlantic, na-emebi ụlọ ụfọdụ.<ref> {{Cite news|title=Liberian Daily News Bulletin|work=Star Radio (Monrovia)|date=1998-08-22}}</ref> Idei mmiri ọzọ na Septemba na Ọktoba, nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara, metụtara ihe karịrị obodo iri abụọ, na-akpata ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwụ iri, na-ahapụ ọtụtụ puku ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, ma na-amanye ndị ọzọ ịhapụ ụlọ ha.<ref> {{Cite news|title=Flooding in Liberia|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/184693.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=1998-10-01|accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=Liberian Daily News Bulletin|work=Star Radio (Monrovia)|date=1998-09-17}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=Liberian Daily News Bulletin|work=Star Radio (Monrovia)|date=1998-10-09}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=Liberian Daily News Bulletin|work=Star Radio (Monrovia)|date=1998-10-10}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=Liberian Daily News Bulletin|work=Star Radio (Monrovia)|date=1998-10-11}}</ref> Idei mmiri ahụ mere ka gọọmentị Liberia kwupụta mpaghara ahụ dị ka "ebe ọdachi".<ref> {{Cite news|title=Liberian Daily News Bulletin|work=Star Radio (Monrovia)|date=1998-10-23}}</ref> Na Disemba 13-14, 2002, Papa Friends 2000 tụgharịrị na Lake Piso, na njikọ nke ọdọ mmiri na Osimiri Mafa. ụgbọ mmiri e ji osisi rụọ nke jupụtara na ya na-ebu ihe dị ka ndị njem 200, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-alọta site na olili ozu nke [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] n'ógbè ahụ. Naanị mmadụ iri na ise ka a napụtara; mmiri riri ndị ọzọ ma chọta ha ma ọ bụ chee na ha anwụọla.<ref> {{Cite news|title=More than 100 feared dead in boat accident in Liberia|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=2002-12-16}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|author=Toweh, Alphonso|title=At least 60 dead as ferry overloaded with footballer's mourners capsizes|work=[[The Independent]]|page=13|date=2002-12-17}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=More Than 100 Feared Drowned ...in Cape Mount Disaster|work=Africa News|publisher=AllAfrica, Inc.|date=2002-12-17}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=More than 80 bodies found in ferry accident|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|page=A-15|date=2002-12-18}}</ref><ref> {{Cite news|title=Ferry disaster death toll rising|work=[[The Ottawa Citizen]]|page=A14|date=2002-12-18}}</ref> A nature reserve was designated near Lake Piso in 1999 and, as of 2004, the Lake Piso wetlands, covering an area of 76,091 ha (761 km2), were Liberia's only designated wetland of international importance. == Ọrụ mmadụ == Mpaghara dị gburugburu laguun ahụ bụ ala nna nke ndị Vai, bụ otu n'ime agbụrụ ndị ama ama bi na Liberia. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme n'Ọdọ Mmiri Piso gụnyere ịkụ azụ na egwuregwu mmiri dịka ịsa ahụ n'ime mmiri, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nta , na ịkwọ ski n'elu mmiri .Tupu Agha Obodo Mbụ nke Liberia amalite, laguun ahụ bụ ebe ndị njem nleta na-ahọrọ ịga nke ukwuu.<ref> {{Cite news|title=Boat tragedy in Liberia|work=ONASA News Agency|date=2002-12-16}}</ref> A na-egwupụta diamond dị elu site n'osimiri ndị na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Piso ebe "ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye ọnyà nwere ike ịba ụba".<ref> {{Cite news|author=Mano River Resources|title=Mano River Resources - Final Results|work=[[Regulatory News Service]]|date=1999-05-25}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Edensibịa == * {{Cite book|author=Cole, Henry B. (ed)|title=The Liberian Yearbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzwUAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Lake+Piso%22|year=1962|publisher=Liberian Review}} * {{Cite book|author=Fox, Richard Middleton|title=The Butterflies of Liberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjhCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Lake+Piso%22|year=1965|publisher=[[American Entomological Society]]}} * {{Cite book|author=Hughes, R.H., J.S. Hughes, and G. Bernacsek|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC|year=1992|publisher=[[World Conservation Union]]|location=[[Gland, Switzerland]]|isbn=2-88032-949-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Nelson, Harold D. (ed)|title=Liberia, a Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5AU8_k52UC&q=%22Lake+Piso%22|year=1985|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]}} * {{Cite book|author=Outram, Quentin|title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC|year=2003|publisher=[[Routledge|Europa Publications]]|isbn=978-1-85743-183-4|pages=611–18|chapter=Liberia}} * {{Cite book|author=Streissguth, Thomas|title=Liberia in Pictures|url=https://archive.org/details/liberiainpicture0000stre|series=Visual Geography Series|year=2006|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-2465-6}} * {{Cite book|author=United Nations Environment Programme|authorlink=United Nations Environment Programme|title=Desk Study on the Environment in Liberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSpRFGrZODgC|year=2004|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]]|isbn=978-92-807-2403-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Walters, Joseph Jeffrey|others=Gareth Griffiths and John Victor Singler (eds)|title=Guanya Pau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osYtU1bmrycC|year=2004|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=978-1-55111-365-4}} rj81lm4x19euakr3tsk97v8kysawnrb 0 77594 674565 2026-07-09T14:59:05Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362955943|Rugezi Marsh]]" 674565 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rugezi Marsh''' (a makwaara dị ka Ruhengeri Marsh <ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}</ref>) bụ mpaghara echekwara na Rwanda, nke nwere hekta 6,735 (eka 16,640).<ref name="Paper">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|archivedate=30 June 2014}}</ref> Ala mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime isi mmiri nke Naịl, nke dị na Mpaghara Ugwu Buberuka. N'ịdị elu mita 2,100 (ụkwụ 6,900), ala mmiri ahụ bụ apịtị peat dị elu. Rugezi sitere na mkpokọta ihe ndị sitere n'okike n'ime ala mmiri quartzite nke na-ejide nkume. N'ọnọdụ ebumpụta ụwa ya, Rugezi anọwo na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmiri, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ntụrụndụ na Rwanda. <ref name="Paper" />Ọ bụkwa Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) nke BirdLife International nabatara na 2001, a kọkwara na ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ 43 dị n'ime na gburugburu ala ahịhịa ahụ; a chọpụtara mpaghara IBA dị ka hekta ha8,500 (eka 21,000). BirdLife International kọrọ na ụdị nnụnụ Grauer's swamp warbler (Bradypterus graueri) na nnụnụ swamp warbler ọcha (Bradypterus carpalis) bi ọnụ dị ka "ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe" .<ref name="IBA" /> == Ọdịdị ala == Rugezi Marsh bụ ndagwurugwu dị elu nke e kere n'ihi mmụba nke Buberuka Highlands. Ókèala ya na-agbatị n'etiti latitude ndịda 1° 21'30<nowiki>''</nowiki>na 1°36'11<nowiki>''</nowiki> na longitude ọwụwa anyanwụ 29°49'59<nowiki>'''</nowiki>na 29°59'50.<nowiki>''</nowiki> Ugwu ndị dị n'ala apịtị na-akpata mbuze ma a na-ahụ ha ka ha dị gburugburu. Ọdịdị ala ya nwere nkume metamorphic. Ugwu ndị gbara apịtị mmiri gbara gburugburu bụ nke quartzite. N'nọdụ ebumpụta ụwa ya, Rugezi Marsh mepụtara ute dị oke n'elu peat na-ese n'elu mmiri miri emi ya.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Paper">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|archivedate=30 June 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf "The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda. Archived from [http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A na-akọ na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'ime marsh bụ 1,200 milimita (47 in). <ref name="IBA" /> [[Faịlụ:Rugezi_wetland.jpg|thumb|Ala mmiri Rugezi]] == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == Ala marsh na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-achịkwa iji mee ka ọpụpụ na-abanye ma na-apụ apụ ma na-enye ya aha "mụrụ ụwa". Ọzara ahụ na-achịkwa, na-ejigide, ma na-enyocha ihe onwunwe mmiri nke na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Burera|Bulera]] (nke dị n'ókè [[Uganda]]) na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo|Ruhondo]]. Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara Rugezi Marsh gụnyere mmezigharị ọrụ ugbo na drainage site na ELECTROGAZ (Agency for Electricity, Water and Gas supply).<ref name="Paper">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|archivedate=30 June 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf "The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda. Archived from [http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Hategekimana2007">{{Cite web|author=Hategekimana|first=Sylvère|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:N85Du-22HmYJ:www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjwoA3wVRvx-yIkDG1DEGib-bZoH_PgvO6JZhCuUsvotpotgQJOVfUc6YAJTqMyjpDuHeF5yJe7DNQdbxpTZQ_kEDJ3xWOFdsibxLHXQRvA-UOrIKrXQQpgJkTXnOP9UcOfknvD&sig=AHIEtbTSVngg3quOw9dm0Nrog811Ml_GEQ|work=Paper presented at the International Symposium on Hydrology|year=2007}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ịdị irè ya dị ka nguzozi mmiri nke ihe onwunwe emebiwo n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi nrụgide dị elu nke mmadụ nakwa n'ihi ọrụ mmepe nke mmepe nke ime ka ọrụ ugbo dịghachi mma na mmiri na-agbapụta n'ọzara.<ref name="Paper" /> == Flora == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Ụdị okooko osisi ndị a kọrọ site na marsh bụ ''Miscanthidium violaceum'', ''Cyperus latifolius'' na papyrus C. a kọrọ ụdị papyrus n'akụkụ ọnụ ụzọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Anụnụ == N'ime ụdị nnụnụ iri anọ na atọ (ha niile bụ nnụnụ bi) n'apịtị na gburugburu ya dị ka Afrotropical Highlands biome, ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-eyi egwu n'ụwa niile n'okpuru ụdị dị iche iche akọwapụtara bụ ndị a:<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Bradypterus graueri'' (Grauer's swamp-warbler) (EN) * ''Laniarius mufumbiri'' (papyrus gonolek) (NT) * ''Calamonastides gracilirostris'' (papyrus yellow warbler) (VU) * ''Balearica regulorum'' (Oké okpuez na-acha odo odo) (EN) Ewezuga ihe ndị dị n'elu, ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha bụ ndị a.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Cisticola carruthersi'' (Carruthers's cisticola) * ''Bradypterus carpalis'' (onye na-acha ọcha na-acha uhie uhie) * ''Onychognathus tenuirostris'' (ụmụ kpakpando nwere ọnụ dị warara) * ''Ploceus baglafecht'' (onye na-akpa ákwà) * ''Nesocharis ansorgei'' (oliveback na-acha ọcha) * ''Crithagra frontalis'' (citril na-acha odo odo) * ''Crithagra koliensis'' (papyrus canary) * ''Crithagra burtoni'' (onye na-agba ọsọ ọnụ) == Edensibịa ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 1hfmqi3j4odu718b6ho4q4sx7vfgf8z 674566 674565 2026-07-09T15:03:36Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Rugezi Marsh<br />Ruhengeri Marsh | alt_name = | iucn_category = | image = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_size = | pushpin_map = Rwanda | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Rugezi Marsh | map_size = | location = Rwanda | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|01|29|00|S|29|51|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | area = {{Convert|6735|ha}} | established = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | site web = | module = }} '''Rugezi Marsh''' (a makwaara dị ka Ruhengeri Marsh <ref name="IBA" />) bụ mpaghara echekwara na Rwanda, nke nwere hekta 6,735 (eka 16,640).<ref name="Paper" /> Ala mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime isi mmiri nke Naịl, nke dị na Mpaghara Ugwu Buberuka. N'ịdị elu mita 2,100 (ụkwụ 6,900), ala mmiri ahụ bụ apịtị peat dị elu. Rugezi sitere na mkpokọta ihe ndị sitere n'okike n'ime ala mmiri quartzite nke na-ejide nkume. N'ọnọdụ ebumpụta ụwa ya, Rugezi anọwo na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmiri, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ntụrụndụ na Rwanda. <ref name="Paper" /><ref>[http://www.wdpa.org/SiteSheet.aspx?sitecode=101181 World Database on Protected Areas]</ref> Ọ bụkwa Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) nke BirdLife International nabatara na 2001, a kọkwara na ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ 43 dị n'ime na gburugburu ala ahịhịa ahụ; a chọpụtara mpaghara IBA dị ka hekta ha8,500 (eka 21,000). BirdLife International kọrọ na ụdị nnụnụ Grauer's swamp warbler (Bradypterus graueri) na nnụnụ swamp warbler ọcha (Bradypterus carpalis) bi ọnụ dị ka "ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe" .<ref name="IBA" /> == Ọdịdị ala == Rugezi Marsh bụ ndagwurugwu dị elu nke e kere n'ihi mmụba nke Buberuka Highlands. Ókèala ya na-agbatị n'etiti latitude ndịda 1° 21'30<nowiki>''</nowiki>na 1°36'11<nowiki>''</nowiki> na longitude ọwụwa anyanwụ 29°49'59<nowiki>'''</nowiki>na 29°59'50.<nowiki>''</nowiki> Ugwu ndị dị n'ala apịtị na-akpata mbuze ma a na-ahụ ha ka ha dị gburugburu. Ọdịdị ala ya nwere nkume metamorphic. Ugwu ndị gbara apịtị mmiri gbara gburugburu bụ nke quartzite. N'nọdụ ebumpụta ụwa ya, Rugezi Marsh mepụtara ute dị oke n'elu peat na-ese n'elu mmiri miri emi ya.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Paper">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|archivedate=30 June 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf "The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda. Archived from [http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A na-akọ na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'ime marsh bụ 1,200 milimita (47 in). <ref name="IBA" /> [[Faịlụ:Rugezi_wetland.jpg|thumb|Ala mmiri Rugezi]] == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == Ala marsh na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-achịkwa iji mee ka ọpụpụ na-abanye ma na-apụ apụ ma na-enye ya aha "mụrụ ụwa". Ọzara ahụ na-achịkwa, na-ejigide, ma na-enyocha ihe onwunwe mmiri nke na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Burera|Bulera]] (nke dị n'ókè [[Uganda]]) na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo|Ruhondo]]. Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara Rugezi Marsh gụnyere mmezigharị ọrụ ugbo na drainage site na ELECTROGAZ (Agency for Electricity, Water and Gas supply).<ref name="Paper">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|archivedate=30 June 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf "The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda. Archived from [http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Hategekimana2007">{{Cite web|author=Hategekimana|first=Sylvère|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:N85Du-22HmYJ:www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjwoA3wVRvx-yIkDG1DEGib-bZoH_PgvO6JZhCuUsvotpotgQJOVfUc6YAJTqMyjpDuHeF5yJe7DNQdbxpTZQ_kEDJ3xWOFdsibxLHXQRvA-UOrIKrXQQpgJkTXnOP9UcOfknvD&sig=AHIEtbTSVngg3quOw9dm0Nrog811Ml_GEQ|work=Paper presented at the International Symposium on Hydrology|year=2007}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ịdị irè ya dị ka nguzozi mmiri nke ihe onwunwe emebiwo n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi nrụgide dị elu nke mmadụ nakwa n'ihi ọrụ mmepe nke mmepe nke ime ka ọrụ ugbo dịghachi mma na mmiri na-agbapụta n'ọzara.<ref name="Paper" /> == Flora == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Ụdị okooko osisi ndị a kọrọ site na marsh bụ ''Miscanthidium violaceum'', ''Cyperus latifolius'' na papyrus C. a kọrọ ụdị papyrus n'akụkụ ọnụ ụzọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Anụnụ == N'ime ụdị nnụnụ iri anọ na atọ (ha niile bụ nnụnụ bi) n'apịtị na gburugburu ya dị ka Afrotropical Highlands biome, ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-eyi egwu n'ụwa niile n'okpuru ụdị dị iche iche akọwapụtara bụ ndị a:<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Bradypterus graueri'' (Grauer's swamp-warbler) (EN) * ''Laniarius mufumbiri'' (papyrus gonolek) (NT) * ''Calamonastides gracilirostris'' (papyrus yellow warbler) (VU) * ''Balearica regulorum'' (Oké okpuez na-acha odo odo) (EN) Ewezuga ihe ndị dị n'elu, ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha bụ ndị a.<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Cisticola carruthersi'' (Carruthers's cisticola) * ''Bradypterus carpalis'' (onye na-acha ọcha na-acha uhie uhie) * ''Onychognathus tenuirostris'' (ụmụ kpakpando nwere ọnụ dị warara) * ''Ploceus baglafecht'' (onye na-akpa ákwà) * ''Nesocharis ansorgei'' (oliveback na-acha ọcha) * ''Crithagra frontalis'' (citril na-acha odo odo) * ''Crithagra koliensis'' (papyrus canary) * ''Crithagra burtoni'' (onye na-agba ọsọ ọnụ) == Edensibịa ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} btyzsx3tqg9mzwtieltrclxpdph2c1s 0 77595 674567 2026-07-09T15:04:49Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358561400|Khubelu River]]" 674567 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Osimiri Khubelu |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Lesotho |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mpaghara | class="infobox-data" |Ógbè Mokhotlong |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[River mouth|Ọnụ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Senqu River|Osimiri Senqu]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |101 kilomita |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">[[Drainage basin|Usoro osimiri]]</span> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ Mmiri Orange |} '''Osimiri Khubelu''' bụ osimiri dị na Mokhotlong District nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Lesotho]] . Ọ bụ akụkụ nke elu Senqu River catchment n'ime nnukwu Orange River basin ma bụrụ otu n'ime osimiri isi mmiri dị mkpa nke Lesotho Highlands.<ref name="waterway">{{Cite web|title=Khubelu|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Khubelu%20000243648796/|work=WaterwayMap|accessdate=9 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="water2022">{{Cite journal|author=George|first=Maeti|title=An Evaluation of the Khubelu Wetland and Receiving Stream Water Quality for Community Use|journal=Water|volume=14|issue=3|pages=442|year=2022|doi=10.3390/w14030442}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ malitere n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Lesotho ma na-agafe ugwu ugwu tupu ọ banye na usoro Osimiri Senqu. Na ihe dịka kilomita 101 (63 mi) n'ogologo, ọ bụ otu n'ime osimiri ndị a ma ama na mpaghara Mokhotlong. == Ọdịdị ala == Osimiri Khubelu na-asọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Ugwu Maloti, mpaghara e ji ugwu ndị dị nkọ, ala ahịhịa dị n'ebe dị elu, na ala mmiri sara mbara mara.Mpaghara mmiri nke osimiri a bụ akụkụ nke isi iyi Osimiri Senqu, nke n'ikpeazụ na-aghọ Osimiri Orange, bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo na mpaghara ndịda Afrịka. Ọtụtụ mmiri na-enye osimiri ahụ mmiri, ala mmiri ndị gbara ya gburugburu na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na nchekwa mmiri, mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, na nhazi nke iyi. == Mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi == Osimiri Khubelu na ala mmiri ndị metụtara ya bụ ebe dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ihi na ha na-enye mmiri n'ime mpaghara mmiri Osimiri Orange–Senqu, nke bụ usoro mmiri dị mkpa mba dị iche iche na-ekekọrịta. Usoro mmiri a na-eje ozi mba Lesotho, South Africa, Botswana, na Namibia. Nnyocha nke ala mmiri Khubelu emeela ka mkpa ọ dị n'ịnọgide na-enwe mmiri dị mma na ịkwado obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-adabere n'osimiri ahụ maka iji ụlọ eme ihe, inye anụ ụlọ mmiri, na obere ọrụ ugbo. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtala nchegbu metụtara mmebi ala mmiri, ịta nri gabigara ókè, mbuze ala, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke mmadụ nwere ike imetụta ogo mmiri na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime mmiri ahụ. == Njem nleta == A maara ndagwurugwu Osimiri Khubelu maka ọmarịcha ugwu ya ma ndị na-aga ije, ndị na-egbu azụ, na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya anọ na-eleta ya. A maara akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ maka igbu azụ trout na yellowfish, ebe ụzọ ndị na-eso osimiri ahụ gafere Ugwu Maloti gosipụtara na nduzi njem nleta na Lesotho.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Getaway 4X4 Guide to Lesotho: the Khubelu River Meander|url=https://www.getaway.co.za/activities/routes/getaway-guide-lesotho-khubelu-river-meander/|work=Getaway Magazine|date=19 December 2017|accessdate=9 June 2026}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Lesotho * [[Osimiri Orange|Osimiri Senqu]] * [[Osimiri Orange]] * Ógbè Mokhotlong == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 4berry59vceq34hm3l5j5lynlnyfnbp 0 77596 674568 2026-07-09T15:05:10Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} {{Infobox river | name = Osimiri Lubudi | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Upper Lualaba and Tributaries.svg | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Upper Lualaba and tributaries, Lubudi to the west | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|11.259562|S|24.634781|E}} | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|9.209925|S|25.623336|E|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Osimiri Lubudi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Lubudi}}) bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Lubudi dị nso n'ókè [[Zambia]]n na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Kolwezi]]. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ iji sonye na Lualaba site n'aka ekpe ebe ala Katanga dị na ndịda na-adaba na [[Upemba Depression]], dị nso na [[Bukama]].{{sfn|Higginson|1989|p=19}} ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== N'ihe dị ka afọ 1800, ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa n'osimiri Lubudi bụ akụkụ nke [[Alaeze Ukwu Lunda]]. Ndị mmadụ na-ebuga ọla kọpa nye Eze Ukwu ("Mwant Yav") dị ka ụtụ, mana ha na-erekwa osisi ọla kọpa iji nweta nri dịka azụ̀ kpọrọ nkụ na ntụ ọka manioc.{{sfn|von Oppen|1994|p=149}} Na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ndị obodo dị n'elu Lubudi nọ n'okpuru onyeisi Mushima, onye enyi eze nke [[Samba, alaeze|Samba]].{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=100}} ==Edensibia== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83Oo5-PT45cC&pg=PA19 |title=A working class in the making: Belgian colonial labor policy, private enterprise, and the African mineworker, 1907-1951 |first=John |last=Higginson |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-299-12070-8}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz8cv9-JlN0C&pg=PA100 |title=The rainbow and the kings: a history of the Luba Empire to 1891 |first=Thomas Q. |last=Reefe |publisher=University of California Press |year=1981 |isbn=0-520-04140-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=an5QqSKNqAgC&pg=PA149 |title=Terms of trade and terms of trust: the history and contexts of pre-colonial market production around the Upper Zambezi and Kasai |first=Achim |last=von Oppen |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=1994 |isbn=3-89473-246-6}} {{refend}} dmepvflhqjdgtxjtbsec57ngh10r77e 0 77597 674569 2026-07-09T15:06:51Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356602113|Lake Maladumba]]" 674569 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Maladumba''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na steeti [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]] [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] . == Ebe == Ọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke [[Jos Plateau]], ihe dịka kilomita 120 n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo [[Bauchi]], kilomita 18 n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Misau, na kilomita 2 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Shelon, obere obodo ịkụ azụ. Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, nke nwere nkezi omimi nke ihe dị ka mita abụọ, ma dị n'akụkụ ala Osimiri Kuka, nke na-apụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka Osimiri Kari. Nke a bụ isi iyi nke Komadugu Gana, ya mere ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ nke usoro osimiri nke [[Yobe River|Komadugu Yobe]], osimiri dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Chad nke na-asọba n'[[Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]] ruo n'afọ 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/NG1756RIS.pdf|accessdate=2025-09-16|work=RIS}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti oge ọkọchị na oge mmiri. Oge mmiri ozuzo na-adị site na Mee ruo Ọktoba, na mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na mbata nke West African monsoon, malite na June. N'oge a, nkezi nke 800 mm nke mmiri ozuzo na-ada. Oge ọkọchị na-adị site na Nọvemba ruo Eprel ma na-ekpebi ihu igwe site na ifufe azụmahịa nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ''[[harmattan]]''. Nkezi okpomọkụ sitere na 26 °C mgbe ''harmattan'' na-afụ ruo 34 °C na Eprel na Mee, oge kachasị ọkụ n'afọ. == Ebe Nsọ Okike == Ọdọ Mmiri Maladumba na-ekpuchi nkezi mpaghara nke 18.6 km2 ma dị n'ime ebe a na-echebe, Maladumba Lake Forest Reserve (51.8 km2), nke e tinyere na 30 Eprel 2008 na ndepụta nke Ala mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ụwa n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita ise n'ogologo, na nkezi obosara nke mita 300-400, ma nwee ọtụtụ osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nke mpaghara Sudan. == Flora na anụmanụ == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ̀ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ụdị Nile gymnorchus (Gymnarchus niloticus), ụdị dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ Latidae na Bagridae, na azụ̀ tiger (Hydrocynus spp.). N'ime Oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu, ụdị osisi 175 na-eto, gụnyere ụdị osisi na osisi 26. Ndị a gụnyere Acacia kamerunensis, Acacia nilotica, Combretum nigricans, Combretum molle, Tamarindus indica, Holarrhena floribunda, Burkea africana, Anogeissus leiocarpa, na Adansonia digitata. Ebe a bụ ebe obibi nke African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck ( Tragelaphus scriptus), aardvark (Orycteropus afer), African civet (Civettitis civetta), mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (Genetta spp.), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), patasrythrords monkey (patasrythrords), na patasryd monkey, na patasrydmonkey. (Varanus spp.).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunkoya|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2006–2008 Version|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1NG008_RIS%202007%20E.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232532/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1NG008_RIS%202007%20E.pdf|archivedate=2 December 2013|accessdate=13 October 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Nigeria|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-nigeria/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16114_4000_0__|accessdate=13 October 2019|work=Ramsar Convention|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Ȯra Bauchi]] oxaqlmzatn337c47zsf0rjfwp9w0mfb 674570 674569 2026-07-09T15:07:58Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọdọ Mmiri Maladumba''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na steeti [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]] [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] . == Ebe == Ọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke [[Jos Plateau]], ihe dịka kilomita 120 n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo [[Bauchi]], kilomita 18 n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Misau, na kilomita 2 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Shelon, obere obodo ịkụ azụ. Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, nke nwere nkezi omimi nke ihe dị ka mita abụọ, ma dị n'akụkụ ala Osimiri Kuka, nke na-apụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka Osimiri Kari. Nke a bụ isi iyi nke Komadugu Gana, ya mere ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ nke usoro osimiri nke [[Yobe River|Komadugu Yobe]], osimiri dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Chad nke na-asọba n'[[Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]] ruo n'afọ 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/NG1756RIS.pdf|accessdate=2025-09-16|work=RIS}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti oge ọkọchị na oge mmiri. Oge mmiri ozuzo na-adị site na Mee ruo Ọktoba, na mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na mbata nke West African monsoon, malite na June. N'oge a, nkezi nke 800 mm nke mmiri ozuzo na-ada. Oge ọkọchị na-adị site na Nọvemba ruo Eprel ma na-ekpebi ihu igwe site na ifufe azụmahịa nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ''[[harmattan]]''. Nkezi okpomọkụ sitere na 26 °C mgbe ''harmattan'' na-afụ ruo 34 °C na Eprel na Mee, oge kachasị ọkụ n'afọ. == Ebe Nsọ Okike == Ọdọ Mmiri Maladumba na-ekpuchi nkezi mpaghara nke 18.6 km2 ma dị n'ime ebe a na-echebe, Maladumba Lake Forest Reserve (51.8 km2), nke e tinyere na 30 Eprel 2008 na ndepụta nke Ala mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ụwa n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita ise n'ogologo, na nkezi obosara nke mita 300-400, ma nwee ọtụtụ osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nke mpaghara Sudan. == Flora na anụmanụ == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ̀ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ụdị Nile gymnorchus (Gymnarchus niloticus), ụdị dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ Latidae na Bagridae, na azụ̀ tiger (Hydrocynus spp.). N'ime Oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu, ụdị osisi 175 na-eto, gụnyere ụdị osisi na osisi 26. Ndị a gụnyere Acacia kamerunensis, Acacia nilotica, Combretum nigricans, Combretum molle, Tamarindus indica, Holarrhena floribunda, Burkea africana, Anogeissus leiocarpa, na Adansonia digitata. Ebe a bụ ebe obibi nke African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck ( Tragelaphus scriptus), aardvark (Orycteropus afer), African civet (Civettitis civetta), mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (Genetta spp.), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), patasrythrords monkey (patasrythrords), na patasryd monkey, na patasrydmonkey. (Varanus spp.).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunkoya|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2006–2008 Version|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1NG008_RIS%202007%20E.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232532/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1NG008_RIS%202007%20E.pdf|archivedate=2 December 2013|accessdate=13 October 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Nigeria|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-nigeria/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16114_4000_0__|accessdate=13 October 2019|work=Ramsar Convention|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Ȯra Bauchi]] sseghixi3ssc33cojvwjvi8s4ykwqi9 674939 674570 2026-07-10T08:52:37Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ọdọ Mmiri Maladumba''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na steeti [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]] [[Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] . == Ebe == Ọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke [[Jos Plateau]], ihe dịka kilomita 120 n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo [[Bauchi]], kilomita 18 n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Misau, na kilomita 2 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Shelon, obere obodo ịkụ azụ. Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, nke nwere nkezi omimi nke ihe dị ka mita abụọ, ma dị n'akụkụ ala Osimiri Kuka, nke na-apụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka Osimiri Kari. Nke a bụ isi iyi nke Komadugu Gana, ya mere ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ nke usoro osimiri nke [[Yobe River|Komadugu Yobe]], osimiri dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Chad nke na-asọba n'[[Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]] ruo n'afọ 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/NG1756RIS.pdf|accessdate=2025-09-16|work=RIS}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọdịiche doro anya n'etiti oge ọkọchị na oge mmiri. Oge mmiri ozuzo na-adị site na Mee ruo Ọktoba, na mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na mbata nke West African monsoon, malite na June. N'oge a, nkezi nke 800 mm nke mmiri ozuzo na-ada. Oge ọkọchị na-adị site na Nọvemba ruo Eprel ma na-ekpebi ihu igwe site na ifufe azụmahịa nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ''[[harmattan]]''. Nkezi okpomọkụ sitere na 26 °C mgbe ''harmattan'' na-afụ ruo 34 °C na Eprel na Mee, oge kachasị ọkụ n'afọ. == Ebe Nsọ Okike == Ọdọ Mmiri Maladumba na-ekpuchi nkezi mpaghara nke 18.6 km2 ma dị n'ime ebe a na-echebe, Maladumba Lake Forest Reserve (51.8 km2), nke e tinyere na 30 Eprel 2008 na ndepụta nke Ala mmiri dị mkpa nke mba ụwa n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita ise n'ogologo, na nkezi obosara nke mita 300-400, ma nwee ọtụtụ osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche nke mpaghara Sudan. == Flora na anụmanụ == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ̀ iri abụọ na itoolu, gụnyere ụdị Nile gymnorchus (Gymnarchus niloticus), ụdị dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ Latidae na Bagridae, na azụ̀ tiger (Hydrocynus spp.). N'ime Oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu, ụdị osisi 175 na-eto, gụnyere ụdị osisi na osisi 26. Ndị a gụnyere Acacia kamerunensis, Acacia nilotica, Combretum nigricans, Combretum molle, Tamarindus indica, Holarrhena floribunda, Burkea africana, Anogeissus leiocarpa, na Adansonia digitata. Ebe a bụ ebe obibi nke African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck ( Tragelaphus scriptus), aardvark (Orycteropus afer), African civet (Civettitis civetta), mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (Genetta spp.), African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus), patasrythrords monkey (patasrythrords), na patasryd monkey, na patasrydmonkey. (Varanus spp.).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunkoya|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2006–2008 Version|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1NG008_RIS%202007%20E.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232532/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1NG008_RIS%202007%20E.pdf|archivedate=2 December 2013|accessdate=13 October 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Nigeria|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-nigeria/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16114_4000_0__|accessdate=13 October 2019|work=Ramsar Convention|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Ȯra Bauchi]] 3pc1wcsz6xr9k4od9lkjdstc5yfue4p 0 77598 674575 2026-07-09T15:17:41Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313001594|Lake Letsie]]" 674575 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọdọ Mmiri Letsie (Sotho: Letšeng-la-Letsie)''' bụ ọdọ mmiri e ji ụlọ mgbochi mmiri mepụta  nke dị n'Ugwu Drakensberg na Distrikti Quthing, Lesotho.E mepụtara ọdọ mmiri a mgbe e mere ka obere ọdọ mmiri eke dịbu ebe ahụ buru ibu site n'ịrụ ụlọ mgbochi mmiri n'isi iyi Osimiri Mohlakeng n'afọ 1968.Kemgbe afọ 2001, e depụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ala mmiri ndị gbara ya gburugburu dịka ebe echedoro n'okpuru iwu mba, ma n'afọ 2004, e depụtakwara ya dịka Ebe Ala Mmiri Ramsar nke nwere nnukwu mkpa n'ụwa. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == Letsie bụ ọdọ mmiri buru ibu na ndagwurugwu dị na isi iyi nke [[Mohlakeng River|Osimiri Mohlakeng]] n'oge na-adịghị anya n'elu njikọ ya na [[Quthing River|Osimiri Quthing]], nke na-esite na [[Osimiri Orange|Osimiri Senqu]]. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị na Mphaki Community Council, Quthing District, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Maseru na ugwu Drakensberg nke ndịda ọ bụ [[Lesotho]], nso n'ókè [[South Africa]] na [[Ongeluksnek]] . Akụkụ sediment na-egosi na ọdọ mmiri sitere n'okike adịla na saịtị Lake Letsie kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'etiti afọ 1800, mana n'afọ 1968, e mere ka Osimiri Mohlakeng dị mma, ma mee ka obere ọdọ mmiri ahụ bukwuo ibu iji mepụta ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha, nke akpọrọ aha Eze Letsie nke Abụọ.<ref name="ISDR">{{Cite web|title=Lesotho's Lake Letsie and ''Aulacoseira granulata''|first=Kestrel|author=Raik|year=2021|work=[[International Society for Diatom Research]]|url=https://isdr.org/lesothos-lake-letsie-and-aulacoseira-granulata/|accessdate=3 August 2021}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị obosara ma ọ dịghị omimi, nwere ebe dị elu nke hekta 38 (94 acres) <ref name="STE">{{Cite journal|title=Natural archives of long-range transported contamination at the remote lake Letšeng-la Letsie, Maloti Mountains, Lesotho|journal=[[Science of the Total Environment]]|first=Neil L.|author=Rose|year=2020|volume=737|issn=0048-9697|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139642|pmid=32546308|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10101585/1/letsie%20paper%20revised_final.pdf}}</ref>: 7 mana nkezi omimi nke naanị 1 mita (3 . A na-enye ya mmiri site na 413.9-square-kilomita (159.8 mi2) ma nọrọ n'ebe dị elu nke mita 2,400 (7,900 ft) n'elu oke osimiri. == Flora na anụmanụ == Ọdọ Mmiri Letsie bụ isi nke ala mmiri dị n'elu nke Afromontane na Afroalpine bi na Drakensberg, nke nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ụdị dị iche iche na endemism. Ọ dịla anya ndị na-azụ atụrụ n'ógbè ahụ na-eji ala mmiri ahụ eme ihe maka ịta ahịhịa, yana maka owuwe ihe ubi ahịhịhịa ahịhụ, [[Ńkú|osisi]], na ahịhịrị ọgwụ. Ụdị osisi ndị a ma ama gụnyere Cotula paludosa, ''[[Eragrostis caesia]]'', ''[[Haplocarpha nervosa]]'', na ''[[Trifolium burchellianum]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Vegetation and Associated Environmental Conditions of the High-altitude Letšeng-la-Letsie Palustrine Wetland, a Ramsar Site in Lesotho|journal=[[Wetlands (journal)|Wetlands]]|year=2021|volume=41|first=Nthuseng|author=Kahlolo|issue=6|doi=10.1007/s13157-021-01476-9}}</ref> Ebe niile a na-achịkọta mmiri dị n'elu ahịhịa osisi ma ọ nweghị mkpuchi osisi. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ala mmiri ya na-eje ozi dịka ebe nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga n'oge ọkọchị na udu mmiri na-ezu ike n'oge njem ha. Ebe obibi ndị ahụ na-akwado ụdị anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dịka wattled crane, blue crane, lesser kestrel, southern bald ibis, Cape vulture, na yellow-breasted pipit.Ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ebe obibi nke azụ Maluti redfin, nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpochapụ. Ebe echedoro ahụ nwekwara ụdị anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụ naanị n'ógbè ahụ, dịka Sloggett's vlei rat, mountain pipit, na Maluti river frog. == Nchekwa == Akụkụ sediment sitere n'ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-egosi ọkwa dị ala ma na-arị elu nke mmetọ ikuku dị ka mercury, ntụ na-efe efe, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, na polychlorinated biphenyls kemgbe afọ 1970, ma eleghị anya n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na-agba coal na ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara Highveld dị nso nke South Africa. : 2 <ref name="Rose et al summary">{{Cite journal|author=Rose|first=Neil L.|title=A summary of the paper "Natural archives of long-range transported contamination at the remote lake Letšeng-la Letsie, Maloti Mountains, Lesotho"|journal=Clean Air Journal|date=7 December 2020|volume=30|issue=2|doi=10.17159/caj/2020/30/2.9273|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10118147/1/9273-Main%20document-52128-1-10-20201217.pdf}}</ref> Ala mmiri dị gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ebe ọ na-enweta mmiri na-emebi emebi nke metụtara oke nri na ịta nri, <ref name="AJRFS">{{Cite journal|title=Phytomass and ecological significance of ''Chrysocoma ciliata'' L. within the Lets'eng-la-Letsie catchment area of Lesotho, southern Africa|first=G. N.|author=Smit|journal=[[African Journal of Range & Forage Science]]|year=2021|volume=38|pages=102–109|doi=10.2989/10220119.2020.1853605}}</ref> n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na a na-emeso saịtị ahụ dị ka ala nkịtị meghere maka iji ya eme ihe n'efu. Gọọmentị mba ahụ kwupụtara na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ebe a na-echekwa ya bụ ebe a na'afọ 2001, dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ Conserving Mountain Biodiversity na Southern Lesotho, ma machibido iji ala ahụ eme ihe n'onwe ya, na-ekwupụta atụmatụ iji mechie mpaghara ahụ ma mepụta ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta. Atụmatụ ndị a zutere mmegide sitere n'aka ndị obodo, ọ nweghịkwa ọganihu dị otú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tug of war over Letšeng-la-Letsie|work=[[Lesotho Times]]|date=21 March 2014|url=https://lestimes.com/tug-of-war-over-letseng-la-letsie/|accessdate=4 August 2021}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2004, a họpụtara ebe a na-echebe 434-hectare (1,070-acre) gụnyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ na ala mmiri ya dị n'elu ya dị ka ebe mbụ na naanị Ramsar nke Lesotho. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   5b0uc9kawid8y45s1l61u02j17a9qzz 0 77599 674576 2026-07-09T15:22:36Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1297815870|Tislit Lake]]" 674576 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lac-Tislit.JPG|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Lake Tislit is located in Morocco]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:45.441%;left:61.135%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Tislit]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data region" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Ugwu Atlas Oriental, [[Morocco]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tislit_Lake&params=32_11_N_5_38_W_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.183°N 5.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.183; -5.633</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tislit_Lake&params=32_11_N_5_38_W_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.183°N 5.633°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">32.183; -5.633</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ọdọ mmiri | class="infobox-data category" |Ọdọ Mmiri Meromictic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Morocco |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |1.3 km² (0.50 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Nkezi omimi</div> | class="infobox-data" |16 m (52 ft) <ref name="paper" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Elu ala</div> | class="infobox-data" |2,119 m (6,952 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ Mmiri Isly-Tislite |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |15 Jenụwarị 2005 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1480 |} '''Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Haut Atlas Oriental National Park nke Morocco, na ngalaba nchịkwa nke Imilchil. Nke a bụ "agdal" (nke pụtara "ubi ịta nri nkeonwe" n'asụsụ Berber) ebe ebo Ayt Ḥdiddu na-edu ìgwè atụrụ ha n'oge ọkọchị. A na-ahọpụta ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka ebe Ramsar echekwara kemgbe afọ 2005. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kraus|first=Wolfgang|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1964136|title=Die Ayt Ḥdiddu: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im zentralen Hohen Atlas: ein Beitrag zur Diskussion segmentärer Systeme in Marokko|date=1991|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|isbn=978-3-7001-1877-0|series=Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse|location=Wien}}</ref> Kwa afọ na Septemba, a na-eme emume dị mkpa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tsafira|date=2022-02-26|title=Lakes Isli and Tislit in Morocco, what the legend says?|url=https://medium.com/@tsafira/lakes-isli-and-tislit-in-morocco-what-the-legend-says-d4ba703e0a6a|accessdate=2024-05-12|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 9q0knta3flax9fz8q0fvno7ppdp4zqk 674578 674576 2026-07-09T15:34:04Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674578 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%; color:black;" |Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |[[File:Lac-Tislit.JPG|264x264px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px">[[Faịlụ:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|256x256px|Lake Tislit is located in Morocco]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:45.441%;left:61.135%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Lake Tislit]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> |- class="adr" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data region" |Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Ugwu Atlas Oriental, [[Morocco]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span title="Geographical coordinates">Njikọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tislit_Lake&params=32_11_N_5_38_W_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.183°N 5.633°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.183; -5.633</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tislit_Lake&params=32_11_N_5_38_W_type:waterbody <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°38′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.183°N 5.633°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">32.183; -5.633</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ọdọ mmiri | class="infobox-data category" |Ọdọ Mmiri Meromictic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Morocco |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" | |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ebe dị n'elu</div> | class="infobox-data" |1.3 km² (0.50 sq mi)<ref name=paper>{{cite conference |url=http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/sudbury2013/pdf/3074.pdf |title=Evidence of Non-Impact Cratering Origin of Imilchil (Morocco) Lakes (Isli and Tislit) |last1=Chaabout |first1=S. |last2=Chennaoui Aoudjehane |first2=H. |last3=Reimold |first3=W. U. |last4=Aboulahris |first4=M.|last5=Aoudjehane |first5=M. |publisher=[[Geological Society of America]] |book-title=Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution V, Proceedings of the conference |pages=3074 |date=August 2013 |location=[[Sudbury, Ontario]] }}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Nkezi omimi</div> | class="infobox-data" |16 m (52 ft) <ref name="paper" />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Elu ala</div> | class="infobox-data" |2,119 m (6,952 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ Mmiri Isly-Tislite |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |15 Jenụwarị 2005 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1480 <ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Lacs Isly-Tislite|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1480|accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref> |} '''Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit''' bụ ọdọ mmiri dị na Haut Atlas Oriental National Park nke Morocco, na ngalaba nchịkwa nke Imilchil. Nke a bụ "agdal" (nke pụtara "ubi ịta nri nkeonwe" n'asụsụ Berber) ebe ebo Ayt Ḥdiddu na-edu ìgwè atụrụ ha n'oge ọkọchị. A na-ahọpụta ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka ebe Ramsar echekwara kemgbe afọ 2005.<ref name="RSIS"/> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kraus|first=Wolfgang|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1964136|title=Die Ayt Ḥdiddu: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im zentralen Hohen Atlas: ein Beitrag zur Diskussion segmentärer Systeme in Marokko|date=1991|publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|isbn=978-3-7001-1877-0|series=Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse|location=Wien}}</ref> Kwa afọ na Septemba, a na-eme emume dị mkpa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tsafira|date=2022-02-26|title=Lakes Isli and Tislit in Morocco, what the legend says?|url=https://medium.com/@tsafira/lakes-isli-and-tislit-in-morocco-what-the-legend-says-d4ba703e0a6a|accessdate=2024-05-12|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 9btdvx47ci1o4wnlczuio6llg0h9gxp 0 77600 674577 2026-07-09T15:30:29Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362071594|Lorian Swamp]]" 674577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Elephants_crossing_the_Ewaso_Ng'iro_river_at_Samburu_Park,_Kenya.jpg|thumb|Enyí na-agafe osimiri Ewaso Ng'iro na Samburu Park, Kenya, 100 kilomita n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Lorian Swamp.]] Apiti Lorian bụ mpaghara ala mmiri nke dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ewaso Ng'iro na Isiolo North (Chari), Kenya. Mpaghara apịtị ahụ dị kilomita 196 (122 mi) n'ogologo ma nwee obosara kasịnụ nke kilomita 25 (16 mi), na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 231,000 hekta (570,000 acres). Ewezuga osimiri Ewaso Ngiro, wadis si n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na-enyekwa mmiri n'ọzara ahụ.[1] Mmiri ahụ erughị mita 300 (980 n'elu oke osimiri.[2] Apiti ahụ dị na mpaghara akọrọ nke ukwuu. Oke mmiri ozuzo a na-enweta kwa afọ n'ebe ahụ na-adịkarị n'etiti milimita 180 na 250, ma ọ na-adịgasị iche nke ukwuu kwa afọ. N'afọ ndị mmiri na-ezo nke ọma, mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịdị elu karịa nke a, ebe n'afọ ndị ụkọ mmiri, ọ nwere ike ịdị ala karịa. N'ihi nke a, nha apiti ahụ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu.Ogo mmiri na-apụ n'ikuku n'apiti ahụ nwere ike iru milimita 2,600 kwa afọ. N'oge ụkọ mmiri, apiti ahụ nwere ike ịkọcha fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam.Mpaghara nke ala ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide belatara site na 150 square kilomita (58 sq mi) na 1913 ruo ihe dị ka 39 square kilomita (15 sq mi) n'afọ 1962 na 8 square kilomita (3.1 sq mi) mu 1990. Obere ihe ka a maara banyere marsh, n'ihi ala ọjọọ na enweghị nchebe n'ógbè ahụ.A naghị echebe ya. Mmiri ahụ jupụtara na anwụnta ịba na ihe na-ebute ihe ndị na-akpata [[Skistosomiasis|Bilharzia]]. Ọ bụ ebe agụ iyi bi ma ọtụtụ nnukwu anụ na-enye nwa ara na-eleta ya.N'ihi ihe ize ndụ, a naghị eri ehi n'ebe dị anya n'ime ala ahịhịa, mana ha na-eji mmiri na-adịghị omimi eme ihe nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge ọkọchị. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  '''Ebe e si nweta ya'''<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|0|38|46|N|39|36|14|E}} q9lt0nsx65a7vl1xg4lweyxy8o77euk 0 77601 674579 2026-07-09T15:37:55Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352383893|Tafilalt]]" 674579 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Ọpụpụ</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">Ọfụma</span></span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal"> ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]) </span><br /><span title="Standard Moroccan Tamazight-language text"><span lang="zgh">N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adaba</span></span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal"> (Ụkpụrụ Moroccan Tamazight) </span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Ógbè</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Tafilalet_tinghreras_est.jpg|300x300px|Panorama of the oasis of Tafilalet, seen from the ksar of Tingheras (Rissani).]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Panorama nke oasis nke Tafilalet, nke a hụrụ site na ksar nke Tingheras (Rissani).</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px">[[Faịlụ:Morocco_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|300x300px|Tafilalt is located in Morocco]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:54.865%;left:71.674%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Tafilalt]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Ọpụpụ</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Morocco</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nhazi: 31°20′22.43′′N 4°16′5.48′′W / 31.3395639°N 4.2681889°W / 31. 3395639; -4.2681883<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tafilalt&params=31_20_22.43_N_4_16_5.48_W_region:MA_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°20′22.43″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°16′5.48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.3395639°N 4.2681889°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">31.3395639; -4.2681889</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Morocco.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Morocco]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" |Drâa-Tafilalet |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" |Ógbè Errachidia |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Oge]] | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (CET) |} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Isoprusia_tafilaltana_fossil_trilobite_Maroc.jpg|thumb|''Isoprusia tafilaltana,'' a fossil trilobite hụrụ na (ma gọọ aha) Tafilalt]] Tafilalt[a] ma ọ bụ Tafilet, nke a maara dịka Sijilmasa n'oge gara aga, bụ mpaghara Morocco, nke hiwere isi n'osisa kachasị ukwuu ya.<ref name="DumperStanley2007">{{Cite book|author=Michael Dumper|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA336|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == E nwere ọtụtụ ịkọ nkọ banyere mmalite nke okwu "Tafilalt"; Otú ọ dị, a maara na Tafilalt bụ oku [[Amazigh languages|Berber]] nke pụtara "jug", nke bụ kpọmkwem ite ite eji echekwa mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=المعجم العربي الأمازيغي|author=Chafik|first=Mohammed|publisher=أكاديمية المملكة المغربية|year=1990|location=Morocco|pages=217}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọ bụ ezie na ebe obibi ndị gara aga dị, karịsịa n'oge ndị Rom, obodo mbụ a nọgidere na-ebi n'ógbè ahụ mgbe mgbasa nke Islam gasịrị bụ Sijilmasa, nke usoro ndị eze Midrarid guzobere.<ref name="Jr.1999">{{Cite book|author=Everett Jenkins Jr.|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=1 October 1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4713-8}}</ref> Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala si n'Osimiri Niger gaa Tangier, ma nweta ọganihu dị ukwuu.<ref name="Honnor2012">{{Cite book|author=Julius Honnor|title=Morocco Footprint Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|year=2012|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-907263-31-6}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke 17, usoro ndị Alawi nke Morocco nwetara ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tafilalt, na 1606, Sultan Zidan Abu Maali zoro na Tafilalt, ebe o ritere uru site na ọlaedo e gwupụtara n'ógbè ahụ, wulite ndị agha, mechaa weghara obodo Marrakesh. Afọ ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị na 1610, Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli wulitekwara ndị agha na mpaghara Tafilalt wee weghachite Marrakesh, mana ọ tụfuru ikike mgbe Sidi Yahya ben Younes tọhapụrụ obodo ahụ maka Zidan. Afọ iri ka nke a gasịrị, mmegharị mgbanwe bilitere na Tafilalt megide sultan na-achị achị, mana a napụrụ ya ikike mgbe ọnwa anọ nke esemokwu gasịrị. Mgbe e mesịrị, Tafilalt bụ isi ebe etiti ndị Dila'ites.<ref name="BoumPark2016">{{Cite book|author=Aomar Boum|title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glgzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA453|date=2 June 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-6297-3}}</ref> N'afọ 1648, ndị Moorish sultan nke Morocco guzobere omenala na-eziga ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị isi na-agaghị eketa utu aha ma ọ bụ ike na Tafilalt. Onye njem oge ochie bụ Ibn Battuta dere banyere ileta Sijilmasa (nke dị nso na Tafilalt) na narị afọ nke iri na anọ na njem ya site na Fez gaa Mali, "[[Sudanian savanna|mba ndị isi ojii]]".<ref name="DumperStanley2007">{{Cite book|author=Michael Dumper|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA336|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMichael_DumperBruce_E._Stanley2007">Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). </cite></ref> Ndị Aït Atta mechara bibie ya na 1818, mana mkpọmkpọ ebe ya ka dị, gụnyere ọnụ ụzọ ámá abụọ.<ref name="PlanetClammer2014">{{Cite book|author=Lonely Planet|title=Lonely Planet Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT329|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-025-2}}</ref> Onye Europe mbụ gara Tafilalt n'oge a bụ René Caillié (1828), na mgbe e mesịrị Gerhard Rohlfs (1864).<ref name="PickensRenaudeau1993">{{Cite book|author=Samuel Pickens|title=Le Sud marocain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu2nAUUuvgQC&pg=PA152|year=1993|publisher=www.acr-edition.com|isbn=978-2-86770-056-9}}</ref> Onye edemede Bekee bụ W. B. Harris kọwara Tafilalt n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ọ gachara. <ref name="Messier2010">{{Cite book|author=Ronald A. Messier|title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfxoq5MzHa4C&pg=PA198|date=19 August 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38590-2}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == N'ịbụ nke dị kpamkpam n'akụkụ Osimiri Ziz, <ref name="MessierMiller2015">{{Cite book|author=Ronald A. Messier|title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RubuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=15 June 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76667-9}}</ref> oasis ahụ bụ, tupu ụgbọ njem, njem ụbọchị iri n'ebe ndịda Fez na Meknes, gafee Ugwu Atlas. <ref name="DumperStanley2007">{{Cite book|author=Michael Dumper|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA336|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMichael_DumperBruce_E._Stanley2007">Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). </cite></ref> A maara ya maka ụbọchị ya.<ref name="Messier2010">{{Cite book|author=Ronald A. Messier|title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfxoq5MzHa4C&pg=PA198|date=19 August 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38590-2}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRonald_A._Messier2010">Ronald A. Messier (19 August 2010). </cite></ref> == Ndị ama ama bi na ya == Ọ bụ ebe a mụrụ onye rabaị a ma ama bụ Israel Abuhatzeira, nke a maara dị ka "Baba Sali" (Arabic, Hebrew, באבא ס trading, lit. "Kpe ekpere"), (1889-1984). <ref name="ČejkaKořan2015">{{Cite book|author=Marek Čejka|title=Rabbis of our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuK9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|date=16 October 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-60543-0}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * .    [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 7fxssf2nooflvzv4vgm5l0qiistcmjz 674580 674579 2026-07-09T15:47:25Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674580 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Ọpụpụ</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">Ọfụma</span></span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal"> ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]) </span><br /><span title="Standard Moroccan Tamazight-language text"><span lang="zgh">N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adaba</span></span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal"> (Ụkpụrụ Moroccan Tamazight) </span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Ógbè</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Tafilalet_tinghreras_est.jpg|300x300px|Panorama of the oasis of Tafilalet, seen from the ksar of Tingheras (Rissani).]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption">Panorama nke oasis nke Tafilalet, nke a hụrụ site na ksar nke Tingheras (Rissani).</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px">[[Faịlụ:Morocco_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|300x300px|Tafilalt is located in Morocco]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:54.865%;left:71.674%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6px|Tafilalt]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Ọpụpụ</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Morocco</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nhazi: 31°20′22.43′′N 4°16′5.48′′W / 31.3395639°N 4.2681889°W / 31. 3395639; -4.2681883<indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tafilalt&params=31_20_22.43_N_4_16_5.48_W_region:MA_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°20′22.43″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°16′5.48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.3395639°N 4.2681889°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">31.3395639; -4.2681889</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Morocco.