Flora Nwapa

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'''Florence Nwanzuruahu Nkiru Nwapa''' (Ubochi iri na atọ na onwa Jenụwarị na afọ nari iri itoolu iri atọ na otu rue ubochi iri na isii na onwa Ọktoba afọ nari iri itoolu iri itoolu na atọ), bụ onye edemede Naijiria nke a na-akpọ nne nke akwụkwọ edemede Afrịka nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye bu ụzọ n'ọgbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na-ede akwụkwọ, na nwanyị Africa mbụ na-ede akụkọ a ga-ebipụta n'asụsụ Bekee na Britain. O nwetara nkwado mba ụwa na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya bụ ''Efuru'', nke Heinemann Educational Books bipụtara na nari iri itoolu nari isii na isii. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, a maara ya nke ọma maka ime ka ndụ na ọdịnala dịghachi ọhụrụ site n'echiche nwanyị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Emory&quot;&gt;Susan Leisure, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230330140234/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/nwapa-flora/ &quot;Nwapa, Flora&quot;], Postcolonial Studies @ Emory, Emory University, Fall 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;

O bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị Afrịka ma kwalite ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ndị Afrịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;litencyc&quot;&gt;[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&amp;UID=3364 Literary Encyclopedia]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Africa mbụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ mgbe o guzobere Tana Press na Naịjirịa na 1970. Nwapa tinyere aka n'ọrụ gọọmentị na iwughachi mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Biafra]] gasịrị; ọkachasị, ya na ụmụ mgbei na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-arụ ọrụ n'oge agha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-01-13|title=Florence Nwapa: The Mother Of African Literature|url=https://guardian.ng/life/florence-nwapa-the-mother-of-african-literature/|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522170847/https://guardian.ng/life/florence-nwapa-the-mother-of-african-literature/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biography ==

=== Afọ ndị mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ ===

[[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]]
[[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]]</text>
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    <title>Nnamdi Nwauwa</title>
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'''Dr Nnamdi Nwauwa''' (1954–2018) bụ onye dibia '''bekee''' na onye ọsụ ụzọ bụ Onye isi nke Society of Medical practitioners of Nigeria (SEMPON), onye isi ọsụ ụzọ nke Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) na Nigeria ma werekwa ya dịka ọsụ ụzọ. nke Medicine mberede na Nigeria (nna nke mberede na Nigeria). &lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/interview/paramedics-close-the-gap-between-doctors-and-nurses/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/trauma-management-training-centre-opens-in-lagos/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2019-11-28 |archivedate=2019-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128041959/https://guardian.ng/news/trauma-management-training-centre-opens-in-lagos/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;gallery&gt;

&lt;/gallery&gt;

== BLS, ACLS na PALS na Naijiria  ==


Dr Nnamdi Nwauwa webatara mmemme  Ahụike Ọrịa Obi nke akporo Otu na_afu maka Obi na Mba Amerịka nke akpọrọ American Heart Association Emergency cardiovascular care(ECC) na olu bekee na 2003 wee bụrụ onye nhazi etiti nke abụọ na Africa mgbe South Africa na onye mbụ na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ AHA na ọdịda anyanwụ Africa. Ọ zọpụtara isi ihe mbụ nke CME na nnabata nke mmemme AHA ECC nke ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ahụike na eze na Nigeria wee nweta nkwado nke mmemme AHA ECC site na ndị nọọsụ na ndị otu mi 

Dr Nnamdi Nwauwa webatara mmemme  Ahụike Ọrịa Obi nke akporo Otu na_afu maka Obi na Mba Amerịka nke akpọrọ American Heart Association Emergency cardiovascular care(ECC) na olu bekee na 2003 wee bụrụ onye nhazi etiti nke abụọ na Africa mgbe South Africa na onye mbụ na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ AHA na ọdịda anyanwụ Africa. Ọ zọpụtara isi ihe mbụ nke CME na nnabata nke mmemme AHA ECC nke ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ahụike na eze na Nigeria wee nweta nkwado nke mmemme AHA ECC site na ndị nọọsụ na ndị otu ndị amụ ụmụ nwaanyị nwat 

Dr Nnamdi Nwauwa webatara mmemme  Ahụike Ọrịa Obi nke akporo Otu na_afu maka Obi na Mba Amerịka nke akpọrọ American Heart Association Emergency cardiovascular care(ECC) na olu bekee na 2003 wee bụrụ onye nhazi etiti nke abụọ na Africa mgbe South Africa na onye mbụ na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ AHA na ọdịda anyanwụ Africa. Ọ zọpụtara isi ihe mbụ nke CME na nnabata nke mmemme AHA ECC nke ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ahụike na eze na Nigeria wee nweta nkwado nke mmemme AHA ECC site na ndị nọọsụ na ndị otu ndị amụ ụmụ nwaanyị nwa.   

== ATLS na Naijiria  ==  

Mmemme nke akpọrọ Advanced Trauma Life Support nke th

Mmemme nke akpọrọ Advanced Trauma Life Support nke ndị Ụlọakwụkwọ Amerịka na-emezu ọrịa obi na-afo 2009 site aka ụlọ ọlụ akpọrọ National Orthopedic Association(NOA) na Emergency Response International na ọlụ bekee nke '''Dr Nnamdi Nwauwa''' as the course c

Mmemme nke akpọrọ Advanced Trauma Life Support nke ndị Ụlọakwụkwọ Amerịka na-emezu ọrịa obi na-afo 2009 site aka ụlọ ọlụ akpọrọ National Orthopedic Association(NOA) na Emergency Response International na ọlụ bekee nke '''Dr Nnamdi Nwauwa''' as 

Mmemme nke akpọrọ Advanced Trauma Life Support nke ndị ulọakwụkwọ Amerịka na-emezu ọrịa obi na-afo 2009 site aka ụlọ ọlụ akpọrọ National Orthopedic Association(NOA) na Emergency Response International na ọlụ bekee nke '''Dr Nnamdi Nwauwa''' na chịkọta dịka onyeisi oche ebe '''Dr Bob Yellowe''' nọ ọdụ dịka onye nhazi.    

== Mmezu ==
&lt;br /&gt;

* Onye Ntanetị Afrịka mbụ nke ụwa a na-akwanyere ùgwù maka ihe ngosi 10EMS kacMn 
* &lt;br /&gt; 
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* sị mma maka 2015 na EMS taa na Baltimore, USA (Feb 2016). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.jems.com/2016/02/10/innovation-advancement-in-ems/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2019-11-28 |archivedate=2019-10-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030200610/https://www.jems.com/2016/02/10/innovation-advancement-in-ems/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Onye Ntanetị Naịjirịa nke American Heart Association nwetara nturu ugo maka ịsụ ụzọ Ahụike Mberede na Nigeria na International Federation for Medicine (IFEM) 2016 na Cape Town). 
* Nhọpụta International dị ka onye so na EMS International Advisory Board nke Ọchịchị Australia na-edebanye aha nke ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere ọgwụ mberede na Middle East na Africa. 
* Mkpebi International dị ka onye so na Kọmitii Editọ International maka Journal of Ọrụ Ahụike Mberede, (JEMS) USA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.jems.com/author/nnamdi-nwauwa/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2019-11-28 |archivedate=2019-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128042006/https://www.jems.com/author/nnamdi-nwauwa/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Onye nnọchi anya Naịjirịa nọchiri anya bọọlụ na African Federation for Medic Medicine (AFEM) na onye anaghị eso ịtụ votu na International Federation for Medic Medic (IMEM). 
* Ọ duziri nkwado site na SEMPON maka nguzobe Ahụike Mpụ Ọgwụ na Nigeria na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa iji nyere aka ịzụlite Ọgwụ Mberede na Nigeria na akụkụ nke kọmitii nke National Post Graduate Medical College nke Nigeria iji guzobe ngalaba nke Ọgwụ mberede na Naijiri 

==  AKPỌ ==
Akwụkwọ AKPỌ

* Omume na ike nke ngalaba ihe mberede na Abuja, Nigeria - Texila akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa 2015 (nyocha edemede). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.texilajournal.com/medicine/article/98-characteristics-and-capabilities |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2019-11-28 |archivedate=2019-11-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128041959/https://www.texilajournal.com/medicine/article/98-characteristics-and-capabilities }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ihe kpatara igbu oge na nnabata onye ọrịa na ngalaba ihe mberede - Texila international journal 2015 (edemede nyocha). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.texilajournal.com/medicine/article/97-reasons-for-delay |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2019-11-28 |archivedate=2019-10-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030203115/https://www.texilajournal.com/medicine/article/97-reasons-for-delay }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

'''Michelle Bello''' (amuru '''Michelle Aisha Bello''' ; 30 Septemba 1982) bu onye na eduzi ma mmepụta ihe nkiri BritishNaijiria na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na mbipụta na Naijiria, Blu Star Entertainment Limited. A mụrụ Bello na London, England.

== Ndu mbido ==
Nke nta nke ụmụ abụọ, amụrụ Bello na September 1982 nye Abdullahi Dominic na Sylviane Bello. Bello bụ onye Naijiria, French, African-American na onye [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] . Ọ nọrọ afọ nwata ya na Lagos, Naịjirịa, ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ọ gawara England ebe ọ nwetara ma GCSE na asambodo A-level . Ọ bụ mgbe ọ na-etolite na England ka ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-agụsi ya agụụ ike ime ihe nkiri, ọ dịghị eleghachi azụ na ime ihe nkiri.

== Ọrụ ==
Bello gawara United States na 2001 imuta communications (ihe mmụta puruiche  na Visual Media) na American University nke di na Washington D.C. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, o mere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na n'oge mmemme ọmụmụ ihe ná mba ọzọ na in Prague, nke Czech Republic, Bello mere obere ihe nkiri 16mm mbụ ya akpọrọ Sheltered.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum America na 2005, ọ laghachiri na Nigeria ka ọ gbasoo ebum n'obi ya nke ịghọ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri / onye nduzi. Na 2007, Bello na onye na-emeputa ihe nkiri TV a ma ama na onye na-emekwa ihe ngosi Mo Abudu rụrụkoro ọrụ dị ka onye sonyere na-emepụta ihe na ihe ngosi MNet TV Moments with Mo. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ mepụtara vidiyo egwu na-emeri ihe nrite Greenland maka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese foto TY Bello.

Michelle mepụtara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya akpọrọ Small Boy  na ngwụcha 2007. Ihe nkiri ahụ ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo na US n'ime ihe nkiri narị anọ, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye abụọ na American Black Film Festival na Los Angeles n'afọ sochirinụ. Nhọpụta ndị a bụ Heineken Red Star Award maka 'Innovation in Film' na ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Target maka 'Ihe nkiri kachasị mkpali'. N'ihu ụlọ, Small Boy gara n'ihu nweta ihe nrite abụọ nke African Movie Academy maka 'Best Art Direction' na 'Best Young Child Actor' na Eprel 2009. Emere ihe nkiri a na Lagos, Nigeria na Mee 2010. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/06/09/michelle-bellos-acclaimed-feature-film-small-boy-premieres-in-lagos/ Small Boy Movie premiers in Lagos]&lt;/ref&gt; ya na ndị ama ama Nollywood na ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe bịara.

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bello laghachiri na United States wee nweta nzere masta na Communications, ọkachamara na Film Directing, na Mahadum Regent dị na Virginia. O ji ohere ahụ mepụta nka ya wee mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Regent, a họpụtara Bello ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ICM Talent Agency nke a ma ama na 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Ọ gara ememme ihe nkiri Sundance n'afọ ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme klas nke mahadum haziri wee zute ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama n'oge ọ nọrọ.

Enyere Michelle ihe nrite Trailblazer a ma ama na nke chọsiri ike na ihe nrite Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014 na nso nso a, nke mere na Lagos, Nigeria. Ndị ọka ikpe ndị votu kwuru na a na-enye ya ihe nrite a &quot;maka ntinye aka ya na igosi nkà ya, nka ya na ikike ya maka ụzọ dị mma na sinima Africa&quot;. Ihe nrite a biara ya na ụgbọ ala Hyundai ọhụrụ. A họpụtara Flower Girl n'onwe ya maka ihe nrite AMVCA anọ gụnyere ihe nkiri kacha mma na onye na-akwado, onye na-eme ihe nkiri wee gaa n'ihu nweta, onye edemede kacha mma na ihe nkiri na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma. Michelle na-emepụta ihe nkiri ya nke atọ ugbu a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/flower-girl-goes-to-cinemas/|title='Flower Girl' goes to cinemas|publisher=Vanguardngr.com|date=9 February 2013|accessdate=24 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/01/22/michelle-bellos-romantic-movie-flower-girl-starring-damilola-adegbite-chris-attoh-eku-edewor-to-premiere-this-valentines-day-view-the-official-trailer-poster/]&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Editor|url=http://thenet.ng/2012/11/get-set-for-flower-girl-nigerias-newest-romantic-comedy/|title=Get set for 'Flower Girl' Nigeria's newest romantic comedyNigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Number 1 Entertainment Daily &amp;#124; Nigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Number 1 Entertainment Daily|publisher=Thenet.ng|date=|accessdate=24 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Flower Girl Movie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.flowergirlthemovie.com/ |title=Flower Girl Movie |accessdate=2021-11-27 |archivedate=2023-03-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327015921/https://flowergirlthemovie.com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ===
N'okpuru nche anwụ Blu Star Entertainment Limited, Bello bipụtara The Film Directory, akwụkwọ na-edepụta ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ewepụtara mbipụta nke mbụ na Septemba 2007 na Abuja Film Festival ma ndị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị gụnyere [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Nigerian Film Corporation] na [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng National Film and Video Censors Board kwadoro ya] .

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Dịka nwata n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'England, ikike egwuregwu Bello mere ka ọ banye na netball ụlọ akwụkwọ, igwu mmiri na ndị egwuregwu okirikiri. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, o wepụtara oge maka akụkụ egwu nke ọdịdị ya ma mụta ịkpọ saxophone na piano.

Nna Bello nke Naijiria, Air Vice Marshal Abdullahi Bello (rtd.), A mụrụ na Jimeta, [[Yola]], [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa State]], wee ruo n'ọkwa wee bụrụ onyeisi ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu kacha nta na Africa na 1980. Ka afọ iri abụọ na ise nke ọrụ ọma gachara ọ kwụsịrị maka ezumike nka n'ọrụ ụgbọ elu Naịjirịa . Nne ya onye America/French, Sylvaline, bụ onye ama ama n'ihe gbasara nka nka nke Naijiria, na-akwalite arụmọrụ na nka n'ụlọ na mba ofesi dịka onye isi oche otu NGO Naijiria akpọrọ Masoma Africa Foundation fnke Arts. Site na nwata, nne Bello kpughere ya na ihe masars egwu, ihe ngosi na ihe nkiri nke ọ na-atọ ụtọ mgbe niile.

== Ihe nkiri ==

* Sheltered (2005), Director/Producer
* Small Boy &lt;ref name=&quot;Small Boy Movie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://smallboymovie.com/ |title=Small Boy Movie. |accessdate=2021-11-27 |archivedate=2017-05-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510110934/http://smallboymovie.com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; (2009), Onye isi / Onye Mmepụta
* Flower Girl &lt;ref name=&quot;Flower Girl Movie&quot;/&gt; (2013), Onye isi / Onye Mmepụta
* Immoral Dilemma (2016) - Onye Mmekọ

== Igwe onyonyo ==

* Moments with Mo – Oge 1 (2007) Onye mmekọ mmekọ
* Sesame Street Nigeria - Oge 1 (2010) Onye isi

== Vidiyo egwu ==

* Greenland (2007) Onye mmepụta

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==

* Onye mmeri: Nhazi kacha mma - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014. 
* Onye mmeri: Nhazi ụda kacha mma - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Onye mmeri: egwu kacha mma maka Efya - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Onye mmeri: Ndezi kacha mma - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Onye mmeri: Ihe nkiri Nollywood Ọhụrụ ọkacha mmasị - Screen Nation Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Onye mmeri: The Trailblazer Award - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Onye mmeri: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Onye mmeri: Edemede kacha mma (Comedy) - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Onye mmeri: Ihe nkiri Africa kacha mma - Black International Film Festival UK 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ahọpụtara: Ihe nkiri kacha mma 2013 - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ahọpụtara: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Nhọpụta: ọkacha mmasị Female African International Emerging Screen Talent - Screen Nation Awards 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ahapụrụ: Ihe nkiri kacha mma - African International Film Festival 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;Small Boy:  Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009 Small Boy:  Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009 |date=5 April 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A họpụtara: Best Lighting - African Movie Academy Awards 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Nwa ntakiri: African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Award for Best Art Direction 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Nwa ntakiri: African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Award for Best Young Child Actor 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Obere Nwa: Nhọpụta na American Black Film Festival na Los Angeles 2008 (ihe nrite Heineken Red Star Award for Innovation in Film)
* Obere Nwa: Nhọpụta na American Black Film Festival na Los Angeles 2008 (onyinye ihe nkiri Target maka ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali)
* Nwa agbọghọ Ifuru: Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Afrịka (AMAA) 2013 – Ahọpụtara maka ọganiru na ọkụ 
* Nwa agbọghọ Ifuru: Ahọpụtara nke ọma ka enyocha ya na 2013 Hollywood Black Film Festival na Los Angeles na 3 October 2013 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.hbff.org/hbff-2013-official-selections/ |title=Hollywood Black Film Festival Official Selections 2013. |accessdate=2021-11-27 |archivedate=2013-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927073633/http://www.hbff.org/hbff-2013-official-selections/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/hollywood-black-film-festival-announces-official-2013-lineup |title=HBFF Official Selections 2013. |accessdate=2021-11-27 |archivedate=2014-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330210206/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/hollywood-black-film-festival-announces-official-2013-lineup }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria
* Nwa agbọghọ Ifuru

== Nsidee ==
 {{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211127055853/http://www.blustarentertainment.com/ Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Blu Star Entertainment Limited]
* [[imdbtitle:1855348|IMDB]]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Ngozi Sonia Okobi-Okeoghene''' ( née Oke ; amụrụ ya n'ọnwa 14 Disemba n'afọ 1993) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke]] na-akụ n'ịhụ maka ọgbakọ Eskilstuna United DFF nke Sweden na otu mba ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria .

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ngozi gbara 2008 FIFA U-17 iko mba ụwa, 2010 FIFA U-17 iko mba ụwa na 2012 FIFA U-20 iko mba ụwa na Falconets (aha njirimara nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria tọrọ).

N'ọkwa dị elu (a na-akpọ Super Falcons) o so na ndị otu egwuregwu n'asọmpị asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Africa nke 2010, 2012 na 2014, wee merie abụọ n'ime ha ( 2010 na 2014 ). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chiquadiva.blogspot.com/2014/10/eight-things-we-learned-from-african.html|title=FEMME FATALE..!!!!!!!!|author=Janine Anthony}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbakwara Naịjirịa bọọlụ na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke FIFA 2015 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=302083/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610010715/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/players/player=302083/index.html|archivedate=10 June 2015|title=FIFA Women's World Cup Canada 2015™ – Players – Ngozi-OKOBI|publisher=FIFA.com|date=8 June 2015|accessdate=13 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/o-upset-sweden/|title=The O's upset Sweden in pulsating 3 all thriller|publisher=womenssoccerunited.com|accessdate=30 June 2015|archivedate=22 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422153911/https://www.womenssoccerunited.com/o-upset-sweden/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngozi Okobi agbala otu egwuregwu Naịjirịa bọọlụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ nọ n'okpuru 17 squad kemgbe 2008 wee nweta oku izizi mbụ ya ozugbo emechara asọmpi U-17 na 2010. Onye egwuregwu ahụ debanyere goolu mba ofesi mbụ ya megide Zambia ebe o nyere Naijiria aka imeri ndị ọbịa ha 6–0 na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nke afọ 2014 .

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Na 23 June 2015, Washington Spirit kwupụtara nkwekọrịta (n'ụkpụrụ) maka onye na-awakpo ya site na ụlọ ọrụ obodo ya, Delta Queens nke Nigerian Women's Championship maka ego a na-akọwaghị, si otú ahụ mee ka ọ bụrụ onye Naijiria nke atọ ga-aga na National Women's Soccer League club. na 2015 n'azụ onye na-awakpo Francisca Ordega na nke abụọ na iko mba ụwa n'azụ onye na-agbachitere, Josephine Chukwunonye . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/pro/spirit-sign-nigerian-forward-ngozi-okobi/|title=Spirit sign Nigerian forward Ngozi Okobi|publisher=[[Washington Spirit]]|accessdate=30 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụbọchị nke 6 'ọnwa Jenụarị 2016, mmụọ Washington jụrụ Okobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/pro/spirit-waives-forward-ngozi-sonia-okobi/|title=Spirit Waives Forward Ngozi Sonia Okobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị egwuregwu ==
A maara ya maka nkwụsi ike ya ma na-ahọrọ ịrụ ọrụ &quot;10&quot; a na-achọsi ike; Naanị n'azụ onye ọkpọ ahụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ịgba boolu n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ gụnyere Attacking Midfielder, Winger na Right Wing-back. 

== Nkwanye ugwu ==

=== Mba ụwa ===

; Naijiria

* Asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka (4): 2010, 2014, 2016, 2018

=== Onwe ===

* Otu nwanyị IFFHS CAF nke afọ iri 2011-2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CAF - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|work=IFFHS|date=28 January 2021|accessdate=22 February 2022|archivedate=2 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Menstrual leave</title>
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'''Oge ezumike nsọ''' bụ ụdị ezumike ebe mmadụ nwere ike ịnwe nhọrọ iji ezumike akwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ site na ọrụ ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-ahụ nsọ nwanyị ma enweghị ike ịga ọrụ n'ihi nke a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Levitt2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies|chapter=Chapter 43: Addressing Menstruation in the Workplace: The Menstrual Leave Debate|year=2020|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-981-15-0614-7|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_43|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565643/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkọ ihe mere eme ya niile, a na-ejikọta ezumike nsọ nwanyị na esemokwu na ịkpa ókè megide ụmụnwanyị, na mba ole na ole na-eme iwu; a na-ejikọta ya na nnabata dị ala na mba ndị ahụ mere iwu. Ụfọdụ na-ahụ ya dị ka nkatọ maka arụmọrụ ọrụ ụmụnwanyị ma ọ bụ dị ka mmekọahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Iuliano|first=Sarah|title=Menstrual leave: delightful or discriminatory?|url=http://lipmag.com/culture/menstrual-leave-delightful-or-discriminatory/|work=5 August 2013|date=4 August 2013|publisher=Lip Magazine|accessdate=3 January 2014|archivedate=27 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090204/http://lipmag.com/culture/menstrual-leave-delightful-or-discriminatory/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Price|first=Catherine|title=Should women get paid menstruation leave?|url=http://www.salon.com/2006/10/11/menstruation_4/|accessdate=3 January 2014|work=Salon|date=11 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3343102/menstrual-leave-women-gender-bias-workplace/|title=Italy debates paid 'menstrual leave' but experts warn it could increase gender bias at work|work=Global News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ndị na-akwado iwu ezumike nsọ nwanyị jiri ọrụ ya tụnyere nke ezumike ịmụ nwa ma lee ya anya dị ka onye na-akwalite ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://eurohealth.ie/policy-brief-women-and-menstruation-in-the-eu/|title=Policy Brief: Women and Menstruation in the EU|date=2018-03-07|work=Eurohealth|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndabere ==
Ụfọdụ ụmụnwanyị na-enwe ọnọdụ a na-akpọ dysmenorrhea nke na-akpata ihe mgbu n'oge nsọ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Khalid|date=2012-02-15|title=Dysmenorrhea|url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0215/p386.html|journal=American Family Physician|language=en|volume=85|issue=4|pages=386–387|issn=0002-838X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ruru 80% nke ụmụnwanyị anaghị enwe nsogbu zuru oke iji mebie ọrụ kwa ụbọchị n'ihi nsọ nwanyị, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ịkọ na ha nwere nsogbu ụfọdụ tupu nsọ nwanyị.  Ihe mgbaàmà na-egbochi ndụ nkịtị, na-eru eru dị ka ọrịa premenstrual, na 20 ruo 30% nke ụmụnwanyị. Na 3 ruo 8%, mgbaàmà siri ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder|journal=American Family Physician|volume=84|issue=8|pages=918–24|date=October 2011|pmid=22010771}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) bụ ụdị ọrịa siri ike ma na-egbochi ọrịa premenstrual na-emetụta 1.8–5.8% nke ụmụnwanyị na-ahụ nsọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|location=Arlington, VA|pages=625.4|edition=5th}} Code: 625.4 (N94.3)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
E bu ụzọ tinye iwu ezumike nsọ nwanyị na ụfọdụ ngalaba ọrụ na post-Revolutionary Russia na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu; n'ihi ịkpa ókè megide ụmụnwanyị na-arụ ọrụ, ewepụrụ iwu ahụ n'afọ 1927.

Otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụnwanyị dị na steeti Kerala nke ndịda [[Ndia|India]] nyere ụmụakwụkwọ ya ezumike nsọ n'oge 1912.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/a-kerala-school-granted-period-leave-105-years-ago-1739698 &quot;A Kerala School Granted Period Leave 105 Years Ago&quot;]. [[NDTV]]. 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị 1920, òtù ndị ọrụ [[Japan]] malitere ịchọ ezumike (seiri kyuka) maka ndị ọrụ nwanyị ha. N'afọ 1947, ụkpụrụ ndị ọrụ Japan mere ka iwu rụọ ọrụ nke nyere ụmụnwanyị na-ahụ nsọ nwanyị ohere ịhapụ ọrụ ụbọchị. Mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu banyere ma ọ bụ mkpa ahụike ma ọ bụ ihe ịkpa ókè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Japan's 1986 Equal Employment Opportunity Law and the Changing Discourse on Gender|author=JSTOR|journal=Signs|year=1995|volume=20|issue=2|pages=268–302|doi=10.1086/494975|url=https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1100&amp;context=history}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/should-women-get-paid-menstrual-leave-days/370789/|title=Should Paid 'Menstrual Leave' Be a Thing?|first=Emily|author=Matchar|date=May 16, 2014|work=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20170908-can-period-leave-ever-work|title=Can 'period leave' ever work?|first=Claire|author=Lampen|work=www.bbc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ịma aka ===
E nwere mmechuihu metụtara ezumike nsọ nwanyị; dị ka Levitt na Barnack-Tavlaris (2020) si kwuo, ọ nwere ike ime ka echiche dị iche iche dịgide ma na-aga n'ihu na ọgwụ nke ịhụ nsọ nwanyị. Ịga ezumike nwere ike ịchọ ịgwa ndị njikwa bụ ụmụnwoke banyere ihe nwanyị ahụ kwere na ọ bụ okwu onwe onye. Ọ nwere ike igosi ụmụnwanyị dị ka ndị na-enweghị ike karịa ụmụ nwoke ma ya mere ọ nwere ike ibute ịkpa ókè megide ụmụnwanyị. Otu aro iji wepụ ihere ahụ bụ inye ezumike ahụike ọzọ maka ndị nwoke na nwanyị niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;PeriodLeave&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Julia Hollingsworth|title=Should women be entitled to period leave? These countries think so|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/20/business/period-leave-asia-intl-hnk-dst/index.html|accessdate=2020-11-22|work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Site na mpaghara dị iche iche ==

=== Eshia ===
Na mpaghara Indonesia, n'okpuru Iwu Ọrụ No. 13 na nke afọ 2003, ụmụnwanyị nwere ikike ụbọchị abụọ nke ezumike nsọ kwa ọnwa ọ bụ ezie na ndị a abụghị akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.niew.gov.my/niew/en/download/doc_download/324-labour-act|title=Labour Act|author=Govt. of Indonesia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004064721/http://www.niew.gov.my/niew/en/download/doc_download/324-labour-act|archivedate=2011-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Japan, ebe ọ bụ na 1947, Nkeji edemede nke 68 nke Iwu Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ na-ekwu &quot;Mgbe nwanyị nke na-arụrụ ọrụ n'oge nsọ nwanyị ga-esi ike karịsịa rịọrọ ezumike, onye were ya n'ọrụ agaghị eji nwanyị dị otú ahụ n'ọrụ n'ụbọchị nke oge nsọ nwanyị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/info/national/jp.htm|title=National Labour Law Profile: Japan|author=International Labour Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianfoodworker.net/maternity/UIZensen-model-CBA.pdf|title=Comparison of the Japanese Laws and Model CBA of UI ZENSEN on Maternity Protection|author=asianfoodworker|accessdate=2011-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626184404/http://www.asianfoodworker.net/maternity/UIZensen-model-CBA.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na iwu ndị Japan chọrọ ka nwanyị na-agabiga nsọ nwanyị siri ike hapụ ya ka ọ gaa ezumike, ọ dịghị achọ ka ụlọ ọrụ nye ezumike akwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ọzọ maka ụmụnwanyị na-ahọrọ ịrụ ọrụ n'oge nsọ nwanyị.

Na Saụt Koria, ụmụnwanyị na-arụ ọrụ nwere ikike ezumike nsọ nwanyị dị ka Nkebi nke 71 nke Iwu Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ, a na-ahụkwa na a na-akwụ ụgwọ ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha anaghị ewere ezumike nsọ nwanyị nke ha nwere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/info/national/kor.htm|title=National Labour Law Profile: Japan|author=International Labour Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2885715|title=Once again, court orders menstrual leave payout|author=joongangdaily|accessdate=2022-04-24|archivedate=2012-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519032627/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2885715}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Taiwan, Iwu nke Ịdị n'Otu Mmekọahụ n'ọrụ na-enye ụmụnwanyị ụbọchị atọ nke &quot; ezumike nsọ&quot; kwa afọ, nke a na-agaghị agụta maka ụbọchị iri atọ nke &quot; ezumike ọrịa nkịtị&quot;, na-enye ụmụnwanyị ruo ụbọchị iri atọ na atọ nke &quot;akwụkwọ metụtara ahụike&quot; kwa afọ. Ụbọchị atọ ndị ọzọ anaghị abịa na ọkara ụgwọ ozugbo nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ gafere 30 a na-achịkwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2013/11/27/394603/Gender-equality.htm|title=Gender equality in employment act revised|author=The China Post|accessdate=2022-04-24|archivedate=2017-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901150147/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2013/11/27/394603/gender-equality.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Europe ===
Na mba Europe, ka ọ na-erule 2021, ọ dịghị mba nwere ezumike nsọ nwanyị. Atụmatụ nke ndị omeiwu Ịtali iji webata iwu ezumike nsọ nwanyị n'afọ 2017 kpalitere arụmụka na mba Europe banyere otú ahụike nsọ nwanyị si emetụta ụmụnwanyị n'ọrụ. Iwu ahụ ga-ewebata iwu maka ụlọ ọrụ iji nye ezumike ụbọchị atọ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ụmụnwanyị na-arịa ọrịa nsọ nwanyị; e meghị iwu ahụ.

=== Afrịka ===
Na mba Zambia, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015, iwu kwadoro ụmụnwanyị ụbọchị ezumike kwa ọnwa n'ihi iwu ezumike nsọ ha, nke a maara dị ka &quot;Ụbọchị Nne&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zambia-period-day-off-women-menstruation-law-gender-womens-rights-a7509061.html|title=The country where all women get time off for being on their period|date=2017-01-04|work=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na a gọnahụrụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ikike a, ọ nwere ike ikpe onye were ya n'ọrụ ikpe.

== Usoro iwu ụlọ ọrụ ==
Coexist, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọdịmma obodo Bristol, webatara &quot;ụkpụrụ oge&quot; iji nye ụmụnwanyị mgbanwe na ọnọdụ ọrụ dị mma. N'inwe olileanya imebi iwu ahụ gbasara ịhụ nsọ nwanyị, Coexist ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] iji mejuputa iwu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/period-leave-menstruation-work-employment-uk-women-a6905426.html|title=A company is giving its female staff 'period leave'|date=2016-03-01|work=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akọ na Nike na-akwado ezumike nsọ n'ebe ọ bụla ọ na-arụ ọrụ, mana ndị mgbasa ozi gosipụtara iwu a n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi; Nike na-agbaso iwu ọrụ obodo ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ.

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Menstrual-leave-good-for-companies/2005/02/11/1108061831482.html Oge ezumike 'dị mma maka ụlọ ọrụ']
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Otu ndị inyom ime obodo na ụmụ amaala''' (Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Rurales e Indígenas, ANAMURI) bụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo Chile na-abaghị uru ma nwee onwe ya, nke bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 1998 na Buin, [[Chile]]. Ọrụ ya bụ ịhazi ma kwalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na ụmụ amaala Chile site n'ịkpalite ma wusie nzukọ ha ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|title=Quienes Somos|work=www.anamuri.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|archivedate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ANAMURI bụ akụkụ nke Onye nhazi mpaghara mpaghara Latin America na International Via Campesina (Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo y la Vía Campesina Internacional).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.agenciadenoticias.org/anamuri-celebrando-20-anos-de-unidad-y-lucha-de-las-mujeres-del-campo/|title=Anamuri: Celebrando 20 años de unidad y lucha de las mujeres del campo – Medio a Medio – Agencia de Noticias|language=es-CL|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124123/http://www.agenciadenoticias.org/anamuri-celebrando-20-anos-de-unidad-y-lucha-de-las-mujeres-del-campo/|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, ANAMURI nwere ihe dịka ndị mmekọ puku isii na narị asatọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|title=Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: “La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas”|work=www.indap.gob.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere Òtù Mba Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ime Ime Obodo na ụmụ amaala n'ọnwa June ụbọchị iri na ato, n'afọ 1998 na Buin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, ANAMURI nọ na mpaghara Chile sitere na Arica (Arica na Parinacota) ruo Coyhaique (Aysén), gụnyere ụmụ amaala Aymara, Colla, Diaguita na Mapuche si mba niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://piensachile.com/2014/11/anamuri-luchando-contra-el-capitalismo-el-patriarcado-y-por-nuestros-derechos/|title=ANAMURI: “Luchando contra el capitalismo, el patriarcado y por nuestros derechos”|date=2014-11-14|work=piensaChile|language=es|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124124/http://piensachile.com/2014/11/anamuri-luchando-contra-el-capitalismo-el-patriarcado-y-por-nuestros-derechos/|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị n'obodo Santiago.

== Ozi ==
Ozi nke ANAMURI bụ ịhazi ma kwalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na ụmụ amaala [[Chile]] bídó na Arica ruo Coyhaique, na-atụle ọdịbendị, ọrụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba ha, na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite ma wusie nzukọ ha ike. Ọrụ nke ANAMURI dabeere na iwulite mmekọrịta nhata, na-akpọkọta ma na-ahazi ihe ndị inyom ime obodo chọrọ na ọdịmma ha na ọkwa obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|title=Quienes Somos|work=www.anamuri.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|archivedate=2019-04-13}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos &quot;Quienes Somos&quot;]. ''www.anamuri.cl''. Archived from [http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos the original] on 2019-04-13&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị nke ANAMURI na-alụ ọgụ iji nweta ikike nri nke ndị mmadụ, na-aghọta ọrụ dị mkpa ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ na mmepụta ọrụ ugbo kemgbe oge nna ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|title=Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: “La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas”|work=www.indap.gob.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas &quot;Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: &quot;La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas&quot;&quot;]. ''www.indap.gob.cl''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas Archived] from the original on 2019-04-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị isi ==
Miriam Talavera (Onye isi oche ANAMURI); Millaray Painemal Morales (Onye na-eso onye isi); María Vargas G (Secretary General); Mónica Hormazabal Baeza (Onye na-echekwa ego); Francisca Rodríguez Huerta (Òtù Odeakwụkwọ); Jacqueline Arriagada Villegas (Ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ihu); Viviana Catrileo Epul (Nkwukọrịta n'ihu); Rosario Gómez Inostroza (Ihu ụmụ amaala); Hilda Morales Morales (Onye nnọchi anya omenala); Carla Nuñez Díaz (International Front); Ana María Fuentes Cáceres (Wage Front); Josefina Ovando Godoy (Natural Resources); Mafalda Galdames Castro (Training manager); Evelyn Cabezas Villarroel (Environment) Lirayen Reyes Galves (Youth Front).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|title=Quienes Somos|work=www.anamuri.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|archivedate=2019-04-13}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos &quot;Quienes Somos&quot;]. ''www.anamuri.cl''. Archived from [http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos the original] on 2019-04-13&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Otu ndị inyom ime obodo na ụmụ amaala''' (Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Rurales e Indígenas, ANAMURI) bụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo Chile na-abaghị uru ma nwee onwe ya, nke bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 1998 na Buin, [[Chile]]. Ọrụ ya bụ ịhazi ma kwalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na ụmụ amaala Chile site n'ịkpalite ma wusie nzukọ ha ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|title=Quienes Somos|work=www.anamuri.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|archivedate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ANAMURI bụ akụkụ nke Onye nhazi mpaghara mpaghara Latin America na International Via Campesina (Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo y la Vía Campesina Internacional).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.agenciadenoticias.org/anamuri-celebrando-20-anos-de-unidad-y-lucha-de-las-mujeres-del-campo/|title=Anamuri: Celebrando 20 años de unidad y lucha de las mujeres del campo – Medio a Medio – Agencia de Noticias|language=es-CL|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124123/http://www.agenciadenoticias.org/anamuri-celebrando-20-anos-de-unidad-y-lucha-de-las-mujeres-del-campo/|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, ANAMURI nwere ihe dịka ndị mmekọ puku isii na narị asatọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|title=Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: “La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas”|work=www.indap.gob.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere Òtù Mba Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ime Ime Obodo na ụmụ amaala n'ọnwa June ụbọchị iri na ato, n'afọ 1998 na Buin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, ANAMURI nọ na mpaghara Chile sitere na Arica (Arica na Parinacota) ruo Coyhaique (Aysén), gụnyere ụmụ amaala Aymara, Colla, Diaguita na Mapuche si mba niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://piensachile.com/2014/11/anamuri-luchando-contra-el-capitalismo-el-patriarcado-y-por-nuestros-derechos/|title=ANAMURI: “Luchando contra el capitalismo, el patriarcado y por nuestros derechos”|date=2014-11-14|work=piensaChile|language=es|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124124/http://piensachile.com/2014/11/anamuri-luchando-contra-el-capitalismo-el-patriarcado-y-por-nuestros-derechos/|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị n'obodo Santiago.

== Ozi ==
Ozi nke ANAMURI bụ ịhazi ma kwalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na ụmụ amaala [[Chile]] bídó na Arica ruo Coyhaique, na-atụle ọdịbendị, ọrụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba ha, na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite ma wusie nzukọ ha ike. Ọrụ nke ANAMURI dabeere na iwulite mmekọrịta nhata, na-akpọkọta ma na-ahazi ihe ndị inyom ime obodo chọrọ na ọdịmma ha na ọkwa obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị nke ANAMURI na-alụ ọgụ iji nweta ikike nri nke ndị mmadụ, na-aghọta ọrụ dị mkpa ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ na mmepụta ọrụ ugbo kemgbe oge nna ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|title=Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: “La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas”|work=www.indap.gob.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas &quot;Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: &quot;La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas&quot;&quot;]. ''www.indap.gob.cl''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas Archived] from the original on 2019-04-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị isi ==
Miriam Talavera (Onye isi oche ANAMURI); Millaray Painemal Morales (Onye na-eso onye isi); María Vargas G (Secretary General); Mónica Hormazabal Baeza (Onye na-echekwa ego); Francisca Rodríguez Huerta (Òtù Odeakwụkwọ); Jacqueline Arriagada Villegas (Ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ihu); Viviana Catrileo Epul (Nkwukọrịta n'ihu); Rosario Gómez Inostroza (Ihu ụmụ amaala); Hilda Morales Morales (Onye nnọchi anya omenala); Carla Nuñez Díaz (International Front); Ana María Fuentes Cáceres (Wage Front); Josefina Ovando Godoy (Natural Resources); Mafalda Galdames Castro (Training manager); Evelyn Cabezas Villarroel (Environment) Lirayen Reyes Galves (Youth Front).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|title=Quienes Somos|work=www.anamuri.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|archivedate=2019-04-13}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos &quot;Quienes Somos&quot;]. ''www.anamuri.cl''. Archived from [http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos the original] on 2019-04-13&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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'''Otu ndị inyom ime obodo na ụmụ amaala''' (Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Rurales e Indígenas, ANAMURI) bụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo Chile na-abaghị uru ma nwee onwe ya, nke bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 1998 na Buin, [[Chile]]. Ọrụ ya bụ ịhazi ma kwalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na ụmụ amaala Chile site n'ịkpalite ma wusie nzukọ ha ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|title=Quienes Somos|work=www.anamuri.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|archivedate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ANAMURI bụ akụkụ nke Onye nhazi mpaghara mpaghara Latin America na International Via Campesina (Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo y la Vía Campesina Internacional).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.agenciadenoticias.org/anamuri-celebrando-20-anos-de-unidad-y-lucha-de-las-mujeres-del-campo/|title=Anamuri: Celebrando 20 años de unidad y lucha de las mujeres del campo – Medio a Medio – Agencia de Noticias|language=es-CL|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124123/http://www.agenciadenoticias.org/anamuri-celebrando-20-anos-de-unidad-y-lucha-de-las-mujeres-del-campo/|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, ANAMURI nwere ihe dịka ndị mmekọ puku isii na narị asatọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|title=Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: “La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas”|work=www.indap.gob.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere Òtù Mba Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ime Ime Obodo na ụmụ amaala n'ọnwa June ụbọchị iri na ato, n'afọ 1998 na Buin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, ANAMURI nọ na mpaghara Chile sitere na Arica (Arica na Parinacota) ruo Coyhaique (Aysén), gụnyere ụmụ amaala Aymara, Colla, Diaguita na Mapuche si mba niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://piensachile.com/2014/11/anamuri-luchando-contra-el-capitalismo-el-patriarcado-y-por-nuestros-derechos/|title=ANAMURI: “Luchando contra el capitalismo, el patriarcado y por nuestros derechos”|date=2014-11-14|work=piensaChile|language=es|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124124/http://piensachile.com/2014/11/anamuri-luchando-contra-el-capitalismo-el-patriarcado-y-por-nuestros-derechos/|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị n'obodo Santiago.

== Ozi ==
Ozi nke ANAMURI bụ ịhazi ma kwalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na ụmụ amaala [[Chile]] bídó na Arica ruo Coyhaique, na-atụle ọdịbendị, ọrụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba ha, na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite ma wusie nzukọ ha ike. Ọrụ nke ANAMURI dabeere na iwulite mmekọrịta nhata, na-akpọkọta ma na-ahazi ihe ndị inyom ime obodo chọrọ na ọdịmma ha na ọkwa obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị nke ANAMURI na-alụ ọgụ iji nweta ikike nri nke ndị mmadụ, na-aghọta ọrụ dị mkpa ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ na mmepụta ọrụ ugbo kemgbe oge nna ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|title=Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: “La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas”|work=www.indap.gob.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas &quot;Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: &quot;La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas&quot;&quot;]. ''www.indap.gob.cl''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas Archived] from the original on 2019-04-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-04-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị isi ==
Miriam Talavera (Onye isi oche ANAMURI); Millaray Painemal Morales (Onye na-eso onye isi); María Vargas G (Secretary General); Mónica Hormazabal Baeza (Onye na-echekwa ego); Francisca Rodríguez Huerta (Òtù Odeakwụkwọ); Jacqueline Arriagada Villegas (Ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ihu); Viviana Catrileo Epul (Nkwukọrịta n'ihu); Rosario Gómez Inostroza (Ihu ụmụ amaala); Hilda Morales Morales (Onye nnọchi anya omenala); Carla Nuñez Díaz (International Front); Ana María Fuentes Cáceres (Wage Front); Josefina Ovando Godoy (Natural Resources); Mafalda Galdames Castro (Training manager); Evelyn Cabezas Villarroel (Environment) Lirayen Reyes Galves (Youth Front).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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'''Otu ndị inyom ime obodo na ụmụ amaala''' (Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Rurales e Indígenas, ANAMURI) bụ ụlọ ọrụ obodo Chile na-abaghị uru ma nwee onwe ya, nke bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 1998 na Buin, [[Chile]]. Ọrụ ya bụ ịhazi ma kwalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na ụmụ amaala Chile site n'ịkpalite ma wusie nzukọ ha ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|title=Quienes Somos|work=www.anamuri.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413152143/http://anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos|archivedate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ANAMURI bụ akụkụ nke Onye nhazi mpaghara mpaghara Latin America na International Via Campesina (Coordinadora Latinoamericana de Organizaciones del Campo y la Vía Campesina Internacional).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.agenciadenoticias.org/anamuri-celebrando-20-anos-de-unidad-y-lucha-de-las-mujeres-del-campo/|title=Anamuri: Celebrando 20 años de unidad y lucha de las mujeres del campo – Medio a Medio – Agencia de Noticias|language=es-CL|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124123/http://www.agenciadenoticias.org/anamuri-celebrando-20-anos-de-unidad-y-lucha-de-las-mujeres-del-campo/|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2016, ANAMURI nwere ihe dịka ndị mmekọ puku isii na narị asatọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|title=Miriam Talavera, presidenta de Anamuri: “La soberanía alimentaria es la soberanía de nuestras vidas”|work=www.indap.gob.cl|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144046/http://www.indap.gob.cl/noticias/detalle/2016/12/23/miriam-talavera-presidenta-de-anamuri-la-soberan%C3%ADa-alimentaria-es-la-soberan%C3%ADa-de-nuestras-vidas|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere Òtù Mba Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ime Ime Obodo na ụmụ amaala n'ọnwa June ụbọchị iri na ato, n'afọ 1998 na Buin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, ANAMURI nọ na mpaghara Chile sitere na Arica (Arica na Parinacota) ruo Coyhaique (Aysén), gụnyere ụmụ amaala Aymara, Colla, Diaguita na Mapuche si mba niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://piensachile.com/2014/11/anamuri-luchando-contra-el-capitalismo-el-patriarcado-y-por-nuestros-derechos/|title=ANAMURI: “Luchando contra el capitalismo, el patriarcado y por nuestros derechos”|date=2014-11-14|work=piensaChile|language=es|accessdate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414124124/http://piensachile.com/2014/11/anamuri-luchando-contra-el-capitalismo-el-patriarcado-y-por-nuestros-derechos/|archivedate=2019-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị n'obodo Santiago.

== Ozi ==
Ozi nke ANAMURI bụ ịhazi ma kwalite mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na ụmụ amaala [[Chile]] bídó na Arica ruo Coyhaique, na-atụle ọdịbendị, ọrụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba ha, na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite ma wusie nzukọ ha ike. Ọrụ nke ANAMURI dabeere na iwulite mmekọrịta nhata, na-akpọkọta ma na-ahazi ihe ndị inyom ime obodo chọrọ na ọdịmma ha na ọkwa obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị nke ANAMURI na-alụ ọgụ iji nweta ikike nri nke ndị mmadụ, na-aghọta ọrụ dị mkpa ụmụ nwanyị rụrụ na mmepụta ọrụ ugbo kemgbe oge nna ochie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ndị isi ==
Miriam Talavera (Onye isi oche ANAMURI); Millaray Painemal Morales (Onye na-eso onye isi); María Vargas G (Secretary General); Mónica Hormazabal Baeza (Onye na-echekwa ego); Francisca Rodríguez Huerta (Òtù Odeakwụkwọ); Jacqueline Arriagada Villegas (Ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ihu); Viviana Catrileo Epul (Nkwukọrịta n'ihu); Rosario Gómez Inostroza (Ihu ụmụ amaala); Hilda Morales Morales (Onye nnọchi anya omenala); Carla Nuñez Díaz (International Front); Ana María Fuentes Cáceres (Wage Front); Josefina Ovando Godoy (Natural Resources); Mafalda Galdames Castro (Training manager); Evelyn Cabezas Villarroel (Environment) Lirayen Reyes Galves (Youth Front).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nchekwa onwe na Cyber</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T12:56:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
        <id>19819</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13030" sha1="qssit2ez9jr3jxdxht1uoymnn99rfvh" xml:space="preserve">Na cybersecurity, nchekwa onwe nke cyber na-ezo aka na nchekwa onwe onye megide mwakpo cyber. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro nchebe cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike site n'aka ndị ọrụ kọmputa n'onwe ha, a na-eji nchebe onwe onye cyber na-ezo aka na nchebe onwe onye nke otu n'ozuzu ya, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mba dum. Nchekwa onwe nke onyunyo bụ ihe dị iche iche nke nchekwa onwe nke cyber ma na-adaba na ya. Usoro nchekwa cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nke na-agafe agafe na-enye ndị na-agbachitere ọkwa dị elu nke cybersecurity, nchọpụta intrusion, njikwa ihe omume na ike ngbanwe. Akụkụ dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche nwere iwu kwadoro ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa cyber.

== Ndabere ==
Ndị otu dị iche iche nwere ike mee nnwale nnabata site na ndị otu ime ma ọ bụ were ọgbakọ ndị ọzọ were nyocha sistemu nzukọ a. Otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ime ihe ngosi ndị na-awakpo n'ime ime ya na ndị otu &quot;acha uhie uhie&quot; na-awakpo na otu &quot;acha anụnụ anụnụ&quot; na-agbachitere. Ndị na-agbachitere, ya bụ ndị dinta na-eyi egwu, ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na ndị mmemme, na-ejikwa sistemu ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-emezi adịghị ike, na-achịkọta ọgụgụ isi iyi egwu cyber ma mee ka sistemụ arụmọrụ ha, koodu, ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na netwọkụ sie ike. Ndị otu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịgụnye ozi niile yana ndị ọrụ nchekwa anụ ahụ nke nzukọ a na-arụ. Enwere ike ịnwale nchekwa anụ ahụ maka adịghị ike, yana ndị ọrụ niile nwere ike bụrụ ebumnuche nke mwakpo injinia ọha na nyocha nchekwa IT. Enwere ike nyochaa sistemụ dijitalụ na nke anụ ahụ site na ogo mmụta dị iche iche nke sistemu dị mkpa iji mee ka ọnọdụ dị adị maka ndị mwakpo na maka ndị ọrụ, bụ ndị a na-azụkarị na omume nchekwa na usoro. N'ihe ngosi nlele zuru oke, nke a maara dị ka ule igbe ọcha, ndị na-awakpo ahụ maara ozi niile dị gbasara sistemụ ndị ahịa. N'ime ule igbe ojii, a naghị enye ndị na-awakpo ahụ enweghị ozi gbasara sistemụ onye ahịa. Nnwale igbe isi awọ na-enye obere ozi nye ndị na-awakpo.