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Morocco]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" |Drâa-Tafilalet |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" |Ógbè Errachidia |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Time zone|Oge]] | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 (CET) |} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Oasis du Tafilalet | designation1_date = 15 January 2005 | designation1_number = 1483<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oasis du Tafilalet|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1483|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> }} [[Faịlụ:Isoprusia_tafilaltana_fossil_trilobite_Maroc.jpg|thumb|''Isoprusia tafilaltana,'' a fossil trilobite hụrụ na (ma gọọ aha) Tafilalt]] Tafilalt[a] ma ọ bụ Tafilet, nke a maara dịka Sijilmasa n'oge gara aga, bụ mpaghara Morocco, nke hiwere isi n'osisa kachasị ukwuu ya.<ref name="DumperStanley2007" /> == Okwu mmalite == E nwere ọtụtụ ịkọ nkọ banyere mmalite nke okwu "Tafilalt"; Otú ọ dị, a maara na Tafilalt bụ oku [[Amazigh languages|Berber]] nke pụtara "jug", nke bụ kpọmkwem ite ite eji echekwa mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=المعجم العربي الأمازيغي|author=Chafik|first=Mohammed|publisher=أكاديمية المملكة المغربية|year=1990|location=Morocco|pages=217}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọ bụ ezie na ebe obibi ndị gara aga dị, karịsịa n'oge ndị Rom, obodo mbụ a nọgidere na-ebi n'ógbè ahụ mgbe mgbasa nke Islam gasịrị bụ Sijilmasa, nke usoro ndị eze Midrarid guzobere.<ref name="Jr.1999">{{Cite book|author=Everett Jenkins Jr.|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=1 October 1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4713-8}}</ref> Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala si n'Osimiri Niger gaa Tangier, ma nweta ọganihu dị ukwuu.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Tafilált|volume=26|page=354}}</ref><ref name="Honnor2012">{{cite book|author=Julius Honnor|title=Morocco Footprint Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|year=2012|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-907263-31-6|page=195}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke 17, usoro ndị Alawi nke Morocco nwetara ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tafilalt, na 1606, Sultan Zidan Abu Maali zoro na Tafilalt, ebe o ritere uru site na ọlaedo e gwupụtara n'ógbè ahụ, wulite ndị agha, mechaa weghara obodo Marrakesh. Afọ ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị na 1610, Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli wulitekwara ndị agha na mpaghara Tafilalt wee weghachite Marrakesh, mana ọ tụfuru ikike mgbe Sidi Yahya ben Younes tọhapụrụ obodo ahụ maka Zidan. Afọ iri ka nke a gasịrị, mmegharị mgbanwe bilitere na Tafilalt megide sultan na-achị achị, mana a napụrụ ya ikike mgbe ọnwa anọ nke esemokwu gasịrị. Mgbe e mesịrị, Tafilalt bụ isi ebe etiti ndị Dila'ites.<ref name="BoumPark2016">{{Cite book|author=Aomar Boum|title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glgzDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA453|date=2 June 2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-6297-3}}</ref> N'afọ 1648, ndị Moorish sultan nke Morocco guzobere omenala na-eziga ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị isi na-agaghị eketa utu aha ma ọ bụ ike na Tafilalt. Onye njem oge ochie bụ Ibn Battuta dere banyere ileta Sijilmasa (nke dị nso na Tafilalt) na narị afọ nke iri na anọ na njem ya site na Fez gaa Mali, "[[Sudanian savanna|mba ndị isi ojii]]".<ref name="DumperStanley2007" /> Ndị Aït Atta mechara bibie ya na 1818, mana mkpọmkpọ ebe ya ka dị, gụnyere ọnụ ụzọ ámá abụọ.<ref name="PlanetClammer2014">{{Cite book|author=Lonely Planet|title=Lonely Planet Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT329|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-025-2}}</ref> Onye Europe mbụ gara Tafilalt n'oge a bụ René Caillié (1828), na mgbe e mesịrị Gerhard Rohlfs (1864).<ref name="PickensRenaudeau1993">{{Cite book|author=Samuel Pickens|title=Le Sud marocain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu2nAUUuvgQC&pg=PA152|year=1993|publisher=www.acr-edition.com|isbn=978-2-86770-056-9}}</ref> Onye edemede Bekee bụ W. B. Harris kọwara Tafilalt n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ọ gachara. <ref name="Messier2010">{{Cite book|author=Ronald A. Messier|title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfxoq5MzHa4C&pg=PA198|date=19 August 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38590-2}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == N'ịbụ nke dị kpamkpam n'akụkụ Osimiri Ziz, <ref name="MessierMiller2015">{{Cite book|author=Ronald A. Messier|title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RubuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=15 June 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76667-9}}</ref> oasis ahụ bụ, tupu ụgbọ njem, njem ụbọchị iri n'ebe ndịda Fez na Meknes, gafee Ugwu Atlas. <ref name="DumperStanley2007">{{Cite book|author=Michael Dumper|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA336|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMichael_DumperBruce_E._Stanley2007">Michael Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley (2007). </cite></ref> A maara ya maka ụbọchị ya.<ref name="Messier2010" /> == Ndị ama ama bi na ya == Ọ bụ ebe a mụrụ onye rabaị a ma ama bụ Israel Abuhatzeira, nke a maara dị ka "Baba Sali" (Arabic, Hebrew, באבא ס trading, lit. "Kpe ekpere"), (1889-1984). <ref name="ČejkaKořan2015">{{Cite book|author=Marek Čejka|title=Rabbis of our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuK9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT33|date=16 October 2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-60543-0}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * .    [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] d09koanit84fj2dl7j6w820govnp53e 0 77602 674581 2026-07-09T15:51:21Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | mapframe = yes <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Zambia]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Region | subdivision_name3 = [[Luapula Province, Zambia|Luapula Province]] | subdivision_type4 = Region | subdivision_name4 = [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern Province]] | source1_location = Near Mukupa Kaoma, Northern Province | source2_location = | mouth_location = Lake Mweru | discharge1_location = | source1_elevation = 1535 m | mouth_elevation = 917 m | length = 328 km | qid = Q929874 | coordinates = {{coord|9.543448|S|29.386974|E|type:river_region:ZM|display=title}} }} '''Osimiri Kalungwishi''' bụ otu n'ime osimiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime [[Zambia]], na [[Northern Province, Zambia|Northern]] na [[Luapula Province|Luapula Provinces]], a makwa ya ama maka [[Lumangwe Falls]]. Ọ na-arịgo n'elu ugwu dị larịị [[Kasama, Zambia|Kasama]]-[[Mporokoso]] ma na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]] ya mere ọ bụ akụkụ nke akụkụ elu nke mmiri Osimiri [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. == Usoro nke Kalungwishi == === Isi mmalite na osimiri dị n'elu === Isi iyi Osimiri Kalungwishi bụ [[dambo]] dị ihe dị ka mita 1535 n'elu [[Lunte District]], Northern Province, kilomita 13 NNW site na obere obodo Mukupa Kaoma. A pụrụ iwere isi iyi ya dị ka dambo, ma ọ bụ [[Oge opupu ihe ubi (hydrology)|mmiri]] nke kachasị anya site na ụzọ ọpụpụ ya, na ''mushitu'' [[oké ọhịa riparian]] na nsọtụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya, n'ebe dị ntakịrị elu, ebe ọ dị [https://www.google.com/maps/place/9%C2%B049'49.3%22S+30%C2%B026'06.3%22E/@-9.8303667,30.4325084,1260m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d-9.8303667!4d30.4350833?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDYxNi4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D 9°49'49"S 30°26'06"E]. Ọwa mmiri ahụ na-esi na dambo apụta ma na-agagharị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[idei mmiri]] nke gụnyere dambos, oke ọhịa mmiri na [[Mmiri mmiri|ala mmiri]], na agbapụ mmiri n'ala dị larịị n'ụdị [[usoro mmiri ozuzo (geomorphology)|mgbapụta mmiri dendritic]] nke [[ọhịa miombo]] gbara gburugburu. Mgbe ọ na-ejikọta ya na mmiri mmiri ya bụ Osimiri Ngona (nke dị na ụfọdụ map ka a na-akara dị ka ọwa Kalungwishi bụ isi) ọ na-aghọ ókèala dị n'etiti Mpaghara Ugwu na Luapula ruo n'ọnụ ya n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Kalungwishi River |url= https://earth.google.com/web/search/Kalungwishi+River,+Zambia/@-9.54374627,29.41597644,1155.38275599a,293441.62672852d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CogBGloSVAolMHgxOTBhN2VjOTU0NWIwZTZiOjB4NTYxZTlmM2UyZGFlMzA0YRm8LUd-sxMjwCHFCm3vCXA9QCoZS2FsdW5nd2lzaGkgUml2ZXIsIFphbWJpYRgCIAEiJgokCVS-0hxw_yHAEWpbFulFBCLAGUHxcBrwBT1AIZpUf2OJAj1AQgIIAjoDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Ọwa mmiri ahụ na-agbasa ruo ihe dị ka mita iri atọ n'obosara ka ọ na-eru na nsọtụ akụkụ dị larịị nke ala ahụ, na-ahapụkwa akụkụ dambo ya, Ọ na-emepụta [[ọsọ ọsọ]] na obere mmiri ozuzo ka ọ na-efega n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site n'oghere dị iche iche n'usoro ugwu ndị dị ala, nke ọ bụla nwere elu dị ala n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, dị ka nzọụkwụ. Ọ na-efunahụ elu ya ruru mita 170 n'elu ihe karịrị kilomita 20 n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ, ebe na-enweghị mmadụ na oke ọhịa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Chifulu Falls Luali |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Chifulu+Falls,+Luali/@-9.74628634,29.82574544,1247.84314731a,1359.75744033d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CoIBGlQSTgokMHgxOTBhMzcwMDMwMWIyNmJmOjB4MWFkODE4NDRkOWJiODc5GYxIFFrWfSPAIaJ3KuCe0z1AKhRDaGlmdWx1IEZhbGxzLCBMdWFsaRgCIAEiJgokCeT-kwVQeiPAEY-cImzigSPAGXwf8koP1j1AIRGWStC40D1AQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> === Osimiri etiti === Mbelata ahụ kwụsịrị n'ebe dị larịị ọzọ dị n'etiti [[Kawambwa]] na Mporokoso, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 1220 n'ịdị elu. N'ebe ahụ ka osimiri ahụ na-agbaga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na idei mmiri ọzọ nke dambos na ala mmiri, ruo kilomita abụọ n'obosara, mana enwere ọtụtụ [[Ọdọ mmiri Oxbow|ọdọ mmiri Oxbow]] na ọwa ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, yana ebe ndị gbasasịrị agbasasị na ihe ngosi nke ''mushitu''. Kalungwishi gafere nsọtụ ugwu nke nnukwu usoro mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo Mushota nke [[Mpaghara Kawambwa|Mpaghara Kawambwa,]] ebe ala kpọrọ nkụ dị n'etiti dambos na-eme nri nke ọma na-akwado ubi avocado, shuga, tii, ọka na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. N'ebe a, e nwere [[confluence|confluence]] nke isi abụọ [[tributaries|tributary]]. Nke mbụ bụ Luangwa, obere aha osimiri a ma ama [[Eastern Province, Zambia|Eastern Province]]; Luangwa a nwere isi iyi ya naanị kilomita iri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke isi iyi Kalungwishi, na-asọga n'ebe ugwu tupu ọ tụgharịa ọdịda anyanwụ, site na obodo yiri nke ahụ. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ karịrị Kalungwishi dị na mgbagọ ahụ, ebe ọ dị ihe dị ka mita 45 n'obosara ma e jiri ya tụnyere mita 30 n'obosara, ebe o si bịa dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ma dị ogologo karịa mgbagọ ahụ karịa Kalungwishi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Luangwa-Kalungwishi Confluence, Kawena, Zambia |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Luangwa-Kalungwishi+Confluence,+Kawena,+Zambia/@-9.6289403,29.5261226,1198.16929596a,831.95312618d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=Cp0BGm8SaQolMHgxOTBhNWQwMDIzNTg0MTA1OjB4MjQ5ZDk3ZjcyOWZhNjQ5ZRnaRYd2BEIjwCG9r4D4r4Y9QCouTHVhbmd3YS1LYWx1bmd3aXNoaSBDb25mbHVlbmNlLCBLYXdlbmEsIFphbWJpYRgCIAEiJgokCTBUa7JrLyPAEQjsuqeXUiPAGWw5YpDNkj1AIRJo6vQDej1AQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Osimiri nke abụọ bụ Osimiri Pambeshe, n'ime ụfọdụ map e ji akara dị ka Luena ma ọ bụ Luongo, n'otu usoro mmiri ahụ, mana n'ebe ndịda. Pambeshe nwere ọwa mmiri dị ihe dị ka mita iri atọ n'obosara n'ime ọwa mmiri dambo na ala mmiri dị kilomita 1-3 n'obosara. N'okpuru mmiri ndị a, Kalungwishi nwere ọwa mmiri dị mita iri asaa n'obosara na ala mmiri dị ihe dị ka mita narị asatọ n'obosara. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu wee si n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na-asọ ngwa ngwa, na-asọfe ọsọ ọsọ na Chimpempe Falls, obere oge tupu ọ daa nke mita 35 na '''[[Lumangwe Falls]]'''. N'okpuru nke ahụ, ọ na-asọba n'ime ndagwurugwu dị warara nke nwere akụkụ dị elu, na gafere '''Kabweluma Falls''' 6 km n'ihu, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Lusenga Plain National Park]]. Akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ dị n'ime obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ, ebe mmadụ na-enweghị ebe obibi. Ụzọ ya n'ozuzu ya dị n'ebe ugwu, na-agbagọ n'etiti ugwu dị n'ime ndagwurugwu dị elu ruo ihe dị ka mita iri asatọ n'omimi, ruo mgbe ọ gbadatara n'ala dị larịị nke dị n'ime ọhịa dị nro n'okpuru nsọtụ ugwu nke mejupụtara nsọtụ ugwu nke akụkụ Kawambwa-Mporokoso nke ala ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Lumangwe Falls |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Lumangwe+Falls,+Chimpempe,+Zambia/@-9.5411662,29.3883419,1166.41452838a,832.15976555d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=CpABGmISXAolMHgxOTBhOGE0NDE5YWEyNmY3OjB4NWY1MDE5YWYwMGQ5ODcyYhm0ZnW8ExUjwCGgKvBfamM9QCohTHVtYW5nd2UgRmFsbHMsIENoaW1wZW1wZSwgWmFtYmlhGAIgASImCiQJHKC9jxE_I8ARd3JDVvdEI8AZcwTt8MOIPUAhLXbk_5uEPUBCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Osimiri Itabu na-esonyere ya site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ obere oge tupu ókèala ugwu nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ apụọ n'ọdịda anyanwụ. Mmiri mmiri ikpeazụ a na-akpọ '''Kundabwika Falls''' ga-aga n'ihu ntakịrị. Ogologo ya dị mita iri abụọ na ise, obosara ya dịkwa ihe dị ka mita iri asaa, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo, ákwà mgbochi mmiri ahụ dị omimi, dị ka nke ọma, ọ naghịkwa agbaji, ike ya dị egwu. N'okpuru mmiri iyi ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime olulu mmiri nwere akụkụ nkume, ihe dị ka kilomita abụọ n'ogologo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Kundabwika Falls |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Kundabwika+Falls/@-9.21247,29.3044427,1029.51040975a,833.04298846d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=Cn8aURJLCiUweDE5YTA3OWI2N2UyY2M0ZTU6MHhlODYzODhjOGIzNjgxODA0GSLDKt7IbCLAIYUB8PTvTT1AKhBLdW5kYWJ3aWthIEZhbGxzGAIgASImCiQJBpqRiiwSI8AR_jCW6PoXI8AZ3Nxk9nVlPUAhHCzDyV5hPUBCAggBOgMKATBCAggASg0I____________ARAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> === Osimiri dị ala, delta na ọnụ === Ugbu a, n'ala ala ya, ma na-asọfe n'ógbè ya kacha biri na nke a na-akọ ugbo, osimiri ahụ n'elu mita 965 na-emepe ghọọ ebe idei mmiri nwere ala mmiri. N'akụkụ obodo Nkoshya, ọ na-ezute Mofwe si n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọwa mmiri dị ihe dị ka mita 700 n'obosara na njikọta mana obosara ya dị iche iche elu, ruo obosara kilomita 3.5 n'elu elu, na ihe dị ka kilomita 40 n'ogologo, nke na-ejikọ osimiri ahụ na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru Wantipa]] n'ihe dị ka otu ugwu ahụ, mita 945. Mofwe abụghị otu osimiri mana o nwere ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri dị warara ma mmiri nwere ike ịdekọ ya n'oge mmiri ozuzo, mana ọ na-adị ka ọ kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu, ọ bụ ezie na e kpuchiri ya na [[Papyrus Cyperus|Papyrus]], [[Phragmites|''Phragmites'' ahịhịa]], na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ n'oge ọkọchị. Mgbe Mweru Wantipa nwetara ezigbo mmiri ozuzo n'oge mmiri ozuzo ma ọkwa ya rịa elu, mmiri na-asọ site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo Kalungwishi, mana mgbe osimiri ahụ dị elu ma ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ala, mmiri na-agafe Mofwe nwere ike ịtụgharị gaa n'akụkụ ya, osimiri ahụ na-ejupụtakwa Mweru Wantipa. Nke a yiri ka ọ bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọkwa na nsọtụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Nkoshya Zambia|url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Nkoshya,+Zambia/@-9.13110514,29.21847618,965.17062447a,11058.91006575d,35y,360h,0t,0r/data=Cn4aUBJKCiUweDE5YTA3MDFkNmUzNjM1MDc6MHg5NmU5N2JkZmEyOTgxZDljGbx_4rZsPyLAIdCQlm8iNz1AKg9Oa29zaHlhLCBaYW1iaWEYAiABIiYKJAkIVJWLKcUhwBGWiT5_AdUhwBlu0kWPAIU9QCEchxEs3Hk9QEICCAE6AwoBMEICCABKDQj___________8BEAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> Mgbe njikọta Mofwe gasịrị, Kalungwishi na-agafe ala mmiri ruru kilomita 3.5 n'obosara tupu ọ gbadaa site na oghere mita 60 n'ala kpọrọ nkụ dị ntakịrị elu na Mununga, ebe naanị àkwà mmiri nke abụọ dị n'ofe osimiri ahụ dị, na naanị obodo dị n'akụkụ ya. N'ebe atọ, otu n'elu obodo ahụ na abụọ n'ime ya, ọwa mmiri ahụ na-ekewa n'ime obere akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ọwa nkume na agwaetiti, yana rapids. Site n'obodo ruo ebe [[Delta Osimiri]] ya si malite, ala dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ dị oke [[Ala Ọrụ Ugbo|akọrọ nke ọma]], a na-etinyekwa ọnyà azụ na ụgbụ n'akụkụ osimiri n'elu ihe owuwu ndị na-apụta ruo mita iri atọ site n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Rapids dị na Mununga na-egbochi Kalungwishi, n'adịghị ka [[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]], iji mee [[Njem Nlegharị Anya n'ime ala|Njem Osimiri]] n'ime ala site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Njem ya dị ukwuu n'ime delta na-emegide ya ọbụna n'ihi na ụgbọ mmiri na-eji ya ruo n'oké osimiri - kilomita 20 nke osimiri na-ekpuchi anya kwụ ọtọ nke naanị kilomita 12. Mpaghara delta apịtị ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 37 ma nwee agwaetiti papyrus na-ese n'elu mmiri. Akụkụ ugwu ya nwere obere ájá dị kilomita asaa na ọkara n'ogologo, yana osimiri dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ, yana ọdọ mmiri nwere obere agwaetiti ájá n'ime ya. E wuru ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ n'ime ájá mana ebe a bụ ebe ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ̀ kacha dị na Mununga na ebe obibi na azụmaahịa ndị metụtara ya dị n'ụsọ ọdọ mmiri dị naanị kilomita isii site n'okporo ụzọ site n'etiti obodo ahụ ruo na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search: Mununga, Zambia|url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Mununga,+Zambia/@-9.04251244,29.04948266,949.87513264a,9183.64962183d,35y,0h,0t,0r/data=Cn0aTxJJCiQweDE5YTAxNGI3NWNlYWZmNWQ6MHg4YTE0OGFmOGI2ZTJlMmEZP2357ZAXIsAhMBBfgUMNPUAqD011bnVuZ2EsIFphbWJpYRgCIAEiJgokCWNisPqmMSLAETB9fTGTVCLAGd57JjI3RD1AIcLYJY2jKz1AQgIIAToDCgEwQgIIAEoNCP___________wEQAA|access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Google Earth}}</ref> E nwere otu ọwa mmiri dị n'etiti delta nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru n'elu elu nke mita 917. Nkezi ọsọ mmiri osimiri ahụ bụ mita 136/s nke a tụrụ na Kundabwika, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ mgbe e mesịrị [[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]], nkezi ọsọ mmiri bụ 741 m3/s nke a tụrụ na nha Kashiba. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na Kalungwishi == === Eastern Lunda nke Mwata Kazembe === Na narị afọ nke 19, Osimiri Kalungwishi site na gburugburu Lumangwe Falls ruo n'ọnụ ya bụ ókèala ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Eastern Lunda]] nke [[Mwata Kazembe]] bụ́ ndị dị na Luapula dị ala. A tụrụ anya na ndị njem chọrọ ịgafe n'ókèala Mwata Kazembe ga-eziga ozi gaa n'isi obodo ya n'akụkụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Mofwe]] na-arịọ maka ikike, ma ndị obodo ga-ezute ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha emeghị otú ahụ. Ozugbo e nyere ikike, obodo nta ahụ [[Onyeisi Obodo|ndị isi obodo]] ga-eziga ndị ọgba ọsọ ka ha nye Mwata Kazembe akụkọ gbasara ọganihu ha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death, Volume I (of 2), 1866-1868 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16672/16672.txt |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=Project Gutenberg eBook}}</ref> A maara Mwata Kazembe n'ụwa ndị ọzọ kemgbe ndị ahịa na ndị ohu ndị Portugal nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic na Indian Ocean nke ndịda Africa enyochaala n'ime ime obodo na narị afọ nke 17, mana [[Francisco de Lacerda|Lacerda]], onye mbụ si Portugal bịa Kazembe si ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ bịa ma ọ gafeeghị Kalungwishi.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Hall |first=Richard |title=Zambia |publisher=Pall Mall Press |year=1965 |location=London |pages=47-49}}</ref> ===Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ahịa ohu na ndị ahịa ọdụ́ n'akụkụ mmiri=== [[Ndị Shirazi|Ndị Swahili Arab]] ndị na-azụ ahịa na [[ahịa ohu nke oke osimiri India|ndị ohu]] na [[ahịa ehi Ivory]] site na [[Ujiji]] na [[Zanzibar]], ndị kacha pụta ìhè n'ime ha bụ [[Tippu Tip]], guzobere ebe mgbago na [[Nsumbu]] na ebe ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika ruo mpaghara Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru, ma merie onye ọchịchị kacha ike ya, Onyeisi Nsama nke [[Ndị Lungu|Ndị Tabwa]]. Ụfọdụ n’ime ndị ahịa a batara n’ógbè Kazembe wee kpata esemokwu, ya mere Mwata Kazembe Muonga Sunkutu chụpụrụ ha n’ebe ugwu nke Kalungwishi. Agbanyeghị, onye bụbu Mwata, Lukwesa Mpanga, sonyeere Tippu Tip, onye ndị agha ya nyere egbe wakporo Lunda na Kalungwishi wee merie ha. Ọ bụ oge mmiri ozuzo, Kalungwishi azakwara nke ukwuu nke na Tippu Tip [[Caravan (ndị njem)|caravan]] agaghị agafe, ha ga-agarịrị n'elu iyi iji chọta ebe ha ga-agafe, ndị agha Kazembe wakporo ha ebe ahụ. Tippu Tip webatara ndị agha ọzọ, ma mechaa merie Mwata Kazembe, o mechakwara tinye Lukwesa Mpanga dịka Mwata Kazembe.<ref name=":3" /> ===David Livingstone na Kalungwishi=== N'ime njem ikpeazụ ya ịchọ [[Naịl|isi iyi nke Naịl]], onye Scotland [[onye ozi ala ọzọ]] [[Exploration|onye nchọpụta]] [[David Livingstone]] gafere Kalungwishi nke mbụ ya site n'ụgbọ mmiri na 12 Nọvemba 1867, ebe dị nso na Mununga, ka ọ na-esi na nsọtụ ugwu Mweru gaa nzukọ mbụ ya na Mwata Kazembe, ya na ndị ahịa Arab Swahili. O dere na osimiri ahụ dị mita iri isii n'obosara ma na-asọ nke ọma, mana oge mmiri ozuzo emeghị ka ọ jupụta. Ọ kọwara otu ndị ọkụ azụ si ejide azụ n'osimiri ahụ site n'iji weirs, net, na hook, ma depụta aha mpaghara ahụ nke ụdị azụ 39 e jidere ka ha si n'ọdọ mmiri na-apụta n'osimiri ahụ. Ọ lọtara site n'otu ụzọ ahụ na Jenụwarị 11 mgbe ndị otu ya gbara otu anụ ọhịa n'elu 'Kalungwishi Meadows', delta mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ (maọbụ n'ime ọzara osimiri dị nso na ya). Ọ kọrọ na ha hụrụ zebra na enyí, a dọrọkwa ha aka ná ntị na ọdụm na agụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref name=":2" /> Livingstone laghachiri n'ebe ugwu na Jenụwarị 1868 wee laghachi ndịda gafee Kalungwishi maka nke atọ na 29 Eprel 1868 mgbe ọ gara nleta nke abụọ ya na Kazembe, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu inyocha [[Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu]]. Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ laghachiri n'ebe ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru site n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị n'elu ugwu Kawambwa, wee gafee Kalungwishi na Kabwelume Falls n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-eso Kalungwishi ugwu, na-ahụ na anụ ọhịa na-eri anụ juru ebe niile, nakwa na ọ gafere ya ugboro abụọ ọzọ, nke ikpeazụ ya na-aga n'akụkụ ugwu n'ebe a na-akpọ Masolo.<ref name=":2" /> Mgbe afọ anọ gachara, ọ gafere Kalungwishi, n'akụkụ ebe ọ na-ejikọta Osimiri Pambeshe, ihe dị ka ọnwa isii tupu ọ nwụọ na Mee 1873. Njem ya kpaliri ndị ozi ala Britain na-achị obodo ịmalite ịga leta mpaghara ahụ n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Stokes |first=Roy |year=1960 |title=The Story of Sumbu |url=http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N3/V4N3.htm |journal=The Northern Rhodesia Journal |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=209–218 |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> ===Kalungwishi Boma nke BSAC=== [[Ịchịisi Afrịka | Ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị]] bịara n'ógbè ahụ mgbe [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndịda Afrịka nke Britain]] zigara [[Alfred Sharpe]] site na [[Ndị Nchebe Afrịka nke Britain]] (ugbua [[Malawi]]) iji guzobe [[Agbakọ|nkwekọrịta]] ya na ndị isi n'ógbè dị n'etiti Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru na Tanganyika. Sharpe nwere ihe ịga nke ọma site n'aka Chief Kazembe na Chief Nsama bụ́ ndị bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na Nọvemba 1892 iji nweta nchebe ndị Britain megide ndị Arab Swahili. Ebumnuche ndị Britain bụ ịkwụsị ahịa ohu, na ịnọchi anya ndị Arab nọ n'okpuru [[azụmahịa]] na [[ọchịchị]]. Iji kwado nkwekọrịta ndị ahụ, Sharpe na BSAC guzobere [[Boma (ebe nchekwa)|bomas]] n'ọtụtụ ebe ugwu gụnyere otu aha ya bụ Kalungwishi na Mununga na 1894. ==[[Njem Nlegharị Anya na Zambia|Njem Nlegharị Anya]] na Kalungwishi== Ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa njem nlegharị anya dị n'okpueze Kalungwishi bụ [[Lumangwe Falls]]. E meziwanyela ohere ịnweta ya na obere mmiri Kabwelume dị n'okpuru ala site na iji akara ngosi na iwu ụzọ na steepụ gaa ebe ndị a na-ekiri ha. Na Lumangwe e nwekwara [[Ebe Ndị Ọbịa|Ebe Ndị Ọbịa]]. '''Kundabwika Falls''' na nnukwu ugwu ya dị egwu, nke kachasị dị anya n'ime nnukwu mmiri atọ ahụ, enwebeghị mmezi ọ bụla na ụzọ mbata ya, ọ bụkwa naanị site n'okporo ụzọ ọhịa nke enwere ike iji [[Ụgbọala wiil anọ|ụgbọala 4WD]] wee rute, ọ pụkwara isi ike ịhụ ya n'ihi oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu. N'ime ugwu Kalungwishi, e nwere obere mmiri mmiri ise n'ime obodo dị n'ugwu dị anya n'etiti 9°48'01.15"S 29°51'54.84"E na 9°42'19.27"S 29°47'12.54"E: Kalonde, Chibunda, Nakapoko, Chifulu, na Mbulomatuto Kamilisa Falls. Dịka ọ dị na Juun 2026, ndị a enweghị ụzọ isi banye ma na-anọchite anya ohere iji mepụta njem nlegharị anya na njem nlegharị anya n'ọdịnihu. '''Lusenga Plain National Park''' dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ n'akụkụ dị n'etiti Kabweluma na Kundabwika Falls, mana ọ dịghị ebe a ga-esi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ gafee, ebe a na-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, banye n'ime Ogige ahụ; ọ dịghịkwa ụzọ ọ bụla n'ogige ahụ na-aga osimiri ahụ, yabụ [[ịga ije]] bụ naanị nhọrọ iji ruo osimiri ahụ site na Ogige ahụ. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dara ada n'ime afọ ole na ole nke nleghara anya mana a na-emeziwanye [[nchekwa anụ ọhịa|nchekwa anụ ọhịa]] na ebe ndị ọbịa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lusenga Plains National Park |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lusenga-plains-national-park/ |access-date=15 June 2026 |website=Tourism Zambia}}</ref> A na-ahụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ na mmiri Kalungwishi, yana [[Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu]], Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru, [[Mweru Wantipa National Park]] na [[Nsumbu National Park]] dị ka akụkụ nke 'Northern Tourism Circuit' nke Ministri nke Njem Nleta chọrọ ịkwalite.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2025 |title=Government strengthens Northern Circuit tourism with focus on Bangweulu Wetlands development |url=https://theagencymedia.co.zm/government-strengthens-northern-circuit-tourism-with-focus-on-bangweulu-wetlands-development/ |website=The Agency Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Parks & GMAs |url=https://www.mot.gov.zm/dnpw/?page_id=1726#:~:text=Location |access-date=22 June 2026 |website=Ministry of Tourism, Zambia}}</ref> == Atụmatụ ike mmiri na Osimiri Kalungwishi == Ụlọ ọrụ ike Lunzua atụpụtala ọrụ, nke edepụtara dị ka ohere itinye ego site na [[Southern African Development Community|SADC,]] iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]] na Kabweluma na Kundabwika Falls na mkpokọta nke 247 [[Megawatt|MW]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia – 247 MW Kalungwishi Hydroelectric Power Project |url=https://invest.sadc.int/opportunities/project-details/view_express_entity/34 |access-date=17 June 2026 |website=Southern African Development Community Invest in SADC}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} dy77ptbdxbsynbhiger8xeuqpmuv8e5 0 77603 674583 2026-07-09T15:53:07Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362908761|Souss-Massa National Park]]" 674583 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Souss-Massa''' (Parc National de Souss-Bassa) bụ ogige mba dị hekta 33,800 n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Morocco nke e kere na 1991. Ọ dị n'etiti Agadir n'ebe ugwu na Sidi Ifni n'ebe ndịda. Osimiri Oued Souss bụ ókè ugwu nke ogige ahụ, Oued Massa dị nso n'etiti, na nsọtụ ndịda bụ obodo Aglou. Ala dị hekta 30,000 dị nso na Aglou, ndịda nke ogige ahụ, dịkwa na saịtị ahụ n'ihi na mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ebe nri site n'ebe ugwu nke ebe obibi ahụ. Ebe obibi ahụ bụ steppe na-ata ahịhịa nke nwere ájá ájá, osimiri na ala mmiri. Ala ahụ bụ ájá nke ukwuu yana ụfọdụ ebe okwute .<ref name="iucn park">{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0}}</ref> == Anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Northern_bald_ibis_(Geronticus_eremita).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Northern bald ibis]] [[Faịlụ:Nature_Trail_Souss_Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08053.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Okporo ụzọ okike n'akụkụ osimiri Massa, Sidi R'bat]] Isi ihe dị mkpa maka nchekwa nke ogige ahụ bụ na o nwere atọ n'ime mpaghara anọ nke Moroccan nke Northern bald ibis (''Geronticus eremita''). Ya na ebe nke anọ dị na Tamri dị nso, ọ nwere 95% nke nnụnụ ọhịa na-amụ nwa n'ezie n'ụwa nke ụdị a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="BirdLife 3791">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3791&m=0|title=Northern Bald Ibis &mdash; BirdLife Species Factsheet|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=14 November 2008|archivedate=29 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929154207/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3791&m=0}}</ref> Ebe obibi ibis na ebe obibi dị n'elu ugwu ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba, a na-ejikwa steppes na ubi ndị dị n"ụsọ oké oké osimiri dị ka ebe iri nri. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ụzọ okike na Oued Souss na ebe ndị nleta na Oued Massa.<ref name="iucn park">{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0 "Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere 63,800 hectare Parc National de Souss-Massa na Aglou Important Bird Area (IBA), nke BirdLife International họpụtara n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-de-souss-massa-and-aglou-iba-morocco|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> Oued Massa na-ejide mmiri n'afọ niile ma na-amụ ụmụ Ọbọgwụ marble, ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ n'ụwa niile.<ref name="iucn park">{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0 "Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou"]. </cite></ref> [5] Ọ bụ naanị ebe a maara maka ịzụ ụmụ nnụnụ Morocco maka ibis na-egbuke egbuke. Osimiri abụọ ahụ dị mkpa maka ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata, ọkachasị ndị wader na gull. Spoonbill nke Europe na oge oyi nke Audouin's gull n'ogige ntụrụndụ. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama bụ nightjar red-necked, thick-billed lark, Tristram's warbler na Moussier's redstart..<ref name="iucn park" />&nbsp; Souss-Massa na-enwekwa mmemme ịzụlite maka ụmụ anụmanụ anọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na North Africa: scimitar oryx, addax, dama gazelle na dorcas gazelle, nke a na-edebe n'ogige dị iche iche n'ime ogige ahụ. Ntinyeghachi nke Nnụnụ North Africa - nke na-adịghịzi n'ebe ugwu Sahara - na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6513|title=Birdlife Data Zone|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016|archivedate=14 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414165237/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6513}}</ref> === Ebe a na-anọ efe nnụnụ === <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> Faịlụ:Thekla_lark_(Galerida_theklae_ruficolor).jpg|Thekla lark Faịlụ:European_serin_(Serinus_serinus)_male_Morocco.jpg|European serin Faịlụ:Greater_Flamingo_Feeding_Oued_Massa_Oct25_A7CR_08274.jpg|Greater flamingo feeding, Massa river Faịlụ:Little_Egret_Souss-Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08141.jpg|Little egret, Massa river Faịlụ:Rear_Grey_Plover_Non-breeding_Souss-Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08186.jpg|Grey plover (non-breeding) Faịlụ:Sandwich_terns_(Thalasseus_sandvicensis)_in_flight.jpg|Sandwich terns in flight </gallery> == Egwu == Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-eyi egwu site na nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu na iwu ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arị elu nke ụlọ ezumike gburugburu Aglou. A kwụsịtụrụ nnukwu ụlọ nkwari akụ nke a haziri maka ụsọ mmiri na Tifnit, mpaghara nke gụnyere ebe nri dị mkpa maka ibis bald.<ref name="iucn park">{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0 "Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou"]. </cite></ref> == Njikọ mba ụwa == Banyere imekọ ihe ọnụ na mgbanwe mba ụwa, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Souss-Massa enwetala nkwado teknụzụ site na Ogige Ntụzụ Teide (Tenerife, Spain). == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Massa * Northern bald ibis == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 43qdgyxjcn8fpc1k4a2yynne6hkoih9 674927 674583 2026-07-10T08:41:55Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Souss-Massa''' (Parc National de Souss-Bassa) bụ ogige mba dị hekta 33,800 n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Morocco nke e kere na 1991. Ọ dị n'etiti Agadir n'ebe ugwu na Sidi Ifni n'ebe ndịda. Osimiri Oued Souss bụ ókè ugwu nke ogige ahụ, Oued Massa dị nso n'etiti, na nsọtụ ndịda bụ obodo Aglou. Ala dị hekta 30,000 dị nso na Aglou, ndịda nke ogige ahụ, dịkwa na saịtị ahụ n'ihi na mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ebe nri site n'ebe ugwu nke ebe obibi ahụ. Ebe obibi ahụ bụ steppe na-ata ahịhịa nke nwere ájá ájá, osimiri na ala mmiri. Ala ahụ bụ ájá nke ukwuu yana ụfọdụ ebe okwute .<ref name="iucn park">{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0}}</ref> == Anụmanụ == [[Faịlụ:Northern_bald_ibis_(Geronticus_eremita).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Northern bald ibis]] [[Faịlụ:Nature_Trail_Souss_Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08053.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Okporo ụzọ okike n'akụkụ osimiri Massa, Sidi R'bat]] Isi ihe dị mkpa maka nchekwa nke ogige ahụ bụ na o nwere atọ n'ime mpaghara anọ nke Moroccan nke Northern bald ibis (''Geronticus eremita''). Ya na ebe nke anọ dị na Tamri dị nso, ọ nwere 95% nke nnụnụ ọhịa na-amụ nwa n'ezie n'ụwa nke ụdị a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="BirdLife 3791">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3791&m=0|title=Northern Bald Ibis &mdash; BirdLife Species Factsheet|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=14 November 2008|archivedate=29 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929154207/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=3791&m=0}}</ref> Ebe obibi ibis na ebe obibi dị n'elu ugwu ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba, a na-ejikwa steppes na ubi ndị dị n"ụsọ oké oké osimiri dị ka ebe iri nri. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ụzọ okike na Oued Souss na ebe ndị nleta na Oued Massa.<ref name="iucn park">{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0 "Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou"]. </cite></ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere 63,800 hectare Parc National de Souss-Massa na Aglou Important Bird Area (IBA), nke BirdLife International họpụtara n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-de-souss-massa-and-aglou-iba-morocco|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> Oued Massa na-ejide mmiri n'afọ niile ma na-amụ ụmụ Ọbọgwụ marble, ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ n'ụwa niile.<ref name="iucn park">{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0 "Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou"]. </cite></ref> [5] Ọ bụ naanị ebe a maara maka ịzụ ụmụ nnụnụ Morocco maka ibis na-egbuke egbuke. Osimiri abụọ ahụ dị mkpa maka ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata, ọkachasị ndị wader na gull. Spoonbill nke Europe na oge oyi nke Audouin's gull n'ogige ntụrụndụ. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama bụ nightjar red-necked, thick-billed lark, Tristram's warbler na Moussier's redstart..<ref name="iucn park" />&nbsp; Souss-Massa na-enwekwa mmemme ịzụlite maka ụmụ anụmanụ anọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na North Africa: scimitar oryx, addax, dama gazelle na dorcas gazelle, nke a na-edebe n'ogige dị iche iche n'ime ogige ahụ. Ntinyeghachi nke Nnụnụ North Africa - nke na-adịghịzi n'ebe ugwu Sahara - na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6513|title=Birdlife Data Zone|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016|archivedate=14 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414165237/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6513}}</ref> === Ebe a na-anọ efe nnụnụ === <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> Faịlụ:Thekla_lark_(Galerida_theklae_ruficolor).jpg|Thekla lark Faịlụ:European_serin_(Serinus_serinus)_male_Morocco.jpg|European serin Faịlụ:Greater_Flamingo_Feeding_Oued_Massa_Oct25_A7CR_08274.jpg|Greater flamingo feeding, Massa river Faịlụ:Little_Egret_Souss-Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08141.jpg|Little egret, Massa river Faịlụ:Rear_Grey_Plover_Non-breeding_Souss-Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08186.jpg|Grey plover (non-breeding) Faịlụ:Sandwich_terns_(Thalasseus_sandvicensis)_in_flight.jpg|Sandwich terns in flight </gallery> == Egwu == Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-eyi egwu site na nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu na iwu ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arị elu nke ụlọ ezumike gburugburu Aglou. A kwụsịtụrụ nnukwu ụlọ nkwari akụ nke a haziri maka ụsọ mmiri na Tifnit, mpaghara nke gụnyere ebe nri dị mkpa maka ibis bald.<ref name="iucn park">{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6513&m=0 "Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou"]. </cite></ref> == Njikọ mba ụwa == Banyere imekọ ihe ọnụ na mgbanwe mba ụwa, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Souss-Massa enwetala nkwado teknụzụ site na Ogige Ntụzụ Teide (Tenerife, Spain). == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Massa * Northern bald ibis == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 1cluf0uolt2xofape2hm6motkym6w4e 0 77604 674584 2026-07-09T16:24:57Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360768318|Yala Swamp]]" 674584 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}}Apiti Yala bụ ala mmiri dị ọhụrụ (freshwater wetland) kachasị ukwuu na Kenya. Ọ na-ekpuchi mpaghara ruru ihe dịka kilomita skwea 175 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, ma a matakwara ya dịka Mpaghara Dị Mkpa Maka Ndụ Dịgasị Iche .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yala Swamp {{!}} Environmental hotspots|url=https://hotspots.unepgrid.ch/site/yala-swamp|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=hotspots.unepgrid.ch}}</ref> == Ebe == Apiti Yala, nke dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Yala, na-ekpuchi ihe dịka kilomita skwea 175 (68 sq mi)n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Apiti ahụ nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli, nke nwere mpaghara ruru hekta 1,500 (3,700 acres)Ọ bụ ala mmiri delta nke mmiri dị ọhụrụ, nke omimi ya na-adịkarị ihe dịka mita 3 (9.8ft). Ọ na-anata mmiri sitere n'idei mmiri nke Osimiri Nzoia na Osimiri Yala, yana mmiri na-alaghachi azụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Ala mmiri ahụ dị na ógbè Siaya na Busia na Kenya. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka ihe nzacha eke, na-asachapụ mmiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria site na osimiri abụọ kachasị mkpa, bụ Osimiri Yala na Osimiri Nzoia.Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ewerekwa apiti a dịka otu n'ime ebe isi iyi Osimiri Naịl. N'oge gara aga, Osimiri Yala na-agafe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ 20% nke Apịtị Yala n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli, wee banye n'ime nnukwu mmiri, wee gafee obere ọwara n'ime ọdọ mmiri Victoria. Taa, a na-agbanye mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala ahịhịa ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọba kpọmkwem n'ime ala ahịhi mmiri dị puku hekta iri asatọ (20,000 acres). A na-egbutu ya na Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli site na mmiri ụrọ. Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli na-enweta mmiri ya ugbu a site na mpaghara mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na site na ndagwurugwu azụ. E wepụrụ ọwara mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na culvert, nke mepụtara 500 hekta (1,200 acres) Lake Sare site na idei mmiri. == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ ''Oreochromis esculentus'' na ''Oreochromis variabilis'' nke na-apụ n'anya na Lake Victoria n'onwe ya. Anụ ọhịa Sitatunga (''Tragecephalus spekii'') ka na-ebi na papyrus nke ala mmiri. BirdLife International kewara Apịtị Yala n'etiti mpaghara nnụnụ 60 dị mkpa na Kenya. Ụfọdụ n'ime nnụnụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ bụ ndị na-eri aṅụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, papyrus gonolek, swamp flycatcher, papyrus canary, white-winged swamp warbler na Baillon's crake. Otu akụkọ e bipụtara n'afọ 2005 kwuru na e nwere mgbanwe ndị na-eme n'Ọdọ Mmiri Sare nke na-etinye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ site na eutrophication na mmetọ mmiri.Akụkọ ahụ tụrụ aro ka e mepụta atụmatụ njikwa zuru ezu maka mpaghara Apiti Yala iji gbochie mmebi ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi.Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2019, BirdLife International kwadoro na ihe iyi egwu chere mpaghara Apiti Yala ihu dị elu nke ukwuu, ma gosikwara enweghị olileanya na a ga-eme ihe ndị dị mkpa iji chebe ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-01|title=A community’s fight to save its lifeline: Yala Swamp|url=https://www.birdlife.org/news/2025/02/01/a-communitys-fight-to-save-its-lifeline-yala-swamp/|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=BirdLife International|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == * Biodiversity na Sustainable Management of a Tropical Wetland Lake Ecosystem:A Case Study of Lake Kanyaboli, Kenya by Romulus Abila * [http://www.globalresponse.org/gra.php?i=2/07 ozi ndị ọzọ na nzaghachi zuru ụwa ọnụ] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/1272/1/RAbila2005-11.pdf nyocha nke ala mmiri Yala site na Romulus Abila nke Mahadum Maseno Kenya] lbm9ncvs6wzbyhrf2afuawtkwi435h9 674585 674584 2026-07-09T16:25:54Z Neme244 16387 improved article 674585 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|25em}}Apiti Yala bụ ala mmiri dị ọhụrụ kachasị ukwuu na Kenya. Ọ na-ekpuchi mpaghara ruru ihe dịka kilomita skwea 175 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, ma a matakwara ya dịka Mpaghara Dị Mkpa Maka Ndụ Dịgasị Iche .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yala Swamp {{!}} Environmental hotspots|url=https://hotspots.unepgrid.ch/site/yala-swamp|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=hotspots.unepgrid.ch}}</ref> == Ebe == Apiti Yala, nke dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Yala, na-ekpuchi ihe dịka kilomita skwea 175 (68 sq mi)n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Apiti ahụ nwere Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli, nke nwere mpaghara ruru hekta 1,500 (3,700 acres)Ọ bụ ala mmiri delta nke mmiri dị ọhụrụ, nke omimi ya na-adịkarị ihe dịka mita 3 (9.8ft). Ọ na-anata mmiri sitere n'idei mmiri nke Osimiri Nzoia na Osimiri Yala, yana mmiri na-alaghachi azụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Ala mmiri ahụ dị na ógbè Siaya na Busia na Kenya. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka ihe nzacha eke, na-asachapụ mmiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria site na osimiri abụọ kachasị mkpa, bụ Osimiri Yala na Osimiri Nzoia.Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ewerekwa apiti a dịka otu n'ime ebe isi iyi Osimiri Naịl. N'oge gara aga, Osimiri Yala na-agafe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ 20% nke Apịtị Yala n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli, wee banye n'ime nnukwu mmiri, wee gafee obere ọwara n'ime ọdọ mmiri Victoria. Taa, a na-agbanye mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala ahịhịa ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọba kpọmkwem n'ime ala ahịhi mmiri dị puku hekta iri asatọ (20,000 acres). A na-egbutu ya na Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli site na mmiri ụrọ. Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli na-enweta mmiri ya ugbu a site na mpaghara mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na site na ndagwurugwu azụ. E wepụrụ ọwara mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na culvert, nke mepụtara 500 hekta (1,200 acres) Lake Sare site na idei mmiri. == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ ''Oreochromis esculentus'' na ''Oreochromis variabilis'' nke na-apụ n'anya na Lake Victoria n'onwe ya. Anụ ọhịa Sitatunga (''Tragecephalus spekii'') ka na-ebi na papyrus nke ala mmiri. BirdLife International kewara Apịtị Yala n'etiti mpaghara nnụnụ 60 dị mkpa na Kenya. Ụfọdụ n'ime nnụnụ ndị bi n'ebe ahụ bụ ndị na-eri aṅụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, papyrus gonolek, swamp flycatcher, papyrus canary, white-winged swamp warbler na Baillon's crake. Otu akụkọ e bipụtara n'afọ 2005 kwuru na e nwere mgbanwe ndị na-eme n'Ọdọ Mmiri Sare nke na-etinye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ihe ize ndụ site na eutrophication na mmetọ mmiri.Akụkọ ahụ tụrụ aro ka e mepụta atụmatụ njikwa zuru ezu maka mpaghara Apiti Yala iji gbochie mmebi ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi.Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2019, BirdLife International kwadoro na ihe iyi egwu chere mpaghara Apiti Yala ihu dị elu nke ukwuu, ma gosikwara enweghị olileanya na a ga-eme ihe ndị dị mkpa iji chebe ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-01|title=A community’s fight to save its lifeline: Yala Swamp|url=https://www.birdlife.org/news/2025/02/01/a-communitys-fight-to-save-its-lifeline-yala-swamp/|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=BirdLife International|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Njikọ mpụga == * Biodiversity na Sustainable Management of a Tropical Wetland Lake Ecosystem:A Case Study of Lake Kanyaboli, Kenya by Romulus Abila * [http://www.globalresponse.org/gra.php?i=2/07 ozi ndị ọzọ na nzaghachi zuru ụwa ọnụ] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/1272/1/RAbila2005-11.pdf nyocha nke ala mmiri Yala site na Romulus Abila nke Mahadum Maseno Kenya] i5n2291p45adrqb6ct1iru318i2azsg 0 77605 674586 2026-07-09T16:38:58Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362774768|Densu River]]" 674586 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Densu_River_5.jpg|thumb|Ọwara Mmiri]] [[Faịlụ:Densu_meander.JPG|thumb|Meander]] '''Osimiri Densu''' bụ osimiri dị kilomita 116 n'ogologo na [[Ghana]] nke na-ebili na Atewa Range . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/|title=Protecting Atewa Forest|date=2015-07-13|work=Ghana {{!}} A Rocha|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-18|archivedate=2019-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518151057/https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/}}</ref> Ọ na-agafe mpaghara ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa na akụ na ụba, na-enye ọkara mmiri ọṅụṅụ na isi obodo Ghana nke Accra. Osimiri ahụ na-agwụ na mpaghara mmiri dị mkpa n'ụsọ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats/wetlands|title=Wetlands {{!}} Habitats {{!}} WWF|work=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> Densuano Dam na Weija Dam dị na Osimiri Densu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/|title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net|work=www.africalocal.net|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/|title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm|author=Welsing|first=Kobina|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-18|archivedate=2019-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == ''Osimiri Densu'' dị n'ebe '''ndịda Ghana''' ma bụrụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri mmiri Mmiri. Ebe ọ na-enweta mmiri bụ ihe dịka '''2,490-2,600 km2,''' na-agbasa akụkụ nke Eastern (72%), Central (5%), na Greater Accra (23%) Regions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Ofosu|first=Samuel Anim|date=2021-11-06|title=Assessment of the quality of the Densu river using multicriterial analysis and water quality index|journal=Applied Water Science|language=en|volume=11|issue=12|doi=10.1007/s13201-021-01516-z|issn=2190-5495}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ sitere na Atewa-Atwiredu Range, mpaghara ugwu dị n'oké ọhịa nke na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi mmiri maka ọtụtụ osimiri Ghana.Osimiri ahụ na-emesị banye na Gulf of Guinea site na usoro ala mmiri a maara dị ka ''Densu Delta'', nke mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-emetụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oduro|first=Charles Yaw|date=2024-07-25|title=Morphological Patterns and Drivers of Urban Growth on Africa's Wetland Landscapes: Insights from the Densu Delta Ramsar Site, Ghana|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=16|issue=15|doi=10.3390/su16156372|issn=2071-1050}}</ref> == Mkpa Ọdịdị Na Ala == Akụkụ ala nke Osimiri Densu na-emepụta Densu Delta Ramsar Site, nke bụ ala mmiri nwere nnukwu mkpa n'ụwa, e depụtara ya n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar n'afọ 1992.Mpaghara ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe dịka hekta 5,893, ma gụnye laguun, ọhịa mangrove, ebe a na-emepụta nnu, na ala apịtị .A matakwara ya dịka Mpaghara Dị Mkpa Maka Nnụnụ site na BirdLife International, n'ihi na ọ na-akwado nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ mmiri na-anọ ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ na-eji ya ezumike n'oge oyi. Ndị a gụnyere ụdị terns dị iche iche, yana western reef egret, spotted redshank, little tern, black tern, roseate tern, common tern, Sandwich tern, na royal tern.Ala mmiri a na-arụkwa ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka ihe mgbochi idei mmiri eke, ebe ájá na unyi na-anọgide , na ihe na-enyere aka ịkwado ụsọ oké osimiri, si otú a na-echebe obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu pụọ na mbuze ala na ebili mmiri siri ike nke oke osimiri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116103017/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564|archivedate=2025-11-16|accessdate=2026-06-14|work=rsis.ramsar.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity-iba-ghana|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site and vicinity|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-11-16}}</ref> == Mmiri na ụtụ isi == Usoro Osimiri Densu na-anata mmiri sitere n'ọtụtụ osimiri nta , gụnyere Osimiri Nsaki, Osimiri Dobro, Osimiri Kuia, Osimiri Adaiso, na Osimiri Pompon. Osimiri nta ndị a na-enye aka n'ịgbanwe oke mmiri Osimiri Densu na-enweta n'oge dị iche iche nke afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Densu Basin – Water Resources Commission|url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/densu/|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20260314231251/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/densu/|archivedate=2026-03-14|accessdate=2026-06-14|work=wrc.gov.gh|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara mmiri, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enwe usoro mmiri ozuzo bi-modal, na-eduga na mgbanwe oge na nsị. Akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enwekwu mmiri na ọhịa, ebe akụkụ ndịda kpọrọ nkụ ma mepụta obodo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akurugu|first=Bismark Awinbire|date=April 2022|title=Groundwater resources assessment in the Densu Basin: A review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581822000301|journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies|language=en|volume=40|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101017|issn=2214-5818}}</ref> A na-achịkwa mmiri Osimiri Densu site na nnukwu akụrụngwa njikwa mmiri, gụnyere Ụlọ Mgbochi Mmiri Weija, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchekwa mmiri na ịnye Mpaghara Ukwu Accra mmiri. == Mkpa akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Osimiri Densu bụ otu n'ime ebe mmiri dị ọhụrụ kachasị mkpa na-enye isi obodo Ghana, bụ Accra, mmiri. Site na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nhazi Mmiri Weija , osimiri ahụ na-enye nnukwu akụkụ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ a sachara maka ndị bi n'obodo ahụ.Ụlọ Mgbochi Mmiri Weija , nke dị n'Osimiri Densu, bụ isi ebe a na-enweta mmiri na Mpaghara Greater Accra. Ụlọ mgbochi mmiri ahụ na-enye ihe ruru pasent 80 nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha a na-eji n'ofe Mpaghara Greater Accra. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-akwado ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa, gụnyere ịgba mmiri na [[Ọrụ ugbo siri ike|mmepụta anụ ụlọ]], ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oti|first=Jonathan Opoku|date=August 2020|title=Hydrologic response to climate change in the Densu River Basin in Ghana|journal=Heliyon|volume=6|issue=8|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04722|issn=2405-8440|pmid=32904314}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ ala dị ala na-adabere n'osimiri ahụ na ala mmiri ya maka ịkụ azụ, mmepụta nnu, na obere azụmahịa, karịsịa n'ime mpaghara delta. == Egwu == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Densu Basin bụ ihe dịka mmadụ 240 kwa square kilomita.<ref name="wrc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html|title=River Basin Activities|publisher=Water Resources Commission of Ghana|accessdate=2008-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html|archivedate=2008-11-20}}</ref> Akụkụ nke Osimiri Densu aghọwo ebe a na-atụfu ihe site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na-akpata mmetọ mmiri. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, igwu ájá na igwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/165424/River-Densu-chokes-on-dumped-refuse|title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse|work=BusinessGhana|accessdate=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html|title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee|work=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|accessdate=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghana-net.com/densu-delta-ramsar-site.html|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site|work=Ghana-Net.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-22}}</ref> == N'omenala a ma ama == * Onye Ghana na-ese ihe Kojo Antwi kpọrọ abọm studio nke abụọ ya, nke e wepụtara na 2002, mgbe osimiri ahụ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532|title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music|work=iTunes|accessdate=2016-07-17}}</ref> * Osibisa, otu egwu [[Afrobeat]], dere abụ akpọrọ Densu, na-akọwa banyere ụdị azụ dị iche iche na abụ ndị ọkụ azụ na-abụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw|archivedate=2021-06-24|title=Densu by Osibisa|work=YouTube|accessdate=2019-02-27}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Osimiri Volta]] (Ghana) * Ogige Ọhịa Atewa Range * Ọdọ Mmiri Weija * Mgbakọ Ramsar == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 05ofyqxpsn62d09lsf8kr4rr02xp2nm 0 77606 674590 2026-07-09T16:49:43Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303185191|Vouga River]]" 674590 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Vouga''' bụ osimiri dị na Mpaghara Centro nke Portugal.Isi iyi Osimiri Vouga dị na Chafariz da Lapa, n'ebe dị mita 864 (2,835 ft) n'elu oke osimiri, n'ime parish Quintela, n'ógbè ọchịchị Sernancelhe, na Distrikti Viseu.Osimiri ahụ na-asọba ruo n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic, ebe ọ na-ejedebe n'ụdị ria, nke a na-akpọ Ria de Aveiro . <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=19 November 2022|title=Embajada en Portugal: Geografía en Portugal|url=http://www.embajadadeportugal.org/pages/geografia.php}}</ref> == Osimiri mgbakwunye == * Águeda ([[wiktionary:left bank|n'akụkụ aka ekpe]]) * Caima (n'akụkụ aka nri) * Sud (n'akụkụ aka nri) * Teixeira (n'akụkụ aka nri) == Ebe obibi == A na-ewepụta mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na akwụkwọ, otu n'ime isi ihe na-emetọ Osimiri Vouga na Aveiro Lagoon, n'ime mpaghara Aveiro. Ebe ahụ nwere ísì na-adịghị mma n'ihi nsị. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|40.683|N|8.667|W|source:ptwiki}} r4x61v378fvtxhxj2bfhtqynx1wvzq8 674947 674590 2026-07-10T08:58:41Z Anastesia chi 23720 674947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Osimiri Vouga''' bụ osimiri dị na Mpaghara Centro nke Portugal.Isi iyi Osimiri Vouga dị na Chafariz da Lapa, n'ebe dị mita 864 (2,835 ft) n'elu oke osimiri, n'ime parish Quintela, n'ógbè ọchịchị Sernancelhe, na Distrikti Viseu.Osimiri ahụ na-asọba ruo n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic, ebe ọ na-ejedebe n'ụdị ria, nke a na-akpọ Ria de Aveiro . <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=19 November 2022|title=Embajada en Portugal: Geografía en Portugal|url=http://www.embajadadeportugal.org/pages/geografia.php}}</ref> == Osimiri mgbakwunye == * Águeda ([[wiktionary:left bank|n'akụkụ aka ekpe]]) * Caima (n'akụkụ aka nri) * Sud (n'akụkụ aka nri) * Teixeira (n'akụkụ aka nri) == Ebe obibi == A na-ewepụta mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ na akwụkwọ, otu n'ime isi ihe na-emetọ Osimiri Vouga na Aveiro Lagoon, n'ime mpaghara Aveiro. Ebe ahụ nwere ísì na-adịghị mma n'ihi nsị. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|40.683|N|8.667|W|source:ptwiki}} ncddyibs1bx1cg1r1dzb3bd48e8acpu 0 77607 674598 2026-07-09T17:15:25Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298095770|Sezibwa River]]" 674598 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Sezibwa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ssezibwa_Falls.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="7" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Sezibwa River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4790403"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Sezibwa River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4790403"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[32.735,1.4],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Sezibwa River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Okwu mmalite | class="infobox-data" |"Sizibwa" (L[[Luganda|Uganda]]):.. ''A pụghị igbochi ụzọ m''. |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Obodo ukwu | class="infobox-data" |[[Ngogwe]], [[Kayunga]], [[Galiraya]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |Ngogwe, Ógbè Buikwe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=00_16_12_N_33_00_18_E_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°16′12′′N</span> <span class="longitude">33°00′18′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.27000°N 33.00500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0.27000; 33.00500</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,200 m (3,900 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga, Ógbè Kayunga, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=01_24_00_N_32_44_06_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°24′00′′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°44′06′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1,40000°N 32,73500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.40000; 32.73500</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sezibwa_River&params=01_24_00_N_32_44_06_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°24′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°44′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.40000°N 32.73500°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">1.40000; 32.73500</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,140 m (3,740 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |150 km (93 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} '''Osimiri Sezibwa''' bụ osimiri dị na etiti Uganda, n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Aha ya sitere n'okwu Luganda "sizibirwa kkubo", nke pụtara "a pụghị igbochi ụzọ m." == Ebe == Osimiri Sezibwa dị n'akụkụ ndịda etiti [[Uganda]]. Ọ na-amalite site na ala mmiri dị n'etiti [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] na Ọdọ Mmịl Kyoga, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Victoria Nile ma na-aga n'ebe ugwu n'ozuzu ya iji banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga. Isi iyi nke Osimiri Sezibwa dị na Buikwe District, nso obodo Ngogwe, na nhazi: Latitude:0.2700; Longitude:33.0050. Sezibwa na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga na Kayunga District, nso obodo Galilaya, na nhazi: Latitude:1.3700; Longitude:32.8150. Ogologo Osimiri Sezibwa bụ ihe dịka kilomita 150 (93 mi) site na isi iyi ruo ọnụ. N'etiti isi iyi ya na Buikwe District, mana tupu ọ banye na Kayunga District, osimiri ahụ na-agafe Mukono District. == Akụkọ ifo == Dị ka akụkọ ifo si kwuo, [[Osimiri]] Ssezibwa abụghị ihe okike, kama ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime a na-akpọ Nakangu, onye biri ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga ma bụrụ onye ezinụlọ Kibe (nkịta ọhịa). A tụrụ anya na ọ ga-amụ ejima, mana ihe si n'afọ ya wụba bụ osimiri ejima. Mmụọ nke ụmụ Nakangu a na-amụbeghị - Ssezibwa na Mubeeya kwenyere na ha na-egbochi osimiri abụọ ahụ nke mere na ọ bụ omenala maka Muganda ọ bụla na-agafe isi iyi osimiri ahụ na Namukono, ihe dị ka kilomita 20 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ịtụba ahịhịa ma ọ bụ nkume n'ime osimiri ahụ maka ihu ọma. Ọbụna taa, a na-achụ àjà ekele nke akwa osisi, biya na oke ọkụkọ na isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ kwa afọ, nke Ssalongo (nna ejima) na-edekarị. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Uganda: The Bradt Travel Guide|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|year=2020|isbn=9781784776428|location=England|pages=180|language=English}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Ssezibwa_Falls1.jpg|thumb|N'ihi ya, ọ dara]] == Nsụda Mmiri Sezibwa == [[Faịlụ:Sezibwa_falls.jpg|alt=River Sezibwa|thumb|Osimiri Sezibwa]] Ọdọ mmiri Sezibwa dị ihe dị ka maịl 20 (km 32) n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kampala, isi obodo Uganda, n'okporo ụzọ Kampala–Jinja. Ebe a bụ ebe nketa ọdịnala nke alaeze Buganda. A na-amata ya site n'ugwu nkume ndị nwere ọnụ dị nkọ na ụda mara mma nke mmiri na-asọpụta nwayọọ nwayọọ n'elu nkume ndị dị mkpụmkpụ ma dị elu. Ọdọ mmiri a dị na distrikti Mukono. Dị ka akụkọ ọdịnala si kwuo, osimiri abụọ a na-akpọ Ssezibwa na nwanne ya nwoke Bwanda, bụ ndị nwanyị mụrụ n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Kavuma Bukunja. Nwanyị ahụ, Nakangu Tebateesa, onye a na-akpọ di ya Nsubuga Ssebwaato, mụrụ ejima n'ụdị mmiri, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị Sezibwa na-asọba n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi ma nweta aha ya, ebe Bwanda na-asọga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Nyenga. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-abịa ebe ahụ maka ọrụ ebube ebe ha kwenyere na ebe ahụ nwere ike karịrị nke mmadụ. Nsụda mmiri ahụ dị mita 7 (23 ft) n'ịdị elu. Ịrịgo nkume na ikiri nnụnụ bụ ihe omume ndị bụ isi na saịtị ahụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta ala na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ na-agakarị ebe ahụ. Anụ ọhịa dị n'oké ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu gụnyere enwe ọhịa, enwe na-acha ọbara ọbara na anụmanụ na nnụnụ ndị ọzọ. == Hụkwa == * [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] * Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga * [[Naịl Ọcha|Victoria Naịl]] * Kayunga == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Reviews/-/691232/1370492/-/cqqfk/-/index.html Nkọwa zuru ezu nke Sezibwa Falls] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Osimiri na Ọdọ Mmiri nke Uganda] * [http://www.energyandminerals.go.ug/renenergy/images/Sezibwa.jpg Foto nke Sezibwa Falls]  [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 1jrt4c6po4x1is440fw4cryqeggok8t 0 77608 674603 2026-07-09T17:32:48Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312688908|Ulanga River]]" 674603 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri gafere Osimiri Kilombero, nso Ifakara, Tanzania]]   '''Osimiri Ulanga''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Osimiri Kilombero''', na-ebili n'ugwu ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara Morogoro, [[Tanzania]], na ndagwurugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke East African Rift. Osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ ókèala ugwu ọwụwarị nke mpaghara Lindi tupu ọ banye na Osimiri Rufiji. Rufiji na-emesị banye n'Oké Osimiri India n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Ógbè Pwani. == Ọdịdị ala == Ndagwurugwu Ulanga bụ usoro okike na-enweghị nsogbu nke nwere ọtụtụ osimiri, nke mejupụtara nnukwu ala mmiri dị ala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Osimiri Ulanga na-enye ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Rufiji.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands|date=2002-06-19|url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf|accessdate=2010-05-15}}</ref> Osimiri Ulanga sitere na njikọta nke nnukwu osimiri ndị si n'ebe ndịda, nke na-esi n'ebe ugwu nke ugwu nke mpaghara Njombe na Iringa na ndagwurugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke East African Rift na ndịda site na Ugwu Udzungwa na Ugwu Mahenge. Site n'ebe ndịda Osimiri Ruhudji na-efe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-ebelata ịdị elu ngwa ngwa, ruo n'isi nnukwu ala mmiri nke Ndagwurugwu Ulanga. Ala mmiri ahụ dị larịị nke Ndagwurugwu Ulanga na 210-250 m.a.s.l. Ndagwurịta okwu ahụ chere ihu n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'etiti oke ọhịa dị na Ugwu Udzungwa, nke dị mita 2,250 n'elu ala ndagwurugwu (7°47′0′′S 36°36′0′′E / 7.78333°S 36.60000°E / - 36.00060000°36000), n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na Ugwu Mahenge n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ / 36.000′45′75′′E). Ruhudji na-enweta ọtụtụ isi mmiri dị mkpa wee kewaa na ala mmiri ahụ n'ọtụtụ ọwa, nke na-emepụta netwọk n'etiti ala mmiri ahụ. Mmiri ndị ọzọ na-agbanye mmiri n'ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndagwurugwu ahụ na-esonyere netwọk ahụ ka n'akụkụ etiti ya wee nwee nnukwu ọwa iri na-aga n'otu akụkụ. Mpaghara nke marshes na-adịgide adịgide, 45 kilomita n'ogologo, gbasaa ruo kilomita 4 site n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri [[Kihansi Dam|Kihansi]]. E mere ka Kihansi dị n'elu mmiri ya n'elu Kihansi Gorge n'afọ 1995. Akụkụ ndịda nke etiti ala mmiri ahụ na-agbadata mita 40 n'ihe dị ka kilomita 210. Na [[Ifakara]], ndagwurugwu ahụ na-agbada ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị ka kilomita anọ n'obosara ma jikọta osimiri ndị ahụ n'ime isi iyi nke Osimiri Ulanga. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ifakara, Ulanga na-agafe ọdọ mmiri oxbow ma na-esonyere ya n'akụkụ aka ekpe ya site na Osimiri Msolwa. Osimiri a na-abịa site na elu ugwu nke Udzungwas ma na-agafe akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri, na-agagharị mpaghara ọzọ nke ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Site n'ebe mgbagwoju anya, Osimiri Ulanga na-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ma hapụ ala mmiri (na Ramsar Site) na ókèala nke Selous Game Reserve. Osimiri Ulanga wee gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 65 iji jikọta ya na [[Luwegu River|Luwegu]] ebe ha jikọtara na Shuguli Falls iji ghọọ [[Rufiji River|Osimiri Rufiji]]. Rufiji na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Selous Game Reserve n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.selous-mbega-camp.com/Rufiji/rufiji.html|title=Rufiji River|accessdate=2010-05-14|author=Andreas Wildner}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Malite na 1885, Karl Peters amalitela ịsị na mpaghara ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka bụ maka [[Jémanị|Germany]]. Ụsọ oké osimiri Tanganyikan gosipụtara na ọ dị mfe, mana mmeri nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ime ala nke ógbè ahụ - ruo Belgian Congo - siri ike karị ebe ọ bụ na a ka na-enyochabeghị akụkụ buru ibu. N'ihi nke a, Gọvanọ Gustav Adolf von Götzen duuru njem iji kwuo na mpaghara ndị a. Ọ kpọọrọ [[Georg von Prittwitz]] na [[Hermann Kersting]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Durch Afrika von Ost nach West|author=Gustav Adolf von Götzen|year=1895|publisher=D. Reimer|url=https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog|quote=Gustav Adolf von Götzen.|location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Deutsch-Ostafrika im Aufstand 1905/06|location=Berlin|year=1909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Reinhart Bindseil|title=Ruanda im Lebensbild des Offiziers, Afrikaforschers und Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (1866—1910). Mit einem Abriss über die zeitgenössischen Forschungsreisenden Franz Stuhlmann, Oscar Baumann, Richard Kandt, Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg und Hans Meyer|location=Berlin|year=1992|isbn=3-496-00427-4}}</ref> E mere nyocha mbụ banyere Osimiri Ulanga na onye na-asọba n'ime ya, Osimiri Kihansi, n'afọ 1897–1898 site n'aka von Prittwitz. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịchọpụta ma otu n'ime osimiri ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ mmiri a ga-eji si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ruo n'ógbè ugwu Uhehe.Site na Perondo, von Prittwitz jiri ụgbọ mmiri e ji egwú (kano) gagharịa Osimiri Kihansi, ma chọpụta na ọ siri ike ịnya ụgbọ mmiri n'ime ya n'ihi ọtụtụ mgbagọ ya dị nkọ na ọwa mmiri ya dị warara, nke enyí mmiri (hippopotamus) na-egbochikarị.N'aka nke ọzọ, Osimiri Ulanga, nke nwere mgbagọ sara mbara ma dị nro, dị mfe ịnya ụgbọ mmiri nke omimi ya na-erughị ala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Geographical journal, Volume 13|author=Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain|publisher=Royal Geographical Society|location=London|year=1899|pages=660–661}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:Tanzania_Regions.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|204x204px|Mpaghara nke Tanzania]] Osimiri Ulanga bụ ókèala dị n'etiti Ulanga District na Kilombero District nke Morogoro Region na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Tanzania]]. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi n'ime ndagwurugwu Ulanga bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akọ ọka na osikapa iji gboo mkpa ezinụlọ ha, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-enwetakwa ihe ha ji ebi ndụ site n'ịkụ azụ.E nwekwara nnukwu ubi a kụrụ osisi teak n'ime ndagwurugwu Ulanga. N'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke distrikti ahụ, ubi okpete nke ụlọ ọrụ Illovo Sugar Company na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ akụkụ ala dị larịị nke mpaghara ahụ. == Anụ Ọhịa == Ndagwurugwu Ulanga nwere ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara dịka atụ, enyí, Enyí mmiri, [[Odúm|ọdụm]], na puku. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nnụnụ puku bi na Ndagwurugwu Ulanga. Ndagwurugwu ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke Agụ iyi Naịl n'Africa ma bụrụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka ụdị nnụnụ dị ka African openbill, white-headed lapwing, na African skimmer. Ndagwurugwu ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche a na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ahụ, dị ka Udzungwa red colobus monkey na ụdị nnụnụ atọ, Ulanga weaver na ụdị abụọ a na-akọwaghị nke cisticolas.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands|date=2002-06-19|url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf|accessdate=2010-05-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Osimiri ahụ na-akwado ụdị azụ iri abụọ na atọ a na-ejide mgbe niile, gụnyere ụdị azụ atọ a na'ahụghị na Rufiji: ''Alestes stuhlmannii'' na ụdị abụọ nke ''Citharinus congicus''. Azụ sitere na usoro osimiri Rufiji na-akwaga n'elu mmiri gaa na Ulanga iji mụọ, na-abụkarị na mbido mmiri ozuzo na Nọvemba na ọrụ kachasị elu na-abịa na Disemba. == Edensibịa ọdịbendị == [[Faịlụ:KuhnertGalleryofTrees.jpg|thumb|The Gallery of Trees Ulanga River, ihe osise nke Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert (1898) ]] Ụgbọ mmiri a kpọrọ African Queen, nke nyere aha akwụkwọ akụkọ The African Queen (1935) nke C.S. Forester na ihe nkiri e mere dabere na ya n'afọ 1951, bụ obere ụgbọ mmiri ọkụkọ . O bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ nke Belgium nwere ya, a na-ejikwa ya eme njem n'akụkụ elu nke Osimiri Ulanga. Onye Germany na-ese ihe anụmanụ Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert gosipụtara osimiri ahụ na ihe osise ya nke 1898 The Gallery of Trees Ulanga River . == Hụkwa == * Àkwà Mmiri Kilombero == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7k0vetjpnjb16fbfe4swcdd8c0fatrc 674606 674603 2026-07-09T17:36:36Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri gafere Osimiri Kilombero, nso Ifakara, Tanzania]]   '''Osimiri Ulanga''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Osimiri Kilombero''', na-ebili n'ugwu ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara Morogoro, [[Tanzania]], na ndagwurugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke East African Rift. Osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ ókèala ugwu ọwụwarị nke mpaghara Lindi tupu ọ banye na Osimiri Rufiji. Rufiji na-emesị banye n'Oké Osimiri India n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Ógbè Pwani. == Ọdịdị ala == Ndagwurugwu Ulanga bụ usoro okike na-enweghị nsogbu nke nwere ọtụtụ osimiri, nke mejupụtara nnukwu ala mmiri dị ala n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Osimiri Ulanga na-enye ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri Rufiji.<ref name="Ramsar" /> Osimiri Ulanga sitere na njikọta nke nnukwu osimiri ndị si n'ebe ndịda, nke na-esi n'ebe ugwu nke ugwu nke mpaghara Njombe na Iringa na ndagwurugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke East African Rift na ndịda site na Ugwu Udzungwa na Ugwu Mahenge. Site n'ebe ndịda Osimiri Ruhudji na-efe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-ebelata ịdị elu ngwa ngwa, ruo n'isi nnukwu ala mmiri nke Ndagwurugwu Ulanga. Ala mmiri ahụ dị larịị nke Ndagwurugwu Ulanga na 210-250 m.a.s.l. Ndagwurịta okwu ahụ chere ihu n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'etiti oke ọhịa dị na Ugwu Udzungwa, nke dị mita 2,250 n'elu ala ndagwurugwu (7°47′0′′S 36°36′0′′E / 7.78333°S 36.60000°E / - 36.00060000°36000), n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na Ugwu Mahenge n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ / 36.000′45′75′′E). Ruhudji na-enweta ọtụtụ isi mmiri dị mkpa wee kewaa na ala mmiri ahụ n'ọtụtụ ọwa, nke na-emepụta netwọk n'etiti ala mmiri ahụ. Mmiri ndị ọzọ na-agbanye mmiri n'ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndagwurugwu ahụ na-esonyere netwọk ahụ ka n'akụkụ etiti ya wee nwee nnukwu ọwa iri na-aga n'otu akụkụ. Mpaghara nke marshes na-adịgide adịgide, 45 kilomita n'ogologo, gbasaa ruo kilomita 4 site n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri [[Kihansi Dam|Kihansi]]. E mere ka Kihansi dị n'elu mmiri ya n'elu Kihansi Gorge n'afọ 1995. Akụkụ ndịda nke etiti ala mmiri ahụ na-agbadata mita 40 n'ihe dị ka kilomita 210. Na [[Ifakara]], ndagwurugwu ahụ na-agbada ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị ka kilomita anọ n'obosara ma jikọta osimiri ndị ahụ n'ime isi iyi nke Osimiri Ulanga. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ifakara, Ulanga na-agafe ọdọ mmiri oxbow ma na-esonyere ya n'akụkụ aka ekpe ya site na Osimiri Msolwa. Osimiri a na-abịa site na elu ugwu nke Udzungwas ma na-agafe akụkụ ugwu nke ala mmiri, na-agagharị mpaghara ọzọ nke ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Site n'ebe mgbagwoju anya, Osimiri Ulanga na-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ma hapụ ala mmiri (na Ramsar Site) na ókèala nke Selous Game Reserve. Osimiri Ulanga wee gaa n'ihu ruo kilomita 65 iji jikọta ya na [[Luwegu River|Luwegu]] ebe ha jikọtara na Shuguli Falls iji ghọọ [[Rufiji River|Osimiri Rufiji]]. Rufiji na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Selous Game Reserve n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.selous-mbega-camp.com/Rufiji/rufiji.html|title=Rufiji River|accessdate=2010-05-14|author=Andreas Wildner}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Malite na 1885, Karl Peters amalitela ịsị na mpaghara ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka bụ maka [[Jémanị|Germany]]. Ụsọ oké osimiri Tanganyikan gosipụtara na ọ dị mfe, mana mmeri nke mpaghara ndị dị n'ime ala nke ógbè ahụ - ruo Belgian Congo - siri ike karị ebe ọ bụ na a ka na-enyochabeghị akụkụ buru ibu. N'ihi nke a, Gọvanọ Gustav Adolf von Götzen duuru njem iji kwuo na mpaghara ndị a. Ọ kpọọrọ [[Georg von Prittwitz]] na [[Hermann Kersting]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Durch Afrika von Ost nach West|author=Gustav Adolf von Götzen|year=1895|publisher=D. Reimer|url=https://archive.org/details/durchafrikavono00gtgoog|quote=Gustav Adolf von Götzen.|location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Deutsch-Ostafrika im Aufstand 1905/06|location=Berlin|year=1909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Reinhart Bindseil|title=Ruanda im Lebensbild des Offiziers, Afrikaforschers und Kaiserlichen Gouverneurs Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (1866—1910). Mit einem Abriss über die zeitgenössischen Forschungsreisenden Franz Stuhlmann, Oscar Baumann, Richard Kandt, Adolf Friedrich Herzog zu Mecklenburg und Hans Meyer|location=Berlin|year=1992|isbn=3-496-00427-4}}</ref> E mere nyocha mbụ banyere Osimiri Ulanga na onye na-asọba n'ime ya, Osimiri Kihansi, n'afọ 1897–1898 site n'aka von Prittwitz. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịchọpụta ma otu n'ime osimiri ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ mmiri a ga-eji si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ruo n'ógbè ugwu Uhehe.Site na Perondo, von Prittwitz jiri ụgbọ mmiri e ji egwú (kano) gagharịa Osimiri Kihansi, ma chọpụta na ọ siri ike ịnya ụgbọ mmiri n'ime ya n'ihi ọtụtụ mgbagọ ya dị nkọ na ọwa mmiri ya dị warara, nke enyí mmiri (hippopotamus) na-egbochikarị.N'aka nke ọzọ, Osimiri Ulanga, nke nwere mgbagọ sara mbara ma dị nro, dị mfe ịnya ụgbọ mmiri nke omimi ya na-erughị ala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Geographical journal, Volume 13|author=Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain|publisher=Royal Geographical Society|location=London|year=1899|pages=660–661}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:Tanzania_Regions.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|204x204px|Mpaghara nke Tanzania]] Osimiri Ulanga bụ ókèala dị n'etiti Ulanga District na Kilombero District nke Morogoro Region na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Tanzania]]. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi n'ime ndagwurugwu Ulanga bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akọ ọka na osikapa iji gboo mkpa ezinụlọ ha, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-enwetakwa ihe ha ji ebi ndụ site n'ịkụ azụ.E nwekwara nnukwu ubi a kụrụ osisi teak n'ime ndagwurugwu Ulanga. N'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke distrikti ahụ, ubi okpete nke ụlọ ọrụ Illovo Sugar Company na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ akụkụ ala dị larịị nke mpaghara ahụ. == Anụ Ọhịa == Ndagwurugwu Ulanga nwere ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara dịka atụ, enyí, Enyí mmiri, [[Odúm|ọdụm]], na puku. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nnụnụ puku bi na Ndagwurugwu Ulanga. Ndagwurugwu ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke Agụ iyi Naịl n'Africa ma bụrụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka ụdị nnụnụ dị ka African openbill, white-headed lapwing, na African skimmer. Ndagwurugwu ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche a na-ahụ naanị n'ebe ahụ, dị ka Udzungwa red colobus monkey na ụdị nnụnụ atọ, Ulanga weaver na ụdị abụọ a na-akọwaghị nke cisticolas.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite journal|title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands|date=2002-06-19|url=http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf|accessdate=2010-05-15}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110622014353/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1TZ003ena.pdf "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Osimiri ahụ na-akwado ụdị azụ iri abụọ na atọ a na-ejide mgbe niile, gụnyere ụdị azụ atọ a na'ahụghị na Rufiji: ''Alestes stuhlmannii'' na ụdị abụọ nke ''Citharinus congicus''. Azụ sitere na usoro osimiri Rufiji na-akwaga n'elu mmiri gaa na Ulanga iji mụọ, na-abụkarị na mbido mmiri ozuzo na Nọvemba na ọrụ kachasị elu na-abịa na Disemba. == Edensibịa ọdịbendị == [[Faịlụ:KuhnertGalleryofTrees.jpg|thumb|The Gallery of Trees Ulanga River, ihe osise nke Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert (1898) ]] Ụgbọ mmiri a kpọrọ African Queen, nke nyere aha akwụkwọ akụkọ The African Queen (1935) nke C.S. Forester na ihe nkiri e mere dabere na ya n'afọ 1951, bụ obere ụgbọ mmiri ọkụkọ . O bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ nke Belgium nwere ya, a na-ejikwa ya eme njem n'akụkụ elu nke Osimiri Ulanga. Onye Germany na-ese ihe anụmanụ Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhnert gosipụtara osimiri ahụ na ihe osise ya nke 1898 The Gallery of Trees Ulanga River . == Hụkwa == * Àkwà Mmiri Kilombero == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] agmq5xtweaiymdd12x1mh1sc8mhid6c 0 77609 674611 2026-07-09T17:49:05Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360162834|Semliki River]]" 674611 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:River_semliki.png|thumb|Ihe a na-ahụ n'elu Osimiri Semliki]] '''Osimiri Semliki''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: Rivière Semliki) bụ nnukwu osimiri, 140 kilomita (87 mi) n'ogologo, na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) na [[Uganda]] na Central na East Africa. Ọ na-asọba n'ebe ugwu site na Lake Edward na Beni Territory, Nord-Kivu, DRC na-ezere Ugwu Rwenzori n'aka nri ya (East), na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert na Albertine Rift, Irumu Territory, Ituri Province, DRC-eleghara Ugwu Blue anya n'aka ekpe ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọnụ ya dị nso n'obodo Katolingo na mpaghara Kanara, mpaghara Ntoroko, [[Uganda]].<ref name="Google Maps">{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-0.140278,29.601111&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-0.140278,29.601111|year=2013|accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref> N'akụkụ ala ya, ọ na-agagharị nke ukwuu na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti DRC na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Ugandan nke Bundibugyo na Ntoroko, na nso Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki. [[Faịlụ:View_of_Semliki_River_in_DRC_from_Uganda_-_1_Feb_2020.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ Osimiri Semiliki na DRC]] Mmụba snow na-agbaze site na Rwenzoris, ịtabiga nri ókè, na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na mmiri ahụ emeela ka Osimiri na-agbada na mgbanwe ugboro ugboro n'ụzọ nke osimiri ahụ.N'ebe ụfọdụ, Uganda na-efunahụ ihe ruru mita 10 (33 nke ala kwa afọ n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na mbuze na silt sitere na Semliki na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ejupụta na njedebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.<ref name="GRID-Arendal">{{Cite book|title=Transboundary and Cross-Border Environmental Issues: Uganda|url=http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/uganda-atlas/UGatlas_scr_ch3.pdf|publisher=GRID-Arendal|pages=138&ndash;40|accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref> N'ebe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ DRC na-efunahụ ókèala ka osimiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbanwere ebe ókèala ahụ pụtara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/changing-river-course-alters-ugandadr-congo-border-1818532.html|title=Changing River Course Alters Uganda-DR Congo Border|date=11 November 2009|accessdate=11 November 2009|work=The Independent}}</ref> == Ụzọ == [[Faịlụ:River-semliki-uganda.jpg|thumb|Osimiri semliki - Ókèala [[Uganda]] na DRC- 140 kilomita (87 mi) n'ogologo, na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) na Uganda na Central na East Africa. Mmụba snow na-agbaze site na Rwenzoris, ịtabiga nri ókè, na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na mmiri ahụ emeela ka osimiri na-agbada na mgbanwe ugboro ugboro n'ụzọ nke osimiri ahụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Topography_of_river_semliki.png|thumb|Akụkụ nke mmiri Semliki nke na-egosi ebe nyocha ahụ na akụkụ nke Uganda-Congo (DRC) Boarder.]] Semliki na-amalite na nso Ishango (DRC) na njedebe ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward ma n'oge na-adịghị anya na-abanye Virunga National Park, nke ọ na-agafe n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ya dị n'elu. Okporo ụzọ A-109 dị n'etiti Mpondwe (Uganda) na Beni (DRC) dị n'[[wiktionary:right bank|aka nri]], mgbe ụfọdụ dị nso na mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya, ka osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ. Obere ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Beni, osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'okpuru ụzọ A-109 ma gaa n'ihu n'ebe ugwu. N'oge a, iyi ahụ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ugwu Baker (Kiyanja) na Rwenzori Mountains National Park na Uganda. Tupu ọ pụọ n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, osimiri ahụ gafere n'okpuru ụzọ ọzọ na-ejikọ ebe obibi DRC nke Oicha na ebe obibi ndị dị na Ndagwurugwu Semliki n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala DRC-Uganda na obodo Uganda nke Bundibugyo. N'okpuru okporo ụzọ, osimiri ahụ na-ahapụ Virunga Park ma na-aga n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Semuliki National Park (Uganda). N'ebe a, osimiri ahụ na-aghọ ókèala dị n'etiti DRC na Uganda, ọ na-anọgide na-abụ ókèala maka ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke osimiri ahụ. Ka osimiri ahụ na-ahapụ Semuliki Park, ọ na-eru nso Sempaya National Park na Toro Game Reserve, ha abụọ dị na Uganda. N'elu njedebe ikpeazụ ya, osimiri ahụ na-asọ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala mba ụwa wee banye na njedebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Albert na ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Bunia (DRC). == Ndị mmadụ == Agbụrụ abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ógbè ahụ bụ ndị Amba (Baamba ma ọ bụ Bwamba) na ndị Bakonjo (Konjo).Ndị bi na ndagwurugwu Semliki gụnyere ndị Batuku, bụ ndị na-azụ ehi, ebe ìgwè ehi ha na-ata ahịhịa n'ala ịta ahịhịa ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri.Obere ìgwè ndị Batwa , bụ ndị omenala ha bụ ịchụ nta na ịnakọta mkpụrụ osisi na ihe ndị ọzọ n'ime ọhịa, bikwa n'ime ndagwurugwu ahụ.<ref name="Chege">{{Cite web|author=Chege|first=Florence|title=Kibale and Semuliki Conservation and Development Project|year=2002|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/kscdp_final.pdf|pages=21&ndash;22|accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref> <ref name="GRID-Arendal">{{Cite book|title=Transboundary and Cross-Border Environmental Issues: Uganda|url=http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/uganda-atlas/UGatlas_scr_ch3.pdf|publisher=GRID-Arendal|pages=138&ndash;40|accessdate=17 January 2013}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203943/http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/uganda-atlas/UGatlas_scr_ch3.pdf ''Transboundary and Cross-Border Environmental Issues: Uganda''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref><ref name="WWF">{{Cite web|title=Semuliki River Catchment and Water Resources Management|url=http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/kenya/solutions/index.cfm?uProjectID=9F0822|publisher=WWF|accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref> == Flora na Fauna == N'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Semliki, ọhịa ya yiri nke dị n'osimiri Congo. Osisi Cynometra alexandri, nke bụ ụdị osisi na-ekpo ọkụ nke ebe okpomọkụ, bụ nke kachasị baa ụba n'ime ọhịa ahụ, ma e jikọtara ya na ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ na ahịhịa ndị na-etolite n'ala mmiri. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'oké ọhịa a na-eme ka 1,500 milimita (59 in) Ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 400, gụnyere ọhịa ala, Sassi's olive greenbul, na ụdị itoolu nke hornbill na-agakarị n'ogige ahụ, dị ka ihe karịrị ụdị urukurubụba 490.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Species Records and Additions &#124; Semuliki National Park &#124; semulikibutterflies|url=https://www.semulikibutterflies.com/species-records-additions|accessdate=2023-01-17|archivedate=2023-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117163740/https://www.semulikibutterflies.com/species-records-additions}}</ref> N'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ogige ahụ bụ enyí, [[Ágụ|agụ owuru]], nwamba ọla edo nke Afrịka, atụ, Enyí mmiri, duikers, na pygmy-tailed flying squirrels. N'okporo ụzọ ya, Semliki na-ada ihe dị ka 300 m (1,000 site na usoro rapids, nke a na-ekewapụ ụdị azụ Lake Edward, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-adịghị ebe ọzọ, site na ndị a hụrụ n'osimiri na Lake Albert (na [[Nile|Naịl]]). <ref name="Dumont2009">{{Cite book|author=Dumont, H.J.|year=2009|chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources|pages=1–21|editor=H.J. Dumont|title=The Nile|series=Monographiae Biologicae|publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V|isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} 2s8l9h3soj5qf9cz5sh0styhh0wvg8q 674612 674611 2026-07-09T17:50:17Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 674612 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:River_semliki.png|thumb|Ihe a na-ahụ n'elu Osimiri Semliki]] '''Osimiri Semliki''' ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: Rivière Semliki) bụ nnukwu osimiri, 140 kilomita (87 mi) n'ogologo, na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) na [[Uganda]] na Central na East Africa. Ọ na-asọba n'ebe ugwu site na Lake Edward na Beni Territory, Nord-Kivu, DRC na-ezere Ugwu Rwenzori n'aka nri ya (East), na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert na Albertine Rift, Irumu Territory, Ituri Province, DRC-eleghara Ugwu Blue anya n'aka ekpe ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọnụ ya dị nso n'obodo Katolingo na mpaghara Kanara, mpaghara Ntoroko, [[Uganda]].<ref name="Google Maps">{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-0.140278,29.601111&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=-0.140278,29.601111|year=2013|accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref> N'akụkụ ala ya, ọ na-agagharị nke ukwuu na-eme ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti DRC na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Ugandan nke Bundibugyo na Ntoroko, na nso Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki. [[Faịlụ:View_of_Semliki_River_in_DRC_from_Uganda_-_1_Feb_2020.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ Osimiri Semiliki na DRC]] Mmụba snow na-agbaze site na Rwenzoris, ịtabiga nri ókè, na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na mmiri ahụ emeela ka Osimiri na-agbada na mgbanwe ugboro ugboro n'ụzọ nke osimiri ahụ.N'ebe ụfọdụ, Uganda na-efunahụ ihe ruru mita 10 (33 nke ala kwa afọ n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na mbuze na silt sitere na Semliki na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ejupụta na njedebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Albert.<ref name="GRID-Arendal" /> N'ebe ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ DRC na-efunahụ ókèala ka osimiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbanwere ebe ókèala ahụ pụtara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/changing-river-course-alters-ugandadr-congo-border-1818532.html|title=Changing River Course Alters Uganda-DR Congo Border|date=11 November 2009|accessdate=11 November 2009|work=The Independent}}</ref> == Ụzọ == [[Faịlụ:River-semliki-uganda.jpg|thumb|Osimiri semliki - Ókèala [[Uganda]] na DRC- 140 kilomita (87 mi) n'ogologo, na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) na Uganda na Central na East Africa. Mmụba snow na-agbaze site na Rwenzoris, ịtabiga nri ókè, na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na mmiri ahụ emeela ka osimiri na-agbada na mgbanwe ugboro ugboro n'ụzọ nke osimiri ahụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Topography_of_river_semliki.png|thumb|Akụkụ nke mmiri Semliki nke na-egosi ebe nyocha ahụ na akụkụ nke Uganda-Congo (DRC) Boarder.]] Semliki na-amalite na nso Ishango (DRC) na njedebe ugwu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward ma n'oge na-adịghị anya na-abanye Virunga National Park, nke ọ na-agafe n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ya dị n'elu. Okporo ụzọ A-109 dị n'etiti Mpondwe (Uganda) na Beni (DRC) dị n'[[wiktionary:right bank|aka nri]], mgbe ụfọdụ dị nso na mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya, ka osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ. Obere ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Beni, osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'okpuru ụzọ A-109 ma gaa n'ihu n'ebe ugwu. N'oge a, iyi ahụ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ugwu Baker (Kiyanja) na Rwenzori Mountains National Park na Uganda. Tupu ọ pụọ n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, osimiri ahụ gafere n'okpuru ụzọ ọzọ na-ejikọ ebe obibi DRC nke Oicha na ebe obibi ndị dị na Ndagwurugwu Semliki n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala DRC-Uganda na obodo Uganda nke Bundibugyo. N'okpuru okporo ụzọ, osimiri ahụ na-ahapụ Virunga Park ma na-aga n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Semuliki National Park (Uganda). N'ebe a, osimiri ahụ na-aghọ ókèala dị n'etiti DRC na Uganda, ọ na-anọgide na-abụ ókèala maka ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke osimiri ahụ. Ka osimiri ahụ na-ahapụ Semuliki Park, ọ na-eru nso Sempaya National Park na Toro Game Reserve, ha abụọ dị na Uganda. N'elu njedebe ikpeazụ ya, osimiri ahụ na-asọ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ókèala mba ụwa wee banye na njedebe ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Albert na ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Bunia (DRC). == Ndị mmadụ == Agbụrụ abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ógbè ahụ bụ ndị Amba (Baamba ma ọ bụ Bwamba) na ndị Bakonjo (Konjo).Ndị bi na ndagwurugwu Semliki gụnyere ndị Batuku, bụ ndị na-azụ ehi, ebe ìgwè ehi ha na-ata ahịhịa n'ala ịta ahịhịa ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri.Obere ìgwè ndị Batwa , bụ ndị omenala ha bụ ịchụ nta na ịnakọta mkpụrụ osisi na ihe ndị ọzọ n'ime ọhịa, bikwa n'ime ndagwurugwu ahụ.<ref name="Chege">{{Cite web|author=Chege|first=Florence|title=Kibale and Semuliki Conservation and Development Project|year=2002|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/kscdp_final.pdf|pages=21&ndash;22|accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref> <ref name="GRID-Arendal">{{Cite book|title=Transboundary and Cross-Border Environmental Issues: Uganda|url=http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/uganda-atlas/UGatlas_scr_ch3.pdf|publisher=GRID-Arendal|pages=138&ndash;40|accessdate=17 January 2013}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203943/http://www.grida.no/_res/site/file/publications/uganda-atlas/UGatlas_scr_ch3.pdf ''Transboundary and Cross-Border Environmental Issues: Uganda''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref><ref name="WWF">{{Cite web|title=Semuliki River Catchment and Water Resources Management|url=http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/kenya/solutions/index.cfm?uProjectID=9F0822|publisher=WWF|accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref> == Flora na Fauna == N'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Semliki, ọhịa ya yiri nke dị n'osimiri Congo. Osisi Cynometra alexandri, nke bụ ụdị osisi na-ekpo ọkụ nke ebe okpomọkụ, bụ nke kachasị baa ụba n'ime ọhịa ahụ, ma e jikọtara ya na ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ na ahịhịa ndị na-etolite n'ala mmiri. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'oké ọhịa a na-eme ka 1,500 milimita (59 in) Ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 400, gụnyere ọhịa ala, Sassi's olive greenbul, na ụdị itoolu nke hornbill na-agakarị n'ogige ahụ, dị ka ihe karịrị ụdị urukurubụba 490.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Species Records and Additions &#124; Semuliki National Park &#124; semulikibutterflies|url=https://www.semulikibutterflies.com/species-records-additions|accessdate=2023-01-17|archivedate=2023-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117163740/https://www.semulikibutterflies.com/species-records-additions}}</ref> N'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ogige ahụ bụ enyí, [[Ágụ|agụ owuru]], nwamba ọla edo nke Afrịka, atụ, Enyí mmiri, duikers, na pygmy-tailed flying squirrels. N'okporo ụzọ ya, Semliki na-ada ihe dị ka 300 m (1,000 site na usoro rapids, nke a na-ekewapụ ụdị azụ Lake Edward, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-adịghị ebe ọzọ, site na ndị a hụrụ n'osimiri na Lake Albert (na [[Nile|Naịl]]). <ref name="Dumont2009">{{Cite book|author=Dumont, H.J.|year=2009|chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources|pages=1–21|editor=H.J. Dumont|title=The Nile|series=Monographiae Biologicae|publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V|isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} egco0jkjlpn8j9z31okwl6tavdcydfo 0 77610 674625 2026-07-09T18:00:47Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360259191|Rutshuru River]]" 674625 wikitext text/x-wiki   Osimiri Rutshuru (French: Rivière Rutshuru) bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ọ na-asọpụta mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mutanda, nke dị n'ugwu mgbada nke Ugwu Virunga na Uganda, ma na-aga n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Ọdọ Rutanzige (nke a na-akpọbu Ọdọ Edward). Maka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụzọ ọ na-agafe, osimiri a na-asọ n'ime Mpaghara Rutshuru, nke dị na ógbè North Kivu. == Ụzọ == A na-ewere Rutshuru dị ka isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl. Ọdọ Mmiri Bunyonyi, nke nwere ịdị elu nke mita 1,962 (6,437 , na-enweta mmiri site na Osimiri Kabirita sitere na [[Rwanda]] na ọtụtụ ndị si n'ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu, nke na-arịgo ruo mita 2,200 ruo 2,478 (7,218 ruo 8,130 ft) . Ọdọ Mmiri Bunyoni na-abanye n'ime Mmiri Ruhuhuma na njedebe ya n'ebe ugwu. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala mmiri a na-abanye n'elu Osimiri Ishasha, ebe akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na-abanye na Ọdọ Mmiri Mutanda na elu nke mita 1,800 (5,900 ft) Ọdọ Mmiri Mutanda si n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ya gafee Osimiri Kako na Tshengere Swamp banye na Rutshuru. N'oge gara aga, ihe a maara taa dịka Ọdọ Kivu bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara mmiri na-asọba n'Osimiri Rutshuru. Mgbawa ugwu mgbawa ndị mere na njedebe nke oge Pliocene mere ka e guzobe Ugwu Virunga, nke mechiri akụkụ a nke usoro mmiri na-asọba.N'ihi nke a, mmiri malitere ịrị elu n'ime mpaghara ahụ wee mepụta Ọdọ Kivu. N'ikpeazụ, mmiri ahụ gbawara ụzọ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ ahụ ma malite ịsọba banye n'Ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika. N'ebe dị ala, osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'etiti mpaghara Virunga National Park. Osimiri Rutshuru, Rwindi na Ishasha na-emepụta marshland na ala ahịhịa n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Rutanzige. Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ìgwè enyí mmiri.Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, e nwere ihe dị ka enyí mmiri 115 kwa kilomita nke savannah na ahịhịa steppe n'akụkụ Osimiri Rutshuru. E nweela mkparịta ụka gbasara iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri n'ofe osimiri ahụ, nke ga-enwe nnukwu mmetụta na ala mmiri na-adị n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'okpuru ebe mmiri na-asọ. == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Bunyonyi * Ọdọ Mmiri Edward * [[Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == *   32ji5uiv3ethl13ye9trsb6fqh8yd8y 674937 674625 2026-07-10T08:50:36Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Osimiri Rutshuru (French: Rivière Rutshuru) bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ọ na-asọpụta mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mutanda, nke dị n'ugwu mgbada nke Ugwu Virunga na Uganda, ma na-aga n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Ọdọ Rutanzige (nke a na-akpọbu Ọdọ Edward). Maka ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụzọ ọ na-agafe, osimiri a na-asọ n'ime Mpaghara Rutshuru, nke dị na ógbè North Kivu. == Ụzọ == A na-ewere Rutshuru dị ka isi iyi kachasị elu nke Naịl. Ọdọ Mmiri Bunyonyi, nke nwere ịdị elu nke mita 1,962 (6,437 , na-enweta mmiri site na Osimiri Kabirita sitere na [[Rwanda]] na ọtụtụ ndị si n'ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu, nke na-arịgo ruo mita 2,200 ruo 2,478 (7,218 ruo 8,130 ft) . Ọdọ Mmiri Bunyoni na-abanye n'ime Mmiri Ruhuhuma na njedebe ya n'ebe ugwu. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala mmiri a na-abanye n'elu Osimiri Ishasha, ebe akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na-abanye na Ọdọ Mmiri Mutanda na elu nke mita 1,800 (5,900 ft) Ọdọ Mmiri Mutanda si n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ya gafee Osimiri Kako na Tshengere Swamp banye na Rutshuru. N'oge gara aga, ihe a maara taa dịka Ọdọ Kivu bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara mmiri na-asọba n'Osimiri Rutshuru. Mgbawa ugwu mgbawa ndị mere na njedebe nke oge Pliocene mere ka e guzobe Ugwu Virunga, nke mechiri akụkụ a nke usoro mmiri na-asọba.N'ihi nke a, mmiri malitere ịrị elu n'ime mpaghara ahụ wee mepụta Ọdọ Kivu. N'ikpeazụ, mmiri ahụ gbawara ụzọ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ ahụ ma malite ịsọba banye n'Ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika. N'ebe dị ala, osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'etiti mpaghara Virunga National Park. Osimiri Rutshuru, Rwindi na Ishasha na-emepụta marshland na ala ahịhịa n'ebe ndịda Ọdọ Mmiri Rutanzige. Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ìgwè enyí mmiri.Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, e nwere ihe dị ka enyí mmiri 115 kwa kilomita nke savannah na ahịhịa steppe n'akụkụ Osimiri Rutshuru. E nweela mkparịta ụka gbasara iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri n'ofe osimiri ahụ, nke ga-enwe nnukwu mmetụta na ala mmiri na-adị n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'okpuru ebe mmiri na-asọ. == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Bunyonyi * Ọdọ Mmiri Edward * [[Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Njikọ mpụga == *   09goc12osaj5tfrmt56hv4vt6l6eu33 0 77611 674634 2026-07-09T18:07:01Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252982994|River Ayago]]" 674634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osimiri Ayago''' bụ otu n'ime osimiri ndị na-asọba n'Osimiri Victoria Nile. Ọ dị na mpaghara nta Acholi, n'ime Distrikti Nwoya dị n'ebe ugwu Uganda.E nwere dam na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik n'osimiri a. Ọzọkwa, osimiri ahụ na-enye ndị obodo ndị dị ya nso ohere ịkụ azụ, nke bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ha si enweta ihe ha ji ebi ndụ . <ref>{{Cite web|author=TEAM|first=CCE NEWS|date=2020-07-15|title=7 largest hydropower stations in Uganda|url=https://cceonlinenews.com/2020/07/15/7-largest-hydropower-stations-in-uganda/|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=CCE l ONLINE NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tracks4Africa|url=https://tracks4africa.co.za/listings/item/w215113/ayago-river/|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=Tracks4Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=kgi-admin|date=2021-11-24|title=Power plant profile: Ayago, Uganda|url=https://www.power-technology.com/marketdata/power-plant-profile-ayago-uganda/|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=Power Technology|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Independent|date=2020-01-31|title=Chinese firm applies for construction of 840MW Ayago dam|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/chinese-firm-applies-for-construction-of-840mw-ayago-dam/|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda: Chinese firm wants to build dam on Nile River|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/2/12/uganda-chinese-firm-wants-to-build-dam-on-nile-river|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayago Hydro-Electric Power Plant in Murchison Falls National Park {{!}} Conservation Strategy Fund|url=https://conservation-strategy.org/infrastructure-project/ayago-hydro-electric-power-plant-murchison-falls-national-park|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=conservation-strategy.org}}</ref>. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fish species occurrences mobilized from various Environmental Impact Assessments|url=https://ipt-uganda.gbif.fr/resource?r=fish_consultant_data|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=ipt-uganda.gbif.fr|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda freshwater biodiversity portal.|url=https://freshwaterbiodiversity.go.ug/dataset/?code=YtzquuFA91r4cOdxWuWmLrHEL2SaurHE&version=11|accessdate=2024-06-10|work=freshwaterbiodiversity.go.ug}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|2.3683|31.9163|type:river_region:UG}} s6blv3htzzbworce9syu0cesx1bybf3 0 77612 674643 2026-07-09T18:14:37Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1230594171|River Bujuku]]" 674643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:River_Bujuku_in_lower_bigo.jpg|alt=A small stream flowing through marshy land|thumb|Osimiri Bujuku na Lower Bigo Bog]] '''Osimiri Bujuku''' bụ osimiri dị na Uganda nke si n'Ọdọ Bujuku, bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime olulu ugwu mgbawa n'Ugwu Rwenzori, malite.Osimiri ahụ na-amalite n'ebe dị mita 3,962 (ụkwụ 12,999) n'elu oke osimiri, ma na-asọdata n'akụkụ ugwu ruo mgbe ọ sonyere Osimiri Mubuku.. <ref>{{Cite web|title=River Bujuku|url=https://graciaphotography.com/rwenzori-mountains-mystical-challenge/img_1315/|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Gracia Photography|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Bujuku, Bujuku Lake on Mountain Rwenzori National Park|url=https://www.insiderwenzorimountainsnationalpark.com/lake-bujuku.html|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Inside Rwenzori Mountains National Park|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Days Rwenzori Mountain Hiking|url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/10-days-rwenzori-mountain-hiking/|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Gorilla Trekking Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RWENZORI CIRCUIT|url=https://bensonmusabe.wixsite.com/mufco-uganda/rwenzori-circuit|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Musabe_Tours|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2015-10-20|title=Climb Mountain Rwenzori Uganda|url=https://www.queenelizabethnationalpark.com/rwenzori-mountains-climbing.html|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Queen Eliz|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|0.3582|29.9716|type:river_region:UG}} 3k9xas9el7foqyjckw855n71ag9hynq 0 77613 674661 2026-07-09T18:49:38Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 64130 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303678714|Old Collin County Courthouse]]" 674661 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''<u>Old Collin County Courthouse</u>''' '''Ụlọikpe Old Collin County''' bụ ụlọ ikpe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dị na etiti akụkọ ihe mere mere eme [[McKinney, Texas]]. E wuru ya na 1876 n'Ụdị Alaeze Ukwu nke Abụọ tupu e mezigharịa ya na 1927 n'ụdị Neoclassical. A nọgidere na-eji ụlọ ikpe ahụ eme ihe ruo 1979 mgbe emechiri ya n'ihi mmezu nke ụlọ ikpe ọhụrụ dị okpukpu isii.<ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html|title=Collin County Courthouse History|publisher=Collin County History|accessdate=March 2, 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 1982, a họpụtara ụlọ ikpe ahụ dị ka ihe ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Texas <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|accessdate=2025-03-04|work=atlas.thc.texas.gov}}</ref> na 2006, a rụgharịrị ya ma meghee ya ọzọ dị ka <u>'''McKinney Performing Arts Center'''</u>. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Allen|first=Abigail|date=2015-09-30|title=Historic Collin County Courthouse|url=https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/|accessdate=2025-03-04|work=Community Impact|language=English}}</ref>[a] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025, ụlọ ikpe Old Collin County nwere atụmatụ ukwu a kwadoro maka mweghachi zuru oke site na Texas Historic Courthouse Preservation Program dị ka akụkụ nke Texas Historical Commission <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025|title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE|url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf|accessdate=March 17, 2025|work=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Postcard nke Old Collin County Courthouse ]] [[Faịlụ:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|320x320px|Ihe ịrịba ama Ụlọikpe Ochie nke Collin County]] N'afọ 1979, e mechiri ụlọ ikpe ahụ mgbe e wuchara ụlọ ikpe ọhụrụ na McDonald Street na McKinney. Ikpe ikpe ikpeazụ emere na Old Collin Courthouse bụ na 1980. Na 1982, e mere ka ụlọ ikpe ahụ mara dị ka ebe a na-edebe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Texas, na 1983, ụlọ ikpe ahụ tinyere akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke etiti obodo Collin County, ghọrọ akụkụ nke Mpaghara Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke McKinney Commercial, nke edepụtara na Ndekọ Mba nke Ebe Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme. Mgbe e mesịrị na 1998, ụlọ ikpe ahụ ga-enweta aha ọzọ nke ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Texas dị ka Ụlọikpe Collin County nke 1927.[5] Ụlọ ikpe ahụ nọgidere na-emechi ruo afọ 27 ruo 2006 mgbe e weghachiri ya ma megharịa ya dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Nka McKinney <u>'''McKinney Performing Arts Center'''</u>. Kemgbe opekata mpe 2003, Collin County abụrụla onye na-etinye akwụkwọ maka Mmemme Nchekwa Ụlọikpe Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Texas, kemgbe 2004, o nwere atụmatụ ukwu akwadoro maka mweghachi zuru oke.<ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html|title=Collin County Courthouse History|publisher=Collin County History|accessdate=March 2, 2025}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html "Collin County Courthouse History"]. Collin County History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Allen|first=Abigail|date=2015-09-30|title=Historic Collin County Courthouse|url=https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/|accessdate=2025-03-04|work=Community Impact|language=English}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAllen2015">Allen, Abigail (2015-09-30). [https://communityimpact.com/austin/news/2015/09/30/historic-collin-county-courthouse/ "Historic Collin County Courthouse"]. ''Community Impact''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Our History {{!}} McKinney, TX - Official Website|url=https://www.mckinneytexas.org/631/Our-History|accessdate=2025-03-08|work=www.mckinneytexas.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NPGallery Digital Asset Management System|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/83003132|accessdate=March 15, 2025|work=National Park Service}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Details - 1927 Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085011816 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085011816|accessdate=2025-03-16|work=atlas.thc.texas.gov}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|accessdate=2025-03-04|work=atlas.thc.texas.gov}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948 "Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission"]. ''atlas.thc.texas.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2003|title=Courthouse Cornerstone 2003 Winter|url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/public/upload/publications/Cornerstone%20Winter%202003.pdf|accessdate=March 17, 2025|work=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2004|title=Courthouse Cornerstone Fall 2004|url=https://www.thc.texas.gov/public/upload/publications/Cornerstone%20Fall%202004.pdf|accessdate=March 17, 2025|work=[[Texas Historical Commission]]}}</ref> hhwb8j0cmi9r3151htg3pkxc6d94lfo 0 77614 674683 2026-07-09T20:27:20Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Katanga Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo }} {{Infobox river | name = Luvua River | image = River crossing, Pweto, Katanga.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Car being ferried across the Luvua River near [[Pweto]], [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], DRC | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Lake Mweru]] ([[Pweto]]) | mouth_location = [[Lualaba River]] ([[Ankoro]]) | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | location = | length_km = 350 | source1_elevation = {{convert|931|m|ft}} | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|600|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size_km2 = 265300 | river_system = [[Congo Basin|Congo]] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Osimiri Luvua''' (ma ọ bụ ''Osimiri Lowa'') ({{langx|sw|Mto Luvua}}) bụ [[osimiri]] dị na [[Katanga Province]] nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Ọ na-asọ site na nsọtụ ugwu nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]] na ókèala [[Zambia]]-Congo n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ maka {{convert|350|km|mi}} ruo na njikọ ya na [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị n'akụkụ obodo [[Ankoro]]. Lualaba ghọrọ [[Osimiri Congo]] n'okpuru [[Boyoma Falls]]. ==Usoro ụzọ== Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru, nke dị n'elu ihe dị ka {{convert|1000|m|ft}}, bụ [[ọdọ mmiri dị larịị]] nke e ji usoro mbuze mee ebe ifufe bufere alluvium.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=185}} Osimiri Luvua na-apụ na nsọtụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na [[Pweto]] na DRC.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=771}} Osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe dị ka {{convert|350|km|mi}} n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Ankoro, ebe ọ zutere Lualaba.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo, iyi na cataracts na-egbochi ụzọ etiti nke osimiri ahụ ka ọ na-agbada site na ala dị larịị gaa na Congo Basin.{{sfn|Daniel|2011}} Na [[Piana Mwanga]], a na-eji mmiri ozuzo emepụta ọkụ eletrik maka ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Manono na Kitotolo. A pụrụ iji ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-adịghị omimi na-agagharị n'osimiri ahụ maka {{convert|160|km|mi}} nke ala ya dị n'okpuru [[Kiambi]].{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=326}} Mmiri Luvua na-agbapụta n'etiti ọnwa Maachị na Mee, ebe mmiri na-agbapụta n'etiti ọnwa Septemba na Nọvemba na-ebelata nke ukwuu.{{sfn|Gupta|2008|p=303}} ==Ebe Mmiri== [[File:Luvua - Luapula - Chambeshi River DRC.svg|thumb|300px|Osimiri Luvua bụ iyi kachasị n'ebe ugwu nke nwere agba uhie.]] Osimiri Congo nwere ọdịdị nke nnukwu ite mmiri dị omimi. Luvua na-agafe n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ite mmiri a, na-eweta mmiri site na mmiri Mweru-Bangweulu.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=201}} Mmiri Luvua na-asọpụta ihe karịrị {{convert|218000|km2|sqmi}}, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ akụkụ nke mmiri Zambezi n'oge gara aga.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=206}} E nwere ihe akaebe siri ike nke na-egosi na mmiri Luvua bụ akụkụ nke usoro Zambezi, ebe a na-ahụkwa ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị a na-ahụkarị na usoro Zambezi na Luvua.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=221}} Anụmanụ Congo abanyela n'ime ọdọ mmiri Mweru, mana [[Mambatuta Falls]] egbochila ha ịbanye n'ime ọdọ mmiri Bangweulu. Mgbanwe ahụ mere na mmalite [[oge afọ atọ|oge afọ atọ]].{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=186}} ==Echiche mmiri isi Congo== Ụfọdụ ndị na-amụ banyere ala na-eche na Luvua bụ akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Congo]]. Ha na-etinye ebe Congo si malite n'ugwu dị n'etiti Tanzania na Zambia, ebe [[Osimiri Chambeshi]] si malite, na-asọga na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ruo [[Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu]]. Site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ [[Osimiri Luapula]] na-apụta ma na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na {{convert|500|km|mi}} ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru. Osimiri Luvua na-esi n'ọdọ mmiri Mweru pụọ wee na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ iji sonye na [[Osimiri Lualaba]], nke ghọrọ Osimiri Congo n'akụkụ ala.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na Congo na-amalite ebe Lualaba na Luvua zutere.{{sfn|Day|Garratt|2006|p=61}} Arụmụka maka iwere Lualaba dị ka isi mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa, bụ na o nwere okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri n'ebe ọ zutere Luvua.{{sfn|Wohl|2010|pp=248-250}} ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== Ndagwurugwu Luvua dị n'elu bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Bwile]]. Mgbe afọ 1810 gachara, Kumwimbe Ngombe, onye na-achị [[Alaeze Luba]], meriri mpaghara ahụ.{{sfn|Macola|2002|p=108}} Onye ozi ala ọzọ na onye nchọpụta Yuropu [[David Livingstone]] "chọpụtara" Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru na 1867, wee guzobe echiche na Luvua na-asọba na Oke Osimiri Nile. Ọ bụ naanị mgbe Livingstone nwụsịrị ka [[Henry Morton Stanley]] n'ime [[Henry Morton Stanley nchọpụta mbụ ya nke trans-Africa | njem nke 1874-1877]] gosiri na osimiri ahụ bụ n'ezie otu akụkụ nke Congo.{{sfn|Fitzgerald|1948|p=92}} Malite na 1891, otu [[ndị Swahili|Swahili]] aha ya bụ Shimba malitere usoro njem ndị ohu nke mere ka ọtụtụ mmadụ ghara inwe ike ịbanye n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru. Shimba sonyeere otu onye Swahili ọzọ aha ya bụ Kafindo, onye bi na Luvua dị elu ma wakpo onye ọchịchị Yeke dị n'ógbè ahụ. Mwakpo ndị a gara n'ihu ruo mgbe ndị agha Belgium Braseur bịarutere wee malite "ime ka mpaghara ahụ dị jụụ", nke ndị ike Europe kwenyere na ọ bụ nke Belgium.{{sfn|Macola|2002|pp=169ff}} N'afọ 2000, n'oge Agha Kongo nke Abụọ, ndị agha [[Rwanda]] meriri ndị agha gọọmentị nke ukwuu na Pweto, n'ebe mmiri ahụ si malite. Ndị agha DRC ebubatala ọtụtụ n'ime ụgbọala agha ha gafere osimiri ahụ. E nwere otu ụgbọ mmiri, ha enweghịkwa oge zuru oke iji wepụ ụgbọala ndị ahụ tupu ndị Rwanda abịa. Ndị agha bufere tankị T-62 n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wee daa ma mikpuo. Ndị Rwanda chọtara tankị iri atọ na atọ, tinyere ụgbọala ndị ọzọ, nke ndị DRC gbalịrị ịgba ọkụ.{{sfn|Stearns|2011|pp=250-251}} ==Edensibia== {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |title=Crossing Africa by Motorboat |first=Roger |last=Daniel |year=2011 |access-date=2011-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009081615/http://www.greatnorthroad.org/boma/Crossing_Africa_by_Motorboat |archive-date=2008-10-09 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA201 |title=The Ecology of river systems |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwrHulGQmYC&pg=PA61 |chapter=Congo (Zaire) River |title=Lakes and rivers |first1=Trevor |last1=Day |first2=Richard |last2=Garratt |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-8160-5328-6}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hx8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA92 |title=Africa: a social, economic and political geography of its major regions |first=Walter |last=Fitzgerald |publisher=Methuen |year=1948}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx7uuYmAkaMC&pg=PA303 |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |first=Avijit |last=Gupta |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA771 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA326 |chapter=Luvua River |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |first1=Emizet F. |last1=Kisangani |first2=F. Scott |last2=Bobb |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta65FvaCA9kC&pg=PA108 |title=The kingdom of Kazembe: history and politics in North-Eastern Zambia and Katanga to 1950 |first=Giacomo |last=Macola |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2002 |isbn=3-8258-5997-5}} *{{cite book |title=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |title-link=Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa |first=Jason |last=Stearns |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58648-929-8}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA185 |title=Freshwater ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a conservation assessment |first=Michele L. |last=Thieme |publisher=Island Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-55963-365-4}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji1cApN3NogC&pg=PA248 |title=A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers |first=Ellen |last=Wohl |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-226-90478-8}} {{refend}} == Njikọ mpụga== * [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?] * [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment] {{coord|6|45|41|S|26|57|26|E|region:CD_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} [[Category:Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] qponud30jsbhrqpdsmf6grxm6bg0skg 0 77615 674687 2026-07-09T20:37:01Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ebe echekwara na Tanzania}} '''Ugalla River National Park''' (''Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mto Ugalla'', [[Asụsụ Swahili|Swahili]]) bụ otu ebe a na-akpọ Tanzania [[ogige mba]] na [[Tabora Region]], nke ọdịda anyanwụ-etiti [[Tanzania]].