== Nzọụkwụ ==

=== Nkwenye ===

* Mee ka nkwenye dị iche iche.
* Belata ihe ize ndụ nkwenye site na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị maara ihe nkwenye atọ mmadụ na-ahụkarị, dị ka &quot;ihe ị bụ, ihe ị maara, ma ọ bụ ihe ị nwere&quot;. A na-egosipụta ozi pụrụ iche dị ka inwe oke uru nye onye na-eyi egwu n'inweta ohere n'enweghị ikike ịnweta ozi mmadụ.
* Belata akara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze iji belata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Nyochaa nchekwa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ntọala nzuzo mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conn|first=Richard|title=Cybersecurity Expert Gives Tips To Stay Safe Online|date=March 15, 2016|url=http://wuwf.org/post/cybersecurity-expert-gives-tips-stay-safe-online|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mepụta paswọọdụ siri ike na nke pụrụ iche maka akaụntụ onye ọrụ&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụla ma gbanwee paswọọdụ ugboro ugboro na mgbe ihe ọ bụla mere na nchekwa.
* Jiri onye njikwa paswọọdụ iji zere ịchekwa paswọọdụ n'ụdị anụ ahụ.  Nke a na - akpata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ ngwanrọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịdị na ngwanrọ njikwa paswọọdụ, mana ọ na -ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ma ọ bụrụ na ezuru ndepụta paswọọdụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ furu efu ma n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ndị keyloggers nọ na igwe.
* Leebara anya na ozi mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe na mberede na ntanetị n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Gbanwee paswọọdụ ndabara na mmemme na ọrụ iji gbochie usoro mmegbu ndabara.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị jiri paswọọdụ brute force attack prevention software dị ka Fail2ban ma ọ bụ ihe dị irè.
* Enwetala onye ọ bụla logins ma ọ bụ paswọọdụ ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, gbanwee ha ozugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jiri ajụjụ nchekwa na azịza ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ ịza maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ohere ịnweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ tinye aka na injinịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi ===

* Jiri, ma adabereghị naanị na ngwanrọ antivirus, dịka izere ya bụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka ndị na-eyi egwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi ịdabere na ntinye aka dijitalụ gbanwere n'ụzọ dị mfe, ụdị hash etinyere, nke koodu ọjọọ a maara na mbụ.
* Jiri ngwaahịa antimalware, dị ka Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, na njikọ ya na antivirus nwere njirimara nyocha.
* Melite ma kwalite ngwanrọ na mmemme niile nke mmadụ - gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị na sistemụ arụmọrụ onye ọrụ, firmware, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwanrọ, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwaọrụ. Jiri ngwanrọ mmelite raara onwe ya nye ma mee ka atụmatụ mmelite akpaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zoro kọmputa na ekwentị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;
* Na-emepụta nchekwa nke data mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Seay|first=Gary|title=4 Keys to Cyber Security Self-Defense|url=https://www.signix.com/digital-signatures-for-healthcare/4-keys-to-cyber-security-self-defense|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wepụ ngwanrọ na-enweghị nchebe dị ka Adobe Flash&lt;ref name=&quot;Whittaker1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whittaker|first=Zack|title=13 new vulnerabilities? You should disable or uninstall Adobe Flash {{!}} ZDNet|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/13-reasons-why-flash-should-die-insecure-patch-tuesday/|work=ZDNet|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na sistemụ arụmọrụ mmadụ.  Zere ịnweta ibe weebụ na plugins ndị metụtara ya n'ime ihe nchọgharị weebụ mmadụ.
* Naanị na-agba ọsọ ngwanrọ mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji belata mwakpo elu.
* Zere ịgbanye ekwentị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ na-eche ihu n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro nchekwa netwọk na ozi ===

* Iji firewall na ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na Ịntanetị.
* Ọ bụghị na-agba ọsọ mmemme, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe nchọgharị na akaụntụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù, dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na Linux na Unix ) ma ọ bụ dị ka Onye Nchịkwa (Windows), ọ gwụla ma mmadụ ghọtara ihe ize ndụ nchekwa nke omume dị otú ahụ.
* Izere WiFi n'efu ma ghara ịbanye na akaụntụ ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji ngwanrọ nzuzo na amaghị aha dị ka Tor (netwọk amaghị aha) maka nchọgharị weebụ a na-amaghị aha, ebe ọ bụ na nke a na-adọta ụfọdụ uche.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji HTTP na proxies Internet Protocol dị iche iche na usoro nchekwa, dị ka imebi ubi isi HTTP, nzacha, na ibugharị okporo ụzọ na sava proxy dị ka Squid Proxy, proxychains, socks4, na socks5.
* Mbipụta mkpịsị ugodi ọha maka nkwenye PGP maka inwe ike igosi njirimara mmadụ.
* Iji usoro izo ya ezo kachasị ike onye router na-enye ma na-emelite firmware router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stoner|first=Daniel|url=https://www.safetydetective.com/blog/hackers-love-iot-products-heres-how-to-keep-them-out/|title=Hackers Love IoT Products: Here's How to Keep Them Out|work=Safety Detective|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji usoro nchọpụta intrusion (IDS) ma ọ bụ SIEM (Security Information and Event Management System) iji mee ka ndị na-egosi nkwekọrịta, dị ka mgbanwe nhazi na sistemụ arụmọrụ, mmụba [[Indicator of compromise|ihe]] ùgwù, mmebi nchedo netwọk, na ịbanye n'enweghị ikike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tiwari|first=Mohit|title=INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316599266|publisher=International Journal of Technical Research and Applications 5(2):2320-8163|accessdate=22 April 2019|date=April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji mpaghara na-enweghị agha iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro na ọrụ na-eche ịntanetị ihu n'ihu ọha.
* Iji netwọk nkeonwe na IPsec iji chekwaa okporo ụzọ na oghere njem nke ụdị OSI iji mee ka nchịkọta IP sie ike.

=== Ịkọ akụkọ mmebi iwu na ihe omume ===

* Nchịkọta ihe akaebe na nchekwa akwụkwọ na mmebi data (intrusions).
* Kpọtụrụ ndị ọchịchị dị mkpa, ndị nchịkwa ma ọ bụ òtù ma ọ bụrụ na mwakpo cyber.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMooreEdwards2014&quot;&gt;Moore, Alexis; Edwards, Laurie (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:cyberselfdefense0000moor|''Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781493015429|&lt;bdi&gt;9781493015429&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kpachara anya maka mmebi data weebụsaịtị ebe a na-akpọsa paswọọdụ echekwara na ozi njirimara onwe onye.
* Na-ezo aka na iwu steeti banyere iwu ọkwa mmebi iwu.

== &quot;Ịlaghachi azụ&quot; ==
Ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na ndị na-eme amụma na-atụlewanye inye ikike maka ngalaba nkeonwe ka ha mee ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na &quot;ịbanye azụ&quot; (nke a makwaara dị ka hackbacks). N'adịghị ka usoro ọgụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, usoro nchebe na-enweghị isi na-eweta mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke agha cyber, mmebi iwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba.

Otu isiokwu nke oge a na arụmụka na nyocha bụ ajụjụ nke 'mgbe mwakpo cyber, ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ya, na-eme ka ikike nchebe onwe onye?'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Waxman|first=Matthew C.|title=Self-Defensive Force Against Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Political Dimensions|date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Brad Maryman na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na-ekwu na n'echiche ya &quot;echiche na anyị kwesịrị ịme iwu ma nabata ọkwa nke omume cyber na-enweghị akwụkwọ na nke a na-eleghị anya site n'aka onye ọ bụla chere na e meela ha bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;usn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Self-Defense' Bill Would Allow Victims to Hack Back|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/self-defense-bill-would-allow-victims-to-hack-back|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Nchebe cyber na-arụ ọrụ
* CryptoParty
* Nchebe ozi
* Nchebe Ịntanetị

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/futurography_cyber.html Nchebe onwe onye nke Cybersecurity], ''Slate''
* {{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}
* [https://ssd.eff.org/ Nlekọta Nchebe Onwe Onye], ''EFF''
* Paul Carugati: Cyber Self-Defense, TED talk
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
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      <text bytes="13029" sha1="denmbjxg1uo0npx0i687gnqalt6iadh" xml:space="preserve">Na cybersecurity, nchekwa onwe nke cyber na-ezo aka na nchekwa onwe onye megide mwakpo cyber. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro nchebe cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike site n'aka ndị ọrụ kọmputa n'onwe ha, a na-eji nchebe onwe onye cyber na-ezo aka na nchebe onwe onye nke otu n'ozuzu ya, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mba dum. Nchekwa onwe nke onyunyo bụ ihe dị iche iche nke nchekwa onwe nke cyber ma na-adaba na ya. Usoro nchekwa cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nke na-agafe agafe na-enye ndị na-agbachitere ọkwa dị elu nke cybersecurity, nchọpụta intrusion, njikwa ihe omume na ike ngbanwe. Akụkụ dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche nwere iwu kwadoro ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa cyber.

== Ndabere ==
Ndị otu dị iche iche nwere ike mee nnwale nnabata site na ndị otu ime ma ọ bụ were ọgbakọ ndị ọzọ were nyocha sistemu nzukọ a. Otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ime ihe ngosi ndị na-awakpo n'ime ime ya na ndị otu &quot;acha uhie uhie&quot; na-awakpo na otu &quot;acha anụnụ anụnụ&quot; na-agbachitere. Ndị na-agbachitere, ya bụ ndị dinta na-eyi egwu, ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na ndị mmemme, na-ejikwa sistemu ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-emezi adịghị ike, na-achịkọta ọgụgụ isi iyi egwu cyber ma mee ka sistemụ arụmọrụ ha, koodu, ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na netwọkụ sie ike. Ndị otu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịgụnye ozi niile yana ndị ọrụ nchekwa anụ ahụ nke nzukọ a na-arụ. Enwere ike ịnwale nchekwa anụ ahụ maka adịghị ike, yana ndị ọrụ niile nwere ike bụrụ ebumnuche nke mwakpo injinia ọha na nyocha nchekwa IT. Enwere ike nyochaa sistemụ dijitalụ na nke anụ ahụ site na ogo mmụta dị iche iche nke sistemu dị mkpa iji mee ka ọnọdụ dị adị maka ndị mwakpo na maka ndị ọrụ, bụ ndị a na-azụkarị na omume nchekwa na usoro. N'ihe ngosi nlele zuru oke, nke a maara dị ka ule igbe ọcha, ndị na-awakpo ahụ maara ozi niile dị gbasara sistemụ ndị ahịa. N'ime ule igbe ojii, a naghị enye ndị na-awakpo ahụ enweghị ozi gbasara sistemụ onye ahịa. Nnwale igbe isi awọ na-enye obere ozi nye ndị na-awakpo.

== Nzọụkwụ ==

=== Nkwenye ===

* Mee ka nkwenye dị iche iche.
* Belata ihe ize ndụ nkwenye site na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị maara ihe nkwenye atọ mmadụ na-ahụkarị, dị ka &quot;ihe ị bụ, ihe ị maara, ma ọ bụ ihe ị nwere&quot;. A na-egosipụta ozi pụrụ iche dị ka inwe oke uru nye onye na-eyi egwu n'inweta ohere n'enweghị ikike ịnweta ozi mmadụ.
* Belata akara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze iji belata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Nyochaa nchekwa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ntọala nzuzo mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conn|first=Richard|title=Cybersecurity Expert Gives Tips To Stay Safe Online|date=March 15, 2016|url=http://wuwf.org/post/cybersecurity-expert-gives-tips-stay-safe-online|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mepụta paswọọdụ siri ike na nke pụrụ iche maka akaụntụ onye ọrụ&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụla ma gbanwee paswọọdụ ugboro ugboro na mgbe ihe ọ bụla mere na nchekwa.
* Jiri onye njikwa paswọọdụ iji zere ịchekwa paswọọdụ n'ụdị anụ ahụ.  Nke a na - akpata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ ngwanrọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịdị na ngwanrọ njikwa paswọọdụ, mana ọ na -ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ma ọ bụrụ na ezuru ndepụta paswọọdụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ furu efu ma n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ndị keyloggers nọ na igwe.
* Leebara anya na ozi mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe na mberede na ntanetị n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Gbanwee paswọọdụ ndabara na mmemme na ọrụ iji gbochie usoro mmegbu ndabara.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị jiri paswọọdụ brute force attack prevention software dị ka Fail2ban ma ọ bụ ihe dị irè.
* Enwetala onye ọ bụla logins ma ọ bụ paswọọdụ ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, gbanwee ha ozugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jiri ajụjụ nchekwa na azịza ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ ịza maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ohere ịnweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ tinye aka na injinịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi ===

* Jiri, ma adabereghị naanị na ngwanrọ antivirus, dịka izere ya bụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka ndị na-eyi egwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi ịdabere na ntinye aka dijitalụ gbanwere n'ụzọ dị mfe, ụdị hash etinyere, nke koodu ọjọọ a maara na mbụ.
* Jiri ngwaahịa antimalware, dị ka Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, na njikọ ya na antivirus nwere njirimara nyocha.
* Melite ma kwalite ngwanrọ na mmemme niile nke mmadụ - gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị na sistemụ arụmọrụ onye ọrụ, firmware, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwanrọ, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwaọrụ. Jiri ngwanrọ mmelite raara onwe ya nye ma mee ka atụmatụ mmelite akpaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zoro kọmputa na ekwentị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;
* Na-emepụta nchekwa nke data mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Seay|first=Gary|title=4 Keys to Cyber Security Self-Defense|url=https://www.signix.com/digital-signatures-for-healthcare/4-keys-to-cyber-security-self-defense|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wepụ ngwanrọ na-enweghị nchebe dị ka Adobe Flash&lt;ref name=&quot;Whittaker1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whittaker|first=Zack|title=13 new vulnerabilities? You should disable or uninstall Adobe Flash {{!}} ZDNet|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/13-reasons-why-flash-should-die-insecure-patch-tuesday/|work=ZDNet|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na sistemụ arụmọrụ mmadụ.  Zere ịnweta ibe weebụ na plugins ndị metụtara ya n'ime ihe nchọgharị weebụ mmadụ.
* Naanị na-agba ọsọ ngwanrọ mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji belata mwakpo elu.
* Zere ịgbanye ekwentị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ na-eche ihu n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro nchekwa netwọk na ozi ===

* Iji firewall na ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na Ịntanetị.
* Ọ bụghị na-agba ọsọ mmemme, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe nchọgharị na akaụntụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù, dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na Linux na Unix ) ma ọ bụ dị ka Onye Nchịkwa (Windows), ọ gwụla ma mmadụ ghọtara ihe ize ndụ nchekwa nke omume dị otú ahụ.
* Izere WiFi n'efu ma ghara ịbanye na akaụntụ ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji ngwanrọ nzuzo na amaghị aha dị ka Tor (netwọk amaghị aha) maka nchọgharị weebụ a na-amaghị aha, ebe ọ bụ na nke a na-adọta ụfọdụ uche.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji HTTP na proxies Internet Protocol dị iche iche na usoro nchekwa, dị ka imebi ubi isi HTTP, nzacha, na ibugharị okporo ụzọ na sava proxy dị ka Squid Proxy, proxychains, socks4, na socks5.
* Mbipụta mkpịsị ugodi ọha maka nkwenye PGP maka inwe ike igosi njirimara mmadụ.
* Iji usoro izo ya ezo kachasị ike onye router na-enye ma na-emelite firmware router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stoner|first=Daniel|url=https://www.safetydetective.com/blog/hackers-love-iot-products-heres-how-to-keep-them-out/|title=Hackers Love IoT Products: Here's How to Keep Them Out|work=Safety Detective|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji usoro nchọpụta intrusion (IDS) ma ọ bụ SIEM (Security Information and Event Management System) iji mee ka ndị na-egosi nkwekọrịta, dị ka mgbanwe nhazi na sistemụ arụmọrụ, mmụba [[Indicator of compromise|ihe]] ùgwù, mmebi nchedo netwọk, na ịbanye n'enweghị ikike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tiwari|first=Mohit|title=INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316599266|publisher=International Journal of Technical Research and Applications 5(2):2320-8163|accessdate=22 April 2019|date=April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji mpaghara na-enweghị agha iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro na ọrụ na-eche ịntanetị ihu n'ihu ọha.
* Iji netwọk nkeonwe na IPsec iji chekwaa okporo ụzọ na oghere njem nke ụdị OSI iji mee ka nchịkọta IP sie ike.

=== Ịkọ akụkọ mmebi iwu na ihe omume ===

* Nchịkọta ihe akaebe na nchekwa akwụkwọ na mmebi data (intrusions).
* Kpọtụrụ ndị ọchịchị dị mkpa, ndị nchịkwa ma ọ bụ òtù ma ọ bụrụ na mwakpo cyber.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMooreEdwards2014&quot;&gt;Moore, Alexis; Edwards, Laurie (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:cyberselfdefense0000moor|''Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781493015429|&lt;bdi&gt;9781493015429&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kpachara anya maka mmebi data weebụsaịtị ebe a na-akpọsa paswọọdụ echekwara na ozi njirimara onwe onye.
* Na-ezo aka na iwu steeti banyere iwu ọkwa mmebi iwu.

== &quot;Ịlaghachi azụ&quot; ==
Ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na ndị na-eme amụma na-atụlewanye inye ikike maka ngalaba nkeonwe ka ha mee ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na &quot;ịbanye azụ&quot; (nke a makwaara dị ka hackbacks). N'adịghị ka usoro ọgụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, usoro nchebe na-enweghị isi na-eweta mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke agha cyber, mmebi iwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba.

Otu isiokwu nke oge a na arụmụka na nyocha bụ ajụjụ nke 'mgbe mwakpo cyber, ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ya, na-eme ka ikike nchebe onwe onye?'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Waxman|first=Matthew C.|title=Self-Defensive Force Against Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Political Dimensions|date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Brad Maryman na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na-ekwu na n'echiche ya &quot;echiche na anyị kwesịrị ịme iwu ma nabata ọkwa nke omume cyber na-enweghị akwụkwọ na nke a na-eleghị anya site n'aka onye ọ bụla chere na e meela ha bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;usn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Self-Defense' Bill Would Allow Victims to Hack Back|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/self-defense-bill-would-allow-victims-to-hack-back|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Nchebe cyber na-arụ ọrụ
* CryptoParty
* Nchebe ozi
* Nchebe Ịntanetị

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/futurography_cyber.html Nchebe onwe onye nke Cybersecurity], ''Slate''
* {{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}
* [https://ssd.eff.org/ Nlekọta Nchebe Onwe Onye], ''EFF''
* Paul Carugati: Cyber Self-Defense, TED talk
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>denmbjxg1uo0npx0i687gnqalt6iadh</sha1>
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        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
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      <text bytes="13028" sha1="8mbdqwa3e25ev7w2t32mcrzrhdn04az" xml:space="preserve">Na cybersecurity, nchekwa onwe nke cyber na-ezo aka na nchekwa onwe onye megide mwakpo cyber. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro nchebe cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike site n'aka ndị ọrụ kọmputa n'onwe ha, a na-eji nchebe onwe onye cyber na-ezo aka na nchebe onwe onye nke otu n'ozuzu ya, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mba dum. Nchekwa onwe nke onyunyo bụ ihe dị iche iche nke nchekwa onwe nke cyber ma na-adaba na ya. Usoro nchekwa cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nke na-agafe agafe na-enye ndị na-agbachitere ọkwa dị elu nke cybersecurity, nchọpụta intrusion, njikwa ihe omume na ike ngbanwe. Akụkụ dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche nwere iwu kwadoro ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa cyber.

== Ndabere ==
Ndị otu dị iche iche nwere ike mee nnwale nnabata site na ndị otu ime ma ọ bụ were ọgbakọ ndị ọzọ were nyocha sistemu nzukọ a. Otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ime ihe ngosi ndị na-awakpo n'ime ime ya na ndị otu &quot;acha uhie uhie&quot; na-awakpo na otu &quot;acha anụnụ anụnụ&quot; na-agbachitere. Ndị na-agbachitere, ya bụ ndị dinta na-eyi egwu, ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na ndị mmemme, na-ejikwa sistemu ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-emezi adịghị ike, na-achịkọta ọgụgụ isi iyi egwu cyber ma mee ka sistemụ arụmọrụ ha, koodu, ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na netwọkụ sie ike. Ndị otu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịgụnye ozi niile yana ndị ọrụ nchekwa anụ ahụ nke nzukọ a na-arụ. Enwere ike ịnwale nchekwa anụ ahụ maka adịghị ike, yana ndị ọrụ niile nwere ike bụrụ ebumnuche nke mwakpo injinia ọha na nyocha nchekwa IT. Enwere ike nyochaa sistemụ dijitalụ na nke anụ ahụ site na ogo mmụta dị iche iche nke sistemu dị mkpa iji mee ka ọnọdụ dị adị maka ndị mwakpo na maka ndị ọrụ, bụ ndị a na-azụkarị na omume nchekwa na usoro. N'ihe ngosi nlele zuru oke, nke a maara dị ka ule igbe ọcha, ndị na-awakpo ahụ maara ozi niile dị gbasara sistemụ ndị ahịa. N'ime ule igbe ojii, a naghị enye ndị na-awakpo ahụ enweghị ozi gbasara sistemụ onye ahịa. Nnwale igbe isi awọ na-enye obere ozi nye ndị na-awakpo.

== Nzọụkwụ ==

=== Nkwenye ===

* Mee ka nkwenye dị iche iche.
* Belata ihe ize ndụ nkwenye site na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị maara ihe nkwenye atọ mmadụ na-ahụkarị, dị ka &quot;ihe ị bụ, ihe ị maara, ma ọ bụ ihe ị nwere&quot;. A na-egosipụta ozi pụrụ iche dị ka inwe oke uru nye onye na-eyi egwu n'inweta ohere n'enweghị ikike ịnweta ozi mmadụ.
* Belata akara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze iji belata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Nyochaa nchekwa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ntọala nzuzo mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conn|first=Richard|title=Cybersecurity Expert Gives Tips To Stay Safe Online|date=March 15, 2016|url=http://wuwf.org/post/cybersecurity-expert-gives-tips-stay-safe-online|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mepụta paswọọdụ siri ike na nke pụrụ iche maka akaụntụ onye ọrụ&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụla ma gbanwee paswọọdụ ugboro ugboro na mgbe ihe ọ bụla mere na nchekwa.
* Jiri onye njikwa paswọọdụ iji zere ịchekwa paswọọdụ n'ụdị anụ ahụ.  Nke a na - akpata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ ngwanrọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịdị na ngwanrọ njikwa paswọọdụ, mana ọ na -ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ma ọ bụrụ na ezuru ndepụta paswọọdụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ furu efu ma n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ndị keyloggers nọ na igwe.
* Leebara anya na ozi mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe na mberede na ntanetị n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Gbanwee paswọọdụ ndabara na mmemme na ọrụ iji gbochie usoro mmegbu ndabara.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị jiri paswọọdụ brute force attack prevention software dị ka Fail2ban ma ọ bụ ihe dị irè.
* Enwetala onye ọ bụla logins ma ọ bụ paswọọdụ ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, gbanwee ha ozugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jiri ajụjụ nchekwa na azịza ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ ịza maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ohere ịnweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ tinye aka na injinịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi ===

* Jiri, ma adabereghị naanị na ngwanrọ antivirus, dịka izere ya bụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka ndị na-eyi egwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi ịdabere na ntinye aka dijitalụ gbanwere n'ụzọ dị mfe, ụdị hash etinyere, nke koodu ọjọọ a maara na mbụ.
* Jiri ngwaahịa antimalware, dị ka Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, na njikọ ya na antivirus nwere njirimara nyocha.
* Melite ma kwalite ngwanrọ na mmemme niile nke mmadụ - gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị na sistemụ arụmọrụ onye ọrụ, firmware, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwanrọ, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwaọrụ. Jiri ngwanrọ mmelite raara onwe ya nye ma mee ka atụmatụ mmelite akpaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zoro kọmputa na ekwentị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Na-emepụta nchekwa nke data mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Seay|first=Gary|title=4 Keys to Cyber Security Self-Defense|url=https://www.signix.com/digital-signatures-for-healthcare/4-keys-to-cyber-security-self-defense|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wepụ ngwanrọ na-enweghị nchebe dị ka Adobe Flash&lt;ref name=&quot;Whittaker1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whittaker|first=Zack|title=13 new vulnerabilities? You should disable or uninstall Adobe Flash {{!}} ZDNet|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/13-reasons-why-flash-should-die-insecure-patch-tuesday/|work=ZDNet|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na sistemụ arụmọrụ mmadụ.  Zere ịnweta ibe weebụ na plugins ndị metụtara ya n'ime ihe nchọgharị weebụ mmadụ.
* Naanị na-agba ọsọ ngwanrọ mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji belata mwakpo elu.
* Zere ịgbanye ekwentị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ na-eche ihu n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro nchekwa netwọk na ozi ===

* Iji firewall na ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na Ịntanetị.
* Ọ bụghị na-agba ọsọ mmemme, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe nchọgharị na akaụntụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù, dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na Linux na Unix ) ma ọ bụ dị ka Onye Nchịkwa (Windows), ọ gwụla ma mmadụ ghọtara ihe ize ndụ nchekwa nke omume dị otú ahụ.
* Izere WiFi n'efu ma ghara ịbanye na akaụntụ ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji ngwanrọ nzuzo na amaghị aha dị ka Tor (netwọk amaghị aha) maka nchọgharị weebụ a na-amaghị aha, ebe ọ bụ na nke a na-adọta ụfọdụ uche.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji HTTP na proxies Internet Protocol dị iche iche na usoro nchekwa, dị ka imebi ubi isi HTTP, nzacha, na ibugharị okporo ụzọ na sava proxy dị ka Squid Proxy, proxychains, socks4, na socks5.
* Mbipụta mkpịsị ugodi ọha maka nkwenye PGP maka inwe ike igosi njirimara mmadụ.
* Iji usoro izo ya ezo kachasị ike onye router na-enye ma na-emelite firmware router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stoner|first=Daniel|url=https://www.safetydetective.com/blog/hackers-love-iot-products-heres-how-to-keep-them-out/|title=Hackers Love IoT Products: Here's How to Keep Them Out|work=Safety Detective|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji usoro nchọpụta intrusion (IDS) ma ọ bụ SIEM (Security Information and Event Management System) iji mee ka ndị na-egosi nkwekọrịta, dị ka mgbanwe nhazi na sistemụ arụmọrụ, mmụba [[Indicator of compromise|ihe]] ùgwù, mmebi nchedo netwọk, na ịbanye n'enweghị ikike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tiwari|first=Mohit|title=INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316599266|publisher=International Journal of Technical Research and Applications 5(2):2320-8163|accessdate=22 April 2019|date=April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji mpaghara na-enweghị agha iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro na ọrụ na-eche ịntanetị ihu n'ihu ọha.
* Iji netwọk nkeonwe na IPsec iji chekwaa okporo ụzọ na oghere njem nke ụdị OSI iji mee ka nchịkọta IP sie ike.

=== Ịkọ akụkọ mmebi iwu na ihe omume ===

* Nchịkọta ihe akaebe na nchekwa akwụkwọ na mmebi data (intrusions).
* Kpọtụrụ ndị ọchịchị dị mkpa, ndị nchịkwa ma ọ bụ òtù ma ọ bụrụ na mwakpo cyber.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMooreEdwards2014&quot;&gt;Moore, Alexis; Edwards, Laurie (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:cyberselfdefense0000moor|''Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781493015429|&lt;bdi&gt;9781493015429&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kpachara anya maka mmebi data weebụsaịtị ebe a na-akpọsa paswọọdụ echekwara na ozi njirimara onwe onye.
* Na-ezo aka na iwu steeti banyere iwu ọkwa mmebi iwu.

== &quot;Ịlaghachi azụ&quot; ==
Ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na ndị na-eme amụma na-atụlewanye inye ikike maka ngalaba nkeonwe ka ha mee ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na &quot;ịbanye azụ&quot; (nke a makwaara dị ka hackbacks). N'adịghị ka usoro ọgụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, usoro nchebe na-enweghị isi na-eweta mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke agha cyber, mmebi iwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba.

Otu isiokwu nke oge a na arụmụka na nyocha bụ ajụjụ nke 'mgbe mwakpo cyber, ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ya, na-eme ka ikike nchebe onwe onye?'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Waxman|first=Matthew C.|title=Self-Defensive Force Against Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Political Dimensions|date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Brad Maryman na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na-ekwu na n'echiche ya &quot;echiche na anyị kwesịrị ịme iwu ma nabata ọkwa nke omume cyber na-enweghị akwụkwọ na nke a na-eleghị anya site n'aka onye ọ bụla chere na e meela ha bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;usn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Self-Defense' Bill Would Allow Victims to Hack Back|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/self-defense-bill-would-allow-victims-to-hack-back|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Nchebe cyber na-arụ ọrụ
* CryptoParty
* Nchebe ozi
* Nchebe Ịntanetị

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/futurography_cyber.html Nchebe onwe onye nke Cybersecurity], ''Slate''
* {{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}
* [https://ssd.eff.org/ Nlekọta Nchebe Onwe Onye], ''EFF''
* Paul Carugati: Cyber Self-Defense, TED talk
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>8mbdqwa3e25ev7w2t32mcrzrhdn04az</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>687324</id>
      <parentid>687323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
        <id>19819</id>
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      <comment>/* Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13027" sha1="9al527zuqcbb5zgkqubokcvjl0e0f4e" xml:space="preserve">Na cybersecurity, nchekwa onwe nke cyber na-ezo aka na nchekwa onwe onye megide mwakpo cyber. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro nchebe cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike site n'aka ndị ọrụ kọmputa n'onwe ha, a na-eji nchebe onwe onye cyber na-ezo aka na nchebe onwe onye nke otu n'ozuzu ya, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mba dum. Nchekwa onwe nke onyunyo bụ ihe dị iche iche nke nchekwa onwe nke cyber ma na-adaba na ya. Usoro nchekwa cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nke na-agafe agafe na-enye ndị na-agbachitere ọkwa dị elu nke cybersecurity, nchọpụta intrusion, njikwa ihe omume na ike ngbanwe. Akụkụ dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche nwere iwu kwadoro ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa cyber.

== Ndabere ==
Ndị otu dị iche iche nwere ike mee nnwale nnabata site na ndị otu ime ma ọ bụ were ọgbakọ ndị ọzọ were nyocha sistemu nzukọ a. Otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ime ihe ngosi ndị na-awakpo n'ime ime ya na ndị otu &quot;acha uhie uhie&quot; na-awakpo na otu &quot;acha anụnụ anụnụ&quot; na-agbachitere. Ndị na-agbachitere, ya bụ ndị dinta na-eyi egwu, ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na ndị mmemme, na-ejikwa sistemu ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-emezi adịghị ike, na-achịkọta ọgụgụ isi iyi egwu cyber ma mee ka sistemụ arụmọrụ ha, koodu, ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na netwọkụ sie ike. Ndị otu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịgụnye ozi niile yana ndị ọrụ nchekwa anụ ahụ nke nzukọ a na-arụ. Enwere ike ịnwale nchekwa anụ ahụ maka adịghị ike, yana ndị ọrụ niile nwere ike bụrụ ebumnuche nke mwakpo injinia ọha na nyocha nchekwa IT. Enwere ike nyochaa sistemụ dijitalụ na nke anụ ahụ site na ogo mmụta dị iche iche nke sistemu dị mkpa iji mee ka ọnọdụ dị adị maka ndị mwakpo na maka ndị ọrụ, bụ ndị a na-azụkarị na omume nchekwa na usoro. N'ihe ngosi nlele zuru oke, nke a maara dị ka ule igbe ọcha, ndị na-awakpo ahụ maara ozi niile dị gbasara sistemụ ndị ahịa. N'ime ule igbe ojii, a naghị enye ndị na-awakpo ahụ enweghị ozi gbasara sistemụ onye ahịa. Nnwale igbe isi awọ na-enye obere ozi nye ndị na-awakpo.

== Nzọụkwụ ==

=== Nkwenye ===

* Mee ka nkwenye dị iche iche.
* Belata ihe ize ndụ nkwenye site na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị maara ihe nkwenye atọ mmadụ na-ahụkarị, dị ka &quot;ihe ị bụ, ihe ị maara, ma ọ bụ ihe ị nwere&quot;. A na-egosipụta ozi pụrụ iche dị ka inwe oke uru nye onye na-eyi egwu n'inweta ohere n'enweghị ikike ịnweta ozi mmadụ.
* Belata akara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze iji belata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Nyochaa nchekwa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ntọala nzuzo mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conn|first=Richard|title=Cybersecurity Expert Gives Tips To Stay Safe Online|date=March 15, 2016|url=http://wuwf.org/post/cybersecurity-expert-gives-tips-stay-safe-online|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mepụta paswọọdụ siri ike na nke pụrụ iche maka akaụntụ onye ọrụ&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụla ma gbanwee paswọọdụ ugboro ugboro na mgbe ihe ọ bụla mere na nchekwa.
* Jiri onye njikwa paswọọdụ iji zere ịchekwa paswọọdụ n'ụdị anụ ahụ.  Nke a na - akpata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ ngwanrọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịdị na ngwanrọ njikwa paswọọdụ, mana ọ na -ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ma ọ bụrụ na ezuru ndepụta paswọọdụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ furu efu ma n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ndị keyloggers nọ na igwe.
* Leebara anya na ozi mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe na mberede na ntanetị n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Gbanwee paswọọdụ ndabara na mmemme na ọrụ iji gbochie usoro mmegbu ndabara.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị jiri paswọọdụ brute force attack prevention software dị ka Fail2ban ma ọ bụ ihe dị irè.
* Enwetala onye ọ bụla logins ma ọ bụ paswọọdụ ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, gbanwee ha ozugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jiri ajụjụ nchekwa na azịza ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ ịza maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ohere ịnweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ tinye aka na injinịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi ===

* Jiri, ma adabereghị naanị na ngwanrọ antivirus, dịka izere ya bụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka ndị na-eyi egwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi ịdabere na ntinye aka dijitalụ gbanwere n'ụzọ dị mfe, ụdị hash etinyere, nke koodu ọjọọ a maara na mbụ.
* Jiri ngwaahịa antimalware, dị ka Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, na njikọ ya na antivirus nwere njirimara nyocha.
* Melite ma kwalite ngwanrọ na mmemme niile nke mmadụ - gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị na sistemụ arụmọrụ onye ọrụ, firmware, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwanrọ, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwaọrụ. Jiri ngwanrọ mmelite raara onwe ya nye ma mee ka atụmatụ mmelite akpaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zoro kọmputa na ekwentị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Na-emepụta nchekwa nke data mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Seay|first=Gary|title=4 Keys to Cyber Security Self-Defense|url=https://www.signix.com/digital-signatures-for-healthcare/4-keys-to-cyber-security-self-defense|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wepụ ngwanrọ na-enweghị nchebe dị ka Adobe Flash&lt;ref name=&quot;Whittaker1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whittaker|first=Zack|title=13 new vulnerabilities? You should disable or uninstall Adobe Flash {{!}} ZDNet|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/13-reasons-why-flash-should-die-insecure-patch-tuesday/|work=ZDNet|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na sistemụ arụmọrụ mmadụ.  Zere ịnweta ibe weebụ na plugins ndị metụtara ya n'ime ihe nchọgharị weebụ mmadụ.
* Naanị na-agba ọsọ ngwanrọ mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji belata mwakpo elu.
* Zere ịgbanye ekwentị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ na-eche ihu n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro nchekwa netwọk na ozi ===

* Iji firewall na ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na Ịntanetị.
* Ọ bụghị na-agba ọsọ mmemme, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe nchọgharị na akaụntụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù, dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na Linux na Unix ) ma ọ bụ dị ka Onye Nchịkwa (Windows), ọ gwụla ma mmadụ ghọtara ihe ize ndụ nchekwa nke omume dị otú ahụ.
* Izere WiFi n'efu ma ghara ịbanye na akaụntụ ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji ngwanrọ nzuzo na amaghị aha dị ka Tor (netwọk amaghị aha) maka nchọgharị weebụ a na-amaghị aha, ebe ọ bụ na nke a na-adọta ụfọdụ uche.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji HTTP na proxies Internet Protocol dị iche iche na usoro nchekwa, dị ka imebi ubi isi HTTP, nzacha, na ibugharị okporo ụzọ na sava proxy dị ka Squid Proxy, proxychains, socks4, na socks5.
* Mbipụta mkpịsị ugodi ọha maka nkwenye PGP maka inwe ike igosi njirimara mmadụ.
* Iji usoro izo ya ezo kachasị ike onye router na-enye ma na-emelite firmware router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stoner|first=Daniel|url=https://www.safetydetective.com/blog/hackers-love-iot-products-heres-how-to-keep-them-out/|title=Hackers Love IoT Products: Here's How to Keep Them Out|work=Safety Detective|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji usoro nchọpụta intrusion (IDS) ma ọ bụ SIEM (Security Information and Event Management System) iji mee ka ndị na-egosi nkwekọrịta, dị ka mgbanwe nhazi na sistemụ arụmọrụ, mmụba [[Indicator of compromise|ihe]] ùgwù, mmebi nchedo netwọk, na ịbanye n'enweghị ikike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tiwari|first=Mohit|title=INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316599266|publisher=International Journal of Technical Research and Applications 5(2):2320-8163|accessdate=22 April 2019|date=April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji mpaghara na-enweghị agha iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro na ọrụ na-eche ịntanetị ihu n'ihu ọha.
* Iji netwọk nkeonwe na IPsec iji chekwaa okporo ụzọ na oghere njem nke ụdị OSI iji mee ka nchịkọta IP sie ike.

=== Ịkọ akụkọ mmebi iwu na ihe omume ===

* Nchịkọta ihe akaebe na nchekwa akwụkwọ na mmebi data (intrusions).
* Kpọtụrụ ndị ọchịchị dị mkpa, ndị nchịkwa ma ọ bụ òtù ma ọ bụrụ na mwakpo cyber.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMooreEdwards2014&quot;&gt;Moore, Alexis; Edwards, Laurie (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:cyberselfdefense0000moor|''Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781493015429|&lt;bdi&gt;9781493015429&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kpachara anya maka mmebi data weebụsaịtị ebe a na-akpọsa paswọọdụ echekwara na ozi njirimara onwe onye.
* Na-ezo aka na iwu steeti banyere iwu ọkwa mmebi iwu.

== &quot;Ịlaghachi azụ&quot; ==
Ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na ndị na-eme amụma na-atụlewanye inye ikike maka ngalaba nkeonwe ka ha mee ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na &quot;ịbanye azụ&quot; (nke a makwaara dị ka hackbacks). N'adịghị ka usoro ọgụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, usoro nchebe na-enweghị isi na-eweta mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke agha cyber, mmebi iwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba.

Otu isiokwu nke oge a na arụmụka na nyocha bụ ajụjụ nke 'mgbe mwakpo cyber, ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ya, na-eme ka ikike nchebe onwe onye?'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Waxman|first=Matthew C.|title=Self-Defensive Force Against Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Political Dimensions|date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Brad Maryman na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na-ekwu na n'echiche ya &quot;echiche na anyị kwesịrị ịme iwu ma nabata ọkwa nke omume cyber na-enweghị akwụkwọ na nke a na-eleghị anya site n'aka onye ọ bụla chere na e meela ha bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;usn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Self-Defense' Bill Would Allow Victims to Hack Back|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/self-defense-bill-would-allow-victims-to-hack-back|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Nchebe cyber na-arụ ọrụ
* CryptoParty
* Nchebe ozi
* Nchebe Ịntanetị

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/futurography_cyber.html Nchebe onwe onye nke Cybersecurity], ''Slate''
* {{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}
* [https://ssd.eff.org/ Nlekọta Nchebe Onwe Onye], ''EFF''
* Paul Carugati: Cyber Self-Defense, TED talk
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>9al527zuqcbb5zgkqubokcvjl0e0f4e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>687333</id>
      <parentid>687324</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:08:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
        <id>19819</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Usoro nchekwa netwọk na ozi */</comment>
      <origin>687333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="12536" sha1="5ah5fs9pn0iunxo2bo74mwuzdzvi6hf" xml:space="preserve">Na cybersecurity, nchekwa onwe nke cyber na-ezo aka na nchekwa onwe onye megide mwakpo cyber. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro nchebe cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike site n'aka ndị ọrụ kọmputa n'onwe ha, a na-eji nchebe onwe onye cyber na-ezo aka na nchebe onwe onye nke otu n'ozuzu ya, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mba dum. Nchekwa onwe nke onyunyo bụ ihe dị iche iche nke nchekwa onwe nke cyber ma na-adaba na ya. Usoro nchekwa cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nke na-agafe agafe na-enye ndị na-agbachitere ọkwa dị elu nke cybersecurity, nchọpụta intrusion, njikwa ihe omume na ike ngbanwe. Akụkụ dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche nwere iwu kwadoro ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa cyber.

== Ndabere ==
Ndị otu dị iche iche nwere ike mee nnwale nnabata site na ndị otu ime ma ọ bụ were ọgbakọ ndị ọzọ were nyocha sistemu nzukọ a. Otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ime ihe ngosi ndị na-awakpo n'ime ime ya na ndị otu &quot;acha uhie uhie&quot; na-awakpo na otu &quot;acha anụnụ anụnụ&quot; na-agbachitere. Ndị na-agbachitere, ya bụ ndị dinta na-eyi egwu, ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na ndị mmemme, na-ejikwa sistemu ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-emezi adịghị ike, na-achịkọta ọgụgụ isi iyi egwu cyber ma mee ka sistemụ arụmọrụ ha, koodu, ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na netwọkụ sie ike. Ndị otu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịgụnye ozi niile yana ndị ọrụ nchekwa anụ ahụ nke nzukọ a na-arụ. Enwere ike ịnwale nchekwa anụ ahụ maka adịghị ike, yana ndị ọrụ niile nwere ike bụrụ ebumnuche nke mwakpo injinia ọha na nyocha nchekwa IT. Enwere ike nyochaa sistemụ dijitalụ na nke anụ ahụ site na ogo mmụta dị iche iche nke sistemu dị mkpa iji mee ka ọnọdụ dị adị maka ndị mwakpo na maka ndị ọrụ, bụ ndị a na-azụkarị na omume nchekwa na usoro. N'ihe ngosi nlele zuru oke, nke a maara dị ka ule igbe ọcha, ndị na-awakpo ahụ maara ozi niile dị gbasara sistemụ ndị ahịa. N'ime ule igbe ojii, a naghị enye ndị na-awakpo ahụ enweghị ozi gbasara sistemụ onye ahịa. Nnwale igbe isi awọ na-enye obere ozi nye ndị na-awakpo.

== Nzọụkwụ ==

=== Nkwenye ===

* Mee ka nkwenye dị iche iche.
* Belata ihe ize ndụ nkwenye site na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị maara ihe nkwenye atọ mmadụ na-ahụkarị, dị ka &quot;ihe ị bụ, ihe ị maara, ma ọ bụ ihe ị nwere&quot;. A na-egosipụta ozi pụrụ iche dị ka inwe oke uru nye onye na-eyi egwu n'inweta ohere n'enweghị ikike ịnweta ozi mmadụ.
* Belata akara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze iji belata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Nyochaa nchekwa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ntọala nzuzo mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conn|first=Richard|title=Cybersecurity Expert Gives Tips To Stay Safe Online|date=March 15, 2016|url=http://wuwf.org/post/cybersecurity-expert-gives-tips-stay-safe-online|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mepụta paswọọdụ siri ike na nke pụrụ iche maka akaụntụ onye ọrụ&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụla ma gbanwee paswọọdụ ugboro ugboro na mgbe ihe ọ bụla mere na nchekwa.
* Jiri onye njikwa paswọọdụ iji zere ịchekwa paswọọdụ n'ụdị anụ ahụ.  Nke a na - akpata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ ngwanrọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịdị na ngwanrọ njikwa paswọọdụ, mana ọ na -ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ma ọ bụrụ na ezuru ndepụta paswọọdụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ furu efu ma n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ndị keyloggers nọ na igwe.
* Leebara anya na ozi mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe na mberede na ntanetị n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Gbanwee paswọọdụ ndabara na mmemme na ọrụ iji gbochie usoro mmegbu ndabara.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị jiri paswọọdụ brute force attack prevention software dị ka Fail2ban ma ọ bụ ihe dị irè.
* Enwetala onye ọ bụla logins ma ọ bụ paswọọdụ ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, gbanwee ha ozugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jiri ajụjụ nchekwa na azịza ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ ịza maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ohere ịnweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ tinye aka na injinịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi ===

* Jiri, ma adabereghị naanị na ngwanrọ antivirus, dịka izere ya bụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka ndị na-eyi egwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi ịdabere na ntinye aka dijitalụ gbanwere n'ụzọ dị mfe, ụdị hash etinyere, nke koodu ọjọọ a maara na mbụ.
* Jiri ngwaahịa antimalware, dị ka Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, na njikọ ya na antivirus nwere njirimara nyocha.
* Melite ma kwalite ngwanrọ na mmemme niile nke mmadụ - gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị na sistemụ arụmọrụ onye ọrụ, firmware, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwanrọ, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwaọrụ. Jiri ngwanrọ mmelite raara onwe ya nye ma mee ka atụmatụ mmelite akpaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html &quot;Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks&quot;]. ''jeffreycarr.blogspot.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zoro kọmputa na ekwentị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Na-emepụta nchekwa nke data mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Seay|first=Gary|title=4 Keys to Cyber Security Self-Defense|url=https://www.signix.com/digital-signatures-for-healthcare/4-keys-to-cyber-security-self-defense|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wepụ ngwanrọ na-enweghị nchebe dị ka Adobe Flash&lt;ref name=&quot;Whittaker1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whittaker|first=Zack|title=13 new vulnerabilities? You should disable or uninstall Adobe Flash {{!}} ZDNet|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/13-reasons-why-flash-should-die-insecure-patch-tuesday/|work=ZDNet|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na sistemụ arụmọrụ mmadụ.  Zere ịnweta ibe weebụ na plugins ndị metụtara ya n'ime ihe nchọgharị weebụ mmadụ.
* Naanị na-agba ọsọ ngwanrọ mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji belata mwakpo elu.
* Zere ịgbanye ekwentị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ na-eche ihu n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro nchekwa netwọk na ozi ===

* Iji firewall na ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na Ịntanetị.
* Ọ bụghị na-agba ọsọ mmemme, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe nchọgharị na akaụntụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù, dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na Linux na Unix ) ma ọ bụ dị ka Onye Nchịkwa (Windows), ọ gwụla ma mmadụ ghọtara ihe ize ndụ nchekwa nke omume dị otú ahụ.
* Izere WiFi n'efu ma ghara ịbanye na akaụntụ ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji ngwanrọ nzuzo na amaghị aha dị ka Tor (netwọk amaghị aha) maka nchọgharị weebụ a na-amaghị aha, ebe ọ bụ na nke a na-adọta ụfọdụ uche.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji HTTP na proxies Internet Protocol dị iche iche na usoro nchekwa, dị ka imebi ubi isi HTTP, nzacha, na ibugharị okporo ụzọ na sava proxy dị ka Squid Proxy, proxychains, socks4, na socks5.
* Mbipụta mkpịsị ugodi ọha maka nkwenye PGP maka inwe ike igosi njirimara mmadụ.
* Iji usoro izo ya ezo kachasị ike onye router na-enye ma na-emelite firmware router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stoner|first=Daniel|url=https://www.safetydetective.com/blog/hackers-love-iot-products-heres-how-to-keep-them-out/|title=Hackers Love IoT Products: Here's How to Keep Them Out|work=Safety Detective|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji usoro nchọpụta intrusion (IDS) ma ọ bụ SIEM (Security Information and Event Management System) iji mee ka ndị na-egosi nkwekọrịta, dị ka mgbanwe nhazi na sistemụ arụmọrụ, mmụba [[Indicator of compromise|ihe]] ùgwù, mmebi nchedo netwọk, na ịbanye n'enweghị ikike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tiwari|first=Mohit|title=INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316599266|publisher=International Journal of Technical Research and Applications 5(2):2320-8163|accessdate=22 April 2019|date=April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji mpaghara na-enweghị agha iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro na ọrụ na-eche ịntanetị ihu n'ihu ọha.
* Iji netwọk nkeonwe na IPsec iji chekwaa okporo ụzọ na oghere njem nke ụdị OSI iji mee ka nchịkọta IP sie ike.

=== Ịkọ akụkọ mmebi iwu na ihe omume ===

* Nchịkọta ihe akaebe na nchekwa akwụkwọ na mmebi data (intrusions).
* Kpọtụrụ ndị ọchịchị dị mkpa, ndị nchịkwa ma ọ bụ òtù ma ọ bụrụ na mwakpo cyber.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMooreEdwards2014&quot;&gt;Moore, Alexis; Edwards, Laurie (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:cyberselfdefense0000moor|''Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781493015429|&lt;bdi&gt;9781493015429&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kpachara anya maka mmebi data weebụsaịtị ebe a na-akpọsa paswọọdụ echekwara na ozi njirimara onwe onye.
* Na-ezo aka na iwu steeti banyere iwu ọkwa mmebi iwu.

== &quot;Ịlaghachi azụ&quot; ==
Ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na ndị na-eme amụma na-atụlewanye inye ikike maka ngalaba nkeonwe ka ha mee ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na &quot;ịbanye azụ&quot; (nke a makwaara dị ka hackbacks). N'adịghị ka usoro ọgụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, usoro nchebe na-enweghị isi na-eweta mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke agha cyber, mmebi iwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba.

Otu isiokwu nke oge a na arụmụka na nyocha bụ ajụjụ nke 'mgbe mwakpo cyber, ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ya, na-eme ka ikike nchebe onwe onye?'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Waxman|first=Matthew C.|title=Self-Defensive Force Against Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Political Dimensions|date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Brad Maryman na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na-ekwu na n'echiche ya &quot;echiche na anyị kwesịrị ịme iwu ma nabata ọkwa nke omume cyber na-enweghị akwụkwọ na nke a na-eleghị anya site n'aka onye ọ bụla chere na e meela ha bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;usn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Self-Defense' Bill Would Allow Victims to Hack Back|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/self-defense-bill-would-allow-victims-to-hack-back|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Nchebe cyber na-arụ ọrụ
* CryptoParty
* Nchebe ozi
* Nchebe Ịntanetị

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/futurography_cyber.html Nchebe onwe onye nke Cybersecurity], ''Slate''
* {{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}
* [https://ssd.eff.org/ Nlekọta Nchebe Onwe Onye], ''EFF''
* Paul Carugati: Cyber Self-Defense, TED talk
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <id>19819</id>
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      <comment>/* Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="12045" sha1="60ainf57q56974vgybpvw6ke752la58" xml:space="preserve">Na cybersecurity, nchekwa onwe nke cyber na-ezo aka na nchekwa onwe onye megide mwakpo cyber. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro nchebe cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike site n'aka ndị ọrụ kọmputa n'onwe ha, a na-eji nchebe onwe onye cyber na-ezo aka na nchebe onwe onye nke otu n'ozuzu ya, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mba dum. Nchekwa onwe nke onyunyo bụ ihe dị iche iche nke nchekwa onwe nke cyber ma na-adaba na ya. Usoro nchekwa cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nke na-agafe agafe na-enye ndị na-agbachitere ọkwa dị elu nke cybersecurity, nchọpụta intrusion, njikwa ihe omume na ike ngbanwe. Akụkụ dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche nwere iwu kwadoro ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa cyber.

== Ndabere ==
Ndị otu dị iche iche nwere ike mee nnwale nnabata site na ndị otu ime ma ọ bụ were ọgbakọ ndị ọzọ were nyocha sistemu nzukọ a. Otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ime ihe ngosi ndị na-awakpo n'ime ime ya na ndị otu &quot;acha uhie uhie&quot; na-awakpo na otu &quot;acha anụnụ anụnụ&quot; na-agbachitere. Ndị na-agbachitere, ya bụ ndị dinta na-eyi egwu, ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na ndị mmemme, na-ejikwa sistemu ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-emezi adịghị ike, na-achịkọta ọgụgụ isi iyi egwu cyber ma mee ka sistemụ arụmọrụ ha, koodu, ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na netwọkụ sie ike. Ndị otu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịgụnye ozi niile yana ndị ọrụ nchekwa anụ ahụ nke nzukọ a na-arụ. Enwere ike ịnwale nchekwa anụ ahụ maka adịghị ike, yana ndị ọrụ niile nwere ike bụrụ ebumnuche nke mwakpo injinia ọha na nyocha nchekwa IT. Enwere ike nyochaa sistemụ dijitalụ na nke anụ ahụ site na ogo mmụta dị iche iche nke sistemu dị mkpa iji mee ka ọnọdụ dị adị maka ndị mwakpo na maka ndị ọrụ, bụ ndị a na-azụkarị na omume nchekwa na usoro. N'ihe ngosi nlele zuru oke, nke a maara dị ka ule igbe ọcha, ndị na-awakpo ahụ maara ozi niile dị gbasara sistemụ ndị ahịa. N'ime ule igbe ojii, a naghị enye ndị na-awakpo ahụ enweghị ozi gbasara sistemụ onye ahịa. Nnwale igbe isi awọ na-enye obere ozi nye ndị na-awakpo.

== Nzọụkwụ ==

=== Nkwenye ===

* Mee ka nkwenye dị iche iche.
* Belata ihe ize ndụ nkwenye site na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị maara ihe nkwenye atọ mmadụ na-ahụkarị, dị ka &quot;ihe ị bụ, ihe ị maara, ma ọ bụ ihe ị nwere&quot;. A na-egosipụta ozi pụrụ iche dị ka inwe oke uru nye onye na-eyi egwu n'inweta ohere n'enweghị ikike ịnweta ozi mmadụ.
* Belata akara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze iji belata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Nyochaa nchekwa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ntọala nzuzo mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conn|first=Richard|title=Cybersecurity Expert Gives Tips To Stay Safe Online|date=March 15, 2016|url=http://wuwf.org/post/cybersecurity-expert-gives-tips-stay-safe-online|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mepụta paswọọdụ siri ike na nke pụrụ iche maka akaụntụ onye ọrụ&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụla ma gbanwee paswọọdụ ugboro ugboro na mgbe ihe ọ bụla mere na nchekwa.
* Jiri onye njikwa paswọọdụ iji zere ịchekwa paswọọdụ n'ụdị anụ ahụ.  Nke a na - akpata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ ngwanrọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịdị na ngwanrọ njikwa paswọọdụ, mana ọ na -ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ma ọ bụrụ na ezuru ndepụta paswọọdụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ furu efu ma n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ndị keyloggers nọ na igwe.
* Leebara anya na ozi mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe na mberede na ntanetị n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Gbanwee paswọọdụ ndabara na mmemme na ọrụ iji gbochie usoro mmegbu ndabara.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị jiri paswọọdụ brute force attack prevention software dị ka Fail2ban ma ọ bụ ihe dị irè.
* Enwetala onye ọ bụla logins ma ọ bụ paswọọdụ ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, gbanwee ha ozugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jiri ajụjụ nchekwa na azịza ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ ịza maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ohere ịnweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ tinye aka na injinịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi ===

* Jiri, ma adabereghị naanị na ngwanrọ antivirus, dịka izere ya bụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka ndị na-eyi egwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi ịdabere na ntinye aka dijitalụ gbanwere n'ụzọ dị mfe, ụdị hash etinyere, nke koodu ọjọọ a maara na mbụ.
* Jiri ngwaahịa antimalware, dị ka Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, na njikọ ya na antivirus nwere njirimara nyocha.
* Melite ma kwalite ngwanrọ na mmemme niile nke mmadụ - gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị na sistemụ arụmọrụ onye ọrụ, firmware, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwanrọ, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwaọrụ. Jiri ngwanrọ mmelite raara onwe ya nye ma mee ka atụmatụ mmelite akpaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Zoro kọmputa na ekwentị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Na-emepụta nchekwa nke data mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Seay|first=Gary|title=4 Keys to Cyber Security Self-Defense|url=https://www.signix.com/digital-signatures-for-healthcare/4-keys-to-cyber-security-self-defense|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wepụ ngwanrọ na-enweghị nchebe dị ka Adobe Flash&lt;ref name=&quot;Whittaker1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whittaker|first=Zack|title=13 new vulnerabilities? You should disable or uninstall Adobe Flash {{!}} ZDNet|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/13-reasons-why-flash-should-die-insecure-patch-tuesday/|work=ZDNet|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na sistemụ arụmọrụ mmadụ.  Zere ịnweta ibe weebụ na plugins ndị metụtara ya n'ime ihe nchọgharị weebụ mmadụ.
* Naanị na-agba ọsọ ngwanrọ mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji belata mwakpo elu.
* Zere ịgbanye ekwentị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ na-eche ihu n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro nchekwa netwọk na ozi ===

* Iji firewall na ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na Ịntanetị.
* Ọ bụghị na-agba ọsọ mmemme, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe nchọgharị na akaụntụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù, dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na Linux na Unix ) ma ọ bụ dị ka Onye Nchịkwa (Windows), ọ gwụla ma mmadụ ghọtara ihe ize ndụ nchekwa nke omume dị otú ahụ.
* Izere WiFi n'efu ma ghara ịbanye na akaụntụ ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji ngwanrọ nzuzo na amaghị aha dị ka Tor (netwọk amaghị aha) maka nchọgharị weebụ a na-amaghị aha, ebe ọ bụ na nke a na-adọta ụfọdụ uche.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji HTTP na proxies Internet Protocol dị iche iche na usoro nchekwa, dị ka imebi ubi isi HTTP, nzacha, na ibugharị okporo ụzọ na sava proxy dị ka Squid Proxy, proxychains, socks4, na socks5.
* Mbipụta mkpịsị ugodi ọha maka nkwenye PGP maka inwe ike igosi njirimara mmadụ.
* Iji usoro izo ya ezo kachasị ike onye router na-enye ma na-emelite firmware router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stoner|first=Daniel|url=https://www.safetydetective.com/blog/hackers-love-iot-products-heres-how-to-keep-them-out/|title=Hackers Love IoT Products: Here's How to Keep Them Out|work=Safety Detective|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji usoro nchọpụta intrusion (IDS) ma ọ bụ SIEM (Security Information and Event Management System) iji mee ka ndị na-egosi nkwekọrịta, dị ka mgbanwe nhazi na sistemụ arụmọrụ, mmụba [[Indicator of compromise|ihe]] ùgwù, mmebi nchedo netwọk, na ịbanye n'enweghị ikike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tiwari|first=Mohit|title=INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316599266|publisher=International Journal of Technical Research and Applications 5(2):2320-8163|accessdate=22 April 2019|date=April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji mpaghara na-enweghị agha iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro na ọrụ na-eche ịntanetị ihu n'ihu ọha.
* Iji netwọk nkeonwe na IPsec iji chekwaa okporo ụzọ na oghere njem nke ụdị OSI iji mee ka nchịkọta IP sie ike.

=== Ịkọ akụkọ mmebi iwu na ihe omume ===

* Nchịkọta ihe akaebe na nchekwa akwụkwọ na mmebi data (intrusions).
* Kpọtụrụ ndị ọchịchị dị mkpa, ndị nchịkwa ma ọ bụ òtù ma ọ bụrụ na mwakpo cyber.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMooreEdwards2014&quot;&gt;Moore, Alexis; Edwards, Laurie (2014). &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-registration&quot; title=&quot;Free registration required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:cyberselfdefense0000moor|''Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781493015429|&lt;bdi&gt;9781493015429&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kpachara anya maka mmebi data weebụsaịtị ebe a na-akpọsa paswọọdụ echekwara na ozi njirimara onwe onye.
* Na-ezo aka na iwu steeti banyere iwu ọkwa mmebi iwu.

== &quot;Ịlaghachi azụ&quot; ==
Ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na ndị na-eme amụma na-atụlewanye inye ikike maka ngalaba nkeonwe ka ha mee ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na &quot;ịbanye azụ&quot; (nke a makwaara dị ka hackbacks). N'adịghị ka usoro ọgụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, usoro nchebe na-enweghị isi na-eweta mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke agha cyber, mmebi iwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba.

Otu isiokwu nke oge a na arụmụka na nyocha bụ ajụjụ nke 'mgbe mwakpo cyber, ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ya, na-eme ka ikike nchebe onwe onye?'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Waxman|first=Matthew C.|title=Self-Defensive Force Against Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Political Dimensions|date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Brad Maryman na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na-ekwu na n'echiche ya &quot;echiche na anyị kwesịrị ịme iwu ma nabata ọkwa nke omume cyber na-enweghị akwụkwọ na nke a na-eleghị anya site n'aka onye ọ bụla chere na e meela ha bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;usn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Self-Defense' Bill Would Allow Victims to Hack Back|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/self-defense-bill-would-allow-victims-to-hack-back|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Nchebe cyber na-arụ ọrụ
* CryptoParty
* Nchebe ozi
* Nchebe Ịntanetị

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/futurography_cyber.html Nchebe onwe onye nke Cybersecurity], ''Slate''
* {{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}
* [https://ssd.eff.org/ Nlekọta Nchebe Onwe Onye], ''EFF''
* Paul Carugati: Cyber Self-Defense, TED talk
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <id>19819</id>
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      <text bytes="11321" sha1="dxsiy82bmbb61jxe4hluzm1olaf6t0t" xml:space="preserve">Na cybersecurity, nchekwa onwe nke cyber na-ezo aka na nchekwa onwe onye megide mwakpo cyber. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro nchebe cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike site n'aka ndị ọrụ kọmputa n'onwe ha, a na-eji nchebe onwe onye cyber na-ezo aka na nchebe onwe onye nke otu n'ozuzu ya, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mba dum. Nchekwa onwe nke onyunyo bụ ihe dị iche iche nke nchekwa onwe nke cyber ma na-adaba na ya. Usoro nchekwa cyber na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nke na-agafe agafe na-enye ndị na-agbachitere ọkwa dị elu nke cybersecurity, nchọpụta intrusion, njikwa ihe omume na ike ngbanwe. Akụkụ dị iche iche na òtù dị iche iche nwere iwu kwadoro ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nchekwa cyber.

== Ndabere ==
Ndị otu dị iche iche nwere ike mee nnwale nnabata site na ndị otu ime ma ọ bụ were ọgbakọ ndị ọzọ were nyocha sistemu nzukọ a. Otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ime ihe ngosi ndị na-awakpo n'ime ime ya na ndị otu &quot;acha uhie uhie&quot; na-awakpo na otu &quot;acha anụnụ anụnụ&quot; na-agbachitere. Ndị na-agbachitere, ya bụ ndị dinta na-eyi egwu, ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na ndị mmemme, na-ejikwa sistemu ozi na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-emezi adịghị ike, na-achịkọta ọgụgụ isi iyi egwu cyber ma mee ka sistemụ arụmọrụ ha, koodu, ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na netwọkụ sie ike. Ndị otu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịgụnye ozi niile yana ndị ọrụ nchekwa anụ ahụ nke nzukọ a na-arụ. Enwere ike ịnwale nchekwa anụ ahụ maka adịghị ike, yana ndị ọrụ niile nwere ike bụrụ ebumnuche nke mwakpo injinia ọha na nyocha nchekwa IT. Enwere ike nyochaa sistemụ dijitalụ na nke anụ ahụ site na ogo mmụta dị iche iche nke sistemu dị mkpa iji mee ka ọnọdụ dị adị maka ndị mwakpo na maka ndị ọrụ, bụ ndị a na-azụkarị na omume nchekwa na usoro. N'ihe ngosi nlele zuru oke, nke a maara dị ka ule igbe ọcha, ndị na-awakpo ahụ maara ozi niile dị gbasara sistemụ ndị ahịa. N'ime ule igbe ojii, a naghị enye ndị na-awakpo ahụ enweghị ozi gbasara sistemụ onye ahịa. Nnwale igbe isi awọ na-enye obere ozi nye ndị na-awakpo.

== Nzọụkwụ ==

=== Nkwenye ===

* Mee ka nkwenye dị iche iche.
* Belata ihe ize ndụ nkwenye site na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị maara ihe nkwenye atọ mmadụ na-ahụkarị, dị ka &quot;ihe ị bụ, ihe ị maara, ma ọ bụ ihe ị nwere&quot;. A na-egosipụta ozi pụrụ iche dị ka inwe oke uru nye onye na-eyi egwu n'inweta ohere n'enweghị ikike ịnweta ozi mmadụ.
* Belata akara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze iji belata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Nyochaa nchekwa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ntọala nzuzo mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conn|first=Richard|title=Cybersecurity Expert Gives Tips To Stay Safe Online|date=March 15, 2016|url=http://wuwf.org/post/cybersecurity-expert-gives-tips-stay-safe-online|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mepụta paswọọdụ siri ike na nke pụrụ iche maka akaụntụ onye ọrụ&lt;ref name=&quot;slate1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jeff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cyber Self Defense For Non-Geeks|url=https://jeffreycarr.blogspot.de/2012/03/cyber-self-defense-for-non-geeks.html|work=jeffreycarr.blogspot.de|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụla ma gbanwee paswọọdụ ugboro ugboro na mgbe ihe ọ bụla mere na nchekwa.
* Jiri onye njikwa paswọọdụ iji zere ịchekwa paswọọdụ n'ụdị anụ ahụ.  Nke a na - akpata profaịlụ ihe ize ndụ ngwanrọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịdị na ngwanrọ njikwa paswọọdụ, mana ọ na -ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke mmebi ma ọ bụrụ na ezuru ndepụta paswọọdụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ furu efu ma n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ndị keyloggers nọ na igwe.
* Leebara anya na ozi mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe na mberede na ntanetị n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Gbanwee paswọọdụ ndabara na mmemme na ọrụ iji gbochie usoro mmegbu ndabara.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị jiri paswọọdụ brute force attack prevention software dị ka Fail2ban ma ọ bụ ihe dị irè.
* Enwetala onye ọ bụla logins ma ọ bụ paswọọdụ ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, gbanwee ha ozugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jiri ajụjụ nchekwa na azịza ndị na-agaghị ekwe omume maka onye ọ bụla ọzọ ịza maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ohere ịnweta mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ tinye aka na injinịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moore1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro ngwanrọ mgbochi ===

* Jiri, ma adabereghị naanị na ngwanrọ antivirus, dịka izere ya bụ ihe na-abaghị uru maka ndị na-eyi egwu. Nke a bụ n'ihi ịdabere na ntinye aka dijitalụ gbanwere n'ụzọ dị mfe, ụdị hash etinyere, nke koodu ọjọọ a maara na mbụ.
* Jiri ngwaahịa antimalware, dị ka Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, na njikọ ya na antivirus nwere njirimara nyocha.
* Melite ma kwalite ngwanrọ na mmemme niile nke mmadụ - gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị na sistemụ arụmọrụ onye ọrụ, firmware, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwanrọ, na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ngwaọrụ. Jiri ngwanrọ mmelite raara onwe ya nye ma mee ka atụmatụ mmelite akpaaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Zoro kọmputa na ekwentị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Na-emepụta nchekwa nke data mmadụ mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Seay|first=Gary|title=4 Keys to Cyber Security Self-Defense|url=https://www.signix.com/digital-signatures-for-healthcare/4-keys-to-cyber-security-self-defense|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Wepụ ngwanrọ na-enweghị nchebe dị ka Adobe Flash&lt;ref name=&quot;Whittaker1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Whittaker|first=Zack|title=13 new vulnerabilities? You should disable or uninstall Adobe Flash {{!}} ZDNet|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/13-reasons-why-flash-should-die-insecure-patch-tuesday/|work=ZDNet|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na sistemụ arụmọrụ mmadụ.  Zere ịnweta ibe weebụ na plugins ndị metụtara ya n'ime ihe nchọgharị weebụ mmadụ.
* Naanị na-agba ọsọ ngwanrọ mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji belata mwakpo elu.
* Zere ịgbanye ekwentị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ na-eche ihu n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;

=== Usoro nchekwa netwọk na ozi ===

* Iji firewall na ngwaọrụ ejikọrọ na Ịntanetị.
* Ọ bụghị na-agba ọsọ mmemme, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe nchọgharị na akaụntụ onye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nwere ihe ùgwù, dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na Linux na Unix ) ma ọ bụ dị ka Onye Nchịkwa (Windows), ọ gwụla ma mmadụ ghọtara ihe ize ndụ nchekwa nke omume dị otú ahụ.
* Izere WiFi n'efu ma ghara ịbanye na akaụntụ ọ bụla mgbe ị na-eji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji ngwanrọ nzuzo na amaghị aha dị ka Tor (netwọk amaghị aha) maka nchọgharị weebụ a na-amaghị aha, ebe ọ bụ na nke a na-adọta ụfọdụ uche.
* N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji HTTP na proxies Internet Protocol dị iche iche na usoro nchekwa, dị ka imebi ubi isi HTTP, nzacha, na ibugharị okporo ụzọ na sava proxy dị ka Squid Proxy, proxychains, socks4, na socks5.
* Mbipụta mkpịsị ugodi ọha maka nkwenye PGP maka inwe ike igosi njirimara mmadụ.
* Iji usoro izo ya ezo kachasị ike onye router na-enye ma na-emelite firmware router.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stoner|first=Daniel|url=https://www.safetydetective.com/blog/hackers-love-iot-products-heres-how-to-keep-them-out/|title=Hackers Love IoT Products: Here's How to Keep Them Out|work=Safety Detective|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji usoro nchọpụta intrusion (IDS) ma ọ bụ SIEM (Security Information and Event Management System) iji mee ka ndị na-egosi nkwekọrịta, dị ka mgbanwe nhazi na sistemụ arụmọrụ, mmụba [[Indicator of compromise|ihe]] ùgwù, mmebi nchedo netwọk, na ịbanye n'enweghị ikike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiwari1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tiwari|first=Mohit|title=INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316599266|publisher=International Journal of Technical Research and Applications 5(2):2320-8163|accessdate=22 April 2019|date=April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Iji mpaghara na-enweghị agha iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro na ọrụ na-eche ịntanetị ihu n'ihu ọha.
* Iji netwọk nkeonwe na IPsec iji chekwaa okporo ụzọ na oghere njem nke ụdị OSI iji mee ka nchịkọta IP sie ike.

=== Ịkọ akụkọ mmebi iwu na ihe omume ===

* Nchịkọta ihe akaebe na nchekwa akwụkwọ na mmebi data (intrusions).
* Kpọtụrụ ndị ọchịchị dị mkpa, ndị nchịkwa ma ọ bụ òtù ma ọ bụrụ na mwakpo cyber.&lt;ref name=&quot;wuwf1&quot; /&gt;
* Kpachara anya maka mmebi data weebụsaịtị ebe a na-akpọsa paswọọdụ echekwara na ozi njirimara onwe onye.
* Na-ezo aka na iwu steeti banyere iwu ọkwa mmebi iwu.

== &quot;Ịlaghachi azụ&quot; ==
Ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na ndị na-eme amụma na-atụlewanye inye ikike maka ngalaba nkeonwe ka ha mee ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na &quot;ịbanye azụ&quot; (nke a makwaara dị ka hackbacks). N'adịghị ka usoro ọgụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, usoro nchebe na-enweghị isi na-eweta mbelata ihe ize ndụ nke agha cyber, mmebi iwu, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba.

Otu isiokwu nke oge a na arụmụka na nyocha bụ ajụjụ nke 'mgbe mwakpo cyber, ma ọ bụ iyi egwu ya, na-eme ka ikike nchebe onwe onye?'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Waxman|first=Matthew C.|title=Self-Defensive Force Against Cyber Attacks: Legal, Strategic and Political Dimensions|date=19 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Brad Maryman na-adọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na-ekwu na n'echiche ya &quot;echiche na anyị kwesịrị ịme iwu ma nabata ọkwa nke omume cyber na-enweghị akwụkwọ na nke a na-eleghị anya site n'aka onye ọ bụla chere na e meela ha bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;usn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Self-Defense' Bill Would Allow Victims to Hack Back|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/self-defense-bill-would-allow-victims-to-hack-back|accessdate=13 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Nchebe cyber na-arụ ọrụ
* CryptoParty
* Nchebe ozi
* Nchebe Ịntanetị

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/futurography_cyber.html Nchebe onwe onye nke Cybersecurity], ''Slate''
* {{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Alexis|title=Cyber Self-Defense: Expert Advice to Avoid Online Predators, Identity Theft, and Cyberbullying|year=2014|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9781493015429|url=https://archive.org/details/cyberselfdefense0000moor}}
* [https://ssd.eff.org/ Nlekọta Nchebe Onwe Onye], ''EFF''
* Paul Carugati: Cyber Self-Defense, TED talk
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'''Nontsikelelo Mutiti''' (amụrụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri atọ na otu n afọ 1982) bụ onye mmebe eserese na onye nkuzi. Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na imewe weebụ, ihe onyonyo, mbipụta na nka akwụkwọ. Ọ na-a gụnyekarịkwa ọrụ ike isi n'ọrụ nhazi ya, ma &quot;na-enwe mmasị na ọdịiche dị n'etiti omenala ndi isi ojii&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Morley|first=Madeleine|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti’s Book Designs Explore Black African Identity, the Aesthetics of Hair Braiding, and Brooklyn Police Brutality|url=https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/nontsikelelo-mutitis-book-designs-explore-black-african-identity-the-aesthetics-of-hair-braiding-and-harlem-police-brutality/|work=Eye on Design|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya gụnyere akụrụngwa ndị e bipụtara maka Black Lives Matter . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Tamara|title=At New Museum, a Pop-Up Support System for Black Lives Matter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/arts/design/at-new-museum-a-pop-up-support-system-for-black-lives-matter.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Steinhauer|first=Jillian|title=Reflections from Black Women Artists for Black Lives Matter|url=https://hyperallergic.com/322742/reflections-from-black-women-artists-for-black-lives-matter/|work=Hyperallergic Media|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=16 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutiti gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Zimbabwe Institute of Vigital Arts na diploma na nkà mgbasa ozi na  afọ 2007. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Yale School of Art na ntinye uche MFA na eserese eserese na afọ 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bulletin of Yale University: School of Art 2013-2014|url=https://bulletin.yale.edu/sites/default/files/art-2013-2014.pdf|work=Bulletin of Yale University|accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onye ==
A mụrụ Mutiti na afọ 1982 na Harare, [[Zimbabwe]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=https://icavcu.org/artist/knight/#biography|work=Institute for Contemporary Art at Virginia Commonwealth University|accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ otu n ime ndị hibere ọtu ogbakọ ọdịnala mba 

Zimbab na Detroit, nke nyere ndị n eme ihe omume  n etiti Detroit na Zimbabwe agbamume.

rụpụtara ụlọ ọrụ omenala Zimbabwe na [[Detroit]], nke na-akwado nkwado n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na [[Detroit]] na [[Zimbabwe]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe Cultural Centre in Detroit|url=https://knightfoundation.org/grants/5996|work=Knight Foundation|accessdate=5 March 2019|archivedate=27 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127111709/https://knightfoundation.org/grants/5996/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ  otu onye n ime ndị wubere Black Chalk &amp;amp;amp; Co. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Embuscado|first=Rain|title=Black Chalk &amp; Co. Is Building An Archive Of Zimbabwe's Stories|url=https://www.newinc.org/news-posts/black-chalk-co-reading-zimbabwe-2018|work=New Inc|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=30 May 2018|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043631/https://www.newinc.org/news-posts/black-chalk-co-reading-zimbabwe-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Chalk &amp; Co.|url=http://blackchalkblackchalk.com/|work=Black Chalk &amp; Co.|accessdate=5 March 2019|archivedate=20 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320174949/http://blackchalkblackchalk.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye nduzi nka na onye nchoputa nke Ihe ọgụgụ Zimbabwe, nke e guzobere na njedebe afọ 2016, ebe nchekwa dijitalụ nke akwụkwọ Zimbabwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mushakavanhu|first=Tinashe|title=Searching for Zimbabwe’s scattered (hi)stories|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-08-31-00-searching-for-a-countrys-scattered-histories|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=31 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutiti bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia Commonwealth na ngalaba eserese grafik &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti|url=https://arts.vcu.edu/graphicdesign/faculty/nontsikelelo-mutiti/|work=Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts|accessdate=5 March 2019|archivedate=11 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711010148/https://arts.vcu.edu/graphicdesign/faculty/nontsikelelo-mutiti/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na [[New York City]] na Richmond, Virginia .

== Ihe nrite ==

* Mmemme Artist Berlin, BKP (2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BKP2021|url=https://www.daad.de/en/the-daad/communication-publications/press/press_releases/bkp2021/|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=www.daad.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Soros Arts Fellowship, Open Society Foundation (2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Soros Arts Fellowship|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants/soros-arts-fellowship?fellow=nontsikelelo-mutiti&amp;current=1|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=www.opensocietyfoundations.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Joan Mitchell Foundation Emerging Artist Grant (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti|url=https://laundromatproject.org/people/nontsikelelo-mutiti/|work=Laundromat Project|accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị otu Alice Kimball English Traveling Fellowship (2012) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bulletin of Yale University: School of Art 2013-2014|url=https://bulletin.yale.edu/sites/default/files/art-2013-2014.pdf|work=Bulletin of Yale University|accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==

* The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (2017)
* We Buy Gold in Brooklyn, New York
* Whitney Museum in New York (2016)
* Studio Museum in Harlem (2015)
* Ruka (To Braid/ to knit/ to weave) at Recess Art (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;Recess&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti: Ruka (To braid/ to knit/ to weave)|url=https://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/|work=Recess|accessdate=19 December 2021|date=3 June 2014|archivedate=26 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526072606/http://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Edwin Gallery in Michigan
* Yale's Davenport Art Gallery
* Syracuse University

== Ọrụ ==
A maara Mutiti nke ọma maka nyocha nka pụrụ iche  na omume ọha mmadụ nke ike ntutu isi na ejiji onwe ya na mba Africa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ihe ngosi 2014 na Recess Art, Mutiti nwetara mkpali site na oghere nke ntutu isi nke Africa, dị ka enwere ike ịhụ ya na New York City ma ọ bụ Harare. Mutiti megharịrị ihe nrịbama mma dị ka &quot;mgbidi e sere na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ acid ma ọ bụ ucha oroma na-egbuke egbuke, akwụkwọ akụkọ e gbupụrụ ndị na-eme ememme, ụdị ntutu isi, akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ mmado sitere na chọọchị ndị na-ekwusa ozi ọma… [na] obere ihe onyonyo ojii nke dị n'ebe niile n'elu ụlọ nke na-eme. Ihe nkiri Nollywood.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti: Ruka (To braid/ to knit/ to weave)|date=2014|work=Recess Art|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2022-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526072606/http://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmasị Mutiti na-esite na mma nke ụlọ okike si ruo n'ụdị obodo na mgbanwe ana-eme n'ime ha. N'afọ 2015, dị ka akụkụ nke Performa, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Chimurenga na Pan African Space Station ịmepụta mmapụta salon nke kwadoro usoro mkparịta ụka ''.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@tinsmush/storytelling-in-the-salon-nontsikelelo-mutiti-e0f22b653456|title=Storytelling in the salon — Nontsikelelo Mutiti|author=Mushakavanhu|first=Tinashe|date=2015-12-01|work=Medium|accessdate=2019-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mbipụta ===

* A-A-A (folded posters, 2012)
* Thread (screen print on linoleum tiles, 2012–2014)
* African Hair Braiding Salon Reader (spiral bound booklet, laser print, 2014)
* The Laundromat Project (2014)
* RIP Kiki (2016)
* Requiem (2016)
* How to Wear Cloth (folded posters, fabric, paper, letterpress, 2016)
* Bootleg This (book cloth, book board, laser printed booklet, compact disk, 2016)
* 1960 Free (risograph and laser printing, spiral bound, 2016)
* Black Women Artists for Black Lives Matter (BWAforBLM) (identity, banner, and ephemera, 2016)

=== Vidiyo ===

* Unbreakable (2011)
* Pain Revisited Excerpt (2015)
* Just Keep Swimming (2016)

=== Weebụ ===

* Ọrụ ịsa akwa (mmeghari webụsaịtị, 2014)
* Ịgba braiding (2015)
* Ọgụgụ Zimbabwe (2016)

== Ebemsibia ==
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGould2020&quot;&gt;Gould, Gaylene (25 August 2020). [https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education &quot;Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel&quot;]. [[British Film Institute]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education Archived] from the original on 22 July 2021. &lt;q&gt;Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGeoghegan2014&quot;&gt;Geoghegan, Kev (25 March 2014). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325 &quot;Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre&quot;]. BBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106082404/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 June&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrown2016&quot;&gt;Brown, Emma (19 December 2016). [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ &quot;The Showrunner&quot;]. ''[[Ajụjụ ọnụ (magazine)|Interview]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145827/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by Ghanian&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''[[sic]]''&amp;#x5D; parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/ &quot;About&quot;]. ''Michaela The Poet''. 6 November 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/ Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg &quot;Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(Video)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016''. 8 May 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg Archived] from the original on 7 April 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme &quot;Female Performance in a Comedy Programme&quot;]. ''[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016''. 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGould2020&quot;&gt;Gould, Gaylene (25 August 2020). [https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education &quot;Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel&quot;]. [[British Film Institute]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education Archived] from the original on 22 July 2021. &lt;q&gt;Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGeoghegan2014&quot;&gt;Geoghegan, Kev (25 March 2014). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325 &quot;Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre&quot;]. BBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106082404/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 June&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrown2016&quot;&gt;Brown, Emma (19 December 2016). [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ &quot;The Showrunner&quot;]. ''[[Ajụjụ ọnụ (magazine)|Interview]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145827/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by Ghanian&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''[[sic]]''&amp;#x5D; parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg &quot;Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(Video)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016''. 8 May 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg Archived] from the original on 7 April 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme &quot;Female Performance in a Comedy Programme&quot;]. ''[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016''. 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGould2020&quot;&gt;Gould, Gaylene (25 August 2020). [https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education &quot;Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel&quot;]. [[British Film Institute]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education Archived] from the original on 22 July 2021. &lt;q&gt;Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGeoghegan2014&quot;&gt;Geoghegan, Kev (25 March 2014). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325 &quot;Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre&quot;]. BBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106082404/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 June&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrown2016&quot;&gt;Brown, Emma (19 December 2016). [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ &quot;The Showrunner&quot;]. ''[[Ajụjụ ọnụ (magazine)|Interview]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145827/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by Ghanian&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''[[sic]]''&amp;#x5D; parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme &quot;Female Performance in a Comedy Programme&quot;]. ''[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016''. 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>7d2dmwv5h4vn3d4bc8dtyb1p41kkhco</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>687343</id>
      <parentid>687338</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:11:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IfyClassique</username>
        <id>20717</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Ihe nrite na nhọpụta */</comment>
      <origin>687343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36156" sha1="91hgi6t8p54q9dhkvwydgsadd0mug9e" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGould2020&quot;&gt;Gould, Gaylene (25 August 2020). [https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education &quot;Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel&quot;]. [[British Film Institute]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education Archived] from the original on 22 July 2021. &lt;q&gt;Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGeoghegan2014&quot;&gt;Geoghegan, Kev (25 March 2014). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325 &quot;Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre&quot;]. BBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181106082404/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 June&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrown2016&quot;&gt;Brown, Emma (19 December 2016). [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ &quot;The Showrunner&quot;]. ''[[Ajụjụ ọnụ (magazine)|Interview]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145827/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by Ghanian&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''[[sic]]''&amp;#x5D; parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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        <id>20717</id>
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      <text bytes="35450" sha1="ip3mybniy3bis54vvm8kjx1lte9v4nq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGould2020&quot;&gt;Gould, Gaylene (25 August 2020). [https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education &quot;Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel&quot;]. [[British Film Institute]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education Archived] from the original on 22 July 2021. &lt;q&gt;Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrown2016&quot;&gt;Brown, Emma (19 December 2016). [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ &quot;The Showrunner&quot;]. ''[[Ajụjụ ọnụ (magazine)|Interview]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145827/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by Ghanian&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''[[sic]]''&amp;#x5D; parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>ip3mybniy3bis54vvm8kjx1lte9v4nq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>687364</id>
      <parentid>687354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:22:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IfyClassique</username>
        <id>20717</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mmalite ndụ */</comment>
      <origin>687364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34318" sha1="2h9ccwr14a445sefdqyowpme4qm0pi0" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrown2016&quot;&gt;Brown, Emma (19 December 2016). [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ &quot;The Showrunner&quot;]. ''[[Ajụjụ ọnụ (magazine)|Interview]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145827/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by Ghanian&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''[[sic]]''&amp;#x5D; parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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        <id>20717</id>
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      <text bytes="34318" sha1="8tq9sddoqs3ssykgvbkp6e98blfthmr" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrown2016&quot;&gt;Brown, Emma (19 December 2016). [http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ &quot;The Showrunner&quot;]. ''[[Ajụjụ ọnụ (magazine)|Interview]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145827/http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_ Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;q&gt;Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by Ghanian&amp;#x20;&amp;#x5B;''[[sic]]''&amp;#x5D; parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
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      <text bytes="33267" sha1="j1uid8srxruntlinj8nyazuh4i7vzpx" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="32322" sha1="skomyjcg6wo42vmj87olv3a3v5fuzeg" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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        <id>20717</id>
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      <text bytes="31547" sha1="ofxtgmvay62514v6v1ag6zal2xn7hqb" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHattenstone2015&quot;&gt;Hattenstone, Simon (4 October 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex &quot;Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225152410/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex Archived] from the original on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <id>687384</id>
      <parentid>687381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:33:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>IfyClassique</username>
        <id>20717</id>
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      <comment>/* Ndụ onwe */</comment>
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      <text bytes="30602" sha1="01xewax95bqs54zc0dh9v9ubpg8gugq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFM-Brio_Music2011&quot;&gt;M-Brio Music (6 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150458/http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ &quot;Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet&quot;]. ''M-Brio Music''. Archived from [http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/ the original] on 25 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28766" sha1="c2gfbr0k6e114zuo4c0rvk8cjo8kcic" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27705" sha1="sxuybrrdydl7z15xtamkh67ulmtyzh5" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTate2015&quot;&gt;Tate, Gabriel (18 September 2015). [https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html &quot;Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum&quot;]. ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063401/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 April&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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        <id>20717</id>
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      <text bytes="25583" sha1="qozwodrtmkx8pgzp3zlz6vsyghpe24a" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson''' (a mụrụ na 1 Ọktoba 1987), nke a maara dịka '''Michaela Coel''', bụ onye Britain na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-agụ egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|title=Interviews: The misfit-education of Michaela Coel|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=25 August 2020|first=Gaylene|author=Gould|quote=Born Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson in 1987….; Coel’s born-and-bred East London swagger….|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722185526/https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/interviews/michaela-coel-i-may-destroy-you-misfit-education|archivedate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Geoghegan|first=Kev|title=Michaela Coel: A rising star at the National Theatre|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26626325|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2014|accessdate=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya nke ọma maka ịmepụta ma gosipụta na E4 sitcom Chewing Gum (2015–2017), nke o ritere BAFTA Award for Best Female Comedy Performance; na BBC One / HBO comedy-drama series I May Destroy You (2020) nke o ritere British Academy Television Award for Best Actress n'afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel's Inspiring Acceptance Speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|format=Video|date=8 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=7 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407104646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43nZzzSBaJg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Female Performance in a Comedy Programme|url=http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]] 2016|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150134/http://www.bafta.org/television/awards/female-performance-in-a-comedy-programme}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya na nke ikpeazụ, Coel mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka nwanyị ojii mbụ meriri Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special na 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zornosa|first=Laura|date=2021-09-20|title=Michaela Coel wins best writing in a limited series for ‘I May Destroy You.’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/arts/television/michaela-coel-emmy-award.html|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A makwaara Coel maka ọrụ ya na ihe ndị ọzọ Netflix, gụnyere ndị ọbịa na usoro ''Black Mirror'' (2016–2017), nke gosipụtara dịka Kate Ashby na usoro ''Black Earth Rising'' (2018) na dịka Simone na ihe nkiri Been So Long (2018).

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Michaela Ewuraba Boakye-Collinson na East London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=M-Brio Music|title=Michaela 2.0? The Re-Branding of Michaela The Poet|url=http://m-briomusic.com/michaela-2-0-the-re-branding-of-michaela-the-poet/|work=M-Brio Music|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt; Nne na nna ya bụ ndị [[Ghana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Emma|title=The Showrunner|url=http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/michaela-coel-faces-of-2017/#_|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=19 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|quote=Still only 29, Coel was raised in London by {{sic|Ghanian}} parents and trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere na East London, ọkachasị Hackney na Tower Hamlets, ya na nne ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;BFI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheGuardian11Aug2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/aug/11/michaela-coel-trying-to-be-someone-else-failing|quote=Coel grew up on an estate in Tower Hamlets, east London, with her mother and sister….|title=Interview: Michaela Coel: 'I was trying to be someone else and failing’|first=Liv|author=Little|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tate|first=Gabriel|title=Meet Michaela Coel, the rising star behind E4's Chewing Gum|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/meet-michaela-coel-the-rising-star-behind-chewing-gum-e4s-new-drama-about-london-estate-life-a2950646.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na East London, ma kwuo na, n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, ọ na-emegbu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịnọpụ iche ya dịka naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii n'afọ ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt; Nkewa ahụ anọgideghị na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hattenstone|first=Simon|title=Filthy, funny and Christian: the many sides of Chewing Gum's Michaela Coel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/oct/04/michaela-coel-chewing-gum-e4-comedy-series-men-and-sex|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 October 2015|accessdate=15 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2009, Coel gara Mahadum nke Birmingham, na-amụ English Literature na Theology.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106060609/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/final_year_actors/graduates_2011_12/michaela_coel/|archivedate=6 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O were Ché Walker masterclass mgbe ọ zutere Walker n'abalị igwe okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Contributor|first=Buzz|title=Netflix musical starring Michaela Coel shows London as you've never seen it|url=https://www.buzz.ie/movies-tv/netflix-musical-michaela-coel-304994|accessdate=2020-11-20|work=Buzz.ie}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ gafere na Guildhall School of Music and Drama, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ debanyere aha na afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; O ritere ihe nrite Laurence Olivier Bursary, nke nyeere ya aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marshall|first=Charlotte|title=Introducing... Michaela Coel|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/backstage-pass/article/item233889/introducing-michaela-coel/|work=Official London Theatre|date=21 July 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ya na Guildhall, Coel gara nzukọ Mark Proulx na Prima del Teatro ma were Kat Francois Poetry Course na Theatre Royal Stratford East.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-CV&quot; /&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Guildhall School of Music and Drama n'afọ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;GuildhallSchool-Alumni-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel (2012)|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|work=[[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]|year=2012|accessdate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214044/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/acting/acting_alumni/recent_graduates/michaela_coel_2012/|archivedate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Mmalite ===
N'afọ 2006, Coel malitere ime ihe nkiri na uri na Ealing.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCRadio2-SpokenWord-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ross|first=Jonathan|title=Spoken Word star Michaela Coel performs a poem for Jonathan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kwcl1|work=The Radio 2 Arts Show with Jonathan Ross, [[BBC Radio 2]]|date=26 February 2016|format=Radio interview|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eme mics na-emeghe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nduzi Ché Walker gbara ya ume, onye hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na Hackney Empire, itinye akwụkwọ na Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Dịka onye na-ede uri, Coel rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri gụnyere Wembley Arena, Bush Theatre, Nuyorican Poets Cafe na De Doelen, Rotterdam. Aha ya bụ Michaela The Poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

Coel sonyeere Talawa Theatre Company summer school program TYPT n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-TYPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=TYPT|url=http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406063344/http://www.talawa.com/get-involved/participation/typt|archivedate=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-ChewingGum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michaela Coel 'Chewing Gum'|url=http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215857/http://www.talawa.com/articles/michaela-coel-chewing-gum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na Talawa, Coel nọ na mmepụta TYPT 2009 nke ''Krunch'', nke Amani Naphtali duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talawa-KrunchTYPT09-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Krunch TYPT:09|url=http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/|publisher=[[Talawa Theatre Company]]|year=2009|quote=As Michaela-Moses Boakye-Collinson|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151219/http://www.talawa.com/productions/krunch-typt09/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, Coel wepụtara abọm akpọrọ Fixing Barbie, nke gosipụtara ọrụ ya dịka onye na-ede uri na onye egwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flavourmag-FixingBarbie-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Flavourmag Team|title=Michaela: The Birth of a Poet – 'Fixing Barbie' album|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/michaela-the-birth-of-a-poet-–-‘fixing-barbie’-album/|work=Flavourmag|date=7 December 2009|accessdate=14 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Coel wepụtara ndekọ We're the Losers .&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelCoel-WereTheLosers-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Introducing Michaela Coel (HD)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM|format=Video EPK|date=2 August 2011|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=5 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105180817/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmLNL1KKjoM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egwuregwu Coel bụ ''Chewing Gum Dreams'' bụ ọrụ ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Guildhall n'afọ 2012. E bu ụzọ mepụta ya na The Yard Theatre na Hackney Wick .&lt;ref name=&quot;TheYard-ChewingGumDreams-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY|work=Yard Theatre|format=Video|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=24 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424141039/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFuk3gUDJBY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ gosipụtara Coel na ihe ngosi otu nwanyị na-akọ akụkọ dị egwu nke nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Tracey.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Egwuregwu ahụ wee gaa n'ihu na Bush Theatre (afọ 2012), Royal Theatre Holland (afọ 2012), Royal Exchange Theatre (afọ 2013) na National Theatre (afọ 2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCNews-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot; /&gt; Ọ natara nyocha dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Chewing Gum Dreams review: An effervescent look at adolescence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/mar/19/chewing-gum-dreams-theatre-review|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 March 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGumDreams-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chewing Gum Dreams, National's Shed – theatre review|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/chewing-gum-dreams-nationals-shed-theatre-review-9204569.html|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|date=20 March 2014|accessdate=5 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe ==
N'afọ 2016 BAFTA Awards, Coel yi uwe, nke nne ya mere, nke e ji ákwà Kente mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveGhana-BAFTADress-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=#MakingGhanaProud – Michaela Coel wins second BAFTA|url=http://livefmghana.com/2016/05/09/makingghanaproud-michaela-coel-wins-second-bafta/|work=Live 91.9 FM|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri Chewing Gum ya bụ Tracey, ọ ghọrọ onye okpukpe n'okwukwe Pentikọstal ma nabata alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref name=&quot;EveningStandard-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Coel kwụsịrị ime Pentikọstal mgbe ọ gara Guildhall.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-ChewingGum-2015&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-akọwa dịka aromantic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Michaela Coel On London and Love in Netflix Musical 'Been So Long'|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/england/london/articles/michaela-coel-i-like-having-intimate-relationships-but-im-ok-being-by-myself/|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Ihe nkiri ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2014
|''National Theatre Live: Medea''
|Nọọsụ
|
|-
|2014
|''Monsters: Dark Continent''
|Kelly
|
|-
|2017
|''Star Wars: The Last Jedi''
|Onye Nlekọta Nguzogide
|
|-
|2018
|''Ogologo Oge''
|Simone
|
|-
|2022
|''Black Panther: Wakanda Forever''
|TBA
|Mmepụta post-mmepụta
|}

=== Television ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
|2013
|''Top Boy''
|Kayla
|Ihe omume abụọ
|-
|2013
|''Iwu na Iwu: UK''
|Nwa agbọghọ
|Episode: &quot;Paternal&quot;
|-
|2015
|''London Spy''
|Onye nta akụkọ
|Nkebi: &quot;Ndị ọbịa&quot;
|-
|2015–2017
|''Igbu Gum''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye mmepụta na onye na-ede egwu
|-
|2016
|''Ndị Ọbịa''
|Lilyhot
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2016
|''Black Mirror''
|Onye na-elekọta ụgbọelu
|Episode: &quot;Nosedive&quot;
|-
|2017
|''Black Mirror''
|Shania Lowry
|Episode: &quot;USS Callister&quot;
|-
|2018
|''Black Earth Rising''
|Kate Ashby
|Ọrụ bụ isi
|-
|2019
|''RuPaul's Drag Race UK''
|Onye ọka ikpe ọbịa
|Episode: &quot;Family That Drags Together&quot;
|-
|2020
|''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|Arabella Essiedu
|Ọrụ bụ isi; onye okike, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye mmepụta
|}

=== Nkwago ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha
!Ọrụ
!Ebe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2013
|''Nnụnụ Atọ''
|Tiana
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bush
|-
|''Ebe obibi''&lt;ref name=&quot;PlaysFilmsPlays-Home-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Naima|title=Homebody: An interview with Michaela Coel|url=https://naimakhan.com/2013/08/21/homebody-an-interview-with-michaela-coel/|work=Plays, Films &amp; Plays|date=21 August 2013|accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Exchange
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014
|''Ahịrị ndị na-adịghị mma''&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-BlurredLines-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blurred Lines (The Shed, Royal National Theatre)|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145359/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/2014/01/16/blurred-lines-the-shed-national-theatre/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Michaela
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Home (Revival)''
|Nne na-eto eto / Portugal
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|Tracey Gordon
|Royal National Theatre
|-
|''Medea''&lt;ref name=&quot;InterviewMagazine-ShowrunnerInterview-2016&quot; /&gt;
|Nọọsụ
|Royal National Theatre
|}

== Discography ==
'''EP'''

* ''22 Mee'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/|work=Michaela The Poet|date=6 November 2009|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150229/https://michaelathepoet.wordpress.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''LPs'''