<ref name="WDPA-Ugalla">{{cite web|title=Ugalla North Forest Reserve|publisher=World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)|url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/301499|access-date=2012-09-10|archive-date=2012-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731051459/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/301499|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ kpuchiri {{Convert|3,865|sqkm|sqmi|2}}.<ref name=TZParks>{{cite web|url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.go.tz/uploads/publications/en-1581671752-TANAPA%20GENERAL%20BROCHURES%202020-WEBSITE%20(1).pdf|title=Tanzania National parks Brochure 2020|website=Tanzania National Parks}}</ref> Ókèala ya dị n'ebe ndịda site na [[Osimiri Ugalla]]. == Etymology nke aha ya == Osimiri Ugalla, nke bụ naanị ebe a na-enweta mmiri na-adịgide adịgide maka anụmanụ, kpaliri aha ogige ahụ. Osimiri ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agafe n'ọdịda anyanwụ n'èzí ókèala ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ gaa n'ime njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya nke apịtị na osimiri ndị a maara dị ka apịtị Moyowosi, nke mechara gbapụ n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]].<ref name=TZParks /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebe ndị na-adọrọ mmasị == E hiwere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba ahụ n'afọ 2019 mgbe ndị omeiwu Tanzania kewapụrụ akụkụ nke ebe nchekwa Egwuregwu Osimiri Ugalla iji mepụta ogige mba.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Masare |first1=Alawi |title=Tanzania clinches 'top position' as more parks are approved |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Tanzania-clinches--top-position--as-more-parks-are-approved/1840386-5268168-8atq3q/index.html |access-date=12 April 2020 |agency=The Citizen |ref=citM}}</ref> Ọ dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ etiti Tanzania, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ugalla River Game Reserve|url=http://tanzaniazalendo.org/the-magnificent-tanzania/parks-and-reserves/game-reserves/ugalla-river-game-reserve/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517103044/http://tanzaniazalendo.org/the-magnificent-tanzania/parks-and-reserves/game-reserves/ugalla-river-game-reserve/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 17, 2018|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Tanzania Zalendo|language=en-US}}</ref> Ókèala ahụ dum bụ ebe sara mbara nke [[Oke Miombo|Oke Miombo]] na savanna ahịhịa dị elu nke [[Buffalo Africa|Buffaloes]], [[Elephant|Enyi]], [[Agụ|agụ]], [[Giraffe|giraffe]], [[Zebra|zebra]], wdg bi na ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ugalla River National Park|url=https://www.rateladventures.com/ugalla-river-national-park/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Ratel Adventures|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610140837/https://www.rateladventures.com/ugalla-river-national-park/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo nkezi bụ 600–750mm kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BirdLife Data Zone|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ugalla-river-game-reserve-iba-tanzania|access-date=2021-02-22|website=datazone.birdlife.org}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} hdckcy6j1sip5m5icd2hfcdrbj1so18 0 77616 674709 2026-07-09T21:19:14Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Burundi}} '''Osimiri Malagarasi''' bụ osimiri dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ [[Tanzania]], na-asọfe na [[Mpaghara Kigoma]], ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime mmiri ya si na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Burundi]]. Osimiri ahụ mekwara ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Mpaghara Tabora]], ókèala ndịda nke [[Mpaghara Kagera]] na ókèala ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Mpaghara Geita]]. Ọ bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na Tanzania n'azụ [[Osimiri Rufiji|Rufiji]]—[[Osimiri Ruaha Ukwu|Ruaha Ukwu]], ma nwee ebe mmiri kachasị ukwuu karịa osimiri ọ bụla na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> '''Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi''' bụ ebe a kpọrọ [[Mgbakọ Ramsar |Ebe Ramsar]]. Ndị obodo akpọọla Malagarasi aha dị ka "osimiri nke mmụọ ọjọọ". ==Ọdịdị ala== Osimiri Malagarasi bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na Tanzania, na {{convert|475|km}}.<ref name="KisanganiBobb2010">{{cite book|last1=Kisangani|first1=Emizet F.|last2=Bobb|first2=F. Scott|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA299|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2|page=299}}</ref><ref name="(Company)1992">{{cite book|author=Elf-Aquitaine (Company)|title=Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3QcAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=Société nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Production)}}</ref> Isi iyi osimiri ahụ dị nso n'ókè Tanzania na Burundi.<ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf|title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika|author1=Shick, Kate |author2=Flaccus, Kathy |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> Mmalite {{convert|80|km}} nke osimiri ahụ bụ ókèala mba ụwa dị n'etiti Tanzania na [[Burundi]]. Ọtụtụ mmiri si n'ugwu Burundi na-abanye n'akụkụ aka nri ya. Mgbe ha na Osimiri Lumpungu jikọtara ọnụ, Malagarasi banyere Tanzania, gbaa gburugburu ma wụsa mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika ihe dị ka {{convert|25|mile}} n'ebe ndịda [[Kigoma]], dị nso [[Ilagala]].<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title= Maps|publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmiri ndị kacha abata n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. [[Osimiri Moyowosi]] bụ mmiri mmiri kachasị mkpa, ya na mmiri bara ọgaranya [[Osimiri Nikongo]];<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA244|accessdate=28 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=244–}}</ref> ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ mmiri gụnyere [[Osimiri Ugalla]], [[Osimiri Gombe]], [[Osimiri Ruchugi]], [[Osimiri Lumpungu]],<ref name="BrownlieBurns1979">{{cite book|last1=Brownlie|first1=Ian|last2=Burns|first2=Ian R.|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C&pg=PA748|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1979|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-0-903983-87-7|page=748}}</ref> na [[Osimiri Nguya]]. A maara ya dị ka osimiri iyi dị ala,<ref name="KlerkxImanackunov2003">{{cite book|last1=Klerkx|first1=J.|last2=Imanackunov|first2=Beishen|title=Lake Issyk-Kul: Its Natural Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TT9q-vcN8IC&pg=PA231|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0900-6|pages=231–}}</ref> na ọpụpụ mmiri ya gụnyere [[biotope]] anọ: ebe apịtị, ọwa mmiri, osimiri na-asọ asọ nwere obere mmiri mmiri ole na ole, na nnukwu delta nwere alaka abụọ.<ref name="Thieme2005">{{cite book|last=Thieme|first=Michele L.|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA197|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-365-9|pages=197–}}</ref> Mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na-eru n'etiti oge mmiri na oge ọkọchị kwa afọ, mgbe ụfọdụkwa, idei mmiri nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ belata obere iyi; ọrụ ugbo na igbukpọ oke ọhịa na-emetụtakwa mmiri mmiri nke obodo ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọkwa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime osimiri ahụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="geoariz"/> Na [[Mberagule]], a chọpụtala na mmiri osimiri ahụ na-asọfe bụ cubic kilomita 6.9 kwa afọ.<ref name="geoariz"/> N'ihe dị ka {{convert|80|km}} site n'ọnụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọfe site n'ala apịtị Moyowosi, ebe "ala apịtị na ala idei mmiri buru ibu" na "ala apịtị".<ref name="KamukalaCrafter1993">{{cite book|last1=Kamukala|first1=G. L.|last2=Crafter|first2=S. A.|title=Wetlands of Tanzania: Proceedings of a Seminar on the Wetlands of Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbLsJa81gpgC&pg=PA34|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1993|publisher=IUCN Wetlands Programme|isbn=978-2-8317-0185-1|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Lambrecht1991">{{cite book|last=Lambrecht|first=Frank L.|title=In the Shade of an Acacia Tree: Memoirs of a Health Officer in Africa, 1945-1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TWftBeiEFEC&pg=PA217|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-194-1|page=217}}</ref> Ọ na-agafe [[Dodoma Belt]], mpaghara ala nke oge Archaean na Proterozoic nkume kristal Precambrian.<ref name="geoariz"/> ===Ebe Mmiri=== Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara mmiri ahụ dị {{convert|130,000|km2}}, Malagarasi nwere ebe mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime osimiri niile na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> Mmiri Malagarasi mejupụtara pasentị iri atọ nke mpaghara mmiri niile dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Mmiri mmiri nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] dị n'ebe ugwu, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[ebe a na-emechi emechi]] nke [[Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ]], n'ebe ndịda n'akụkụ ebe a na-emechi emechi nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Rukwa]], nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ala mmiri ahụ bụ [[Ahịa Miombo nke Central Zambezian |Ahịa Miombo]], yana ''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]'' na ''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]'' dị ka osisi ndị kacha ike.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke [[ala ahịhịa jupụtara na Zambezian |ala ahịhịa jupụtara na idei mmiri]] n'etiti ala Malagarasi-Moyowosi, nakwa n'akụkụ Osimiri Ugalla dị n'etiti ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>"Zambezian Flooded Grasslands". WWF ecoregion profile, accessed 18 September 2019. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0907]</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== Dịka ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi [[Rosemary Lowe-McConnell]] si kwuo, "a na-eche na Malagarasi na [[Osimiri Rungwa]] bụ isi iyi nke ihe ndị sitere na mgbati tupu [[Ndagwurugwu Ukwu Rift (echiche ala)|rift]] [[Osimiri Congo|Zaire]] sistemụ".<ref name="Lévêque1997">{{cite book|last=Lévêque|first=C.|title=Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA107|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=13 May 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57033-6|pages=107–}}</ref> Obodo Malagarasi dịbu n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, ọ bụkwa n'oge dị ka akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Congo]] n'ọdịda anyanwụ ya. Kemgbe ahụ, ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika ekwuola na "a na-eme mpụ ma na-alọghachi azụ, na-etinye ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọhụrụ, na-agbanwe delta, ma na-agbanwe ụzọ osimiri ahụ".<ref name="geoariz"/> Kemgbe akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, ọkwa ọdọ mmiri agbanweela nke ukwuu n'etiti {{convert|100|na|20|}}; akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na-egosi na ọ dị ihe dịka {{convert|10|m}} elu karịa ka ọ dị taa.<ref name="geoariz"/> ==Omenala== Ndị obodo ahụ akpọọla Malagarasi "osimiri nke mmụọ ọjọọ".<ref name="Grant2011">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Richard|title=Crazy River: Exploration and Folly in East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivN5wQTCNt4C&pg=PA339|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=25 October 2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-5414-4|pages=339–}}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, [[Ndị Vinza|Ndị Wavinza]], bụ́ ndị na-agba ọsọ ọrụ [[ụgbọ mmiri]] nke osimiri ahụ site n'akụkụ aka ekpe, zere itinye aka na [[Ndị Nyamwezi|Ndị Wanyamwezi]] n'ihi ihe mgbochi ebumpụta ụwa nke ndị Malagarasi mepụtara.<ref name="Anthropological1883">{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8|accessdate=4 June 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1883|publisher=Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=8–}}</ref> Ndị Wangoni (Watutu Zulus) nọkwa n'akụkụ mmiri nke ọzọ.<ref name="Newman2010">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Paths Without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtCt8aECfu0C&pg=PA105|accessdate=4 June 2012|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-287-1|pages=105–}}</ref> [[Henry Morton Stanley]], onye weere [[ndị ozi ala ọzọ|ndị ozi ala ọzọ]] dị ka ihe dị mkpa nye "usoro mmepeanya" nke [[Africa]], kwuru na ndị ozi ala ọzọ nwere ike iso Malagarasi ma sonye na "njem ntụgharị gaa [[Uvinza]], Uha, na Ugala".<ref name="Newman2004">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKyxaJMVF0C&pg=PA81|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-57488-597-2|pages=81–}}</ref> ==Osisi na anụmanụ== Ụdị osisi dị na mpaghara Malagarasi gụnyere ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'', ''[[Bridelia micrantha]]'', ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', ''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]'', ''[[Ficus sycomorus]]'', ''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'', ''[[Isoberlinia]]'' spp., ''[[Khaya senegalensis]]'', ''[[Parkia filicoidea]]'', ''[[Phoenix reclinata]]'', ''[[Syzygium cordatum]]'', na ''[[Syzygium owariense]]''.<ref name="HughesHughes1992"/> Ahịhịa ndị a ma ama n'ala ahịhịa dị na ndagwurugwu bụ ụdị ''[[Hyparrhenia]]'', ''[[Themeda]]'', na ''[[Echinochloa]]''.<ref name="Society1980">{{cite book|author=Tanzania Society|title=Tanzania notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDVzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1980|publisher=Tanzania Society|pages=96–100}}</ref> [[Malagarasi sardine]] (''Mesobola spinifer'') bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị n'osimiri ahụ.<ref name="Seegers2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11597|title=Mesobola spinifer (Bailey & Matthes, 1971) Malagarasi sardine |last=Seegers|first=L. |date=November 15, 2011|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref> Anụ ọhịa Malagarasi nwere ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị na-eme na Osimiri Congo mana ọ bụghị na Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref name="HughesHughes1992" /> Otú ọ dị, nnukwu mmiri dị ọcha [[Mbu pufferfish]] na-apụta n'ime Central na Upper Zaire Basin na Osimiri Malagarasi.<ref name="Davies1986">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Bryan Robert|title=The Ecology of River Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA218|accessdate=30 May 2012|date=31 July 1986|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-6193-540-7|page=218}}</ref> ==Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi== Ala mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi dị n'etiti ala mmiri ahụ, n'ogo mita 1200 n'ebe Malagarasi na-ejikọta ya na osimiri Gombe, Muyovozi, Ugalla, na osimiri ndị ọzọ na-asọ asọ. Ala mmiri ahụ gụnyere {{convert|250,000|ha}} nke ọdọ mmiri oge ọkọchị na mmiri mepere emepe gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Sagara na Nyamagoma, na {{convert|200,000|ha}} nke apịtị papyrus na-adịgide adịgide. Ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri na-adị n'oge n'akụkụ idei mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na-adị iche iche n'oge na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ, ha nwekwara ike ikpuchi ruo {{convert|1.5|e6ha}}.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Apịtị papyrus na-ejupụta n'ala mmiri sedge ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' na ahịhịa ''[[Oryza barthii]]''. Ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri na-emetụta n'oge gụnyere ''[[Hyparrhenia rufa]]'' na ''[[Echinochloa pyramidalis]]'', yana ''Hyparrhenia'' rinne n'ebe idei mmiri kacha nta, ''Echinochloa'' n'ebe idei mmiri na-adịkarịkarị, na ''[[Vossia (osisi)|Vossia]]'' nke kacha nso n'ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Ebe etiti na elu nke Osimiri Ugalla gụnyere ala idei mmiri nke mmiri na-erute n'oge {{convert|120|km}} ogologo ma ruo {{convert|50|km}}} obosara. Idei mmiri ahụ na-akwado ala ahịhịa sara mbara, nke ahịhịa na-achị ''[[Echinochloa haploclada]], [[Themeda triandra]], [[Setaria]] spp., [[Andropogon]] spp., [[Eragrostis]] spp., [[Digitaria]] spp''., na ''[[Sporobolus]]'' spp. Idei mmiri ahụ gụnyere osisi ndị gbasaara agbasasị gụnyere ''[[Combretum fragrans]], [[Combretum obovatum|C. obovatum]]'' na ''[[Combretum purpureiflorum|C. purpureiflorum]]'', ubi nkwụ ''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'', na obere ọhịa mechiri emechi n'elu nnukwu ugwu termite.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Anụmanụ ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ime ala mmiri gụnyere [[Shoebill]] (''Balaeniceps rex''), [[Wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus''), [[African bush elephant]] ''(Loxodonta africana)'', [[Sitatunga]] (''Tragalephus spekii'') na [[Central African slender-snouted crocodile]] (''Mecistops leptorhynchus''). Ala mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ iri ise, gụnyere [[Dark stonebasher]] (''Pollimyrus nigricans'') na ụdị nri dị iche iche dị n'ihe ize ndụ, ndị a na-ahụkarị, na ndị a na-eri.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref><ref name="ramsar.org" /> [[Waterbuck]] (''Kobus ellipsiprymnus'') na [[hippopotamus]] (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') a na-ahụkarị n'ala mmiri.<ref name="Society1980"/> A na-enwe nchegbu gbasara [[Ndị Wanyahosa]] na-achụ anụ n'osimiri ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-ahọrọ anụ karịa azụ.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=Tanganyika Society|title=Tanganyika notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QutBAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1963|publisher=Tanganyika Society|page=210}}</ref> ==Ebe echekwara== Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi ghọrọ ebe akpọrọ [[Mgbakọ Ramsar |Ebe Ramsar]] na Eprel 13, 2000.<ref name="wetlands.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|title=TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001)|publisher=Wetlands International|accessdate=2 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416030414/http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|archive-date=16 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ ebe mbụ Ramsar dị na mba ahụ. Na {{convert|35000|km2}} ọ bụ ebe Ramsar nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.<ref name="ramsar.org">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qr7qByMsiXQJ:www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_malagarasi_statusreport.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShv4AVoNWD24D-q21LMoToWI-GT-CNDr7AHmIPXrq5cvokJ3uwXF7fkhKyyhNcViDa_GqIg_ZWcvAijo-yD3l2Chg9UmY5mC95Fk3kTVmMRa1RAktPz7H95FsXryJDK3xBquJwh&sig=AHIEtbQnxPur0go__exKQF2GIS2F7he4nA|title=The Project for Sustainable and Integrated Management of the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS)|date=March 2007|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *[https://www.flickr.com/photos/friel/tags/malagarasi/ Photographs on flickr] {{DEFAULTSORT:Osimiri Malagarasi}} 9jll6z5kdgntf64j04ilz49vq8ci3wk 674932 674709 2026-07-10T08:46:13Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}} '''Osimiri Malagarasi''' bụ osimiri dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ [[Tanzania]], na-asọfe na [[Mpaghara Kigoma]], ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime mmiri ya si na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Burundi]]. Osimiri ahụ mekwara ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Mpaghara Tabora]], ókèala ndịda nke [[Mpaghara Kagera]] na ókèala ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Mpaghara Geita]]. Ọ bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na Tanzania n'azụ [[Osimiri Rufiji|Rufiji]]—[[Osimiri Ruaha Ukwu|Ruaha Ukwu]], ma nwee ebe mmiri kachasị ukwuu karịa osimiri ọ bụla na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> '''Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi''' bụ ebe a kpọrọ [[Mgbakọ Ramsar |Ebe Ramsar]]. Ndị obodo akpọọla Malagarasi aha dị ka "osimiri nke mmụọ ọjọọ". ==Ọdịdị ala== Osimiri Malagarasi bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na Tanzania, na {{convert|475|km}}.<ref name="KisanganiBobb2010">{{cite book|last1=Kisangani|first1=Emizet F.|last2=Bobb|first2=F. Scott|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA299|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2|page=299}}</ref><ref name="(Company)1992">{{cite book|author=Elf-Aquitaine (Company)|title=Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3QcAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=Société nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Production)}}</ref> Isi iyi osimiri ahụ dị nso n'ókè Tanzania na Burundi.<ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf|title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika|author1=Shick, Kate |author2=Flaccus, Kathy |publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]|accessdate=30 May 2012}}</ref> Mmalite {{convert|80|km}} nke osimiri ahụ bụ ókèala mba ụwa dị n'etiti Tanzania na [[Burundi]]. Ọtụtụ mmiri si n'ugwu Burundi na-abanye n'akụkụ aka nri ya. Mgbe ha na Osimiri Lumpungu jikọtara ọnụ, Malagarasi banyere Tanzania, gbaa gburugburu ma wụsa mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika ihe dị ka {{convert|25|mile}} n'ebe ndịda [[Kigoma]], dị nso [[Ilagala]].<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title= Maps|publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmiri ndị kacha abata n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. [[Osimiri Moyowosi]] bụ mmiri mmiri kachasị mkpa, ya na mmiri bara ọgaranya [[Osimiri Nikongo]];<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA244|accessdate=28 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=244–}}</ref> ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ mmiri gụnyere [[Osimiri Ugalla]], [[Osimiri Gombe]], [[Osimiri Ruchugi]], [[Osimiri Lumpungu]],<ref name="BrownlieBurns1979">{{cite book|last1=Brownlie|first1=Ian|last2=Burns|first2=Ian R.|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C&pg=PA748|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1979|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-0-903983-87-7|page=748}}</ref> na [[Osimiri Nguya]]. A maara ya dị ka osimiri iyi dị ala,<ref name="KlerkxImanackunov2003">{{cite book|last1=Klerkx|first1=J.|last2=Imanackunov|first2=Beishen|title=Lake Issyk-Kul: Its Natural Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TT9q-vcN8IC&pg=PA231|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0900-6|pages=231–}}</ref> na ọpụpụ mmiri ya gụnyere [[biotope]] anọ: ebe apịtị, ọwa mmiri, osimiri na-asọ asọ nwere obere mmiri mmiri ole na ole, na nnukwu delta nwere alaka abụọ.<ref name="Thieme2005">{{cite book|last=Thieme|first=Michele L.|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA197|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-365-9|pages=197–}}</ref> Mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na-eru n'etiti oge mmiri na oge ọkọchị kwa afọ, mgbe ụfọdụkwa, idei mmiri nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ belata obere iyi; ọrụ ugbo na igbukpọ oke ọhịa na-emetụtakwa mmiri mmiri nke obodo ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọkwa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime osimiri ahụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="geoariz"/> Na [[Mberagule]], a chọpụtala na mmiri osimiri ahụ na-asọfe bụ cubic kilomita 6.9 kwa afọ.<ref name="geoariz"/> N'ihe dị ka {{convert|80|km}} site n'ọnụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọfe site n'ala apịtị Moyowosi, ebe "ala apịtị na ala idei mmiri buru ibu" na "ala apịtị".<ref name="KamukalaCrafter1993">{{cite book|last1=Kamukala|first1=G. L.|last2=Crafter|first2=S. A.|title=Wetlands of Tanzania: Proceedings of a Seminar on the Wetlands of Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbLsJa81gpgC&pg=PA34|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1993|publisher=IUCN Wetlands Programme|isbn=978-2-8317-0185-1|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Lambrecht1991">{{cite book|last=Lambrecht|first=Frank L.|title=In the Shade of an Acacia Tree: Memoirs of a Health Officer in Africa, 1945-1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TWftBeiEFEC&pg=PA217|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-194-1|page=217}}</ref> Ọ na-agafe [[Dodoma Belt]], mpaghara ala nke oge Archaean na Proterozoic nkume kristal Precambrian.<ref name="geoariz"/> ===Ebe Mmiri=== Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara mmiri ahụ dị {{convert|130,000|km2}}, Malagarasi nwere ebe mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime osimiri niile na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> Mmiri Malagarasi mejupụtara pasentị iri atọ nke mpaghara mmiri niile dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Mmiri mmiri nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] dị n'ebe ugwu, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[ebe a na-emechi emechi]] nke [[Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ]], n'ebe ndịda n'akụkụ ebe a na-emechi emechi nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Rukwa]], nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ala mmiri ahụ bụ [[Ahịa Miombo nke Central Zambezian |Ahịa Miombo]], yana ''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]'' na ''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]'' dị ka osisi ndị kacha ike.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke [[ala ahịhịa jupụtara na Zambezian |ala ahịhịa jupụtara na idei mmiri]] n'etiti ala Malagarasi-Moyowosi, nakwa n'akụkụ Osimiri Ugalla dị n'etiti ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>"Zambezian Flooded Grasslands". WWF ecoregion profile, accessed 18 September 2019. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0907]</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== Dịka ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi [[Rosemary Lowe-McConnell]] si kwuo, "a na-eche na Malagarasi na [[Osimiri Rungwa]] bụ isi iyi nke ihe ndị sitere na mgbati tupu [[Ndagwurugwu Ukwu Rift (echiche ala)|rift]] [[Osimiri Congo|Zaire]] sistemụ".<ref name="Lévêque1997">{{cite book|last=Lévêque|first=C.|title=Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA107|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=13 May 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57033-6|pages=107–}}</ref> Obodo Malagarasi dịbu n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, ọ bụkwa n'oge dị ka akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Congo]] n'ọdịda anyanwụ ya. Kemgbe ahụ, ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika ekwuola na "a na-eme mpụ ma na-alọghachi azụ, na-etinye ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọhụrụ, na-agbanwe delta, ma na-agbanwe ụzọ osimiri ahụ".<ref name="geoariz"/> Kemgbe akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, ọkwa ọdọ mmiri agbanweela nke ukwuu n'etiti {{convert|100|na|20|}}; akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na-egosi na ọ dị ihe dịka {{convert|10|m}} elu karịa ka ọ dị taa.<ref name="geoariz"/> ==Omenala== Ndị obodo ahụ akpọọla Malagarasi "osimiri nke mmụọ ọjọọ".<ref name="Grant2011">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Richard|title=Crazy River: Exploration and Folly in East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivN5wQTCNt4C&pg=PA339|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=25 October 2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-5414-4|pages=339–}}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, [[Ndị Vinza|Ndị Wavinza]], bụ́ ndị na-agba ọsọ ọrụ [[ụgbọ mmiri]] nke osimiri ahụ site n'akụkụ aka ekpe, zere itinye aka na [[Ndị Nyamwezi|Ndị Wanyamwezi]] n'ihi ihe mgbochi ebumpụta ụwa nke ndị Malagarasi mepụtara.<ref name="Anthropological1883">{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8|accessdate=4 June 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1883|publisher=Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=8–}}</ref> Ndị Wangoni (Watutu Zulus) nọkwa n'akụkụ mmiri nke ọzọ.<ref name="Newman2010">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Paths Without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtCt8aECfu0C&pg=PA105|accessdate=4 June 2012|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-287-1|pages=105–}}</ref> [[Henry Morton Stanley]], onye weere [[ndị ozi ala ọzọ|ndị ozi ala ọzọ]] dị ka ihe dị mkpa nye "usoro mmepeanya" nke [[Africa]], kwuru na ndị ozi ala ọzọ nwere ike iso Malagarasi ma sonye na "njem ntụgharị gaa [[Uvinza]], Uha, na Ugala".<ref name="Newman2004">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKyxaJMVF0C&pg=PA81|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-57488-597-2|pages=81–}}</ref> ==Osisi na anụmanụ== Ụdị osisi dị na mpaghara Malagarasi gụnyere ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'', ''[[Bridelia micrantha]]'', ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', ''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]'', ''[[Ficus sycomorus]]'', ''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'', ''[[Isoberlinia]]'' spp., ''[[Khaya senegalensis]]'', ''[[Parkia filicoidea]]'', ''[[Phoenix reclinata]]'', ''[[Syzygium cordatum]]'', na ''[[Syzygium owariense]]''.<ref name="HughesHughes1992"/> Ahịhịa ndị a ma ama n'ala ahịhịa dị na ndagwurugwu bụ ụdị ''[[Hyparrhenia]]'', ''[[Themeda]]'', na ''[[Echinochloa]]''.<ref name="Society1980">{{cite book|author=Tanzania Society|title=Tanzania notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDVzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1980|publisher=Tanzania Society|pages=96–100}}</ref> [[Malagarasi sardine]] (''Mesobola spinifer'') bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị n'osimiri ahụ.<ref name="Seegers2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11597|title=Mesobola spinifer (Bailey & Matthes, 1971) Malagarasi sardine |last=Seegers|first=L. |date=November 15, 2011|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref> Anụ ọhịa Malagarasi nwere ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị na-eme na Osimiri Congo mana ọ bụghị na Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref name="HughesHughes1992" /> Otú ọ dị, nnukwu mmiri dị ọcha [[Mbu pufferfish]] na-apụta n'ime Central na Upper Zaire Basin na Osimiri Malagarasi.<ref name="Davies1986">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Bryan Robert|title=The Ecology of River Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA218|accessdate=30 May 2012|date=31 July 1986|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-6193-540-7|page=218}}</ref> ==Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi== Ala mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi dị n'etiti ala mmiri ahụ, n'ogo mita 1200 n'ebe Malagarasi na-ejikọta ya na osimiri Gombe, Muyovozi, Ugalla, na osimiri ndị ọzọ na-asọ asọ. Ala mmiri ahụ gụnyere {{convert|250,000|ha}} nke ọdọ mmiri oge ọkọchị na mmiri mepere emepe gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Sagara na Nyamagoma, na {{convert|200,000|ha}} nke apịtị papyrus na-adịgide adịgide. Ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri na-adị n'oge n'akụkụ idei mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na-adị iche iche n'oge na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ, ha nwekwara ike ikpuchi ruo {{convert|1.5|e6ha}}.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Apịtị papyrus na-ejupụta n'ala mmiri sedge ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' na ahịhịa ''[[Oryza barthii]]''. Ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri na-emetụta n'oge gụnyere ''[[Hyparrhenia rufa]]'' na ''[[Echinochloa pyramidalis]]'', yana ''Hyparrhenia'' rinne n'ebe idei mmiri kacha nta, ''Echinochloa'' n'ebe idei mmiri na-adịkarịkarị, na ''[[Vossia (osisi)|Vossia]]'' nke kacha nso n'ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Ebe etiti na elu nke Osimiri Ugalla gụnyere ala idei mmiri nke mmiri na-erute n'oge {{convert|120|km}} ogologo ma ruo {{convert|50|km}}} obosara. Idei mmiri ahụ na-akwado ala ahịhịa sara mbara, nke ahịhịa na-achị ''[[Echinochloa haploclada]], [[Themeda triandra]], [[Setaria]] spp., [[Andropogon]] spp., [[Eragrostis]] spp., [[Digitaria]] spp''., na ''[[Sporobolus]]'' spp. Idei mmiri ahụ gụnyere osisi ndị gbasaara agbasasị gụnyere ''[[Combretum fragrans]], [[Combretum obovatum|C. obovatum]]'' na ''[[Combretum purpureiflorum|C. purpureiflorum]]'', ubi nkwụ ''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'', na obere ọhịa mechiri emechi n'elu nnukwu ugwu termite.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Anụmanụ ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ime ala mmiri gụnyere [[Shoebill]] (''Balaeniceps rex''), [[Wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus''), [[African bush elephant]] ''(Loxodonta africana)'', [[Sitatunga]] (''Tragalephus spekii'') na [[Central African slender-snouted crocodile]] (''Mecistops leptorhynchus''). Ala mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ iri ise, gụnyere [[Dark stonebasher]] (''Pollimyrus nigricans'') na ụdị nri dị iche iche dị n'ihe ize ndụ, ndị a na-ahụkarị, na ndị a na-eri.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref><ref name="ramsar.org" /> [[Waterbuck]] (''Kobus ellipsiprymnus'') na [[hippopotamus]] (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') a na-ahụkarị n'ala mmiri.<ref name="Society1980"/> A na-enwe nchegbu gbasara [[Ndị Wanyahosa]] na-achụ anụ n'osimiri ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-ahọrọ anụ karịa azụ.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=Tanganyika Society|title=Tanganyika notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QutBAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1963|publisher=Tanganyika Society|page=210}}</ref> ==Ebe echekwara== Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi ghọrọ ebe akpọrọ [[Mgbakọ Ramsar |Ebe Ramsar]] na Eprel 13, 2000.<ref name="wetlands.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|title=TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001)|publisher=Wetlands International|accessdate=2 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416030414/http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|archive-date=16 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ ebe mbụ Ramsar dị na mba ahụ. Na {{convert|35000|km2}} ọ bụ ebe Ramsar nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.<ref name="ramsar.org">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qr7qByMsiXQJ:www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_malagarasi_statusreport.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShv4AVoNWD24D-q21LMoToWI-GT-CNDr7AHmIPXrq5cvokJ3uwXF7fkhKyyhNcViDa_GqIg_ZWcvAijo-yD3l2Chg9UmY5mC95Fk3kTVmMRa1RAktPz7H95FsXryJDK3xBquJwh&sig=AHIEtbQnxPur0go__exKQF2GIS2F7he4nA|title=The Project for Sustainable and Integrated Management of the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS)|date=March 2007|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *[https://www.flickr.com/photos/friel/tags/malagarasi/ Photographs on flickr] {{DEFAULTSORT:Osimiri Malagarasi}} rx49nqknqqsuz4p2smcv78xi3sqv7y0 0 77617 674727 2026-07-09T21:40:30Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} {{Infobox river | name = Lukuga River | image = River Lukuga, Kalemia.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = River Lukuga from the bridge in Kalemie | map = Lukuga river.jpg | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = The Lukuga River, in dark blue | source1_location = [[Kalemie]] | mouth_location = [[Lualaba River]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | location = | length = {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|2800|ft|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Jack|1887|p= 486}} | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{convert|244500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p= 206}} | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Osimiri Lukuga''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Lukuga}}) bụ otu akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) nke na-asọpụ mmiri [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]]. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ihi na ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe ọ bụghị naanị n'oge kamakwa n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe ogologo oge. ==Ọnọdụ== Lukuga na-agba n'akụkụ ugwu nke [[Katanga Plateau]]. Osimiri ahụ na-apụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na [[Kalemie]] ma na-asọfe site n'oghere dị n'ugwu dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Tanganyika Province]] isonyere [[Osimiri Lualaba | Lualaba]] n'etiti [[Kabalo]] na [[Kongolo, Tanganyika District|Kongolo]].{{sfn|Blaes|2008}} N'ozuzu, osimiri ahụ na-akpata 18% nke mmiri na-efu site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe ihe fọdụrụ bụ n'ihi mmiri na-ekupụ.{{sfn|Klerkx|Imanackunov|2003|p=241}} E nwere nnukwu ihe ndị dị na Lukuga.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=206}} Oke nke ihe dị n'ime ionic ebe Osimiri Lukga si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụọ, nke magnesium na potassium juru karịa calcium na sodium, sitere na ntinye hydrothermal nke [[Albertine Rift]], dịka a hụrụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].{{sfn|Likens|2010|p=299}} O yiri ka e guzobere usoro mmiri dị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe ugwu mgbawa nke na-arụ ọrụ ka na-agbawa [[Ugwu Virunga|ugwu mgbawa nke Virunga]] gbawara ma gbochie mmiri si [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu]] na-asọpụta n'ebe ugwu gaa [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], nke mere ka ọ na-asọpụta n'ebe ndịda gaa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika site na [[Osimiri Ruzizi]]. Tupu mgbe ahụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, ma ọ bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị iche iche dị n'ebe a na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri ugbu a, nwere ike ọ nweghị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ ewezuga ikuku mmiri.{{sfn|Clark|1969|p=35}} Ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmiri mmiri na Lukuga na-enwe mmasị dị ukwuu n'ebe mmiri ahụ dị, ebe ọ bụ na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu site n'oge ruo n'oge.{{sfn|Gupta|2008|p=296}} Mmiri osimiri na-asọkarị na Mee, ọ dịghịkwa nso na Nọvemba, nke kwekọrọ na mgbanwe oge n'ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Klerkx|Imanackunov|2003|p=229}} Osimiri ahụ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe ogologo oge, dịka [[Neolithic Subpluvial]] ihe dị ka afọ 4000 Tupu Kraịst.{{sfn|Likens|2010|p=294}} Kemgbe afọ 1965, mmụba nke mmiri ahụ na-amụba, ọ bụ ezie na mkpokọta mmiri Congo na-ebelata.{{sfn|Klerkx|Imanackunov|2003|p=229}} Lukuga etolitela n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-enye ụzọ ebe ụdị mmiri dị iche iche nke [[Agba Kongo]] ga-esi biri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=562}} Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke enyi mmiri na agụ iyi.{{sfn|Inbar|2010}} E nwere ebe a na-etinye kol dị ala n'akụkụ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ n'ebe ugwu nke [[Kalemie]] na Moluba.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=319}} ==Afọ ndị mbụ== Luka dị n'ebe ugwu, Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, [[Osimiri Luvua]] dị n'ebe ndịda na [[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]] bụ ókèala nke ndị [[Ndị Hemba]] bibu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na [[ndị Tumbwe]] n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ugwu. Ndị Kasangas nke [[ndị Tumbwe|Ndị Tumbwe]] chịrị steeti dị iche iche dị na mpaghara a.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=124}} Ndị Lukaga dị n'okpuru na Lualaba bụ ụzọ e si ekwurịta okwu n'okike, ebe ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri jupụtara na mmadụ.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=131}} N'ihe dịka afọ 1800, n'ọkara nke abụọ nke ọchịchị [[Alaeze Ukwu Luba|Eze Ukwu Luba]] [[Ilunga Sungu]], ndị agha Luba wakporo Lualaba nke ruru Kalemie n'otu oge. Ụfọdụ ndị Luba bi na mpaghara ahụ, ndị gbara Kalemie gburugburu nọkwa n'okpuru ndị Luba n'ọchịchị ndị a nke [[Kumwimbe Ngombe]] na [[Ilunga Kabale]].{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=124}} Ndị Luba mepụtara echiche nke "eze ọkụ" iji chịa mpaghara dị n'akụkụ alaeze ukwu ha dịka ụzọ Luvua-Lukuga, ebe onye ọchịchị obodo ahụ bụ onye hà nhata na eze ukwu Luba, na-ezipụ naanị onyinye mgbe ụfọdụ. E webatara òtù nzuzo ''bamdudye'' na ''bakasandji'' n'ógbè ahụ, na-enye akụkọ ifo nke mmalite nke ndị eze ọkụ nke nyeere aka mee ka ọnọdụ ha dị ka ndị eze ọkụ si dị mma. [[Ndị Holoholo]] nke Kalemie nakweere ma gbanwee akụkọ ifo ndị a na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=127}} Steeti Hemba nke Kyombo Mkubwa ghọrọ isi obodo ndị ahịa nke Alaeze Ukwu Luba.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=126}} Agbanyeghị, mgbe ndị Yuropu malitere ịbanye n'ógbè ahụ, nwa nwoke [[Msiri]] bụ́ Simbi, si n'ebe ndịda na-abịa ma na-eme njikọ aka na ndị ọchịchị Hemba megide mwakpo sitere na [[Tippu Tip]], ewepụrụ Kyombo Mkubwa site na ala obi Luba.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=178}} ==Ndị kọntaktị Europe== [[File:Stanley's Lake Tanganyika.jpg|thumb|300px|Ahịrị ojii ahụ na-egosi ụzọ Stanley.]] N'ihe dịka afọ 1871 [[David Livingstone]] hụrụ mgbawa ugwu ndị "Logumba" gafere, wee kwuo na osimiri ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ebe mmiri si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, nakwa na enwere ike ịnwe ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu.{{sfn|Blackwood|1877|p=702}} [[Verney Lovett Cameron]] rutere n'osimiri ahụ n'ebe ọ hapụrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Mee 1874 n'oge njem ya gafee Afrịka site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ. O kwetara na ọ bụ naanị ebe mmiri si abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, mana o nweghị ike inweta onye ga-eduzi ya ka o soro ya gbadaa n'osimiri ahụ iji hụ na ọ na-asọba n'ime Lualaba.{{sfn|Cameron|1876|p=312}} Na 1876 [[Henry Morton Stanley]] gara leta ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mgbe ọ rutere, ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ala, o wee kọwaa Lukuga dị ka nnukwu iyi nke na-agbasa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo ebe dị anya. Agbanyeghị, o kwetara na ka ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-arị elu, Lukga ga-abụ ebe a ga-esi nweta ihe ndị dị mkpa.{{sfn|Moore|1878|p=125}} O yiri ka ájá agbaala n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ agbaala ájá n'azụ osisi ahụ.{{sfn|Clark|1969|p=35}} Na 1879 [[Joseph Thomson (onye nyocha)|Joseph Thomson]] si Pambete bịa Kasenge, na-eme njem site na obodo siri ike. Ọ chọpụtara na osimiri Lukga bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọ asọ ngwa ngwa. Ọ gbasoro ụzọ osimiri ahụ ruo ụbọchị ole na ole, mana ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ gbochiri nchọpụta ya ọzọ.{{sfn|Burke|1881|p=435}} Mgbe [[Hermann Wissmann|Hermann von Wissmann]] rutere n'osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1882, ọ chọpụtara na osimiri ahụ aghọọla ihe na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa ma gbasaa. O kwukwara na ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị {{convert|4.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} n'okpuru akara mmiri kachasị elu.{{sfn|Clark|1969|p=35}} ==Taa== Ruo afọ 2008, Lukuga nwere nnukwu mmerụ ahụ n'ebe ọ banyere na Lualaba.{{sfn|O'Brien|2008|p=91}} Na Disemba 2010, a dọkpụrụ onye South Africa a ma ama na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-eme nchọpụta [[Hendrik Coetzee]] n'ime kayak ya n'elu Lukga ma gbuo ya site n'aka agụ iyi.{{sfn|Inbar|2010}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA702 |title=Twenty Years of African Travel |journal=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine |volume=121 |last=Blackwood |publisher=William Blackwood |year=1877}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |first=X. |last=Blaes |publisher=PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |access-date=2011-12-09}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzkJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA435 |title=The Annual register of world events: a review of the year, Volume 122 |first=Edmund |last=Burke |publisher=Longmans, Green |year=1881}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkCIW4K8-08C&pg=PA312 |chapter=Sketch of a Journey Across Africa Part II |first=Verney Lovett |last=Cameron |title=The living age |volume=130 |publisher=The Living Age Co. Inc. |year=1876}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls prehistoric site, Volume 1 |first=John Desmond |last=Clark |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1969}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA206 |title=The Ecology of river systems |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx7uuYmAkaMC&pg=PA296 |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |first=Avijit |last=Gupta |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5}} *{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA562 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite web |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/40764193/ns/today-today_people/t/horror-congo-croc-attack-kills-legendary-guide/#.TuTG3LKImuI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172912/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/40764193/ns/today-today_people/t/horror-congo-croc-attack-kills-legendary-guide#.TuTG3LKImuI |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-14 |title=Horror in the Congo: Croc attack kills legendary guide |publisher=MSNBC |first=Michael |last=Inbar |date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2011-12-11}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwgVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA486 |title=THE GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD |last=Jack |publisher=Thomas C. Jack |year=1887}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA319 |chapter=Lukuga River |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |first1=Emizet F. |last1=Kisangani |first2=F. Scott |last2=Bobb |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TT9q-vcN8IC&pg=PA229 |title=Lake Issyk-Kul: its natural environment |first1=J. |last1=Klerkx |first2=Beishen |last2=Imanackunov |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1-4020-0900-3}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5VHWWrK_SsC&pg=PA294 |title=River ecosystem ecology: a global perspective : a derivative of Encyclopedia of inland waters |first=Gene E. |last=Likens |publisher=Academic Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-12-381998-7}} *{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0dKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA125 |title=African Exploration |last=Moore |journal=Friends' Intelligencer |volume=34 |publisher=Wm. W. Moore |year=1878}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1e4hmZPt3wC&pg=PA91 |title=A Mighty Big River |first=Gerard |last=O'Brien |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4092-1802-9}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz8cv9-JlN0C&pg=PA124 |title=The rainbow and the kings: a history of the Luba Empire to 1891 |first=Thomas Q. |last=Reefe |publisher=University of California Press |year=1981 |isbn=0-520-04140-2}} {{refend}} {{coord|5.66667|S|26.91667|E|display=title}} 8okipdppndf4wufpqutgw5ozq5sa96a 0 77618 674735 2026-07-09T21:49:00Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Luama''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Luama}}) bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). ==Ọnọdụ== Luama na-arịgo n'ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]], na [[Ala Kalemie]] nke [[Agba Mpaghara Tanganyika]]. Ọ na-asọba n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ gaa na [[Kabambare Territory]] nke [[Maniema]], wee tụgharịa gaa na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-abanye na Lualaba dị n'elu [[Kasongo]].{{sfn|Blaes|2008}} Osimiri ahụ nwere isi iyi ise n'ugwu, abụọ n'ime ha dị n'elu {{convert|2000|m|ft}} n'ịdị elu. Mpaghara isi mmiri dị n'elu [[Pene Mende]] gụnyere usoro ala mmiri dị ihe dị ka {{convert|130|km|mi}} n'ogologo ma kpuchie ihe dị ka {{convert|60000|ha|acre}}. N'okpuru ala mmiri ndị a, osimiri ahụ na-agbada mmiri mmiri atọ ma nwee ọtụtụ obere mmiri ozuzo. Ndị Luama si n'ọwụwa anyanwụ bata Lualaba mgbe mmiri gbawara agbawa dị n'okpuru [[Kangolo]] na obere oge tupu Lualaba atụgharịa ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'akụkụ dị n'elu [[Kibombo]].{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=544}} Osimiri Luama na-akọwa ókèala ndịda nke oke gorilla [[ọwụwa anyanwụ]], nke osimiri Lualaba dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ, ókè Albertine dị n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na [[Osimiri Lindi]] dị n'ugwu.{{sfn|Taylor|Goldsmith|2003|p=440}} ==Nnyocha ndị Europe== Onye nchọpụta [[Henry Morton Stanley]] gara leta osimiri ahụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1876. O kwuru maka ndị ahụ, sị: “Ha na-anabata ndị ọbịa nke ọma, ha na-enyekwa ndị bịara abịa ohere iji ebe obibi ha mee ihe n'efu.” Unere na akwụkwọ nri na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu, ebe osisi Guinea na-enye ndị mmadụ mmanụ na mmanya vaịn; ọhịa na-enye ha mmanụ ọkụ, azụ̀ osimiri, na ubi akọrọ, akụ́, na ọka India.” O kwuru maka nsọtụ ala nke osimiri ahụ na ruo Lualaba, mmiri ozuzo ahụ dị site na knots atọ ruo isii, osimiri ahụ dịkwa ihe dị ka {{convert|5|ft|m}} miri emi, yana akwa dị larịị.{{sfn|Stanley|1878|p=83}} Stanley sooro osimiri ahụ gbadaa ruo Lualaba, wee soro Lualaba gbadaa ka ọ na-agbagọ gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ, ịchọpụta na ọ bụghị [[Nile]] dịka [[David Livingstone]] chere, kama ọ bụ akụkụ elu nke [[Osimiri Congo]].{{sfn|O'Brien|2008|p=105}} Agha [[1892–1894 na Eastern Congo|Agha Arab]] na [[Congo Free State]] mechiri site na mmeri nke ''[[Force Publique]]'' nke Dhanis na Pnthier duru n'Osimiri Luama na 20 Ọktoba 1893.{{sfn|Vandervort|1998|p=142}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |first=X. |last=Blaes |publisher=PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |access-date=2011-12-09}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA544 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1e4hmZPt3wC&pg=PA105 |title=A Mighty Big River |first=Gerard |last=O'Brien |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4092-1802-9}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Through the Dark continent: or, The sources of the Nile around the great lakes of equatorial Africa, and down the Livingstone river to the Atlantic ocean |first=Henry Morton |last=Stanley |publisher=Harper |year=1878}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d8d36DamYYIC&pg=PA440 |title=Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary perspective |first1=Andrea Beth |last1=Taylor |first2=Michele Lynn |last2=Goldsmith |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-521-79281-9}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-VJLZldXJIC&pg=PA142 |title=Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830-1914 |first=Bruce |last=Vandervort |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-253-21178-6}} {{refend}} e5f7abn9d9mppc74qmwwfq1fbhu5rhu 0 77619 674739 2026-07-09T21:55:59Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Elila''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Elila}}) bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ na-arịgo na [[Mwenga Territory]] nke [[Sud-Kivu Province]] ma na-asọga n'ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Shabunda Territory]] wee gafere [[Pangi Territory]] na [[Maniema Province]], na-abanye na Lualaba dị nso n'ala ala nke [[Kinudu]].{{sfn|Blaes|2008}} N'ebe dị elu, e nwere ahịhịa ndị na-agbagharị agbagharị n'ebe ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mana [[Ugwu Itombwe]] dị n'ebe ugwu siri ike, oke ọhịa kpuchiri ya ma e wezụga ebe nkume ndị dị n'elu ugwu ndị kacha pụta. Obodo a bụ ebe obibi nke gorilla.{{sfn|Schaller|1988|p=86}} Ndagwurugwu Elila nke dị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu bụ ebe obibi nke [[ndị Lega]].{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=3}} N'otu oge e chere na ọ gbanyụrụ, na 2011, a hụrụ akịrị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ''[[Hyperolius leucotaenius]]'' ma see foto ya n'akụkụ Elila.{{sfn|See-Through Frog}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C&pg=PA3 |title=Lega culture; art, initiation, and moral philosophy among a Central African people |first=Daniel P. |last=Biebuyck |author-link=Daniel P. Biebuyck |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=0-520-02085-5}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |first=X. |last=Blaes |publisher=PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |access-date=2011-12-09}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJwoL8MLhjoC&pg=PA86 |title=The Year of the Gorilla |first=George B. |last=Schaller |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-226-73648-2}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|See-Through Frog}} |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/?now=2011-05-17-00:01 |title=See-Through Frog |work=National Geographic |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=2011-12-16}} {{refend}} isdcqixh93ose07nwdo4ujdcbm4gaiw 0 77620 674742 2026-07-09T22:06:06Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Ulindi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Ulindi}}) bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. E nwere atụmatụ iwu ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri n'osimiri ahụ iji nye ọkụ eletrik n'ọrụ igwu ọlaedo. ==Ọnọdụ== Osimiri ahụ na-arịgo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[South Kivu]] ma na-asọga n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Maniema]], na-esonyere Lualaba site na [[Kindu]].{{sfn|Blaes|2008}} Ndagwurugwu Ulindi dị n'elu nwere ọtụtụ anụmanụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, chimpanzees, agụ, buffaloes, enyí na antelopes.{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=5}} Ndị [[Ndị Lega|Ndị Lega]] na [[Ndị Nyindu]], ndị na-asụ [[asụsụ Lega|Kilega]] na [[asụsụ Shi|Kinyindu]], bụ́ asụsụ Bantu, bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ. A na-ekewa ya na nhazi ya na mpaghara [[Mwenga Territory | Mwenga]], [[Shabunda Territory | Shabunda]] na [[Pangi Territory | Pangi]] mpaghara.{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=3}} ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== N'afọ 1874, onye nchọpụta [[Verney Lovett Cameron]] gara leta osimiri Ulindi, onye nke abụọ si Yuropu gafee Afrịka.{{sfn|Schaller|1988|p=88}} N'oge [[Congo Free State]], mpaghara ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Arab si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Afrịka. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a dịka Munie Chabodu na Munie Mtoro bụ ndị nnọchi anya nke Free State. Ndị Arab hiwere obodo [[Shabunda]]. Na 1899, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị puku asatọ (8,000).{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=3}} Na June 1997, akụkọ pụtara maka ogbugbu e gburu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Febụwarị afọ ahụ n'elu àkwà mmiri dị n'elu Ulindi dị n'ebe ugwu [[Shabunda]] na South Kivu. Ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gụnyere ndị nkịtị na-enweghị ngwa agha na ndị agha [[Hutu]] ji ngwa agha bụ ndị sonyere na ogbugbu nke [[[Tutsi]] na Rwanda n'afọ 1994. Ndị agha Tutsi nke Rwanda wakporo ha, bụ́ ndị na-alụso ndị agha nnupụisi nke [[Laurent Kabila]] ọgụ iji kwatuo onye ọchịchị aka ike ahụ [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. Ndị hụrụ ihe merenụ kwuru na e gburu ọtụtụ narị mmadụ.{{sfn|Cahn|1997}} ==Mgbake ọlaedo== Na Eprel 2009 [[Banro Corporation]], onye Canada na-egwupụta ọlaedo, kọrọ ihe si na nnyocha e mere maka ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri na-enye ọkụ eletrik n'osimiri ahụ pụta. Ọrụ a ga-eji {{convert|600|m|ft}} dị n'osimiri ahụ mee ihe n'ebe dị anya nke {{convert|18|km|mi}}. Ọ ga-efu ihe dị ka nde dọla US133.8, nke na-enye "isi iyi ọkụ" maka ọrụ ọlaedo [[Twangiza]].{{sfn|PennWell|2009}} Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ndị a na-ekpuchi {{convert|1164|km2|sqmi}} ma dị na {{convert|41|km|mi}} ndịda-ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Bukavu]].{{sfn|Twangiza}} Nchekwa ego a kwadoro ma nwee ike ịdabere na ọkwa njedebe nke 0.5-gram-kwa tọn bụ ounce ọlaedo nde 4.54. Ụlọ ọrụ ike a na-eme atụmatụ ime ga-adị n'ime "oké ọhịa ugwu mara mma", ọ ga-emetụtakwa ọrụ ugbo azụ̀ mpaghara.{{sfn|Kaiser|2009}} Nnyocha gosiri na ezinụlọ 1,860 bi n'ógbè dị n'etiti osimiri Twangiza na Lulimbohwe ga-emetụta, ebe a ga-ebikwa 1,257. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ aka na-egwupụta ihe. N'ime osimiri ndị dị n'okpuru ọrụ ahụ, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 1,725 na-arụ ọrụ iji weghachite ọlaedo, tin, tungsten na tantalum, n'ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị otu nnupụisi na ndị agha na-achịkwa, ọtụtụ mgbe n'okpuru nchebe nke ndị ọchịchị obodo. A na-ere ọla ndị a na-ewepụta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ahịa ojii. Ọtụtụ iri afọ [[ngwupụta ihe e ji aka rụọ]] emerụọla ala osimiri ahụ site na lead, chromium, arsenic na ikekwe mercury.{{sfn|Kaiser|2009}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C&pg=PA3 |title=Lega culture; art, initiation, and moral philosophy among a Central African people |first=Daniel P. |last=Biebuyck |author-link=Daniel P. Biebuyck |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=0-520-02085-5}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |first=X. |last=Blaes |publisher=PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |access-date=2011-12-09}} *{{cite web |url=http://thecabin.net/stories/062997/witness.html |title=Witnesses say troops killed refugees at bridge in Zaire 6/29/97 |date=June 29, 1997 |first=Dianna |last=Cahn |agency=Associated Press |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2012-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616162150/http://thecabin.net/stories/062997/witness.html |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.miningmarkets.ca/news/john-kaiser-s-ounces-in-the-ground-part-ii--banro-s-twangiza/1000340713/ |title=John Kaiser's Ounces in the Ground, Part II - Banro's Twangiza |work=Mining Markets |first=John |last=Kaiser |date=2009-09-11 |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042148/http://www.miningmarkets.ca/news/john-kaiser-s-ounces-in-the-ground-part-ii--banro-s-twangiza/1000340713/ |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/6142483430/articles/hrhrw/News/Study_bolsters_plan_for_30-MW_Ulindi_2_at_DR_Congo_gold_mine.html |title=Study bolsters plan for 30-MW Ulindi 2 at DR Congo gold mine |date=February 4, 2009 |last=PennWell |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222025/http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/6142483430/articles/hrhrw/News/Study_bolsters_plan_for_30-MW_Ulindi_2_at_DR_Congo_gold_mine.html |archive-date=2012-05-29}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJwoL8MLhjoC&pg=PA88 |title=The Year of the Gorilla |first=George B.|last=Schaller |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-226-73648-2}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Twangiza}} |url=http://www.infomine.com/suppliers/minedevelopments/twangiza/welcome.asp |title=Twangiza |work=Infomine |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2014-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715005715/http://www.infomine.com/suppliers/minedevelopments/twangiza/welcome.asp |url-status=dead }} {{refend}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2007/sep/01/congo |title=Massacre in Congo |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2007 |access-date=2011-12-10}} 1lsumraw34q8uncht8rtuerhe1clx18 674936 674742 2026-07-10T08:49:43Z Anastesia chi 23720 Added image to article 674936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Ulindi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Ulindi}}) bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. E nwere atụmatụ iwu ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri n'osimiri ahụ iji nye ọkụ eletrik n'ọrụ igwu ọlaedo. ==Ọnọdụ== Osimiri ahụ na-arịgo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[South Kivu]] ma na-asọga n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Maniema]], na-esonyere Lualaba site na [[Kindu]].{{sfn|Blaes|2008}} Ndagwurugwu Ulindi dị n'elu nwere ọtụtụ anụmanụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, chimpanzees, agụ, buffaloes, enyí na antelopes.{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=5}} Ndị [[Ndị Lega|Ndị Lega]] na [[Ndị Nyindu]], ndị na-asụ [[asụsụ Lega|Kilega]] na [[asụsụ Shi|Kinyindu]], bụ́ asụsụ Bantu, bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ. A na-ekewa ya na nhazi ya na mpaghara [[Mwenga Territory | Mwenga]], [[Shabunda Territory | Shabunda]] na [[Pangi Territory | Pangi]] mpaghara.