* ''Idozi Barbie'' (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;MichaelaThePoet-About&quot; /&gt;
* ''Anyị bụ ndị furu efu'' (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;MBrioMusic-MichaelaThePoet-2011&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Njikọ
!Category
!Onye a họpụtara
!Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ref.
|-
|2008
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal Stratford East Poetry Slam
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2009
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Ihe ngosi na-enweghị eriri
|uri / egwu
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2011
|Laurence Olivier Award
|Onyinye Bursary
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;OfficialLondonTheatre-Interview-2014&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2012
|Onyinye Alfred Fagon
|Onye na-ede egwuregwu kacha mma nke Africa ma ọ bụ Caribbean Descent
|''Chewing Gum Dreams''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;AlfredFagonAward-2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2012 Award|url=http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/|work=Alfred Fagon Award|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=27 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227162532/http://www.alfredfagonaward.co.uk/2012-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2016
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |British Academy Television Award
|Best Female Comedy Performance
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-Acceptance-Interview-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-FemalePerformanceComedy-2016&quot; /&gt;
|-
|Best Scripted Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BAFTA Television Awards 2016 – winners in full|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-05-08/bafta-television-awards-2016--winners-in-full|accessdate=24 June 2020|work=RadioTimes|date=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ọganihu Talent
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;BAFTA-BreakthroughTalent-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Television Craft Breakthrough Talent in 2016|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft|work=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] [[British Academy Television Awards|TV Awards]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=19 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519012911/http://awards.bafta.org/award/2016/tvcraft}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Onyinye Mmemme RTA
|Ọganihu
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-Awards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gove|first=Ed|title=Royal Television Society announces Programme Awards winners|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|date=22 March 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=25 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225151042/https://rts.org.uk/article/royal-television-society-announces-programme-awards-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RoyalTVSociety-RTSProgrammeAwards-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=RTS Programme Awards 2016|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016|work=[[Royal Television Society]]|year=2016|accessdate=25 December 2016|archivedate=21 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621053854/https://www.rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihe nkiri Comedy
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede - Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|-
|South Bank Sky Arts Award
|Times Breakthrough Award
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Durrant|first=Nancy|title=And the nominees are...|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc|work=[[The Times]]|date=18 March 2016|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=25 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625045003/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-the-nominees-for-the-2016-south-bank-the-times-breakthrough-award-are-0bdd65vsc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Black Reel Television Award
|Usoro ihe nkiri kachasị mma
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=30 June 2017|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626143522/http://blackreelawards.com/meet-the-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, Comedy Series
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe odide kachasị mma, usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2018
|Berlin International Film Festival Award
|EFP Shooting Star
|Ya onwe ya
|{{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Shooting Stars Database|url=https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620112227/https://www.efp-online.com/en/database/search_actors.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Academy Television Award
|Best Scripted Comedy
|''Igbu Gum''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018|title=2018 Virgin TV BAFTA Television Awards Nominations Announced|date=4 April 2018|work=BAFTA|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201224/http://www.bafta.org/media-centre/press-releases/nominations-announced-for-tv-awards-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Mirror''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet the Nominees|url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=15 June 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=3 July 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/70d4GiC7F?url=http://blackreelawards.com/historic-night-for-queen-sugar/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|British Independent Film Award
|Onye Ọhụrụ Na-ekwe nkwa
|''Ogologo Oge''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article|title='The Favourite' leads 2018 BIFA nominations|work=Screendaily|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=20 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520070928/https://www.screendaily.com/news/the-favourite-leads-2018-bifa-nominations-/5134111.article}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2019
|Black Reel Television Award
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma, TV Movie / Limited Series
|''Black Earth Rising''
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Panther &quot;Roars!&quot;|url=http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/|work=[[Black Reel Awards]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=24 June 2020|archivedate=26 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426215520/http://blackreelawards.com/black-panther-roars/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |British Academy Television Awards
|Best Mini-Series
| rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |''Enwere m ike ibibi gị''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: The Winners and Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]|accessdate=7 June 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210607092041/https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|archivedate=7 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye nduzi kachasị mma: Akụkọ ifo
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma: Drama
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Critics' Choice Television Awards
|Best Limited Series
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Independent Spirit Awards
|Best New Scripted Series
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Ensemble Cast
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|MTV Movie &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards
|Ọrụ kacha mma n'ihe ngosi
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NAACP Image Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ihe nkiri telivishọn, obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Nduzi kachasị mma na usoro ihe nkiri
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Primetime Emmy Awards
|Obere Limited ma ọ bụ Anthology Series
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na obere usoro ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Edemede pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Won}}
|-
|Nduzi pụtara ìhè maka obere usoro, ihe nkiri, ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri pụrụ iche
| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Mmepụta Guild of America Awards
|Onye Mmepụta Pụrụ Iche nke Limited Series Television
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Screen Actors Guild Awards
|Ọrụ kachasị mma nke nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri na Miniseries ma ọ bụ Television Movie
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Television Critics Association Awards
|Nrụpụta nke onye ọ bụla na Drama
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Broadcasting Press Guild Awards
|Best Drama Series
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|-
|Onye edemede kacha mma
|{{Won}}
|}

== Ọrụ na mbipụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Chewing Gum Dreams|date=2013|publisher=Oberon Books Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-1-783-19014-0|edition=UK|oclc=870600609}}
* {{Cite book|author=Coel|first=Michaela|title=Misfits: A Personal Manifesto|date=2021|publisher=Ebury Press|location=London|isbn=978-1529148251|edition=UK|oclc=1246284580}}

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|3948190}}
* Michaela Coel on Twitter 
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=odusP8gmqsg Michaela] Coel's James MacTaggart Lecture na Edinburgh TV Festival 2018
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Miss Sahhara</title>
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[[File:Super Sireyna Worldwide.jpg|thumb|Super Sireyna Worldwide]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

Miss Sahhara (nke a na-akpọ '''Miss saHHara''', nke a na-akpọ dị ka Sahara) bụ eze nwanyị mara mma nke Britain na Naijiria&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/yemmynisting/2014/08/03/nigerian-trans-woman-ms-saharra-wins-ms-super-sireyna-worldwide-eat-your-heart-out-transphobic-nigeria/|title=Nigerian Trans woman, Ms Sahhara, wins Ms Super Sireyna Worldwide: Eat your heart out Transphobic Nigeria!|date=3 August 2014|work=YEMMYnisting|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;, onye na-eme ihe ngosi ejiji, onye na-agụ egwu / onye na-ede egwu, na onye na-akwado nweta ikike mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/|title=DISCLAIMER {{!}} Miss saHHara putting the record straight|work=www.misssahhara.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2017-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107014747/http://www.misssahhara.com/disclaimer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-36168661/trans-woman-i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/miss-sahhara/here-is-an-objective-view-of-my-life-story-so-far/478139739052647/|title=Here is an objective view of my life story so far|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC IDENTITY&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html|title=Meet Nigerian Model Who Was Once Male|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818054310/http://pulse.ng/gist/meet-nigerian-model-who-was-once-male-id2548075.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;naija&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5439415/|title=IMDB Miss Sahhara|work=imdb.com|accessdate=Mar 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka ịnọchite anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa iji dọta uche na nsogbu nke ndị LGBTQI + na Afrịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;pulse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=15 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115225018/http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ịbụ nwanyí mbụ si Naijiria pụtara n'ihu ọha na mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge asọmpi ịgosi mma Miss International Queen na Pattaya, Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/scars-of-prejudice-underlie-glamour-of-transgender-pageant-20111107-1n3s0.html|title=Scars of prejudice underlie glamour of transgender pageant|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/|title=#7 - The Story of Nigeria's First Transgender Woman|publisher=Africa.com|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611060244/http://www.africa.com/story-nigerias-first-transgender-woman/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistus.com/10471/nigerias-transgender-beauty-queen-2nd-international-queen-pageant|title=Nigeria's first transgender beauty queen comes 2nd in Miss International Queen pageant|date=22 May 2012|work=Gist Us|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://transgriot.blogspot.co.uk/2011/11/miss-international-queen-2011-ends-in.html|title=TransGriot: Miss International Queen 2011 Ends In Controversy|work=transgriot.blogspot.co.uk|date=4 November 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, e chiri ya onye mbụ Super Sireyna Worldwide na Manila, Philippines. Nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị nwanyí isi ojii mbụ gbanwere ọdịdị ya  e chiri onye mmeri na asọmpi ịgosi mma mba ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/372964/publicaffairs/tunaynabuhay/sahhara-s-journey|title=Sahhara's journey|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedigitalspy.com/eat-bulaga-ssworldwide-miss-nigeria-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide/|title=Eat Bulaga #SSWorldwide: Miss Nigeria Wins Super Sireyna Worldwide|publisher=TDSTV|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2014/07/22/1348848/other-winners-other-competitions|title=Other winners, other competitions|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371926/publicaffairs/kapusomojessicasoho/super-sireyna-more-heart-than-beauty|title=Super Sireyna: More heart than beauty|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-wins-super-sireyna-pageantry-in-philippines/|title=Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson Wins Super Sireyna Pageant in Philippines|work=BellaNaija|date=19 July 2014|accessdate=10 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe o meriri Super Sireyna Worldwide, o hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ TransValid Ọ bụkwa onye nkatọ iwu mkpọrọ afọ iri na anọ nke ndị LGBTQI + na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-39271690|title=Why transgender Africans turned against a famous feminist|author=Mohan|first=Megha|date=2017-03-16|work=BBC News|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and a human rights advocate|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=11 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611040159/http://transvalid.org/miss-sahhara/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uk.linkedin.com/in/sahhara|title=Miss saHHara {{!}} LinkedIn|work=uk.linkedin.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-transgender-recognition-campaign-video/|title=&quot;I AM VALID&quot;- Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins Transgender Recognition Campaign (video)|date=26 June 2015|publisher=360Nobs.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/01/nigerians-are-so-stupid-nigerian-transgender-iris-sahhara-henson-reacts-to-same-sex-bill/|title=&quot;Nigerians are so Stupid&quot; – Nigerian Transgender Iris Sahhara Henson reacts to Same Sex Bill|work=BellaNaija|date=14 January 2014|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-anti-gay-laws-us-puts-pressure-president-buhari-allow-same-sex-unions-1511028|title=Nigeria anti-gay laws: US puts pressure on President Buhari to allow same-sex unions|date=15 July 2015|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html|title=Anti-Gay Law: Nigerian Transgender Miss SaHHara Blasts Nigeria|author=Mix|first=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023450/http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-gay-law-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-blasts-nigeria-id2620206.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/|title=Nigeria's Transgender Iris Sahhara Reacts To Nigeria's Gay Marriage Prohibition - MJ Celebrity Magazine|date=14 January 2014|work=MJ Celebrity Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=24 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724053100/http://www.mjemagazine.com/nigerias-transgender-iris-sahhara-reacts-nigerias-gay-marriage-prohibition/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka&quot;onye ọ  na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka ejiji na ngosi mma&quot;, nzere ya na mbipụta ya sitere na izu ejiji ruo na mkpuchi nke magazin na mba ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nashvibes.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-poses-nude-for-mask-magazine/|title=Nigerian TransGender Miss Sahhara poses nude for Mask Magazine - The NashVibes|date=20 October 2014|work=The NashVibes|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/auramagazine6/docs/aura_issue_3_june_2015|title=AURA Magazine Issue #3- PAGE 41|work=Issuu|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/|title=Nigerian transgender Ms Sahhara covers new issue of Transliving|date=20 December 2014|work=#ANOTHERGIST|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808235222/http://anothergist.com.ng/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-covers/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html|title=London Fashion Week AW11 Fashion Designer Ziad Ghanem|publisher=retoxmagazine.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=31 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531015008/http://www.retoxmagazine.com/lfw-ziad-ghanem-aw11-show.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Mgbe ọ na-etolite, o kwuru n'ụzọ a ma ama na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dabara n'echiche okpukpe na nke nchekwa nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jappah|first=Jlateh V.|date=1 March 2013|title=The convergence of American and Nigerian religious conservatism in a biopolitical shaping of Nigeria's HIV/AIDS prevention programmes|journal=Global Public Health|volume=8|issue=3|pages=312–325|doi=10.1080/17441692.2013.765023|issn=1744-1692|pmid=23391163}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi n'ime ime obodo [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ ghara ịma banyere ọnọdụ ahụike ya nke a maara dị ka gender dysphoria. O kwuru na mmetụta ọ na-enwe mgbe niile nke ịchọrọ igosipụta onwe ya dị ka nwanyị mere ka ọ dị ya ka ọ furu efu, dị ka a ga-asị na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya.

Ọ chọrọ Okpukpere chi ga-enye ya olileanya ọgwụgwọ, na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere ka o mee ya nwanyị mgbe ọ tolitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC IDENTITY222&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=In Her Shoes|author=BBC|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye nwere nsogbu njirimara ya, o kpebiri ịwere ndụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ndị pastọ nọ na chọọchị ya na ndị gbara ya gburugburu nọgidere na-agwa ya na e nwere ihe na-adịghị mma banyere njirimara nwanyị ya. O kwuru na ọ nwaala igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ ma lanarị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0222&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661|title=Trans woman: 'I left Nigeria to save my life'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbalị igbu onwe ya mere ka o kpebisie ike ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] gaa n'obodo na-anabata ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbu onwe ya na mgbalị igbu onwe ya nke atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC IDENTITY&quot;/&gt;

Ọ malitere ịchọ azịza maka ọnọdụ ya na otu o nwere ike isi jisie okwukwe ya na onye ọ na-atụ anya ịbụ n'ọdịnihu. Ọ chọtara udo na nchọpụta na ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ onye okpukpe iji bie ndụ dị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0222&quot;/&gt;

=== A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Naịjirịa ===
Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Naijiria n'ihi omume nwanyị ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/i-was-jailed-in-nigeria-for-being-transgender-meet-the-nigerian-lady-who-claimed-she-was-imprisoned-for-being-gay-read-photos/|title=&quot;I was jailed in Nigeria for being transgender&quot;: Meet the Nigerian 'lady' who claimed she was imprisoned for being 'gay' (READ, PHOTOS) - YNaija|date=21 November 2013|work=YNaija|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ gbara ya ume ịhapụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], n'ihi na ihe ọzọ gaara eme ka ọ kwụsị ndụ ya nke ọma. O chetara ahụmahụ ya na edemede a na-emetụ n'ahụ o dere maka Gay Star News na Transgender Day of Remembrance n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị bipụtara ọzọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2013/11/22/nigerias-first-male-transgender-woman-iris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-was-jailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay! {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html|title=AlabamUncut|author=Culled|first=GaysterNews|date=7 May 2016|work=|accessdate=13 June 2022|archivedate=16 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052344/http://www.alabamauncut.com/2013/11/nigerian-born-transgender-sexy-miss_21.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ dị m ka m nwee ike ịgwa onwe na-eto eto onye nwara igbu onwe ya ugboro abụọ na ndụ na-akawanye mma na nrọ na-abịakea na mmezu. Echeghị m na ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ijuanya ọtụtụ afọ gara aga mgbe a tọhapụrụ m n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị egwu nke Naijiria maka ịdị iche. Mgbe ahụ, naanị ihe m nwere ike iche bụ na m nwere ike ịnwụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ a ma ọ dịghị onye ga-ama ma ọ bụ lekọta ya. Ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ chere na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi, na-atụle na a na-ata m ahụhụ maka ịbụ 'onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya' dịka ha chere n'ihi ọdịdị nwanyị m na omume m. Abụghị m nwoke n'edina nwoke, abụ m nwanyị a mụrụ n'ụzọ dị iche n'ihi nkwarụ okike. Ihe m chere adabaghị n'ọdịdị m. Ịbụ nwoke mgbe a mụrụ m anaghị eme ka m bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ dịghị onye amụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, a mụrụ gị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ị na-etolite n'ime nwoke ị họọrọ ka ị na-etolite wee mee ka ị bụrụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Nye m, nwoke na nwanyị ahụ bụ nwanyị. A mụrụ m nwoke mana ụbụrụ m, mmegharị aka m, atụmatụ m na mbuli ahum m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nke nwanyị. Ịzụlite na amaghị ihe na-eme n'ahụ m mere ka m nwee mgbagwoju anya ma tọọ n'echiche. Enweghị m ike iso ndị ezinụlọ m kwurịta ya n'ihi na a na-akatọ ọdịdị nwanyị m anya n'ihi okpukpe ha ma enweghị m ike ịgwa ndị enyi m okwu n'ihi na ha agaghị aghọta ihe m na-agabiga. Enwetara m nkasi obi na egwu na nrọ. Enwere m olileanya nke ịbụ onye nweere onwe m , enweghị mkparị, enweghị ikpe na enweghị nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://coolnaijagist.wordpress.com/2014/06/19/nigerias-first-male-transgender-womaniris-sahhara-henson-reveals-she-wasjailed-for-being-gay/|title=Nigeria's First Male Transgender Woman Iris Sahhara Henson Reveals She Was Jailed For Being Gay!|author=coolnaijagist|date=19 June 2014|work=Coolnaijagist Entertainment|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html|title=Nigerian Model And Singer Has Been Jailed And Attempted Suicide Because She Was Transgende8203;r.Read her story|author=Akosa/Nigeriafilms.com|first=Joy|publisher=nigeriafilms.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=2 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602145711/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/24285/53/nigerian-model-and-singer-has-been-jailed-and-atte.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay|title=Tragic life of Super Sireyna winner Miss Sahhara depicted on Tunay na Buhay|date=28 July 2014|work=pep.ph|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172507/http://www.pep.ph/guide/tv/14204/tragic-life-of-super-sireyna-winnermiss-sahhara-depicted-on-tunay-na-buhay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; Ngabiga ya na [[Nigeria Police Force|ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] mere ka ọ chọọ [[wiktionary:refuge|ebe mgbaba]] na [[London]], United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/|title=Sahhara|work=Sketch Films|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144317/http://www.sketchfilms.co.uk/portfolio-items/sahhara/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndụ ọhụrụ na United Kingdom ===
Ọ hapụrụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2004 iji biri na United Kingdom. Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara echiche sara mbara banyere gender dysphoria ya. Ọ malitere ịhụ ndị dọkịta nyeere ya aka site na njem ya ibụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gists|first=Naija|title=Nigerian Man Who Became A Woman, Transgendered Oche Clifford Jailed In Nigeria|url=https://naijagists.com/nigerian-man-who-became-a-woman-transgendered-oche-clifford-jailed-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2020-11-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na ndụ ọhụrụ ya na UK dị ka eluigwe nọ n'ụwa n'ihi na ọ na-ebi ugbu a dị ka ezi onwe ya.

O nwetara ebe obibi nke abụ abụ na Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret na Soho, West End nke London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.designmynight.com/london/whats-on/something-a-little-different-events/kitsch-cabaret|title=Madame Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret The Drury Club London {{!}} DesignMyNight|publisher=designmynight.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allinlondon.co.uk/whats-on.php?event=53516|title=Kitsch Cabaret, Madame Jojo's, 8-10 Brewer Street, London, W1F 0SE. Tel 020 7734 3040. - Theatre Event in London|author=London|first=The Kolberg Partnership|work=AllinLondon|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere ngosipụta oru ebe ahụ  afọ iri ruo n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014 mgbe emechiri ebe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/24/madame-jojos-legendary-soho-nightclub-forced-close|title=Madame Jojo's, legendary Soho nightclub, forced to close|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=24 November 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya na Scott Houzet dere ma mepụta ụfọdụ egwu na ọrụ egwu nke mbụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.last.fm/music/%25EF%25BF%25BD++%253C%25EF%25BF%25BDMiss+saHHara/+wiki|title=Last.fm|work=last.fm|accessdate=16 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theheroines.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/interview-with-miss-sahhara.html|title=The Heroines of My Life: Interview with Miss saHHara|work=theheroines.blogspot.co.uk|date=31 March 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nlereanya ejiji ===
Ọ pụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi catwalk na London na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2011/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2011-12 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114018/https://www.vogue.co.uk/shows/autumn-winter-2011-ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere ihe ngosi nlereanya ejiji nye Ziad Ghanem na London Fashion Week maka oge engosi jiji nke anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Autumn/Winter 2010-11 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610221225/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/autumn-winter-2010/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem|title=Ziad Ghanem Spring/Summer 2012 Ready-To-Wear|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610225633/http://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/spring-summer-2012/ready-to-wear/ziad-ghanem}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O sonyekwara na njiharị ejiji ruo ihe karịrị afọ ise ma gosipụta otu oge atụmatụ ejiji ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sahhara-london-alternative-fashion-week-24-april-2009-26742335.html|title=Stock Photo - Sahhara, London Alternative Fashion Week, 24 April 2009|author=Limited|first=Alamy|work=Alamy|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agụmakwụkwọ ===
Miss sahhara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na Mahadum London Metropolitan. O kwuru na ibe mgbasa ozi ya na ọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://misssahhara.com/biography/|title=Miss saHHara is a singer/songwriter, fashion model, beauty queen, and founder of TransValid.org.|work=Official Website{{!}}Miss saHHara|accessdate=6 May 2016|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120153403/http://www.misssahhara.com/biography/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikekwe, nke ga enye ya olu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe ọ na-akụziri ndị mmadụ banyere Mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ.

=== Aha iwu kwadoro ===
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ Naịjirịa na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-arụtụ aka ugboro ugboro na tweet [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], nke o kwuru na ọ maara Miss saHHara dị ka 'Clifford Oche'.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Ebuka/status/204697212817653760|title=Then I open the page and it turns out to be Oché! Some dude who was popular in Abuja many years ago for being unapologetically effeminate...|author=Obi-Uchendu|first=Ebuka|date=21 May 2012|work=@Ebuka|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman... - that1960chick.com|date=2012-05-22|work=that1960chick.com|accessdate=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2012/05/22/nigerias-1st-transgender-man-takes-part-in-beauty-pageant-as-a-woman/|title=Nigeria's 1st transgender man takes part in beauty pageant as a woman… {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt; Miss saHHara jụrụ nkwupụta ahụ ma jụ ibipụta aha ọmụmụ ya n'ozuzu, ọ siri ọnwụ na ibipụta aha ochie ya na foto ya enweghị mkpa maka onye ọ ghọrọ ibu.

Ọ kowara na ọjọọ aha echefu ru echefu na onye ndi gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha nnọchịanya n'ekwesighi ha nwere ogho ọma eweta nke bu akpọmasi na ikpa oke site n' enweghị ezi nhọpụta banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ha na gburugburu ụwa.

O kwukwara na Ọrịa Sahhara Henson abụghị aha aguru ya,na &lt;nowiki&gt;''Henson''bụ njirimara nnọchịanya o kepụtara iji kwụsị ndị n'éfè blogg I gbasa aha ya.ya mere ọ kpebiri na ọ gaghị egosiputa ezi aha ya ma ka egwu n'atu ya n'ihi ụdị mmaja transphobia na mmaja ọnwụ ọ n'&lt;/nowiki&gt;enweta na websaiti

=== Esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ===
A maara ya maka esemokwu ya na ndị na-ede blọgụ Naịjirịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime arụmụka ya na ha sitere na akụkọ ha bipụtara banyere ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'ụgha''', na edemede transphobic doro anya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpọ ya &quot;nwoke gbanwere ọdịdị ya&quot; na ịjụ iji nnọchiaha nwanyị kọwaa ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rawgistafrica.com/2016/02/photos-nigerian-transgender-man-ms.html|title=Photos: Nigerian Transgender Man, Ms Sahhara Flaunts Cleàvage {{!}} RawGist|work=www.rawgistafrica.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/she-is-fake-ex-school-mate-tears-miss-sahhara-apart-id2990962.html|title=She Is Fake: Ex-School Mate Tears Miss SaHHara Apart|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ na-aga na Facebook ya mgbe niile iji bipụta nzaghachi banyere isiokwu ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka transphobic na imebi ndị gbanwere ọdịdị ekere ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pulse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/setting-the-record-straight-i-have-always-been-a-woman-miss-sahhara-id4187904.html|title=Setting The Record Straight: 'I have always been a woman' - Miss Sahhara|author=Pulse|work=pulse.ng|date=21 September 2015|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloafrica.ga/i-make-a-better-looking-woman-than-you-ms-sahhara-claps-back-at-a-hater-on-facebook/|title=I make a better looking woman than you- Ms Sahhara claps back at a hater on Facebook - Hello Africa|date=10 May 2016|work=Hello Africa|accessdate=12 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O siri ọnwụ na nzaghachi ya abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi nye ndị na-ede ma na-ekwu okwu banyere ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ngalaba ọha. Usoro &quot;mmụta&quot; ya dị ka ọ dịrị kwuo nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ jedebe na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ agha okwu nye ya na ndị na-akwado ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/twisted-miss-sahhara-and-fan-in-war-of-words-id3278164.html|title=Twisted: Miss Sahhara And Fan In War Of Words|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=17 November 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwu ya megide okpukpe emebeghị nke ọma na nti ndị Naijiria. Mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-ede isiokwu ọ bụla metụtara okpukpe, ihe odide ya na-adọta nzaghachi iwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-was-a-common-buddhist-monk-id2934382.html|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=16 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/2014/06/23/anti-christ-miss-sahhara-says-jesus-common-buddhist-monk/|title=Anti Christ! Miss SaHHara Says Jesus Was A Common Buddhist Monk|author=Reserved|first=Naijaloaded 2016 All Rights|date=23 June 2014|work=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria No. 1 Online Portal|accessdate=16 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O kwuru na okpukpe niile bụ mmegbu ma bụrụ ihe ochie. Ọ nwetara nkatọ site n'aka ndị nkwado ya ha na-ekwu na ọ aka mmá ya ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ nkwado ya kama ikwupụta echiche ya banyere isiokwu ndị na-akpata nkewa dịka okpukpe. N'enweghị nsogbu site na nkatọ ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ekwupụta obi nkoropụ ya banyere ihe mere ndị Afrịka ji jụ ịjụ okwukwe ha nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;Colonial relic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,342651.0.html|title=Untold Story Of Miss Sahara, The Nigerian Man From Idoma Transformed To A Woman (Photos+Video) - Gistmania|date=2017-04-09|work=www.gistmania.com|accessdate=2020-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, o dere ogologo akwụkwọ na nzaghachi maka akụkọ ndị na-ede blọgụ n'Afrịka bipụtara banyere mpụta ya na BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, ndị na-ede blọgụ kwuru na ọ na-aghọ onwe ya aghọ na Naịjirịa dị ka &quot;nwoke na-edina nwoke&quot;, ya mere o kpebiri ịgbanwe gaa na nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC IDENTITY&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=BBC|title=In Her Shoes|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36168661}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/miss-sahhara-stop-addressing-me-as-man-nigerian-transgender-blasts-nigerian-bloggers-id4999287.html|title=Miss SaHHara: 'Stop addressing me as man' - Nigerian transgender blasts Nigerian bloggers|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=5 May 2016|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miss saHHara gara na peeji mgbasa ozi ya iji kụziere ndị na-ede blọgụ, ebe ọ boro ha ebubo na ha na-akwalite transphobia site n'ịkọ akụkọ na-ezighi ezi; &quot;Nke a abụghị mkparị, kama ọ bụ nkuzi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere ka o doo anya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ nwoke, na ndowe onwe ya dị ka nwanyị esiteghị n'aka onye ọ bụla ma e wezụga onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sahhara/posts/446427888890499|title=Miss saHHara - #LindaIkeji TO LINDA IKEJI ET AL., this is... {{!}} Facebook|work=www.facebook.com|accessdate=2016-05-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe odide ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị okwu iji kwado ma megide nkwupụta ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theheraldng.com/linda-ikeji-others-dragged-nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara/|title=Linda Ikeji, Others Dragged By Nigerian Transgender Miss Sahhara - The Herald News Nigeria|date=4 May 2016|work=The Herald News Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://freshbaze.com/stop-addressing-me-as-a-man-transgender-miss-sahhara-to-linda-ikeji-others/|title=&quot;Stop Addressing Me As A Man&quot; – Transgender Miss Sahhara To Linda Ikeji, Others {{!}} FreshBaze.com|date=4 May 2016|publisher=FreshBaze.com|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ịgosi mma ==
Ọrụ asọmpi ya malitere mgbe ọ kwagara London, England n'afọ 2004. O kwuru na ịhụnanya ya gbasara ịgosi mma na ije nsere ọkpa ya nọgidere na-abawanye kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ na-eji &quot;tmkpisi ọnụ ọkpa&quot;, n'ihi na a naghị ekwe ka ọ na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu na Naịjirịa. Ọ kụziri nsere ọkpa na ịgosi mma n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu ọ kwaga United Kingdom.

Ọ bụ onye soro sọọ asọmpi na Andrew Logan 's Alternative Miss World mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/20/alternative-miss-world-shakespeares-globe|title=Alternative Miss World: latex, inflatables and giant jellyfish|author=Bramley|first=Ellie Violet|date=20 October 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-anọchite anya Nigeria. Ọ gbara onye nke abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://alternativemissworld.co.uk/history/#/history/amw2004/who|title=Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World|publisher=alternativemissworld.co.uk|accessdate=9 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, ọ bụ onye soro sọọ mpi na asọmpi  Miss International Queen beauty pageant, na-anọchite anya [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. N'oge asọmpi ahụ, ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi ụwa dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị ya nke Naijiria luru  ọgụ maka nnabata na ịha nhata nke LGBTQI + ndị ọzọ na Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/video/163723-miss-saharra-nigeria-s-trans-gender-beauty-queen-participates-in-miss-international-queen-pageant.html|title=Miss Saharra, Nigeria's Trans-Gender Beauty Queen Participates in Miss International Queen Pageant|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/stars-replace-scars-in-pageant-fit-for-queens-20111107-1n3qv.html|title=Stars replace scars in pageant fit for queens|author=Pattaya|first=Lindsay Murdoch|date=8 November 2011|work=The Age|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.therealgeordiearmani.com/miss-international-queen/|title=Miss International Queen - Geordie Armani|date=23 May 2012|work=Geordie Armani|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2014, o meriri aha mbụ ya na mba ụwa, Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 na Manila, Philippines .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/371076/showbiz/chikaminute/ms-nigeria-wagi-bilang-unang-super-sireyna-worldwide-ng-eat-bulaga|title=Ms. Nigeria, wagi bilang unang Super Sireyna Worldwide ng 'Eat Bulaga!'|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi a bụ asọmpi ịma mma transgender, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn kachasị ogologo n'ehihie n'ụwa, Eat Bulaga!&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/|title=Nigeria's First Openly Transgender Woman – Miss Sahhara Wins World Pageant in {{sic|Phillipines|hide=y}} {{!}} that1960chick.com|work=www.that1960chick.com|accessdate=8 May 2016|archivedate=17 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617055934/http://www.that1960chick.com/2014/07/19/nigerias-first-openly-transgender-woman-miss-sahhara-wins-world-pageant-in-phillipines/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'asọmpi ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba a mụrụ ya bụ Naịjirịa iji dọta uche gaa n'àgwà ọjọọ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu gbasara obodo LGBTQI + na Afrịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/gist/big-dreams-miss-sahhara-to-represent-nigeria-at-world-transgender-pageant-id2973072.html|title=Big Dreams: Miss Sahhara To Represent Nigeria At World Transgender Pageant|author=Dachen|first=Isaac|work=pulse.ng|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/11/17/state-lgbt-equality-africa|title=The State of LGBT Equality in Africa|date=17 November 2014|publisher=advocate.com|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nigerian-representative-at-transgender-pageant-in|title=Nigerian Representative at Transgender Pageant in the Philippines|date=9 July 2014|publisher=kenyabuzz.com|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a jụrụ Miss saHHara maka oge ọkacha iji nyaa isi nke ndụ ya na ngalaba ajụjụ na azịza nke Mazị Colin Kerr, ọ zara:&lt;blockquote&gt;Oge kachasị iji nyaa isi nke ndụ m bụ ịnọ n'ọgbọ  a ugbu a. Mgbe m na-etolite, enwere m nrọ a nke ịghọ eze nwanyị n'elu nkwago ma na-eme ihe nkiri. Ma enweghị m ike n'ihi na amụrụ m nwoke. Ana m eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị elu nke nne m ma na-eme ka à ga-asị n'ihu enyo na abụ m onye asọmpi. Ya mere ịnọ ebe a taa na inwe ohere ndị a dị ka nwanyị mara mma bụ nrọ bịara na mmezu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Miss Universe n'afọ1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo kpuwere ya okpueze n'ihu ọtụtụ nde ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

O kwenyeghí na nke a mgbe e kpunyere ya okpueze, o dere ihe ndị a na Facebook:

&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;O CHỊM o! E meririm! Amaghị m na ọ bụ eziokwu! Ikekwe m ga-eteta site na nrọ a dị ịtụnanya n'otu nkeji! Aka m na-acha uhie uhie site n'aka m na-apịa onwe m mgbe niile ka m teta site na nrọ a mara mma! Ịhụnanya juru m anya! Philippines bụ n'ezie ebe obibi pụrụ iche iche n'ebe obibi. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/69964.html|title=Ms Sahhara Brings Miss World Transgender Competition Trophy Home ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Ndimele|first=Manuel|date=19 July 2014|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=22 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye guzobere Miss Trans Global, asọmpi transgender dijitalụ, a malitere n'afọ 2020 iji mee ka a mara maka nsogbu nke ndị LGBTIQ n'ụwa niile. Mbipụta mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ ka emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 12th nke Septemba, afọ 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/|title=First Miss Trans Global is Pinay|accessdate=2022-06-13|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005071456/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/28/first-miss-trans-global-is-pinay/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/the-first-pride-afrique-will-celebrate-queer-african-stories/196828|title=The First Pride Afrique Will Celebrate Queer African Stories|date=21 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-14|title=She is beauty, she is grace—Mela Habijan is the new Miss Trans Global|url=https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn|accessdate=2021-10-05|work=Preen.ph|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005073601/https://preen.ph/115677/mela-habijan-miss-trans-global-bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere na ọrụ nkwado ==
Miss saHHara malitere ọrụ mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha  a na-akpọ TransValid n'afọ 2014. Òtù ahụ malitere na mkpasa ozi #IamValid na #YouAreValid, ebe ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha na ndị nsonye ha mere vidiyo nke onwe ha na-ekwupụta nkwado ha maka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign (video) {{!}} Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|work=www.lailasblog.com|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=3 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703130710/http://www.lailasblog.com/2015/06/i-am-valid-nigerian-transgender-ms.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara Joins The I AM VALID Campaign [video] - Jade African|date=27 June 2015|work=Jade African|accessdate=18 May 2016|archivedate=7 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003606/http://jadeafrican.com/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-joins-the-i-am-valid-campaign-video/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nkwupụta ozi nke nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ha nwere olileanya 'ịkwado echiche na-ezighị ezi, egwu, na ịkpọasị nke ndị transgender n'ụwa niile. Site na TransValid, ọ na-atụ anya ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nsogbu mgbanwe ọdịdị okike site na iji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na nnọkọ ọha na eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/mission/|title=Mission|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425150849/http://transvalid.org/mission/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naij.com/472344-nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-releases-new-photos.html|title=Nigerian Man Who Turned into A Woman Sizzles in New Photos ▷ NAIJ.COM|author=Odunayo|first=Adams|date=26 June 2015|work=Naij.com - Nigeria news.|accessdate=18 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, Miss saHHara mepụtara obere ihe nkiri maka TransValid nke akpọrọ The Deadly Price of Transphobia na Brazil, Vidio ahụ gosipụtara ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ibi na [[Brazil]] dị ka nwanyị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/|title=Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623213825/http://transvalid.org/deadly-price-of-transphobia-in-brazil/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emneon.com.br/2015/08/ong-londrina-faz-documentario-sobre.html|title=Ong londrina faz documentário sobre transfobia no Brasil|publisher=emneon.com.br|accessdate=7 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://yagg.com/?post_type=post&amp;p=93925|title=Montrer la violence, c'est le seul moyen d'attirer l'attention sur le nombre effrayant de morts et de violences contre les personnes trans' en Amérique du Sud|accessdate=7 May 2016|date=16 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị́ iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2016,bụ International Transgender Day of Visibility, ya na Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 na ndị  ọzọ gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara mma iji mee ka ndị gbanwere ọdịdị okike ha mara maka obodo gburugburu ụwa site na mgbasa ozi akpọrọ ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Abụ m Trans na enwere m ikike ibi ndụ''' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/|title=CAMPAIGN: 'I AM TRANS AND I HAVE THE RIGHT TO LIFE'|publisher=transvalid.org|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=29 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429173325/http://transvalid.org/portfolio/i-am-trans-and-i-have-the-right-to-life/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/|title=Nigerian transgender, Ms Sahhara releases photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|date=31 March 2016|work=CityPeople Magazine Nigeria {{!}} Nigerian Celerbrities {{!}} Entertainment {{!}} Stars|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=1 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042759/http://citypeopleng.com/nigerian-transgender-miss-sahhara-releases-photos-to-celebrate-trans-day-of-visibility/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html|title=Nigerian Transgender, Ms Sahhara, Shares New Sexy Photos To Celebrate Transgender Day of Visibility - INFORMATION NIGERIA|work=INFORMATION NIGERIA|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=14 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914234128/http://www.informationng.com/2016/03/nigerian-transgender-ms-sahhara-shares-new-sexy-photos-to-celebrate-transgender-day-of-visibility.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html|title=DIPLOMATIC PORCH: Miss SahHara releases 'reflective' photos to celebrate Trans Day of Visibility|publisher=diplomaticporch.com|accessdate=7 May 2016|archivedate=5 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605094049/http://www.diplomaticporch.com/2016/03/miss-sahhara-releases-reflective-photos.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngosipụta telivishọn ==

* Ihe omume abụọ nke 'Lady Boys: Oge 2 na Sky Living, na-enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị transgender na Thailand na karịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=Ladyboys:_Series_2|title=Ladyboys: Series 2|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-guide/friday-january-11-20130109-2cfbl.html|title=LADYBOYS|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=8 May 2016|date=9 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://docuwiki.net/?title=Ladyboys|title=Ladyboys|publisher=docuwiki.net|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eat Bulaga!'s Super Sireyna Worldwide na GMA Network&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/211509/24oras/miss-sahhara-ng-nigeria-wagi-sa-super-sireyna-worldwide|title=Miss Sahhara ng Nigeria, wagi sa Super Sireyna Worldwide|work=GMA News Online|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Unang Hirit Morning show&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tunay Na Buhay gbara ajụjụ ọnụ site na Rhea Santos&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31lMfci744Y|title=Eat Bulaga's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 Miss Sahhara Henson on Unang Hirit {{!}} Unang Hirit|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mars
* BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com.ng/World/News/i-left-nigeria-to-save-my-life-transgender-woman-20160505|title='I left Nigeria to save my life' Transgender woman|work=Nigeria|accessdate=8 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aha ndị a na-eme ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Aha
!Afọ
!Ntinye
!Mba
|-
|Super Sireyna n'ụwa niile&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/|title=Nigerian bet wins Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014|date=19 July 2014|publisher=normannorman.com|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=8 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008165609/https://normannorman.com/2014/07/19/nigerian-bet-wins-super-sireyna-worldwide-2014/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2014
|Onye mmeri
|Philippines
|-
|Miss International Queen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html|title=MIQ Official Website|author=Miss International Queen|first=Pattaya, Thailand|date=4 November 2011|work=Miss International Queen|publisher=Miss International Queen|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=18 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618010000/http://missinternationalqueen.com/gallery/2011/winner/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%E2%80%9Csammy%E2%80%9D-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/|title=Stunning Miss &quot;Sammy&quot; Thai Ladyboy Wins Pattaya Miss International Queen 2011|author=PATTAYA DAILY NEWS|first=Thailand|publisher=PDN|accessdate=10 May 2016|archivedate=16 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116020144/http://pattayadailynews.com/stunning-miss-%e2%80%9csammy%e2%80%9d-thai-ladyboy-wins-pattaya-miss-international-queen-2011/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2011
|Onye nke mbụ na-esote
|Thailand
|-
|Vogue: International Diva throwing a strop&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up|title=It's A Balls Up|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=5 May 2016|archivedate=10 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610202826/http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/vogue-today/2009/09/08/its-a-balls-up}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2009
|Onye mmeri
|[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]
|-
|Miss Exilio&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://heyevent.uk/event/v7ho2bdqkdltma/mr-miss-exilio-pageant-a-world-aids-event|title=Mr &amp; Miss Exilio Pageant - A World Aids Event – Heyevent.uk|work=heyevent.uk|accessdate=5 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2005
|Onye mmeri
|[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]
|-
|Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;
|
|Onye nke mbụ na-esote
|[[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]
|}

== Edensibia/ ndetu ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163121/http://misssahhara.com/ Miss saHHara's Official Website]
* [http://transvalid.org/ Òtù Tranvalid]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Nsang Dilong</title>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Nsang Dilong''' a mụrụ (Bodi '''Nsang Dilung''') n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1994) bụ onye [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na-eme ihe nkiri, onye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na onye nlereanya. Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke mbipụta afọ 2011 nke Miss West [[Africa]] Cameroon Competition (MWACC).&lt;ref name=&quot;kamerkongosa.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kamerkongosa.com/5-things-you-should-know-about-nsang-dilong/|title=5 Things You Should Know About Nsang Dilong|work=kamerkongosa.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-09-14|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125903/http://kamerkongosa.com/5-things-you-should-know-about-nsang-dilong/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nexdimempire&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nexdimempire.com/tag/bodi-nsang-dilong/|work=nexdimempire.com|title=Nexdim Empire &amp;raquo; Bodi Nsang Dilong|accessdate=2017-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cameroonweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Meet-Nsang-Dilong-of-Samba-TV-series-370606|title=Meet Nsang Dilong of Samba TV series &amp;#124; Entertainment 2016-05-11|work=cameroonweb.com|accessdate=2017-09-14|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172156/https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Meet-Nsang-Dilong-of-Samba-TV-series-370606}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;misswestafrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.misswestafrica.com/2015/01/what-is-a-bushfaller-by-miss-west-africa-cameroon-2011-nsang-dilong/|title=What Is A Bushfaller? by Miss West Africa Cameroon 2011 – Nsang Dilong &amp;#124; MISS WEST AFRICA PAGEANT|work=misswestafrica.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2015, ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Fox Broadcasting Company&lt;ref name=&quot;tiptopstars&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/950-breaking-news-jeff-epule-nsang-dilong-hired-for-fox-28-tv-show.html|title=TIPTOPSTARS - ONLINE MAGAZINE Array Breaking News: Jeff Epule, Nsang Dilong hired for FOX 28 TV show|work=tiptopstars.com|accessdate=2017-09-14|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172222/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/the-news/950-breaking-news-jeff-epule-nsang-dilong-hired-for-fox-28-tv-show.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Nsang Dilong Bodi Nsang Dilung na Buea [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], ọ bụ nwa afọ Kotto Barombi na Kumba na ọ nweghị ozi [[Gbagada General Hospital|gbasara]] ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya, a mụrụ ya n'ihe dị ka afọ 1994. N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na PCSS Buea ma gụchaa na PHS na Kumba. O nwere nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Sociology n'afọ 2011 na Mahadum Buea .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Meet-Nsang-Dilong-of-Samba-TV-series-370606|title=Meet Nsang Dilong of Samba TV series|work=cameroonweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-09-14|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914172156/https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/entertainment/Meet-Nsang-Dilong-of-Samba-TV-series-370606}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;missginapromotes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.missginapromotes.com/2016/08/star-profile-nsang-dilong.html|title=Miss Gina Promotes : Star Profile: Nsang Dilong - Actress/Model|work=missginapromotes.com|accessdate=2017-09-14|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914130144/http://www.missginapromotes.com/2016/08/star-profile-nsang-dilong.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2011 ọ meriri asọmpi Miss West Africa Cameroon (MWACC).&lt;ref name=&quot;kamerkongosa.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nexdimempire&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2013, ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Miss Cameroon Beauty Pageant, ọ na-eme na ihe nkiri dịka Whisper, Expression, ọ na'emekwa ihe nkiri na [[Zambia|Zamba]], usoro telivishọn na-enweta ihe nrite.&lt;ref name=&quot;cameroonweb&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;betatinz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.betatinz.com/2017/07/cameroon-tv-series-samba-wins-big-at.html|title=Cameroon TV series Samba wins big at Golden Movie Awards Africa 2017|work=BETA TINZ|accessdate=2017-09-14|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125009/http://www.betatinz.com/2017/07/cameroon-tv-series-samba-wins-big-at.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;njokatv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blog.njokatv.com/2017/06/28/samba-bags-four-nominations-golden-movie-awards-2017/|work=blog.njokatv.com|title=SAMBA BAGS FOUR NOMINATIONS AT GOLDEN MOVIE AWARDS 2017.|accessdate=2017-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;henrietteslounge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.henrietteslounge.com/2017/07/brenda-shey-elungs-samba-wins-bigly-at.html|work=henrietteslounge.com|title=Brenda Shey Elung's 'SAMBA' Wins Bigly At The 2017 Golden Movie Awards Africa|accessdate=2017-09-14|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125832/http://www.henrietteslounge.com/2017/07/brenda-shey-elungs-samba-wins-bigly-at.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2015, ọ bụ onye na-elekọta telivishọn na mmemme a na-akpọ African-focus show maka Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox 28).Mgbe e nyere ya onyinye ahụ, o kwuru
 

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==

* ''Zamba'' (2016) ya na Epule Jeffrey
* ''Onye na-eme mkpọtụ'' (2012)
* ''Mkpọtụ''
* ''Okwu''&lt;ref name=&quot;kinnakasblog2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kinnakasblog.com/2017/08/cameroonian-actress-nsang-dilong-stuns-in-new-photos-as-she-celebrates-her-birthday/|author=Bandy Kiki|title=Cameroonian actress Nsang Dilong Stuns in New Photos as she Celebrates her Birthday &amp;#124; Kinnaka&amp;#039;s Blog|work=kinnakasblog.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/NsangbDilong/|work=facebook.com|title=Facebook|accessdate=2017-09-14}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naomi Polk</title>
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'''Naomi Polk''' (1892 May 1, 1984) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe.

== Mbido ndụ na akụkọ ezinụlọ ==
A mụrụ Naomi Polk (née Howard) na 1892 [ebe?] na Woodson na Josephine (née ) . Ọ sitere na Cherokees n'akụkụ nnà ya na ndị ohu Africa n'akụkụ nné ya. Ọ gara Gregory School na Booker T Washington School na Houston tupu ọ kwụsị iji nyéré aka zụlite ụmụ nwanne ya. Ọ tolitere na Fourth Ward na Acres Homes, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ mpaghara Houston.&lt;ref name=&quot;hto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Lynne|author=Adele|title=Polk, Naomi|accessdate=September 11, 2020|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/polk-naomi|publisher=Texas State Historical Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Polk lụrụ Bill Myers, ónyé ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ atọ tupu ónyé uwe ojii Dallas egbuo ya na 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;hto&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Polk kwagara Acres Homes, n'afọ ndị 1950 mgbè ọ ka bụ mpaghara Houston. Ọrụ nka na ide ihe nke ndụ ya tụfuru ya mgbe ụlọ ya gbara ọkụ n'ebe ahụ na 1961. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ na-anwa imezigharị ihe osise na uri furu efu n'ọkụ. O dekwara usoro ihe osise mmírí a na-akpọ Lonesome Road. O gosighị ọrụ nka ya n'oge ndụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;hto&quot; /&gt;

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Polk nwụrụ na Houston na Mee 1, 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;hto&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya pụtara mgbè ọ nwụsịrị. Diverse Works na Leslie Muth Gallery na Houston gosipụtara ọrụ ya. Ihe ngosi njem &quot;Handmade and Heartfelt: Folk Art in Texas&quot; gosipụtara nka ya na 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;hto&quot; /&gt; A na-edebe akwụkwọ ya na Houston Metropolitan Research Center.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/houpub/00182/hpub-00182.html|title=Naomi H. Polk Collection MSS.0270|accessdate=September 11, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naïma Ben Ali</title>
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'''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNasri2008&quot;&gt;Nasri, Khaled A. (2008-07-30). [https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi &quot;Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi&quot;]. ''[[Afrik.com]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422124709/https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi Archived] from the original on 2019-04-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapitalis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarrouhi2012&quot;&gt;Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ &quot;Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale&quot;]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarrouhi2012&quot;&gt;Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ &quot;Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale&quot;]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNasri2008&quot;&gt;Nasri, Khaled A. (2008-07-30). [https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi &quot;Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi&quot;]. ''[[Afrik.com]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422124709/https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi Archived] from the original on 2019-04-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapitalis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarrouhi2012&quot;&gt;Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ &quot;Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale&quot;]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>687290</id>
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'''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNasri2008&quot;&gt;Nasri, Khaled A. (2008-07-30). [https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi &quot;Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi&quot;]. ''[[Afrik.com]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422124709/https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi Archived] from the original on 2019-04-22&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapitalis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarrouhi2012&quot;&gt;Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ &quot;Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale&quot;]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>0dna21hbvyidl4me78fq6eyp6yzmdch</sha1>
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'''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988.

== Akụkọ ndụ&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; ==
A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk. Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapitalis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarrouhi2012&quot;&gt;Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ &quot;Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale&quot;]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>687292</id>
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        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
        <id>19819</id>
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'''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988.

== Akụkọ ndụ&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; ==
A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk. Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapitalis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarrouhi2012&quot;&gt;Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ &quot;Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale&quot;]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>gomikojy3pkf9qbdqhg4snh1pyyxvqd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>687295</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T12:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
        <id>19819</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Akụkọ ndụ[1] */</comment>
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'''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988.

== Akụkọ ndụ&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; ==
A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị. A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk. Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapitalis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBarrouhi2012&quot;&gt;Barrouhi, Abdelaziz (2012-03-08). [https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ &quot;Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale&quot;]. ''[[Akụkọ Africa|The Africa Report]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190814195554/https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/ Archived] from the original on 2019-08-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-12-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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        <id>19819</id>
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'''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988.

== Akụkọ ndụ&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; ==
A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị. A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk. Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapitalis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.

Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>qujyj4pn9tkxr87c020js6234hsfmaa</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
        <id>19819</id>
      </contributor>
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'''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988.

== Akụkọ ndụ&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; ==
A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.&lt;ref name=&quot;afrik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt; Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị. A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk. Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;kapitalis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ.

Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot; /&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Mosadi Seboko</title>
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      <text bytes="7363" sha1="8vdk7gdu7lolcg1law7ztbiin8hlqfu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix={{lang|tn|[[Kgosi]]kgolo}}|name=Mosadi Muriel Seboko|honorific-suffix=|image=|imagesize=https://images.app.goo.gl/qwrWqYhAyWeEXY1C9https://images.app.goo.gl/https://images.app.goo.gl/qwrWqYhAyWeEXY1C9qwrWqYhAyWeEXY1C9|smallimage=&lt;!--If this is specified, &quot;image&quot; should not be.--&gt;|alt=|caption=|order=|office=[[Kgosi]]kgolo of the [[Balete people|Balete]]|term_start={{Start date|2002|01|07|df=yes}}|term_end=|predecessor=Tumelo Seboko|successor=|order2=12th|office2=Chairperson of the Ntlo ya Dikgosi|term_start2={{Start date|2002|02|28|df=yes}}|term_end2={{End date|2004|01|28|df=yes}}|predecessor2=[[Tawana II]]|successor2=[[Orabile N. Kalaben]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1950|06|07|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Ramotswa]], [[South-East District (Botswana)|South-East]]|birthname=|citizenship=[[Botswana|Motswana]]|nationality=|party=|otherparty=&lt;!--For additional political affiliations--&gt;|spouse=|partner=&lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;|relations=|children=4 daughters|residence=|alma_mater=[[Moeding College]]|occupation=|profession=|footnotes=}}

{{Databox}}Mosadi Seboko (amụrụ na 7 Junn, na afọ 1950) bụ Kgosikgolo nke ndị Balete na [[Botswana]]. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ kgosikgolo n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Botswana . [1]

== Oge ọ malitere ==
 
A mụrụ Mosadi Seboko na Juun, na afọ 1950 na Ramotswa, 30 kilota (19 mi) n'ebe ndịda Gaborone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lafraniere|first=Sharon|date=December 11, 2004|title=A Tribe in Botswana Follows a Leader Called Woman|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/11/world/africa/a-tribe-in-botswana-follows-a-leader-called-woman.html|accessdate=May 27, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha ya Mosadi pụtara &quot;nwaanyị&quot; n'ụzọ nkịtị na [[Tswana language|Setswana]], e nyekwara ya aha Bekee &quot;Muriel&quot;. [1] Nna ya, Mokgosi nke Abụọ, tụrụ anya na nwa nwoke ga-abụ nwa mbụ ya, mana mgbe ọ hụrụ nwa ya nwanyị, o kwuru, &quot;Ọ dị mma, ọ bụ ''nwanyị''. Gịnị ka m nwere ike ime? Ọ bụ nwa m. &quot; [1] N'afọ 1969, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Moeding College. [2] Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkwa ngalaba na Barclay's Bank. [3] Ọ kwụsịrị alụmdi na nwunye afọ isii ya na di ya na-emegbu ya na afọ 1978. [1]

== Ọchịchị ==
Nwanne Mosadi Seboko bụ kgosikgolo site na 1 Juun, na afọ 1996 ruo 17 Juun, na afọ 2001 mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa. [1] Tumelo Seboko, nwanne nna Mosadi, ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri kgosikpole site na 21 Juun, na afọ 2001 ruo 7 Jenụwarị, na afọ 2002. Nne na ụmụnne nwanyị Mosadi gbara ya ume ka ọ bụrụ kgosikgolo ọzọ n'oge a, nke ga-emebi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke naanị nwoke dikgosikgolo. [1]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyamnjoh|first=Francis B.|date=July 2003|title=Chieftaincy and the Negotiation of Might and Right in Botswana Democracy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589000305447|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies|volume=21|issue=2|pages=233–250|doi=10.1080/02589000305447|issn=0258-9001}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge nrụnye ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa ala na Century Office Supplies na Broadhurst. [2] Mosadi dabeere na nkwupụta ya maka bogosi [lower-alpha 2] na &quot;ịha ọmụmụ&quot;; ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ nwa mbụ, ọ ga-ebute ụzọ ịghọ kgosikbolo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bauer|first=Gretchen|date=2014-08-21|title='What is wrong with a woman being chief?' Women Chiefs and Symbolic and Substantive Representation in Botswana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909614545700|journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies|volume=51|issue=2|pages=222–237|doi=10.1177/0021909614545700|issn=0021-9096}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seboko nwere ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị. Nwanne nna ya Tumelo chọrọ ka Tsimane Mokgosi, nwa nwanne nne Mosadi, bụrụ kgosikgolo kama, ndị ọzọ so na kgotla gbalịrị igbu oge n'ịtinye ya site n'ikwu na o nweghị nkà iduzi ịchụ nta agụ owuru ọdịnala ma ọ bụ itinye aka na emume &quot;ime mmiri ozuzo&quot;, nke abụọ ahụ dị mkpa iji gosipụta ikike nke kgosikologo. [1] Mosadi gbaghaara arụmụka ahụ, na-ekwu na ọtụtụ n'ime omenala ndị ahụ dara n'ụzọ a na-adịghịzi mgbe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst bịara Botswana.

Nrịgo ya bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na ọ kwaturu ọdịnala ebe a na-ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị banye na ''kgotla'' (mgbakọ obodo) naanị ma ọ bụrụ na nwoke kpọrọ ha. [1] Ọ malitere ọrụ na 7 Jenụwarị na afọ 2002 wee bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Ntlo ya Dikgosi na 28 Febụwarị, na afọ 2002. [2] E kpuwere ya okpueze na 30 Ọgọst 2003 ma nata onyinye ọdịnala nke ehi, na ụgbọala Toyota pickup, igwe ịsa ahụ, vacuumer, kọmputa, na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ dị ọcha. [2] N'oge okpuefe ya, ọ chọpụtara mgbanwe nke agbụrụ ya:
 
Ụdị idu ndú ya abụghị nke omenala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwoke bu ya ụzọ: ọ na-ekwu n'ihu ọha banyere di ya na-emegbu ya, ikike mmekọahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na nsogbu HIV / AIDS na agbagọ elu. [1] Ndị nkatọ boro ya ebubo na ọ &quot;na-agbachitere ụmụ nwanyị&quot;, mana Mosadi Seboko zaghachiri na ọ &quot;nwere iwe n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ [...] maka ịghara ịchịkwa ọnọdụ nke ha. &quot;

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{notelist|3}}

== Ihe ndị e kwuru ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebenside ==

* {{Cite news|title=Botswana gets first female chief|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3194845.stm|accessdate=13 August 2012|work=BBC News|date=31 August 2003}}
* {{Cite web|title=BOTSWANA: First female paramount chief welcomed|url=http://www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=45918|accessdate=12 August 2012|work=The New Humanitarian|date=3 September 2003}}
* {{Cite news|author=LaFraniere|first=Sharon|title=A Tribe in Botswana Follows a Leader Called Woman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/11/international/africa/11seboko.html?_r=1&amp;8hpib=&amp;pagewanted=all|accessdate=11 August 2012|work=The New York Times|date=11 December 2004}}
* {{Cite web|author=Nyamnjoh|first=Francis B.|title='Our Traditions are Modern, Our Modernities Traditional': Chieftaincy and Democracy in Contemporary Africa|url=http://www.nyamnjoh.com/files/chieftaincy_and_democracy_in_contemporary_africa.pdf|publisher=Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|accessdate=12 August 2012|date=14 November 2004|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035518/http://www.nyamnjoh.com/files/chieftaincy_and_democracy_in_contemporary_africa.pdf}}
* {{Cite web|author=Soszynski|first=Henry|title=bamaLETE (Tribe)|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/botswana/bamalete.html|work=ROYALTY and NOBILITY from around the world|accessdate=11 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071024/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/botswana/bamalete.html|archivedate=2016-03-04|date=12 June 2002}}
* {{Cite book|author=Zips|first=Werner|title=The Governance of Legal Pluralism: Empirical Studies from Africa and Beyond|chapter=Fashion Designs under a Leopard's Skin: Emerging Forms of Complementary Governance in Botswana|series=Ethnologie: Forschung und Wissenschaft|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825898229|pages=304|date=30 June 2012}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Mmamoloko Kubayi</title>
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{{Databox}}'''Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi''' (amụrụ na 8 Mee, na afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]] bụ Minista nke Ebe Obibi Mmadụ na onye otu National Assembly maka African National Congress (ANC). Ọ bụ Minista nke Energy na afọ 2017, Minista nke Communications site na afo 2017 ruo na afọ 2018, Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ site na afo 2018 ruo na afọ 2019, na Minista nke Njem site na afo 2019 ruo na afọ 2021.

== Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Mmamoloko Kubayi ma zụlite ya na Soweto. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Nne ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na onye na-akwado African National Congress. Kubayi tụụrụ ime mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa wee mụọ nwa nwoke. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Thusa-Setjhaba Secondary School na afọ 1997 dị ka onye kachasị mma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mesịa tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Soweto nke Mahadum Vista wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA Degree na Psychology na Sociology n'afọ 2000. O nwetara diplọma Project Management na Damelin n'afọ 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kubayi bu ụzọ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye mmepe obodo na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọmentị. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na First National Bank dị ka ọkachamara na mmepe nka, ma, mgbe e mesịrị, chọta ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na Nedbank. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọha na eze dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepe nka na National Health Laboratory Services.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2015, o nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ramaphosa names Nkhensani Kubayi-Ngubane as South Africa’s new Tourism Minister|url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2019/05/30/ramaphosa-names-nkhensani-kubayi-ngubane-as-south-africas-new-tourism-minister/|work=voyagesafriq|accessdate=31 August 2019|date=30 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike ==
Kubayi, mgbe ọ ka nọ na Mahadum Vista, sonyeere ANC Youth League ma họpụta ya na SRC nke mahadum ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na National Health Laboratory Services, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ọfịs nke osote onye isi ala nke obodo South Africa, [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ANC PR nke obodo Johannesburg wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio nke obodo ahụ na Transport. N'oge ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu Provincial Executive Council (PEC) nke ANC Youth League na Gauteng ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ osote odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke ANCYL.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot; /&gt;

A họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2009. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị omeiwu nye osote onye isi ala nke South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe.&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot; /&gt;

N'ikike ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Kọmitii Ndị omeiwu na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu, ndị otu iwu na arịrịọ. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anọchite anya Deputy Chief Whip nke ANC Caucus na onye otu Standing Committee on Appropriations, the Rules Committee na the Programming Committee. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Telecommunications na Postal Services Portfolio Committees.&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/ &quot;Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA&quot;]. ''BusinessLIVE''. 30 May 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;31 August&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Maachị, na afọ 2017, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Ike. Ọ nọchiri Tina Joemat-Pettersson. A na-ahụ nhọpụta ya dị ka ọganihu maka mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nuklia na-ese okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Gaye|title=Rise and rise: New energy minister marks one of Zuma's biggest promotions|url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/03/31/new-energy-minister-marks-one-of-zuma-s-biggest-promotions|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=EWN|date=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zuma names 10 new ministers, 10 new deputies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-names-10-new-ministers-10-new-deputies-8424900|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=#CabinetReshuffle: Meet your new cabinet ministers|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cabinetreshuffle-meet-your-new-cabinet-ministers-8447591|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=1 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017 mgbe a kpọrọ ya Minista nke nkwukọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BREAKING: Zuma reshuffles Cabinet|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-zuma-reshuffles-cabinet-20171017|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018, onye isi ala ọhụrụ a họpụtara Cyril Ramaphosa mara ọkwa na ọ bụ Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-february-2018 New deputy president, finance minister announced in major Cabinet reshuffle], ''Mail &amp; Guardian'', 26 February 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ntuli aka nke Mee 2019 gasịrị, a họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta, na-anọchi Derek Hanekom.&lt;ref&gt;Nicolson, Greg. [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-29-ramaphosa-cuts-cabinet-from-36-to-28-ministers-half-of-whom-are-women/ Ramaphosa cuts Cabinet from 36 to 28 ministers, half of whom are women], ''The Daily Maverick'', 29 May 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Juun na afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ahụike mgbe e nyere Zweli Mkhize ezumike maka ebubo nrụrụ aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dludla|first=Nqobile|date=8 June 2021|title=South Africa's health minister put on special leave over graft allegations|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-health-minister-put-special-leave-over-graft-allegations-2021-06-08/|accessdate=5 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge mgbanwe nke kansụl na 5 Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2021, onye isi ala Ramaphosa họpụtara Kubayi dị ka Minista nke Ebe obibi mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 August 2021|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Meet your new ministers of health, defence and in the presidency|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-your-new-ministers-of-health-defence-and-in-the-presidency-20210805|accessdate=5 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ Joel Sihle Ngubane na 16 Septemba na afọ 2017 wee kewaa n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2021. Ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/News/ministers-husband-in-r11m-tender-conflict-20190311 Husband’s old R11m tender haunts minister], ''City Press'', 11 March 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.pa.org.za/person/mmamoloko-tryphosa-kubayi/ Ms Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi-Ngubane na Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ]
* Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane, Ms na Gọọmentị South Africa
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1978]]
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{{Databox}}'''Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi''' (amụrụ na 8 Mee, na afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]] bụ Minista nke Ebe Obibi Mmadụ na onye otu National Assembly maka African National Congress (ANC). Ọ bụ Minista nke Energy na afọ 2017, Minista nke Communications site na afo 2017 ruo na afọ 2018, Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ site na afo 2018 ruo na afọ 2019, na Minista nke Njem site na afo 2019 ruo na afọ 2021.

== Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Mmamoloko Kubayi ma zụlite ya na Soweto. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Nne ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na onye na-akwado African National Congress. Kubayi tụụrụ ime mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa wee mụọ nwa nwoke. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Thusa-Setjhaba Secondary School na afọ 1997 dị ka onye kachasị mma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mesịa tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Soweto nke Mahadum Vista wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA Degree na Psychology na Sociology n'afọ 2000. O nwetara diplọma Project Management na Damelin n'afọ 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kubayi bu ụzọ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye mmepe obodo na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọmentị. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na First National Bank dị ka ọkachamara na mmepe nka, ma, mgbe e mesịrị, chọta ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na Nedbank. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọha na eze dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepe nka na National Health Laboratory Services.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2015, o nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ramaphosa names Nkhensani Kubayi-Ngubane as South Africa’s new Tourism Minister|url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2019/05/30/ramaphosa-names-nkhensani-kubayi-ngubane-as-south-africas-new-tourism-minister/|work=voyagesafriq|accessdate=31 August 2019|date=30 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike ==
Kubayi, mgbe ọ ka nọ na Mahadum Vista, sonyeere ANC Youth League ma họpụta ya na SRC nke mahadum ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na National Health Laboratory Services, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ọfịs nke osote onye isi ala nke obodo South Africa, [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ANC PR nke obodo Johannesburg wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio nke obodo ahụ na Transport. N'oge ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu Provincial Executive Council (PEC) nke ANC Youth League na Gauteng ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ osote odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke ANCYL.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot; /&gt;

A họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2009. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị omeiwu nye osote onye isi ala nke South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe.&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot; /&gt;

N'ikike ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Kọmitii Ndị omeiwu na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu, ndị otu iwu na arịrịọ. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anọchite anya Deputy Chief Whip nke ANC Caucus na onye otu Standing Committee on Appropriations, the Rules Committee na the Programming Committee. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Telecommunications na Postal Services Portfolio Committees.&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot; /&gt;

Na Maachị, na afọ 2017, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Ike. Ọ nọchiri Tina Joemat-Pettersson. A na-ahụ nhọpụta ya dị ka ọganihu maka mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nuklia na-ese okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Gaye|title=Rise and rise: New energy minister marks one of Zuma's biggest promotions|url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/03/31/new-energy-minister-marks-one-of-zuma-s-biggest-promotions|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=EWN|date=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zuma names 10 new ministers, 10 new deputies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-names-10-new-ministers-10-new-deputies-8424900|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=#CabinetReshuffle: Meet your new cabinet ministers|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cabinetreshuffle-meet-your-new-cabinet-ministers-8447591|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=1 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017 mgbe a kpọrọ ya Minista nke nkwukọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BREAKING: Zuma reshuffles Cabinet|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-zuma-reshuffles-cabinet-20171017|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018, onye isi ala ọhụrụ a họpụtara Cyril Ramaphosa mara ọkwa na ọ bụ Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-february-2018 New deputy president, finance minister announced in major Cabinet reshuffle], ''Mail &amp; Guardian'', 26 February 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ntuli aka nke Mee 2019 gasịrị, a họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta, na-anọchi Derek Hanekom.&lt;ref&gt;Nicolson, Greg. [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-29-ramaphosa-cuts-cabinet-from-36-to-28-ministers-half-of-whom-are-women/ Ramaphosa cuts Cabinet from 36 to 28 ministers, half of whom are women], ''The Daily Maverick'', 29 May 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Juun na afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ahụike mgbe e nyere Zweli Mkhize ezumike maka ebubo nrụrụ aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dludla|first=Nqobile|date=8 June 2021|title=South Africa's health minister put on special leave over graft allegations|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-health-minister-put-special-leave-over-graft-allegations-2021-06-08/|accessdate=5 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge mgbanwe nke kansụl na 5 Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2021, onye isi ala Ramaphosa họpụtara Kubayi dị ka Minista nke Ebe obibi mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 August 2021|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Meet your new ministers of health, defence and in the presidency|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-your-new-ministers-of-health-defence-and-in-the-presidency-20210805|accessdate=5 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ Joel Sihle Ngubane na 16 Septemba na afọ 2017 wee kewaa n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2021. Ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/News/ministers-husband-in-r11m-tender-conflict-20190311 Husband’s old R11m tender haunts minister], ''City Press'', 11 March 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.pa.org.za/person/mmamoloko-tryphosa-kubayi/ Ms Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi-Ngubane na Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ]
* Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane, Ms na Gọọmentị South Africa
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1978]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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{{Databox}}'''Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi''' (amụrụ n'abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Mee, n'afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[South Africa]] bụ Minista nke Ebe Obibi Mmadụ na onye otu National Assembly maka African National Congress (ANC). Ọ bụ Minista nke Energy na afọ 2017, Minista nke Communications site n'afọ 2017 ruo n'afọ 2018, Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ site n'afọ 2018 ruo n'afọ 2019, na Minista nke Njem site n'afọ 2019 ruo n'afọ 2021.

== Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Mmamoloko Kubayi ma zụlite ya na Soweto. Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'otu ụlọ. Nne ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na onye na-akwado African National Congress. Kubayi tụụrụ ime mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa wee mụọ nwa nwoke. N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Thusa-Setjhaba Secondary School na afọ 1997 dị ka onye kachasị mma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mesịa tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Soweto nke Mahadum Vista wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA Degree na Psychology na Sociology n'afọ 2000. O nwetara diplọma Project Management na Damelin n'afọ 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Blignaut|first=Charl|title=Kubayi-Ngubane: From pregnant teen to political powerhouse|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse-20171216|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kubayi bu ụzọ were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye mmepe obodo na ngalaba na-abụghị nke gọmentị. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na First National Bank dị ka ọkachamara na mmepe nka, ma, mgbe e mesịrị, chọta ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ azụmahịa na Nedbank. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọha na eze dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepe nka na National Health Laboratory Services.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2015, o nwetara nzere masta na Public Administration na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ramaphosa names Nkhensani Kubayi-Ngubane as South Africa’s new Tourism Minister|url=https://voyagesafriq.com/2019/05/30/ramaphosa-names-nkhensani-kubayi-ngubane-as-south-africas-new-tourism-minister/|work=voyagesafriq|accessdate=31 August 2019|date=30 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike ==
Kubayi, mgbe ọ ka nọ na Mahadum Vista, sonyeere ANC Youth League ma họpụta ya na SRC nke mahadum ahụ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na National Health Laboratory Services, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi n'oge na-adịghị anya n'ọfịs nke osote onye isi ala nke obodo South Africa, [[Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Introducing the executives Cyril Ramaphosa has chosen to serve SA|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2019-05-30-the-men-and-women-cyril-ramaphosa-has-chosen-to-serve-sa/|accessdate=31 August 2019|work=BusinessLIVE|date=30 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2006, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ANC PR nke obodo Johannesburg wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Portfolio nke obodo ahụ na Transport. N'oge ahụ kpọmkwem, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye otu Provincial Executive Council (PEC) nke ANC Youth League na Gauteng ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ osote odeakwụkwọ mpaghara nke ANCYL.&lt;ref name=&quot;from-pregnant-teen-to-powerhouse&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot; /&gt;

A họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu n'afọ 2009. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị omeiwu nye osote onye isi ala nke South Africa, Kgalema Motlanthe.&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot; /&gt;

N'ikike ya dị ka onye omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka Kọmitii Ndị omeiwu na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ dị elu, ndị otu iwu na arịrịọ. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anọchite anya Deputy Chief Whip nke ANC Caucus na onye otu Standing Committee on Appropriations, the Rules Committee na the Programming Committee. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Telecommunications na Postal Services Portfolio Committees.&lt;ref name=&quot;businesslive&quot; /&gt;

Na Maachị, na afọ 2017, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma họpụtara ya dị ka Minista ọhụrụ nke Ike. Ọ nọchiri Tina Joemat-Pettersson. A na-ahụ nhọpụta ya dị ka ọganihu maka mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nuklia na-ese okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Gaye|title=Rise and rise: New energy minister marks one of Zuma's biggest promotions|url=https://ewn.co.za/2017/03/31/new-energy-minister-marks-one-of-zuma-s-biggest-promotions|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=EWN|date=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zuma names 10 new ministers, 10 new deputies|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/zuma-names-10-new-ministers-10-new-deputies-8424900|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=31 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=#CabinetReshuffle: Meet your new cabinet ministers|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cabinetreshuffle-meet-your-new-cabinet-ministers-8447591|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=IOL|date=1 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge ruo n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017 mgbe a kpọrọ ya Minista nke nkwukọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BREAKING: Zuma reshuffles Cabinet|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/breaking-zuma-reshuffles-cabinet-20171017|accessdate=18 August 2019|work=News24|date=17 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018, onye isi ala ọhụrụ a họpụtara Cyril Ramaphosa mara ọkwa na ọ bụ Minista nke Sayensị na Teknụzụ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-02-26-ramaphosa-cabinet-reshuffle-february-2018 New deputy president, finance minister announced in major Cabinet reshuffle], ''Mail &amp; Guardian'', 26 February 2018. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ntuli aka nke Mee 2019 gasịrị, a họpụtara Kubayi ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka njem nleta, na-anọchi Derek Hanekom.&lt;ref&gt;Nicolson, Greg. [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-05-29-ramaphosa-cuts-cabinet-from-36-to-28-ministers-half-of-whom-are-women/ Ramaphosa cuts Cabinet from 36 to 28 ministers, half of whom are women], ''The Daily Maverick'', 29 May 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Juun na afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista na-ahụ maka ahụike mgbe e nyere Zweli Mkhize ezumike maka ebubo nrụrụ aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dludla|first=Nqobile|date=8 June 2021|title=South Africa's health minister put on special leave over graft allegations|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-health-minister-put-special-leave-over-graft-allegations-2021-06-08/|accessdate=5 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge mgbanwe nke kansụl na 5 Ọgọstụ, na afọ 2021, onye isi ala Ramaphosa họpụtara Kubayi dị ka Minista nke Ebe obibi mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 August 2021|title=Cabinet reshuffle: Meet your new ministers of health, defence and in the presidency|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/analysis/cabinet-reshuffle-meet-your-new-ministers-of-health-defence-and-in-the-presidency-20210805|accessdate=5 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ Joel Sihle Ngubane na 16 Septemba na afọ 2017 wee kewaa n'ọnwa Eprel, na afọ 2021. Ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm.&lt;ref&gt;[https://city-press.news24.com/News/ministers-husband-in-r11m-tender-conflict-20190311 Husband’s old R11m tender haunts minister], ''City Press'', 11 March 2019. Retrieved on 18 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.pa.org.za/person/mmamoloko-tryphosa-kubayi/ Ms Mmamoloko Tryphosa Kubayi-Ngubane na Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ]
* Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane, Ms na Gọọmentị South Africa
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1978]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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Egwuregwu vidiyo, [lower-alpha 1] nke a makwaara dị ka egwuregwu kọmputa, bụ egwuregwu eletrọnịkị nke gụnyere mmekọrịta nke onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ ntinye - dị ka joystick, njikwa, kiiboodu, ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ mmetụta ngagharị - iji mepụta nzaghachi anya.  A na-egosipụtakarị nzaghachi a na ngwaọrụ ngosi vidiyo, dị ka ihe onyonyo, ihe nleba anya, ihuenyo mmetụ, ma ọ bụ ekweisi eziokwu mebere.  Ụfọdụ egwuregwu kọmputa anaghị adabere mgbe niile na ihe ngosi eserese, dịka ọmụmaatụ, egwuregwu njem egwuregwu ederede na chess kọmputa nwere ike ịme site na ngwa nbipute teletype.  A na-agbakwunye egwuregwu vidiyo site na nzaghachi ọdịyo ewepụtara site na ọkà okwu ma ọ bụ ekweisi, yana mgbe ụfọdụ ụdị nzaghachi ndị ọzọ, gụnyere teknụzụ haptic.</text>
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'''Egwuregwu vidiyo''', [lower-alpha 1] nke a makwaara dị ka egwuregwu kọmputa, bụ egwuregwu eletrọnịkị nke gụnyere mmekọrịta nke onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ ntinye - dị ka joystick, njikwa, kiiboodu, ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ mmetụta ngagharị - iji mepụta nzaghachi anya.  A na-egosipụtakarị nzaghachi a na ngwaọrụ ngosi vidiyo, dị ka ihe onyonyo, ihe nleba anya, ihuenyo mmetụ, ma ọ bụ ekweisi eziokwu mebere.  Ụfọdụ egwuregwu kọmputa anaghị adabere mgbe niile na ihe ngosi eserese, dịka ọmụmaatụ, egwuregwu njem egwuregwu ederede na chess kọmputa nwere ike ịme site na ngwa nbipute teletype.  A na-agbakwunye egwuregwu vidiyo site na nzaghachi ọdịyo ewepụtara site na ọkà okwu ma ọ bụ ekweisi, yana mgbe ụfọdụ ụdị nzaghachi ndị ọzọ, gụnyere teknụzụ haptic.</text>
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Ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na echiche pegan: ike nke nwanyị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi (1996) bụ akwụkwọ nke Margaret Y. Macdonald dere. .

== Isiokwu ==
Akwụkwọ a bụ ọmụmụ banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge ochie na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na narị afọ abụọ mbụ.  MacDonald na-eji nchọpụta nke anthropology ọdịbendị na ụdị nyocha nke sitere na sociology nke oge a iji mụọ ihe odide ndị dị ugbu a nke echiche ọha na eze nke ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nke Ndị Kraịst na mgbalị inye nghọta banyere ndụ zoro ezo nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Prọfesọ Agba Ọhụrụ Rollin Ramsaran na-ekwu, &quot;Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ga-edekọ etu MacDonald si etinye echiche ndị a n'ọrụ... MacDonald na-enyocha nke ọma nke nsogbu ndị na'ihe ize ndụ wee nye nkwado a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na nke na ya na echiche ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rollin A. Ramsaran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramsaran|first=Rollin A.|title=BOOK REVIEWS Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=67|pages=223–226|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.1.223|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie A.M.Keith gara n'ihu na-ekwu &quot;Nkwurịta okwu zuru ezu ya banyere njedebe na ohere nke ụdị sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bara ezigbo uru ma setịpụ ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ nke usoro mgbagwoju anya maka ndị ọkà akwụkwọ na'enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na oge Gris na Rom. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ya ==
Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe atọ dị mkpa. Akụkụ nke 1 na-enyocha okwu na nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ. Keith na-ekwu na MacDonald na ya na akwụkwọ ochie ndị a maara nke ọma, ma ụzọ Mac Donald na'amaghị ihe ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKeith1997&quot;&gt;Keith, A.M. (1997). [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)&quot;]. ''University of Toronto Quarterly''. '''67''' (1): 173–174.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  MacDonald's nlo awọn ireti awujọ ti ijọba ti ijọba ti awọn obinrin ni awọn ofin ti &quot;ọla&quot; ati &quot;itiju&quot;, &quot;gbangba&quot; ati &quot;ikọkọ&quot; ati &quot;agbara laiṣe&quot;awọn ẹsẹ&quot; aṣẹ deede &quot;lati jiyan pupọ ninu awọn keferi vociferous Atako ti ile ijọsin Ibẹrẹ jẹ asopọ si “ipilẹṣẹ obinrin” ti Kristiẹni akọkọ ti ijọba naa rii bi ajẹsara.awọn odi keferi lenu fihan obinrin ṣe ni o daju mu a significant ipa ni Kristiẹniti beginnings.


MacDonald na-eji atụmanya ọha na eze nke alaeze ukwu ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe gbasara &quot;nkwanye ùgwù&quot; na &quot; ihere,&quot; &quot;ihu ọha&quot; da &quot;ike nzuzo&quot; amaokwu &quot;ikike iwu kwadoro&quot; iji kwuo na ọtụtụ n&quot; nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ siri ike nke ụka mbụ nwere njikọ na Christian &quot;mgbalị nwanyị&quot; nke Alaeze Ukwu ahụ hụrụ dị ka ihe yiri amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jane F. Gardner&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gardner|first=Jane F.|title=Women in Roman Law &amp; Society|year=1991|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-253-20635-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ a na-ekpere arụsị gosipụtara n'ezie na ụmụ nwanyị keere òkè dị mkpa na mmalite nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.: 126 Ebubo gbasara ụmụnwaanyị so na ndị e ji emetụta echiche ọha na eze banyere Iso Kraịst n&quot;onwe ya na'egosi egwu ya nye usoro mmekọrịta ndị ọgọ mmụọ.:&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacDonald|first=Margaret Y.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-521-56174-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stephen Benko&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Benko|first=Stephen|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=85|issue=2|pages=275–276|doi=10.1353/cat.1999.0019|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kay Ramnarine&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ramnarine|first=Kay|title=Women Belong in Leadership: Let Critics Keep Silent|date=2008|publisher=Wipf and Stock|location=Eugene, Oregon|isbn=978-1-55635-576-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;


&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Onimọ-jinlẹ ti ile-ẹkọ giga Peter Richardson ṣalaye MacDonald jẹ ọmọwe Pauline ti a mọ, na ngalaba nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị nyocha ya na akwụkwọ Paulina.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe odide Agba Ọhụrụ nke na-egbochi ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị na akwụkwọ ozi Pauline, na dị ka onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie Constance McLeese si kwuo, ihe odide ndị a nwere ike ịbụ &quot;nchegbu maka onyinyo ọha na eze nke Chọọchị&quot; nke sitere na nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ na echiche ọha ọjọọ.  MacDonald na-ekwusi ike na echiche ọjọọ nke ọha na eze na alaeze ukwu Rom kpatara ime ihe ike ma metụta ikike chọọchị nwere &quot;izisa ozi ọma&quot;.: 202, 242 McLeese na Mac Donald kwubiri na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ ga-abụrịrị na ha na ọ na'ọrụ ha dị ka nwunye, nne na ndị ohu ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacDonald|first=Margaret Y.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-521-56174-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMacDonald1996&quot;&gt;MacDonald, Margaret Y. (1996). ''Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman''. NY: Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-521-56174-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-56174-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Mgbe a na-ele anya site n'echiche a, enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ n&quot;ihe Pauline kwuru banyere alụmdi na nwunye dị ka ihe na'ụzọ dị egwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndụmọdụ e nyere ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ ndị na-ekweghị ekwe na I Kor. 7:1210 na 1 Pet. 3:16 n'ụzọ dị anya site n&quot;ịmanye ọnọdụ [Ndị Rom], na'inye ndụmọdụ ka a mee ihe siri ike nke na ya na ezigbo nwunye nke ezinụlọ ndị Gris na ndị Rom na ha na ibe ha. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Akụkụ nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ahụ bụ nyocha nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ nke Ndị Kraịst kwuru banyere alụmdi na nwunye na mmepe nke alụkwaghịm dị ka ihe atụ eji eme ihe n&quot;ime ụka Ndị Isi..

MacDonald daba pe &quot;njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ nke nwanyị Onye Kraịst lụrụ di na nhọrọ a nke asụsụ ihe atụ bụ ...kwado ụmụ nwanyị karịa echiche nke oge a banyere nna ochie ga-ekwe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

MacDonald kwubiri na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ziri ezi ikwu na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst nke narị afọ nke abụọ enweghị ''ikike'' n'echiche ọdịnala ndị Rom, ha ka nwere ''ike'' ịnwe ike karịa ka a na-ahụkarị na agụmakwụkwọ ọdịbendị ụmụnwaanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richardsonpdf&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Richardson|first=Peter|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses|volume=27|issue=2|pages=214–215|doi=10.1177/000842989802700210|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnakwere ==
Mmeghachi omume nke akwụkwọ MacDonald abụwo nke ọma.  Onye ọkà mmụta Agba Ọhụrụ Constance E. McLeese na-akpọ ya &quot;echiche na -akpali akpali&quot; na &quot;akwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama&quot;; Stephen Benko na na Prọfesọ Rollin Ramsaran dere, &quot;Nke a bụ ihe edere nke ọma, nke edobere nke baax, na nke nwere oké ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge mbụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rollin A. Ramsarin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramsarin|first=Rollin A.|title=BOOK REVIEWS Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=67|pages=223–226|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.1.223|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Classics Prọfesọ Allison M. Keith na-ekwu na ọ &quot;e dere ya n'ụzọ dị nro ma jiri aghụghọ arụmụka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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Ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na echiche pegan: ike nke nwanyị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi (1996) bụ akwụkwọ nke Margaret Y. Macdonald dere. .

== Isiokwu ==
Akwụkwọ a bụ ọmụmụ banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge ochie na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na narị afọ abụọ mbụ.  MacDonald na-eji nchọpụta nke anthropology ọdịbendị na ụdị nyocha nke sitere na sociology nke oge a iji mụọ ihe odide ndị dị ugbu a nke echiche ọha na eze nke ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nke Ndị Kraịst na mgbalị inye nghọta banyere ndụ zoro ezo nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Prọfesọ Agba Ọhụrụ Rollin Ramsaran na-ekwu, &quot;Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ga-edekọ etu MacDonald si etinye echiche ndị a n'ọrụ... MacDonald na-enyocha nke ọma nke nsogbu ndị na'ihe ize ndụ wee nye nkwado a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na nke na ya na echiche ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rollin A. Ramsaran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramsaran|first=Rollin A.|title=BOOK REVIEWS Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=67|pages=223–226|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.1.223|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie A.M.Keith gara n'ihu na-ekwu &quot;Nkwurịta okwu zuru ezu ya banyere njedebe na ohere nke ụdị sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bara ezigbo uru ma setịpụ ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ nke usoro mgbagwoju anya maka ndị ọkà akwụkwọ na'enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na oge Gris na Rom. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ya ==
Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe atọ dị mkpa. Akụkụ nke 1 na-enyocha okwu na nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ. Keith na-ekwu na MacDonald na ya na akwụkwọ ochie ndị a maara nke ọma, ma ụzọ Mac Donald na'amaghị ihe ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKeith1997&quot;&gt;Keith, A.M. (1997). [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)&quot;]. ''University of Toronto Quarterly''. '''67''' (1): 173–174.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  MacDonald's nlo awọn ireti awujọ ti ijọba ti ijọba ti awọn obinrin ni awọn ofin ti &quot;ọla&quot; ati &quot;itiju&quot;, &quot;gbangba&quot; ati &quot;ikọkọ&quot; ati &quot;agbara laiṣe&quot;awọn ẹsẹ&quot; aṣẹ deede &quot;lati jiyan pupọ ninu awọn keferi vociferous Atako ti ile ijọsin Ibẹrẹ jẹ asopọ si “ipilẹṣẹ obinrin” ti Kristiẹni akọkọ ti ijọba naa rii bi ajẹsara.awọn odi keferi lenu fihan obinrin ṣe ni o daju mu a significant ipa ni Kristiẹniti beginnings.


MacDonald na-eji atụmanya ọha na eze nke alaeze ukwu ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe gbasara &quot;nkwanye ùgwù&quot; na &quot; ihere,&quot; &quot;ihu ọha&quot; da &quot;ike nzuzo&quot; amaokwu &quot;ikike iwu kwadoro&quot; iji kwuo na ọtụtụ n&quot; nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ siri ike nke ụka mbụ nwere njikọ na Christian &quot;mgbalị nwanyị&quot; nke Alaeze Ukwu ahụ hụrụ dị ka ihe yiri amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jane F. Gardner&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gardner|first=Jane F.|title=Women in Roman Law &amp; Society|year=1991|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-253-20635-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ a na-ekpere arụsị gosipụtara n'ezie na ụmụ nwanyị keere òkè dị mkpa na mmalite nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.: 126 Ebubo gbasara ụmụnwaanyị so na ndị e ji emetụta echiche ọha na eze banyere Iso Kraịst n&quot;onwe ya na'egosi egwu ya nye usoro mmekọrịta ndị ọgọ mmụọ.:&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacDonald|first=Margaret Y.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-521-56174-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stephen Benko&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Benko|first=Stephen|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=85|issue=2|pages=275–276|doi=10.1353/cat.1999.0019|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kay Ramnarine&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ramnarine|first=Kay|title=Women Belong in Leadership: Let Critics Keep Silent|date=2008|publisher=Wipf and Stock|location=Eugene, Oregon|isbn=978-1-55635-576-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;


&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Onimọ-jinlẹ ti ile-ẹkọ giga Peter Richardson ṣalaye MacDonald jẹ ọmọwe Pauline ti a mọ, na ngalaba nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị nyocha ya na akwụkwọ Paulina.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe odide Agba Ọhụrụ nke na-egbochi ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị na akwụkwọ ozi Pauline, na dị ka onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie Constance McLeese si kwuo, ihe odide ndị a nwere ike ịbụ &quot;nchegbu maka onyinyo ọha na eze nke Chọọchị&quot; nke sitere na nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ na echiche ọha ọjọọ.  MacDonald na-ekwusi ike na echiche ọjọọ nke ọha na eze na alaeze ukwu Rom kpatara ime ihe ike ma metụta ikike chọọchị nwere &quot;izisa ozi ọma&quot;.: 202, 242 McLeese na Mac Donald kwubiri na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ ga-abụrịrị na ha na ọ na'ọrụ ha dị ka nwunye, nne na ndị ohu ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacDonald|first=Margaret Y.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-521-56174-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMacDonald1996&quot;&gt;MacDonald, Margaret Y. (1996). ''Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman''. NY: Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-521-56174-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-56174-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Mgbe a na-ele anya site n'echiche a, enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ n&quot;ihe Pauline kwuru banyere alụmdi na nwunye dị ka ihe na'ụzọ dị egwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndụmọdụ e nyere ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ ndị na-ekweghị ekwe na I Kor. 7:1210 na 1 Pet. 3:16 n'ụzọ dị anya site n&quot;ịmanye ọnọdụ [Ndị Rom], na'inye ndụmọdụ ka a mee ihe siri ike nke na ya na ezigbo nwunye nke ezinụlọ ndị Gris na ndị Rom na ha na ibe ha. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot; /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Akụkụ nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ahụ bụ nyocha nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ nke Ndị Kraịst kwuru banyere alụmdi na nwunye na mmepe nke alụkwaghịm dị ka ihe atụ eji eme ihe n&quot;ime ụka Ndị Isi..

MacDonald daba pe &quot;njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ nke nwanyị Onye Kraịst lụrụ di na nhọrọ a nke asụsụ ihe atụ bụ ...kwado ụmụ nwanyị karịa echiche nke oge a banyere nna ochie ga-ekwe&quot;.

MacDonald kwubiri na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ziri ezi ikwu na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst nke narị afọ nke abụọ enweghị ''ikike'' n'echiche ọdịnala ndị Rom, ha ka nwere ''ike'' ịnwe ike karịa ka a na-ahụkarị na agụmakwụkwọ ọdịbendị ụmụnwaanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richardsonpdf&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Richardson|first=Peter|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses|volume=27|issue=2|pages=214–215|doi=10.1177/000842989802700210|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnakwere ==
Mmeghachi omume nke akwụkwọ MacDonald abụwo nke ọma.  Onye ọkà mmụta Agba Ọhụrụ Constance E. McLeese na-akpọ ya &quot;echiche na -akpali akpali&quot; na &quot;akwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama&quot;; Stephen Benko na na Prọfesọ Rollin Ramsaran dere, &quot;Nke a bụ ihe edere nke ọma, nke edobere nke baax, na nke nwere oké ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge mbụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rollin A. Ramsarin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramsarin|first=Rollin A.|title=BOOK REVIEWS Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=67|pages=223–226|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.1.223|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Classics Prọfesọ Allison M. Keith na-ekwu na ọ &quot;e dere ya n'ụzọ dị nro ma jiri aghụghọ arụmụka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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Ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na echiche pegan: ike nke nwanyị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi (1996) bụ akwụkwọ nke Margaret Y. Macdonald dere. .

== Isiokwu ==
Akwụkwọ a bụ ọmụmụ banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge ochie na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na narị afọ abụọ mbụ.  MacDonald na-eji nchọpụta nke anthropology ọdịbendị na ụdị nyocha nke sitere na sociology nke oge a iji mụọ ihe odide ndị dị ugbu a nke echiche ọha na eze nke ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nke Ndị Kraịst na mgbalị inye nghọta banyere ndụ zoro ezo nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Prọfesọ Agba Ọhụrụ Rollin Ramsaran na-ekwu, &quot;Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ga-edekọ etu MacDonald si etinye echiche ndị a n'ọrụ... MacDonald na-enyocha nke ọma nke nsogbu ndị na'ihe ize ndụ wee nye nkwado a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na nke na ya na echiche ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rollin A. Ramsaran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramsaran|first=Rollin A.|title=BOOK REVIEWS Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=67|pages=223–226|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.1.223|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie A.M.Keith gara n'ihu na-ekwu &quot;Nkwurịta okwu zuru ezu ya banyere njedebe na ohere nke ụdị sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bara ezigbo uru ma setịpụ ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ nke usoro mgbagwoju anya maka ndị ọkà akwụkwọ na'enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na oge Gris na Rom. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ya ==
Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe atọ dị mkpa. Akụkụ nke 1 na-enyocha okwu na nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ. Keith na-ekwu na MacDonald na ya na akwụkwọ ochie ndị a maara nke ọma, ma ụzọ Mac Donald na'amaghị ihe ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKeith1997&quot;&gt;Keith, A.M. (1997). [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)&quot;]. ''University of Toronto Quarterly''. '''67''' (1): 173–174.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  MacDonald's nlo awọn ireti awujọ ti ijọba ti ijọba ti awọn obinrin ni awọn ofin ti &quot;ọla&quot; ati &quot;itiju&quot;, &quot;gbangba&quot; ati &quot;ikọkọ&quot; ati &quot;agbara laiṣe&quot;awọn ẹsẹ&quot; aṣẹ deede &quot;lati jiyan pupọ ninu awọn keferi vociferous Atako ti ile ijọsin Ibẹrẹ jẹ asopọ si “ipilẹṣẹ obinrin” ti Kristiẹni akọkọ ti ijọba naa rii bi ajẹsara.awọn odi keferi lenu fihan obinrin ṣe ni o daju mu a significant ipa ni Kristiẹniti beginnings.


MacDonald na-eji atụmanya ọha na eze nke alaeze ukwu ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe gbasara &quot;nkwanye ùgwù&quot; na &quot; ihere,&quot; &quot;ihu ọha&quot; da &quot;ike nzuzo&quot; amaokwu &quot;ikike iwu kwadoro&quot; iji kwuo na ọtụtụ n&quot; nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ siri ike nke ụka mbụ nwere njikọ na Christian &quot;mgbalị nwanyị&quot; nke Alaeze Ukwu ahụ hụrụ dị ka ihe yiri amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jane F. Gardner&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gardner|first=Jane F.|title=Women in Roman Law &amp; Society|year=1991|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-253-20635-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ a na-ekpere arụsị gosipụtara n'ezie na ụmụ nwanyị keere òkè dị mkpa na mmalite nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.: 126 Ebubo gbasara ụmụnwaanyị so na ndị e ji emetụta echiche ọha na eze banyere Iso Kraịst n&quot;onwe ya na'egosi egwu ya nye usoro mmekọrịta ndị ọgọ mmụọ.:&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacDonald|first=Margaret Y.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-521-56174-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stephen Benko&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Benko|first=Stephen|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=85|issue=2|pages=275–276|doi=10.1353/cat.1999.0019|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kay Ramnarine&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ramnarine|first=Kay|title=Women Belong in Leadership: Let Critics Keep Silent|date=2008|publisher=Wipf and Stock|location=Eugene, Oregon|isbn=978-1-55635-576-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;


&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Onimọ-jinlẹ ti ile-ẹkọ giga Peter Richardson ṣalaye MacDonald jẹ ọmọwe Pauline ti a mọ, na ngalaba nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị nyocha ya na akwụkwọ Paulina. Ihe odide Agba Ọhụrụ nke na-egbochi ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị na akwụkwọ ozi Pauline, na dị ka onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie Constance McLeese si kwuo, ihe odide ndị a nwere ike ịbụ &quot;nchegbu maka onyinyo ọha na eze nke Chọọchị&quot; nke sitere na nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ na echiche ọha ọjọọ.  MacDonald na-ekwusi ike na echiche ọjọọ nke ọha na eze na alaeze ukwu Rom kpatara ime ihe ike ma metụta ikike chọọchị nwere &quot;izisa ozi ọma&quot;.: 202, 242 McLeese na Mac Donald kwubiri na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ ga-abụrịrị na ha na ọ na'ọrụ ha dị ka nwunye, nne na ndị ohu ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacDonald|first=Margaret Y.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-521-56174-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMacDonald1996&quot;&gt;MacDonald, Margaret Y. (1996). ''Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman''. NY: Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-521-56174-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-56174-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Mgbe a na-ele anya site n'echiche a, enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ n&quot;ihe Pauline kwuru banyere alụmdi na nwunye dị ka ihe na'ụzọ dị egwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndụmọdụ e nyere ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ ndị na-ekweghị ekwe na I Kor. 7:1210 na 1 Pet. 3:16 n'ụzọ dị anya site n&quot;ịmanye ọnọdụ [Ndị Rom], na'inye ndụmọdụ ka a mee ihe siri ike nke na ya na ezigbo nwunye nke ezinụlọ ndị Gris na ndị Rom na ha na ibe ha. &quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Akụkụ nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ahụ bụ nyocha nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ nke Ndị Kraịst kwuru banyere alụmdi na nwunye na mmepe nke alụkwaghịm dị ka ihe atụ eji eme ihe n&quot;ime ụka Ndị Isi..

MacDonald daba pe &quot;njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ nke nwanyị Onye Kraịst lụrụ di na nhọrọ a nke asụsụ ihe atụ bụ ...kwado ụmụ nwanyị karịa echiche nke oge a banyere nna ochie ga-ekwe&quot;.

MacDonald kwubiri na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ziri ezi ikwu na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst nke narị afọ nke abụọ enweghị ''ikike'' n'echiche ọdịnala ndị Rom, ha ka nwere ''ike'' ịnwe ike karịa ka a na-ahụkarị na agụmakwụkwọ ọdịbendị ụmụnwaanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richardsonpdf&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Richardson|first=Peter|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses|volume=27|issue=2|pages=214–215|doi=10.1177/000842989802700210|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnakwere ==
Mmeghachi omume nke akwụkwọ MacDonald abụwo nke ọma.  Onye ọkà mmụta Agba Ọhụrụ Constance E. McLeese na-akpọ ya &quot;echiche na -akpali akpali&quot; na &quot;akwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama&quot;; Stephen Benko na na Prọfesọ Rollin Ramsaran dere, &quot;Nke a bụ ihe edere nke ọma, nke edobere nke baax, na nke nwere oké ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge mbụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rollin A. Ramsarin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramsarin|first=Rollin A.|title=BOOK REVIEWS Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=67|pages=223–226|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.1.223|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Classics Prọfesọ Allison M. Keith na-ekwu na ọ &quot;e dere ya n'ụzọ dị nro ma jiri aghụghọ arụmụka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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Ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na echiche pegan: ike nke nwanyị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi (1996) bụ akwụkwọ nke Margaret Y. Macdonald dere. .

== Isiokwu ==
Akwụkwọ a bụ ọmụmụ banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge ochie na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na narị afọ abụọ mbụ.  MacDonald na-eji nchọpụta nke anthropology ọdịbendị na ụdị nyocha nke sitere na sociology nke oge a iji mụọ ihe odide ndị dị ugbu a nke echiche ọha na eze nke ndị ọgọ mmụọ na nke Ndị Kraịst na mgbalị inye nghọta banyere ndụ zoro ezo nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Prọfesọ Agba Ọhụrụ Rollin Ramsaran na-ekwu, &quot;Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe ga-edekọ etu MacDonald si etinye echiche ndị a n'ọrụ... MacDonald na-enyocha nke ọma nke nsogbu ndị na'ihe ize ndụ wee nye nkwado a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na nke na ya na echiche ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rollin A. Ramsaran&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramsaran|first=Rollin A.|title=BOOK REVIEWS Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=67|pages=223–226|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.1.223|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie A.M.Keith gara n'ihu na-ekwu &quot;Nkwurịta okwu zuru ezu ya banyere njedebe na ohere nke ụdị sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bara ezigbo uru ma setịpụ ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ nke usoro mgbagwoju anya maka ndị ọkà akwụkwọ na'enyocha ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na oge Gris na Rom. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ya ==
Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe atọ dị mkpa. Akụkụ nke 1 na-enyocha okwu na nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ. Keith na-ekwu na MacDonald na ya na akwụkwọ ochie ndị a maara nke ọma, ma ụzọ Mac Donald na'amaghị ihe ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKeith1997&quot;&gt;Keith, A.M. (1997). [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)&quot;]. ''University of Toronto Quarterly''. '''67''' (1): 173–174.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  MacDonald's nlo awọn ireti awujọ ti ijọba ti ijọba ti awọn obinrin ni awọn ofin ti &quot;ọla&quot; ati &quot;itiju&quot;, &quot;gbangba&quot; ati &quot;ikọkọ&quot; ati &quot;agbara laiṣe&quot;awọn ẹsẹ&quot; aṣẹ deede &quot;lati jiyan pupọ ninu awọn keferi vociferous Atako ti ile ijọsin Ibẹrẹ jẹ asopọ si “ipilẹṣẹ obinrin” ti Kristiẹni akọkọ ti ijọba naa rii bi ajẹsara.awọn odi keferi lenu fihan obinrin ṣe ni o daju mu a significant ipa ni Kristiẹniti beginnings.


MacDonald na-eji atụmanya ọha na eze nke alaeze ukwu ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe gbasara &quot;nkwanye ùgwù&quot; na &quot; ihere,&quot; &quot;ihu ọha&quot; da &quot;ike nzuzo&quot; amaokwu &quot;ikike iwu kwadoro&quot; iji kwuo na ọtụtụ n&quot; nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ siri ike nke ụka mbụ nwere njikọ na Christian &quot;mgbalị nwanyị&quot; nke Alaeze Ukwu ahụ hụrụ dị ka ihe yiri amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jane F. Gardner&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gardner|first=Jane F.|title=Women in Roman Law &amp; Society|year=1991|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Indianapolis|isbn=978-0-253-20635-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ a na-ekpere arụsị gosipụtara n'ezie na ụmụ nwanyị keere òkè dị mkpa na mmalite nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.: 126 Ebubo gbasara ụmụnwaanyị so na ndị e ji emetụta echiche ọha na eze banyere Iso Kraịst n&quot;onwe ya na'egosi egwu ya nye usoro mmekọrịta ndị ọgọ mmụọ.:&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacDonald|first=Margaret Y.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-521-56174-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McLeese|first=Constance E.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)|journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies|volume=6|pages=150–151|doi=10.1353/earl.1998.0008|year=1998}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMcLeese1998&quot;&gt;McLeese, Constance E. (1998). &quot;Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (review)&quot;. ''Journal of Early Christian Studies''. '''6''': 150–151. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/earl.1998.0008|10.1353/earl.1998.0008]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stephen Benko&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Benko|first=Stephen|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion. The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=85|issue=2|pages=275–276|doi=10.1353/cat.1999.0019|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kay Ramnarine&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ramnarine|first=Kay|title=Women Belong in Leadership: Let Critics Keep Silent|date=2008|publisher=Wipf and Stock|location=Eugene, Oregon|isbn=978-1-55635-576-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;


&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Onimọ-jinlẹ ti ile-ẹkọ giga Peter Richardson ṣalaye MacDonald jẹ ọmọwe Pauline ti a mọ, na ngalaba nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị nyocha ya na akwụkwọ Paulina. Ihe odide Agba Ọhụrụ nke na-egbochi ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị na akwụkwọ ozi Pauline, na dị ka onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie Constance McLeese si kwuo, ihe odide ndị a nwere ike ịbụ &quot;nchegbu maka onyinyo ọha na eze nke Chọọchị&quot; nke sitere na nkatọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ na echiche ọha ọjọọ.  MacDonald na-ekwusi ike na echiche ọjọọ nke ọha na eze na alaeze ukwu Rom kpatara ime ihe ike ma metụta ikike chọọchị nwere &quot;izisa ozi ọma&quot;.: 202, 242 McLeese na Mac Donald kwubiri na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ ga-abụrịrị na ha na ọ na'ọrụ ha dị ka nwunye, nne na ndị ohu ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Margaret Y. MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=MacDonald|first=Margaret Y.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|isbn=0-521-56174-4}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMacDonald1996&quot;&gt;MacDonald, Margaret Y. (1996). ''Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion The power of the hysterical woman''. NY: Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-521-56174-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-521-56174-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonaldreview&quot; /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Mgbe a na-ele anya site n'echiche a, enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ n&quot;ihe Pauline kwuru banyere alụmdi na nwunye dị ka ihe na'ụzọ dị egwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndụmọdụ e nyere ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ ndị na-ekweghị ekwe na I Kor. 7:1210 na 1 Pet. 3:16 n'ụzọ dị anya site n&quot;ịmanye ọnọdụ [Ndị Rom], na'inye ndụmọdụ ka a mee ihe siri ike nke na ya na ezigbo nwunye nke ezinụlọ ndị Gris na ndị Rom na ha na ibe ha. &quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Akụkụ nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ahụ bụ nyocha nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti narị afọ nke abụọ nke Ndị Kraịst kwuru banyere alụmdi na nwunye na mmepe nke alụkwaghịm dị ka ihe atụ eji eme ihe n&quot;ime ụka Ndị Isi..

MacDonald daba pe &quot;njikọ dị n'etiti ọrụ nke nwanyị Onye Kraịst lụrụ di na nhọrọ a nke asụsụ ihe atụ bụ ...kwado ụmụ nwanyị karịa echiche nke oge a banyere nna ochie ga-ekwe&quot;.

MacDonald kwubiri na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ziri ezi ikwu na ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst nke narị afọ nke abụọ enweghị ''ikike'' n'echiche ọdịnala ndị Rom, ha ka nwere ''ike'' ịnwe ike karịa ka a na-ahụkarị na agụmakwụkwọ ọdịbendị ụmụnwaanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richardsonpdf&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Richardson|first=Peter|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses|volume=27|issue=2|pages=214–215|doi=10.1177/000842989802700210|year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnakwere ==
Mmeghachi omume nke akwụkwọ MacDonald abụwo nke ọma.  Onye ọkà mmụta Agba Ọhụrụ Constance E. McLeese na-akpọ ya &quot;echiche na -akpali akpali&quot; na &quot;akwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama&quot;; Stephen Benko na na Prọfesọ Rollin Ramsaran dere, &quot;Nke a bụ ihe edere nke ọma, nke edobere nke baax, na nke nwere oké ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge mbụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rollin A. Ramsarin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramsarin|first=Rollin A.|title=BOOK REVIEWS Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|volume=67|pages=223–226|doi=10.1093/jaarel/67.1.223|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Classics Prọfesọ Allison M. Keith na-ekwu na ọ &quot;e dere ya n'ụzọ dị nro ma jiri aghụghọ arụmụka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;A.M.Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keith|first=A.M.|title=Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman by Margaret Y. MacDonald (review)|issue=1|pages=173–174|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/515978/summary|journal=University of Toronto Quarterly|volume=67|year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Nwankwo Kanu</title>
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'''Nwankwo Kanu''' {{Audio|Ig-Nwankwo Kanu.ogg|Audio}} (na-ege ntị) OON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa asatọ n'afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri asaa n'isii (1, Ọgọstụ1976) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka [[Footbọl|onye]] na-aga n'ihu. Ọ bụ onye otu mba Naịjirịa, ma na-egwuri egwu maka [[Nigeria national football team|ndị otu]] Naịjirị Iwuanyanwu Nationale, ndị Dutch [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]], Inter Milan nke Ịtali, na klọb ndị England Arsenal, West Bromwich Albion na Portsmouth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/nwankwo-kanu_prs3465/person.shtml|title=Nwankwo Kanu|work=Eurosport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanu meriri ihe nrite UEFA Champions League, ihe nrite nke UEFA Cup, ihe nrita FA Cup atọ na ihe nrite abụọ nke onye egwu africa nke afo, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu ole na ole meriri Premier League, FA Cup, Champions League, UEFA Cup na Olympic Gold Medal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197142/matches/match=32249/report.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124001452/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197142/matches/match=32249/report.html|archivedate=24 November 2007|title=Olympic Football Tournaments Seoul 1988 – Men|date=3 August 1996|publisher=[[FIFA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere nke atọ kachasị dochie anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Premier League, na-apụta site na bench ugboro otu nari na iri na asatọ (118), a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma n'akụnụ ihe mere eme bọọlụ Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiersoccerstats.com/Records.cfm?DOrderby=SubOn&amp;DYearby=All%20Seasons|title=All Time Player Records|work=Premiersoccerstats.com|date=13 August 2010|accessdate=11 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224195237/http://www.premiersoccerstats.com/Records.cfm?DOrderby=SubOn&amp;DYearby=All%20Seasons|archivedate=24 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya UNICEF Mma mma, na onye nnọchianya akara Afrịka maka onye ọrụ igwe onyonyo  dijitalụ StarTimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/7485713.stm|title=Kanu to tackle homeless problem|date=2 July 2008|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2015/10/30/16832972/startimes-appoints-kanu-nwankwo-as-brand-ambassador?noBetaRedirect=1|title=StarTimes appoints Kanu Nwankwo as brand ambassador|work=Goal.com|date=30 October 2015|accessdate=13 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye nwe igwe onyonyo nke Kanu Sports, ụlọ ọrụ igwe onyonyo  egwuregwu Ịntanetị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://aoifootball.com/2018/06/11/kanu-nwankwo-to-launch-first-indigenous-sports-tv/|title=Kanu Nwankwo to launch first indigenous sports TV|date=11 June 2018|publisher=[[AOI Football]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kanusportstv.com/|title=Official website of Kanu Sports Television|work=kanusportstv.com|date=12 May 2018|accessdate=12 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
A mụrụ ya na [[Òwèrè|Owerri]], Imo steeti, Naịjirịa, Kanu malitere ọrụ ya na klọb league nke Naịjirị Federation Works, tupu ọ kwaga Iwuanyanwu Nationale. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na U-17 World Championships, Dutch Eredivisie [[AFC Ajax]] bịanyere aka na ya na afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu na atọ (1993) maka ego a na-akọwaghị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What was Kanu's crowning glory? {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/african-legends-what-was-kanus-greatest-achievement/ckwgf0gpkfno1fgeenzcq95kx|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=www.goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere Ajax mbụ ya n'afọ ahụ wee gaa n'ihu gbaa goolu iri abụọ na ise n'egwuregwu iri ise na anọ. Kanu bịakwara dị ka onye na-esote na mmeri ikpeazụ nke Ajax na afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu na ise (1995) UEFA Champions League megide AC Milan. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ malitere na afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolu na isii (1996) UEFA Champions League Final megide Juventus.&lt;ref name=&quot;CL-finals&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|year=2017|chapter=2. Finals|chapterurl=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/Publications/02/28/56/89/2285689_DOWNLOAD.pdf|title=UEFA Champions League Statistics Handbook 2016/17|location=Nyon, Switzerland|publisher=Union of European Football Associations|accessdate=22 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inter ===
N'afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolu na isii (1996), Ajax rere Kanu n'aka Inter Milan nke Serie A maka ihe dị ka onu ego dọla  nke pụtara nde anọ na narị asaa ($ 4.7). N'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, ọ bụ onyeisi [[Nigeria national football team|ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] meriri ọla edo n'egwuregwu Olimpik, wee gbaa goolu abụọ n'ikpeazụ na ọkara ikpeazụ megide ndị isi Brazil iji gbanwee akara abụọ na atọ (2 - 3) n'ime mmeri anọ na atọ (4 - 3) n&quot;oge mgbakwunye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olympic Football Tournaments 2020 - Men - News - Africa's golden Olympic history - FIFA.com|url=https://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/news/africa-s-golden-olympic-history|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312180053/https://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/news/africa-s-golden-olympic-history|archivedate=12 March 2020|author=FIFA.com|work=www.fifa.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọkwara Kanu onye na-agba bọọlụ n'Afrịka nke Afọ n'afọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/08/22/nwankwo-kanu-and-the-languid-brilliance-of-nigerias-most-celebrated-footballer/|title=NWANKWO KANU AND THE LANGUID BRILLIANCE OF NIGERIA'S MOST CELEBRATED FOOTBALLER|work=These Football Times.co|date=21 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ lọtara n'egwuregwu Olimpik, Kanu gara nyocha ahụike na Inter, nke kpughere nnukwu nkwarụ obi, ndị dọkịta kwenyekwara na ọrụ ya agwụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/kanu-told-he-may-never-play-again-1.82988|title=Kanu told he may never play again|date=4 September 1996|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=[[The Irish Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wara ya ahụ nke ọma na ọnwa iri n'otu (Nọvemba) iji dochie valve aortic, ọ laghachighị na klọb ya ruo n'ọnwa anọ, n'afọ oru puku, narị iteolu na iri iteolu na asaa (Eprel1997).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/30/sports/nigerian-star-recovering-from-surgery.html|title=Nigerian Star Recovering From Surgery|date=30 November 1996|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Kanu na-ekwukarị banyere okwukwe ya dị ka Onye Kraịst, ọ na-ekwukwa oge a siri ike nke ọrụ ya dị ka oge ọ na-ekpegara Chineke ekpere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Jeremy|title=Portsmouth thrive on power of prayer and goals from born-again Kanu|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/oct/30/match.sport|work=The Guardian|date=30 October 2006|accessdate=11 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahụmahụ Kanu mekwara ka o guzobe Kanu Heart Foundation, otu na-enyere ụmụaka Africa na-arịa ọrịa obi aka ma gbasaa ọrụ ha iji nyere ụmụaka na-enweghị ebe obibi aka na n'afọ puku abụọ na asatọ (2008).&lt;ref name=&quot;homeless&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/7485713.stm|title=Kanu to tackle homeless problem|work=BBC Sport|date=2 July 2008|accessdate=1 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arsenal ===
N'ọnwa abụọ n'afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolu na iteolu (Febụwarị 1999), mgbe naanị egwuregwu iri na abụọ na otu goolu maka Inter, Arsenal bịanyere aka na Kanu maka ihe dịka onu ego pound nde anọ na iri na ise (£ 4.15). O mere nke mbụ ya maka Arsenal, megide Sheffield United na FA Cup. Na akara otu na otu (1 - 1) na nkeji iri ka ọfọduru ka oge zuo,  onye na-edebe goolu Sheffield United bụ Alan Kelly kụrụ bọọlụ ahụ n'enweghị aka ka e wee nye Lee Morris ọgwụgwọ. Mgbe Ray Parlour tụgharịrị bọọlụ ahụ n'egwuregwu, ọ bụ ezie na e bu n'uche ka ọ bụrụ Kelly, Kanu chụrụ bọọlụ a tụgharịrị n'akụkụ aka nri n'enweghị ihe mgbagha ma tinye bọọlụ n'etiti Marc Overmars, onye gbara goolu iji mee egwuregwu ahụ  abụọ na otu (2 - 1). Mgbe egwuregwu ahụ gasịrị, onye nchịkwa Arsenal bụ Arsène Wenger kwetara na ọ bụghị egwuregwu ziri ezi ma kwuo na ọ ga-egwuri egwu ọzọ nke Arsenal meriri ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HfxOAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5223,4037100&amp;dq=arsenal+sheffield+fa+cup&amp;hl=en|title=Sport-wise it's not right|publisher=New Straits Times|date=15 February 1999|accessdate=1 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Shaw|first=Phil|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-overmars-seals-action-replay-1072977.html|title=Football: Overmars seals action replay – Sport|work=The Independent|date=24 February 1999|accessdate=1 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbanyeghị ihe omume ndị kpuchiri mmalite ya, a maliteghachiri ọrụ Kanu ngwa ngwa na Arsenal. Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na agba nke ọzọ nke iko ahụ megide Derby County, na-apụta n'elu bench iji nweta naanị goolu nke egwuregwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/291593.stm|title=Kanu's cup delight|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'oge na-adịghị anya maka ike ọ na-agba goolu site na bench, na-agba ihe dị mkpa megide Sheffield Wednesday, Tottenham Hotspur na Aston Villa dị ka onye na-anọchi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/arsenal-vs-sheff-wed/278000|title=Arsenal 3–0 Sheffield Wednesday|work=Sky Sports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/tottenham-vs-arsenal/278083|title=Tottenham 1–3 Arsenal|work=Sky Sports.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.11v11.com/matches/arsenal-v-aston-villa-16-may-1999-24076/|title=Arsenal 1–0 Aston Villa|work=11v11.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-akwado ya maka ekele mkpịsị aka abụọ ya nke malitere na afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolu na iteolu (1999) megide Middlesbrough ihe o mechara kọwaa na ọ dabeere na aha njirimara nke otu ahụ, The Gunners .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://chronicle.ng/2016/12/13/video-arsenal-design-xmas-keyring-from-kanu-nwankwos-shirt/|title=VIDEO: ARSENAL DESIGN XMAS KEYRING FROM KANU NWANKWO'S SHIRT|work=Chronicle.ng|accessdate=2023-05-19|archivedate=2019-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328065344/https://www.chronicle.ng/2016/12/13/video-arsenal-design-xmas-keyring-from-kanu-nwankwos-shirt/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Kanu dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ n'Afrịka nke Afọ nke ugboro abụọ n'afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolu na iteolu (1999). N'afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolu na iteolu ruo n'afọ puku abụọ (1999 na 2000), ọ gbara bọọlụ ugboro iri na asaa n'egwuregwu iri ise maka Gunners, gụnyere otu hat-trick na nkeji iri na ise megide Chelsea n'ọnwa iri n'afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolu na iteolu (Oktoba 1999) iji gbanwee ọdịda nke abụọ n'ime mmeri nke atọ. N'ọnwa Asatọ, na afọ puku abụọ na otu (Ọgọstụ 2001), Arsenal jụrụ arịrịọ Fulham nyere ihe dị ka onu ego pound nde asaa (£7m) maka Kanu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Arsenal reject Kanu bid|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1492347.stm|work=BBC Sport|date=15 August 2001|accessdate=24 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ngosipụta nke Kanu maka Arsenal jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọkachasị mgbe Thierry Henry pụtara dị ka onye mbụ Arsenal họọrọ na-eme ihe na Kanu na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka onye nnọchi anya. Kanu wee merie n'afọ  puku abụọ na atọ (2003) FA Cup na Arsenal. Ya na ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ a ma ama, dị ka Henry na Robert Pires, Kanu bụ onye otu &quot;Invincibles&quot;, akụkụ Arsenal nke mechara 2003 - 04 na-enweghị mmeri nke Premier League. Ọ gbara egwuregwu otu narị na iri iteolu n'asaa (197) maka Arsenal, gbaa goolu iri anọ na anọ (44). N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ puku abụọ n'anọ (2004), mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Arsenal kwụsịrị, ọ kwagara West Bromwich Albion na nnyefe n'efu. N'afọ puku abụọ na asatọ (2008), a họpụtara Kanu dị ka onye nke iri na atọ na ntuli aka &quot;Gunners' Greatest 50 Players&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;greatest50&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/gunners-greatest-players-13.-kanu|title=Gunners' Greatest Players – 13. Kanu|work=Arsenal.com|date=9 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102164522/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/gunners-greatest-players-13.-kanu|archivedate=2 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọpuku abụọ na isii (2006), Kanu gbara dịka onye ọbịa maka Arsenal na egwuregwu akaebe Dennis Bergkamp, egwuregwu mbụ a ga-egwu na Emirates Stadium ọhụrụ nke Arsenal. Egwuregwu ahụ dị n'otu n'otu mgbe Kanu gbara goolu mmeri, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye nke atọ gbara goolu n'ámá egwuregwu ahụ. Na ngwụcha egwuregwu ahụ, Kanu sonyeere ndị ọzọ nọ n'akụkụ Arsenal n'ibuli onye Dutch ahụ lara ezumike nká n'ubu ha ka ndị na-akwado ya na-eti ya otuto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jul/23/newsstory.sport6|title=Bergkamp bids farewell|work=The Guardian.com|date=22 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/pictures-dennis-bergkamp-testimonial|title=Pictures: Dennis Bergkamp's testimonial|work=Arsenal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ ka bụ onye a ma ama na Arsenal, a na-akụ ya aka mgbe ọ pụtara na Emirates Stadium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/salute-kanu-mercurial-genius-ultimate-arsenal-cult-hero/|title=A salute to Kanu, mercurial genius and ultimate Arsenal cult hero|work=Planet Football.com|date=5 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọ na klọb ahụ, ọ na-eyi uwe elu nke iri abụọ na ise (25).&lt;ref name=&quot;Players to Watch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/world-cup-players-to-watch/g-1800549|title=World Cup Players to Watch – Togo: Emmanuel Adebayor|publisher=DW.com|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== West Bromwich Albion ===
West Bromwich Albion ka e buliri n'ọkwa na Premier League  nke ugboro  abụọ n'ime afọ abụọ. Kanu malitere dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ mgbe niile, na-eme mpụta mbụ ya na 1-1 gbara na Blackburn Rovers  na abalị iri n'anọ n'onwa asatọ, na afọ puku abụọ na anọ (14 Ọgọstụ 2004). Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Albion na abalị iri na asatọ, n'onwa iteolu na afọ puku abụọ n'anọ (18 Septemba 2004), ihe nhata nkeji nke iri asatọ na asatọ n'ime otu ha gbara n'ụlọ ha megide Fulham. N'egwuregwu megide Middlesbrough na abali iri na anọ, n'ọnwa iri na otu n'afọ puku abụọ  na anọ (14 Nọvemba 2004), ikpe mara Kanu maka  dị egwu na oge mmerụ ahụ, na Albion 2 - 1 gbadara. Kanu ezipụla obe dị ala n'ofe mmanya ahụ site na mbara ala dịpụrụ adịpụ site na ahịrị mgbaru ọsọ.  A hụrụ onye njikwa Bryan Robson na ihe nkiri igwe onyonyo  na-ekwu okwu &quot;Olee otu o si hapụ nke ahụ?&quot;, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kpuwere onye na-eti mkpu Kanu okpueze &quot;Miss of the Season&quot; na nyocha ha na njedebe oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-11-21|title='Impossible' miss from Kanu spoils Robson's return|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/impossible-miss-from-kanu-spoils-robson-s-return-20317.html|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka o sina dị, afọ  2004 - 05 bụ nke a na-agaghị echefu echefu maka West Bromwich Albion, ebe ha ghọrọ klọb mbụ zere ịpụ na Premier League mgbe ha nọ n'ala tebụl na Krismas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jain|first=Kartik|date=2020-04-16|title=West Brom's GREAT ESCAPE - Probably the most dramatic relegation escape|url=https://premierleaguenewsnow.com/coronavirus-lockdown-series-west-bromwich-great-escape-probably-most-dramatic-relegation-escape-premier-league-era-2004-05/|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=premierleaguenewsnow.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu n'ime egwuregwu ndị a na-agaghị echefu echefu n'afọ puku ab,uo n'ise ruo na puku abụọ na isii (2005 - 06) maka Kanu bịara na nleta nke Arsenal gara Hawthorns na abalị iri na ise, n'ọnwa October afọ puku abụọ na ise (15 Ọktoba 2005). Philippe Senderos mere ka ndị ọbịa nọ n'ihu na nkeji nke iri na asaa, mana Kanu meriri obere oge tupu ọkara oge. West Brom gara n'ihu merie egwuregwu ahụ site na mmeri dị egwu site na Darren Carter. Ọ bụ mmeri mbụ ha meriri Arsenal n'ụlọ kemgbe afọ otu puku, narị iteolu na iri asaa n'atọ (1973), na oge mbụ ha si n'azụ bịa iji merie egwuregwu Premier League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=P.bacon|first=Chris|title=Injury-ravaged Arsenal losing sight of leaders|work=[[The Independent]]|date=17 October 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 October 2005|url=http://www.wba.premiumtv.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10366~30224,00.html|title=WBA vs Arsenal|publisher=Official Albion website|accessdate=10 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mana ihe ngosi ndị dị otú ahụ dị ụkọ maka Albion n'oge ahụ, a chụpụrụ klọb ahụ na njedebe nke 2005–06. Nkwekọrịta Kanu agwụla, ọ họọrọ ịghara imezigharị ya. N'ime afọ abụọ ọ nọrọ na Hawthorns, o mere ngụkọta nke iri ise na asatọ (58) pụtarairi na isii (16) n'ime ha dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ma gbaa goolu itoolu.
[[Usòrò:Portsmouth_kickoff_vs_AC_Milan.jpg|thumb|Portsmouth kickoff megide AC Milan.]]
Kanu bụ onye nweere onwe ya mgbe ọ hapụrụ West Brom, ọ bịanyere aka na Portsmouth na nkwekọrịta otu afọ obere oge tupu mmalite oge 2006 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 August 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/5261642.stm|title=Portsmouth complete Kanu signing|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=10 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pompey enwetala mmeghachi omume na ọkara nke abụọ nke mkpọsa gara aga, na-esote nloghachi nke Harry Redknapp dị ka onye njikwa, na-ezere ịlaghachi site na akara anọ mgbe ọ nọ n'oké ihe ize ndụ na mmalite afọ. Na mbido oge 2006 nke afọ puku abụọ na asaa (2007), ha enwetaghị mmeri n'egwuregwu ise mbụ ha, n'oge ha ekweghị otu goolu. Kanu mere nke mbụ ya na Portsmouth dị ka onye na-anọchi Blackburn Rovers na abalị iri na iteolu, na ọnwa asatọ n'afọ puku abụọ na isii (19 Ọgọst 2006), ụbọchị mmeghe nke oge Premier League nke afọ puku abụọ n'isii (2006). Ọ gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ wee hapụ penalty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/5266322.stm|title=Middlesbrough 0–4 Portsmouth|work=BBC Sport|date=28 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanu gara n'ihu mechaa oge ahụ dị ka onye kacha gbaa goolu maka Portsmouth, na goolu iri na abụọ n'ozuzu. Mgbe ahụ, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ ọhụrụ na klọb ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/p/portsmouth/6933628.stm|title=Kanu signs one-year Pompey deal|work=BBC Sport|date=6 August 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Kanu.jpg|thumb|Kanu na-egwuri egwu maka Portsmouth na 2007]]
N'oge nke abụọ ya na Portsmouth, Kanu gbara bọọlụ na mmeri nke FA Cup 1 South 0 megide West Bromwich Albion na mmeri 1 - 0 na nke ikpeazụ megide Cardiff City, na-eme ka o nweta ihe nrite nke atọ nke onye mmeri FA Cup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/fa_cup/7320356.stm|title=West Brom 0–1 Portsmouth|work=BBC Sport|date=5 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2300733/FA-Cup-final-Kanu-punishes-Cardiff-to-win-Cup.html|title=FA Cup final: Kanu punishes Cardiff to win Cup|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na oge 2008-09 mere Portsmouth 2-0 na njedebe 2-2 UEFA Cup ha na ụlọ ọgbakọ Italian AC Milan. O mechara gbaa goolu mmeri megide Bolton Wanderers, nke mere ka Pompey nwee nchekwa mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ bụ naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya na Premier League n'afọ puku abụọ na asatọ ruo puku abụọ na iteolu (2008 - 09). Ọ bịanyere aka na Pompey ọzọ n'ọnwa asatọ, afọ puku abụọ na iri (Ọgọstụ  2010), na-ele anya ịghọ onye nkuzi mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. Kanu bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ma debe uwe elu nke iri abụọ na asaa, mana ọ bụghị onye mbido oge niile n'oge niile ma nwee naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-03-28|title=You're Too Old, Pompey Boss Tells Kanu, Benjani|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/03/28/youre-too-old-pompey-boss-tells-kanu-benjani/|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=P.M. News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime oge 2011-12, oge egwuregwu ya belatara, na-apụta naanị site na bench.  Mgbe ọpụpụ Steve Cotterill, na mbata nke Michael Appleton, ewepụkwara ya n'oche, n'ihi nsogbu ahụike na mmerụ ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ (Mee afọ 2012), site n'enyemaka nke mwepụ isi maka ịbanye n'ọchịchị Portsmouth hụrụ onwe ha n'ọgụ relegation nke mechara kwụsị na ha relegated na League One.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michael Appleton: My time as Pompey boss was a crazy but enjoyable experience|url=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/sport/football/portsmouth-fc/lincoln-manager-michael-appleton-my-time-portsmouth-was-crazy-enjoyable-experience-1307332|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=www.portsmouth.co.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji belata ego, onye nchịkwa ahụ nwere olileanya iru nkwekọrịta ịkwụsị nkwekọrịta nke Kanu yana ndị egwuregwu isii ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ha bụ ndị egwuregwu kachasị ego na klọb ahụ. N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa asaa, n'afọ puku abụọ na iri n'abụọ (Julaị n'afọ 2012), a mara ọkwa na a na-atụ anya na Kanu na Aaron Mokoena ga-ahapụ klọb ahụ mgbe ha na-agaghị ụbọchị mbụ n'ọzụzụ tupu oge ezumike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nwankwo Kanu and Aaron Mokoena set for Portsmouth exit|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18772708|work=BBC Sport|date=9 July 2012|accessdate=31 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanu yiri egwu na ya ga-agba Portsmouth akwụkwọ maka ụgwọ akwụghị ụgwọ ya.  N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa asaa (Julaị), Kanu kwetara ịhapụ Portsmouth, mana o kwughachiri na ọ ka nọ na esemokwu banyere ụgwọ a na-akwụghị ya nke klọb ahụ ji ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kanu's Portsmouth exit buoys administrator Trevor Birch|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/19047263|work=BBC Sport|date=30 July 2012|accessdate=31 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa anọ n'afọ puku abụọ na iri n'atọ (Eprel afọ 2013) o kwupụtara na ọ kwụsịrị ikpe ahụ ma hapụ klọb ahụ nihe ruru onu ego nde pound atọ (£ 3m) ọ kwuru na ọ bụ ya ji ụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;mirror2013-04-02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/arsenal-legend-kanu-reveals-wrote-1798772|title=Kanu believe it! Arsenal legend reveals he wrote off £3m from Portsmouth when he retired|author=Football|first=Mirror|date=2 April 2013|work=mirror|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Kanu bụ onye otu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa site na afọ otu puku,narị iteolu na iri iteolu na anọ ruo puku abụọ na iri (1994 ruo 2010), na-eme nke mbụ ya na egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide [[Sweden]]. Na mbido ọrụ ya, Kanu nyere aka na ihe ịga nke ọma zuru ezu nke Naijiria na afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolunna atọ (1993) FIFA U-17 World Championship na [[Japan]] na mmeri ha na-esote 2=1 na Ghana na nke ikpeazụ. Site na goolu ise, ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na-agba goolu na asọmpi ahụ na Peter Anosike na Manuel Neira, n'azụ onye obodo ya na onye isi ala Wilson Oruma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top ten African players in FIFA World Cup history|url=https://sportinglife.ng/top-ten-african-players-fifa-world-cup-history/|date=2018-06-14|work=Sporting Life|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na mmeri ọla edo nke Olympic na ihe omume bọọlụ na afọ otu puku narị iteolu na iri iteolu na isii (1996) Olympics na Atlanta, ebe ọ gbara goolu mmeri na mmeri nke 4103 nke Brazil, goolu nke abụọ ya na egwuregwu ahụ, Kanu sonyere na 1998 na 2002 FIFA World Cup.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071124001452/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197142/matches/match=32249/report.html Olympic Football Tournaments Atlanta 1996 – Men. ]&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa isii n'afọ puku abụọ na iri (12Juun afọ 2010), Kanu kwụsịrị ọrụ mba ụwa ya mgbe Naịjirịa hapụrụ asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke afọ puku abụọ na iri (2010) na South Africa. Super Eagles meriri egwuregwu ha megide [[Argentina]] na Gris, tupu ha esoro South Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8759861.stm|title=World Cup 2010: Kanu calls time on Nigeria career|date=24 June 2010|work=BBC Sport|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|accessdate=30 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; O meriri iri astọ na isii (86) caps ma gbaa goolu iri na atọ (13) maka mba ya ma bụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ Naijiria kachasị agba bọọlụ n'oge niile n'akụkụ Muda Lawal, ruo mgbe Joseph Yobo gafere ndị egwuregwu abụọ ahụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ (2012), na-emeri Isi nke iri asatọ na asaa (87th cap) ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1717/editorial/2012/03/02/2940504/joseph-yobo-nwankwo-kanu-the-five-most-capped-nigerian|title=Joseph Yobo, Nwankwo Kanu &amp; the five most capped Nigerian players|work=www.goal.com|date=2 March 2012|accessdate=4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ, ọ na-eyi uwe elu nke anọ maka ndị otu mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Players to Watch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/fifa-world-cup/story/3523254/10-facts-about-super-eagles-world-cup-jersey-numbers|title=10 Facts about Super Eagles' World Cup jersey numbers|publisher=ESPN FC|author=Ugbane|first=Dami|date=12 June 2018|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị egwuregwu ==
N'agbanyeghị ike anụ ahụ ya, ọkpụkpụ dị gịrịgịrị, na nnukwu ogologo nke 1.97 m (6 ft 6 in), Kanu bụ onye ọkpụkpọ nwere nkà, onye na-eme ngwa ngwa na nke mara mma na ihe onwunwe, na onye nwere mmetụ dị mma na bọl na nimble footwork; a na-akwanyere ya ùgwù nke ukwuu na mgbasa ozi maka nka nka ya, ikike ịnya mmiri, na njikwa chiri anya, yana njiri mara ya na iji feints, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye egwuregwu a na-atụghị anya ya na pitch.Ọ bụkwa onye egwuregwu nwere ọgụgụ isi, onye nwere ọmarịcha ọhụụ na mmegharị ahụ, yana ịbụ ezigbo onye na-agafe agafe, onye nwere ikike ịgụ egwuregwu na anya maka bọọlụ ikpeazụ, nke - yana oge ya na ike imecha ya - nyere ya ohere. ma iji akara na imepụta ihe mgbaru ọsọ; Otú ọ dị, o nwechaghịkwa ọsọ ọsọ dị ukwuu, ma dọta nkatọ mgbe ụfọdụ na mgbasa ozi n'ihi ọnụego ọrụ ya, ụdị egwuregwu &quot;na-adịghị mma&quot; na ọchịchọ mgbe ụfọdụ ịhapụ ohere ị nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị mfe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1378675-peter-crouch-and-the-15-most-awkward-soccer-players-in-the-world|title=Peter Crouch and the 15 Most Awkward Soccer Players in the World|publisher=Bleacher Report|date=23 October 2012|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/84/africa/2011/06/17/2536066/nwankwo-kanu-calls-it-quits-from-football-long-live-the|title=Nwankwo Kanu calls it quits from football, long live the legend!|publisher=Goal.com|author=Adewuyi|first=Lolade|date=17 June 2011|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/kanu-s-fabulous-15-minutes-2460965|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806040010/https://www.fifa.com/news/kanu-s-fabulous-15-minutes-2460965|archivedate=6 August 2020|title=Kanu's fabulous 15 minutes|publisher=FIFA.com|date=23 October 2014|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;graduate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/6196599.stm|title=African strikers graduate|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 December 2006|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/from-vieira-to-ozil-arsene-wengers-15-best-signings-for/15eeb7nwsl2631sw67h0q2btc9|title=From Vieira to Ozil: Arsene Wenger's 15 best signings for Arsenal|publisher=Goal.com|date=11 May 2018|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/gallery/rated-all-time-best-and-worst-premier-league-players-every-country-2018-world-cup|title=Rated! The all-time best (and worst) Premier League players from EVERY country at the 2018 World Cup|publisher=FourFourTwo|author=Lea|first=Greg|date=19 June 2018|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hit-or-miss-nwankwo-kanu-jkc7pc0vrdv|title=Hit or miss: Nwankwo Kanu|work=The Times|date=29 August 2006|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;all heart&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/alansmith/2333873/Kanu-all-heart-on-and-off-the-pitch.html|title=Kanu all heart, on and off the pitch|work=The Telegraph|author=Smith|first=Alan|date=18 March 2006|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2010/03/22/1845010/nwankwo-kanu-is-too-good-to-miss-the-world-cup-portsmouths-tommy-|title=Nwankwo Kanu Is Too Good To Miss The World Cup - Portsmouth's Tommy Smith|publisher=Goal.com|author=Adewuyi|first=Lolade|date=22 March 2010|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/17742/olympics/2016/08/04/26213082/kanu-the-lanky-boy-who-shook-the-world-at-atlanta-96|title=Kanu: The lanky boy who shook the world at Atlanta '96|publisher=Goal.com|author=Adewuyi|first=Lolade|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1946410-top-100-premier-league-imports-of-all-time|title=Top 100 Premier League Imports of All Time|publisher=Bleacher Report|author=Matchett|first=Karl|date=7 February 2014|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;how good were the Ajax team of Finidi and Kanu?&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/just-how-good-were-the-ajax-team-of-finidi-and-kanu/bp5mf1bnd5wm1v9uwjfcd9ln2|title=Just how good were the Ajax team of Finidi and Kanu?|publisher=Goal.com|author=Chukwu|first=Solace|date=24 May 2017|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/927409-fancy-footwork-50-of-the-best-dribblers-in-world-football|title=50 Best Dribblers in World Football|publisher=Bleacher Report|author=Eanet|first=Lindsay|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/african-legends-cup-of-nations-kanu-vs-abedi-pele/1tero09ce3q3z1crz4ub04q02g|title=African Legends Cup of Nations: Kanu vs Abedi Pele|publisher=Goal.com|author=Dove|first=Ed|date=9 May 2020|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na a na-etinyekarị ya dị ka  centre-forward or striker,&lt;ref name=&quot;treccani&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nwankwo-kanu_%28Enciclopedia-dello-Sport%29/|title=KANU, Nwankwo|publisher=Treccani: Enciclopedia dello Sport (2002)|language=it|author=Monti|first=Fabio|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/nwankwo-kanu-interview-arsenal-arsene-wenger-african-football-a8480341.html|title=Nwankwo Kanu: 'Trophies are good but saving somebody who could die, giving them hope of life, it means a lot to me'|work=The Independent|author=Ostleree|first=Lawrence|date=6 August 2018|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe okike ya kwekwara ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na nke ọzọ ewepuru mbuso agha n'azụ ma ọ bụ na-akwado onye isi ihe, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'ime ihe elu egwuruegwu ime ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;how good were the Ajax team of Finidi and Kanu?&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/us/gallery/25-best-arsenal-players-premier-league-era|title=The 25 best Arsenal players of the Premier League era|publisher=FourFourTwo|author=Lea|first=Greg|date=2 April 2019|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ịdị elu ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ọnụnọ siri ike n'ikuku, ọ maara nke ọma n'iji ụkwụ ya akara akara karịa isi ya, n'agbanyeghị ogo ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwalitere egwuregwu ikuku ya na ọrụ ya mechara..&lt;ref name=&quot;graduate&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/886906-15-most-awkward-yet-successful-players-in-world-football-history|title=Soccer: Javier Hernandez and the 15 Most Awkward, Yet Successful Players Ever|publisher=Bleacher Report|author=Dadabhoy|first=Saqib Ahmed|date=10 October 2011|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/oct/30/match.sport|title=Portsmouth thrive on power of prayer and goals from born-again Kanu|work=The Guardian|author=Wilson|first=Jeremy|date=29 October 2006|accessdate=1 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Estero/Primo_Piano/2006/11_Novembre/10/kanu.shtml|title=Kanu: &quot;Grazie a Dio e a Moratti&quot;|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=10 November 2006|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fanuli|first=Marco|title=Calcio giovanile, il 2015 sarà l'anno dello Spezia?|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/12/27/calcio-giovanile-2015-lanno-spezia/1298208/|accessdate=6 June 2020|work=Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=27 December 2014|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/footballwengers-forces-lack-directness-1094086.html|title=Football:Wenger's forces lack directness|work=The Independent|date=17 May 1999|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makwaara ya maka mkpebi siri ike na ikike ijide bọl na azụ ya na mgbaru ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/africa/cup_of_nations/cup_features/602114.stm|title=African stars light up Premiership|publisher=BBC Sport|date=14 January 2000|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/dec/22/sport.comment3|title=How Gunners suffer from deep defence|work=The Guardian|author=Atkinson|first=Ron|date=21 December 2003|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ikike o nwere ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị mkpa mgbe ọ na-apụ na bench mere ka a mara ya aha dị ka &quot;super sub&quot; na mgbasa ozi n'oge ya na Arsenal..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2017/07/03/all-time-greatest-nigeria-squad/|title=All-Time Greatest Nigeria Squad|publisher=www.hitc.com|author=Harmer|first=Alfie Potts|date=3 July 2017|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye egwuregwu nwere onyinye, a makwaara ya maka enweghị nkwekọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11698/2306516/kanu-seals-baggies-switch|title=Kanu seals Baggies switch|publisher=Sky Sports|author=Dunn|first=Alex|accessdate=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; a na-eche na ntụpọ obi ya na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ọrụ ya na ahụike ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike imeziwanye ume ya mgbe ọ gbazichara ịwa ahụ site na ọzụzụ ya..&lt;ref name=&quot;all heart&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arsene's anniversary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thescore.com/epl/news/1115219|title=Arsene's anniversary: Top 20 players from Wenger's Arsenal tenure|publisher=The Score|author=Chandler|first=Michael J.|date=30 September 2016|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fucina Ajax&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.90min.com/it/posts/6363541-fucina-ajax-i-giocatori-scoperti-dai-lancieri-negli-ultimi-30-anni-e-diventati-top-player|title=Fucina Ajax: i giocatori scoperti dai Lancieri negli ultimi 30 anni e diventati top player|publisher=90min.com|language=it|author=Martini|first=Davide|date=8 May 2019|accessdate=6 June 2020|archivedate=6 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606162240/https://www.90min.com/it/posts/6363541-fucina-ajax-i-giocatori-scoperti-dai-lancieri-negli-ultimi-30-anni-e-diventati-top-player}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọkachamara na-ele ya anya dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu Africa kacha ukwuu n'oge niile. sitekwa n'aka ụfọdụ, dịka onye egwuregwu Naịjirịa kachasị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fucina Ajax&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Kanu bụ nwa afọ Abia Steeti, n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria, ma bụrụkwa onye otu [[Ndi Arọ|Aro]] nke agbụrụ [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/nwankwo-kanu-buries-motherphotos-from-the-burial-of-nwankwo-kanus-mother/|title=Nwankwo Kanu Buries Mother{{!}}Photos From The Burial Of Nwankwo Kanu's Mother|work=www.nigerianmonitor.com|language=en-US|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories|title=Nigeria/Kenya: Kanu Buries Dad - allAfrica.com|work=www.allafrica.com|language=en-US|accessdate=17 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/africa/cup_of_nations/cup_news/639394.stm|title=Semi-final success unites Nigeria|work=BBC News|date=11 February 2000|quote=Two of the Super Eagles' top international stars, Arsenal star Nwankwo Kanu and Paris St Germain's Augustine 'Jay-Jay' Okocha are Ibo.|accessdate=25 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwankwo pụtara &quot;Nwatakịrị [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|amụrụ]] n'ụbọchị ahịa Nkwo&quot; n&quot;asụsụ Igbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerian.name/w/index.php?|title=Meaning of Nwankwo in Nigerian|work=Nigerian.name|date=24 January 2008|accessdate=11 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nwanne nwoke nke Kanu, Christopher, bụkwa onye na-agba bọọlụ, onye gbara bọl dị ka onye nche; o nwekwara nwanne nwoke ọzọ nke obere, Ogbonna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11685/2288531/fry-plays-down-kanu-links|title=Fry plays down Kanu links|publisher=Sky Sports|author=Fudge|first=Simon|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;corrective heart surgery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/26419232|title=Kanu has corrective heart surgery|publisher=BBC Sport|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|date=3 March 2014|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanu bụ Onye Kraịst.&lt;ref name=&quot;all heart&quot;/&gt;

A mụrụ Kanu na nkwarụ obi, nke gbochiri valve aortic ya imechi nke ọma; a chọpụtara ya ma rụọ ya ọrụ na afọ otu puku, nari iteolu na iri iteolu na isii (1996). Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ egwu na ọ gaghị agba bọọlụ ọzọ, nakwa na nke ga-emetụta ọrụ ya, ọ gbakere kpamkpam.&lt;ref name=&quot;all heart&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arsene's anniversary&quot;/&gt; Ọ na-aga nyocha ahụike kwa afọ maka ọnọdụ ahụ. N'ọnwa atọ n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ (Machị afọ 2014), a wara ya ahụ n'obi ọzọ, na United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;corrective heart surgery&quot;/&gt;

Ahụmahụ nke Kanu nwere nkwarụ obi a mụrụ ya kpaliri ya iguzobe &quot;Kanu Heart Foundation&quot; n'afọ puku abụọ (2000), ntọala nke na-ezube ịlụso enweghị ebe obibi ọgụ, nke wuru ụlọ ọgwụ ise n&quot;Africa iji gwọọ ụmụaka nwere ọrịa obi na'amaghị ama ma nye ha ịwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;homeless&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;corrective heart surgery&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kanuheartfoundationng.com/|title=The Kanu Heart Foundation|publisher=www.kanuheartfoundationng.com|accessdate=6 June 2020|archivedate=16 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116055821/https://kanuheartfoundationng.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/sep/14/nwankwo-kanu-we-have-saved-542-arsenal|title=Nwankwo Kanu: 'We have saved 542 lives. This means more than football'|work=The Guardian|author=Hytner|first=Dave|date=14 September 2018|accessdate=6 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Klọb ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |National Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Continental
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Other
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|Iwuanyanwu Nationale
|1992–93
|Nigerian Premier League
|25
|15
|
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|25
|15
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[AFC Ajax|Ajax]]
|1993–94
|Eredivisie
|6
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|6
|2
|-
|1994–95
|Eredivisie
|18
|10
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|7
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|26
|12
|-
|1995–96
|Eredivisie
|30
|13
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|9
|0
|3
|0
|42
|13
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!54
!25
!1
!1
!0
!0
!16
!1
!3
!0
!74
!27
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Inter Milan
|1996–97&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nwankwo Kanu » Club matches|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/nwankwo-kanu/2/|work=worldfootball.net|accessdate=6 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Serie A
|0
|0
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|0
|0
|-
|1997–98&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|Serie A
|11
|1
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|18
|1
|-
|1998–99&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot; /&gt;
|Serie A
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|2
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!12
!1
!3
!0
!0
!0
!5
!0
!0
!0
!20
!1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Arsenal
|1998–99
|Premier League
|12
|6
|5
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|17
|7
|-
|1999–2000&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot;&gt;{{Soccerbase|4049|accessdate=5 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Premier League
|31
|12
|2
|0
|1
|1
|15
|3
|1
|1
|50
|17
|-
|2000–01&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|27
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
|14
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|42
|5
|-
|2001–02&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|23
|3
|5
|2
|2
|1
|9
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|39
|6
|-
|2002–03&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|16
|5
|1
|0
|1
|0
|8
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|26
|6
|-
|2003–04&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|10
|1
|3
|0
|4
|2
|7
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|24
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!119
!30
!17
!3
!8
!4
!53
!6
!1
!1
!198
!44
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |West Bromwich Albion
|2004–05&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|28
|2
|2
|1
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|30
|3
|-
|2005–06&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|25
|5
|1
|0
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|28
|6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!53
!7
!3
!1
!2
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!58
!9
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Portsmouth
|2006–07&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|36
|10
|2
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|38
|12
|-
|2007–08&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|25
|4
|5
|2
|1
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|31
|7
|-
|2008–09&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|17
|1
|2
|0
|1
|0
|5
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|25
|2
|-
|2009–10&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Premier League
|23
|2
|1
|0
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|28
|4
|-
|2010–11&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Championship
|32
|2
|1
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|34
|2
|-
|2011–12&lt;ref name=&quot;sb&quot; /&gt;
|Championship
|10
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|11
|1
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!143
!20
!11
!4
!8
!3
!5
!1
!0
!0
!167
!28
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!406
!98
!35
!9
!18
!8
!79
!8
!4
!1
!542
!124
|}

=== Mba Nile ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ọdidi na mgbaru ọsọ nke otu mba
!Otu mba            
!Year
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;18&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]]
|1994
|3
|0
|-
|1995
|2
|1
|-
|1996
|0
|0
|-
|1997
|1
|0
|-
|1998
|5
|1
|-
|1999
|0
|0
|-
|2000
|10
|1
|-
|2001
|6
|2
|-
|2002
|11
|0
|-
|2003
|4
|3
|-
|2004
|7
|0
|-
|2005
|6
|2
|-
|2006
|8
|0
|-
|2007
|6
|2
|-
|2008
|6
|0
|-
|2009
|5
|0
|-
|2010
|5
|0
|-
|2011
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!86
!12
|}

: Mkpụrụ na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe  ọ bụla Kanu gbara. [citation needed]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta goolu mba ofesi Nwankwo nyereKanu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |No.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Date
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Venue
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Opponent
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Score
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Result
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Competition
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
|21 October 1995
|Pakhtakor Markaziy Stadium, Tashkent
|{{fb|UZB}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–2
|1995 Afro-Asian Cup of Nations
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
|5 June 1998
|Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
|{{fb|NED}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–5
|Friendly
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
|22 April 2000
|[[National Stadium, Lagos|Lagos National Stadium]], [[Lagos]]
|{{fb|ERI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
|2002 World Cup qualifier
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|27 January 2001
|Liberation Stadium, [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]]
|{{fb|SUD}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|2002 World Cup qualifier
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
|5 May 2001
|Liberation Stadium, Port Harcourt
|{{fb|LBR}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|2002 World Cup qualifier
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|25 May 2003
|Independence Park, [[Kingston]]
|{{fb|JAM}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–3
|Friendly
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |7 June 2003
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Abuja Stadium, [[Abuja]]
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{fb|MWI}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2004 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|26 March 2005
|Liberation Stadium, Port Harcourt
|{{fb|GAB}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|2006 World Cup qualifier
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
|8 October 2005
|Abuja Stadium, Abuja
|{{fb|ZIM}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5–1
|2006 World Cup qualifier
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
|24 March 2007
|MKO Abiola Stadium, [[Abeokuta]]
|{{fb|UGA}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
|2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
|17 June 2007
|Stade Général Seyni Kountché, Niamey
|{{fb|NIG}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==

* Njikọ Premier nke Naịjirịa: 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;/&gt;

* Eredivisie: 1993 - 94, 1994 - 95&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;/&gt;
* UEFA Champions League: 1994-1995; onye nke abụọ: 1995-1996&lt;ref name=&quot;CL-finals&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot; /&gt;
* UEFA Super Cup: 1995&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot; /&gt;
* Iko Intercontinental: 1995&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot; /&gt;

'''Inter Milan'''

* Iko UEFA: 1997-1998&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/nwankwo-kanu/2926/|title=Nwankwo Kanu – Career Honours|publisher=Soccerway}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Njikọ Premier: 2001-02, 2003-04
* Iko FA: 20010, 200203; onye nke abụọ: 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/1959840.stm|title=Arsenal lift FA Cup|work=BBC Sport|date=4 May 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/3025589.stm|title=Arsenal retain FA Cup|work=BBC Sport|date=17 May 2003|accessdate=18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/1324699.stm|title=Owen shatters Arsenal in Cup final|work=BBC Sport|date=12 May 2001|accessdate=18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* FA Charity Shield: 1999&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/409273.stm|title=Parlour gives Gunners Wembley win|work=BBC News|date=1 August 1999|accessdate=18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye nke abụọ na UEFA Cup: 1999-2000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/752751.stm|title=Penalty heartbreak for Arsenal|work=BBC News|date=17 May 2000|accessdate=18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Portsmouth'''

* Iko FA: 2007-08&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/fa_cup/7393770.stm|title=Portsmouth 1–0 Cardiff|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=17 May 2008|accessdate=18 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Naịjirịa U17'''

* FIFA U-17 World Cup: 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;/&gt;

'''Naịjirịa U23'''

* Ihe nrite ọla edo nke Olimpik: 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;honours&quot;/&gt;

'''Naịjirịa'''

* Iko Mba Afro-Eshia: 1995&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://buzznigeria.com/nigeria-super-eagles/|title=Top 10 Super Eagles of Nigeria's Most Amazing Moments|work=buzznigeria.com|publisher=Chuka Udeze|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye nke abụọ na African Cup of Nations: 2000&lt;ref name=&quot;The Shot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa Cup of Nations 2000|url=http://www.the-shot.com/africa/african-nations-cup-2000/matches/final/nigeria-cameroon.html|work=The Shot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Ajax Talent of the Year (Marco van Basten Award): 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;talentawards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.ajax.nl/articles/timber-voted-talent-of-the-year/|title=Timber voted Talent of the Year|work=Ajax.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye bọọlụ bekee nke Afọ: 1996, 1999&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1 January 2000|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/afr-poy.html|title=African Player of the Year|publisher=[[rsssf.com]]|accessdate=2 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye bọọlụ bekee nke afọ: 1997, 1999&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/24450345|title=History of the BBC African Footballer of the Year award|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Piers|author=Edwards|date=12 November 2016|accessdate=16 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nwoke ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu FA Cup: 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2300733/FA-Cup-final-Kanu-punishes-Cardiff-to-win-Cup.html|title=FA Cup final: Kanu punishes Cardiff to win Cup|work=Telegraph|date=8 May 2008|accessdate=9 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akụkọ ifo IFFHS&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://iffhs.de/iffhs-has-announced-the-48-football-legend-players/|title=IFFHS announce the 48 football legend players|publisher=IFFHS|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=14 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* IFFHS All-time Africa Men's Dream Team: 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; l-time Africa Men's Dream Team: 2021&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1121|publisher=IFFHS|date=29 May 2021|accessdate=31 May 2021|title=IFFHS|archivedate=3 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603054252/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1121}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Gụọ ihe ọzọ ==
*Ọgaranya, Jeremy (30 Septemba 2015), &quot;Ịhụnanya, Ijuanya&quot;, African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.72855, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1

== Njikọ mpụga ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120306151505/http://www.soccerhene.com/cms.php?id_cms=648 Ajụjụ ọnụ Podcast] na Soccerhene.com
* Nwankwo Kanu at Soccerbase 
* Nwankwo Kanu at National-Football-Teams.com 
* Kanu Heart Foundation, ọrụ ebere nke Kanu guzobere iji nyere ụmụaka Afrịka nwere nsogbu obi aka.