{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=3}} ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== N'afọ 1874, onye nchọpụta [[Verney Lovett Cameron]] gara leta osimiri Ulindi, onye nke abụọ si Yuropu gafee Afrịka.{{sfn|Schaller|1988|p=88}} N'oge [[Congo Free State]], mpaghara ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Arab si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Afrịka. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a dịka Munie Chabodu na Munie Mtoro bụ ndị nnọchi anya nke Free State. Ndị Arab hiwere obodo [[Shabunda]]. Na 1899, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị puku asatọ (8,000).{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=3}} Na June 1997, akụkọ pụtara maka ogbugbu e gburu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Febụwarị afọ ahụ n'elu àkwà mmiri dị n'elu Ulindi dị n'ebe ugwu [[Shabunda]] na South Kivu. Ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gụnyere ndị nkịtị na-enweghị ngwa agha na ndị agha [[Hutu]] ji ngwa agha bụ ndị sonyere na ogbugbu nke [[[Tutsi]] na Rwanda n'afọ 1994. Ndị agha Tutsi nke Rwanda wakporo ha, bụ́ ndị na-alụso ndị agha nnupụisi nke [[Laurent Kabila]] ọgụ iji kwatuo onye ọchịchị aka ike ahụ [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. Ndị hụrụ ihe merenụ kwuru na e gburu ọtụtụ narị mmadụ.{{sfn|Cahn|1997}} ==Mgbake ọlaedo== Na Eprel 2009 [[Banro Corporation]], onye Canada na-egwupụta ọlaedo, kọrọ ihe si na nnyocha e mere maka ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri na-enye ọkụ eletrik n'osimiri ahụ pụta. Ọrụ a ga-eji {{convert|600|m|ft}} dị n'osimiri ahụ mee ihe n'ebe dị anya nke {{convert|18|km|mi}}. Ọ ga-efu ihe dị ka nde dọla US133.8, nke na-enye "isi iyi ọkụ" maka ọrụ ọlaedo [[Twangiza]].{{sfn|PennWell|2009}} Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ndị a na-ekpuchi {{convert|1164|km2|sqmi}} ma dị na {{convert|41|km|mi}} ndịda-ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Bukavu]].{{sfn|Twangiza}} Nchekwa ego a kwadoro ma nwee ike ịdabere na ọkwa njedebe nke 0.5-gram-kwa tọn bụ ounce ọlaedo nde 4.54. Ụlọ ọrụ ike a na-eme atụmatụ ime ga-adị n'ime "oké ọhịa ugwu mara mma", ọ ga-emetụtakwa ọrụ ugbo azụ̀ mpaghara.{{sfn|Kaiser|2009}} Nnyocha gosiri na ezinụlọ 1,860 bi n'ógbè dị n'etiti osimiri Twangiza na Lulimbohwe ga-emetụta, ebe a ga-ebikwa 1,257. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ aka na-egwupụta ihe. N'ime osimiri ndị dị n'okpuru ọrụ ahụ, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 1,725 na-arụ ọrụ iji weghachite ọlaedo, tin, tungsten na tantalum, n'ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị otu nnupụisi na ndị agha na-achịkwa, ọtụtụ mgbe n'okpuru nchebe nke ndị ọchịchị obodo. A na-ere ọla ndị a na-ewepụta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ahịa ojii. Ọtụtụ iri afọ [[ngwupụta ihe e ji aka rụọ]] emerụọla ala osimiri ahụ site na lead, chromium, arsenic na ikekwe mercury.{{sfn|Kaiser|2009}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C&pg=PA3 |title=Lega culture; art, initiation, and moral philosophy among a Central African people |first=Daniel P. |last=Biebuyck |author-link=Daniel P. Biebuyck |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=0-520-02085-5}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |first=X. |last=Blaes |publisher=PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |access-date=2011-12-09}} *{{cite web |url=http://thecabin.net/stories/062997/witness.html |title=Witnesses say troops killed refugees at bridge in Zaire 6/29/97 |date=June 29, 1997 |first=Dianna |last=Cahn |agency=Associated Press |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2012-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616162150/http://thecabin.net/stories/062997/witness.html |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.miningmarkets.ca/news/john-kaiser-s-ounces-in-the-ground-part-ii--banro-s-twangiza/1000340713/ |title=John Kaiser's Ounces in the Ground, Part II - Banro's Twangiza |work=Mining Markets |first=John |last=Kaiser |date=2009-09-11 |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042148/http://www.miningmarkets.ca/news/john-kaiser-s-ounces-in-the-ground-part-ii--banro-s-twangiza/1000340713/ |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/6142483430/articles/hrhrw/News/Study_bolsters_plan_for_30-MW_Ulindi_2_at_DR_Congo_gold_mine.html |title=Study bolsters plan for 30-MW Ulindi 2 at DR Congo gold mine |date=February 4, 2009 |last=PennWell |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222025/http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/6142483430/articles/hrhrw/News/Study_bolsters_plan_for_30-MW_Ulindi_2_at_DR_Congo_gold_mine.html |archive-date=2012-05-29}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJwoL8MLhjoC&pg=PA88 |title=The Year of the Gorilla |first=George B.|last=Schaller |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-226-73648-2}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Twangiza}} |url=http://www.infomine.com/suppliers/minedevelopments/twangiza/welcome.asp |title=Twangiza |work=Infomine |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2014-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715005715/http://www.infomine.com/suppliers/minedevelopments/twangiza/welcome.asp |url-status=dead }} {{refend}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2007/sep/01/congo |title=Massacre in Congo |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2007 |access-date=2011-12-10}} f6qszbxe7mo7tzagit7k4g3mxa4r14j 0 77621 674744 2026-07-09T22:21:44Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Lowa''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Lowa}}) bụ osimiri dị na [[Congo Basin]] n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ na-arịgo n'ugwu [[Ugwu Mitumba]], n'ókèala ógbè [[South Kivu]] na [[North Kivu]]. Ọ na-asọfe n'ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[oké ọhịa ugwu Albertine Rift]] na [[oké ọhịa ala dị larịị nke Congo]] nke North Kivu na n'aka nke ọzọ [[Maniema]]. Ọ na-asọba n'ime [[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]] n'ókèala Maniema na [[Tshopo]].<ref group=maps>{{cite map | publisher = [[OpenStreetMap]] | url = https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/379811 | title = Overview map of the Lowa river | access-date = 18 December 2022 }}</ref> Onye Yuropu mbụ chọpụtara ogologo ya bụ [[Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] n'oge njem ya nke malitere na 1893.<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ffo9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA287 | page = 287 | via = [[Google Books]] | title = For the Geography Class | journal = New York School Journal | volume = 50 | date = 16 March 1895 | access-date = 18 December 2022 }}</ref> Ogologo ya bụ {{convert|390|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA334 | page = 334 | title = Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa | volume = 1 | first1 = J.-P. | last1 = vanden Bossche | first2 = G. M. | last2 = Bernacsek | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | year = 1990 | isbn = 9789251029831 | access-date = 18 December 2022 }}</ref> Osimiri ahụ gụnyere [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]] na [[Maiko National Park]]. ==Maapụ== {{reflist|group=maps}} ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|-1.406|25.812|display=title}} btlrhnhr2oel4773h0hwj84fzejukdc 0 77622 674752 2026-07-09T22:35:09Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Waterfall nke Osimiri Congo na Orientale Province, DRC}} {{Infobox waterfall | name = Boyoma Falls<br>''Chutes de Boyoma''<br>''Boyomawatervallen''<br>''Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma'' | caption = Boyoma Falls. | location = [[Lualaba River]], [[Kisangani]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | type = Cataract | height = {{convert|200|ft}} | average_width = {{convert|4500|ft}} | average_flow = {{convert|16990|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Wagenia-Chutes-102|title=Wagenia, Chutes, Congo, Democratic Republic of the - World Waterfall Database|website=www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> <!--| maximum_recorded_flow ={{convert|51933|m3/s|abbr=on}}--> | watercourse = Congo River | image=Zaire kisangani stroom 11 copy.jpg }} '''Boyoma Falls''' ({{langx|sw|Maporomoko ya Maji ya Boyoma}}, {{langx|fr|Chutes de Boyoma}}, {{langx|nl|Boyomawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Ndeo|first1=Oscar|last2=Hauffe|first2=Torsten|last3=Delicado|first3=Diana|last4=Busanga|first4=Alidor|last5=Albrecht|first5=Christian|date=2017-05-02|title=Mollusk communities of the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316971348|journal=Journal of Limnology|volume=76|doi=10.4081/jlimnol.2017.1585|doi-access=free}}</ref> a maara na mbụ dị ka '''Stanley Falls''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Chutes Stanley''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Stanleywatervallen''), bụ usoro nke [[Mmiri Mmiri#Ụdị|cataract]]s asaa, nke ọ bụla agaghị agafe {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} elu, na-agbatị karịa {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} n'akụkụ ụzọ nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] n'etiti obodo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke [[Ubundu]] na [[Kisangani]] (a makwaara dịka Boyoma) na [[Orientale Province]] nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,175}} Cataract asaa ahụ nwere mkpokọta mbelata nke {{convert|61|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Ha na-emepụta mmiri ozuzo kachasị ukwuu site na olu nke ọnụego mmiri kwa afọ n'ụwa, karịa ma [[Niagara Falls]] na [[Iguazu Falls]]. Isi ihe abụọ a na-akpọ cataracts bụ nke mbụ dị n'okpuru Ubundu, na-emepụta obere iyi gbagọrọ agbagọ nke na-adịghị mfe ịnweta, na nke ikpeazụ a pụrụ ịhụ ma leta site na Kisangani. N'ala mmiri mmiri ahụ, a maara Lualaba dị ka [[Osimiri Congo]]. Otu {{cvt|1|m||adj=mid|-gauge}} [[ụgbọ okporo ígwè portage]] gafere usoro ọsọ ọsọ, na-ejikọ Kisangani na Ubundu. A makwaara nke ikpeazụ n'ime cataract asaa nke Boyoma Falls dị ka '''Wagenia Falls''' ({{langx|fr|Chutes Wagenia}}, {{langx|nl|Wageniawatervallen}}),<ref name=":0" /> na-ezo aka n'ebe ndị ọkụ azụ̀ [[Wagenya]] obodo ahụ nọ, bụ́ ndị mepụtara usoro pụrụ iche e ji azụ azụ n'osimiri ahụ. Ha na-ewu usoro ihe eji osisi rụọ n'ofe ihe ndị dị n'ime oghere ndị e ji mmiri rụọ n'ime nkume ahụ. Ndị a na-eje ozi dị ka ihe e ji arịlịka mee maka nkata ndị na-ejide azụ̀ buru ibu. A na-agbada nkata ndị ahụ n'ime mmiri mmiri iji "mpịachi" mmiri maka azụ̀. Ọ bụ ụzọ a na-esi azụ azụ nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na nkata ndị a buru ibu nke ukwuu, ọ bụkwa naanị azụ̀ buru ibu ka a na-ejide. A na-akpọbu mmiri ndị a aha site n'aha [[Henry Morton Stanley]], onye nyochachara mpaghara ahụ ma hụ usoro ịkụ azụ nke Wagenya. Dịka Stanley si kwuo, "... site n'iji okwute ndị ahụ mee ihe, enyerela ndị obodo aka idozi ogwe osisi ndị dị arọ kwụ ọtọ, {{convert|6|in}} n'obosara, ha na-etinye nnukwu nkata azụ̀ n'ime nke ọ bụla site na iji eriri rattan-okpete. E nwere ike inwe nkata iri isii ma ọ bụ iri asaa n'ime osimiri ahụ n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla, kwa ụbọchị; ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nwere ike ibuga n'efu, n'ozuzu ha yiri ka ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọma, n'ihi na n'ime nkata iri abụọ na abụọ... azụ̀ buru ibu iri abụọ na asatọ ka a chịkọtara..."<ref name=Stanley/>{{rp|197}} == Ihe ngosi == {{gallery |width=150 |height= |align=center |File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg |Mmiri fall ndị ahụ dị n'etiti ala nke map Stanley. A na-egosi ụzọ ya site n'ahịrị ojii siri ike. |File:Stanley Falls.jpg |Stanley Falls dịka Stanley si kọwaa ya. |File:Wagenia 17 copy.jpg |Ndị ọkụ azụ Wagenya na Wagenia Falls |File:Zaire kisangani stroom 12 copy (cropped).jpg |Wagenia Falls. }} ==Leekwa== * [[List of waterfalls]] ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Boyoma Falls|position=left}} {{Coord|0|29|28|N|25|12|23|E|region:CD_type:landmark|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Boyoma Falls}} su4yw70srwzvl225u0f3l1zzbglnmy5 0 77623 674761 2026-07-09T22:51:02Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Tshopo''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ na-asọfe n'ebe ugwu nke obodo [[Kisangani]] ma na-esonye na [[Osimiri Lindi]] obere oge tupu osimiri ahụ abanye na [[Osimiri Congo]]. Ọ na-enye aha ya na mpaghara [[Tshopo]]. ==Basin== Basin Tsopo nwere mpaghara ihe dịka {{convert|17200|km2}}, nke ndị Guinea na-ekpuchikarị ya-[[Osisi mmiri ozuzo nke Congo]]. O toro ogologo, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ebe ugwu nke ụwa equator. Osimiri ahụ na-asọ site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ọdịda anyanwụ wee banye n'Osimiri Congo {{convert|13|km}} site na Kisangani ebe ọ na-esonyere Osimiri Lindi.{{sfn|Léonard|1993|p=286}} Oke mmiri ozuzo dị nso n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị iche iche site na {{convert|11.2|to|13.8|m}} dabere n'ịdị elu nke Osimiri Congo. Ihe dị ka {{convert|120|m}} n'elu mmiri nta ndị ahụ dị {{convert|3.2|m}} n'elu otu akụkụ nke mmiri ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=130}} Ebe dị n'ime ime kọntinent ahụ n'akụkụ equator nwere oge mmiri ozuzo abụọ na oge ọkọchị abụọ, yana ahịhịa ndị na-ekpuchi ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-eme ka mmiri na-asọpụta mgbe niile. E nwere obere mmiri na Febụwarị-Eprel na Juun-Ọgọst, ebe nnukwu mmiri na-adị na Eprel-Mee, ọkachasị n'Ọktoba-Disemba. Nkezi mmiri kwa afọ dị ihe dịka {{convert|300|-|450|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Léonard|1993|p=286}} N'ebe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo dị n'elu ọnụ osimiri ahụ, mmiri ahụ na-asọpụta {{convert|100|-|700|m3/s}}, yana ọsọ nke {{convert|5|-|6|m/s}}.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=130}} Mmiri ahụ bụ pH 6.6–6.8, ma nwee okpomọkụ nke {{convert|26|-|28|C}} na Jenụwarị na Juun 1987.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=130}} ==Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi== Osimiri Lindi na Tshopo mejupụtara otu n'ime usoro osimiri atọ dị mkpa n'akụkụ aka nri na ''[[Cuvette Centrale]]'', ma ọ bụ etiti [[Congo Basin]], ndị ọzọ bụ [[Osimiri Itimbiri]] na [[Osimiri Aruwimi]].{{sfn|Decru|Emmanuel|Danadu|Walanga|2017|p=226}} Dịka akụkọ nke afọ 2015 si kwuo, a hụtala ụdị azụ 184 n'ime mpaghara Lindi/Tshopo. Ezinụlọ azụ̀ enyí, ''[[Mormyridae]]'', bụ ndị kacha baa ọgaranya n'ụdị anụmanụ.{{sfn|Decru|2015}} Osimiri ahụ nwere mmiri doro anya, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri gbara ọchịchịrị nke Congo, nke mere ka ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche dị ka ''[[Inversodicraea]]'' nke a na-akọ n'osimiri ahụ dị mfe.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=129}} [[Schistosomiasis]] bụ ọrịa nje na-adịghị ala ala nke mmiri dị ọcha na-ebute site na mmiri ọkụ [[mollusc]]. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2018 gbasara ndị bi n'ogige dị n'akụkụ osimiri Tshopo {{convert|28|km}} site na Kisangani n'okporo ụzọ ochie [[Buta, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Buta]] gosiri na 54.5% dị mma maka ''[[Schistosoma haematobium]]'' na 7.3% dị mma maka ''[[Schistosoma mansoni]]''. Nke a tụnyere ọnụego dị mma nke 2.4% na 4.8% maka ndị bi n'obodo dị nso.{{sfn|Mongita Esol’e|Zingabako Ngbingina|Anagwatalibe Kota|Mopaya Pakowe|2020}} ==Ụlọ ọrụ hydroelectric== E wuru ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na mmiri mmiri na Tshopo River Falls n'ebe ugwu Kisangani na afọ 1950, kpatara mbibi mpaghara nke ''Inversodicraea congolana'' n'otu n'ime ebe abụọ dị n'ụwa ebe achọtara ya.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=129}} Ọ bụ [[Ọdụ mmiri na-agba ọkụ eletrik|ọsọ-na-osimiri]], yabụ ọ chọghị nnukwu ebe nchekwa mmiri.{{sfn|Cheek|Feika|Lebbie|Goyder|2017|p=131}} Osimiri ahụ gafere site na ihe mgbochi mmiri eletrik wee gafee waterfalls.{{sfn|Barnes|2015}} Na 2013, Minista maka Mmekọ na Mmepe nke Belgium {{Ill|Jean-Pascal Labille|fr}} na gọvanọ [[Orientale Province]] [[Jean Bamanisa]] meghere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Tshopo mgbe ọ gasịrị. {{sfn|Daly|2013}} E wuru àkwà mmiri truss n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1968, nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo si n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ụzọ ha ga-esi banye n'obodo ahụ. Ọ dara ada, na 2014, e jiri akwa ígwè {{convert|163|m}} nke nwere otu ụzọ nke nwere ike ibu ụgbọala ruru tọn 41 dochie ya. O nwere ụzọ ụkwụ abụọ dị n'èzí nke ndị na-eje ije.{{sfn|Barnes|2015}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist|30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://constructionreviewonline.com/2015/03/tshopo-river-bridge-how-a-panel-bridge-brings-east-and-west-africa-together/ |accessdate=2020-08-29 |last=Barnes |first=Robert |date=12 October 2015 |title=Tshopo River Bridge: how a panel bridge brings East and West Africa together |work=Construction Review Online}} *{{citation |volume=62 |doi=10.3767/blumea.2017.62.02.07 |last1=Cheek |first1=Martin |last2=Feika |first2=A. |last3=Lebbie |first3=Aiah |last4=Goyder |first4=David |last5=Tchiengue |first5=Barthélemy |last6=Séné |first6=Olivier |last7=Tchouto |first7=P. |last8=Burgt |first8=Xander |year=2017 |title=A synoptic revision of Inversodicraea (Podostemaceae) |journal=Blumea – Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants|issue=2 |pages=125–156 |url=https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/636690 }} *{{citation |url=https://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Hydroelectric/Belgian-Minister-Inaugurates-Power-Plant-in-Eastern-DRC.html |accessdate=2020-08-29 |work=OilPrice.com |last=Daly |first=John |date=13 August 2013 |title=Belgian Minister Inaugurates Power Plant in Eastern DRC}} *{{citation |url=https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS1705962&context=L&vid=Lirias&search_scope=Lirias&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US&fromSitemap=1 |last=Decru |first=Eva |accessdate=2020-08-29 |type=thesis |title=The ichthyofauna of the Central Congo basin: diversity and distribution in the north-eastern tributaries |others=Snoeks, Jos (Supervisor); Vreven, Emmanuel (Co supervisor) |date=November 2015}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320174009 |last1=Decru |first=Eva |last2=Emmanuel |first2=Vreven |last3=Danadu |first3=Célestin |last4=Walanga |first4=Albert |last5=Mambo |first5=Taylor |last6=Snoeks |first6=Jos |year=2017 |title=Ichthyofauna of the Itimbiri, Aruwimi, and Lindi/Tshopo rivers (Congo basin): Diversity and distribution patterns |journal=Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=225–247 |doi=10.3750/AIEP/02085 |accessdate=2020-08-29|doi-access=free }} *{{citation |title=Etude phytosociologique des chutes de la Tshopo (Kisangani: Zaïre) |first=J. |language=fr |accessdate=2020-08-29 |last=Léonard |journal=Bulletin du Jardin botanique National de Belgique / Bulletin van de Nationale Plantentuin van België |volume=62 |issue=1/4 |date=30 September 1993 |pages=283–347|publisher=Botanic Garden Meise |doi=10.2307/3668280 |jstor=3668280 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3668280 |url-access=subscription }} *{{citation |url=https://journalsajp.com/index.php/SAJP/article/view/30097 |accessdate=2020-08-29 |journal=South Asian Journal of Parasitology |volume=3 |pages=1–8 |last1=Mongita Esol’e |first1=B. |last2=Zingabako Ngbingina |first2=C. |last3=Anagwatalibe Kota |first3=A. |last4=Mopaya Pakowe |first4=H. |last5=Etisomba Likoke |first5=F. M. |year=2020 |title=Prevalence of Schistosomiasis among the Bavaido Village Peasants and the Residents of Tshopo River at Kisangani- DR. Congo|issue=3 }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2683372#map=11/0.6324/25.3132 |accessdate=2020-08-29 |title=Relation: Tshopo |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Tshopo}} }} {{refend}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons category-inline}} {{authority control}} l60u3b9ra9i545fko6wxed1ewbf00tp 0 77624 674763 2026-07-09T22:55:30Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} {{For|Tanzanian Region|Lindi Region}} {{For|Tanzanian Town|Lindi}} '''Lindi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Lindi}}) bụ obere osimiri nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ na-agafe ógbè [[North Kivu]] na [[Tshopo]], wee na-asọba n'ime [[Osimiri Congo]] dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ [[Kisangani]]. ==Ebe obibi== *[[Asangwa]] *[[Bafwasende]] (N4 road bridge) *[[Yasangani]] (N4 road bridge) {{coord|0.5583|N|25.0889|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} im2g37vz8cviwxfgnmuow8aaz11zbjm 0 77625 674765 2026-07-09T23:07:16Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Congo DR}} [[File:Lomami River DRC.svg|right|thumb|Maapụ nke [[DR Congo]] na-egosi Osimiri Lomami nke nwere uhie uhie]] '''Osimiri Lomami''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Lomami}}, {{langx|fr|Rivière Lomami}}, {{langx|nl|Lomami Rivier}}) bụ isi [[ndị na-eso ụzọ]] nke [[Osimiri Congo]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Osimiri ahụ dị ihe dịka {{convert|1280|km|mi|abbr=on}} ogologo.<ref name=bossche>{{cite book |last= Bossche |first= J.P. vanden |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |title= Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year= 1990 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn= 978-92-5-102983-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA333 |page= 333}}</ref> Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu, n'ọdịda anyanwụ ma na-aga n'akụkụ elu Congo. Lomami na-arịgo n'ebe ndịda nke mba ahụ, nso [[Kamina]] na Congo–[[Osimiri Zambezi|Zambezi]] [[Nkewa mmiri mmiri|nkewa]].<ref name=bossche/> Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Lubao, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Lubao]], {{ill|Tshofa|fr}}, [[Kombe, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Kombe]], [[Bolaiti]], [[Opala, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Opala]], na [[Irema]] tupu ha abanye na Congo na [[Isangi]]. [[Henry Morton Stanley]] rụrụ na njikọta nke osimiri abụọ ahụ na Jenụwarị 6, 1877, "Lumami bara ọgaranya, nke [[David Livingstone|Livingstone]] kpọrọ 'Osimiri Young,' banyere n'ime nnukwu iyi ahụ, site n'ọnụ ya dị yaadị 600 n'obosara, n'etiti obere akụkụ osisi kpuchiri nke ọma."<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,176}} N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1889, M. Janssen, Gọvanọ-General nke Ọchịchị Kọngọ, nyochachara osimiri Lomani site na Isangi n'elu ''Ville de Bruxelles''. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị mmiri ruo awa 116, mmiri gbapụrụ agbapụ kwụsịrị ya n'ebe dị anya nke 4°27'2" S.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohscAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA260 |journal=Scottish Geographical Magazine |volume=6 |title=The Lomami |publisher=Royal Scottish Geographical Society|year=1890}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ enyela ọtụtụ [[ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ]] aha ya, gụnyere enwe. ''[[Cercopithecus lomamiensis]]'' na osisi okooko osisi ''[[Pavetta lomamiensis]]''. [[File:Lomami River at Katopa Camp, Democratic Republic of the Congo.JPG|400px|alt=Lomami River at Katopa Camp, Democratic Republic of the Congo.]] ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *{{GEOnet2|32FA87A3A8EB3774E0440003BA962ED3|Lomami}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|0|46|N|24|16|E|display=title}} 8ze8b5tu8uanlkdc0b9ph4vqytl3b1c 0 77626 674767 2026-07-09T23:19:05Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''M'pozo''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière M'pozo'') bụ osimiri dị na mpaghara [[Bas-Congo]] na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stiassny|first1=Melanie|last2=Schelly|first2=Robert|last3=Mamonekene|first3=Victor|title=A New Alestes (Characiformes, Alestidae) from the Mpozo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Copeia|date=Feb 2009|pages=110–116|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1643/CI-07-252|accessdate=24 December 2014|doi=10.1643/CI-07-252|volume=2009|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Isi mmalite ya dị na [[Angola]] ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala Angola-Democratic Republic of the Congo. Osimiri ahụ na-akwụsị n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke [[Osimiri Congo]], kilomita ole na ole site na [[Matadi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-5.816524,13.4906778,2267m/data=!3m1!1e3|publisher=Google|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> [[File:Stanley Founding of Congo Free State 218 View of Mpozo Station and River from Vivi.jpg|thumb|A drawing from Henry Morton Stanley's 1885 book ''The Congo and the founding of its free state; a story of work and exploration'']] A maara osimiri ahụ nke ọma maka akụkụ ala nke ụzọ ya na ndagwurugwu ya, nke [[Matadi–Kinshasa Railway]] ji eme ihe, nke bụ isi ihe isi ike n'oge a na-ewu ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè a na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Franklin|first1=John|title=George Washington Williams: A Biography|date=1998|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham, N.C|page=257}}</ref> [[File:Matadi06.jpg|thumb|The M'pozo River near the Matadi railway station]] {{coord|5.81139|S|13.4833|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} ieq0y1beivn16gh65c1ehat0uzymnny 0 77627 674770 2026-07-09T23:23:48Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Inkisi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Inkisi}}, [[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Inkisi'') bụ nke ikpeazụ (nke kacha nso n'ọnụ osimiri) nke nnukwu [[tributary|tributaries]] nke nnukwu [[Osimiri Congo]], ebe ọ bụ akụkụ ndịda mbụ (akụkụ aka ekpe), nke dị na Western Central Africa.<ref>{{cite book |title=Research on Hydropower Development and Delivery in Congo River |date=April 6, 2020 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811534287 |page=14}}</ref> Obodo Zongo dị nso na [[confluence]] na [[Osimiri Congo]], ebe e nwere [[ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri]] na àkwà mmiri.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Saul |editor1-first=Bernard |title=The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: A to G |date=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=1682}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} n2htxtwo2ivxrrf4tl05ikaney54xsc 0 77628 674772 2026-07-09T23:32:09Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Djoué River | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Le pont du Djoué.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Two taxis passing on the Djoué bridge over the Djoué river in Brazzaville at Pool | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Republic of the Congo | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Congo River]] | mouth_location = [[Brazzaville]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-4.310509|15.228197|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Madzia | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Osimiri Djoué''' bụ osimiri nke Republic of the Congo. Ọ bụ akụkụ aka nri nke [[Osimiri Congo]]. ==Usoro ụzọ== Osimiri Djoué na-arịgo n'ime [[Ngalaba Ọdọ Mmiri]] n'ebe ugwu nke [[Mayama (obodo)|Mayama]], ma na-asọfe n'obodo ahụ. Ọ na-esochi ụzọ mgbagharị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na [[Ngoma-Tsétse]] na [[Ngalaba Brazzaville]] wee gafere ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo [[Brazzaville]], na-abanye Congo ebe ọ na-esi na [[Pool Malebo]] pụọ.{{sfn|Relation: Djoué (1197781)}} Osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ime Kintamo Rapids n'ọnụ ya, nke onye England na-eme nchọpụta [[Henry Morton Stanley]] kọwara na 12 Maachị 1877 dị ka nke nwere ịma mma dị egwu nke na-adịghị ahụkebe.{{sfn|Monuments : Brazzaville.cg}} ==Ebe Ramsar== N'ọnụ ya, osimiri ahụ na-asọfe site na {{convert|2500|ha}} [[Ramsar site]] nọmba 1857, Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué. Ọ gụnyere mmiri mmiri, osimiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-adịru nwa oge, ala mmiri, agwaetiti ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na ọdọ mmiri aquaculture. E nwere agwaetiti atọ jupụtara n'oké ọhịa n'ebe ahụ. Otu n'ime ha, Île du Diable, bụ ebe mgbaba maka ọtụtụ nnụnụ. Ụzọ mmiri ahụ na-akwado azụ̀ na azụ̀ ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ọ bụkwa ebe a na-amụ nwa. Ọ bụ ezie na iwu na-echebe ya, ọ dịghị atụmatụ njikwa e mere, a na-ejikwa ebe ahụ maka ịkọ ugbo n'ahịa, ịkụ azụ na ịghọrọ mmanya [[mmanụ nkwụ]].{{sfn|Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué}} ==Ogo mmiri== Nnyocha e mere gbasara mmiri ahụ iji chọpụta ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ọ dị mma ịṅụ mmiri chọpụtara na pH ya dị mma nke 7.5, mana ọ na-agbaze nke 15 NTU: mmiri ahụ dị oke apịtị.{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=621}} Mmiri ahụ dị nro, o nwekwara obere ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ion phosphate.{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=622}} A pụrụ iji [[calcium hypochlorite]] gwọchaa ya ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na iji [[calcium sulfate]] na [[Lime (ihe onwunwe)|lime]].{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=328}} ==Hydroelectricity== [[File:Djoue Dam.png|thumb|273x273px|Image of the Djoue Dam]] E nwere ọdọ mmiri ndọda nwere isi {{convert|24|m}} na ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri na-enye ọkụ eletrik n'osimiri ahụ nke na-erughị {{convert|10|km}} site n'etiti obodo ahụ, nke e wuru n'afọ 1950. Na Machị 2013, e nyere Andritz Hydro Switzerland nkwekọrịta ịhazigharị ma kwalite HPP Djoué. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ akwụsịla ọrụ kemgbe Eprel 2007, mgbe mmiri jupụtara n'ime ụlọ njikwa ahụ, mmiri gbasasịkwara ọwa ụgbọ mmiri azụ ya kpamkpam site na idei mmiri nke Osimiri Congo na-eme kwa afọ ugboro abụọ. Ụlọ ọrụ a rụgharịrị ga-enye 2 x 9.06MW.{{sfn|Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{notelist}}{{reflist|30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276286675_Physicochemical_Characterization_Chlorination_and_Flocculation_of_Waters_of_the_River_Djoue_Congo-Brazzaville |last1=Andzi Barhé |first1=T. |first2=Rodrigue |last2=Safou Tchiama |first3=Fulbert |last3=Bouaka |title=Physicochemical Characterization, Chlorination and Flocculation of Waters of the River Djoue (Congo-Brazzaville) |date=July 2013 |issn=2278-3229 |publisher=Marien Ngouabi University |journal=International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry |volume= 2 |issue=3 |pages=618–630}} *{{citation |url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hydro-news-24/hy-news-24-11-djoue-hydro |accessdate=2020-09-06 |publisher=Andritz |title=Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |ref={{harvid|Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1857 |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |ref={{harvid|Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué}} }} *{{citation |url=https://brazzaville.cg/en/monuments |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Monuments |work=Brazzaville.cg |ref={{harvid|Monuments : Brazzaville.cg}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1197781#map=12/-4.3062/15.2222 |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Relation: Djoué (1197781) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Djoué (1197781)}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:}} 707fbr7dvvkzjxrlqztxedbywj3b3ys 0 77629 674778 2026-07-09T23:57:10Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mmiri sị n'Osimiri Congo; akụkụ nke ókèala DR Congo na Angola}} {{for|Osimiri India nke a makwaara dị ka Kasai|Osimiri Kangsabati}} {{Infobox river | name = Kasai River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sunset view from Kalonda.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Kasai watershed.png | map_size = 250 | map_caption = Kasai River watershed ([https://mghydro.com/watersheds/shared/FBABD3.html Interactive map]) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Bié Plateau]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|-11.583|19.024|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|1,300|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Le bassin du Congo">{{cite web|url=https://congeau.site/kasai.html|title=Le cours de la rivière Kasaï}}</ref> | mouth = [[Congo River]] | mouth_location = [[Kwamouth]], DRC | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-3.182|16.184|display=inline}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|272|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Le bassin du Congo"/> | length = {{cvt|2,272|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Le bassin du Congo"/> | basin_size = {{cvt|884,376|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin">{{cite journal |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015 |title=Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin |year=2018 |last1=Becker |first1=M. |last2=Papa |first2=F. |last3=Frappart |first3=F. |last4=Alsdorf |first4=D. |last5=Calmant |first5=S. |last6=Da Silva |first6=J. Santos |last7=Prigent |first7=C. |last8=Seyler |first8=F. |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=66 |pages=196–209 |bibcode=2018IJAEO..66..196B |access-date=2021-09-21 |archive-date=2022-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 |url-status=live }}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge3_location=[[Ilebo]] | discharge3_avg =(1950–1959){{cvt|2,240|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Zaire">{{cite report|url=https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf|title=Zaire|publisher=BGS, British Geological Survey}}</ref> | discharge2_location=''Kutu-Moke'' | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1948–2012){{cvt|8,070|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa">{{cite journal |title=Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa |last1=Laraque |first1=Alain |last2=Moukandi N’kaya |first2=Guy D. |journal=Water |year=2020 |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=2613 |doi=10.3390/w12092613 |bibcode=2020Water..12.2613L |doi-access=free}}</ref> | discharge1_location=''Lediba'' | discharge1_avg=(Period: 1922–2014){{cvt|10,457|m3/s|km3/year|abbr=on}}<ref name="Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo">{{cite web|url=https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120|title=Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo|last=Dr. Raphael|first=M. Tshimanga|date=2019}}</ref> <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | progression = Kasai → [[Congo River|Congo]] → [[Atlantic Ocean]] | river_system = [[Congo River]] | tributaries_left = Luembe, Longatshimo, Tshikapa, Lovua, [[Loange River|Loange]], Lubue, Piopio, Kamtsha, [[Kwango]], Buma | tributaries_right = Munyango, Luau, Kasangeshi, Lueta, [[Lulua River|Lulua]], Lutshuadi, [[Sankuru]], [[Fimi]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|350px|Stanley's route is depicted by the solid black line.]] '''Osimiri Kasai''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Kasai}}, {{Langx|fr|Kasaï}}; a kpọrọ '''Cassai''' na [[Angolan Portuguese]]) bụ akụkụ aka ekpe nke [[Osimiri Congo]], nke dị na [[Central Africa]].<ref name="h"/> Osimiri ahụ na-amalite n'etiti [[Angola]] ma na-asọga n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo mgbe ọ ruru [[Angola-Democratic Republic of the Congo|ókèala]] dị n'etiti Angola na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], ebe ọ na-atụgharị n'ebe ugwu ma na-eje ozi dị ka ókèala ruo mgbe ọ na-asọba n'ime DRC. Site na [[Ilebo]], n'etiti njikọta ya na [[Osimiri Lulua|Osimiri Lulua]] na [[Osimiri Sankuru]], osimiri Kasai na-atụgharị gaa n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. A makwaara akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ, site na njikọ ya na [[Osimiri Fimi|Osimiri Fimi]] ruo mgbe ọ sonyeere Congo na [[Kwamouth]] n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Kinshasa, dịka a maara ya dị ka '''Kwa(h) River'''. Ógbè Kasai bụ ebe oké ọhịa dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri, nke na-enye ala ọrụ ugbo n'ógbè a maara maka ala na-adịghị emepụta ihe na ájá.<ref name="h"/> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke osimiri Congo, a na-ahụkwa dayamọnd n'ime ya. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri isii nke dayamọnd dị na Belgium na-esi n'osimiri Kasai apụta maka ịkpụ na ịkpụzi. ==Ịhapụ== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Mmiri si n'Osimiri Kasai gbapụta na Lediba ({{coord|3|3|25.4556|S|16|32|55.0644|E}}) na Kutu-Moke ({{coord|3|12|33.0516|S|17|20|42.4032|E}}) ọdụ nlele. |- ! rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="71" | !Lediba ! !Kutu- Moke |- ! colspan="3" |Average discharge (m³/s) |- |2016 |9,350 | rowspan="69" | | |- |2015 |8,090 | |- |2014 |9,040 | |- |2013 |9,520 | |- |2012 |8,870 |6,800 |- |2011 |7,940 |6,093 |- |2010 |7,320 |5,614 |- |2009 |8,820 |6,764 |- |2008 |10,400 |7,976 |- |2007 |13,180 |10,110 |- |2006 |10,740 |8,236 |- |2005 |9,017 |6,917 |- |2004 |8,130 |6,235 |- |2003 |11,520 |8,837 |- |2002 |11,150 |8,552 |- |2001 |9,290 |7,125 |- |2000 |8,310 |6,496 |- |1999 |7,030 |5,463 |- |1998 |7,010 |5,480 |- |1997 |9,800 |7,659 |- |1996 |8,950 |7,000 |- |1995 |7,620 |5,960 |- |1994 |7,430 |5,810 |- |1993 |8,580 |6,705 |- |1992 |7,790 |6,089 |- |1991 |10,410 |8,136 |- |1990 |11,150 |8,717 |- |1989 |12,810 |9,988 |- |1988 |11,450 |8,953 |- |1987 |11,120 |8,694 |- |1986 |9,980 |7,804 |- |1985 |9,550 |7,463 |- |1984 |8,800 |6,879 |- |1983 |10,340 |8,084 |- |1982 |10,100 |7,897 |- |1981 |9,500 |7,427 |- |1980 |9,230 |7,213 |- |1979 |11,710 |9,153 |- |1978 |10,730 |8,385 |- |1977 |12,450 |9,731 |- |1976 |11,760 |9,194 |- |1975 |10,720 |8,383 |- |1974 |10,080 |7,878 |- |1973 |9,970 |7,796 |- |1972 |10,540 |8,236 |- |1971 |11,360 |8,880 |- |1970 |12,040 |9,232 |- |1969 |13,020 |9,986 |- |1968 |13,100 |10,050 |- |1967 |11,510 |8,832 |- |1966 |12,340 |9,466 |- |1965 |10,970 |8,417 |- |1964 |11,950 |9,167 |- |1963 |11,960 |9,173 |- |1962 |13,510 |10,360 |- |1961 |12,440 |9,543 |- |1960 |11,430 |8,764 |- |1959 |9,960 |7,638 |- |1958 |9,850 |7,552 |- |1957 |11,810 |9,060 |- |1956 |11,580 |8,882 |- |1955 |11,360 |8,717 |- |1954 |11,390 |8,735 |- |1953 |10,220 |7,837 |- |1952 |10,490 |8,646 |- |1951 |11,260 |8,640 |- |1950 |11,240 |8,619 |- |1949 |11,560 |8,870 |- |1948 |11,360 |8,716 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |Notes: Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959) |- | colspan="5" |Source:<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa">{{cite journal |title=Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa |last1=Laraque |first1=Alain |last2=Moukandi N’kaya |first2=Guy D. |journal=Water |year=2020 |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=2613 |doi=10.3390/w12092613 |bibcode=2020Water..12.2613L |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Improved modeling of Congo’s hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections">{{cite journal|journal=Regional Studies|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf|title=Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections|last1=Sly|first1=Wongchuig|last2=Benjamin|first2=Kitambo|last3=Fabrice|first3=Papa|last4=Adrien|first4=Paris|last5=Ayan Santos|first5=Fleischmann|last6=Laetitia|first6=Gal|last7=Julien|first7=Boucharel|last8=Rodrigo|first8=Paiva|last9=Romulo Jucá|first9=Oliveira|last10=Raphael M.|first10=Tshimanga|last11=Stéphane|first11=Calmant|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|page=21|date=2023 |volume=50 |article-number=101563 |bibcode=2023JHyRS..5001563W }}</ref> |} ==Nnyocha== [[Henry Morton Stanley]] rutere [[confluence]] na 9 Maachị 1877, na-akpọ osimiri Nkutu "osimiri dị ike ma dị omimi", mana ha ghọtara na ọ sitere na Kwango nke [[David Livingstone]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,252}} ==Tributaries== Isi mmiri Kasai [[tributary|tributaries]] site na njikọ ya na Congo:<ref name="Le bassin du Congo"/> * [[Osimiri Fimi|Fimi]] (aka nri – Fimi na [[Osimiri Lukenie|Luknie]] 1,120 km) * [[Osimiri Kwilu|Kwilu]]–[[Osimiri Kwango|Kwango]] (aka ekpe – 1,702 km) * [[Osimiri Loange|Loange]] (aka ekpe – 865 km) * [[Osimiri Sankuru|Sankuru]] ( aka nri – Sankuru–[[Osimiri Lubilanji | Lubilanji]] 1,280 km) * [[Osimiri Lulua|Lulua]] (aka nri – 1,184 km) * Tshikapa (aka ekpe – 630 km) * Longatshimo (aka ekpe – 550 km) * Luembe (aka ekpe – 780 km) * Lueta (aka nri – 395 km) {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Isi iyi mmiri si n'ọnụ pụta: ! Left tributary ! Right tributary ! Length (km) ! Basin size (km²) ! Average discharge (m³/s)* |- | colspan="2" |''Kwa–Kasai'' |''2,272'' |''894,486.6'' |''10,457.3'' |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |'''Kwa''' |- | rowspan="2" | |Mbala |57.5 |1,100.1 |14.9 |- |[[Fimi River|Fimi]] ¹ |1,120 |136,174.7 |2,252.9 |- | colspan="5" |'''Lower Kasai''' |- |Lekulu | rowspan="5" | |57.5 |793.5 |9.3 |- |Buma |138 |3,354.7 |42.3 |- |[[Kwango River|Kwango]] |1,702 |270,904.3 |3,317.4 |- |[[Kamtsha River|Kamtsha]] |250 |8,887.4 |106.4 |- |[[Luele River|Piopio]] |165 |3,169.1 |34.8 |- | |Liau | |1,231.6 |14.4 |- |[[Lubue River|Lubue]] | rowspan="2" | |227 |8,611.7 |103.5 |- |[[Loange River|Loange]] |865 |41,799.5 |489.1 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Kasai''' |- |Lumbudji | rowspan="2" | |137 |2,876.8 |25.4 |- |Lubudi |153 |1,999.2 |17 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Sankuru River|Sankuru]] ² |1,280 |149,479.5 |1,738.1 |- |Lutshuadi |177 |4,596.5 |39.2 |- |[[Lulua River|Lulua]] |1,184 |70,612.5 |798 |- | colspan="5" |'''Upper Kasai''' |- |Yeye | |47 |1,379.3 |8.9 |- | |Kabambaie |77 |2,083.7 |10.8 |- |Lovua | rowspan="3" | |297 |8,262.4 |73.9 |- |[[Tshikapa]] |630 |19,512.1 |179.5 |- |Longatshimo |550 |19,847.3 |198.5 |- | |Luenda |69 |1,791.4 |10.1 |- |Luembe | |780 |46,648.8 |453.4 |- | rowspan="5" | |Lueta (Kaungej) |395 |13,000.1 |87.6 |- |Kasangeshi |206 |3,610.2 |22.1 |- |Luele | |1,173.3 |7.9 |- |Dembo |87 |1,924.8 |13.1 |- |Luau |105 |4,294.4 |38.5 |- |Lualo | | |1,532.8 |14.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Lutshima |166 |1,616.6 |11.5 |- |Munyango | |3,133.1 |20.9 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |Notes: ^* Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie; ² Sankuru–Lubulanji; |- | colspan="5" |Source:<ref name="Congo River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=54&catid=215&Itemid=179|title=Congo River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref><ref name="Le bassin du Congo"/> |} ==Mkpa akụ na ụba== Mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Kasai enweghị ihe mgbochi dịka cataracts na ahịhịa osimiri, nke mere ka ha dị mfe ịnyagharị. Ha na-eme ka ngalaba njem dị mfe ma na-etolite ụzọ azụmaahịa dị mkpa. Ọrụ osimiri ahụ n'ịgagharị na azụmaahịa pụtara ìhè karịa n'oge tupu ọchịchị mba ọzọ mgbe a na-azụ ahịa ohu n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Ndị ahịa ohu jiri otu n'ime nnukwu mmiri mmiri ya, Osimiri Kwango, gaa n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri, jide ndị ohu wee chọta ụzọ ha ga-esi laghachi n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic ebe ha kwụsịrị ụgbọ mmiri ha. Ọ na-ese okwu nke ukwuu na ụfọdụ alaeze obodo dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Kasai kwadoro ahịa ohu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, alaeze Rund, nyere ndị ahịa ohu a ma ama dịka John Matthews, onye Britain na-ere ohu a ma ama, ndị ohu. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume ndị a mere n'etiti narị afọ nke 18 na nke 19, ha mere ka o nwee mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide n'ógbè ndị kacha pụta ìhè, dịka n'etiti osimiri Kwango na Kwilu. Ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ agbakebeghị nke ọma, ebe ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ dị ala karịa nke ebe ndị na-azụghị ahịa ohu. Ihe kacha kpalite mmasị ndị Britain na ndị Portugal n'Osimiri Kasai bụ ọnụnọ nke dayamọnd alluvial dị n'ime akwa ndị bara ụba, ọkachasị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ. E nwekwara ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ otu nnukwu mmiri mmiri, Osimiri Kwango. N'eziokwu, ọ bụ ihe a na-anụkarị okwu bụ́ "ebe obi dayamọnd nke Ugwu Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Angola" e ji mee ihe maka ndagwurugwu Osimiri Kwango. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ihe ndina alluvial diamond a na-ahụ na mpaghara a bụ ndị kacha baa ọgaranya na Angola. == Leekwa == * [[2010 Kasai River ferry capsizing|2010 Kasai River disaster]] * [[2024 Kasai River disaster]] ==Ntụaka== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="h">{{cite book | last = Broadhead | first = Susan | title = Historical dictionary of Angola | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Metuchen, N.J | year = 1992 | isbn = 0585070091 | page = 99}}</ref> }} == Njikọ mpụga == {{commons category|Kasai River}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Kasai River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] {{coord|10|57|37|S|19|18|56|E|region:AO-LSU_type:river|display=title}} d32xc89wwrvb5saf9625avpjiy7rb60 0 77630 674779 2026-07-10T00:05:03Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Nepoko''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Nepoko'') bụ osimiri dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ na-esonye na [[Osimiri Ituri]] n'obodo [[Bomili]] iji mepụta [[Osimiri Aruwimi]]. Osimiri ahụ kewara ìgwè dị iche iche nke [[ndị Budu]] nke [[Obodo Wamba]], ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ [[Ibambi]] nke osimiri ahụ na n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Wamba, Haut-Uele District|Wamba]], ọ bụ ezie na ha na-ewere onwe ha dị ka otu ndị.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=buu |title=Budu: A language of Democratic Republic of the Congo |work=Ethnologue |accessdate=2011-10-25}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ kewara [[Dayọsis Katọlik nke Wamba]] ụzọ abụọ.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afriquespoir.com/pygmeeswamba/eng/index_fichiers/coverage.htm |title=Area of coverage |work=PYGMEES WAMBA |accessdate=2011-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091739/http://www.afriquespoir.com/pygmeeswamba/eng/index_fichiers/coverage.htm |archive-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ọ na-agafe [[Okapi Wildlife Reserve]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guideforafrica.com/congo-drc/okapi-wildlife-reserve.html |title=Okapi Wildlife Reserve |publisher=Guide for Africa |accessdate=2011-10-25}}</ref> Osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ndịda ya gụnyere osimiri Uala, Afande, Mambo na Ngaue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft6q2nb3zj&chunk.id=d0e804&toc.id=&brand=eschol |title=Houses in the Rain Forest |author=Roy Richard Grinker |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS |year=1994 |accessdate=2011-10-25}}</ref> Onye nchọpụta ahụ [[Wilhelm Junker]] rutere n'osimiri ahụ na 6 Mee 1882. O kwuru na ọ dị ihe dị ka otu narị yaadị n'obosara na mmiri dị ala. Akụkụ nkume ahụ dị n'akụkụ ya, nke karịrị mita iri atọ n'ịdị elu, guzo n'azụ wee mepụta ókèala dị larịị nke obosara ya ruru mita iri ise ruo iri isii, nke mmiri jupụtara na ya.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7I5UXjC0Zs4C&pg=PA141 |page=141 |title=The scramble for art in Central Africa |author=Enid Schildkrout, Curtis A. Keim |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-521-58678-X}}</ref> N'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, ụgbọ mmiri na-agafe osimiri ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka mmiri dị elu ma ọ bụ nke dị ala. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị e ji osisi rụọ nke e ji ihe e ji osisi kpuchie, e jikwa eriri dọkpụrụ ha gafee osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TWftBeiEFEC&pg=PA123 |page=123 |title=In the shade of an acacia tree: memoirs of a health officer in Africa, 1945-1959 |author=Frank L. Lambrecht |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1991 |isbn=0-87169-194-9}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] bp7rhqae887vwxn31msoxg366usbxq2 0 77631 674782 2026-07-10T00:39:56Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:Lake Mai-Ndombe and Fimi River DRC.svg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe na Osimiri Fimi, na-acha uhie]] '''Osimiri Fimi''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Fimi'') bụ [[osimiri]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].<ref>{{cite news |title=At least 25 dead and dozens missing after overcrowded boat capsizes in Congo |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/world/congo-boat-capsized-river-children-b2666113.html |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stiassny |first1=Melanie L. J. |last2=Alter |first2=S. Elizabeth |last3=Liyandja |first3=Tobit L. D. |last4=Modimo |first4=Myriam Y. |last5=Iyaba |first5=Raoul J. C. Monsembula |title=Fishes of the Mfimi River in the central Congo basin of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Kasai ecoregion or part of the Cuvette Centrale? |journal=Check List |date=15 December 2021 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1681–1714 |doi=10.15560/17.6.1681|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ọ na-asọ site na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe]] ruo [[Osimiri Kasai]], nke na-asọba n'ime [[Osimiri Congo|Congo]]. Otu n'ime mmiri ndị Fimi na-asọba bụ [[Osimiri Lukenie]], nke ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịgagharị ruo [[Kole, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Kole]]. ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} {{Coord missing|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} 41qqsr48cxq8j0ol1p4e0ueqlbew7f2 0 77632 674784 2026-07-10T00:47:15Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Foto elu nke ''Osimiri Lukenie'' ka ọ na-agafe [[Oke ọhịa dị larịị nke Central Congo]] nke DRC]] [[File:Kasai River Catchment OSM.png|thumb|Osimiri Lukenie dị n'ọdọ mmiri Kasai (n'elu)]] ''' Osimiri Lukenie''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Lukenie'') bụ [[osimiri]] dị n'etiti [[Kongo Basin]] nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Njem Osimiri [[ụgbọ mmiri]] site na [[Kinshasa]] site na [[Osimiri Kongo|Kongo]], [[Osimiri Kwah|Kwah]] ([[Osimiri Kasai|Kasai]]), na [[Osimiri Fimi|Fimi]] Osimiri gaa Lukenie ruo ebe ọ ga-erute na [[Kole, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Kole]], njem nke izu isii ruo iri na abụọ. A naghị eme nke a n'oge mmiri dị ala (June-August), mana, n'ihi egwu na ọ ga-anọ n'ebe dị anya ruo ogologo oge. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n'elu Kole anaghị agba ọsọ site n'ụgbọ mmiri Lukenie. N'oge mbụ nke oge ọchịchị ndị Belgium, a na-eji osimiri ahụ ebuga rọba site na osisi dịka [[Kole, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Kole]] na [[Lodja]] ruo [[Lake Leopold II]]. Agbanyeghị, e butere ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị mkpa n'ala site na [[Bene Dibele]], gaa na ndịda n'akụkụ aka nri nke [[Osimiri Sankuru]] dị n'okpuru ebe [[Osimiri Lubefu]] na-esonyere ya, ụzọ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi karịa.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/landpeoplesofkas00hiltrich/landpeoplesofkas00hiltrich_djvu.txt |title=Land and Peoples of the Kasai; Being a Narrative of a Two Years' Journey Among the Cannibals of the Equatorial Forest and Other Savage Tribes |first=M.W. |last=Hilton-Simpson |pages=65, 123–124 |publisher=Constable |year=1911}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe ndị bụ isi [[nkwenye osisi]] nke [[Sodefor]] dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke Osimiri Lukenie, nke dị na [[Oshwe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |title=Carte Illustrative Actions Sociales |publisher=SODEFOR |access-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030926/http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Na Septemba 2010, ọtụtụ narị mmadụ na [[Oshwe]], obodo dị na [[Mai-Ndombe Province]], mere ngagharịiwe megide SODEFOR. Ha na-arịọ ka a kwụsị igbu osisi n'ime mpaghara ahụ, nke na-emebi oke ọhịa nke obodo ahụ na-adabere na ya n'enweghị uru nye obodo ndị dara ogbenye.<ref name=Greenpeace20100923/> ==Ntụaka== <references> <ref name=Greenpeace20100923>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/Press-Centre-Hub/Press-releases/Greenpeace-witnesses-DRCs-Oshwe-Communities-Protest-Against-Logging-Company/ |publisher=Greenpeace |title=Greenpeace witnesses DRC's Oshwe Communities Protest Against Logging Company |date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=2012-02-03}}</ref> </references> {{coord missing|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} k7g36ndrwldnnpyqn86d1y6j99mt8pv 0 77633 674785 2026-07-10T01:03:31Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ọdọ Mmiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:Lake Mai-Ndombe and Fimi River DRC.svg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe na Osimiri Fimi, n'agba uhie]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe''' ({{langx|fr|Lac Mai-Ndombe}}, {{langx|nl|Mai-Ndombemeer}}) bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri mmiri dị ọcha na [[Mai-Ndombe Province|Mai-Ndombe province]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ime mpaghara [[Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe]], Ala Mmiri kachasị ukwuu nke Mba Nile nke a nabatara site na [[Ramsar Convention]] n'ụwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf |title=Logging concession different periods |publisher=Institute for Environmental Security |accessdate=2012-01-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030639/http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ọnọdụ== Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-asọba n'ebe ndịda site na [[Osimiri Fimi]] gaa na [[Osimiri Kwah|Kwah]] na [[Osimiri Congo]]. A maara ya ruo 1972 dị ka '''Lake Leopold II''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Lac Léopold II''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Leopold II-meer'') mgbe [[Leopold nke Abụọ nke Belgium|Leopold nke Abụọ]], [[Eze nke ndị Belgium]]. ''Mai-Ndombe'' pụtara "mmiri ojii" n'asụsụ [[asụsụ Kongo|Kikongo]]. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma dị omimi site na naanị mita 5 (nkezi) ruo mita 10 (kachasị). Ọ dị ihe dị ka square maịlụ 890 (square km 2,300), a maara na ọ na-amụba okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ okpukpu atọ n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ya na-enweta oxygen n'ime omimi ha niile, pH ya dịkwa site na 4.2 ruo 5.5. Oke osimiri dị ala, nke nwere oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu site na oke ọhịa dị oke mmiri ozuzo nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu na oke ọhịa dị iche iche na [[savanna]] n'ebe ndịda. ==Biodiversity== Nnyocha egosila na e nwere ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche n'ime na gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ, anụmanụ dịka ụdị [[otter]] abụọ, [[marsh mongoose]], [[giant otter shrew]], ọtụtụ [[waterbird]]s, [[crocodile]]s na [[mbe]].<ref name=FEOW>Peck, E. (2013, updated 2015). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/mai_ndombe Mai Ndombe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116162721/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Mai_Ndombe |date=2017-01-16 }}. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</ref> Mai-Ndombe nwere ihe ndị dị ka acidic, [[osimiri Blackwater|blackwater]], n'ozuzu ha, azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri a adịghị mma, ọbụlagodi ma e jiri ya tụnyere mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara Osimiri Congo.<ref name=FEOW/> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị ka [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba]] n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọwa ma ọ bụ apịtị na-ejikọ ya kpọmkwem, e nwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị mkpa n'anụmanụ azụ̀ nke bi n'ọdọ mmiri abụọ ahụ, mana e nwekwara ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị a na-ekerịta.<ref name=FEOW/><ref name=Hardman2008/> [[George Albert Boulenger]] mere nyocha mbụ ihe karịrị otu narị afọ gara aga, e nwebeghịkwa obere nnyocha e mere gbasara azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name=FEOW/> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e mere nnyocha mbụ nke akụkụ ugwu ya naanị n'afọ 2002.<ref name=Schliewen2006/> A maara ihe karịrị ụdị azụ iri atọ, mana a na-eche na ọnụọgụgụ ha dị elu karịa nke ukwuu.<ref name=FEOW/> E nwere [[Endemism|endemics]] ise a maara: [[catfish]] ''[[Amphilius]] opisthophthalmus'' na [[cichlid]] ''[[Hemichromis]] cerasogaster'' Boulenger kọwara nke ọma n'ụzọ sayensị.<ref name=FEOW/> Ihe ndị ọzọ bụ nchọpụta ọhụrụ nke a kọwara naanị n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga: Na 1984, ụdị cichlid ọhụrụ, ''[[Nanochromis transvestitus]]'', a kpọrọ ya aha maka eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ na-egosipụta mgbanwe [[mmekọahụ dichromatism]], nke a kọwara n'ụzọ sayensị site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/1445037|author=Donald J. Stewart|author2= Tyson R. Roberts|title=A New Species of Dwarf Cichilid Fish with Reversed Sexual Dichromatism from Lac Mai-Ndombe, Zaïre|journal=Copeia |volume=1984|issue=1|date=February 23, 1984|pages=82–86|doi=10.2307/1445037 |jstor=1445037 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Na 2006, ụdị cichlid ọhụrụ ọzọ, ''Nanochromis wickleri'', nke a kọwara,<ref name=Schliewen2006>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267699287 |author=Ulrich K. Schliewen|author2=Melanie L. J. Stiassny|title=A new species of ''Nanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Zootaxa|volume=1169 |issue=33|date=April 10, 2006|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> na afọ 2008, ụdị azụ̀ catfish ọhụrụ, ''[[Chrysichthys]] praecox'', ka e dekọrọ.<ref name=Hardman2008>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282762727|author=Michael Hardman |author2=Melanie L.J. Stiassny|title=A sexually dimorphic species of ''Chrysichthys'' (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) from Lac Mai-Ndombe, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters |volume= 19|issue=2|pages=175–184|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> ==Ọrụ akụ na ụba== Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe ndị bụ isi nke ụlọ ọrụ na-akụ osisi [[Sodefor]] dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |title = Carte Illustrative Actions Sociales |publisher = SODEFOR |accessdate = 2012-02-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030926/http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Na 28 Nọvemba 2009, ụgbọ mmiri abụọ e ji osisi rụọ mikpuru nke mere ka mmadụ 73 nwụọ. E nyeghị ikike ibu ndị njem n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, mana a kwenyere na o nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 270 n'ime ya n'oge ahụ.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8384441.stm BBC News article reporting the boat sinking]</ref> A na-ejikarị ọdọ mmiri Mai-Ndombe na usoro osimiri eme njem n'ofe obodo ahụ n'ihi na usoro okporo ụzọ ala ezughị oke. Ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị njem na-ebu ọtụtụ narị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ndị a ochie ma a naghị elekọta ha nke ọma. Na Satọde, Mee 25, 2019, ụgbọ mmiri ndị njem karịrị mmadụ 350 kpuru n'oké ifufe. E kwuputara na ihe karịrị mmadụ iri anọ na ise nwụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ ahụ, a hụkwara na ihe karịrị otu narị ka furu efu. N'ịzaghachi, gọọmentị kwuru na ha ga-amachibido ụgbọ mmiri osisi ndị na-ebu mmadụ karịrị afọ ise ịgafe ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite web |title=30 dead, more than 150 missing after boat sinks on Congo lake |date=2019-05-27 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712203935/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/27/africa/congo-lake-accident-intl/index.html |archive-date=2019-07-12 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/27/africa/congo-lake-accident-intl/index.html}}</ref> ==Ndekọ Akwụkwọ== * Mapping the vegetation cover of the Mai-Ndombe region (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Regional School of Integrated Forest and Land Management. [[University of Kinshasa]], July 2003 * Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa, Vol. 1. J.-P. Vanden Bossche & G.M. Bernacsek {{ISBN|92-5-102983-0}} ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001204200500/http://www.worldlakes.org/ Article title]}} {{Authority control}} pxs2v4djccv5yy6bhrootile2u84pll 0 77634 674892 2026-07-10T07:21:53Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323347391|River Enyau]]" 674892 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osimiri Enyau''' bụ otu n'ime osimiri ndị kacha ogologo na mpaghara West Nile. Ọ na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, mgbe ọ si n'Ọhịa Nchekwa Ezuku dị na Vurra (nso ókèala DR Congo) malite, gafee Obodo Arua, Ayivu, na Terego. == Ihe omume == Enyau bụ isi iyi nke mmiri pọmpụ na Obodo Arua . [[Faịlụ:958._Northern_Masked_Weaver_-_River_Enyau,_Terego_-_07-NOV-2022_-_1.jpg|thumb|Onye na-akpa ihe mkpuchi n'ebe ugwu]] A na-emekwa njem nleta dị ka ikiri nnụnụ; nnụnụ dị ka onye na-akpa ihe mkpuchi Northern nwere ike ịhụ n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. A na-ehiwe ebe ntụrụndụ dị ka Eripak Beach Resort na Ewuata ( obodo Arua) n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ragem Beach, a meander belt adịghị anya. Ịsacha ụgbọala na ọrụ ugbo bụkwa ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-eme n'akụkụ Osimiri Enyau. A na-ahụ Olewa Falls na Osimiri Enyau na Terego District na ala ugwu nke Ugwu Wati. == Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji zọpụta Osimiri Enyau == N'afọ 2018, WWF, World Bank na NWSC jikọtara aka iji chekwaa Osimiri Enyau. Na Jenụwarị 2023, Ministry of Water and Environment malitere ọrụ ruru dọla Amerịka 38,000 iji mee akara ókè ọhụrụ nke mpaghara nchekwa nke Osimiri Enyau na distrikti Arua. Ọrụ a bụ nke Global Environment Facility (GEF) na United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) kwadoro ego ya.N'ụbọchị Satọdee, 30 Novemba 2024, MWE site n'Ọfịs Mpaghara Ugwu ya haziri Maratọn mbụ kwa afọ nke “Chekwaa Osimiri Enyau” n'Obodo Arua, nke malitere na OPM Grounds. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 59q4jpqxjdmhxwlwb9ma6hzdtk9c3zc 0 77635 674896 2026-07-10T07:28:03Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1234697193|Katonga River]]" 674896 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|345x345px|Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Uganda]] [[Faịlụ:Katonga_River_Bridge_in_Mpigi_District_along_Kampala-Masaka_Highway.jpg|alt=katonga river|thumb|Àkwà Mmiri Katonga]] [[Faịlụ:Katonga_River_View_along_Kampala-Masaka_Highway.jpg|thumb|Ebe Osimiri Katonga si Ahụ]] [[Faịlụ:Katonga_forest_in_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Katonga site n'oké ọhịa Katonga]] '''[[osimiri]] Katonga''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Uganda]], n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka . == Ebe na nkọwa == Osimiri Katonga dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Uganda]]. Ọwa ya na-aga n'ihu n'etiti [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] na Ọdọ Mmị George, na-egosipụta na ọ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victorian banye n'[[Ọdọ Mmiri George (Uganda)|Ọdọ Mmiri George]] n'ogologo ya niile. Ihe omume mmụba mpaghara dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri abụọ ahụ metụtara akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ (Albertine Rift) nke usoro Rift nke East Africa na-arụ ọrụ, emeela ka mpaghara marshy dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Wamala ghọọ mmiri ọhụrụ maka Osimiri Katonga, nke na-asọba n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, nke ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ya.Akụkụ nkewa mmiri a dị ihe dị ka 0°13′N 30°39′E, n'akụkụ Katonga Wildlife Reserve, ma dị ihe karịrị kilomita 120 site na Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.N'oge udu mmiri, mgbe mmiri juru n'ebe apịtị dị n'akụkụ nkewa mmiri a, ọ na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ ka akụkụ mmiri si ebe ahụ sọọ gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ banye n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Katonga, nke na-asọba n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri George. Agbanyeghị, nnukwu akụkụ mmiri ahụ ka na-aga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ banye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke nkewa mmiri a, Osimiri Katonga na-anatakwa mmiri site n'aka ọtụtụ osimiri nta n'ụzọ ya ruo Ọdọ Mmiri George.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|date=1992|publisher=IUCN/UNEP(WCMC)|isbn=2-88032-949-3|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/6001|accessdate=26 February 2014|chapter=2.10 Uganda}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * Katonga Wildlife Reserve E debere ya Wayback Machine * [http://www.rwandagorillasafaris.com/uganda/river-katonga.html Osimiri Katonga] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Osimiri na Ọdọ Mmiri nke Uganda] == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Edward == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|00|12|N|30|50|E}} mz8jjm2ywytbjf4ghthzouluiup2xne 0 77636 674904 2026-07-10T07:40:52Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362100482|Smir Dam]]" 674904 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Smir |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Dam_wall_Smir_(wall_with_writting).JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px">[[Faịlụ:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|240x240px|Smir Dam is located in Morocco]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:6.314%;left:63.048%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Smir Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ihe mgbochi mmiri Smir</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Morocco</div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha gọọmentị&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Smir |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Morocco |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |M'dick |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Njikọ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Smir_Dam&params=35_41_05.73_N_5_23_07.03_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°41′05.73′′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°23′07.03′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.6849250°N 5.3852861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.6849250; -5.3852861</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Smir_Dam&params=35_41_05.73_N_5_23_07.03_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°41′05.73″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°23′07.03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.6849250°N 5.3852861°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">35.6849250; -5.3852861</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebumnuche | class="infobox-data" |Mmiri, ịgba mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị mmeghe&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1991 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Mmiri na mmiri na-asọba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị mmiri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri, ihe mgbochi ala |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |45 m (148 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |600 m (2,000 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe mgbochi mmiri&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |710,000 m³ (930,000 cu yd) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ụzọ a na-awụfu mmiri&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ọnụ mgbịrịgba a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ebe a na-echekwa mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ngụkọta nke ikike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |4³,500,000 m3 (35,300 acre⋅ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe a na-ejide mmiri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |75 km² (² mi2) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ mmiri na Ọdọ Mmiri Smir |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |22 Mee 2019 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2380 |} Smir Dam (Arabic) bụ ọdọ mmiri jupụtara n'ụwa n'ebe ugwu Morocco, n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nakhla Dam na kilomita 5 (mile 3.1) n'ọdịda anyanwụ M'diq. Ọ dị na njikọ nke ọdọ mmiri Smir na El-lile ma nwee ọdọ mmiri saddle dị mita 17 (ụkwụ 56) n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri bụ isi. Isi ihe mere e ji wuo ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ inye mmiri na obodo Tetouan, kilomita 12 (mile 7.5) n'ebe ndịda. Emechara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 1991 .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smir Dam|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=271|publisher=Morocco Ministry Delegate to the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment-charge of Water|accessdate=10 February 2014|language=French}}</ref> A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ mmiri ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke Ebe Ramsar kemgbe 2019. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * ''' ''' * [https://www.panoramio.com/photo/72384157 Foto] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] advuhl62y1mrbnrj5veo0z2szu9k35z 674911 674904 2026-07-10T07:50:28Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674911 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Smir |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Dam_wall_Smir_(wall_with_writting).JPG|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px">[[Faịlụ:Morocco_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|240x240px|Smir Dam is located in Morocco]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:6.314%;left:63.048%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[Faịlụ:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Smir Dam]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ihe mgbochi mmiri Smir</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Ebe dị na Morocco</div></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha gọọmentị&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri Smir |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Morocco |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |M'dick |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Njikọ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Smir_Dam&params=35_41_05.73_N_5_23_07.03_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°41′05.73′′N</span> <span class="longitude">5°23′07.03′′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.6849250°N 5.3852861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.6849250; -5.3852861</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:8}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Smir_Dam&params=35_41_05.73_N_5_23_07.03_W_type:landmark <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°41′05.73″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°23′07.03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.6849250°N 5.3852861°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">35.6849250; -5.3852861</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebumnuche | class="infobox-data" |Mmiri, ịgba mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọrụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị mmeghe&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1991 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Mmiri na mmiri na-asọba |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị mmiri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Ihe mgbochi mmiri, ihe mgbochi ala |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |45 m (148 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |600 m (2,000 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe mgbochi mmiri&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |710,000 m³ (930,000 cu yd) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị ụzọ a na-awụfu mmiri&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Ọnụ mgbịrịgba a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue; color:inherit;" |Ebe a na-echekwa mmiri |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ngụkọta nke ikike&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |4³,500,000 m3 (35,300 acre⋅ft) &nbsp;&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web|title=Dams|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&id=80&ID_PAGE=196|publisher=Morocco Ministry Delegate to the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment-charge of Water|accessdate=10 February 2014|language=French}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe a na-ejide mmiri<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |75 km² (² mi2) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- class="mergedrow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><div style="line-height:1.5;text-align:center;border-style:solid;border-width:4px;border-color:#8DE3D2">Ala Mmiri Ramsar</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Aha gọọmentị</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ mmiri na Ọdọ Mmiri Smir |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị a họpụtara | class="infobox-data" |22 Mee 2019 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide no.&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |2380<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Lagune et barrage de Smir|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2380|accessdate=15 July 2019}}</ref> |} Smir Dam (Arabic) bụ ọdọ mmiri jupụtara n'ụwa n'ebe ugwu Morocco, n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nakhla Dam na kilomita 5 (mile 3.1) n'ọdịda anyanwụ M'diq. Ọ dị na njikọ nke ọdọ mmiri Smir na El-lile ma nwee ọdọ mmiri saddle dị mita 17 (ụkwụ 56) n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri bụ isi. Isi ihe mere e ji wuo ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ inye mmiri na obodo Tetouan, kilomita 12 (mile 7.5) n'ebe ndịda. Emechara ọdọ mmiri ahụ na 1991 .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smir Dam|url=http://www.water.gov.ma/index.cfm?gen=true&ID=80&ID_PAGE=271|publisher=Morocco Ministry Delegate to the Minister of Energy, Mines, Water and Environment-charge of Water|accessdate=10 February 2014|language=French}}</ref> A họpụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ mmiri ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke Ebe Ramsar kemgbe 2019.<ref name="RSIS"/> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * ''' ''' * [https://www.panoramio.com/photo/72384157 Foto] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ed6isbz6j0rqyso66slgnsh0r273gn4 0 77637 674908 2026-07-10T07:45:21Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252966501|Lwajjali River]]" 674908 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osimiri Lwajjali''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Uganda]], n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka .   == Ebe == Osimiri Lwajjali dị na etiti Uganda. Ọ na-amalite n'apịtị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ obodo Kisweera, na distrikti Mukono, n'Etiti Mpaghara Uganda. Na mbụ, ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, emesịa ọ tụgharịa gaa n'ebe ugwu, ma mesịa gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ tupu ọ banye n'Osimiri Sezibwa na distrikti Kayunga, n'ókè ya na distrikti Luweero, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ obodo Kiziba.Isi iyi Osimiri Lwajjali dị na Kisweera, na nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: 0°24′50.0″N, 32°45′03.0″E (Latitude: 0.413889; Longitude: 32.750833).Osimiri Lwajjali na-asọba n'Osimiri Sezibwa n'ime apịtị ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Kayunga, na distrikti Kayunga, na nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: 0°51′27.0″N, 32°47′29.0″E (Latitude: 0.857500; Longitude: 32.791389).<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=24 January 2015|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B024'50.0%22N+32%C2%B045'03.0%22E/@0.4138281,32.7513816,19z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of the Source of River Lwajjali At Google Maps|publisher=[[Google|Google Maps]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B051'27.0%22N+32%C2%B047'29.0%22E/@0.8579107,32.7912356,18z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of the Mouth of River Lwajjali At Google Maps|publisher=[[Google|Google Maps]]|date=|accessdate=24 January 2015}}</ref> == Ụzọ == Site na isi iyi ya, osimiri ahụ na-asọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ma gafee okporo ụzọ Gayaza-Kayunga na Nakasajja, ebe ọ na-eme ka ókèala dị n'etiti mpaghara Wakiso n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Mpaghara Mukono n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanye n'akụkụ ugwu. Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-agbanye n'akụkụ elekere, ugbu a na-eme ka ókèala dị n'etiti Kayunga District n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na Luweero District n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=24 January 2015|first=Fred|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201005250071.html|author=Muzaale|title=Uganda: Floods Cut Off Districts|date=25 May 2010}}</ref> N'ime ala ahịhịa dị n'ebe ugwu nke Kayunga, ihe dị ka kilomita 25 (16 mi), n'ebeebe ugwu nke obodo ahụ, Lwajjali na-abanye n'[[Osimiri Sezibwa]], -aga n'ihu n'ebe ndịda iji banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga. Na isi iyi ya, ịdị elu ya bụ ihe dịka mita 1,200 (3,900 ft). N'ebe ọ na-abanye n'osimiri Sezibwa, ịdị elu ya bụ ihe dịka mita 1,150 (3,77 ft)0 . Ogologo Osimiri Lwajjali, bụ ihe dịka kilomita 65 (40 mi) site na isi iyi ruo na njedebe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kiswera%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda&toplace=Kayonza%2C%20Central%20Region%2C%20Uganda%2C&dt1=ChIJr8mS3wPJfRcRpcJb6t1aiRg&dt2=ChIJN3Qu2dQPfBcRsABgui1wTxI|title=Interactive Map Showing Source And Mouth of River Lwajjali With Marker|accessdate=24 January 2015|publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> == Hụkwa == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Osimiri na Ọdọ Mmiri nke Uganda] gggntfodadizx87uqfi2sbt9fnxtaqk 0 77638 674915 2026-07-10T07:54:19Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354100279|Merja Zerga]]" 674915 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Merja Zerga''' ma ọ bụ Lagune de Moulay Bou Selham bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]] nke [[Morocco]], kilomita 70 n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Kenitra. E debere ya dị ka Permanent Biological Reserve na 1978, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-elekọta ya.<ref name="birdlife">{{Cite web|title=BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Merja Zerga|publisher=[[Birdlife International]]|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6487&m=0|accessdate=2009-01-11}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Merja_Zerga.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Nlegharị anya nke Merja Zerga, nke e si n'obodo Moulay Bousselham nweta]] == Ebe obibi == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke dị hekta 4,500, na-enweta mmiri site na Oued Drader na site na ala mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ. Omimi ya nkezi bụ mita 1.5. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ (600–700 mm) na-eme ka idei mmiri n'oge oyi na-asọba n'ime mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke dị na Ramsar Convention, nwere ụdị nnụnụ 100 ma achọpụtala ya dị ka ebe dị mkpa na East Atlantic Flyway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report on the Exchange Programme Planning Workshop|publisher=[[Wetlands International]]|url=http://wow.wetlands.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=tI%2FYqG2efFw%3D&tabid=153&mid=801&language=fr-FR|accessdate=2009-01-11}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International, n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nnụnụ miri na-anọ n'oge oyi.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/merja-zerga-iba-morocco|title=Merja Zerga|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> N'etiti 15,000 na 30,000 ọbọgwụ na-anọ n'oge oyi na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ na-ejikwa 50,000 ruo 100,000 waders mgbe niile. Ndị bi na ya na-adịgide adịgide gụnyere owls marsh. Ndị nleta n'oge oyi gụnyere shelduck, shelduck nkịtị, gadwall, Eurasian wigeon, northern shoveler, marbled teal, greater flamingo, common coot, pied avocet, grey plover, na curlew na-adịghịzi adị.<ref name="birdlife">{{Cite web|title=BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Merja Zerga|publisher=[[Birdlife International]]|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6487&m=0|accessdate=2009-01-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6487&m=0 "BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Merja Zerga"]. </cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|34|50|N|6|15|W}} lo0vh5ifddfdfixmqn7a7pht87lxnjp 674916 674915 2026-07-10T07:56:16Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Tidal lagoon in Morocco}} {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 20 June 1980 | designation1_number = 206<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bahía de Samborombón|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/206|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} '''Merja Zerga''' ma ọ bụ Lagune de Moulay Bou Selham bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]] nke [[Morocco]], kilomita 70 n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Kenitra. E debere ya dị ka Permanent Biological Reserve na 1978, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-elekọta ya.<ref name="birdlife" /> [[Faịlụ:Merja_Zerga.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Nlegharị anya nke Merja Zerga, nke e si n'obodo Moulay Bousselham nweta]] == Ebe obibi == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke dị hekta 4,500, na-enweta mmiri site na Oued Drader na site na ala mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ. Omimi ya nkezi bụ mita 1.5. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ (600–700 mm) na-eme ka idei mmiri n'oge oyi na-asọba n'ime mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke dị na Ramsar Convention, nwere ụdị nnụnụ 100 ma achọpụtala ya dị ka ebe dị mkpa na East Atlantic Flyway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report on the Exchange Programme Planning Workshop|publisher=[[Wetlands International]]|url=http://wow.wetlands.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=tI%2FYqG2efFw%3D&tabid=153&mid=801&language=fr-FR|accessdate=2009-01-11}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International, n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nnụnụ miri na-anọ n'oge oyi.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/merja-zerga-iba-morocco|title=Merja Zerga|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref> N'etiti 15,000 na 30,000 ọbọgwụ na-anọ n'oge oyi na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ na-ejikwa 50,000 ruo 100,000 waders mgbe niile. Ndị bi na ya na-adịgide adịgide gụnyere owls marsh. Ndị nleta n'oge oyi gụnyere shelduck, shelduck nkịtị, gadwall, Eurasian wigeon, northern shoveler, marbled teal, greater flamingo, common coot, pied avocet, grey plover, na curlew na-adịghịzi adị.<ref name="birdlife">{{Cite web|title=BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Merja Zerga|publisher=[[Birdlife International]]|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6487&m=0|accessdate=2009-01-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6487&m=0 "BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Merja Zerga"]. </cite></ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|34|50|N|6|15|W}} qe16oxumt1nx16lnk4s6rltyj3dvjh4 0 77639 674917 2026-07-10T07:56:35Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288952978|Mayanja River]]" 674917 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Mayanja |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Hakuna_Matata_Fun_City,_Naluvule,_Wakiso_town_council.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="7" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Mayanja River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q4790362"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Mayanja River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q4790362"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[31.82,1.3575],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Mayanja River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |Ugwu Wakiso, Ógbè Wakiso |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Wakiso, Central Region, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mayanja_River&params=00_24_36_N_32_31_12_E_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°24′36′′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°31′12′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.41000°N 32.52000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0.41000; 32.52000</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,140 m (3,740 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Kafu, Ógbè NakasekeMpaghara Nakaseke |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |'''Ndede''', Central Region, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mayanja_River&params=01_21_27_N_31_49_12_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°21′27′′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°49′12′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.35750°N 31.82000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.35750; 31.82000</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:6}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mayanja_River&params=01_21_27_N_31_49_12_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°21′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°49′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.35750°N 31.82000°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">1.35750; 31.82000</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,000 m (3,300 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |150 km (93 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} [[Faịlụ:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|345x345px|Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Uganda]] '''Osimiri Mayanja''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Uganda]], n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka . == Ebe == Osimiri Mayanja dị na Central Uganda. Ọ na-amalite site na ugwu, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Wakiso, na Wakiso District, Central Uganda ma na-aga n'ebeebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ iji banye na Osimiri Kafu, Nakaseke District na ókèala ya na Masindi District na Kyankwanzi District. Isi iyi Osimiri Mayanja dị na Wakiso, na nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: Latitude: 0.41000; Longitude: 32.52000.Osimiri Mayanja na-asọba n'Osimiri Kafu n'akụkụ obodo Ndede, na distrikti Nakaseke, na nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: Latitude: 1.3575; Longitude: 31.8200. == Ụzọ == N'ụzọ ya n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, osimiri ahụ gafere ma ọ bụ mepụta ókèala nke mpaghara ndị a: Wakiso District, Mpigi District, Kiboga District, Kyankwanzi District na Nakaseke District. Na isi iyi ya, ịdị elu ya bụ ihe dịka mita 1,140 (3,740 ft) . N'ebe ọ na-abanye n'Osimiri Kafu, ịdị elu ya bụ ihe dịka 1,000 mita (3,300 ft). Ogologo Osimiri Mayanja, bụ ihe dịka kilomita 150 (93 mi) site na isi iyi ruo na njedebe. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Osimiri na Ọdọ Mmiri nke Uganda] * [http://maps.google.co.ug/maps?q=0.41000N,+32.52000E&hl=en&ll=0.414215,32.517343&spn=0.019569,0.046906&sll=0.415717,32.529273&sspn=0.019569,0.030556&vpsrc=6&t=p&z=15&iwloc=near Ebe Osimiri Mayanja dị na Google Maps] == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Kafu * Wakiso * Ógbè Wakiso * Mpaghara Mpigi * Mpaghara Kiboga * Mpaghara Kyankwanzi * Mpaghara Nakaseke == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 0v9dbketkjt0llzxjxb29f92jg5jlxg 0 77640 674918 2026-07-10T08:12:39Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335039108|Nkusi River]]" 674918 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Nkusi''' dị na mpaghara Bunyoro, na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Uganda]]. == Ebe == Osimiri Nkusi na-amalite n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ obodo Kakumiro, na distrikti Kakumiro. Ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo mgbe ọ batara n'apịtị dị nso na obodo Kitoma, na distrikti Kibaale.Osimiri ahụ na-apụta n'apịtị ahụ ma na-asọba n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, tupu o mechaa banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert n'ókèala ya na Democratic Republic of the Congo. N'ime apịtị dị nso na Kitoma, Osimiri Nkusi na-ejikọta nwa oge na Osimiri Kafu. Otú ọ dị, Osimiri Kafu na-apụta n'apịtị ahụ ma na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, tupu o mechaa banye n'Osimiri Victoria Nile, n'akụkụ obodo Masindi Port na distrikti Masindi. Isi iyi Osimiri Nkusi dị na Kakumiro, na nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: Latitude 0.7955 N, Longitude 31.2190 E.Osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert na Kigwabya, na distrikti Kibaale, na nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: Latitude 1.1195 N, Longitude 30.6670 E.N'ebe isi iyi ya dị, ịdị elu ya dị ihe dịka mita 1,334 (ụkwụ 4,377) n'elu oke osimiri. N'ebe ọ na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert, ịdị elu ya dị ihe dịka mita 616 (ụkwụ 2,021) n'elu oke osimiri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.distancesto.com/route-elevation/ug/kampala-to-kakumiro/history/995618.html|title=Elevation of Kakumiro Town|accessdate=16 August 2017|date=16 August 2017|publisher=Distancesto.com (DTC)|author=DTC|archivedate=16 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235733/https://www.distancesto.com/route-elevation/ug/kampala-to-kakumiro/history/995618.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Albert|title=Lake Albert (Africa)|author=((The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica))|date=16 August 2017|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=16 August 2017}}</ref> Ogologo osimiri ahụ bụ ihe dịka kilomita 160 (99 mi). == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Osimiri na Ọdọ Mmiri nke Uganda] == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kibale == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} lacdnyav2ydngzf6lypyj0ckiizl5yu 0 77641 674919 2026-07-10T08:21:23Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361144845|Okot River]]" 674919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|345x345px|Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Uganda]] '''Osimiri Okot''' bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Uganda, n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Ọ na-asọba n'ozuzu ya n'akụkụ ndịda na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, ma bụrụ otu n'ime osimiri nta na-asọba n'ime nnukwu mpaghara mgbapụta mmiri, nke mechara rute Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ontology Lookup Service (OLS)|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ols4/ontologies/gaz/classes/http%253A%252F%252Fpurl.obolibrary.org%252Fobo%252FGAZ_00237412?lang=en|accessdate=2026-06-25|work=www.ebi.ac.uk}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Kafu * Osimiri Kagera * [[Osimiri Katonga]] * Ọwa Mmiri Kazinga * Osimiri Kidepo * Osimiri Lamia * Osimiri Lugogo * [[Osimiri Lwajjali]] * Osimiri Manafwa * [[Osimiri Mayanja]] * Osimiri Muzizi * ''Osimiri Muzizi'' == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 14evj9zim6r5y4n4e7rm6esdidt5f6w 0 77642 674921 2026-07-10T08:34:12Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362779917|Khenifiss National Park]]" 674921 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Khenifiss''' (French: Le Parc National Khenifess) bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Morocco]], nke dị nso na Akhfenir n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]] na mpaghara Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra . E guzobere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na 2006, e kere ya iji chebe ọzara, ala mmiri na ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref name="biodiv">{{Cite web|url=http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss|title=Le Parc National Khenifiss|publisher=Centre d'Échange d'Information sur la Biodiversité du Maroc|language=French|accessdate=23 February 2012|archivedate=2 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302170944/http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss/}}</ref> Gọọmentị ekwuputala ebumnuche ya ime ka ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ bụrụ nnukwu ebe na-adọta ndị njem nleta na-ahụ maka njem nleta. == Ọdịdị ala == Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, nke nwere km2 mi2), dị n'ụsọ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala ya na Western Sahara, n'etiti obodo Tan-Tan n'ebeebe ugwu na Tarfaya n'ebe ndịda. National Route 1, nke na-aga n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Morocco, na-agafe ogige ahụ. Akụkụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Khenfiss, ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụsoro oké osimiri Morocco. Akụkụ dị n'ime ala, ọzara, gụnyere Sabkhas, dunes na plateaus limestone, ọ bụkwa ihe atụ nke ala Sahara. [[Faịlụ:Pink_flamingos_in_Moroccan_Sahara.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Flamingo n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] === Ebe obibi === Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka ịzụ nnụnụ. Ruddy shelducks, ọbọgwụ e ji mabụl mee na nnụnụ Audouin na-ebi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe a n'oge oyi. Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nnụnụ 20,000 na-anọ n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri n'oge oyi.<ref name="biodiv">{{Cite web|url=http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss|title=Le Parc National Khenifiss|publisher=Centre d'Échange d'Information sur la Biodiversité du Maroc|language=French|accessdate=23 February 2012|archivedate=2 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302170944/http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302170944/http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss/ "Le Parc National Khenifiss"] (in French). </cite></ref> A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nnụnụ mmiri na-anọ n'oge oyi.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lagune-de-khnifiss-iba-morocco|title=Lagune de Khnifiss|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref>{{Clear|left}} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na mbụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ihe okike n'afọ 1960. Na 1980, e kewara ya dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa maka mba ụwa. Na 1983, e gbanwere ebe nchekwa ihe okike ka ọ bụrụ Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ Na-adịgide Adịgide. E tinyere ebe ahụ na Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO na 12 Ọktoba 1998 na ngalaba "eke". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/1182/|title=Lagune de Khnifiss|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref> Na 26 Septemba 2006, e mepụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   gwczo7wc9pk7yef0sdwbh4bkwdgov81 674923 674921 2026-07-10T08:36:54Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National park in Morocco}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Khenifiss National Park | iucn_category = II | image = Khenfiss dunes.jpg | image_caption = Sand dunes in the park, with the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the background | pushpin_map = Morocco | pushpin_relief = 1 | location = [[Morocco]] | nearest_city = [[Tan-Tan]], [[Tarfaya]] | coordinates = {{coords|27|56|N|12|20|W|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|1850|km2|mi2}}<ref name="park">{{cite web|url=http://www.pnk.un.ma/|title=Bienvenue au site du Parc national de Khenifiss|publisher=Parc national de Khenifiss|language=French|accessdate=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817034722/http://www.pnk.un.ma/|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established = September&nbsp;26, 2006<ref name="park"/> | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Baie de Khnifiss | designation1_date = 20 June 1980 | designation1_number = 209<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baie de Khnifiss|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/209|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }}   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Khenifiss''' (French: Le Parc National Khenifess) bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Morocco]], nke dị nso na Akhfenir n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]] na mpaghara Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra . E guzobere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na 2006, e kere ya iji chebe ọzara, ala mmiri na ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref name="biodiv" /> Gọọmentị ekwuputala ebumnuche ya ime ka ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ bụrụ nnukwu ebe na-adọta ndị njem nleta na-ahụ maka njem nleta. == Ọdịdị ala == Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, nke nwere km2 mi2), dị n'ụsọ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala ya na Western Sahara, n'etiti obodo Tan-Tan n'ebeebe ugwu na Tarfaya n'ebe ndịda. National Route 1, nke na-aga n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Morocco, na-agafe ogige ahụ. Akụkụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Khenfiss, ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụsoro oké osimiri Morocco. Akụkụ dị n'ime ala, ọzara, gụnyere Sabkhas, dunes na plateaus limestone, ọ bụkwa ihe atụ nke ala Sahara. [[Faịlụ:Pink_flamingos_in_Moroccan_Sahara.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Flamingo n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] === Ebe obibi === Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka ịzụ nnụnụ. Ruddy shelducks, ọbọgwụ e ji mabụl mee na nnụnụ Audouin na-ebi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe a n'oge oyi. Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nnụnụ 20,000 na-anọ n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri n'oge oyi.<ref name="biodiv">{{Cite web|url=http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss|title=Le Parc National Khenifiss|publisher=Centre d'Échange d'Information sur la Biodiversité du Maroc|language=French|accessdate=23 February 2012|archivedate=2 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302170944/http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302170944/http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss/ "Le Parc National Khenifiss"] (in French). </cite></ref> A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nnụnụ mmiri na-anọ n'oge oyi.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lagune-de-khnifiss-iba-morocco|title=Lagune de Khnifiss|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref>{{Clear|left}} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na mbụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ihe okike n'afọ 1960. Na 1980, e kewara ya dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa maka mba ụwa. Na 1983, e gbanwere ebe nchekwa ihe okike ka ọ bụrụ Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ Na-adịgide Adịgide. E tinyere ebe ahụ na Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO na 12 Ọktoba 1998 na ngalaba "eke". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/1182/|title=Lagune de Khnifiss|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref> Na 26 Septemba 2006, e mepụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   4g9pulu9f3x71jlqe5mvj4knvbfhheb 0 77643 674924 2026-07-10T08:37:39Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330492112|Pager River]]" 674924 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Pager''' bụ osimiri dị na Uganda, n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu obodo ahụ ma sonye n'Osimiri Achwa. Osimiri a na-agafe n'akụkụ Kitgum Matidi na distrikti Kitgum na Uganda. Ogologo ya niile ruru ihe dịka kilomita 194.79. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pager River, Kitgum District, Northern Region, Uganda|url=https://ug.geoview.info/pager_river,141321125w|accessdate=8 June 2024|work=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> == Ụzọ mmiri na mmiri == Nnyocha na-akọwa Osimiri Pager ka ọ na-agafe mpaghara Labongo Layamo, Labongo Akwang na Labongo Amida na obodo Kitgum tupu ọ banye na Osimiri Achwa, nso ebe '''Osimiri Agago''' na-abanye na usoro Achwa. Akwụkwọ atụmatụ mmepe nke distrikti Kitgum na-akọwa na ọtụtụ obere iyi na osimiri nta dị n'ógbè ahụ na-asọba n'Osimiri Pager. Osimiri Pager na-asọba n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ gafee distrikti ahụ tupu o sonye n'Osimiri Aswa (Achwa), nke bụ otu n'ime osimiri na-asọba n'ime usoro mmiri Osimiri Naịl. == Ebe obibi == Osimiri ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na obodo ukwu Kitgum. Nnyocha nke usoro nhicha na njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike na-ekwu na Kitgum Town dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Pager ma na-emeso Pager dị ka nnukwu osimiri obodo ahụ.<ref name="Kinobe2010">{{Cite web|author=Kinobe|first=J. R.|date=2010|title=Composting at households in Kitgum Town, Uganda (PDF)|publisher=SSWM|url=https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/KINOBE%20et%20al%202010%20Composting%20at%20households%20in%20KItgum%20Uganda.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'obodo ukwu n'oge gara aga kọrọ na Osimiri Pager gbara obodo ahụ gburugburu n'akụkụ atọ.<ref name="Ocitti1966">{{Cite journal|author=Ocitti|first=J. P.|date=1966|title=Kitgum: an urban study|journal=Journal for Contemporary History|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA19376812_54|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> == Idei mmiri na ihe ize ndụ == Nkọwapụta mba gbasara ihe egwu na-emere distrikti Kitgum na-egosi na idei mmiri mberede na-emekarị n'ebe ndị dị ala n'ihi Osimiri Pager. Ọ na-edekwa ihe mere n'afọ 2011, mgbe idei mmiri mberede kwụsịrị njem ụgbọala nwa oge n'Àkwà Mmiri Pager dị na Kitgum Town Council.<ref name="NECOC2016">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Kitgum District Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Profile (PDF)|publisher=Office of the Prime Minister (Uganda), NECOC|url=https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzNorthern/Kitgum%20%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Akụkọ mgbasa ozi akọwakwala idei mmiri mgbe osimiri ahụ gbawara n'akụkụ ya na Kitgum Municipality, na-ekpuchi ogige na ọdọ mmiri dị nso na Pager na Central divisions (Julia 2020). <ref name="URN2020Floods">{{Cite web|date=31 July 2020|title=Floods Hit Kitgum Municipality as R. Pager Bursts Banks|work=Uganda Radio Network|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/floods-hit-kitgum-municipality-as-river-pager-burst-banks?districtId=559|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Akwụkwọ atụmatụ mpaghara na gburugburu ebe obibi na ojiji ala na-akọwa ala na-adịghị mma (gleysols) n'akụkụ osimiri Pager na Kitgum District. Obodo Kitgum na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti mba Uganda emeela ụfọdụ ihe iji chebe mpaghara nchekwa nke Osimiri Pager.Uganda Radio Network kọrọ na e nwere atụmatụ ịdebanye mpaghara nchekwa nke Osimiri Pager n'ime National Wetland Atlas nke Uganda. Atụmatụ a metụtara mgbochi mbata mmadụ n'ógbè ahụ na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe omume dị ka ịkụ aja, ịkpụ brik, ịta anụmanụ nri, ịsacha ụgbọala, ọrụ ugbo, na ọrụ owuwu ụlọ a na-eme n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ..<ref name="URNWetlandAtlas">{{Cite web|title=River Pager Buffer Zones Added to National Wetland Atlas|work=Uganda Radio Network|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/river-pager-buffer-zones-added-to-national-wetland-atlas-?districtId=559|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2025, The Independent kọrọ ntuziaka obodo nke chọrọ ka ndị ọrụ ugbo hapụ mpaghara Pager River buffer na Kitgum Municipality, na-ekwu maka itinye iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba na buffers osimiri.<ref name="Independent2025">{{Cite web|date=12 January 2025|title=Kitgum municipal council sets deadline for farmers to leave Pager buffer zone|work=The Independent (Uganda)|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/kitgum-municipal-council-sets-deadline-for-farmers-to-leave-pager-buffer-zone/|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> == Ịdị mma nke mmiri == Nnyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kọrọ na ụfọdụ akụkụ nke Osimiri Pager dị n'ime na gburugburu Obodo Kitgum na-enwe nrụgide mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi nnukwu ebe obibi mmadụ na mkpofu a na-awụba n'ime osimiri ahụ. Nnyocha ahụ nyochakwara ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ sitere na ọla ndị na-egbu egbu nke nwere ike isi na mmetụ aka na mmiri osimiri ahụ ma ọ bụ ịṅụ ya pụta. == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Achwa * Kitgum * Mpaghara Kitgum * Ndepụta nke Osimiri nke Uganda == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Kitgum District Development Plan III (PDF)|publisher=Republic of Uganda, Kitgum District Local Government|url=https://kitgum.go.ug/sites/default/files/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Kitgum%20DDPIII-Final.doc.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025}} * {{Cite web|title=Kitgum District Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Profile (PDF)|publisher=Office of the Prime Minister (Uganda), NECOC|url=https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzNorthern/Kitgum%20%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025}} * {{Cite journal|author=Onen|first=P.|date=2023|title=Health Risks from Intake and Contact with Toxic Metal-Contaminated Water from Pager River, Uganda|journal=Journal of Xenobiotics|volume=13|issue=4|pages=544–559|doi=10.3390/jox13040035|pmid=37873812}} d4bmd4nknxhbnss6qu9vwp1razls9l6 0 77644 674928 2026-07-10T08:42:05Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361142619|Ora River]]" 674928 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|345x345px|Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Uganda]] '''Osimiri Ora''' bụ osimiri dị na West Nile, n'ebe ugwu Uganda. Ọ bụ otu n'ime osimiri na-asọba n'Albert Nile. Ọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda ma na-agafe akụkụ ụfọdụ nke distrikti Zombo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ora River (River) • Mapy.com|url=https://mapy.com/en/turisticka?source=osm&id=1032691030&x=31.2023836&y=2.5321746&z=10|accessdate=2026-06-25|work=Mapy.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-29|title=West Nile’s Ora River to finally prosper communities on its banks|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/west-nile-s-ora-river-to-finally-prosper-communities-on-its-banks-1822992|accessdate=2026-06-25|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=mindtrip|url=https://mindtrip.ai/attraction/uganda/ora-river/at-MRPwgUuy|accessdate=2026-06-25|work=Mindtrip|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|2.6917|N|31.4497|E|source:wikidata}} 8w9wzgpu40dithg339ut9d91vckx3vr 0 77645 674940 2026-07-10T08:52:43Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360307082|Narus River, Uganda]]" 674940 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri ''Narus''''' Osimiri Narus na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site n'akụkụ ndịda nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kidepo Valley dị n'ebe ugwu Uganda. Ọ na-esonye n'Osimiri Kidepo, nke ka ibu, n'akụkụ Komoloich, ihe dị ka kilomita 13 (maịl 8.1) mgbe ọ gafesịrị banye na Eastern Equatoria State nke South Sudan.Aha "Narus" sitere n'okwu Karamajong nke pụtara apịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10628:kidepo-ugandas-hidden-treasure&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74|title=Kidepo; Uganda’s hidden treasure|work=The Observer|author=Simon Musasizi|date=24 October 2010|accessdate=2011-07-22}}</ref> Ndagwurugwu Narus nwere 40% elu nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ karịa Ndagwurịta okwu Kidepo (89 sentimita (35 in) na 64 sentimita (25 in)). <ref name="Field 76">{{Cite journal|author=Field|first=C. R.|title=The savanna ecology of Kidepo Valley National Park.|journal=African Journal of Ecology|date=1 March 1976|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–15|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1976.tb00148.x}}</ref> Tinyere ọdịdị ala dị iche, nke a na-emepụta marshes na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ Osimiri Narus n'etiti ala ahịhịa na ala ahịha mara mma, nke na-adọta egwuregwu dị larịị ma bụrụ ebe Agụ iyi Naịl. <ref name="Briggs2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPzAlYu6nEsC&pg=PA461|title=Uganda: the Bradt travel guide|author=Philip Briggs, Andrew Roberts|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=1-84162-182-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZwi5RlRnAkC&pg=PA165|title=Watching Wildlife East Africa|author=Matthew Firestone|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2009|isbn=1-74104-208-9}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe owuwu ndị njem nleta nke ogige ahụ dị na Ndagwurugwu Narus, dịka ọtụtụ n'ime egwuregwu ahụ sitere na Ndagwurugwu Kidepo buru ibu n'ebe ugwu na-akwaga ebe ahụ n'oge ọkọchị. == Hụkwa == * [https://www.insidekidepovalleynationalpark.com/narus-valley-kidepo.html Narus valley kidepo] * Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Kidepo Valley * Ndepụta osimiri nke Uganda * Ndepụta osimiri nke South Sudan == Edensibịa == <references> <ref name="Briggs2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPzAlYu6nEsC&pg=PA461|title=Uganda: the Bradt travel guide|author=Philip Briggs, Andrew Roberts|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=1-84162-182-X}}</ref> </references> 728bgjp9zwlle4ubcknv6u4hwcnfq5p 674941 674940 2026-07-10T08:53:10Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360307082|Narus River, Uganda]]" 674941 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri ''Narus''''' na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site n'akụkụ ndịda nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kidepo Valley dị n'ebe ugwu Uganda. Ọ na-esonye n'Osimiri Kidepo, nke ka ibu, n'akụkụ Komoloich, ihe dị ka kilomita 13 (maịl 8.1) mgbe ọ gafesịrị banye na Eastern Equatoria State nke South Sudan.Aha "Narus" sitere n'okwu Karamajong nke pụtara apịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10628:kidepo-ugandas-hidden-treasure&catid=42:sizzling-entertainment&Itemid=74|title=Kidepo; Uganda’s hidden treasure|work=The Observer|author=Simon Musasizi|date=24 October 2010|accessdate=2011-07-22}}</ref> Ndagwurugwu Narus nwere 40% elu nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ karịa Ndagwurịta okwu Kidepo (89 sentimita (35 in) na 64 sentimita (25 in)). <ref name="Field 76">{{Cite journal|author=Field|first=C. R.|title=The savanna ecology of Kidepo Valley National Park.|journal=African Journal of Ecology|date=1 March 1976|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–15|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1976.tb00148.x}}</ref> Tinyere ọdịdị ala dị iche, nke a na-emepụta marshes na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'akụkụ Osimiri Narus n'etiti ala ahịhịa na ala ahịha mara mma, nke na-adọta egwuregwu dị larịị ma bụrụ ebe Agụ iyi Naịl. <ref name="Briggs2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPzAlYu6nEsC&pg=PA461|title=Uganda: the Bradt travel guide|author=Philip Briggs, Andrew Roberts|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=1-84162-182-X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZwi5RlRnAkC&pg=PA165|title=Watching Wildlife East Africa|author=Matthew Firestone|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2009|isbn=1-74104-208-9}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe owuwu ndị njem nleta nke ogige ahụ dị na Ndagwurugwu Narus, dịka ọtụtụ n'ime egwuregwu ahụ sitere na Ndagwurugwu Kidepo buru ibu n'ebe ugwu na-akwaga ebe ahụ n'oge ọkọchị. == Hụkwa == * [https://www.insidekidepovalleynationalpark.com/narus-valley-kidepo.html Narus valley kidepo] * Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Kidepo Valley * Ndepụta osimiri nke Uganda * Ndepụta osimiri nke South Sudan == Edensibịa == <references> <ref name="Briggs2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPzAlYu6nEsC&pg=PA461|title=Uganda: the Bradt travel guide|author=Philip Briggs, Andrew Roberts|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=2007|isbn=1-84162-182-X}}</ref> </references> rjnq2th5jw2xd88bfmq11r7q9br0q89 0 77646 674948 2026-07-10T08:59:11Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252961638|River Muzizi]]" 674948 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Muzizi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Rivers_of_South_West_Uganda.png|284x284px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |Ugwu Mubende, Mpaghara Mubende |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Mubende, Central Region, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Muzizi&params=00_34_38_N_31_11_42_E_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">00°34′38′′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°11′42′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0.57722°N 31.19500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0.57722; 31.19500</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,300 m (4,300 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |Ọdọ Mmiri Albert, Ógbè Kagadi |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Ndaiga]], Western Region, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Muzizi&params=01_00_32_N_30_32_13_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°00′32′′N</span> <span class="longitude">30°32′13′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.00889°N 30.53694°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.00889; 30.53694</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Muzizi&params=01_00_32_N_30_32_13_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°00′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°32′13″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.00889°N 30.53694°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">1.00889; 30.53694</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |620 m (2,030 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |120 kilomita (75 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} '''Osimiri Muzizi''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Uganda]], n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka . Ọ na-ekewa alaeze abụọ nke Banyakitara nke (Amakama ga) Bunyoro-Kitara na Tooro == Ebe == Osimiri Muzizi dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda. Ọ na-amalite n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ obodo Mubende, na distrikti Mubende, n'Etiti Uganda. Ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo mgbe ọ banyere n'ọnụ mmiri Muziizi Bay nke dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert, nke ndị obodo na-akpọ Mwitanzige, n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti Uganda na Democratic Republic of the Congo. Isi iyi nke Osimiri Muzizi dị na Mubende, na nhazi: Latitude:0.5772; Longitude:31.1950. Osimiri Muzizi na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert na [[Ndaiga]], na Kagadi District, na nhazi: Latitude:1.0090; Longitude:30.5370 . naanị kilomita ole na ole n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke kansụl obodo Kanara na mpaghara Ntoroko dị nso. N'ụzọ ya n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, osimiri ahụ gafere ma ọ bụ mepụta ókèala nke mpaghara ndị a: Mubende District, Kyegegwa District, Kibaale District, Kyenjojo District, Kabarole District, Kagadi District na Ntoroko District. Na isi iyi ya, ịdị elu ya bụ ihe dịka mita 1,300 (4,300 . N'ebe ọ na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert, ịdị elu ya bụ ihe dịka mita 620 (2,030 . Ogologo Osimiri Muzizi bụ ihe dịka kilomita 120 (75 mi) site na isi iyi ruo n'ọnụ. == Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Muzizi == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Ihe dị ka kilomita 10 (maịl 6.2) tupu Osimiri Muzizi abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert, ọ na-adaba n'usoro iyi mmiri sitere n'ịdị elu ihe dịka mita 1,000 (ụkwụ 3,300) n'elu oke osimiri ruo n'ịdị elu ihe dịka mita 700 (ụkwụ 2,300) n'elu oke osimiri, gafee ugwu mkpọda Muziizi (Ekikonko kya Muziizi), nke bụ aha ndị obodo na-akpọ akụkụ ahụ nke Albertine Escarpment.N'ebe a, Gọọmenti Uganda zubere iwu ọdụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri nta nke nwere ikike megawatt 26 (26 MW), nke a maara dịka Muzizi Power Station. A tụrụ anya na ọrụ owuwu ga-amalite n'afọ 2013, ebe a tụrụ anya na a ga-ebido iji ọdụ ahụ arụ ọrụ n'afọ 2018. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Osimiri na Ọdọ Mmiri nke Uganda] == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Albert * Mubende * [[Ndaiga]] * Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Muzizi == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] qxtd01rxl6e4y8j3v6in9b7ygs6oise 0 77647 674966 2026-07-10T09:13:22Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345497638|Muvumba river]]" 674966 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Osimiri Muvumba |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Communes_of_Rwanda.svg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe height="200" frameless="1" align="center" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Muvumba river","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q48782424"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Muvumba river"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q48782424"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[30.3438,-1.1318],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Muvumba river","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Rwanda]], [[Uganda]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muvumba_river&params=1.1318_S_30.3438_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°07′54′′S</span> <span class="longitude">30°20′38′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.1318°S 30.3438°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.1318; 30.3438</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,906 m (6,253 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muvumba_river&params=1.0572_S_30.4729_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°03′26′′S</span> <span class="longitude">30°28′22′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.0572°S 30.4729°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.0572; 30.4729</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:7}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muvumba_river&params=1.0572_S_30.4729_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°03′26″S</span> <span class="longitude">30°28′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.0572°S 30.4729°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">-1.0572; 30.4729</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,274 m (4,180 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |170 kilomita (110 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |3500 square kilomita |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ịchụpụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; nkezi&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |16.6 cubic m/s |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Usoro osimiri</span> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Akagera |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụtụ isi | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; aka ekpe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Mutojo, Cyinzinga |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; aka nri&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Karungeri, Cyenkwanzi |} '''Muvumba''' bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Rwanda]] na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda.Ọ bụ akụkụ nke isi mmiri dị n'elu nke [[Nile|Naịl]]. Na 170 kilomita n'ogologo, ọ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu osimiri nke Rwanda ma n'ibu ma n'ụzọ akụ na ụba. Ụzọ elu ya na-enye mmiri maka ubi tii n'ebe dị elu nke ugwu Rwanda na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda. Ụzọ ya dị ala na-enye mmiri maka ebe kpọrọ nkụ nke Nyagatare, na-eme ka ịgba ala osikapa na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ mmiri dị mfe yana inye ehi mmiri n'ógbè a maka ọrụ ehi. == Ụzọ == Osimiri a na-amalite na Rukomo dị na distrikti Gicumbi, n'akụkụ obodo Byumba, n'ugwu ndị dị elu nke ugwu Rwanda. N'ebe isi iyi ya dị, a na-akpọ ya Osimiri Mulindi.Iyi a dị ezigbo mkpa n'akụ na ụba, n'ihi na ndagwurugwu ya na ndagwurugwu nke osimiri nta ndị na-asọba n'ime ya bụ ala na-amị mkpụrụ nke ọma ma nwee nnukwu ubi tii. Otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nrụpụta tii kachasị ukwuu na Rwanda, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mulindi , dị n'akụkụ osimiri a.i Mulindi na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ihe dị ka kilomita 28, tupu ọ banye na Uganda. Mgbe ọ banyere Uganda, osimiri ahụ gbanwere aha ya site na Osimiri Mulindi gaa na Osimiri Rwabakazi. Rwabakazi na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ugwu, mgbe ọ ruru obodo Kabale, osimiri ahụ gbanwere ụzọ ya ma na-aga na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Rwanda. Akụkụ a nke Osimiri Muvumba na Uganda (River Rwabakazi) dị kilomita 55 n'ogologo. Osimiri ahụ na-abanyeghachi na Rwanda na Nyagatare District ma were aha Osimiri Muvumba. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-asọba n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ maka kilomita 87 wee banye n'Osimiri Akagera na Kagitumba, ebe atọ dị n'etiti Rwanda, Uganda na Tanzania. N'ime kilomita 30 ikpeazụ nke ụzọ ya, osimiri ahụ mejupụtara ókèala dị n'etiti Rwanda na Uganda. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == A na-akọ ugbo na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Muvumba. N'elu osimiri ahụ n'ugwu nke Northern Province na Rwanda na Kabale District na Uganda nwere ndagwurugwu dị warara nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ubi tii. Osimiri ahụ na-enye mmiri na ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri na-agba ubi mmiri. N'ihi nke a, e wuru obere mgbochi mmiri n'ọtụtụ ebe n'osimiri ahụ iji chịkwaa ogo mmiri ma hụ na mmiri ga-adị ọbụna n'oge ọkọchị.N'ebe a na-enweghị ubi tii, a na-eji ndagwurugwu osimiri ahụ arụ ọrụ ugbo iji nweta nri ezinụlọ. Mgbe osimiri ahụ batara ọzọ na Rwanda, ọ na-asọba n'ebe ugwu nta ndị nwere mkpọda dị mfe na ịdị elu na-erughị nke mbụ.Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Muvumba dum na-adị mfe ịnata idei mmiri mberede n'ihi oke mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ elu mmiri ya. Mmiri ndị a na-ebute idei mmiri siri ike ọbụna n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ, bụ ebe mmiri ozuzo anaghị ezokarị nke ukwuu. Idei mmiri ndị a na-emekarị na-egbochi njem n'akụkụ ala osimiri ahụ, na-eme ka okporo ụzọ na àkwà mmiri ghara ịdị mfe iji, ma na-ebutekwa nnukwu mmebi n'ubi ndị a kụrụ ihe. == Fauna na Flora == N'èzí ọrụ ugbo sara mbara, ala ala ọhịa nke osimiri ahụ na-akwado nnukwu ọhịa gallery. Oké ọhịa a dị warara nwere ike ịdị arọ ma bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịgafe agafe, ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị osisi savanna. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ n'ógbè a, ndị kasị baa ụba n'ime ha bụ herons na egrets. Enwere ike ịchọta obere anụ na-enye nwa ara na anụ na-akpụ akpụ. A pụkwara ịchọta anụmanụ mmiri buru ibu dị ka enyí mmiri na agụ iyi Naịl n'ebe dị nso na njikọ ya na Osimiri Akagera buru ibu. A maara ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a ka ha na-aga n'ihu n'elu mmiri, ọkachasị n'oge idei mmiri na-akpata ọnwụ nye ndị obodo na-amaghị ama na ụmụ anụmanụ a bụ ndị dị anya n'elu osimiri. == Edensibịa == '''Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ'''<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}'''Ebe e si nweta ya'''<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ceoywjposbimaarxm99f8vxmrn54u17 0 77648 674975 2026-07-10T09:18:53Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362767460|Iriqui National Park]]" 674975 wikitext text/x-wiki   E guzobere '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Iriqui''' na 1994 dị ka Ogige ntụrụndụ mba na [[Morocco]] nke nwere [[Hectare|hekta]] 123,000. == Ebe == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Iriqui dị n'etiti Osimiri Draa na South foothills nke Anti-Atlas, na mpaghara Zagora na Tata. == Flora na anụmanụ == A na-Akịna ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ site na ọdịdị ọzara nke ndịda Morocco. A na-anọchite anya ahịhịa site na steppe osisi na savanna na acacias. tamarix kpuchiri ụfọdụ n'ime dunes ya.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}</ref> N'oge mmiri ozuzo, Ọdọ Mmiri Iriqui na-aghọ ala mmiri nwa oge na ebe a na-anọkarị na-eme njem oyi maka ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, gụnyere flamingos, coots na geese, nke na-enye ogige ahụ ihe dị mkpa gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndozigharị nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ isi, mgbe e kere ogige ahụ.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> N'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e nwere houbara bustards, enyí nnụnụ North Africa, atụrụ barbary, dorcas gazelles, oryxes na hyenas nwere akara.[1] E nwekwara ọtụtụ anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dịka ngwere, ajị nwere mpi, ngwere monitor, chameleons, geckos na ụdị agwọ dị iche iche.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Mpaghara ahụ nwee ezinụlọ ole na ole bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, mpaghara Iriqui bụ isi ebe ịta nri n'ihi ezigbo ikike ịta nri ya.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Njem == Ọgaranya ala na ihe nketa ọdịbendị nke mpaghara ahụ na-enye ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ikike njem nlea dị mkpa nke ga-abụ ihe na-akpali akpali maka mmepe akụ na ụba mpaghara. Ntọala ya bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ iji bulie njem nleta na ndịda Morocco, nke nwere ike ịghọ ihe dị mkpa maka nkwalite na mmepe nke mpaghara Sahara.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} ky261bdn6pm65phot8qjnh7rxyfb8l4 674980 674975 2026-07-10T09:21:50Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National park in Morocco}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Iriqui National Park | iucn_category = II | image = L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag (signpost).JPG | image_size = 300 | image_caption = [[L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag]] in the Iriqui National Park | location = [[Morocco]] | nearest_city = [[Foum Zguid]] | pushpin_map = Morocco | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|29|50|29.936322|N|6|31|2.110519|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 1230 | established = 1994 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Kingdom of Morocco: High Commission for Water, Forests and Desertification Control }}   E guzobere '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Iriqui''' na 1994 dị ka Ogige ntụrụndụ mba na [[Morocco]] nke nwere [[Hectare|hekta]] 123,000. == Ebe == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Iriqui dị n'etiti Osimiri Draa na South foothills nke Anti-Atlas, na mpaghara Zagora na Tata. == Flora na anụmanụ == A na-Akịna ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ site na ọdịdị ọzara nke ndịda Morocco. A na-anọchite anya ahịhịa site na steppe osisi na savanna na acacias. tamarix kpuchiri ụfọdụ n'ime dunes ya.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}</ref> N'oge mmiri ozuzo, Ọdọ Mmiri Iriqui na-aghọ ala mmiri nwa oge na ebe a na-anọkarị na-eme njem oyi maka ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, gụnyere flamingos, coots na geese, nke na-enye ogige ahụ ihe dị mkpa gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndozigharị nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ isi, mgbe e kere ogige ahụ.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> N'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e nwere houbara bustards, enyí nnụnụ North Africa, atụrụ barbary, dorcas gazelles, oryxes na hyenas nwere akara.<ref name="Jourjon">Sylvie Jourjon: [http://desert-maroc.com/loasis-sacree-doum-laalag/ L’Oasis Sacrée d’Oum Lâalag.] 5 December 2012 (French).</ref> E nwekwara ọtụtụ anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dịka ngwere, ajị nwere mpi, ngwere monitor, chameleons, geckos na ụdị agwọ dị iche iche.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Mpaghara ahụ nwee ezinụlọ ole na ole bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, mpaghara Iriqui bụ isi ebe ịta nri n'ihi ezigbo ikike ịta nri ya.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Njem == Ọgaranya ala na ihe nketa ọdịbendị nke mpaghara ahụ na-enye ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ikike njem nlea dị mkpa nke ga-abụ ihe na-akpali akpali maka mmepe akụ na ụba mpaghara. Ntọala ya bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ iji bulie njem nleta na ndịda Morocco, nke nwere ike ịghọ ihe dị mkpa maka nkwalite na mmepe nke mpaghara Sahara.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 5oc5t46bm17tdzgxz3rcsbkj1kh19r2 674982 674980 2026-07-10T09:24:39Z Adimora chidinma 15845 674982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National park in Morocco}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Iriqui National Park | iucn_category = II | image = L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag (signpost).JPG | image_size = 300 | image_caption = [[L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag]] in the Iriqui National Park | location = [[Morocco]] | nearest_city = [[Foum Zguid]] | pushpin_map = Morocco | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|29|50|29.936322|N|6|31|2.110519|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 1230 | established = 1994 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Kingdom of Morocco: High Commission for Water, Forests and Desertification Control }}   E guzobere '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Iriqui''' na 1994 dị ka Ogige ntụrụndụ mba na [[Morocco]] nke nwere [[Hectare|hekta]] 123,000. == Ebe == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Iriqui dị n'etiti Osimiri Draa na South foothills nke Anti-Atlas, na mpaghara Zagora na Tata. == Flora na anụmanụ == A na-Akịna ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ site na ọdịdị ọzara nke ndịda Morocco. A na-anọchite anya ahịhịa site na steppe osisi na savanna na acacias. tamarix kpuchiri ụfọdụ n'ime dunes ya.<ref name="gov" /> N'oge mmiri ozuzo, Ọdọ Mmiri Iriqui na-aghọ ala mmiri nwa oge na ebe a na-anọkarị na-eme njem oyi maka ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, gụnyere flamingos, coots na geese, nke na-enye ogige ahụ ihe dị mkpa gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndozigharị nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ isi, mgbe e kere ogige ahụ.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 "Parc National d'lriqui"]. Archived from [http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> N'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e nwere houbara bustards, enyí nnụnụ North Africa, atụrụ barbary, dorcas gazelles, oryxes na hyenas nwere akara.<ref name="Jourjon">Sylvie Jourjon: [http://desert-maroc.com/loasis-sacree-doum-laalag/ L’Oasis Sacrée d’Oum Lâalag.] 5 December 2012 (French).</ref> E nwekwara ọtụtụ anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dịka ngwere, ajị nwere mpi, ngwere monitor, chameleons, geckos na ụdị agwọ dị iche iche.<ref name="gov" /> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Mpaghara ahụ nwee ezinụlọ ole na ole bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, mpaghara Iriqui bụ isi ebe ịta nri n'ihi ezigbo ikike ịta nri ya.<ref name="gov" /> == Njem == Ọgaranya ala na ihe nketa ọdịbendị nke mpaghara ahụ na-enye ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ikike njem nlea dị mkpa nke ga-abụ ihe na-akpali akpali maka mmepe akụ na ụba mpaghara. Ntọala ya bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ iji bulie njem nleta na ndịda Morocco, nke nwere ike ịghọ ihe dị mkpa maka nkwalite na mmepe nke mpaghara Sahara.<ref name="gov" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} dmg4264kvkmd9cbe74o2257kiwzef3n 0 77649 674989 2026-07-10T09:31:53Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị n'Etiti Afrịka; bụ akụkụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti Angola na DRC}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}} {{Infobox river | name = Kwango River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Rio Cuango<br>Rivière Kwango<br>Kwango Rivier<br>Quango | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Tazua.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Tazua Falls on Kwango River in Angola | map = Kwango River entering Kasai River NASA.jpg | map_size = 300 | map_caption = NASA Satellite map showing Kwango River entering Kasai River | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|1100|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Bandundu (city)|Bandundu]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg ={{convert|3299|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = | source1 = [[Cacolo|Alto Chicapa]] | source1_location = [[Angola]], Angola | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = {{convert|1647|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = At [[Bandundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Bandundu]] into [[Kasai River]] in [[Congo River basin]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|3|14.666|S|17|22.416|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = [[Cuango, Angola|Cuango]] | basin_size = {{convert|263500|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Cuango''' ma ọ bụ '''Kwango''' ({{langx|pt|Rio Cuango}}; {{langx|fr|Rivière Kwango}}; {{langx|nl|Kwango Rivier}}) bụ osimiri [[Angola–Democratic Republic of the Congo|transboundary]] nke [[Angola]] na [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Ọ bụ nnukwu akụkụ aka ekpe nke [[Osimiri Kasai]] dị na [[Osimiri Congo]].<ref name=Brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River.|title= Kwango River|access-date= 24 January 2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=Great>{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River|title= Kwango|access-date= 24 January 2011|publisher= The Free Dictionary by Farlex of The Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref> Ọ na-agafe [[Malanje]] na Angola. Osimiri Kwango nwere nnukwu akụ nke dayamọnd na Chitamba-Lulo Kimberlite Cluster na [[Lunda Norte Province]], achọpụtara n'ọwa mmiri bụ́ isi na n'elu ala na mbara ala dị n'ala idei mmiri ya.<ref name=Project>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_55754.html|title=Kwango River Project|access-date=24 January 2011|publisher=BRC Congo Development S.P.R.L.; Kwango Mining S.P.R.L.}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke 19, a na-akpọkwa Osimiri Kwango '''Quango''', karịsịa n'ọrụ nke onye nchọpụta [[David Livingstone]].<ref name="livingstone">{{cite web |url=https://livingstoneonline.org/in-his-own-words/missionary-travels-manuscript/glossary-key-terms-in-the-missionary-travels-manuscript |title=Glossary of Key Terms in the Missionary Travels Manuscript |first=Justin D. |last=Livingstone |date=2019 |work=Livingstone Online |accessdate=6 April 2025 }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== Alaeze Rund, nke gbasaa wee bụrụ [[Alaeze nke Lunda|Alaeze Lunda]], gụnyere ókèala sitere na Osimiri Kwango ruo [[Osimiri Luapula]]. Ndị ọchịchị ya so na [[Ịgba ohu n'Africa|ahịa ohu]].<ref name="Ogot1992">{{cite book|author=Bethwell A. Ogot|title=Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAQbp7aLpZkC&pg=PA601|access-date=24 January 2011|date=July 1992|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-101711-7|pages=580, 601, 605}}</ref> Mgbasawanye Lunda na ndagwurugwu ahụ kwalitere ihe nketa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala ebe ọ na-akwalitekwa azụmaahịa ohu, na-akọwapụta obere ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ dị n'etiti osimiri Kwango na [[Osimiri Kwilu|Kwilu]].<ref name="Ogot1992, p.607">Ogot, p.607</ref> [[Portuguese Angola | Ndị Pọtugal]] weghaara ndagwurugwu osimiri Kwango wee nara [[Kasanje Kingdom | Alaeze nke Kasaje]].<ref =history>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.com/topics/angola |title=Angola |access-date=25 January 2011 |publisher=History.com |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308180859/http://www.history.com/topics/angola |archive-date=8 March 2010 }}</ref> Osimiri Kwango dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Portuguese bịanyere aka na [[Lisbon]] na 25 Mee 1891, yana Nkwupụta nke 24 Maachị 1894.<ref name="BrownlieBurns1979">{{cite book|last1=Brownlie|first1=Ian|last2=Burns|first2=Ian R.|title=African boundaries: a legal and diplomatic encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C&pg=PA492|access-date=25 January 2011|year=1979|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-0-903983-87-7|page=492}}</ref> [[Cuango, Angola|Cuango]], nke dị na [[Lunda Norte Province]] n'ime Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Cuango, a na-ewere ya dị ka "n'ime obodo diamond nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Angola", mpaghara dayamọnd kacha baa ọgaranya na Angola. Obodo ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'oge [[Agha Obodo Angola]], ebe Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola ([[UNITA]]) na ndị agha gọọmentị nwara ijide ma jide obodo ahụ. UNITA nyefere obodo ahụ n'aka gọọmentị na Septemba 30, 1997, dịka akụkụ nke [[Usoro Lusaka]].<ref name="JamesBroadhead2004">{{cite book|first1=W. Martin |last1=James|first2=Susan Herlin |last2=Broadhead|title=Historical dictionary of Angola|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000jame|url-access=registration |access-date=25 January 2011|year=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-4940-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000jame/page/41 41]–}}</ref> ==Ọdịdị ala== [[File:Kwango River.png|thumb|350px|Maapụ nke mmiri osimiri Kwango.]] Cuango malitere n'ugwu nke [[Cacolo|Alto Chicapa]] na [[Provinces of Angola|Angolan province]] nke [[Lunda Sul]], ma na-asọba na ndịda-ugwu-ọdịda anyanwụ, ịgafe ókèala ya na Democratic Republic of Congo, wee sonye na [[Osimiri Kasai]] dị nso na obodo [[Bandundu (obodo)|Bandundo]]. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-awụba n'ime [[Osimiri Congo]].<ref name="JamesBroadhead2004"/> N'elu ugwu dị larịị nke [[Lunda plateau]], osimiri ahụ na-etolite ndagwurugwu miri emi. Osimiri Kwango dị {{Convert|1100|km}} ogologo site na isi iyi ya ruo na njikọ ya na Osimiri Congo, nke {{Convert|855|km}} dị na Angola.<ref name=Brit/><ref name=Great/> Osimiri ahụ na-asọpụta mmiri niile dị n'akụkụ mmiri nke {{Convert|263500|km2}}. Osimiri Wamba na Kwilu bụ akụkụ aka nri ya.<ref name=Free/> ===Nsoroụzọ=== Cuango nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda na oke mmiri ozuzo.<ref name=Free>{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kwango+River|title=Kwango |access-date=24 January 2011}}</ref> A na-enweta ike ịnyagharị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ nke ukwuu, site n'ọnụ ya ruo n'ọwara mmiri Kingushi. Enwere ike ịnyagharịa akụkụ ụfọdụ n'etiti osimiri ahụ n'etiti Kingushi na Franz Josef n'ebe dị anya nke ihe dị ka {{convert|300|km}}.<ref name=Free/> ===Ebe mmiri si enweta ihe ndị dị mkpa=== Mmiri mmiri na-asọpụta n'osimiri ahụ n'ọnwa Ọgọst. Mmiri na ezo kwa afọ n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ bụ {{Convert|2700|m3/s|spell=us}}<ref name=Free/> ==Omenala== Ndị otu agbụrụ [[Ndị Yaka|Ndị Yaka]], ndị Suku|Ndị Suku]], ndị Mbala|Ndị Mbala]], na ndị otu agbụrụ [[Ndị Pende|Ndị Pende]] bi na ndagwurugwu osimiri ahụ. A na-ahụ nkà ọrụ aka ha n'ụdị ihe mkpuchi ihu na ụkpụrụ geometric nke ihe oyiyi, na ihe ndị ọzọ a kpụrụ akpụ.<ref name=Kwango>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325813/Kwango-River.|title=Kwango River|access-date=24 January 2011|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ==Akụnụba== Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akụ azụ na osimiri ahụ,<ref name=Free/> emepere ndagwurugwu ahụ ruo n'ókè nke inye ọrụ ugbo naanị maka ndụ. Ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ [[mmanụ nkwụ]] na mmepụta rọba.<ref name="FishFish2001">{{cite book|last1=Fish|first1=Bruce|last2=Fish|first2=Becky Durost|title=The Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qxA7unER3MC&pg=PA14|access-date=25 January 2011|date=May 2001|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-6198-5|page=14}}</ref><ref name="Heintze2008">{{cite book|last=Heintze|first=Beatrix|title=Angola on the move: transport routes, communications and history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkEN9mvNbRQC&pg=PA85|access-date=25 January 2011|year=2008|publisher=Verlag Otto Lembeck|isbn=978-3-87476-553-4|page=85}}</ref> Isi ọrụ akụ na ụba na ego e nwetara na [[Angola|Angolan State]] bụ site na mwepụta dayamọnd site na ndagwurugwu ahụ. Osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-enweta dayamọnd n'ime Chitamba-Lulo Kimberlite Cluster dị na Lunda Norte Province, nke a chọtara n'ọwa mmiri bụ isi na n'elu ala na mbara ala dị n'akụkụ mmiri ya. Mpaghara Lunda Norte na Lund Sul dị na ndagwurugwu osimiri bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu a na-egwupụta dayamọnd na ndagwurugwu ahụ na Angola.<ref name=Dockstock>{{Cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/49105357/De-Beers-diamonds-and-Angola-developing-an-understanding-of|title=De Beers, diamonds and Angola developing an understanding |pages=37–39|access-date=24 January 2011|publisher= Dockstock – Documents for Special Business and Professionals}}</ref> E nyela BRC ikike ndị na-achọ ọrụ, nke gbasaara ruo n'ókèala nke {{convert|2150|km}} dị n'etiti Tembo na Kasonga Lunda n'elu Osimiri Kwango nke dị ihe dị ka {{convert|185|km}}.<ref name="Project"/> N'okpuru ikike igwu ala nke Soiadale de Desenvolvimento Mineiro (SDM) nwere, ebe mmepụta ihe dị na ntụgharị Tazua na Ginge River na Cuango.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infomine.com/index/pr/Pa145202.PDF|page=8|title= Technical Review Of Diamond Concessions On The Cuango River, Northern Angola|publisher= A C A Howe International Limited|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mindat.org/locindex-T0.html|title=Alphabetical Locality Index – T |publisher=mindat.org|quote= Tazua Mine, Luzamba, Cuango City Council, Lunda Norte Province, Angola}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} 92xzdz8iyubhuzv15hm82uid1oa3fzv 0 77650 674991 2026-07-10T09:32:33Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353325365|River Manafwa]]" 674991 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:River_Manafwa_in_Bududa_District.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osimiri Manafwa na mpaghara Bududa]] 0°56′31′′N 33°55′12′′E / 0.9420°N 33.920°E / 0. 9420; 33.920 '''Osimiri Manafwa''' bụ osimiri eke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Uganda. Ọ na-amalite n'Ugwu Elgon dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Uganda, ma na-agafe distrikti Bududa, Manafwa, Mbale na Butaleja.Ọ na-esonye n'Osimiri Mpologoma, nke na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga.Akụkụ mmiri nke osimiri a na-enwekarị idei mmiri, nke na-akpaghasị njem n'etiti distrikti Bududa na Manafwa, ma na-ebutekwa mmebi ụlọ na ọnwụ mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=River Manafwa in Eastern Uganda-Love Uganda Safaris|url=https://www.loveugandasafaris.com/river-manafwa.html/|work=Uganda Safaris & Tours - Uganda Holiday Tours - Uganda safari Tour|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Why Elgon's lost rivers need saving|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1495557/elgon-lost-rivers-saving|work=www.newvision.co.ug|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=River Manafwa, Uganda|url=http://ug.geoview.info/river_manafwa,167978839w|work=ug.geoview.info|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=River Manafwa disrupts traffic flow as it bursts banks|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/12/03/river-manafwa-disrupts-traffic-flow-as-it-bursts-banks.html|date=2019-12-03|work=Eagle Online|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Richard Schuhmann. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Bingwa, Fidele|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/867482572|title=A quantitative analysis of the impact of land use changes on floods in the Manafwa River Basin|date=2013-11-18|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|oclc=867482572}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Atuyambe|first=Lynn M|date=December 2011|title=Land slide disaster in eastern Uganda: rapid assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene situation in Bulucheke camp, Bududa district|url=|journal=Environmental Health|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=38|doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-38|issn=1476-069X|pmid=21569594}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=River Manafwa bursts its banks sweeping away homes and gardens – NECJOGHA|url=https://necjogha.com/2019/11/23/river-manafwa-bursts-banks-sweeping-away-homes-and-gardens/|author=admin|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hundreds displaced as floods ravage Butaleja - Uganda|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/hundreds-displaced-floods-ravage-butaleja|work=ReliefWeb|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=4 Dead as River Manafwa Bursts Banks|url=https://chimpreports.com/4-dead-as-river-manafwa-bursts-banks/|date=2019-12-03|work=ChimpReports|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Death toll in Uganda's landslide rises as more bodies recovered|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/death-toll-uganda-landslide-rises-bodies-recovered-181013060837374.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Manafwa_water_fall_in_Bududa_District.jpg|thumb|Nsụda mmiri Manafwa]] [[Faịlụ:Weather_along_Mpologoma_River.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Mpologoma nke na-abanye na R. Manafwa na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] Ọ dịla anya mmiri Manafwa dị mkpa maka ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Osuret|first=Jimmy|date=2016|title=Coping Strategies for Landslide and Flood Disasters: A Qualitative Study of Mt. Elgon Region, Uganda|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=8|language=en|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.4250a225860babf3601a18e33e172d8b|issn=2157-3999|pmid=27500012}}</ref> Mpaghara osimiri ahụ nwere phosphate na iron deposits na ebe ndị a na-egwupụta okwute gburugburu osimiri ahụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=NECOC - Home|url=http://necoc-opm.go.ug/|work=necoc-opm.go.ug|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> Ebe ndị a a na-egwupụta ihe bụ isi iyi nke ego maka ụmụ amaala na-emepụta nkume mkpokọta, hardcore na ájá na-egwe ihe n'akụkụ osimiri maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ. Osimiri ahụ bụkwa isi iyi mmiri na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. == Ebe ala dị == Osimiri Manafwa dị n'agbata nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: (1.089092, 34.46106) na (0.943084, 33.98428). Ọ na-asọkwa n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti Uganda na Kenya, karịchaa n'ime distrikti Manafwa. == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == Osimiri Manafwa na-ada n'okpuru mpaghara nchịkwa mmiri Kyoga na mmiri ozuzo bimodal (April-June, August-November), nnukwu idei mmiri na-eduga na nnukwu mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources {{!}} Manafwa District|url=https://manafwa.go.ug/dept/natural-resources|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=manafwa.go.ug}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmiri ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu nwere oke [[Aja ahihia|ahịhịa]] na-efu nke na-akpata mbuze ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Erima|first=Godwin|date=2024-05-03|title=Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Hydrological Responses to Land-Use Land-Cover Changes in the Manafwa Catchment, Eastern Uganda|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2023.2275317?urlappend=?utm_source=researchgate.net&utm_medium=article|journal=The Professional Geographer}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Matembu|first=Gerald|title=Govt Launches ‘Save River Manafwa’ Drive|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/248453/govt-launches-save-river-manafwa-drive|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=Nilepost News|language=en}}</ref> == Mkpa == Osimiri Manafwa nwere ma akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka obodo ahụ. Ọ na-enye mmiri maka iji ụlọ, ịgba mmiri, ime brik, igwupụta ájá, ịma mma maka njem nleta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-11|title=Govt organises marathon to save River Manafwa in Bugisu|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-organises-marathon-to-save-river-manafwa-in-bugisu-4959634|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Vision|title=Butaleja devastated by River Manafwa flooding|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1532554/butaleja-devastated-river-manafwa-flooding|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=New Vision}}</ref> == Ihe ịma aka == Osimiri ahụ na-eche ọtụtụ nsogbu metụtara [[Environmental degradation|Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]] dịka [[mmetọ]], silting, sedimentation ihu. Nsogbu ndị a bụ n'ihi Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ dịka mgbukpọ ọhịa,na Mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ladu|first=Novie Allens|title=Manafwa River: A Lifeline for Manafwa District Residents - Explorer Uganda|url=https://explorer.co.ug/manafwa-river-a-lifeline-for-manafwa-district-residents/|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=explorer.co.ug|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga * Ugwu Elgon * Mpaghara Butaleja == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96402072 * https://manafwa.go.ug/sites/default/files/MANAFWA%20DSA%20FY%202024_25.pdf<br /> t7h3daygzw8uh7b9q855aymwveuoh9u 0 77651 674997 2026-07-10T09:36:07Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 674997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Wamba River | image = Kasai River Catchment OSM.png | image_size = | image_caption = The Kasai River basin with the Wamba River (Center left) | source1_location = Lunda Norte Province, Angola | mouth_location = Kwango Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]|[[Angola]]}} | length = {{convert|880|km}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|3250|ft|order=flip}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1023|ft|order=flip}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} '''Osimiri Wamba''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Wamba'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Rio Wamba'') bụ osimiri dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) na [[Angola]]. Ọ na-ebili n'ebe dị elu nke ihe dịka {{convert|3250|ft|order=flip}} dị ka njikọta nke ọtụtụ obere iyi na [[Lunda Norte Province]] nke [[Angola]], mpaghara ugwu dị ala na ndagwurugwu dị omimi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wamba river source|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-8.6307274,18.6293741,9077m/data=!3m1!1e3|website=Google Maps|publisher=Google|accessdate=21 April 2018}}</ref> In Angola it is known as the '''Uamba River'''. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu, ebe ọ na-eme akụkụ nke Angola/DRC [[Angola–ókèala Democratic Republic of the Congo]], mgbe ahụ, n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ogologo ya na-agafe [[Kwango|Kwango Province]] ruo na njikọ ya na [[Osimiri Kwango]] na elu nke {{convert|1023|ft|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wamba, Kwango confluence|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-3.931379,17.1857107,9181m/data=!3m1!1e3|website=Google maps|publisher=Google|accessdate=21 April 2018}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ == {{PoI start}} {{PoI|Angola source|-8.635|18.62083|AO|}} {{PoI|Angola/DRC border|-8.0625|18.0945|CD|}} {{PoI|Kwango River confluence|-3.9144|17.1889|CD|}} {{PoI end}} ==Leekwa== *[[Ndepụta osimiri nke Democratic Republic of the Congo]] *[[Ndepụta osimiri nke Angola]] ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} 5lce0wdvz4u2s7yobyeoqn6a21l6vp2 0 77652 675000 2026-07-10T09:36:50Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362460740|Lugogo River]]" 675000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|345x345px|Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Uganda na Osimiri Lugogo (n'etiti) ]] '''Osimiri Lugogo''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Uganda]] na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Afrịka]]. Ọ dị n'etiti etiti mba ahụ ma na-aga n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na Osimiri Kabi ma na-awụba ya n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga. A gbanwere ụzọ Osimiri Lugogo si asọba n'ihi ọrụ igwu ala e mere maka iwu ogige ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ndị China, nke metụtara mmiri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-enweta.N'afọ 2024, ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ mere mkpesa banyere mmetọ nke osimiri ahụ na ala mmiri na-enye ya mmiri, nke sitere na mmiri mkpofu si n'otu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta shuga dị n'ógbè ahụ.Osimiri Lugogo bụkwa osimiri a ma ama n'ihi na ọ dị nso na Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary, nakwa n'ihi idei mmiri nke na-eme n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ, nke nwere ike imetụta ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na akụrụngwa dị ka okporo ụzọ na àkwà mmiri. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro mmiri Osimiri Naịl.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=Nakasongola leaders raise a red flag over river diversion by Chinese firm|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/nakasongola-leaders-raise-a-red-flag-over-river-diversion-by-chinese-firm--1848908|accessdate=2025-06-29|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Residents Complain over Pollution from Sugar Factory in Nakasongola :|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/residents-complain-over-pollution-from-sugar-factory-in-luwero-|accessdate=2025-06-29|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-05|title=Rhino - Uganda Wildlife Authority|url=https://ugandawildlife.org/animals/rhino/|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=ugandawildlife.org|language=en-US}}</ref> Osimiri Lugogo bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ osimiri (gụnyere osimiri Mayanja na [[Osimiri Sezibwa|Ssezibwa]]) na mpaghara ahụ nke na-enwe nnukwu idei mmiri n'oge, na-emekarị ka netwọk okporo ụzọ na ala ugbo ghara ịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-15|title=Flooded rivers Mayanja, Lugogo claim three lives|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/flooded-rivers-mayanja-lugogo-claim-three-lives-4434424|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Osimiri Ayago]] * [[Osimiri Bujuku]] * [[Osimiri Enyau]] * ''[[Osimiri Katonga]]'' * ''[[Osimiri Lwajjali]]'' * ''[[Osimiri Mayanja]]'' * ''[[Osimiri Nkusi]]'' * ''[[Osimiri Okot]]'' * ''[[Osimiri Semliki]]'' * ''[[Osimiri Sezibwa]]'' * [[Osimiri Rutshuru]] * Osimiri Rwizi == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} kt864sdxoppijwhf1er0kbfm05uz6qw 0 77653 675012 2026-07-10T09:45:01Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|osimiri dị na Republic of Congo |Osimiri Kouilou-Niari}} [[File:Crossing kwilu river.jpg|thumb|right|Mee, 2003 - Ndị obodo na-agafe osimiri Kwilu]] {{Infobox river | name = Kwilu River | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Kasai River Catchment OSM.png | map_size = 250 | map_alt = | map_caption = The Kwilu River in the Kasai catchment (center) | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-3.385251|17.384491|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]}} | location = | length = {{convert|965|km|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = [[Kasaï River]] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Osimiri Kwilu''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''Rio Cuílo''; [[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Kwilu''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Kwilu Rivier'') bụ nnukwu osimiri na [[Lunda Norte Province]] na [[Lunda Sul Province]] na [[Angola]] yana [[Kwilu Province]], nke a na-akpọbu mpaghara Bandundu, na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) ruo n'obodo [[Bandundu (obodo)|Bandundu]], ebe ọ na-esonyere [[Osimiri Kwango]] obere oge tupu iyi a abanye [[Osimiri Kasai]]. Na DRC osimiri na-agafe obodo [[Gungu]], [[Kikwit]], [[Bulungu (Bandundu lardin)|Bulungu]], [[Bagata, Bandundu|Bagata]], Rutherfordia na Bandundu.{{sfn|Blaes|2008}} [[Lusanga, Kwilu|Lusanga]], nke bụbu Leverville, dị n'ebe [[Osimiri Kwenge]] na-esonyere Kwilu, n'etiti Kikwit na Bulungu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basenji.org/BasenjiU/Owner/103History/TimePDFs/MBWaNaBasenjiWarrington.pdf |title=M'Bwa na Basenji |author=C.J. Warrington |work=The Basenji |date=May 1972 |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref> == Àgwà == Ọ bụ osimiri na-efe efe. N'akụkụ ọnụ ya, o ruru mita 950 n'obosara. Ihe dị na akwa ya bụ [[ájá]].<ref name="hani">{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |date=2019 |volume=577 |article-number=123968 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 }}</ref> Osimiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka {{convert|965|km}} ogologo. N'oge mmiri ozuzo, ebe idei mmiri na-ekpuchi {{convert|1550|km2}}. Isi mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na-ebili n'ebe dị elu n'etiti {{convert|1000|m|ft}} na {{convert|1800|m|ft}} n'ugwu Angola. Ha na-ada n'ala nke ọma gaa n'etiti [[Congo Basin]] dị larịị n'etiti {{convert|500|m|ft}} na {{convert|300|m|ft}} dị n'elu oke osimiri. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2011 gosiri na ụdị azụ 113 dị n'ime ezinụlọ 21 na iwu asatọ.{{sfn|Munene|Stiassny|2011}} <gallery widths="250px" heights="180px"> File:Au bord de la rivère Kwilu à Bandundu.jpg|N'akụkụ osimiri na [[Bandundu (obodo)|Bandundu]], Juun 2007 File:Rivière Kwilu à Bandundu.jpg|Osimiri na [[Bandundu (obodo)|Bandundu]], Juun 2007 </gallery> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{Refbegin}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf|title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo|last=Blaes|first=X.|date=October 2008|publisher=UNOCHA and PNUD|access-date=2011-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075411/http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf|archive-date=2016-08-18}} *{{cite journal|last2=Stiassny|first2=Melanie L. J.|year=2011|title=Fishes of the Kwilu River (Kasai basin, central Africa): A list of species collected in the vicinity of Kikwit, Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Check List|volume=7|issue=5|first1=José Justin Mbimbi Mayi|last1=Munene|page=691|doi=10.15560/7.5.691|doi-access=free}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} 3gpfzopg03ahsg9aujrt9uxqanecz3c 0 77654 675013 2026-07-10T09:49:40Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Mmiri iyi na Mpaghara Bandundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{Coord|4.840404|S|18.721991|E|display=title}} [[File:Kasai River Catchment OSM.png|thumb|The Kwenge River in the Kasai catchment (center left)]] '''Osimiri Kwenge''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Kwenge'') bụ iyi dị na [[Bandundu Province]] nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Osimiri ahụ na-amalite na [[Angola]] wee ruo ihe dị ka {{convert|6|km}} ọ na-etolite obere akụkụ nke [[Angola–Democratic Republic of the Congo|Angola–DRC ókèala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/4%C2%B050'25.5%22S+18%C2%B043'19.2%22E/@-7.9534875,18.7487729,13.13z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-4.840404!4d18.721991?hl=en|title=Kwenge|website=GoogleMaps|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref> Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na ókèala Angola site na mpaghara [[Kwango District|Kwango]] na [[Kwilu District|Kwilu]], na-esonye na mpaghara [[Kwilu River]] dị n'okpuru [[Kikwit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |last=Blaes |first=X. |date=October 2008 |publisher=UNOCHA and PNUD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818075411/http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-18 }}</ref> [[Lusanga, Kwilu|Lusanga]], nke bụbu Leverville, dị na njikọta nke osimiri Kwenge na Kwilu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basenji.org/BasenjiU/Owner/103History/TimePDFs/MBWaNaBasenjiWarrington.pdf |title=M'Bwa na Basenji |author=C.J. Warrington |work=The Basenji |date=May 1972 |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref> Ala dị n'etiti Kwilu na Kwenge bụ [[Ndị Pende]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.tribal-art-auktion.de/en/news/98/ |title = Tribal Treasures |date = August 25, 2011 |publisher = Zemanek-Münster |access-date = 2012-02-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120817022444/http://www.tribal-art-auktion.de/en/news/98/ |archive-date = August 17, 2012 }}</ref> Ndị [[Ndị Suku]], bụ́ ndị si na ndagwurugwu [[Osimiri Kwango]] bịa na mpaghara ahụ n'afọ 1800, bi na mpaghara savanna dị n'etiti osimiri Bakali dị n'elu na osimiri Kwenge.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1uFe__DEB4C&pg=PA83 |page=83 |title=The family estate in Africa: studies in the role of property in family structure and lineage continuity |author=Robert F. Gray, P. H. Gulliver |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=0-415-32985-X}}</ref> Akụkụ ala nke ndagwurugwu osimiri ahụ nwere mpaghara ala mmiri na-ezo mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ nke na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA531 |page=531 |title=A directory of African wetlands |author=R. H. Hughes |author2=J. S. Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} a4er0r4lmxhvzzjdyhasdi4k8cbjvjs 0 77655 675016 2026-07-10T09:53:40Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357920953|Iles Purpuraires]]" 675016 wikitext text/x-wiki   Iles Purpuraires bụ obere agwaetiti dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Morocco n'ọnụ mmiri dị na Essaouira, nke kachasị ukwuu n'ime ha bụ Agwaetiti Mogador. Ndị Phoenicia biri n'agwaetiti ndị a n'oge ochie, karịsịa iji nweta ụfọdụ akụrụngwa mmiri na dị ka ebe mgbago ugwu. (Hogan, 2007) Ndị Rom bi na ọdịda anyanwụ Morocco malite na narị afọ nke mbụ AD gara n'ihu iji agwaetiti ndị ahụ eme ihe, karịsịa maka imepụta agba anụnụ anụnụ eze site na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri Murex. Ile Purpuraires jikọtara ya na agba odo odo, Hanno onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịga leta agwaetiti ndị a. Ọmụmụ ihe ochie nke Neolithic na mpaghara a na-egosi na ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ Morocco na-akụ azụ n'ógbè a ihe dị ka 3000 ruo 2000 BC. (Trakadas, 2002) Ahọpụtala agwaetiti ndị a dị ka ebe Ramsar echekwara kemgbe 2005.. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} * C.Michael Hogan, Mogador: promontory fort, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham, Nov. 2, 2007 [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050114231706/http://www.cmrh.dk/HMAP/Trakadas_HMAP-Med.pdf Athena Tradakas, Ancient Marine Resource Exploitation na Western Mediterranean: onyinye nke ụlọ ọrụ nnu azụ nke Mauretania Tingitana (Morocco), Institute of Classical Archaeology, Mahadum Aarhus, Denmark] bz93prnoicgoxbw3xm52nk3p0x7sglf 675020 675016 2026-07-10T09:55:56Z Adimora chidinma 15845 675020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Group of small islands off the western coast of Morocco off Essaouira}} {{Infobox islands | name = Iles Purpuraires | native_name = | native_name_link = | native_name_lang = Arabic | image_name = Iles Purpuraires with Mogador island in the background seen from the Essaouira citadel.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Iles Purpuraires, including [[Mogador island]], seen from the [[Essaouira]] citadel | image_alt = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Morocco | pushpin_label = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|31|29|50|N|9|47|12|W|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=inline,title}} | etymology = | location = [[North Atlantic Ocean]] | total_islands = | major_islands = [[Mogador Island]] | area_km2 = <!-- or |area_m2= or |area_ha= --> | area_footnotes = | rank = | length_km = <!-- or |length_m= --> | length_footnotes = | width_km = <!-- or |width_m= --> | width_footnotes = | coastline_km = <!-- or |coastline_m= --> | coastline_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_footnotes = | highest_mount = | country = [[Morocco]] | country_admin_divisions_title = [[Regions of Morocco|Region]] | country_admin_divisions = [[Marrakesh-Safi]] | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Administrative divisions of Morocco|Province]] | country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Essaouira Province]] | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | website = | additional_info = | footnotes = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Archipel et dunes d'Essawira | designation1_date = 15 January 2005 | designation1_number = 1469<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Archipel et dunes d'Essawira|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1469|accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Iles Purpuraires''' bụ obere agwaetiti dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Morocco n'ọnụ mmiri dị na Essaouira, nke kachasị ukwuu n'ime ha bụ Agwaetiti Mogador. Ndị Phoenicia biri n'agwaetiti ndị a n'oge ochie, karịsịa iji nweta ụfọdụ akụrụngwa mmiri na dị ka ebe mgbago ugwu. (Hogan, 2007) Ndị Rom bi na ọdịda anyanwụ Morocco malite na narị afọ nke mbụ AD gara n'ihu iji agwaetiti ndị ahụ eme ihe, karịsịa maka imepụta agba anụnụ anụnụ eze site na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri Murex. Ile Purpuraires jikọtara ya na agba odo odo, Hanno onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịga leta agwaetiti ndị a. Ọmụmụ ihe ochie nke Neolithic na mpaghara a na-egosi na ndị obodo ọdịda anyanwụ Morocco na-akụ azụ n'ógbè a ihe dị ka 3000 ruo 2000 BC. (Trakadas, 2002) Ahọpụtala agwaetiti ndị a dị ka ebe Ramsar echekwara kemgbe 2005..<ref name="RSIS"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} * C.Michael Hogan, Mogador: promontory fort, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham, Nov. 2, 2007 [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050114231706/http://www.cmrh.dk/HMAP/Trakadas_HMAP-Med.pdf Athena Tradakas, Ancient Marine Resource Exploitation na Western Mediterranean: onyinye nke ụlọ ọrụ nnu azụ nke Mauretania Tingitana (Morocco), Institute of Classical Archaeology, Mahadum Aarhus, Denmark] l4mhp2n7cvizvpvg8h2nxpz30vw3trv 0 77656 675019 2026-07-10T09:55:11Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328370052|Lamia River]]" 675019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|345x345px|Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Uganda]]   '''Osimiri Lamia''' bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ [[Uganda]] na Bundibugyo District . Ọ na-asọ n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Lamia River - Visit Uganda|url=http://www.visituganda.com/beta/menu/category/what-to-see/water_bodies/lamia-river|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> == Ụzọ mmiri na mmiri == Osimiri Lamia na mmiri nke Lower Semuliki na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na snowfields Rwenzori banye n'ógbè Lower Semulika. Nkọwa ókèala dị na Iwu Nsọ Uganda nke 1967 na-ekwu na ókèala mba ụwa na-agbaso ahịrị kachasị omimi (thalweg) nke Osimiri Lamia ruo n'ebe ọ na-ezukọta na Osimiri Semuliki, ma site n'ebe ahụ soro Osimiri Semuliki ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'ime mmiri Semuliki River, Osimiri Lamia na Lower Semuliki ruru akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti Uganda na DRC. == Ebe ndị a na-echebe na gburugburu ebe obibi == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Semuliki dị na Ndagwurugwu Semuliki, ebe Osimiri Semuliki na-eme ókèala mba ụwa n'akụkụ ugwu, ebe Osimiri Lamia na-eme ókèala ogige ahụ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Forbes2018">{{Cite journal|author=Forbes|first=Scott|date=2018-05-21|title=The butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidia) of Semuliki National Park, western Uganda|journal=Metamorphosis|volume=29|pages=14–21|url=https://www.metamorphosis.org.za/articlesPDF/1459/2018.05.21%20Metamorphosis%2029_14-21%20Forbes.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Nchịkọta nke National Forestry Authority nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-akọwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki dị ka nke dị n'ókè Osimiri Semliki na Lamia.<ref name="NFA">{{Cite web|title=Semuliki National Park|work=National Forestry Authority (Uganda)|url=https://www.nfa.org.ug/national-parks/semuliki-national-park/|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> == Nchịkwa mmiri == Ọrụ WWF kwadoro nke a na-akpọ Semuliki River Catchment and Water Resources Management Project họpụtara Osimiri Lamia na mpaghara Lower Semuliki dịka otu n'ime mpaghara nta mgbapụta mmiri e nyere mkpa pụrụ iche n'oge mbụ a na-eme nyocha na atụmatụ maka ọrụ nchekwa na njikwa mpaghara mgbapụta mmiri. == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Kafu * Osimiri Kagera * [[Osimiri Katonga]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Akụkọ WWF: Semuliki River Catchment Management Project evaluation (PDF) - https://kudos.dfo.no/documents/15967/files/16137.pdf * Forbes (2018) Metamorphosis isiokwu (PDF) - https://www.metamorphosis.org.za/articlesPDF/1459/2018.05.21%20Metamorphosis%2029_14-21%20Forbes.pdf fcf2m4yxf0e4axnjwelz1yc7bpnvhy2 0 77657 675023 2026-07-10T09:59:14Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị n'Angola na Democratic Republic of Congo}} {{Infobox river | name = Loange River | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Kasai River Catchment OSM.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = The Loange in the Kasai River catchment (center) | subdivision_type1 = Countries | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]}} | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4.293091|S|20.027819|E|display=inline,title}} | progression = | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = [[Kasai River]] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Osimiri Loange''' (ma ọ bụ '''Luangué''', '''Luange''', '''Lwange''') bụ [[tributary]] nke [[Osimiri Kasai]]. Osimiri ahụ, nke malitere na [[Angola]], na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ruo [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], site n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Kwango Province|Kwango]]. Osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ugwu n'ókèala dị n'etiti ógbè [[Kwilu Province|Kwilu]] na [[Kasaï Province|Kasai]] ruo [[Osimiri ọnụ|ọnụ]] ya na Kasai.<ref name="Blaes">{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |publisher=UNOCHA and PNUD |author=X. Blaes, PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matias |first=Victorino |date=Jul 7, 2024 |title=Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Lunda-Norte aposta agora na agricultura mecanizada |url=https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/lunda-norte-aposta-agora-na-agricultura-mecanizada/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[Jornal de Angola]] |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Kasai River |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/kasai-river.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807094555/https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/kasai-river.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ná mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ndị [[Ndị Kongo|Ndị Bakongo]] bi na Loange, ndị a kọwara dị ka ndị na-enyo [[Ndị ọcha|ndị ọcha]] enyo na ndị iro site na [[Ndị mmadụ ọcha|ndị na-eme ihe nkiri]] [[Melville William Hilton-Simpson]], onye duru ndị mbụ e dekọrọ [[nnyocha]] osimiri ahụ site n'aka ndị na-abụghị ndị Afrịka ma mechaa nwee ike iso ha kparịta ụka n'udo ma mụta banyere ha n'ime afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton-Simpson |first=Melville William |title=Land and peoples of the Kasai |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable and Company, Ltd]] |year=1911 |location=[[London]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton-Simpson |first=Melville William |title=Two Years Among Strange Tribes |publisher=[[The Wide World Magazine]] |year=1912 |volume=28}}</ref> N'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Loange dị [[Navigability|navigable]] ruo obodo Kalema dị nso na [[confluence]] na Osimiri Tobi. [[Compagnie du Kasai]], nke na-arụ ọrụ [[steamboat]] na [[bage]] n'osimiri ahụ, kpochapụrụ [[Snag (ecology)|snags]] ruo n'Ọdọ Mmiri Matshi, nke dị kilomita 80 site na [[Ilebo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Van Pul |first=Paul |title=Hydrography and Navigation on the Congo River: A Century of Visual History |date=Sep 14, 2023 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=9783031410659 |pages=49-56}}</ref> Taa, [[National Road 1 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Road 1]] nke DRC na-agafe osimiri dị na Kalema iji jikọọ [[Kikwit]] na [[Kinshasa]] na [[Kamina]] na [[Lubumbashi]]. Enweghịzi njem ụgbọ mmiri dị mkpa na Loange.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọdịdị ala == [[File:Lwange river valley.jpg|thumb|Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Loange na Machị]] N'ókèala atọ nke [[Kwilu Province|Kwilu]], [[Kwango]] na [[Kasaï Province|Kasai]], osimiri Loange na-emepụta ala [[Terrace (ụwa)|terraced]] n'ala [[loam]]. Osimiri ahụ jupụtara na [[ájá]], nke pụtara ìhè karịsịa n'oge ọkọchị, mgbe ahụ ka osimiri ahụ na-agbada ruo mita 1.5 n'omimi ma e jiri ya tụnyere [[oge mmiri ozuzo]].<ref name=":0" /> Na 1898, otu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri kọwara Loange: <blockquote>Loange bụ osimiri mara mma nke nwere ala miri emi. Mmiri ahụ na-acha ọbara ọbara, obosara nkezi dịkwa n'etiti mita 200 na 250, ebe [[Ọdọ mmiri iyi|ọdọ mmiri]] na-eru mita 500 na 600. [[riffles]] na ọdọ mmiri ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emepụta mmiri ọhịa, na-ama jijiji obere ụgbọ mmiri anyị ''Katanga'' dị ka shei [[walnut]]. Maka obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ekuru ume, n'ebe mmiri dị elu, [[eddies]] ndị a na-eme ihe ike, na-efegharị efegharị na-atụ egwu. N'abalị, mgbe ihe niile dị jụụ, mmadụ nwere ike iche n'echiche ịnọ n'akụkụ osimiri.|title=Hydrography and Navigation on the Congo River: A Century of Visual History<ref name=":0" /></blockquote> == Ntụaka == {{reflist}} == Leekwa == * [[Luangue]] 2vxkimjkdctg2va1qq5xg7edvjoxt5w 0 77658 675025 2026-07-10T10:03:28Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:Sankuru River entering Kasai River NASA.jpg|thumb|280px|Osimiri Sankuru (n'elu aka nri) na-abanye n'Osimiri Kasai, a na-ahụ ya site na mbara igwe]] [[File:Sankuru River DRC.svg|thumb|Osimiri Sankuru, n'uhie]] '''Osimiri Sankuru''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Sankuru}}) bụ nnukwu osimiri dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ogologo ya dị ihe dịka 1,200km<ref name=Brit>"Sankuru River" in ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]], 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 10, p. 278.</ref> na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mmiri kachasị ogologo nke [[Osimiri Kasai]]. N'elu njikọ ya na mmiri mmiri ya [[Mbuji-Mayi River|Mbuji-Mayi]] a makwaara ya dị ka '''Lubilash''' ma ọ bụ '''Lubilanji'''.<ref name=Brit/> Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu wee gaa ọdịda anyanwụ na-agafe obodo ole na ole, ọkachasị [[Lusambo]]. Mgbe ahụ ọ na-abanye n'Osimiri Kasai dị nso na [[Bena-Bendi]], na {{Coord|4|17|S|20|25|E}}. ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} d2b3zdjceyrk81e98d6cby9j0o3u04m 0 77659 675027 2026-07-10T10:07:23Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362762470|Haut Atlas Oriental National Park]]" 675027 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ogige Ntụrụndụ Haut Atlas Oriental ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental) dị na [[Morocco]]. Ọ na-ekpuchi hekta 49,000 (120,000 acres) n'ime na nso ugwu ugwu ugwu dị elu nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="iu">{{Cite web|title=Communication, Education and Public Awareness in Protected Areas - West Asia and North Africa|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|url=http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/CEC/Public/Electronic/CEC/Reports/Comm_Education_WAsia_NAfri.pdf|accessdate=2011-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420215020/http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/CEC/Public/Electronic/CEC/Reports/Comm_Education_WAsia_NAfri.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-20}}</ref> A họpụtara akụkụ nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2005. E guzobere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ iji chekwaa ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị yana nke okike ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1083&uid=94|publisher=Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la Désertification|title=Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental|accessdate=2011-11-15|language=fr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230108/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1083&uid=94|archivedate=2012-04-25}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ebe a na-ekpuchi 55,252 hectare nke High Atlas n'etiti Midelt na Er Rachidia. Nkume ala ahụ nwere limestone na ụfọdụ intrusions igneous. Ebe ahụ dị n'ịdị elu site na 1,645 m n'ala nke Oued Arheddou ruo 3,102 m n'elu ugwu Jbel Tanrhourt. Na njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ ya, ọ gụnyere ọdọ mmiri abụọ nke Isli na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tislit|Tislit]], nso Imilchil. Ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na-enwe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ nke 400-600 mm, n'ihi ya, osisi dị mma, ebe ugwu ndịda kpọrọ nkụ, na-enweta naanị 200-300 mm, ma na-emeghe. Snow nke oge oyi dị ọtụtụ ma na-adịte aka n'ebe ndị dị elu.&nbsp;&nbsp; === Flora na anụmanụ === N'akụkụ ugwu, ahịhịa osisi nwere osisi cedar (''Cedrus atlantica'') na pine (''Pinus pinaster maghrebiana''), osisi oak (''Quercus rotundifolia''), osisi ''Juniperus thurifera'' na, n'ebe dị ala, ụfọdụ ''Pinus halepensis''. Ugwu ndị dị n'elu ugwu na ugwu ndị dị elu na-akwado ahịhịa steppe xerophytic, ma enwere ụfọdụ ahịhịhịa n'ebe mmiri na-ezo. N'elu ugwu ndịda, osisi cedar na-apụ n'anya, mana obere osisi oak na osisi pine ka dị. Ahịhịa steppe bụ ihe kachasị, nke ''Stipa tenacissima'' na-achịkwa na ala dị ala. BirdLife International akpọọla ogige ntụrụndụ a Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa Barbary, Levaillant's woodpeckers, subalpine, spectaled na Tristram's warblers, Moussier's redstarts, na black-eared na black wheat. Anụmanụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere atụrụ Barbary, Cuvier's gazelles na Barbary macaques. Anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ebe ahụ mana, na-enweghị ihe ndekọ ekwenyebeghị kemgbe 1993, enwere ike ịla n'iyi n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-haut-atlas-oriental-iba-morocco|title=Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-21}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Edensibịa == * [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6502 Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke Ugwu Atlas nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ] Birdlife International. Enwetara ya na 2011-11-15. 422nsvnwsslasaazez2tu1j5x9f4w7r 0 77660 675029 2026-07-10T10:10:17Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} {{Coord|4.165294|S|22.979965|E|display=title}} [[File:VingtAnnees 266.jpg|thumb|Delta nke Osimiri Lubefa (1888)]] '''Osimiri Lubefu''' bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Sankuru]], nke bụkwa otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Kasai]] dị na [[Osimiri Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Otu n'ime ndị Europe mbụ gara leta osimiri ahụ bụ [[Alexandre Delcommune]] na 1887 n'oge nchọpụta dị egwu nke osimiri ndị a na-agagharị agagharị na [[Congo Basin]].{{sfn|Briart|Ryelandt|2003|p=350}} Akụkọ banyere njem gafere mpaghara [[Osimiri Kasai]] na 1908 kwuru na e nwere agụ iyi n'osimiri ahụ mana n'ihi mmiri na-agba ọsọ, ọ dịghị hippopotami ọ bụla ma e wezụga ebe osimiri ahụ na-esonyere Sanku. Osimiri ahụ dị ngwa ngwa, dị warara ma gbagọrọ agbagọ, n'ebe ụfọdụ, osisi ndị kwụgidere n'elu ya na-aghọ ọwara. Site na [[Bena Dibele]], obodo dị na Sankuru dị n'okpuru ebe Lubefu na-esonyere ya na ọdụ gọọmentị nke [[Lubefu]] dị ihe dịka {{convert|100|mi|km}}. Agbanyeghị, o were ụbọchị iri na itoolu ka ụgbọ mmiri whale nke nwere ndị ọkachamara n'ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eru ebe a.{{sfn|Hilton-Simpson|1911|p=65}} Ndị ọchịchị Belgian nke chịrị mba ahụ manyere ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'ógbè ahụ ịkọ [[owu]] n'enweghị uche ha. Ọjụjụ kpọmkwem ịkụ owu gaara abụ igbu onwe onye n'ihi usoro obi ọjọọ nke ndị ọchịchị obodo. Otu ụzọ isi gbochie mkpụrụ owu bụ isi ya tupu a kụọ ya, ka ha ghara ito. Na afọ 1925, ndị bi n'ala dị n'ebe ndịda nke Lubefu kọwara onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo nke steeti na "ala ahụ na-ere mkpụrụ owu ọkụ".{{sfn|Likaka|1997}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |language=French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfT6KNgK02gC&pg=PA350 |title=Aux sources du fleuve Congo: Carnets du Katanga, 1890-1893 |first1=Paul |last1=Briart |first2=Dominique |last2=Ryelandt |publisher=Editions L'Harmattan |year=2003 |isbn=2-7475-4861-9}} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/landpeoplesofkas00hiltrich/landpeoplesofkas00hiltrich_djvu.txt |title=Land and Peoples of the Kasai; Being a Narrative of a Two Years' Journey Among the Cannibals of the Equatorial Forest and Other Savage Tribes |first=M.W. |last=Hilton-Simpson |page=65 |publisher=Constable |year=1911}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hK0c8xAML0C&pg=PA116 |title=Rural society and cotton in colonial Zaire |first=Osumaka |last=Likaka |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-299-15334-7}} {{refend}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{commons category-inline}} tryljr4xg5ac6o8s37eevk76ihflgee 0 77661 675031 2026-07-10T10:16:12Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Lubudi''' (ma ọ bụ Labody; [[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Lubudi'') bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Sankuru]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị n'isi obodo Kuba nke [[Mweka Territory]] na [[Kasai Province]]. ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== Na 1910, ndị Belgium mechara chịkwaa [[alaeze Kuba]]. Osote Gọvanọ [[Eugène Henry]] kewara "isi obodo" Kuba ọhụrụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị warara, ewezuga obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lubudi. Ndị obodo ahụ anabataghị mgbanwe ahụ ma nọgide na-asọpụrụ isi obodo Kuba.