== Ebemsidee ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanu, Nwankwo}}
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu si imo steeti]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwu FA Cup ikpeazụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ na 1996 Summer Olympic]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu meriri UEFA Cup]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu na-emeri UEFA Champions League]]
[[Òtù:Ndị na-enweta ihe nrite na 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Òtù:Ndị ọrụ nhazi nke Niger]]
[[Òtù:Ndị mmeri Olympic na football]]
[[Òtù:Ndị nnọchi anya UNICEF ọma]]
[[Òtù:2010 FIFA World Cup Player]]
[[Òtù:Ndị Kraịst Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Igbo]]
[[Òtù:Expatrit na England]]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ si mba ọzọ na Italy]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Naịjirịa si mba ọzọ bi na Italy]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ si mba ọzọ na Nertherland]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Naịjirịa si mba ọzọ bi na Netherland]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa si mba ọzọ]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ Afrịka meriri]]
[[Òtù:Ndị meriri goolu Olympic maka Nigeria]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu iko mba Afrịka 2010]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu iko mba Afrịka 2008]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu iko mba Afrịka 2006]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu iko mba Afrịka 2004]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu iko mba Afrịka 2002]]
[[Òtù:Ndi egwuruegwu iko mba Afrịka 2000]]
[[Òtù:2002 FIFA World Cup Player]]
[[Òtù:1998 FIFA World Cup Player]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ Bekee]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Premier League]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Serie A]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Eredivisie]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Heartland FC]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Pourtsmouth FC]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu West Bromwich Albion FC]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu otu Arsenal FC]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu Inter Milan]]
[[Òtù:Ndị egwuregwu AFC Ajax]]
[[Òtù:Ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ na-aga n'ihu]]
[[Òtù:Ndi Owerri]]
[[Òtù:Ndị dị ndụ]]
[[Òtù:1976 ọmụmụ]]
[[Òtù:Akụkọ nwere hAudio Microfomat]]
[[Òtù:Akụkọ na-eji nrite Template nwere mmeri]]
[[Òtù:Akụkọ na-eji nrite Template nwere onye na-agba ọsọ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>m81dd60mhxk8oi2jafefqgt6wjmhwwp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>National Commercial Bank Mauritius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27109</id>
    <revision>
      <id>687362</id>
      <parentid>113842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:20:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chukwuziterem</username>
        <id>12950</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="4737" sha1="1xqhfztao6pjsszdn9ty3b3m2cigogm" xml:space="preserve">'''National Commercial Bank Limited''', nke a maara dị ka '''NCB''', bụ ụlọ ọrụ ego nke dị na [[Mauritius]] na isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Port Louis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201504132537.html|title=Mauritius: National Commercial Bank Fully Operational|date=2015-04-13|accessdate=2015-04-14|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Government of Mauritius|authorlink=Government of Mauritius}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa nyere ikike nke Bank of Mauritius, ụlọ akụ etiti obodo na onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ nke mba ahụ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E debanyere aha '''National Commercial Bank Limited''' na Thursday April 9, 2015 ma nye ya ikikere ụlọ akụ azụmahịa site na Bank of Mauritius na Friday April 10, 2015. National Commercial Bank nwetara akụ na ụgwọ ụfọdụ nke Bramer Banking Corporation ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-08/mauritius-will-create-new-lender-to-take-over-bramer-amid-probe|title=Mauritius Creates Bank to Take Over Bramer Amid Ponzi Probe|date=April 8, 2015|accessdate=April 12, 2015|work=[[Bloomberg Business]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|author=Vilbrin|first=Christina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a bụ mgbe ụlọ akụ nke Mauritius wepụrụ ikike ụlọ akụ nke Bramer Banking Corporation na-esote nsogbu ego na ụlọ akụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ponzitracker.com/main/2015/4/3/mauritius-halts-693-million-ponzi-scheme-at-bank.html|title=Mauritius Halts $693 Million Ponzi Scheme At Bank|author=Maglich|first=Jordan D.|date=2015-04-03|publisher=Ponzi Tracker|accessdate=2015-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926141330/http://www.ponzitracker.com/main/2015/4/3/mauritius-halts-693-million-ponzi-scheme-at-bank.html|archivedate=26 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-03/bramer-bank-of-mauritius-shares-suspended-after-license-revoked|title=Mauritius Sees Ponzi Scheme ‘Evidence’ as Bramer Shares Halted|date=April 3, 2015|accessdate=April 9, 2015|work=[[Bloomberg Business]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|author=Vilbrin|first=Christina}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere mbufe akaụntụ akụ na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ akụ Bramer mbụ na NCB na Satọde Eprel 11, 2015..&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201504132537.html|title=Mauritius: National Commercial Bank Fully Operational|date=2015-04-13|accessdate=2015-04-14|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Government of Mauritius|authorlink=Government of Mauritius}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGovernment_of_Mauritius2015&quot;&gt;[[Gọọmentị nke Mauritius|Government of Mauritius]] (13 April 2015). [http://allafrica.com/stories/201504132537.html &quot;Mauritius: National Commercial Bank Fully Operational&quot;]. [[AllAfrica.com]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;14 April&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mọnde Jenụwarị 4, 2016, NCB jikọtara na steeti Mauritius Post na ụlọ ọrụ nkwado iji guzobe Bank Mauritius (MauBank).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lutchmeenaraidoo: &quot;L’argent des clients de l’ex-Bramer et de la MPCB est garanti&quot;|url=http://www.lexpress.mu/article/273791/lutchmeenaraidoo-largent-clients-lex-bramer-et-mpcb-est-garanti|work=lexpress.mu|accessdate=2016-01-21|language=fr|first=Joëlle|author=Elix}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.maubank.mu/en/news/communique-transfer-of-undertaking-of-ncb-to-mpcb|title=News Communique: Transfer of Undertaking of NCB to MPCB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akụ ahụ e guzobere ọhụrụ natara ikikere ụlọ akụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.maubank.mu/media/1101/maubank_communique_merger.pdf|title=Communique: Successfully merger of MPCB and NCB|date=January 5, 2016|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe ==
National Commercial Bank bụ nke Gọọmentị Mauritius.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Ndị nduzi nke National Commercial Bank bụ: 

* Maazị Said Lalloo - (Onye isi oche), a họpụtara ya na Eprel 9, 2015.
* Maazị Pravin Cumlajee (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 9, 2015.
* Maazị Youk Siane Yip Wang Wing (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 6, 2015.
* Maazị Anoop Nilamber (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 6, 2015.
* Maazị Ram Prakash Nowbuth (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 6, 2015.
* Maazị Nayen Koomar Ballah (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 6, 2015.
* Maazị Louis Mario Hennequin (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 8, 2015.
* Maazị Ashraf Esmael (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 9, 2015.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ụlọ akụ na Mauritius
* Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Mauritius

== Edensibia ==
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        <username>Chukwuziterem</username>
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      <text bytes="4085" sha1="5dztwjw7c1x4zhyhdn9y6g1ytwfy5z3" xml:space="preserve">'''National Commercial Bank Limited''', nke a maara dị ka '''NCB''', bụ ụlọ ọrụ ego nke dị na [[Mauritius]] na isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Port Louis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201504132537.html|title=Mauritius: National Commercial Bank Fully Operational|date=2015-04-13|accessdate=2015-04-14|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|author=Government of Mauritius|authorlink=Government of Mauritius}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa nyere ikike nke Bank of Mauritius, ụlọ akụ etiti obodo na onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ nke mba ahụ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E debanyere aha '''National Commercial Bank Limited''' na Thursday April 9, 2015 ma nye ya ikikere ụlọ akụ azụmahịa site na Bank of Mauritius na Friday April 10, 2015. National Commercial Bank nwetara akụ na ụgwọ ụfọdụ nke Bramer Banking Corporation ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-08/mauritius-will-create-new-lender-to-take-over-bramer-amid-probe|title=Mauritius Creates Bank to Take Over Bramer Amid Ponzi Probe|date=April 8, 2015|accessdate=April 12, 2015|work=[[Bloomberg Business]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|author=Vilbrin|first=Christina}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a bụ mgbe ụlọ akụ nke Mauritius wepụrụ ikike ụlọ akụ nke Bramer Banking Corporation na-esote nsogbu ego na ụlọ akụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ponzitracker.com/main/2015/4/3/mauritius-halts-693-million-ponzi-scheme-at-bank.html|title=Mauritius Halts $693 Million Ponzi Scheme At Bank|author=Maglich|first=Jordan D.|date=2015-04-03|publisher=Ponzi Tracker|accessdate=2015-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926141330/http://www.ponzitracker.com/main/2015/4/3/mauritius-halts-693-million-ponzi-scheme-at-bank.html|archivedate=26 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-03/bramer-bank-of-mauritius-shares-suspended-after-license-revoked|title=Mauritius Sees Ponzi Scheme ‘Evidence’ as Bramer Shares Halted|date=April 3, 2015|accessdate=April 9, 2015|work=[[Bloomberg Business]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|author=Vilbrin|first=Christina}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere mbufe akaụntụ akụ na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ akụ Bramer mbụ na NCB na Satọde Eprel 11, 2015..&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Na Mọnde Jenụwarị 4, 2016, NCB jikọtara na steeti Mauritius Post na ụlọ ọrụ nkwado iji guzobe Bank Mauritius (MauBank).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lutchmeenaraidoo: &quot;L’argent des clients de l’ex-Bramer et de la MPCB est garanti&quot;|url=http://www.lexpress.mu/article/273791/lutchmeenaraidoo-largent-clients-lex-bramer-et-mpcb-est-garanti|work=lexpress.mu|accessdate=2016-01-21|language=fr|first=Joëlle|author=Elix}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.maubank.mu/en/news/communique-transfer-of-undertaking-of-ncb-to-mpcb|title=News Communique: Transfer of Undertaking of NCB to MPCB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akụ ahụ e guzobere ọhụrụ natara ikikere ụlọ akụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.maubank.mu/media/1101/maubank_communique_merger.pdf|title=Communique: Successfully merger of MPCB and NCB|date=January 5, 2016|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe ==
National Commercial Bank bụ nke Gọọmentị Mauritius.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

Ndị nduzi nke National Commercial Bank bụ: 

* Maazị Said Lalloo - (Onye isi oche), a họpụtara ya na Eprel 9, 2015.
* Maazị Pravin Cumlajee (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 9, 2015.
* Maazị Youk Siane Yip Wang Wing (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 6, 2015.
* Maazị Anoop Nilamber (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 6, 2015.
* Maazị Ram Prakash Nowbuth (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 6, 2015.
* Maazị Nayen Koomar Ballah (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 6, 2015.
* Maazị Louis Mario Hennequin (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 8, 2015.
* Maazị Ashraf Esmael (Director), họpụtara na Eprel 9, 2015.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ụlọ akụ na Mauritius
* Ụlọ Akụ̀ nke Mauritius

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Luisa Moreno</title>
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        <username>NiferO</username>
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      <text bytes="11741" sha1="qheex263tmu3sxdr8qzf50x64hirxhj" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Scannedpostcardmoreno (cropped).jpg|thumb|Luisa Moreno na 1927]]
 
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Luisa Moreno''' (August 30, 1907 &amp;#x2D; November 4, 1992) bụ onye ndú na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] ọrụ movement na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ jikọtara ndị ọrụ, duzie ọgbaghara, dee akwụkwọ nta n'asụsụ [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] na Spanish, ma kpọkọta Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Española nke 1939, &quot;mgbakọ mbụ nke ikike obodo Latino&quot;, tupu ọ laghachi Guatemala na 1950.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ruiz|first=Vicki L.|title=From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth Century America|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|location=New York City|isbn=0-19-513099-5|oclc=41242631|url=https://archive.org/details/fromoutofshadows0000ruiz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Moreno dị ka '''Blanca Rosa López Rodríguez''' n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya na Guatemala City, Guatemala. N'ịbụ onye enweghị obi ụtọ na mgbochi nwoke na nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ, ọ haziri ndị ọgbọ ya, ndị bara ọgaranya n'ime La Sociedad Gabriela Mistral. Ìgwè a jiri mkpesa mkpesa na lobbying na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro iji kwado ka ụmụ nwanyị nabata na mahadum Guatemala. N'ịjụ ọnọdụ ya dị elu, ọ gara Mexico City mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu iji chụsoo ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, o dekwara uri. Ọ lụrụ Angel De León, onye na-ese ihe, na 1927 ma ha abụọ kwagara New York City n'afọ sochirinụ. N'ebe ahụ, a mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị Mytyl.

Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, ihe nkiri Warner Bros. Under a Texas Moon (1930) mere mkpesa dị ka onye na-emegide ndị Mexico site n'aka otu ndị Latino nke Gonzalo González duziri. Ndị uwe ojii kpagburu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, na-egbu González. Ogbugbu ahụ kpaliri ngagharị iwe Pan-Latino, nke Moreno sonyere na ya. O mechara gwa Bert Corona na ahụmịhe ahụ &quot;kpaliri ya ịrụ ọrụ maka ijikọ obodo ndị na-asụ Spanish&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=García|first=Mario T.|title=Memories of Chicano History: The Life and Narrative of Bert Corona|publisher=University of California Press|year=1994|location=Berkeley, California|url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3p30052t/|isbn=0-520-20152-3|oclc=27069925}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum ụmụ nwanyị Katọlik College of the Holy Names na Oakland, California.

== Njikọ na ọrụ ikike obodo ==
Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba dara na 1929, iji kwado nwa ya nwanyị na di ya na-enweghị ọrụ, Moreno rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwa akwa na Spanish Harlem. Ọ haziri ndị ọrụ ibe ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Latinas, n'ime otu ndị ọrụ uwe.

N'afọ 1935, American Federation of Labor (AFL) were Moreno n'ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi ọkachamara. Ọ hapụrụ di ya, onye ghọrọ onye mmegbu, wee soro nwa ya nwanyị biri na [[Flórídạ|Florida]], ebe ọ jikọtara [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị]] na-emepụta sịga na Africa America na Latina. Ọ sonyeere Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) wee bụrụ onye nnọchi anya United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA), na-aghọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Spanish ya na 1940.

Dị ka onye nnọchi anya UCAPAWA, o nyere aka ịhazi ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ pecan-shelling na San Antonio, Texas, na ndị ọrụ cannery na [[Los Angeles]]. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbara ndị ọrụ nọ na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche ume ka ha jikọọ aka. Nduzi ya bụ nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ ike, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị, ọ gbakwara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha bụrụ ndị ndu n'òtù ndị otu.

N'afọ 1937, ọ gara biri n'ógbè Encanto nke San Diego, nke o ji mee ihe dị ka isi maka ọrụ ya na mba niile.

N'afọ 1939, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-ahazi, ya na Josefina Fierro de Bright na Eduardo Quevedo, nke El Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Española (Spanish-asụ People's Congress). O wepụrụ otu afọ na UCAPAWA iji gaa na US, na-eleta ndị ọrụ Latino na East Coast, na Southwest, ma na-akwado ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ nke Agha Obodo Spain na ebumnuche ya.

N'afọ 1940, a gwara ya ka ọ kwuo okwu n'ihu Kọmitii America maka Nchebe nke Ndị A mụrụ Mba Ọzọ (ACPFB). Okwu ya, nke a maara dị ka okwu &quot;Caravan of Sorrow&quot;, kọwara ndụ ndị ọrụ Mexico na-akwaga mba ọzọ. E bipụtaghachiri akụkụ ya na mpempe akwụkwọ Kọmitii, na-emepụta ihe nketa nke were ogologo oge karịa oge nke okwu ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ime ya, o kwuru, 
 
N'otu afọ ahụ, ya na enyi ya Robert Galván guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ na San Diego. Ọ hazikwara ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ite na San Diego ma mee ka ndị were ha n'ọrụ ghara iwe ndị ọrụ scab n'ọrụ. Site na mmalite nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa ghọrọ onye isi ọrụ na United States, ọkachasị na San Diego. Otú ọ dị, a machibidoro ndị Mexico ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ, ebe a na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ metụtara agha, a tụkwara ha n'ọrụ ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ala. Moreno katọrọ ịkpa ókè ahụ, na-ekwu na &quot;California enwetala ọganihu site na ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ọsụsọ nke ndị Mexico na-aga ụlọ ọrụ ya, ọrụ ugbo. Ugbu a, ha enweela ezigbo ịhụ mba n'anya na mba ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke jụrụ inye ha ụmụ amaala ma ọ bụ ọbụna ikike obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Griswold del Castillo|first=Richard|title=Luisa Moreno and the Beginnings of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement in San Diego|journal=Journal of San Diego History|volume=43|issue=3|date=Summer 1997|url=http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/97summer/moreno.htm|accessdate=2006-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1942, Moreno tinyere aka na ikpe igbu ọchụ nke Sleepy Lagoon, ihe a ma ama maka ndị America aka ekpe na ndị Mexico-America na-ahụ maka ikike obodo. Ya na enyi ogologo oge Bert Corona na onye ọka iwu Carey McWilliams, ha haziri Kọmitii Nchebe Sleepy Lagoon iji wepụ ndị ntorobịa a na-ebo ebubo. Na mgbakwunye na ịmepụta nkwado iwu, Kọmitii ahụ gbalịrị iwepụ asịrị banyere &quot;ìgwè ndị na-eme ihe ike&quot; nke Pachucos na igbochi akụkọ na-akpali akpali banyere &quot;agha ndị agha&quot; n'etiti Pachucos da ndị agha. (Ndị nta akụkọ kpọrọ mwakpo nke Pachucos na 1943 &quot;Zoot Suit Riots&quot;.) Ọ chọpụtakwara mmegbu nke ndị agha na San Diego, na-adụ onye kansụl obodo Charles C. Dail ọdụ n'okwu ahụ. Ọ kpọrọ Admiral David W. Bagley, onye isi nke Eleventh Naval District na San Diego, maka nzukọ nke obodo San Diego na ndị isi ọrụ. Bagley azaghachighị ọkpụkpọ òkù ahụ. N'ịga n'ihu na-agbasi mbọ ike maka nyocha, Moreno sooro McWilliams rụkọọ ọrụ iji chịkọta ihe akaebe. Nnyocha ahụ kpasuru Senator nke California State Jack B. Tenney iwe, onye wakporo Moreno, na-ebo ya ebubo n'ihu ọha na ọ na-etinye aka na &quot;nkwekọrịta na-emegide America&quot;.

N'oge mkpọsa Zoot Suit ya, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ. N'obodo El Monte, ọ nọchitere anya ndị na-anakọta walnut, na-enweta enyemaka nke California Walnut Growers Association. Otu onye nnọchi anya Association &quot; bịara nwee nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka àgwà ya, ikike na ịkwụwa aka ọtọ&quot;.

N'afọ 1947, ọ lụrụ Gray Bemis, onye agha mmiri si Nebraska bụ onye nnọchiteanya na mgbakọ mba nke Socialist Party of America nke 1932. Bemis nwekọrọ mmasị Moreno na ikike obodo nke ndị Mexico America, ma see foto ọtụtụ ọrụ ya.

Na ngwụcha afọ 1940, Moreno guzobere ngalaba San Diego nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Mexico. N'okwu ọ na-ekwu n'isi nke Young Progressives of America, ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị na esemokwu agbụrụ na ọgba aghara nke ndị Kọmunist kpaliri ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè na obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide [[Young Progressives of America|ndị]] Mexico America na ndị agbụrụ ndị ọzọ.

== Ịchụpụ Ndị Mmadụ ==
N'ime afọ 1950, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) duziri Operation Wetback iji chụpụ ndị Mexico na ndị Mexico America. Ọrụ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ndị isi ọrụ karịsịa. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-akwanyere ùgwù na onye na-agbaso iwu, ọrụ ya mere ka ndị iro ya. Ya na di ya malitere ịnata akwụkwọ ozi iyi egwu maka ọrụ ha megide obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii. Tenney, onye kpọrọ ya &quot;onye mba ọzọ dị ize ndụ&quot;, nyere aka n'ịchụpụ ya. A na-enye ya nwa amaala iji gbaa akaebe megide Harry Bridges, mana ọ jụrụ ịbụ &quot;nwaanyị nweere onwe ya nwere mkpụrụ obi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Luisa Moreno|publisher=Clarion University|date=September 2004|url=http://www.clarion.edu/admin/socequ/pdfs/cal_fa04/sep04.pdf|accessdate=2006-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Nọvemba 30, 1950, Moreno na di ya nke abụọ, Gary Bemis nke Nebraska, hapụrụ United States site na Ciudad Juárez, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga Mexico City. E nyere ya akwụkwọ ikike nchụpụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye otu Communist Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;&gt;[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/guatemalan-immigrant-luisa-moreno-expelled-us-groundbreaking-labor-activism-180969750/ &quot;Guatemalan Immigrant Luisa Moreno Was Expelled From the U.S. for Her Groundbreaking Labor Activism,&quot;] ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'', July 25, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ikpeazụ, di na nwunye ahụ biri na Guatemala, mana a manyere ha ịgbapụ mgbe nnupụisi nke CIA kwadoro na 1954 chụpụrụ onye isi ala na-aga n'ihu Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán.

Mgbe mmeri nke 1959 Cuban Revolution gasịrị, Moreno nọrọ oge na-akụzi n'àgwàetiti ahụ. O mechara laghachi Guatemala, ebe ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ tupu ya anwụọ.

== Ihe Nketa ==
Ọ bụ ezie na Luisa Moreno bụ onye isi na Pre-Chicano Movement na American labour movement, a na-elegharakarị ọrụ ya anya. Kemgbe afọ 1970, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme agbalịwo ịmegharị ọrụ ya na mmegharị ahụ ma nye ya otuto kwesịrị ekwesị. Otu n'ime ha bụ onye na-ese ihe na prọfesọ Judy Baca, onye chetara nzukọ nke ndị ọrụ Cal San na Great Wall nke Los Angeles. Mgbidi ahụ, ihe ngosi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles, na-asọpụrụ Moreno site na itinye onyinyo ihu ya gbara onyinyo nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gburugburu. E gosipụtara akụkọ Moreno na National Museum of American History's &quot;American Enterprise&quot; installation.&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;&gt;[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/guatemalan-immigrant-luisa-moreno-expelled-us-groundbreaking-labor-activism-180969750/ &quot;Guatemalan Immigrant Luisa Moreno Was Expelled From the U.S. for Her Groundbreaking Labor Activism,&quot;] ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'', July 25, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Ruíz|first=Vicki|title=Latinas in the United States: A historical encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press}}
* {{Cite book|author=Ruíz|first=Vicki|title=Latina legacies: identity, biography, and community|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreno, Luisa}}
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'''Ndey Tapha Sosseh''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1979) bụ onye nta akụkọ Gambia na onye unionist. N'afọ 2004, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Daily Observer, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[The Gambia|Gambia]]. Site na 2008 ruo 2011, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Gambia Press Union.

Sosseh bụ onye gọọmentị lekwasịrị anya n'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Yahya Jammeh, nke ka ukwuu n'ihi nzaghachi ya na ogbugbu nke onye nta akụkọ Deyda Hydara, na ọ nọrọ 2009–2017 na Mali, ebe o nwere ikike ịbụ nwa amaala abụọ..

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Ndey Tapha Sosseh na 1979 na Banjul, isi obodo Gambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gibba|first=Abba|date=4 March 2009|title=Spotlight on Ndey Tapha Sosseh, President, Gambia Press Union|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/spotlight-on-ndey-tapha-sosseh-president-gambia-press-union|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115180759/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/spotlight-on-ndey-tapha-sosseh-president-gambia-press-union|archivedate=15 January 2021|accessdate=2 February 2021|work=The Point|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
dN


Ndị mụrụ ya bụ Adelaide Sosseh Gaye [de], onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na Mustapha Sosseh, onye nwụrụ na mberede mgbe nne ya dị ime ọnwa atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sosseh|first=Adelaide|date=23 June 2017|title=Perceptions Of A Widow On International Widow’s Day, June 23|url=https://www.thewomenstorch.com/2017/06/23/perceptions-of-a-widow-on-international-widows-day-june-23/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905201547/https://www.thewomenstorch.com/2017/06/23/perceptions-of-a-widow-on-international-widows-day-june-23/|archivedate=5 September 2019|accessdate=|work=The Women's Torch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Sosseh malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi na Daily Observer, akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Gambia kwa ụbọchị, na June 1998. Ọ ghọrọ onye nta akụkọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, mechaa na-agba ọsọ kọlụm &quot;Women in Development&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Manneh|first=Fatou Jaw|date=24 March 2008|title=Gambia: No 'Camps,' Says New Press Union President|work=Freedom Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200803241230.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Asemota|first=Bruce|date=15 July 2019|title=Jungler reveals Jammeh’s hit-squad was to kill prominent journalists|work=The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/jungler-reveals-jammehs-hit-squad-was-to-kill-prominent-journalists|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2000, ọ kwagara [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] maka ọzụzụ ọzọ na ọrụ odeakụkọ. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta masters na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa na Mahadum Central England dị na Birmingham wee gụkwaa akwụkwọ na Warwickshire College tupu ọ laghachi Gambia na June 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asemota|first=Bruce|date=12 July 2019|title=Ndey Tapha Sosseh ‘GPU Iron lady’ testifies before TRRC|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndey-tapha-sosseh-gpu-iron-lady-testifies-before-trrc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715152139/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndey-tapha-sosseh-gpu-iron-lady-testifies-before-trrc|archivedate=15 July 2019|accessdate=|work=The Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Daily Observer ka afọ ahụ gasịrị, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na-eduzi akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị na Gambia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=6 September 2004|title=Gambia: A Remarkable Choice|work=The Independent|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200409072201.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2005, [[Momodou Sanyang]] nọchiri ya n'ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carayol|first=Ahmed|date=14 January 2005|title=Gambia: Daily Obserer Editor-in-Chief Replaced|work=The Independent|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200501140568.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọnwa abụọ gachara, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Gambia Press Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=1 April 2005|title=Gambia: Our Enemies Cannot Scare Us, GPU President Vows|work=The Independent|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200504050240.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ, n'afọ 2008, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi Mgbe ahụ, na 2008, a họpụtara ya ịbụ onyeisi oche nke GPU, na-anọchi anya onye isi ala Madi Ceesay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Makalo|first=Malamin N.|date=22 March 2008|title=Gambia: Yahya Jammeh's Coup Against GPU Foiled!!!|work=Freedom Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200803240413.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Manneh|first=Fatou Jaw|date=23 March 2008|title=Gambia: 'I Am Not Running for a Second Term' – GPU Prexy Ceesay|work=Freedom Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200803240758.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Janneh|first=Gibairou|date=26 March 2008|title=Gambia: GPU Makes History|work=Foroyaa Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200803260716.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nọ n'ọkwa onye isi ala ruo n'afọ 2011, mgbe Emil Touray [de] gbara ọsọ megide ya wee merie, na-aghọ onye ndu ọhụrụ  GPU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=27 June 2011|title=Gambia: GPU Elects New Executive at Triennial Congress|work=Foroyaa Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201106280855.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=15 December 2017|title=Ndey Tapha Sosseh: Journalist, Unionist, freedom fighter|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndey-tapha-sosseh-journalist-unionist-freedom-fighter|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730123745/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndey-tapha-sosseh-journalist-unionist-freedom-fighter|archivedate=30 July 2019|accessdate=|work=The Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke GPU, Sosseh gara biri na Bamako, Mali, malite na June 2009.  Oghọrọ onye gọọmentị lekwasịrị anya n'ihi nkwupụta ya n'afọ ndị sochiri ogbugbu onye nta akụkọ ibe ya Deyda Hydara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jallow|first=Yankuba|date=12 July 2019|title=Ndey Tapha-Sosseh Narrates Attempts to Extradite Her|url=https://foroyaa.net/ndey-tapha-sosseh-narrates-attempts-to-extradite-her/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225155053/https://foroyaa.net/ndey-tapha-sosseh-narrates-attempts-to-extradite-her/|archivedate=25 February 2021|accessdate=2 February 2021|work=Foroyaa Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, e boro ya ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na Gambia maka ọrụ ya na otu a na-akpọ Coalition for Change - The Gambia (CCG), na ọchịchị Gambian n'okpuru Mịnịsta Ofesi Mamadou Tangara chọrọ ka achụpụ ya. Na nzaghachi, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị nta akụkọ nke Mba Nile goro ndị nchekwa oge nile iji chebe ya. Tangara mechara gọnarị na ọ chọrọ ka a kpụpụta ya ma kwuo na ya akwadola maka nchebe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=15 July 2019|title=Dr. Tangara says he urged Malian authorities to protect Ndey|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/dr-tangara-says-he-urged-malian-authorities-to-protect-ndey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718212025/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/dr-tangara-says-he-urged-malian-authorities-to-protect-ndey|archivedate=18 July 2019|accessdate=|work=The Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sosseh laghachiri Gambia site na ndọrọ n'agha n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2017, mgbe a họpụtara Yahya Jammeh na ntuli aka onye isi ala Gambia n'afọ 2016.O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nke Minista nkwurịta okwu na mgbasa ozi Demba A. Jawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bobb|first=Cherno Omar|date=5 December 2017|title=NCCE holds seminar for youth organisations, CSOs|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ncce-holds-seminar-for-youth-organisations-csos|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195234/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ncce-holds-seminar-for-youth-organisations-csos|archivedate=26 June 2019|accessdate=|work=The Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na July 2019, Sosseh gbara akaebe n'ihu Gambia's Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission, na-ekerịta ahụmịhe ya na nyocha onwe ya na nrụgide na ndị nta akụkọ n'okpuru President Yahya Jammeh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Di Sosseh bụ onye Mali, nke nyere ya ohere inweta ikike ịbụ nwa amaala Mali.

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Ndey Tapha Sosseh''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1979) bụ onye nta akụkọ Gambia na onye unionist. N'afọ 2004, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Daily Observer, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[The Gambia|Gambia]]. Site na 2008 ruo 2011, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Gambia Press Union.

Sosseh bụ onye gọọmentị lekwasịrị anya n'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị Yahya Jammeh, nke ka ukwuu n'ihi nzaghachi ya na ogbugbu nke onye nta akụkọ Deyda Hydara, na ọ nọrọ 2009–2017 na Mali, ebe o nwere ikike ịbụ nwa amaala abụọ..

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Ndey Tapha Sosseh na 1979 na Banjul, isi obodo Gambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gibba|first=Abba|date=4 March 2009|title=Spotlight on Ndey Tapha Sosseh, President, Gambia Press Union|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/spotlight-on-ndey-tapha-sosseh-president-gambia-press-union|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115180759/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/spotlight-on-ndey-tapha-sosseh-president-gambia-press-union|archivedate=15 January 2021|accessdate=2 February 2021|work=The Point|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ndị mụrụ ya bụ Adelaide Sosseh Gaye [de], onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na Mustapha Sosseh, onye nwụrụ na mberede mgbe nne ya dị ime ọnwa atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sosseh|first=Adelaide|date=23 June 2017|title=Perceptions Of A Widow On International Widow’s Day, June 23|url=https://www.thewomenstorch.com/2017/06/23/perceptions-of-a-widow-on-international-widows-day-june-23/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905201547/https://www.thewomenstorch.com/2017/06/23/perceptions-of-a-widow-on-international-widows-day-june-23/|archivedate=5 September 2019|accessdate=|work=The Women's Torch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Sosseh malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi na Daily Observer, akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Gambia kwa ụbọchị, na June 1998. Ọ ghọrọ onye nta akụkọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, mechaa na-agba ọsọ kọlụm &quot;Women in Development&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Manneh|first=Fatou Jaw|date=24 March 2008|title=Gambia: No 'Camps,' Says New Press Union President|work=Freedom Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200803241230.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Asemota|first=Bruce|date=15 July 2019|title=Jungler reveals Jammeh’s hit-squad was to kill prominent journalists|work=The Point|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/jungler-reveals-jammehs-hit-squad-was-to-kill-prominent-journalists|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2000, ọ kwagara [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] maka ọzụzụ ọzọ na ọrụ odeakụkọ. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta masters na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa na Mahadum Central England dị na Birmingham wee gụkwaa akwụkwọ na Warwickshire College tupu ọ laghachi Gambia na June 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asemota|first=Bruce|date=12 July 2019|title=Ndey Tapha Sosseh ‘GPU Iron lady’ testifies before TRRC|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndey-tapha-sosseh-gpu-iron-lady-testifies-before-trrc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715152139/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndey-tapha-sosseh-gpu-iron-lady-testifies-before-trrc|archivedate=15 July 2019|accessdate=|work=The Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Daily Observer ka afọ ahụ gasịrị, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na-eduzi akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị na Gambia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=6 September 2004|title=Gambia: A Remarkable Choice|work=The Independent|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200409072201.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2005, [[Momodou Sanyang]] nọchiri ya n'ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carayol|first=Ahmed|date=14 January 2005|title=Gambia: Daily Obserer Editor-in-Chief Replaced|work=The Independent|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200501140568.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọnwa abụọ gachara, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Gambia Press Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=1 April 2005|title=Gambia: Our Enemies Cannot Scare Us, GPU President Vows|work=The Independent|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200504050240.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ, n'afọ 2008, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi Mgbe ahụ, na 2008, a họpụtara ya ịbụ onyeisi oche nke GPU, na-anọchi anya onye isi ala Madi Ceesay.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Makalo|first=Malamin N.|date=22 March 2008|title=Gambia: Yahya Jammeh's Coup Against GPU Foiled!!!|work=Freedom Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200803240413.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Manneh|first=Fatou Jaw|date=23 March 2008|title=Gambia: 'I Am Not Running for a Second Term' – GPU Prexy Ceesay|work=Freedom Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200803240758.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Janneh|first=Gibairou|date=26 March 2008|title=Gambia: GPU Makes History|work=Foroyaa Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200803260716.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nọ n'ọkwa onye isi ala ruo n'afọ 2011, mgbe Emil Touray [de] gbara ọsọ megide ya wee merie, na-aghọ onye ndu ọhụrụ  GPU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=27 June 2011|title=Gambia: GPU Elects New Executive at Triennial Congress|work=Foroyaa Newspaper|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201106280855.html|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=15 December 2017|title=Ndey Tapha Sosseh: Journalist, Unionist, freedom fighter|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndey-tapha-sosseh-journalist-unionist-freedom-fighter|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730123745/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ndey-tapha-sosseh-journalist-unionist-freedom-fighter|archivedate=30 July 2019|accessdate=|work=The Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke GPU, Sosseh gara biri na Bamako, Mali, malite na June 2009.  Oghọrọ onye gọọmentị lekwasịrị anya n'ihi nkwupụta ya n'afọ ndị sochiri ogbugbu onye nta akụkọ ibe ya Deyda Hydara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jallow|first=Yankuba|date=12 July 2019|title=Ndey Tapha-Sosseh Narrates Attempts to Extradite Her|url=https://foroyaa.net/ndey-tapha-sosseh-narrates-attempts-to-extradite-her/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225155053/https://foroyaa.net/ndey-tapha-sosseh-narrates-attempts-to-extradite-her/|archivedate=25 February 2021|accessdate=2 February 2021|work=Foroyaa Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, e boro ya ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru na Gambia maka ọrụ ya na otu a na-akpọ Coalition for Change - The Gambia (CCG), na ọchịchị Gambian n'okpuru Mịnịsta Ofesi Mamadou Tangara chọrọ ka achụpụ ya. Na nzaghachi, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị nta akụkọ nke Mba Nile goro ndị nchekwa oge nile iji chebe ya. Tangara mechara gọnarị na ọ chọrọ ka a kpụpụta ya ma kwuo na ya akwadola maka nchebe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=15 July 2019|title=Dr. Tangara says he urged Malian authorities to protect Ndey|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/dr-tangara-says-he-urged-malian-authorities-to-protect-ndey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718212025/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/dr-tangara-says-he-urged-malian-authorities-to-protect-ndey|archivedate=18 July 2019|accessdate=|work=The Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sosseh laghachiri Gambia site na ndọrọ n'agha n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2017, mgbe a họpụtara Yahya Jammeh na ntuli aka onye isi ala Gambia n'afọ 2016.O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nke Minista nkwurịta okwu na mgbasa ozi Demba A. Jawo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bobb|first=Cherno Omar|date=5 December 2017|title=NCCE holds seminar for youth organisations, CSOs|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ncce-holds-seminar-for-youth-organisations-csos|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195234/https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/ncce-holds-seminar-for-youth-organisations-csos|archivedate=26 June 2019|accessdate=|work=The Point}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na July 2019, Sosseh gbara akaebe n'ihu Gambia's Truth, Reconciliation and Reparations Commission, na-ekerịta ahụmịhe ya na nyocha onwe ya na nrụgide na ndị nta akụkọ n'okpuru President Yahya Jammeh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Di Sosseh bụ onye Mali, nke nyere ya ohere inweta ikike ịbụ nwa amaala Mali.

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ndị Afrịka na-akwaga Ịtali</title>
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'''Ndị Afrịka na-akwaga Ịtali''' gụnyere [[Italy|ụmụ amaala Ịtali]] na ndị bi na [[Afrịka]]. Ndị si Africa kwabata na-ebi na Ịtali n'afọ 2015 ruru ihe dị ka 1,000,000 ndị bi na ya. A mụrụ '''ndị''' Afro-Italian (''Afroitaliani'') ma zụlite ha n'Ịtali, nwa amaala sitere n'Afrịka ma ọ bụ nke agbụrụ Afrịka na ndị Ịtali.

N'afọ 2014, ihe karịrị ndị mbịarambịa 170,000 rutere nke na-anọchite anya ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu mba n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke European Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/talktojazeera/inthefield/2015/06/african-migrants-drives-europe-150604124356795.html|title=African migrants: What really drives them to Europe?|date=6 June 2015|work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu n'ime ha na-abịa site na Africa.

Ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-eji ụsọ oké osimiri Libya eme njem gafee Oké Osimiri Mediterenian n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu, na-enwe olileanya ịdakwasị n'ikperé mmiri Ịtali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ha hapụrụ [[Libya]], ọtụtụ n'ime ha si [[Ghana]], [[Senegal]], Nigeria na [[Eritrea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ ahụ dị ize ndụ ma na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma; na 2015, mmadụ 2,000 nwụrụ na-agafe Mediterenian na ndị nche ụsọ oké osimiri Libya jidere ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ndị si [[Afrịka|Africa]] gaa [[Italy|Ịtali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ka ụzọ a na-enwetakwu nlebara anya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ndị na-ebubata ihe amalitela iji ụzọ ndị ọzọ dịka [[Egypt|Ijipt]], ụzọ Balkan si [[Greece|Gris]], na ụzọ dị ize ndụ site na ugwu dị na Albania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36080216|title=Mass migration threatens national crisis in Italy|first=Katya|author=Adler|work=BBC News|date=April 19, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, minista na-ahụ maka ego nke Ịtali gbara mbọ ka European Union kwụọ ụgwọ maka ego mba ya furu efu n'ihi nnukwu mbata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36080216|title=Mass migration threatens national crisis in Italy|first=Katya|author=Adler|work=BBC News|date=April 19, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, European Union ewepụtala ijeri euro 1.8 maka mbọ niile ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Afrịka na Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=European Union/African Cooperation: the externalisation of Europe's migration policies|url=https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/european-issues/0472-european-union-african-cooperation-the-externalisation-of-europe-s-migration-policies|work=www.robert-schuman.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mba ndị o si ==

=== Ebe Ugwu Africa ===
Ìgwè kasị ukwuu nke ndị si Africa kwabata bụ ndị Arab / Berber si North Africa, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị 641,085 bi na 2016. Site na mba ha si, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a rutere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya sitere na [[Morocco]] (437,485), [[Tunisia]] (95,645), Egypt (109,871) na [[Algeria]] (71,765). Ịtali nwekwara ọtụtụ ndị si [[Libya]] (1,819), ókèala ebe ndị Ịtali si mba ọzọ nọ n'oge ọchịchị.

=== Ndị Afrịka ndịda Sahara ===
[[Usòrò:African_men_sitting_on_the_Piazza_duca_d'Aosta,_Milan,_in_evening.jpg|alt=A group of black African men sitting or squatting on a low bench next to a glass wall in a large city square. In the rear can be seen a street with a tall rectilinear skyscraper|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị Kraịst si Ghana kwabata na Milan]]
E jiri ya tụnyere ndị Maghreb / Berber si North Africa, pasentị nke ndị Afrịka na-achị Sahara (ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Ndị Kraịst) dị ka pasentị ndị si Africa kwabata na Ịtali bụ 35.7% (370,068 ndị bi na 2015). Ọtụtụ n'ime ha si [[Naijiria]] (98,176), [[Senegal]] (77,264) na [[Ghana]] (48,637). E nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta site na [[Eritrea]] (9,579), site na [[Ethiopia]] (8,000) na site na [[Somalia]] (7,903).

== Ndị a ma ama kwagara Ịtali ==
Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ndị ama ama a mụrụ n'Afrịka bụ ndị mechara kwaga Ịtali ma biri ebe ahụ, ma ọ bụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala oge.

=== Egwuregwu ===
 

=== Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ===
 

=== Egwú ===

* Saba Anglana - onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri a mụrụ na [[Somalia]]
* Bello FiGo - onye na-agụ egwu a mụrụ na Ghana
* Franco Califano - onye na-agụ egwu a mụrụ na Libya
* Nour Eddine - onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri a mụrụ na Morocco
* [[:it:Laïoung|Laïoung]], onye na-eti egwu na onye na-emepụta egwu, (amụrụ n'afọ 1992, na Brussels) nna Italian na nne British nke Sierra Leone
* Bruno Lauzi - onye na-agụ egwu a mụrụ na [[Eritrea]]
* Ma Rue [it] or ''Maruego'' - rapper, (born 1992 in [[Morocco]]), grew up in Milan, naturalized Italian

=== Nkwurịta okwu na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ ===

* Khaby Lame - onye TikTokker a ma ama nke Senegal

=== Ime ihe nkiri, telivishọn na ime ihe nkiri ===

* Remo Girone - onye na-eme ihe nkiri a mụrụ na [[Eritrea]]
* Sandra Milo - onye na-eme ihe nkiri a mụrụ na [[Tunisia]]
* Claudia Cardinale - onye na-eme ihe nkiri a mụrụ na Tunisia
* Zeudi Araya - onye Eritrea-Italian na-eme ihe nkiri
* Edwige Fenech - onye na-eme ihe nkiri amụrụ na [[Algeria]] nke nna Maltese na nne Italian
* [[Youma Diakite]] - ihe nlereanya a mụrụ na [[Mali]]

=== Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ===

* Josephine Bakhita (ihe dị ka 1869-1947), nwanne nwanyị okpukpe Katọlik, amụrụ na [[Sudan]]; Chọọchị Katọlik kwuru na ọ bụ onye senti na 2000
* Michele Amatore (1826 - 1883), a mụrụ na Sudan, bụrụ ohu n'oge ọ bụ nwata, e mesịrị tọhapụ ya ma guzobe ya na Ịtali; onye agha na onye na-agba égbè na ndị agha Piedmontese, na-enweta ọkwa nke onyeisi. A na-achọ ya mma maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na Sicily n'oge ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba.
* Adel Smith (1960-2014), onye na-ese okwu na-emegide Ndị Kraịst n'Itali. A mụrụ Emilio Smith na Alexandria, Egypt na nna Italian na nne Egyptian; a zụlitere ya na Italy dị ka onye Katọlik, o mechara gbanwee Islam

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Afrịka ndị Ịtali
* Ndị Ịtali nọ n'Afrịka
* Ndị isi ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Rom oge ochie
* Ngwakọta Africa na Europe
* Ndị Somalia na Ịtali
* Ndị Etiopia nọ n'Ịtali
* Ndị Eritrea nọ n'Ịtali

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}{{Immigration from Africa}}{{Immigration to Italy}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ndewo (ụlọ ọrụ)</title>
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{{Databox}}
'''Ndewo ịhụnanya ndị''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ America nke na-ere [[Nnyocha ụra|ngwaọrụ]] na-eso na ụdị nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụra na ngwa na-esote ụra iji nyere aka nyochaa ụra.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lynley|first=Matthew|date=2017-06-12|title=Sense sleep tracker maker Hello is shutting down|language=en-US|work=[[TechCrunch]]|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/12/sense-sleep-tracker-maker-hello-is-winding-down-and-looking-for-a-buyer/|accessdate=2018-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kelion|first=Leo|date=June 13, 2017|title=Hello's sleep-tracking Kickstarter hit collapses|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40259809|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2012 ma mechie ya n'ọnwarị afọ 2017.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ọ bụrụ  bụ  Thiel Fellow na CEO James Proud guzobere Ndewo iji Tinye na August 28, 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=HELLO INC.|url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/C3503378|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-12-04|work=[[OpenCorporates]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Primack|first=Dan|date=June 12, 2017|title=Sleep monitoring startup Hello is seeking a savior|url=https://www.axios.com/sleep-monitoring-startup-hello-is-seeking-a-savior-1513302935-13db47a1-452e-4100-beea-def7d8a5ec60.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=November 27, 2018|work=Axios|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Corbyn|first=Zoë|date=2014-12-10|title=Sense: A gadget to change the way we sleep|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/10/sense-sleep-sensor-james-proud-app|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2018-12-01|work=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samarmarwan/2017/06/13/thiel-fellow-james-proud-shuts-down-sleep-tracking-startup/#5a812acfc5d4|title=Peter Thiel Fellow James Proud Shuts Down Sleep Tracking Startup, Hello|author=Marwan|first=Samar|work=Forbes|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ịga nkeMgbasa ozi Kickstarter sitere na Ndewo na 2014 welitere $2.4 nde site na ndị na-akwado 19,000 karịa, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime mkpọsa Kickstarter kacha aga nke ọma n'oge niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Manjoo|first=Farhad|date=2015-02-24|title=Mysteries of Sleep Lie Unsolved (Published 2015)|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/26/technology/personaltech/despite-the-promise-of-technology-the-mysteries-of-sleep-lie-unsolved.html|accessdate=2021-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Savov|first=Vlad|date=June 13, 2017|title=The dysfunctional Sense sleep-tracking ball sinks the company set up to sell it|work=[[The Verge]]|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/13/15790006/sense-sleep-tracker-hello-company-closing|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nuñez|first=Michael|date=June 13, 2017|title=Overhyped sleep tracker backed by Peter Thiel is on its death bed|work=[[Mashable]]|url=https://mashable.com/2017/06/13/hello-sense-sleep-tracker-shut-down/|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ego mbido ego sitere na ndị nkwado Silicon Valley welitere $10.5 nde ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kelion|first=Leo|date=June 13, 2017|title=Hello's sleep-tracking Kickstarter hit collapses|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40259809|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/15/sense-sleep-tracker-maker-hello-valued-between-250m-and-300m-in-latest-funding-round/?_ga=2.258904522.1332495095.1543165936-1303190464.1542387919|title=Sense Sleep Tracker Maker Hello Valued Between $250M And $300M In Latest Funding Round|work=TechCrunch|accessdate=2018-11-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na June 2015, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ welitere $ 40 nde na ntinye ego sitere na Temasek Holdings na Hello bara uru n'etiti $ 250 nde na $ 300 nde n'oge ahụ.[1]  Ndị nkwado ndị ọzọ gụnyere onye isi Facebook Messenger David Marcus, onye isi Facebook mebere eziokwu Hugo Barra, onye isi Facebook Dan Rose, onye bụbu Twitter CEO Dick Costolo, na onye isi Spotify nke ọrụ pụrụ iche, Shakil Khan.