{{sfn|Vansina|2010|p=117}} Mgbe [[Kwet Mabine]] batara n'ọchịchị dịka Eze Kuba, ọ gara njem nlegharị anya n'afọ 1925 nke gụnyere ndị isi obodo Ngongo na obodo ha bụ Misumba. Ndị isi nabatara ikike ya.{{sfn|Vansina|2010|p=19}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYRwo8SqqRwC&pg=PA117 |title=Being colonized: the Kuba experience in rural Congo, 1880-1960 |first=Jan |last=Vansina |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-299-23644-1}} {{refend}} {{coord|4.03867|S|21.38013|E|type:river_region:CD-KS|display=title|format=dms}} g1ns1rdamf3fmijbqd540dbtsxfwqpb 0 77662 675033 2026-07-10T10:20:01Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362719144|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour]]" 675033 wikitext text/x-wiki   Côte Aftissate-Boujdour bụ Ebe Ramsar nke gbatịrị n'akụkụ kilomita 50 (31 mi) nke ụsọ oké osimiri Western Sahara n'ebe ndịda Boujdour. Ọ gụnyere obodo ịkụ azụ nke Aftissat. == Ebe == Côte Aftissate-Boujdour dị na commune Jraifia, Boujdour Province na mpaghara Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra.[2] Mpaghara a na-echebe kpuchiri 117 square kilomita (45 sq mi).[1] Ọ gbasaara n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic maka kilomita 50 (mile 31). E hiwere ebe ahụ na 16 Eprel 2019. N'akụkụ a nke ụsọ oké osimiri, osimiri na ájá ndị na-agagharị agagharị kewapụrụ oké osimiri site na ala dị ala na-aga n'ihu n'okpuru ugwu dị elu nke mita 70 (ụkwụ 230).[2] == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Côte Aftissate-Boujdour dị na nsọtụ ndịda nke mpaghara Palearctic. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-emetụta nke ukwuu site na ịrị elu mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri.[2] Ala mmiri bụ ebe izu ike maka Nnụnụ mmiri Palearctic, waders na ndị na-akwaga n'ala, na maka ndị na-agafe agafe karịsịa. Ihe karịrị 1% nke biogeographic biographical ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị dị ka obere black-backed gull (''Larus fuscus'') na-ahụ na ala mmiri n'oge oyi. Ebe kpọrọ nkụ bụ ebe obibi nke gecko ''Saurodactylus brosseti'' na ụdị ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị a na-ahụkarị.[3] == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya ==   8rc6odxgg51gpvcf42yc5zzs8id59gb 0 77663 675037 2026-07-10T10:27:46Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:Henry M. Stanley, In darkest Africa or the q Wellcome L0027735.jpg|thumb|Ịwakpo enyí n'Osimiri Ituri. Site n'akwụkwọ [[Henry Morton Stanley]] ''N'Afrịka Kachasị Ọchịchịrị'' (1890)]] *'''Osimiri Ituri''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Ituri'') bụ osimiri nke Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ọ bụ isi iyi mmiri nke [[Osimiri Aruwimi]], nke na-etolite ebe Ituri zutere [[Osimiri Nepoko]]. *Ọ na-enye [[Ituri Province]] aha ya. ==Usoro ụzọ== *Isi obodo Ituri dị n'ógbè [[Haut-Uélé]] n'ugwu ndị dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]], ihe dị ka {{convert|15|km}} n'ebe ugwu nke [[Kaladau]]. *Ọ na-asọba n'ebe ndịda n'ime ógbè Ituri, ma na-asọfe [[Mongbwalu]] gaa n'ọwụwa anyanwụ. *Osimiri Shari jikọtara ya site n'aka ekpe gaa na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Irumu]] ihe dịka {{convert|45|km}} ndịda-ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Bunia]]. *Osimiri Malibongo dị nso na Komanda Helipad jikọtara ya site n'aka ekpe. *Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-asọga n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ruo [[Bomili]] na mpaghara [[Tshopo]], ebe Osimiri Nepoko sonyeere ya iji mepụta Aruwimi.{{sfn|Way: Ituri (776262086)}} *Ituri dị {{convert|650|km}} ogologo. Aruwimi dị {{convert|380|km}} ogologo, nke na-enye ngụkọta ogologo nke {{convert|1030|km}}.{{sfn|Van den Bossche|Bernacsek|1990|p=333}} *Osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'ime {{convert|63000|km2}} [[Ituri Rainforest]]. *Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke [[oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo]] bụ [[Okapi Wildlife Reserve]], [[Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa]].{{sfn|Wilkie|1987}} ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== *N'afọ 1903, ndị na-achọ ihe ndị dị ndụ na-arụrụ Congo Free State ọrụ chọtara ọlaedo n'Osimiri Ituri. *Nke a mere ka e mepee ebe a na-egwupụta Kilo n'afọ 1905, mekwa ka ebe a na-egwupụta Moto n'afọ 1911, nakwa na 1919 ka e hiwere ''[[Régie Industrielle des Mines de Kilo-Moto]]''.{{sfn|Shakespeare|1993}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{notes}}{{reflist|30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=http://www.scripophily.org/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=53 |title=KILO MOTO |last=Shakespeare |first=Howard |journal=Scripophily |date=June 1993 |accessdate=2011-10-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060853/http://www.scripophily.org/new/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=53 |archivedate=2012-04-25 }} *{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA333 |isbn= 9789251029831 |last1=Van den Bossche |first1= J.-P. |last2= Bernacsek |first2= G.M. |title= Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa |issue= 18 |volume= 1 |date= 1990 |publisher= [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |location= Rome}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/776262086#map=14/1.6759/27.0290 |accessdate=2020-09-14 |title=Way: Ituri (776262086) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Ituri (776262086)}} }} *{{citation |title=Impact of Swidden Age and Subsistence Hunting on Diversity and Abundance of Exploited Fauna in the Ituri Forest of Northeastern Zaire |last=Wilkie |first=David. S. |year=1987 |type=Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Massachusetts}} {{refend}}{{Authority control}} qzt0jgbpab4u8lcj128h48zz5z24gs2 0 77664 675045 2026-07-10T10:37:16Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:In Darkest Africa ascending Aruwimi River.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Ihe e sere n'akwụkwọ ya bụ ''In Darkest Africa'', 1890 nke Stanley ji rịgoro n'elu Aruwimi.]] [[File:Stanley Falls Map.jpg|thumb|300px|A na-egosi ụzọ Stanley site na ahịrị ojii siri ike na nke a na-akụghị akpụ.]] '''Osimiri Aruwimi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Aruwimi}}, {{langx|fr|Rivière Aruwimi}}) bụ [[ndị na-asọba]] nke [[Osimiri Congo]], nke dị n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Congo.<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,214}} Aruwimi malitere dị ka [[Osimiri Ituri]], nke na-arịgo nso [[Ọdọ Mmiri Albert (Afrịka)|Ọdọ Mmiri Albert]],<ref name=bossche>{{cite book |last= Bossche |first= J.P. vanden |author2= G. M. Bernacsek |title= Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year= 1990 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn= 978-92-5-102983-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA333 |page= 333}}</ref> n'ime savanna dị n'ebe ugwu nke mmiri Osimiri Kibale. Ọ na-agakarị ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ruo mgbe Osimiri Shari nke Bunia na-asọba na ya sonyeere ya. Ituri wee tụgharịa gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ, site na [[Ọhịa Ituri]], wee ghọọ Aruwimi ebe Osimiri [[Osimiri Nepoko|Nepoko]] (ma ọ bụ Nepoki) na-esonyere ya, n'obodo [[Bomili]]. Osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'ọdịda anyanwụ, na-esonyere Congo na [[Basoko]]. Ogologo nke Aruwimi–Ituri-Nizi dị ihe dịka {{convert|1,287|km|mi|abbr=on}}, ebe Ituri dị ihe dịka {{convert|650|km|mi}}, Nizi dị ihe dịka {{convert|257|km|mi}} na Aruwimi dị ihe dịka {{convert|380|km|mi}}. Aruwimi dị ihe dịka {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} n'obosara ebe ọ na-esonyere Congo. Mmiri Ituri/Aruwimi fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oke ọhịa dị oke ọnụ, nwere naanị obodo nta ole na ole n'akụkụ ya, ma gafee n'okporo ụzọ dị ihe dị ka ebe anọ. Ọtụtụ puku ndị obodo bi na ndịda Avakubi na-asụ [[Asụsụ Kango]] ([[koodu SIL]] KZY), ebe ndị [[ndị Mbuti|Mbuti]] ([[Pygmy|Pygmies]]) bi na mpaghara elu nke Ituri. [[Henry Morton Stanley]] nyochachara Aruwimi n'oge njem ya [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition|1887]] iji "napụta" [[Emin Pasha]]. Cataract mmiri waterfall nke dị n'elu [[Yambuya]] mere ka ọ ghara ikwe omume iji osimiri ahụ mee njem, njem ahụ ga-agakwa n'ala, n'ihi nnukwu nsogbu. Tributaries: * [[Osimiri Nepoko]] * [[Osimiri Lenda]] Settlements: * [[Bomaneh]] * [[Mongandjo]] * [[Yambuya]] * [[Banalia, Congo|Banalia]] * [[Panga, Congo|Panga]] * [[Bafwangbe]] * [[Bomili]] * [[Avakubi]] * [[Teturi]] * [[Bunia]] ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *{{GEOnet2|32FA87A4371C3774E0440003BA962ED3|Aruwimi}} {{Authority control}} 11610i263vmg1kfc7sb32114e1s10go 0 77665 675048 2026-07-10T10:48:39Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Itimbiri''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Itimbiri}}) bụ akụkụ aka nri nke [[Osimiri Congo]], nke ọ na-esonye n'elu [[Bumba, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Bumba]]. N'oge gara aga, ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri ụzọ mmiri a na-agagharị agagharị mee ihe maka ibuga ihe dị iche iche site n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ ruo Congo. ==Usoro ụzọ== Osimiri Itimbiri malitere na [[Bas-Uélé]], wee gafee na [[Mongala]], ma n'ebe dị ala ya, ọ na-akọwa ókè dị n'etiti Mongala na [[Tshopo]].{{sfn|Relation: Itimbiri (9084)}} Njikọ nke [[Osimiri Rubi]] na [[Osimiri Likati]] na-etolite Itimbiri.{{sfn|Lederer|1973|p=8}}{{efn|As of August 2020 OpenStreetMap showed the section from the confluence of the Likati and the Rubi down to the confluence of the Tele River and Rubi as the Rubi River.{{sfn|Relation: Itimbiri (9084)}} This disagrees with the 1973 description from the Académie royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer, which seems more plausible.{{sfn|Lederer|1973|p=8}} }} [[Osimiri Rubi]] malitere n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Bas-Uélé ma na-asọba n'ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Buta, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Buta]]. Osimiri Likati na-amalite n'ọdịda anyanwụ, wee gafee [[Likati]] na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ iji sonye na Rubi. [[Likati]] dị n'ebe ndịda nke [[Bondo, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Bondo]] n'akụkụ [[Osimiri Uele]].{{sfn|Relation: Itimbiri (9084)}} Itimbiri na-asọfe n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Oke mmiri dị site na {{convert|125|to|1300|m3/s}}, ebe oke mmiri dị na Nọvemba na nke abụọ idei mmiri na Ọgọst, na nke kacha ala na Febụwarị ma ọ bụ mmalite Maachị. Osimiri ahụ na-agbagharị agbagharị nke ukwuu, ọ na-enwekarị ala ájá, ewezuga akụkụ dị n'elu Ibembo, ebe ala ya bụ ajịrịja siri ike. N'oge mmiri dị ala, osimiri ahụ na-agbasa ma na-agbawa n'ọtụtụ alaka, na-eme ka ọ sie ike ịnyagharị n'ụgbọ mmiri buru ibu.{{sfn|Lederer|1973|p=8}} Elu nkezi bụ {{convert|380.27|m}}.{{sfn|Itimbiri, River DGF}} ==Bayọlọji== Osimiri Itimbiri, [[Osimiri Aruwimi|Aruwimi]] na [[Osimiri Lindi|Lindi]]/[[Osimiri Tshopo|Tshopo]] bụ isi iyi mmiri aka nri nke Osimiri Congo site na [[Boyoma Falls]] na ''[[Cuvette Centrale]]'' (Central Basin). Nke a bụ mpaghara dị larịị nke oke ọhịa dị larịị.{{sfn|Decru|Emmanuel |Danadu |Walanga|2017|p=226}} Ruo afọ 2015, a chọpụtala ihe dị ka ụdị azụ 231 site na Itimbiri.{{sfn|Decru|2015}} ''[[Mormyridae]]'' bụ ezinụlọ kachasị nwee ike n'akụkụ Itimbiri nakwa n'akụkụ Aruwimi na Lindi/Tshopo.{{sfn|Decru|Emmanuel |Danadu |Walanga|2017|p=225}} ==Ọnụnọ mmadụ== Na 1890, ndị uwe ojii Belgium [[Léon Roget]] na [[Jules Alexandre Milz]] gara Osimiri Itimbiri site na [[Bumba, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Bumba]], mgbe ahụ [[Osimiri Likati]], rutere [[Osimiri Uele]] na mpaghara Djabir ([[Bondo, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Bondo]]{{efn|At the time, towns and villages were given the names of their chiefs. Djabir, named after the [[Sultan Djabir]], was later called Bakango and today is called Bondo.{{sfn|Kjerland|Bertelsen|2014|p=353}} }}) wee gbadaa ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ruo ebe ọ na-ezute [[Osimiri Mbomou]].{{sfn|Ergo|2013|p=2}} Ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ([[ahịrị Vicicongo]]) jikọtara Bondo na Uele na Aketi na Itimbiri. E mepeghachiri ụzọ okporo ụzọ ahụ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2005 mgbe emechiri ya ruo afọ iri na anọ.{{sfn|Equateur : reprise du trafic ferroviaire Bumba-Aketi}} N'oge gara aga, Itimbiri bụ nke abụọ kachasị mkpa na Congo n'ihe gbasara tọn nke e bufere mgbe [[Osimiri Kasaï]] gasịrị. E ji ya mee ibu sitere na Aketi, n'isi ụgbọ mmiri Chemins de fer vicinaux du Zaïre (CVZ) ruo n'ọnụ ya, anya nke {{convert|255|km}}. E bufere ibu ndị ahụ n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n'Osimiri Congo na Bumba, {{convert|28|km}} site n'ọnụ ya gbadaa.{{sfn|Lederer|1973|p=8}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{notelist}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist|30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS1705962&context=L&vid=Lirias&search_scope=Lirias&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US&fromSitemap=1 |last=Decru |first=Eva |accessdate=2020-08-29 |type=thesis |title=The ichthyofauna of the Central Congo basin: diversity and distribution in the north-eastern tributaries |others=Snoeks, Jos (Supervisor); Vreven, Emmanuel (Co supervisor) |date=November 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320174009 |last1=Decru |first1=Eva |last2=Emmanuel |first2=Vreven |last3=Danadu |first3=Célestin |last4=Walanga |first4=Albert |last5=Mambo |first5=Taylor |last6=Snoeks |first6=Jos |year=2017 |title=Ichthyofauna of the Itimbiri, Aruwimi, and Lindi/Tshopo rivers (Congo basin): Diversity and distribution patterns |journal=Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=225–247 |doi=10.3750/AIEP/02085 |accessdate=2020-08-29|doi-access=free }} *{{citation |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/sans-categorie/2005/04/06/equateur-reprise-du-trafic-ferroviaire-bumba-aketi/ |accessdate=2020-08-29 |work=Radio Okapi |title=Equateur : reprise du trafic ferroviaire Bumba-Aketi |ref={{harvid|Equateur : reprise du trafic ferroviaire Bumba-Aketi}} |date=6 April 2005}} *{{citation |url=http://abergo1.e-monsite.com/medias/files/postes-fortifies-de-l-uele-fl-1.pdf |accessdate=2020-08-27 |chapter=Les postes fortifiés de la frontière Nord de l’État Indépendant du Congo |last=Ergo |first=André-Bernard |title=Histoire du Congo |year=2013 |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525123939/http://abergo1.e-monsite.com/medias/files/postes-fortifies-de-l-uele-fl-1.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://dahiti.dgfi.tum.de/en/12301/ |accessdate=2020-08-29 |ref={{harvid|Itimbiri, River DGF}} |title=Itimbiri, River |publisher=Deutsches Geodätisches Forschungsinstitut, Technische Universität München}} *{{citation |last1=Kjerland|first1=Kirsten Alsaker|last2=Bertelsen|first2=Bjørn Enge|title=Navigating Colonial Orders: Norwegian Entrepreneurship in Africa and Oceania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3rAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353|accessdate=30 August 2020|date=1 November 2014|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-78238-540-0}} *{{citation |year=1973 |publisher=Académie royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer |location=Bruxelles |title=L'exploitation des affluents du Zaïre et des ports de l'intérieur de 1960 à 1971 |last=Lederer |first=A. |url=http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/MEMOIRES_VERHANDELINGEN/Sciences_techniques/Tec.Sc.(NS)_T.XVII,6_LEDERER,%20A._L'exploitation%20des%20affluents%20du%20Za%C3%AFre%20et%20des%20ports%20de%20l'int%C3%A9rieur%20de%201960%20%C3%A0%201971_1974.PDF |accessdate=2020-08-29}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9084#map=9/2.3175/23.4009 |accessdate=2020-08-29 |title=Relation: Itimbiri (9084) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Itimbiri (9084)}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:}} d64btvgw1duhm391w6a5uy0s60k8hk8 0 77666 675049 2026-07-10T10:52:12Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri Congo n'Africa}} [[File:Kasai River Catchment OSM.png|thumb|Osimiri Lulua dị n'ọdọ mmiri Kasai (n'etiti aka nri)]] '''Osimiri Lulua''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Lulua''; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''Lulua Rivier'') bụ osimiri dị na [[Congo Basin]] n'Africa nke dị na [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. Ọ bụ akụkụ aka nri nke [[Osimiri Kasai]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liyandja |first=Tobit |title=Fishes of the Lower Lulua River (Kasai Basin, Central Africa): A Continental Hotspot of Ichthyofaunal Diversity under Threat |url=https://www.academia.edu/68886745/Fishes_of_the_Lower_Lulua_River_Kasai_Basin_Central_Africa_A_Continental_Hotspot_of_Ichthyofaunal_Diversity_under_Threat |journal=Diversity}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} {{coord missing|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} 8kt4gwjsekiosilelov0eicg86clidq 0 77667 675053 2026-07-10T10:56:17Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675053 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|350px|A na-egosi ụzọ Stanley site n'ahịrị ojii siri ike.]] '''Osimiri Lefini''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Lefini}}) bụ osimiri nke [[Republic of Congo]] na otu akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Congo]]. [[Henry Morton Stanley]] rutere [[confluence]] na 9 Maachị 1877.<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,251}} ==Obodo nta== *[[Mpe Bambou]] ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} dut9mrjxpnbtrdlha7ep6me6w4mpaj9 0 77668 675065 2026-07-10T11:21:30Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360305288|Kidepo River]]" 675065 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Kidepo''' bụ osimiri na-asọba naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ nke dị n'akụkụ Ndagwurugwu Kidepo na mpaghara Karamoja nke Uganda, nakwa na mpaghara East Equatoria nke South Sudan. Osimiri a nyere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kidepo Valley aha ya, ma ọ bụkwa n'ime ogige ahụ ka ọ na-asọba. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=Crossing the dry Kidepo river|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/crossing-the-dry-kidepo-river-1470966|accessdate=2025-06-28|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Patel|first=Colin Hancock, Heenali|date=2016-01-05|title=Kidepo National Park: Uganda’s top destination|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/uganda-kidepo-park-top-destination|accessdate=2025-06-28|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mafabi|first=David|date=2018-02-27|title=Giraffes; another wonder at Kidepo Park|url=https://pmldaily.com/features/2018/02/giraffes-another-wonder-at-kidepo-park.html|accessdate=2025-06-28|work=PML Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ụzọ == Isi iyi Osimiri Kidepo dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Uganda, ma jikọta ya na ugwu Napore–Nyangea na ugwu Morungole na Zulia, ndị a maara dịka ebe ọtụtụ osimiri nke mpaghara Karamoja, gụnyere usoro mmiri Kidepo, si amalite.Osimiri ahụ na-agafe mpaghara Ndagwurugwu Kidepo (gụnyere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kidepo Valley) tupu ọ gafee banye na South Sudan.N'ime usoro mmiri Kidepo–Narus, a na-akọwa Osimiri Kidepo na Osimiri Narus dịka osimiri abụọ na-asọba n'ozuzu ha n'akụkụ ugwu ma na-ezukọta na Sudan (nke bụ South Sudan ugbu a), ma n'ikpeazụ na-asọba n'ime usoro mmiri Osimiri Naịl. == Ọdịdị ala == Osimiri Kidepo na-agbanye akụkụ nke ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ugwu Uganda na ndịda South Sudan. Mmiri dị n'elu ya dị n'ime mpaghara Karamoja, ebe mmiri si na ugwu Napore-Nyangea na ugwu Morungole na Zulia na-enye aka na mmiri mmiri nke oge. Osimiri ahụ gafere Ndagwurugwu Kidepo, otu n'ime isi ihe ndị dị na Kidepo Valley National Game Park, tupu ọ gafee South Sudan. Ala gbara ya gburugburu bụ savanna mepere emepe, ala mmiri oge, ahịhịa ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri, na ugwu ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke na-emetụta mmiri na ụdị dị iche iche. == Njirimara mmiri, na mgbanwe oge n'asọba mmiri. == Na Kidepo Valley National Park, a na-akọwa osimiri Kidepo na Narus dị ka "osimiri ájá" oge nke na-asọ obere oge mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, na Ndagwurugwu Kidepo Na ndị na-eso ya na-akpọnwụ maka ọtụtụ n'ime afọ. A na-akọ na mmiri na-anọgide n'oge ọnwa ọkọchị bụ ọdọ mmiri fọdụrụnụ (karịsịa n'akụkụ Narus), nke anụ ọhịa na-eji mgbe mmiri na-adịghị. Nkọwa sitere n'èzí banyere usoro mmiri dị na mpaghara Kidepo na-akọwa Osimiri Kidepo dịka osimiri na-asọba naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ , nke na-enwekarị idei mmiri mberede, ma na-asọba n'ime ndagwurugwu kpọrọ nkụ.Ozi nke Uganda Wildlife Authority banyere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kidepo Valley na-egosi na mpaghara ahụ nwere ihu igwe ọkara kpọrọ nkụ . Ọ na-egosikwa ọdịiche n'ogo mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'etiti Ndagwurugwu Narus, nke na-enweta ihe dị ka milimita 890 kwa afọ, na Ndagwurugwu Kidepo, nke na-enweta ihe dị ka milimita 635 kwa afọ. == Mgbapụta Mmiri Kidepo == Nkọwapụta gbasara ọchịchị na njikwa ala mmiri na South Sudan na-akọwa na Akụkụ Mgbapụta Mmiri Kidepo na-agbatị site na distrikti Lamwo, Kitgum, na Kaabong, ma na-asọba n'Osimiri Naịl Ọcha na South Sudan site n'Osimiri Kidepo na Osimiri Narus.Otu akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwukwa na mpaghara ahụ nwere ihu igwe ọkara kpọrọ nkụ , ma na e nwere ala mmiri na-apụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ n'afọ n'akụkụ ókèala distrikti Lamwo na Kitgum, nakwa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke distrikti Kaabong, n'ebe elu mmiri nke Osimiri Kidepo. == Ebe obibi na ebe echedoro == Usoro ndagwurugwu Kidepo-Narus na-akwado ebe obibi ndị metụtara osimiri n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Kidepo Valley. Ihe onwunwe nke Uganda Wildlife Authority na-akọwa ịdabere n'oge ọkọchị na ọdọ mmiri fọdụrụnụ ma gosipụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndagwurugwu Kidepo na ọnọdụ mmiri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya metụtara mpaghara Narus. N'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ sara mbara, a na-akọwa Nkwụ Borassus dị ka ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ osimiri gụnyere Kidepo na Narus. == Nchekwa == Akụkụ buru ibu nke elu mmiri Osimiri Kidepo dị n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kidepo Valley, ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Uganda Wildlife Authority na-elekọta.Osimiri ahụ na ebe obibi ndị dị gburugburu ya na-enyere aka ichekwa ịdị mma gburugburu ebe obibi nke usoro gburugburu Kidepo–Narus, site n'ịkwado ọtụtụ ụdị anụ ọhịa na ahịhịa ndị na-etolite n'akụkụ osimiri.Ọdọ mmiri nta ndị na-anọgide mgbe mmiri osimiri akwụsịrị ịsọ na-abụ ebe dị mkpa ụmụ anụmanụ na-aṅụ mmiri n'oge ọkọchị n'ime ogige ahụ. N'ihi ya, a na-ewere nchekwa nke ebe obibi ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi sara mbara na mpaghara echedoro. == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Kidepo Valley * Ndepụta osimiri nke Uganda * Ndepụta osimiri nke South Sudan * Osimiri Narus == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} jne3yc4ti9umaktr16ingg6jjq8xw06 0 77669 675066 2026-07-10T11:22:03Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Republic of Congo}} [[File:Alima - Congo.JPG|thumb|255px|Alima ]] '''Osimiri Alima''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Alima}}) bụ akụkụ mmiri nke Osimiri Congo. Ọ na-etolite site na njikọta nke iyi abụọ, Lékéti na Dziélé.<ref>{{cite web|title=Confluence of Lékéti and Dziélé|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-1.5965512,14.9577549,4732m/data=!3m1!1e3|website=Google Maps|publisher=Google|accessdate=25 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Confluence of Lékéti and Dziélé|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=15/-1.5952/14.9587|website=OpenStreetMap|accessdate=25 March 2018}}</ref> ==Obodo== Obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri a gụnyere (site na isi iyi): * [[Okoyo]] * [[Boundji]] * [[Oyo (Congo)|Oyo]] == Ọnọdụ == {{PoI start}} {{PoI|Source - Lékéti|-1.59564|14.95721|COG|}} {{PoI|Boundji|-1.04608|15.35929|COG|}} {{PoI|Oyo|-1.15998|15.96755|COG|}} {{PoI|Congo River confluence|-1.60059|16.61646|COG|}} {{PoI end}} {{clear}} {{kml}} {{clear}} ==Leekwa== *[[Ndepụta osimiri nke Republic of the Congo]] ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} 22chbzqpiveotmcqc9pu8xhgdlw5ap7 0 77670 675071 2026-07-10T11:28:29Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Likouala-Mossaka | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = File:Sanghabasinmap.png | map_size = | map_caption = [[Sangha River]] basin, showing the Likouala to the west | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Republic of the Congo]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Congo River]] | mouth_location = [[Mossaka]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-1.2270|16.7991|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Likouala-Mossaka''' (ma ọ bụ '''Osimiri Likouala''') ({{langx|sw|Mto Likouala}}) bụ osimiri dị na [[Republic of Congo]]. Ọ bụ otu akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Congo]], nke ọ na-abanye n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo [[Mossaka]]. ==Ọnọdụ== Likouala-Mossaka bụ akụkụ aka nri nke Congo ebe ọ na-asọba na Mossaka ihe dị ka {{convert|650|km}} site na isi iyi ya. Mmiri ya na-ejikọta nke [[Osimiri Sangha]] n'ebe ugwu na [[Osimiri Ogoué]] dị na Gabon n'ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ebe ndịda, ọ na-ejikọta ala mmiri nke [[Alima]], nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi aka ekpe ọ bụla.{{sfn|Mazenot|1966|p=268}} Osimiri dị ala [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha]], osimiri [[Likouala-aux-Herbes]] na osimiri Likouala-Mossaka na-asọfe site na Congo Cuvette, nnukwu ọdịda mmiri nke nwere ihu igwe dị n'akụkụ osimiri. Ala nke mpaghara a bụ ájá ma ọ bụ ụrọ quaternary fluvial alluvia. Ahịhịa bụ oke ọhịa dị oke mmiri mmiri, nke nwere ndò, nke na-ejupụta n'ime mmiri n'oge mmiri dị elu.{{sfn|LaraqueMahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=107}} ==Hydrology== N'agbata afọ 1951 na 1993, mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'ime mpaghara Likouala-Mossaka bụ {{convert|1689|mm}}, mmiri ozuzo nkezi na ọdụ njikwa Makoua bụ {{convert|216|m3/s}}.{{sfn|LaraqueMahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=113}} E kpuchiri ala dị n'elu ebe a {{convert|14100|km2}}.{{sfn|LaraqueMahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=106}} ==Nnyocha ndị Europe== [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] nyochachara akụkụ elu nke Likouala-Mossaka, Licona, na Ọgọst 1878. [[Albert Dolisie]] banyere n'ọnụ ya n'afọ 1884. [[Giacomo Savorgnan di Brazzà]] si n'osimiri ahụ gbadata mgbe ọ lọtara site na nchọpụta ya n'ebe ugwu na Disemba afọ 1885. N'afọ 1899, e nyere ụmụnne Tréchot bụ́ ndị kere ''Compagnie Française du Haut-Congo'' (CFHC) dum ebe a na-egwupụta Likouala-Mossaka.{{sfn|Mazenot|1966|p=268}} Na 1908, e nwere ọkwa nchịkwa anọ n'ókèala ihe dị ka {{convert|80000|km2}}. Obodo iri asaa na abụọ ga-akwụ ụtụ isi franc 44,648.{{sfn|Mazenot|1966|p=270}} Ruo afọ 1909, ọchịchị ndị France nke mpaghara Likouala-Mossaka dị obere, ọ dịghịkwa ihe e mere iji mepụta akụrụngwa ya.{{sfn|Mazenot|1966|p=269}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{notes}}{{reflist|25em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_59-60/010026307.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-19 |first1=Alain |last1=Laraque |first2=Gil |last2=Mahé |first3=Didier |last3=Orange |first4=Bertrand |last4=Marieu |title=Spatiotemporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth century |journal=Journal of Hydrology |issue=245 |year=2001 |pages=104–117}} *{{citation |url=https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/cea_0008-0055_1966_num_6_22_3067.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-20 |last=Mazenot |first=Georges |title=L'occupation du Bassin de la Likouala-Mossaka 1909-1914 |journal=Cahiers d'études africaines |volume=6 |issue=22 |year=1966 |pages=268-307 |doi=10.3406/cea.1966.3067}} {{refend}} ==Ịgụkwu ihe== *{{cite report |last=Thiebaux |first=Jean-Pierre |title=Hydrologie du bassin de la Likouala Mossaka |language=fr |publisher=[[ORSTOM]] |year=1987 |url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/MONOGRAPHIE%20DE%20LA%20LIKOUALA%20MOSSAKA.pdf}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Likouala-Mossaka}} 2ebzdxa3vig47p2hfoechyd316vp7nm 0 77671 675073 2026-07-10T11:30:19Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360696495|Kagera River]]" 675073 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Informal_Cross-border_Trade_-_River_Kagera.jpg|thumb|Azụmaahịa na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro - Osimiri Kagera.]] '''Osimiri Kagera''', a makwaara dị ka '''Osimiri Akagera''', ma ọ bụ '''Alexandra [[Nile|Naịl]]''', bụ osimiri dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke bụ akụkụ nke isi mmiri dị n'elu Osimiri Naịl ma na-ebu mmiri site na isi iyi ya kachasị anya. Na ngụkọta nke 597 km (371 mi) site na isi iyi ya dị na Lake Rweru na Rwanda. Akụkụ nke osimiri a na-akpọ Kagera na-amalite na [[Burundi]], na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru na-apụta. Site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ na-asọba n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ ókèala [[Rwanda]]-Burundi na Rwanda-[[Tanzania]] ruo n'ókè ya na Osimiri Ruvubu. Mmiri nke Kagera na-enweta site na isi mmiri abụọ, Nyabarongo nke Rwanda, nke na-enye Lake Rweru, na Ruvubu nke Burundi. A maghị nke n'ime osimiri abụọ a na-enye mmiri bụ nke kachasị ogologo ma ya mere isi iyi nke Naịl. Site na njikọ ahụ, Kagera na-asọba n'ebe ugwu n'ókè Rwanda na Tanzania, n'elu Rusumo Falls na site na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Akagera. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-agbanye n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-agbaso ókèala Tanzania-[[Uganda]] ma na-abanye n'[[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] na Uganda. N'afọ 1898, Richard Kandt bụ onye Europe mbụ rutere isi iyi nke Kagera. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf|title=GERMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CARTOGRAPHY OF SOUTH WEST AND EAST AFRICA FROM MID 19th CENTURY TO WORLD WAR I|accessdate=2019-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124657/http://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ egosila n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ndị ọ na-agafe, ọkachasị Rwanda. N'afọ 1894, onye Germany Gustav Adolf von Götzen gafere Kagera na Rusumo Falls, na-egosi oge ọchịchị Rwanda nke malitere n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'afọ 1899. Na 1916, n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ndị Belgium meriri ndị Germany, na-abanye Rwanda site n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Osimiri ahụ nwetara aha ọjọọ n'ụwa niile na 1994 maka ibu ozu site na Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda gaa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, na-eme ka ekwupụta ọnọdụ mberede n'ógbè Uganda, ebe ozu ndị a mechara kpochapụ. == Ọdịdị ala == Kagera na-amalite na Burundi ma na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na-ebubata mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-enye ihe dị ka ijeri mita kubik 6.4 nke mmiri kwa afọ, nke bụ ihe dịka pasent 28 nke mmiri na-apụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Osimiri Kagera sitere na njikọta Osimiri Ruvuvu na Osimiri Nyabarongo, n'ebe dị nso na akụkụ ugwu kachasị elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.Ọ na-eme akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti Burundi na Tanzania, Rwanda na Tanzania, Burundi na Rwanda, nakwa Tanzania na Uganda.Osimiri a nyere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Akagera dị n'ebe ugwu Rwanda aha ya, ma nyekwa Mpaghara Kagera nke Tanzania aha ya.N'elu osimiri ahụ ka Mmiri Ọda Rusumo dị, nke bụ ebe dị mkpa a na-agafe n'etiti Rwanda na Tanzania. Ọ dị nso na obodo Rusumo. == Azụ == Mmiri nke Osimiri Kagera jupụtara na azụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2001, e nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị 55 a maara site na ngalaba Rwandan naanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ nwere ike ịdị elu.<ref name="DeVos2001">{{Cite journal|author=De Vos, L|year=2001|title=An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Rwanda (East Central Africa), With Historical Data on Introductions of Commercially Important Species|journal=Journal of East African Natural History|volume=90|issue=1|pages=41–68|doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[41:AACOTF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> E dekọrọ ụdị asaa ọzọ na nyocha ndị ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine cichlids iri na ise a na-akọwaghị akọwa nke dị na ụfọdụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ elu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Sayer2018">{{Cite book|author=Sayer, C.A.|year=2018|title=Freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin: Guidance for species conservation, site protection, climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods|publisher=Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN|doi=10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.RA.2.en|isbn=9782831718965}}</ref> N'ihi ọtụtụ nsụda mmiri na rapids, akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọdọ mmiri Kagera kewara n'ụzọ doro anya, na-eme ka mmegharị azụ n'etiti ha sie ike ma ọ bụ ọbụna ghara ikwe omume. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berakhi|first=Robel Ogbaghebriel|date=2014-05-23|title=Land use and land cover change and its implications in Kagera river basin, East Africa|journal=African Geographical Review|volume=34|issue=3|pages=209–231|doi=10.1080/19376812.2014.912140|issn=1937-6812}}</ref> Otu ụdị a maara na ọ bi na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ya bụ ''Labeobarbus microbarbis'', ka a na-ewere ugbu a dị ka ihe na-adịghịzi adị. == Mgbukpọ agbụrụ == N'oge mgbukpọ agbụrụ Rwanda nke afọ 1994,e ji Kagera mee ihe iji kpochapụ ozu ka e gburu ọtụtụ puku Ndị Tutsi na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Hutu n'akụkụ osimiri .Osimiri ahụ butere ọtụtụ n'ime ozu ndị ahụ banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, nke kpatara nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike ọha na eze na Uganda. == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Ruvuvu - Akụkụ aka nri nke osimiri ahụ * Osimiri Nyabarongo - Osimiri a na-asọba n'akụkụ aka ekpe == Edensibịa == === Ihe edeturu === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|refs=<ref name=Rangeley>Rangeley, p. 54</ref> <ref name=Dumont>Dumont, p. 341</ref> <ref name=January>January, p. 83</ref> <ref name=NYT>{{Citation | last = Lorch | first = Donatella | title = Thousands of Rwanda Dead Wash Down to Lake Victoria | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | date = 21 May 1994 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/21/world/thousands-of-rwanda-dead-wash-down-to-lake-victoria.html | access-date = 26 February 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130317224503/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/21/world/thousands-of-rwanda-dead-wash-down-to-lake-victoria.html | archive-date = 17 March 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref>}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|author=Dumont|first=Henri J.|title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use|publisher=Springer|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA341|isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6}} * {{Cite book|author=January|first=Brendan|title=Genocide: modern crimes against humanity|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/genocidemoderncr0000janu|isbn=978-0-7613-3421-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Rangeley|first=Robert|title=International river basin organizations in sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=[[World Bank Publications]]|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gHMB8MPOBoC&pg=PA54|isbn=0-8213-2871-9}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Kagera River}} *   fwen47ag657ekz2hn669z2f60krs20h 675074 675073 2026-07-10T11:32:31Z Neme244 16387 fixed reference error 675074 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Informal_Cross-border_Trade_-_River_Kagera.jpg|thumb|Azụmaahịa na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro - Osimiri Kagera.]] '''Osimiri Kagera''', a makwaara dị ka '''Osimiri Akagera''', ma ọ bụ '''Alexandra [[Nile|Naịl]]''', bụ osimiri dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke bụ akụkụ nke isi mmiri dị n'elu Osimiri Naịl ma na-ebu mmiri site na isi iyi ya kachasị anya. Na ngụkọta nke 597 km (371 mi) site na isi iyi ya dị na Lake Rweru na Rwanda. Akụkụ nke osimiri a na-akpọ Kagera na-amalite na [[Burundi]], na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Rweru na-apụta. Site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọ na-asọba n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ ókèala [[Rwanda]]-Burundi na Rwanda-[[Tanzania]] ruo n'ókè ya na Osimiri Ruvubu. Mmiri nke Kagera na-enweta site na isi mmiri abụọ, Nyabarongo nke Rwanda, nke na-enye Lake Rweru, na Ruvubu nke Burundi. A maghị nke n'ime osimiri abụọ a na-enye mmiri bụ nke kachasị ogologo ma ya mere isi iyi nke Naịl. Site na njikọ ahụ, Kagera na-asọba n'ebe ugwu n'ókè Rwanda na Tanzania, n'elu Rusumo Falls na site na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Akagera. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-agbanye n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-agbaso ókèala Tanzania-[[Uganda]] ma na-abanye n'[[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] na Uganda. N'afọ 1898, Richard Kandt bụ onye Europe mbụ rutere isi iyi nke Kagera. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf|title=GERMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CARTOGRAPHY OF SOUTH WEST AND EAST AFRICA FROM MID 19th CENTURY TO WORLD WAR I|accessdate=2019-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124657/http://icaci.org/files/documents/ICC_proceedings/ICC2003/Papers/110.pdf|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ egosila n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ndị ọ na-agafe, ọkachasị Rwanda. N'afọ 1894, onye Germany Gustav Adolf von Götzen gafere Kagera na Rusumo Falls, na-egosi oge ọchịchị Rwanda nke malitere n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'afọ 1899. Na 1916, n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ndị Belgium meriri ndị Germany, na-abanye Rwanda site n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Osimiri ahụ nwetara aha ọjọọ n'ụwa niile na 1994 maka ibu ozu site na Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda gaa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, na-eme ka ekwupụta ọnọdụ mberede n'ógbè Uganda, ebe ozu ndị a mechara kpochapụ. == Ọdịdị ala == Kagera na-amalite na Burundi ma na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na-ebubata mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-enye ihe dị ka ijeri mita kubik 6.4 nke mmiri kwa afọ, nke bụ ihe dịka pasent 28 nke mmiri na-apụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Osimiri Kagera sitere na njikọta Osimiri Ruvuvu na Osimiri Nyabarongo, n'ebe dị nso na akụkụ ugwu kachasị elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.Ọ na-eme akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ókèala dị n'etiti Burundi na Tanzania, Rwanda na Tanzania, Burundi na Rwanda, nakwa Tanzania na Uganda.Osimiri a nyere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Akagera dị n'ebe ugwu Rwanda aha ya, ma nyekwa Mpaghara Kagera nke Tanzania aha ya.N'elu osimiri ahụ ka Mmiri Ọda Rusumo dị, nke bụ ebe dị mkpa a na-agafe n'etiti Rwanda na Tanzania. Ọ dị nso na obodo Rusumo. == Azụ == Mmiri nke Osimiri Kagera jupụtara na azụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2001, e nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị 55 a maara site na ngalaba Rwandan naanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ nwere ike ịdị elu.<ref name="DeVos2001">{{Cite journal|author=De Vos, L|year=2001|title=An Annotated Checklist of the Fishes of Rwanda (East Central Africa), With Historical Data on Introductions of Commercially Important Species|journal=Journal of East African Natural History|volume=90|issue=1|pages=41–68|doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[41:AACOTF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> E dekọrọ ụdị asaa ọzọ na nyocha ndị ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị haplochromine cichlids iri na ise a na-akọwaghị akọwa nke dị na ụfọdụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ elu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Sayer2018">{{Cite book|author=Sayer, C.A.|year=2018|title=Freshwater biodiversity in the Lake Victoria Basin: Guidance for species conservation, site protection, climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods|publisher=Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN|doi=10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.RA.2.en|isbn=9782831718965}}</ref> N'ihi ọtụtụ nsụda mmiri na rapids, akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọdọ mmiri Kagera kewara n'ụzọ doro anya, na-eme ka mmegharị azụ n'etiti ha sie ike ma ọ bụ ọbụna ghara ikwe omume. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berakhi|first=Robel Ogbaghebriel|date=2014-05-23|title=Land use and land cover change and its implications in Kagera river basin, East Africa|journal=African Geographical Review|volume=34|issue=3|pages=209–231|doi=10.1080/19376812.2014.912140|issn=1937-6812}}</ref> Otu ụdị a maara na ọ bi na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ya bụ ''Labeobarbus microbarbis'', ka a na-ewere ugbu a dị ka ihe na-adịghịzi adị. == Mgbukpọ agbụrụ == N'oge mgbukpọ agbụrụ Rwanda nke afọ 1994,e ji Kagera mee ihe iji kpochapụ ozu ka e gburu ọtụtụ puku Ndị Tutsi na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Hutu n'akụkụ osimiri .Osimiri ahụ butere ọtụtụ n'ime ozu ndị ahụ banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, nke kpatara nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike ọha na eze na Uganda. == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Ruvuvu - Akụkụ aka nri nke osimiri ahụ * Osimiri Nyabarongo - Osimiri a na-asọba n'akụkụ aka ekpe == Edensibịa == === Ihe edeturu === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite book|author=Dumont|first=Henri J.|title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use|publisher=Springer|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA341|isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6}} * {{Cite book|author=January|first=Brendan|title=Genocide: modern crimes against humanity|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/genocidemoderncr0000janu|isbn=978-0-7613-3421-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Rangeley|first=Robert|title=International river basin organizations in sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=[[World Bank Publications]]|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gHMB8MPOBoC&pg=PA54|isbn=0-8213-2871-9}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Kagera River}} *   aed5d54yrw59yqfhy3cdc7uuapu2lh5 0 77672 675075 2026-07-10T11:36:16Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360556711|River Kafu]]" 675075 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Kafu<div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%">Kabi</div><br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Rivers_of_South_West_Uganda.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|254x254px]]<div class="infobox-caption">Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Uganda, na Osimiri Kafu gosipụtara dị ka Kabi</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Uganda]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |Kitoma Swamp, Kibaale DistrictMpaghara Kibaale |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Kitoma, Western Region, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Kafu&params=01_09_00_N_31_04_55_E_ <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°09′00′′N</span> <span class="longitude">31°04′55′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.15000°N 31.08194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.15000; 31.08194</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |1,100 m (3,600 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |Victoria Nile, Masindi DistrictÓgbè Masindi |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Masindi, Mpaghara Ọdịda Anyanwụ, [[Uganda]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; akara&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Kafu&params=01_38_51_N_32_05_40_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°38′51′′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°05′40′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.64750°N 32.09444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">1.64750; 32.09444</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:5}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Kafu&params=01_38_51_N_32_05_40_E_type:river <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">01°38′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">32°05′40″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.64750°N 32.09444°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">1.64750; 32.09444</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,040 m (3,410 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |180 kilomita (110 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |} '''Osimiri Kafu''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Uganda]], n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka . Na ụfọdụ map ochie, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Kabi. == Ebe == Osimiri Kafu dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ [[Uganda]]. Ọ na-amalite site na ala mmiri dị ihe dị ka kilomita 12 (7.5 mi), n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo '''Kitoma''', na Kibaale District, Western Uganda . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wayland|first=E. J.|date=1934|title=Rifts, Rivers, Rains and Early Man in Uganda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843813|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=64|pages=333–352|doi=10.2307/2843813|issn=0307-3114}}</ref> Ọ na-aga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na mbụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-atụgharị n'ebe ugwu, iji banye na Victoria Nile, ihe dịka kilomita 8 (5.0 mi), n'elu obodo Masindi Port, na Masindi District, kwa na Western Uganda. Isi iyi Osimiri Kafu dị nso na Kitoma, na nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: Latitude: 1.1500; Longitude: 31.0820.Osimiri Kafu na-asọba n'Osimiri Victoria Nile n'akụkụ Masindi Port, na nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: Latitude: 1.6475; Longitude: 32.0945.N'oge ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, na ugwu, osimiri ahụ na-agafe ma ọ bụ na-eme ókèala distrikti Kibaale, Hoima, Kyankwanzi, Nakaseke, Nakasongola, na Masindi. . == Nchịkọta == Mmiri ahụ, nke Osimiri Kafu si na ya pụta, na-agafe usoro osimiri ọzọ a na-akpọ [[Osimiri Nkusi]]. Otú ọ dị, Osimiri Nkusi na-ebili n'ebe ọzọ ma gafee n'ime ala mmiri ahụ a na-ekwu ma na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ iji banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert, n'akụkụ ókèala mba ụwa dị n'etiti [[Uganda]] na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Na isi iyi ya, Osimiri Kafu dị ihe dịka mita 1,100 (3,600 . N'ebe ọ na-abanye n'[[Nile|Osimiri Naịl]], ịdị elu ya bụ ihe dịka mita 1,040 (3,410 . Ogologo Osimiri Kafu bụ ihe dịka kilomita 180 (110 mi), site na isi iyi ruo na njedebe. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100717033047/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/wetlands/pdf/Africa/Region2/UGANDA.pdf Osimiri na Ọdọ Mmiri nke Uganda] == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Albert * [[Naịl Ọcha|Victoria Naịl]] * Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Masindi * [[Osimiri Ayago]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 62bvqzl8wreezc048wnnuc15lvo0xj0 0 77673 675077 2026-07-10T11:49:37Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Translated this article from English 675077 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Likouala-aux-Herbes.png|thumb|Ọnụ nke Likouala-aux-Herbes. Osimiri Sangha dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ na Osimiri Congo dị n'ọwụwa anyanwụ.]] {{Infobox river | name = Likouala-aux-Herbes | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = File:Sanghabasinmap.png | map_size = | map_caption = [[Sangha River]] basin, showing the Likouala-aux-Herbes to the east | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Republic of the Congo]] | subdivision_type2 = Department | subdivision_name2 = [[Likouala Department|Likouala]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = about {{convert|700|km}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Botouali | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|281|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Sangha River]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-0.8717|17.135||display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|24800|km2}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = }} '''Likouala-aux-Herbes''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Sangha]], nke bụkwa otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Congo]]. Ọ na-enye [[Ngalaba Likouala]] aha ya. ==Ọnọdụ== Ogologo ụgbọ mmiri Likouala-aux-Herbes fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ {{convert|700|km}}{{efn|{{convert|700|km}} long: another source estimates the length at about {{convert|750|km}}, including meanders.{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=792}} }} ma ọ bụkwa isi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Sangha.{{sfn|Censier|Pouyaud|Laraque|Maziezoula|1995|p=239}} Osimiri Sangha dị ala, osimiri Likouala-aux-Herbes na [[Likouala-Mossaka]] na-asọfe site na Congo Cuvette, nnukwu ọdịda mmiri.{{sfn|Laraque|Mahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=107}} Ala nke mpaghara a bụ ájá ma ọ bụ ụrọ [[Quaternary]] [[fluvial]] [[alluvia]].{{sfn|Laraque|Mahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=107}} Ala Likouala aux Herbes dị n'elu ájá nke mpaghara Quaternary nke Congo.{{sfn|Censier|Pouyaud|Laraque|Maziezoula|1995|p=240}} Ụzọ nke Likouala na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-agbanwe ka oge na-aga.{{sfn|Censier|Pouyaud|Laraque|Maziezoula|1995|p=239}} Ọnụọgụ nke sinuosity karịrị 1.5 na ngalaba elu, ihe dị ka 2.0 na ngalaba etiti na mpaghara ala dị elu ruo 2.8.{{sfn|Censier|Pouyaud|Laraque|Maziezoula|1995|p=242}} Akụkụ ala nke Sangha na Likouala-aux-Herbes na-agafe n'ala dị larịị na-enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ịdị elu n'etiti osimiri abụọ ahụ. Akụkụ nke ala nke Osimiri Sangha kewara ụzọ abụọ na-agagharị agagharị, nke na-ejikọta ọzọ. N'ala ọzọ, "ọwa mmiri" na-ejikọ Sangha na Likouala-aux-Herbes n'ebe dị anya karịa njikọ isi nke osimiri abụọ ahụ.{{sfn|Censier|Pouyaud|Laraque|Maziezoula|1995|p=247}} N'oge na-adịghị anya gara aga, ndị Likouala-aux-Herbes sonyeere Sangha {{convert|130|km}} site na njikọ dị ugbu a.{{sfn|Censier|Pouyaud|Laraque|Maziezoula|1995|p=239}} ==Ọmụmụ Mmiri== N'agbata afọ 1951 na 1993, mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'ime mpaghara Likouala-aux-Herbes bụ {{convert|1714|mm}}, mmiri ozuzo nkezi na-apụta n'ọdụ ụgbọ gauging Botouali bụ {{convert|281|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Laraque|Mahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=113}} E kpuchiri ala dị n'elu ebe a {{convert|24800|km2}}.{{sfn|Laraque|Mahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=106}} ==Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi== Cuvette nke Congo nwere ihu igwe dị n'akụkụ osimiri.{{sfn|Laraque|Mahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=107}} Mmiri nke Likouala-aux-Herbes na-acha aja aja na-acha ọbara ọbara ma nwee nnukwu acid [[humic acid|humic]] na [[Fulvic acid|fulvic]].{{sfn|Censier|Pouyaud|Laraque|Maziezoula|1995|p=239}} Ahịhịa dị n'osimiri ahụ bụ oke ọhịa dị oke mmiri mmiri, nke nwere ndò, nke na-ejupụta n'idei mmiri n'oge mmiri dị elu.{{sfn|Laraque|Mahé|Orange|Marieu|2001|p=107}} Oke ọhịa gbara akụkụ elu ahụ gburugburu na-emepe ka ọ bụrụ ala sara mbara nke ahịhịa dị nso na [[Epena]], nke na-abawanye n'obosara n'ala ala, ọ bụ ezie na n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, ọhịa na-emechi osimiri ahụ. N'oge mmiri ozuzo, osimiri na-asọfe n'akụkụ ya, ọ na-adịkarịkwa mfe ka ụgbọ mmiri jiri ụzọ dị mkpirikpi n'etiti ndị na-eme njem abụọ.{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=792}} Aha osimiri ahụ, nke pụtara "osimiri ahịhịa", sitere n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ala dị larịị ya jupụtara na ahịhịa, nke ''[[Phacelurus gabonensis]]'' nọ n'akụkụ mmiri mmiri jupụtara, na ''[[Hyparrhenia diplandra]]'' n'akụkụ mmiri kpọrọ nkụ.{{sfn|Censier|Pouyaud|Laraque|Maziezoula|1995|p=239}} ==Ndị mmadụ== Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke [[Epena District]] bụ Epena, n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Lake Télé Community Reserve]].{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=789}} Epena dị ihe dị ka {{convert|100|km}} site na isi iyi osimiri ahụ.{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=792}} Ọ dị nnọọ iche ruo afọ 1989, mgbe e meghere ụzọ e ji awụli elu site n'isi obodo mpaghara ahụ [[Impfondo]].{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=789}} N'okpuru Epena, obodo nta ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ gụnyere Itanga, Dzeke, Edzama, Bouanela na Ebambe, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ {{convert|350|km}} dị n'akụkụ ala.{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=791}} Site n'Ebambe gbadaa ruo Sangha, osimiri ahụ na-agbagharị ihe dị ka {{convert|300|km}}.{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=792}} N'ime na n'elu, ndị mmadụ na-asụ asụsụ nke [[asụsụ Bomitaba]].{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=793}} Ndị Babọle dị n'okpuru Epena na-asụ asụsụ nke [[Asụsụ Bole (Bantu)|Asụsụ Dibole]].{{sfn|Leich|2009|p=795}} Ndị obodo ahụ na-akụ azụ̀ ma na-akọ ugbo n'ebe ala kpọrọ nkụ.{{sfn|Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes}} ==Nchekwa Obodo nke Lake Télé== Ebe Nchekwa Obodo Lake Télé kpuchiri nnukwu mpaghara dị n'akụkụ aka nri (ọdịda anyanwụ) nke elu Likouala-aux-Herbes n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Epena.{{sfn|Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608)}} Ọ bụ usoro ihe dị ndụ nke ala mmiri, akụkụ nke ''Complexe Transfrontalier Lac Télé - Grands Affluents - Lac Tumba'', e guzobere [[mpaghara nchekwa nke ókèala|ókèala na-agafe agafe]] [[mpaghara Ramsar]] na June 2017. Ọ gụnyere [[Ọhịa apịtị mmiri dị ọcha|ọhịa apịtị]], idei mmiri jupụtara na osisi [[savanna]] na [[prairie]] na-ese n'elu mmiri]. Mmiri Lac Télé nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ, mana osimiri ndị ahụ jupụtara n'azụ. Nnụnụ ndị bi ebe ahụ gụnyere [[African darter]]s (''Anhinga rufa''). Anụmanụ anụmanụ gụnyere [[gọrila nke ọdịda anyanwụ ala dị larịị]], [[chimpanzee]], [[enyí]], [[buffalo nke Afrịka|buffalo]], [[duiker]] na [[hippopotamus]].{{sfn|Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes}} Na 2008, ndị nchọpụta si na [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] gụpụtara akwụ gorilla ma mee atụmatụ na ihe dị ka gorilla 125,000 bi ebe ahụ, karịrị ihe a na-eche dị ndụ n'ụwa niile n'oge ahụ.{{sfn|More than 100,000 rare gorillas}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{notes}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist|25em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_59-60/010026307.pdf |accessdate=2021-10-19 |first1=Alain |last1=Laraque |first2=Gil |last2=Mahé |first3=Didier |last3=Orange |first4=Bertrand |last4=Marieu |title=Spatiotemporal variations in hydrological regimes within Central Africa during the XXth century |journal=Journal of Hydrology |issue=245 |year=2001 |pages=104–117}} *{{citation |chapter=Dynamique actuelle des sables de la Likouala aux herbes : implications sur la paléohydrographie du bassin inférieur de la Sangha (République du Congo) |year=1995 |last1=Censier |first1=Claude |last2=Pouyaud |first2=Bernard |last3=Laraque |first3=Alain |last4=Maziezoula |first4=Bienvenue |editor1=Boulègue J. |editor2=Olivry Jean-Claude |title=Grands bassins fluviaux périatlantiques : Congo, Niger, Amazone |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions de l'ORSTOM |pages=239–248 |series=Colloques et Séminaires |ISBN=2-7099-1245-7 |ISSN=0767-2896 |chapter-url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/colloques2/42680.pdf}} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/950 |accessdate=2021-10-20 |publisher=Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention |title=Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes |ref={{harvid|Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-herbes}} |work=Ramsar Sites Information Service}} *{{citation |title=Language and dialect in Epena District South |accessdate=2021-10-20 |last=Leich |first=Myles |journal=Annales Aequatoria |volume=30 |year=2009 |pages=787–838 |publisher= Honoré Vinck |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25836953 |jstor=25836953 }} *{{citation |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015018/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-01-20 |accessdate=2021-10-19 |title=More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo |ref={{harvid|More than 100,000 rare gorillas}} |date=5 August 2008 |work=Cable News Network}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1188608#map=8/0.428/17.281 |accessdate=2021-10-19 |title=Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Likouala-aus-Herbes (1188608)}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Osimiri Likouala-aux-herbes}} ezhup31dyot9gns3iq2zji7qz1ug7jd 0 77674 675078 2026-07-10T11:53:24Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360261102|Ishasha River]]" 675078 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Ishasha''' bụ osimiri dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ [[Uganda]], akụkụ nke ókèala ya na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ na-esi na isi iyi ya n'ebe ugwu Kabale ruo n'ọnụ ya na Lake Edward . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Southwestern Uganda|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@-0.8569821,29.8096055,103541m/data=!3m1!1e3|work=Google Maps|publisher=Google|accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ishasha River course|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=10/-0.9585/29.7764|work=OpenStreetMap|accessdate=10 June 2018}}</ref> Ogologo ya bụ ihe dịka 100 kilomita (62 mi) na-eleghara ọtụtụ obere meanders anya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Makanga|first=Samuel|date=2022-11-09|title=At The River Ishasha|url=https://www.primeugandasafaris.com/at-the-river-ishasha/|accessdate=2024-06-19|work=Prime Uganda Safaris|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Osimiri a na-amalite site n'ọwa mmiri ndị na-ewepụ mmiri n'ubi, ihe dị ka kilomita 20 (maịl 12) n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Kabale. Ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na ndagwurugwu ugwu ruo mgbe ọ banyere n'akụkụ ugwu nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Bwindi Impenetrable.Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'okpuru oke ọhịa ruo n'ọnụ mmiri Kanungu, akụkụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Mmiri Kanungu, makwaara dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike Ishasha. Mgbe ọ na-ahapụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, ọ na-agagharị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na ala ugwu ruo mgbe ọ na-abanye ma ghọọ akụkụ nke ókèala Uganda-Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Mgbe ọ tụgharịrị n'ebe ugwu, ọ na-aga n'ihu gafere obodo DRC nke Ishasha na nsọtụ ndịda nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Queen Elizabeth (QENP). Ọ na-anọgide na-abụ ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ nke QENP ruo mgbe ọ banyere n'ala marshlands n'ikperé mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Edward.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Makanga|first=Samuel|date=2022-11-09|title=At The River Ishasha|url=https://www.primeugandasafaris.com/at-the-river-ishasha/|accessdate=2024-06-07|work=Prime Uganda Safaris|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-03-22|title=Explore the Ishasha wilderness of Queen Elizabeth National Park|url=https://www.gorillatrekafrica.com/explore-the-ishasha-wilderness-of-queen-elizabeth-national-park/|accessdate=2024-06-19|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebe ==   == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke Uganda * Ndepụta osimiri nke Democratic Republic of the Congo == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} drm1hx3fh9u1wv1ma3643icw6jmc4nc