Ndewo nọrọ ihe karịrị otu afọ na-emepụta ngwaọrụ na-eso ụra, mana ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara kpebie ịmepụta ngwaọrụ dị n'akụkụ peeji dị ka ndị na eme ìhè nke àkwà kama n'ihi na Proud chere na ndị ahịa ga-anọgide dị ndụ ebighị na-eji ngwaahịa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kelion|first=Leo|date=June 13, 2017|title=Hello's sleep-tracking Kickstarter hit collapses|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40259809|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndewo wepụtara ihe na-eso ụra ha, Sense, na Febụwarị 24, 2015; e rere 21,000 n'oge a malitere ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/02/23-year-old-taking-nike-apple-crowdfunded-sleep-tracker/|title=This 23-Year-Old Is Taking on Nike and Apple With a Crowdfunded Sleep Tracker|work=WIRED|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/09/14/meet-the-scientist-who-dreams-of-fixing-your-sleep/|title=Meet the scientist who dreams of fixing your sleep|work=[[Washington Post]]|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngwaahịa Sense gụnyere ngwaọrụ dị n'akụkụ àkwà, &quot;Sleep Pill&quot; nke na-agbaso ndị na ụdị àlà úkwú ụra onye ọrụ site na ịpị ya na pillow, na ngwa na-agwọ ụra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kelion|first=Leo|date=June 13, 2017|title=Hello's sleep-tracking Kickstarter hit collapses|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40259809|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/aarontilley/2014/12/02/gadgets-we-love-hello-sense/#664d29602f84|title=Gadgets We Love: Hello Sense|author=Tilley|first=Aaron|work=Forbes|accessdate=2018-11-26|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sense nwere ihe mmetụta nke na-agbaso okpomọkụ, ìhè, ụda na data nke ihe nọr na mkpóró ndị ogbi ozi ọma ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ igbu ndị na-adịghị anabata ma nwee ike igwu ụda iji nyere onye ọrụ aka ihi ụra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Belvedere|first=Matthew J.|date=2017-03-19|title=How a 25-year-old CEO and Peter Thiel disciple turns sleep into a $250 million dream|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/17/sleep-that-makes-sense-the-young-ceo-who-built-a-250-million-dream.html|accessdate=2018-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngwaahịa ahụ na-enye onye ọrụ akara ụra kwa abalị ma na-akpọte na onye ọrụ n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge ụra ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Na Nọvemba 1, 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara ụdị olu nke Sense sleep tracker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Hello's 'Sense' sleep sensor gets voice controls|language=en-US|work=Engadget|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/01/hello-sense-sleep-sensor-voice-controls/|accessdate=2018-12-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Hello launches a voice-enabled Sense bedside sleep tracker for $149|language=en-US|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/01/hello-launches-an-updated-voice-enabled-sense-bedside-sleep-tracker-for-149/?_ga=2.36458976.1332495095.1543165936-1303190464.1542387919|accessdate=2018-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kà àkà gbúrù nwéré ama ọ na-agbalị ịchọ onye na-azụ ahịa, Proud mara ọkwa na June 12, 2017, na blọọgụ na ọkara Ndewo ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị ga-emechi ma ụlọ ọrụ ahụ chụpụrụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ha n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lynley|first=Matthew|date=2017-06-12|title=Sense sleep tracker maker Hello is shutting down|language=en-US|work=[[TechCrunch]]|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/06/12/sense-sleep-tracker-maker-hello-is-winding-down-and-looking-for-a-buyer/|accessdate=2018-11-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samarmarwan/2017/06/13/thiel-fellow-james-proud-shuts-down-sleep-tracking-startup/#5a812acfc5d4|title=Peter Thiel Fellow James Proud Shuts Down Sleep Tracking Startup, Hello|author=Marwan|first=Samar|work=Forbes|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Proud|first=James|date=June 12, 2017|title=Goodbye, Hello.|url=https://medium.com/@hello/goodbye-hello-c62ea1f58d13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217211409/https://medium.com/@hello/goodbye-hello-c62ea1f58d13|archivedate=December 17, 2017|accessdate=January 2, 2021|work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;A kọkwara na Hello enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Savov|first=Vlad|date=June 13, 2017|title=The dysfunctional Sense sleep-tracking ball sinks the company set up to sell it|work=[[The Verge]]|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/13/15790006/sense-sleep-tracker-hello-company-closing|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ha na Fitbit nọ na mkparịta ụka maka ha inweta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, mana há sị ọ bụrụ ndị na eme ìhè nke dị ka ndị mmadụ na ímé ihe nọr na ímé enwetaghị nkwekọrịta.Dị ka BBC News na Buzzfeed News si kwuo, Hello mechiri n'ihi enweghị ndị ahịa chọrọ Sense, nyocha na-enweghị ịnụ ọkụ n'obi maka ngwaahịa ahụ, na asọmpi sitere na nnukwu ụdị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kelion|first=Leo|date=June 13, 2017|title=Hello's sleep-tracking Kickstarter hit collapses|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40259809|accessdate=January 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=M. Lee|first=Stephanie|date=December 27, 2017|title=These 13 Startups And Products Didn’t Make It Through 2017|work=[[Buzzfeed News]]|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/stephaniemlee/here-are-13-tech-startups-and-products-that-flopped-in-2017|accessdate=January 1, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>paprfllaegnjs0uhjpwqbj0mouhoh5g</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nature Conservancy (UK)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>687378</id>
      <parentid>117504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:31:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chukwuziterem</username>
        <id>12950</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1564" sha1="08hflpp7p1ykix0m81jmsvyp2tjitzg" xml:space="preserve">The Nature Conservancy bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Britain guzobere na 1949 n'okpuru National Parks and Access to the Counterside Act 1949, nke Max Nicholson depụtara na akụkụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;REB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/28/guardianobituaries.highereducation|title=Obituary: Max Nicholson|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=28 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ kansụl nyocha maka sayensị okike na 'ọrụ ndụ'. Nke a nyere nchebe iwu nke ebe nchekwa okike mba na Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

Onye isi nchịkwa mbụ bụ Captain Cyril Diver.  Na 1952 Max Nicholson weghaara ọrụ dịka Director General wee jee ozi ruo 1966. N'ime oge a Nature Conservancy mepụtara, n'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka ndị nwere mmasị, dịka otu nyocha na njikwa nke kwalitere ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka inwe nnukwu mkpa na ngwa maka ime mkpebi na njikwa ala iji mee ihe.  .  Nke a gụnyere inye aka guzobe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Monks Wood Experimental Station, nke bụ ma eleghị anya nke mbụ nyochara mmetụta ọgwụ ahụhụ na-enwe na gburugburu ebe obibi..&lt;ref name=&quot;REB&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1966, e debanyere aha ya na Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) nke e guzobere ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jncc.gov.uk/about-jncc/who-we-are/history-of-jncc/|title=History of JNCC &amp;#124; JNCC - Adviser to Government on Nature Conservation}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
E kewapụrụ Nature Conservancy na NERC na 1973 wee ghọọ Nature Conservance Council.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>08hflpp7p1ykix0m81jmsvyp2tjitzg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndepụta nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ</title>
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      <id>687278</id>
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        <username>Chikwas</username>
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      <text bytes="2628" sha1="qynrc8n0741hfxmef2qstqhq398vhi3" xml:space="preserve">

{{Databox}}
Na France, Fichier des personnes décédéé (&quot;ndebanye aha nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ&quot;) bụ aha etiti nke ndị nwụrụ na obodo kemgbe ).  Kemgbe Ọktoba 2019, a na-enweta ndekọ ahụ n'ịntanetị n'efu na enweghị ndebanye aha.

== Data in the register ==
Ndebanye aha ahụ nwere ọnwụ kemgbe 1970, gụnyere.  N'ime afọ dị ugbu a, a na-enwe kwa ọnwa anIn France, File of deceased persons (&quot;ndị nwụrụ n'ọnwụ&quot;) nke e bipụtara na France, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ na Obodo ukwu).  N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019, ị ga-enwe ike ịnweta faịlụ nkeji nkeji iri na ise nke faịlụ aha.d nkeji iri anọ.  N'ime afọ gara aga, a na-achịkọta data ahụ n'otu faịlụ kwa afọ.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;datagouvfr&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/5de8f397634f4164071119c5/|title=Fichier des personnes décédées|work=data.gouv.fr|language=fr|accessdate=2020-05-16}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Each entry concerns one person and contains the surname, first names, sex, date of birth, the [[Koodu INSEE|Insee code]] of the place of birth (or country of birth for those born abroad), the name of the place of birth (for those born abroad also the name of the country of birth), the date of death, the [[Koodu INSEE|Insee code]] of the place of death and the number in the death register of the respective municipality. The text fields contain only capital letters without diacritics.

Each data set is included in the file that corresponds to its date of processing at the Insee, not the date of death.The law gives French civil registry offices one week to report deaths to the Insee. For reports submitted in paper form by traditional mail, postal delivery and processing at the statistics bureau will cause an additional delay before the data are recorded. Public holidays or other circumstances affecting the work of the authorities involved may also cause delays. A file of the register published by Insee for a given period therefore usually contains a significant number of entries for previous reporting periods; conversely, not all deaths occurring during the reporting period are included in the file for that period. For example, the monthly file for March 2020 contained about 8,700 entries concerning deaths before 1 March, but the file was missing 9,500 cases of deaths in March that were not recorded until April.&lt;ref name=&quot;insee20200417&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4190491|title=Fichiers des décès|date=2020-04-17|language=fr|publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|Insee]]|accessdate=2020-05-16}}
&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>George Willis Pack</title>
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      <text bytes="2757" sha1="3qaigjhd3eh53c79e0v0fyyzw0ffuqo" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:George Willis Pack.png|thumb|George Willis Pack na 1906]]
 

'''George Willis Pack''' (amụrụ 1831, Peterboro, New York; nwụrụ. August 31, 1906, Southampton, Long Island, New York) bụ onye naegbu osisi nke ọgbọ nke abụọ na Lower Peninsula nke Michigan. Nịdabere nihe nketa nna ya, nime ọtụtụ iri afọ, Pack nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nịzụlite azụmaahịa osisi ya, naaghọ otu nime ndị nde mmadụ mbụ nke Michigan. Nwa ya nwoke, Charles Lathrop Pack, na nwa nwa ya, Randolph Greene Pack, gara nihu na omenala ezinụlọ.

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Nna ya, George Pack, Jr. guzobere ebe a na-awa osisi abụọ na mpụga Lexington, Michigan, n'ebe a maara dị ka Pack's Mills.

Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ịrụ ọrụ na okenye Pack, na 1860 George Willis Pack, ya na John L. Woods, guzobere Carrington, Pack &amp; Company, na Sand Beach, Michigan.

Nafọ 1864, ya na Woods na Jeremiah Jenks, George Willis [[Pack, Jenks &amp; Company|Pack]] guzobere ebe a naawa osisi nke abụọ, Pack, Jenks &amp; Company, dịkwa nso na Sand Beach.

E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nke atọ, Woods &amp; Company, na Port Crescent, Michigan, na 1870.

Nafọ 1876, e guzobere Pack, Woods &amp; Company na Oscoda, Michigan, na Osimiri Au Sable.

George Willis Pack ghọrọ nwoke bara ọgaranya. A gaecheta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị nde mmadụ ole na ole biri na Huron County.&lt;ref&gt;Eyle, pp. 2–9&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogige ọha na eze dị na Asheville, North Carolina malitere na 1797. Pack nyere ala maka ụlọ ikpe ọhụrụ nke Buncombe County, nke a rụchara na 1903 ma ọ dịghịzi adị. Otu ọnọdụ nke onyinye a bụ na ebe ụlọ ikpe mbụ ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke [[Pack Square|ogige]] ọha na eze, a naakpọkwa mpaghara ahụ Pack Square nihi ya. Pack nyekwara ọtụtụ nime ihe ncheta nke onye bụbu Gọvanọ North Carolina Zebulon Baird Vance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/asheville/pac.htm|title=Pack Square, Asheville, North Carolina|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2020-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụlọ ọrụ, ebe, na ụbọchị ==

* Carrington, Pack &amp; Company, Sand Beach, Michigan, 1860-70
* Pack, Jenks &amp; Company, Sand Beach, Michigan, 1864-70
* Woods &amp; Company, Port Crescent, Michigan, 1870-78
* Pack, Woods &amp; Company, Oscoda, Michigan, 1878-1901

== Ala ==

* Huron County, Michigan - 5,000 acres (20 km2) nke osisi
* Osimiri Pinnebog, Michigan - 25,000 acres (100 km2) nke ala pine

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* &quot;[http://toto.lib.unca.edu/web_exhibits/WNC_pack/default_pack.htm George Willis Pack]: A Name That Will Endure&quot;, A Virtual Exhibition, Mahadum nke North Carolina na Asheville, August 2006

== Ihe odide ==

=== Ihe edeturu ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Akwụkwọ ===</text>
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    <title>Ọwara Oké Osimiri Azzurro</title>
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|}
[[Faịlụ:IMO 8505721 GOLFO AZZURRO (01).jpg|thumb|Ọwara Oké Osimiri Azzurro]]
E bidoro ụgbọ mmiri North Sea '''MS''' Golfo Azzurro na 1987 dị ka '''''Maarten Cornelis''''', ọ bụkwa ụgbọ mmiri mbụ na [[Netherlands]] nke nwere EUR SumWing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oceanguardians.org/forum/showthread.php?10910-Golfo-Azzurro-video|title=oceanguardians.org|accessdate=September 5, 2010|archivedate=August 25, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825052809/http://www.oceanguardians.org/forum/showthread.php?10910-Golfo-Azzurro-video}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://koopvaardy.web-log.nl/mijn_weblog/2009/01/eurokotter-over.html|title=Koopvaardy|accessdate=Sep 6, 2010|archivedate=July 24, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724173007/http://koopvaardy.web-log.nl/mijn_weblog/2009/01/eurokotter-over.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 2016-2017 ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ NGO Spanish Proactiva Open Arms kwụrụ ụgwọ ya ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ọrụ ọchụchọ na nnapụta dị nso na mmiri [[Libya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Behrakis|first=Yannis|date=2017-08-15|title=Spanish migrant rescue ship threatened by Libyan coastguard: witness|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-ngo-idUSKCN1AV20Q|accessdate=2020-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Dị ka TX 33 ''Maarten Cornelis'', na 2009 e ji ya nwalee &quot;SumWing&quot; nke kpatara obere nsogbu nala oké osimiri karịa omenala beam trawl nihi na nku ya naefe nelu ala mgbe ọ naegbu azụ. Ọ naejikwa obere mmanụ karịa ịkụ azụ ọdịnala.

Nafọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ Golfo Azzurro Foundation gbazitere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ ndị ya na [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] jikọrọ aka ma, site na iji ego sitere na Brigitte Bardot Foundation, jiri ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ nlekota nzuzo na Danish Protectorate of the Faroe Islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-100818-1.html|title=Death in the Ferocious Isles: Sea Shepherd under Escort by the Danish Navy|publisher=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|accessdate=August 31, 2010|archivedate=August 28, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828153739/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-100818-1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.portal.fo/?lg=74044|title=Paul Watson eigur Golfo Azzurro|publisher=Portal.fo|accessdate=September 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nabalị iri na asaa nọnwa Ọgọstụ, ndị uwe ojii Danish banyere nụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma nyochaa ya wee hapụ ya ka ọ gaa nokpuru ndị Royal Danish Navy. E kenyere ụgbọ mmiri Thetis nke Denmark &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwKA&quot;&gt;Triton&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; iji nyochaa omume ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.golfoazzurro.nl/golfoazzurro.nl/Sea_Shepherd_Nederland_en_de_Golfo_Azzurro.html|title=Stichting Golfo Azzurro|accessdate=September 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2016 Golfo Azzurro kpọrọ 'Boat Refuge Foundation', ntọala Dutch, ka ha gaa ịchọ ma napụta iji zọpụta ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Ọ bụ Adrian J. Sonneveld, Captain na shipmanager naelekọta ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Ọ bụ ndị naeche nche nụsọ oké osimiri nke [[Italy|Ịtali]] naahụ maka ọrụ ọchụchọ na nnapụta. Golfo Azzuro naarụ ọrụ nokpuru ọkọlọtọ Panama. The Boat Refuge Foundation kwụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ maka ọnụahịa ihe atụ. Ụlọ ọrụ Golfo Azzurro Foundation dị na Rotterdam.

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2016 ụlọ ọrụ NGO nke Spain bụ Proactiva Open Arms kwụrụ ụgwọ Golfo Azzurro, (NGO Boat Refuge Foundation kwụsịrị ọrụ ọchụchọ na nnapụta na Nọvemba afọ 2016) wee malite ịchọ na nnapụisi nakụkụ mmiri Libya. Noge ahụ, Pro Activa Open Arms naeme nchọta na nnapụta nke ọma na ụgbọ mmiri ASTRAL.

Noge ọchụchọ na nnapụta na Mediterenian, netiti Ọgọst 2016 na Ọgọust 2017, Golfo Azzurro napụtara ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwoke na ụmụaka 8,500, ma kwado ndị NGO ndị ọzọ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 1500 nọ na nsogbu. Dị ka ụgbọ mmiri nnapụta ndị ọzọ, ọ chere egwu sitere naka ndị nche osimiri Libya ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Behrakis|first=Yannis|date=2017-08-15|title=Spanish migrant rescue ship threatened by Libyan coastguard: witness|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya-ngo-idUSKCN1AV20Q|accessdate=2020-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nime ọnwa mbụ nke ọrụ nchọta na nnapụta René Hazenkamp si Netherlands (otu nime ndị ọrụ; onye naesi nri) mere ihe nkiri banyere Golfo Azzurro na ndị ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gangway to a Future – Refugees Welcome Film Fest|url=https://refugeesfilmfest.com/film/gangway-to-a-future/|accessdate=2020-11-16|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124142559/https://refugeesfilmfest.com/film/gangway-to-a-future/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri a, GANGWAY TO A FUTURE, gosipụtara na Jenụwarị 2018 na International Film Festival Rotterdam.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=http://www.golfoazzurro.nl/golfoazzurro.nl|title=Golfo Azzurro Foundation|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2012-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003656/http://www.golfoazzurro.nl/golfoazzurro.nl/}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.golfoazzurro.nl/golfoazzurro.nl/Fotos.html|title=Vessel Photos}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.zeeschepenophetharingvliet.nl/index.php?page=ship&amp;ship=Golfo%20Azzurro|title=Ships on the Haringvliet|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2022-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129034030/http://www.zeeschepenophetharingvliet.nl/index.php?page=ship&amp;ship=Golfo%20Azzurro}}</text>
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{{Infobox ship image|Ship image=MY Farley Mowat at Dock.jpg|Ship caption=''Farley Mowat'' at dock}}
{{Infobox ship career|Ship header=|Ship name=''Pea Island''|Ship namesake=[[Pea Island]]|Ship country=United States|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|United States|coast guard}}|Ship owner=[[United States Coast Guard]]|Ship registry=|Ship builder=[[Bollinger Shipyards]], [[Lockport, Louisiana]]|Ship yard number=229&lt;ref name=&quot;Shipbuilding&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/bollinger2.htm|title=Bollinger Shipyards|website=Shipbuilding History|accessdate=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|Ship laid down=|Ship launched=|Ship acquired=25 October 1991&lt;ref name=&quot;Shipbuilding&quot;/&gt;|Ship identification=[[Hull number]]: WPB-1347|Ship fate=Transferred to [[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]}}
{{Infobox ship career|Ship header=title|Ship country=|Ship name=''Farley Mowat''|Ship owner=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|Ship registry=|Ship homeport=|Ship identification=*[[Maritime call sign|Call sign]]: J7AL5
*{{MMSI|314095000}}|Ship acquired=January 2015|Ship in service=2015|Ship out of service=|Ship status=Ship in active service|Ship fate=}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics|Ship type={{sclass2|Island|patrol boat}}|Ship displacement=168 tons|Ship length={{convert|110|ft|m|abbr=on}}|Ship beam={{convert|21|ft|m|abbr=on}}|Ship height=|Ship draft={{convert|6.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}|Ship capacity=&lt;!--Tons of fuel--&gt;|Ship power=|Ship propulsion=2 [[Paxman Valenta]] or [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] diesels|Ship speed={{convert|30|kn|lk=in}}|Ship range=3,300 miles|Ship endurance=5 days|Ship crew=}}
|}MY '''''Farley Mowat''''' (nke bụbu '''USCGC''' Pea Island ('''WPB-1347''')) bụ ụgbọ mmiri naebibi ihe nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] nwere ma naarụ ọrụ. A naeji ya eme ihe na [[Ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|mkpọsa]] ha naeme megide igbu whale na ọrụ ịkụ azụ iwu naakwadoghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;uscg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherdglobal.org/news-and-commentary/news/sea-shepherd-welcomes-the-farley-mowat-and-the-jules-verne-to-its-fleet.html|title=Sea Shepherd Welcomes the Farley Mowat and the Jules Verne to its Fleet|publisher=Sea Shepherd Global|date=June 2, 2015|accessdate=June 10, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611021104/https://www.seashepherdglobal.org/news-and-commentary/news/sea-shepherd-welcomes-the-farley-mowat-and-the-jules-verne-to-its-fleet.html/|archivedate=June 11, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2015, Sea Shepherd zụrụ ụgbọ mmiri nche Island Class abụọ a naarụ ọrụ site na United States Coast Guard, nke nwere ike ịgba ọsọ 30 knots ( km / h; 35 ).  Ha bụ USCGC Block Island na USCGC Pea Island, a gụgharịrị aha MY Jules Verne na MY ''Farley Mowat'', notu notu.&lt;ref name=&quot;uscg&quot; /&gt;E mechara kpọwa ''Jules Verne'' MV John Paul DeJoria naha onye naakwado Sea Shepherd John Paul De Joria. Ha sonyeere onye ọzọ bụbu onye na-ebibi agwaetiti USCG na Disemba 2017, MV &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwKg&quot;&gt;Sharpie&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. MY ''Farley Mowat'' naeje ozi ugbu a na Sea Shepherd's Operation Milagro n'akụkụ M / Y ''Sam Simon'', M / V ''White Holly'' na M / V ''Sharpie''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seashepherd.org/milagro/|title=Vaquita Porpoise: Operation Milagro|date=2019-05-09|work=seashepherd.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Hụkwa ==
[[Usòrò:Sea_Shepherd_racing_stripe.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Akara ụgbọ mmiri ojii na nke ọcha]]

* [[Ụgbọ Mmiri Neptune|Ụgbọ mmiri Neptune]], Ụgbọ mmiri Sea Shepherd
* [[Ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{SSCS}}{{Island class cutter}}</text>
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Non-Timber Forest Products - Exchange Program (NTFP-EP) bụ egwuregwu nke òtù ndị na-eso ndị na òtù ndị obodo na Ndịda Ọwụwa iwu Eshia na Ndịda Eshia nke na- ojiji nke mgbanwe na-ahụ osisi (NTFPs) maka nchekwa nchekwa na dị ka isi iyi nke ndụ maka obodo ndị dị n'oké ike. Netwọk ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na Philippines na ụlọ ọrụ mba na Cambodia, [[Ndia|India]], Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, na Vietnam.

Ọrụ NTFP-EP na-anya na nchekwa obodo, ikike na ngwaahịa, ụzọ ndụ na-adịgide, nri na ụmụ amaala, iwusi ike ike, nha nhata nwoke na-egosi, na inye ndị ọrịa ike. LED ahụ na-eduzi ọrụ ozi na ihe ndị, ike, na ọrụ Nkwado na ndị mmekọ ihe na ndị na-akwado ya dị ka nke ọrụ ya na-ewulite ikike.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
NTFP-EP ahụ n'ụzọ na- anya isi na 1998 dị ka otu ndị na-agụ n'iji na-arụ ọrụ na India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, na Vietnam. Na September 2003, e debara aha otu ahụ na Securities and Exchange Commission dị ka otu na- Nche uru nke dị na Quezon City, Philippines. Onye Dutch ethnobiologist Johannes Henricus de Beer jere ozi dị ka onye isi ụmụaka mbụ nke NTFP-EP site na 1998 ruo 2010.

N'afọ ndị mbụ ya, a na-akpọ mpaghara mpaghara ahụ Non-Timber Forest Products Exchange Program maka South na Southeast [[Asia]]. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-akpọbu ụlọ ọrụ mba NTFP-EP Philippines Non-Timber Forest Products Task Force. E mechara mee ka aha ndị ahụ dị format ma hazie ha ka ha bụrụ ndị a na-akpọ ugbu a n'afọ 2012.

Taa, nzukọ ahụ eguzobewo ụlọ ọrụ mba zuru oke na Quezon City, Bogor, na Phnom Penh na obere ụlọ ọrụ mba na Kotagiri, Miri, na Ho Chi Minh City.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-08|title=NTFP-EP|url=https://www.weadapt.org/organisation/ntfp-ep|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=weADAPT|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume ==

=== Ógbè ===
Kemgbe afọ 2007, NTFP-EP anabatala ''Madhu'' Duniya, nzukọ mba ụwa gbasara mmanụ aṅụ ọhịa na ụdị aṅụ Eshia nke a na-eme kwa afọ anọ na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mayuga|first=Jonathan L.|date=2019-10-14|title=PHL to host international conference on bees {{!}} Jonathan L. Mayuga|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/10/14/phl-to-host-international-conference-on-bees/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=BusinessMirror|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-24|title=Why Asian honey is 'medicinal honey'|url=https://www.rappler.com/science/life-health/245664-why-asian-honey-is-medicinal-honey/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=RAPPLER|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] jikọtara aka na NTFP-EP iji nyochaa ọrụ NTFPs na ihe ntecha na ngwaahịa mara mma. E bipụtara nsonaazụ nke mmekorita a n'akwụkwọ Naturally Beautiful na 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Naturally beautiful: Cosmetic and beauty products from forests|url=https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/CA8590EN/|accessdate=2023-03-22|year=2020|doi=10.4060/ca8590en|isbn=978-92-5-132398-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NTFP-EP bipụtara akwụkwọ Wild Tastes in Asia na 2019, na-akọwapụta ihe atụ dị iche iche nke nri ọhịa nke ụmụ amaala na obodo ndị dị n'Eshia na-eri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gupta|first=Felix Padel &amp; Malvika|date=2020-11-21|title=Illustrative and illuminating: Review of Wild Tastes in Asia by Madhu Ramnath and Ramon Razal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/illustrative-and-illuminating-review-of-wild-tastes-in-asia-by-madhu-ramnath-and-ramon-razal/article33149714.ece|accessdate=2023-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ọrụ nke afọ 2019, ndị isi ndị isi ASEAN na-ahụ maka hagaajin nyere NTFP-EP ọrụ ọrụ na usoro maka owuwe ihe ubi na ijikwa NTFPs na mpaghara ahụ. N'abụ iri abụọ na otu n'ọnọ Ọktoba n'afọ 2020, ndị Minista ASEAN na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-anabata ozi ndị eze ahụ.

N'afọ 2021, NTFP-EP haziri ụbọchị ise nke Forest Harvest Community-based NTFP Enterprises Forum, nke lekwasịrị anya na ụlọ ọrụ obodo na-emepụta ma na-ere ngwaahịa ọdịnala na nke ụmụ amaala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Forest harvest forum to shed light on sustainable community enterprises, traditional products|url=https://asiapacificfarmersforum.net/cbne-forum-forest-harvest-forum-to-shed-light-on-sustainable-community-enterprises-traditional-products/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=APFP / FO4A / ARISE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sitte|first=Jonas|title=CBNE Forum|url=https://ifsa.net/cbne-2021/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=IFSA|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, [[Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ịrụ Aka n'Ọhịa Eshia|Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ịrụ Aka n'Ọhịa]] nke Eshia bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta afọ ise na NTFP-EP iji duzie mmemme ya na njikwa ọkụ ọhịa, nchekwa akụ na ụba, na ịkwalite ihe oriri mpaghara n'ime mba ndị otu ASEAN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=AFoCO-EML|date=2022-06-01|title=Launch of AFoCO-AKCF Project at XV World Forestry Congress|url=https://afocosec.org/newsroom/news/launch-of-afoco-akcf-project-at-xv-world-forestry-congress/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=AFoCO|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323071157/https://afocosec.org/newsroom/news/launch-of-afoco-akcf-project-at-xv-world-forestry-congress/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mee 5, 2022, NTFP-EP, na mmekorita ya na Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) na Asian Farmers Association for Sustainable Rural Development (AFA), haziri ihe omume gọọmentị maka XV World Forestry Congress na Seoul, South Korea, nke akpọrọ &quot;Communities Speak: Indigenous People&quot; Local Actions and Initiatives are Vital to Implement the Paris Agreement and the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230926224105/https://aippnet.org/human-rights-based-approach-key-addressing-global-biodiversity-climate-crisesa-hybrid-indigenous-peoples-initiatives-actions-contex/ Ihe omume] ngwakọta ahụ nyere ohere maka ndị sonyere iji mụta ma chee echiche banyere onyinye dị oke mkpa nke ndị obodo na-enye maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihe ndị dị iche iche zuru ụwa ọnụ. 

==== Pastọ Rice Obere Onyinye Ego ====
N'afọ 2016, NTFP-EP guzobere Pastor Rice Smalls Grants Fund, ụlọ ọrụ microgrants nke na-akwado atụmatụ obodo ndị inyom na-eduzi na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=November 2020|title=Embedding gender justice in climate action|url=https://www.bothends.org/uploaded_files/document/Embedding_gender_justice_in_environmental_action_we.pdf|work=BothENDS}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gụrụ ego ahụ aha iji cheta Delbert Arthur Rice, onye ozi ala ọzọ America na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke jere ozi dị ka onye otu NTFP-EP.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=May 13, 2014|title=Environmentalist Pastor Delbert Rice passes away|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/360860/environmentalist-pastor-delbert-rice-passes-away/story/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=GMA News Online|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-02-11|title=Remembering Pastor Delbert Rice|url=https://ntfp.org/2009/02/remembering-pastor-delbert-rice/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=NTFP-EP|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mba ===
N'afọ 2014, [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|WWF]] jikọtara aka na NTFP-EP Cambodia iji mepụta ọrụ ndụ ọzọ maka obodo ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na mpaghara Kratié na Stung Treng.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WWF partners with NTFP-EP to ensure project design will improve community livelihoods|url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?228093/WWF-partners-with-NTFP-EP-to-ensure-project-design-will-improve-community-livelihoods|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=wwf.panda.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, National Commission for Culture and the Arts na NTFP-EP Philippines jikọrọ aka guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọdịnala dị ndụ na mpaghara Benguet iji nyere aka chekwaa omenala ọdịnala na mpaghara ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Geminiano|first=Pamela Mariz|date=September 10, 2018|title=NCCA, Benguet confirm 198 graduates of Schools Living Tradition|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1047473|work=Philippine News Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, onye na-eweta ihe nchọgharị Ecosia jikọtara aka na NTFP-EP Philippines iji kụọ mkpụrụ osisi ala na enyemaka nke ndị mmekọ ya bụ ụmụ amaala na obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=Your trees in the Philippines|url=https://blog.ecosia.org/philippines/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=The Ecosia Blog|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jose|first=Christian San|date=2021-04-01|title=Ecosia, the search engine that plants trees, is now repopulating Philippine forests|url=https://nolisoli.ph/95893/ecosia-tree-planting-philippines/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=NOLISOLI|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323080515/https://nolisoli.ph/95893/ecosia-tree-planting-philippines/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kụrụ mkpụrụ osisi 55,000 n'ugwu Sierra Madre nke Luzon, ugwu etiti nke agwaetiti Panay, na ugwu Kimangkil-Kalanawan-Sumagaya-Pamalihi na Mindanao.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cabico|first=Gaea Katreena|title=Indigenous communities lead forest restoration powered by web searches|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/04/22/2092712/indigenous-communities-lead-forest-restoration-powered-web-searches|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Philstar.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, NTFP-EP Indonesia wepụtara asambodo usoro nkwa ya maka rattan a na-ewepụta nke ọma, na asambodo mbụ ya nyere ụlọ ọrụ Dutch Van der Sar Import.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Label for sustainable rattan launched {{!}} IUCN NL|url=https://www.iucn.nl/en/news/label-for-sustainable-rattan-launched/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=IUCN Netherlands|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Havermans|first=Onno|date=2022-05-10|title=Rotan is terug, nu zelfs met een keurmerk, maar is uw stoel daarmee duurzaam?|url=https://www.trouw.nl/duurzaamheid-economie/rotan-is-terug-nu-zelfs-met-een-keurmerk-maar-is-uw-stoel-daarmee-duurzaam~b4552801/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Trouw|language=nl-NL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa na 2022, NTFP-EP Cambodia nyere aka guzobe ọtụtụ ebe njem gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara Kratié na Stung Treng site na ego sitere na ọrụ USAID Greening Prey Lang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-09-14|title=NTFP-EP Cambodia supports ecotourism communities in Stung Treng, Kratie - Khmer Times|url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501150767/ntfp-ep-cambodia-supports-ecotourism-communities-in-stung-treng-kratie/|accessdate=2023-03-22|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Raksmey|first=Hong|title=Ministry promoting eco-tourism to award winning communities|url=https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ministry-promoting-eco-tourism-award-winning-communities|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=www.phnompenhpost.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Asia office website
* [http://ntfp.org.kh/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ Cambodia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231003230713/https://www.ntfp-indonesia.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ Indonesia]
* [https://ntfp.org.in/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230923013145/https://vn.ntfp.org/en/home/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ Vietnam]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nchanga Ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa</title>
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      <comment>/* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */</comment>
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Ebe a na-egwu ọwara kọpa Nchanga, bụbu ogbunigwe Chingola Copper, bụ ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa dị n'okpuru ala na nke mepere emepe na Chingola, na mpaghara Copperbelt nke Zambia.  Ọ bụ ebe a na-egwupụta ọla kọpa kacha kacha n'Africa.  Ọ bụ nke Konkola Copper Mines nwere ya, njikọ aka n'etiti Vedanta Resources na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ nke Zambia ( ZCCM Investments Holdings ).

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hodal|first=Kate|date=2019-01-18|title=Zambian villagers await outcome of UK mining firm's pollution case appeal|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jan/18/zambia-villagers-await-outcome-uk-mining-firm-pollution-case-appeal-vedanta-resources|accessdate=2023-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mmetọ sitere na ogbunigwe ahụ mebiri isi mmiri nke ọtụtụ puku ndị obodo dị nso na-enweghị isi mmiri ọzọ, butere nsogbu ahụike.  Ndị obodo ahụ kọkwara na mmetọ ahụ mebiri ala ubi ma belata ihe ọkụkụ.  Otu puku mmadụ na narị asatọ ndị obodo gbara akwụkwọ ikpe klas-action (Lungowe v Vedanta Resources plc) megide Vedanta Resources na London na 2015. Okwu ahụ gara n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Britain ma nwee mmetụta sara mbara maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe onwunwe mba dị iche iche nke Britain na-azụ ahịa ná mba ọzọ.

== Nkọwa na nwe ==
. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=konkola copper mining|url=https://fnbb.pl/equipment/2020_Dec_595/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519080350/https://fnbb.pl/equipment/2020_Dec_595/|archivedate=2021-05-19|accessdate=2021-05-19|work=fnbb.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-01-19|title=Vedanta mine settles Zambian villagers' pollution claim|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55725305|accessdate=2023-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nchanga Copper mine bụ cobalt na ọla kọpa na-ahụ m na Chingola, na mpaghara Copperbelt nke Zambia.  [1] Ọ bụ Konkola Copper Mines nwe ya, njikọ aka n'etiti British [2] Vedanta Resources na ụlọ ọrụ steeti Zambia na-egwupụta akụ akụ.

Ebe a na-egwuputa ihe bụ ọla kọpa kacha ukwuu n'Africa. Arụ ọrụ na-ewere ọnọdụ ma n'ime oghere na n'okpuru ala. Olu ahụ dị ihe karịrị kilomita anọ n'ogologo, otu maịl n'obosara, na 1,600 ụkwụ miri emi. Ebe ahụ nwere ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, ebe a na-agbaze ihe, ebe a na-esi mmanụ ọkụ, na ikpo [[Ọdụdọ|ọdụ ọdụ]] dị mita 300. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vidal|first=John|date=2015-08-01|title='I drank the water and ate the fish. We all did. The acid has damaged me permanently'|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/aug/01/zambia-vedanta-pollution-village-copper-mine|accessdate=2023-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:Zambia_4.jpg|thumb|350x350px| Minn na 2008]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vidal|first=John|date=2015-08-01|title='I drank the water and ate the fish. We all did. The acid has damaged me permanently'|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/aug/01/zambia-vedanta-pollution-village-copper-mine|accessdate=2023-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2011, Ndị Ikpe Kasị Elu nke Lusaka pụtara £1.3 nde mmadụ ka a mgba ndị bi na Chingola,5ing maka mmetọ sulfuric acid nke nkọwa Kafue na 2006. Na 2014, ogbunigwe ahụ ike uru £ 320 nde.

N'afọ 2015, mmadụ 2,500 sitere na mpaghara Hippo Pool, Kakosa, Shimulala na Hellen boro ebubo na ogbunigwe ahụ emetọala ọzọ iyi Mushishima na Osimiri Kafue. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; BBC kọrọ na ọ hụrụ akwụkwọ ewepụtara na-egosi mwụfu nke sulfuric acid na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu na-emebi isi mmiri nke ndị mmadụ bi nso na ogbunigwe ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-09-07|title='Rivers of acid' in Zambian villages|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34173746|accessdate=2023-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-afụ ụfụ, onye na-arụ ọrụ afọ 15 na KCM, na-ebo ebubo na kemgbe Vedanta zụtara ogbunigwe na 2004, a na-egbutu akụkụ iji chekwaa ego nke ịrụ ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2020, ndị nwe ogbunigwe ahụ gwara na mmiri ozuzo na-eme ka akụkụ nke ogbunigwe ahụ daa na nso nso a. Ebe dị n'ihe ize ndụ na-anọchi anya mita 350 n'ogologo nke nsọtụ olulu ahụ, ebe a na-atụ anya na ihe ruru nde 20 ga-ada. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=Vedanta warns of impending collapse at Nchanga|url=https://www.miningmagazine.com/geomechanics-ground-control/news/1390329/vedanta-warns-of-impending-collapse-at-nchanga|accessdate=2023-04-14|work=www.miningmagazine.com|language=en|archivedate=2023-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414043506/https://www.miningmagazine.com/geomechanics-ground-control/news/1390329/vedanta-warns-of-impending-collapse-at-nchanga}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gayle|first=Damien|date=2019-04-10|title=Zambians can pursue mining pollution claim in English courts|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/apr/10/zambians-can-pursue-mining-pollution-claim-in-english-courts|accessdate=2023-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2006, ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkụ azụ̀ n' ahụ kọrọ na mwụfu nke ọla kọpa sulfate mere ka osimiri Kafue na-acha agha nakwa na mmiri nsí emetụtara mmadụ 40,000.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-09-07|title='Rivers of acid' in Zambian villages|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34173746|accessdate=2023-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2015, ogbunigwe ahụ mebiri ala ubi n'ime obodo dị nso na mines na ọla kọpa sulfate, na-ebube isi iyi mmirika maka ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara.  Mmetọ ahụ nyere ahụ mmiri ahụ isi ihe nke &quot;na-emebiga ihe ókè&quot; wee mee ncheta ya oroma na-ahụ ihe.  Ndị obodo ahụ kwuru na ihe omume ha na-anwụ anwụ nakwa na ha na-enwe ụmụaka dịka ahụ ahụ mkpọnwụ

== Hụkwa ==

* Copperbelt (mpaghara dị na Central Africa)
* Katanga Supergroup (nhazi ala ala)

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Navendu Mishra</title>
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&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{Databox}}Navendu Prabhat Mishra (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1989) bụ onye Britain&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-12-18/debates/2E37F0BD-4DF0-40A6-B9F9-0607212DBFB1/MembersSworn|title=Members Sworn|work=Hansard.parliament.uk|date=2019-12-18|accessdate=2020-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brunskill|first=Ian|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1129682574|title=The Times guide to the House of Commons 2019 : the definitive record of Britain's historic 2019 General Election|date=19 March 2020|isbn=978-0-00-839258-1|pages=341|oclc=1129682574}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000969|title=Stockport parliamentary constituency - Election 2019|work=www.bbc.com|accessdate=13 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Ọ bụ onye India; nne ya si Gorakhpur na nna ya si Kanpur, ha abụọ nọ na Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://hindustantimes.com/world-news/mishra-mohindra-tipped-to-win-dec-12-polls-boost-number-of-uk-indian-mps/story-1xDoqa8v56qKRvVha2iYXK.html|title=Mishra, Mohindra tipped to win Dec 12 polls, boost number of UK Indian MPs|work=Hindustan Times|date=14 November 2019|accessdate=2 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze Clifton College na Bristol.&lt;ref name=&quot;Labour Social&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Navendu Mishra MP for Stockport|url=https://laboursocial.com/navendu-mishra/|publisher=Labour Social|accessdate=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Mishra bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa na Stockport, mesịa bụrụ onye nhazi maka Unison ma nyere aka ịhazi ndị ọrụ nlekọta na ọrụ na-adịghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Labour Social&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Navendu Mishra MP for Stockport|url=https://laboursocial.com/navendu-mishra/|publisher=Labour Social|accessdate=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/b/mishra-wins-stockport|title=Mishra wins parliamentary candidacy in Stockport|date=August 11, 2019|work=Morning Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mishra bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Stockport Momentum ma kwado Jeremy Corbyn na ntuli aka ndị isi Labour nke 2015 na 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mishra|first=Navendu|title=Navendu Mishra: Why I'm standing for Labour's NEC|url=https://labourlist.org/2018/06/navendu-mishra-why-im-standing-for-labours-nec/|accessdate=7 July 2020|work=LabourList|date=18 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye otu Labour Party National Executive Committee site na Septemba 2018 ruo Disemba 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://labourlist.org/2018/09/full-jc9-slate-elected-to-labours-nec/|title=Full #JC9 slate elected to Labour's NEC|date=September 3, 2018|work=LabourList}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya itoolu nke Constituency Labour Parties, Mishra erughị eru ịnọgide bụrụ onye otu NEC mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rodgers|first=Sienna|title=Momentum reveals slate for local party reps in NEC by-elections|url=https://labourlist.org/2020/02/momentum-reveals-slate-for-local-party-reps-in-nec-by-elections/|accessdate=7 July 2020|work=LabourLIst|date=6 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mishra meriri n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'asọmpi oche nke Hazel Grove (akụkụ nke Metropolitan Borough of Stockport) na ntuli aka ngwa ngwa nke 2017, mana o nwetara votu kachasị elu nke Labour na mpaghara ahụ. O meriri 20.5% nke votu na oche nke bụbu onye Conservative-Liberal Democrat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hazel Grove - 2017 Election Results - General Elections Online|url=https://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2017-06-08/results/Location/Constituency/Hazel%20Grove|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=electionresults.parliament.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rodgers|first=Sienna|title=NEC member Nav Mishra triumphs in Stockport selection race|url=https://labourlist.org/2019/08/nec-member-nav-mishra-triumphs-in-stockport-selection-race/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=LabourList|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye ọrụ maka Stockport na ntuli aka 2019 mgbe onye nọ n'ọkwa, Ann Coffey, hapụrụ Labour Party iji mee mkpesa maka idu ndú Jeremy Corbyn wee sonye na Change UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stockport's Labour MP for over 25 years throws support behind Lib Dem candidate|first=Nick|author=Statham|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/ann-coffey-stockport-lib-dem-17278052|work=Manchester Evening News|date=18 November 2019|accessdate=1 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mishra nwere oche maka Labour, na 52% nke votu.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/E14000969|title=Stockport parliamentary constituency - Election 2019|work=www.bbc.com|accessdate=13 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mishra bụ onye otu Socialist Campaign Group ma kwado onye otu SCG Rebecca Long-Bailey na ntuli aka ndị isi ọrụ nke afọ 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribuneintake&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The New Intake|url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2020/03/the-new-intake|accessdate=7 July 2020|work=Tribune|date=5 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ntuli aka Batley na Spen nke afọ 2021, Mishra boro òtù nke ya ebubo na ha nwere &quot;ọchịchị nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;, na &quot;ụfọdụ ìgwè a na-ahụ dị ka egwuregwu ziri ezi maka mwakpo dabere na okpukpe / agbụrụ / ihe nketa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph-20210629&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ehsan|first=Rakib|date=29 June 2021|title=The Labour party has displayed utter contempt for British Indian voters in Batley and Spen|work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/06/29/labour-party-has-displayed-utter-contempt-british-indian-voters/|accessdate=29 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Mishra bi na Brinnington.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribuneintake&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Socialist Campaign Group}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{S-start}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Ann Coffey]]}}
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{{S-end}}{{North West Labour Party MPs}}{{Socialist Campaign Group}}
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Ndị ọrụ Federal Ministry of Environment bụ ozi nke Gọọmenti Federal Nigeria kere na 1999 na ikike iji dozie nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ịhụ na nhazi nke ihe niile gbasara ebe obibi na obodo.  [1] Ministri na-arụ ọrụ iji hụ na njikwa ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa na ichekwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike .  Ọ na-ahụkwa atumatu ma na-ahụ maka ọrụ maka ọrụ egosi na igbutu ndị ;nchịkwa idei mmiri mmiri, mbuze na mmetọ, yana ilọsiwaju ihu igwe na ike dị ọcha .

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-04-06|title=Buhari appoints Mohammed Abdullahi as minister of environment|url=https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-buhari-appoints-mohammed-abdullahi-as-minister-of-environment|accessdate=2022-09-02|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Minister of Environment – FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT|url=https://hyprep.gov.ng/dr-mohammad-mahmood-abubakar-honourable-minister-of-environment/|accessdate=2022-09-02|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902133546/https://hyprep.gov.ng/dr-mohammad-mahmood-abubakar-honourable-minister-of-environment/}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi ugbu a;  ọ were ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ ọrụ n'April, 2022 ka Ogaala Muhammadu Buhari weghaara ya n'ọkwa ya dị ka Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka Sayensị, Teknụzụ na Innovation.  [1] Ọ were dị n'aka Sharon Ikeazor bụ onye na-achị achị n'oge ahụ

Ozi a na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche iche echiche mba gbasara mkpesa, igbu osisi, mmetọ, na njikwa mkpofu .  Ọ na-ahụkwa maka odi ihu igwe na okwu ike dị ọcha ma na-akwado iwu na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụdị dị iche nke mba ahụ.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FIRST GC MEETING WITH BARR. MOHAMMED ABDULLAHI – FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT|url=https://hyprep.gov.ng/first-gc-meeting-with-barr-mohammed-abdullahi/|accessdate=2022-09-02|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902133549/https://hyprep.gov.ng/first-gc-meeting-with-barr-mohammed-abdullahi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Federal Ministry of Environment – EUEPiN|url=https://euepin.unilag.edu.ng/federal-ministry-of-environment/|accessdate=2022-09-02|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902133925/https://euepin.unilag.edu.ng/federal-ministry-of-environment/}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ministri a na-arụ ọrụ ya saịtị na ngalaba ya na parastatals .  Ụfọdụ n'ime parastatals ndị na-akpọ: National Biosafety Management Agency (NBMA), National Park Service (NPS), National Agency for the Great Green Wall, National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), na National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement  Agency (NESREA)

.Ministri ahụ na-ahụkwa ma na-enye ego maka ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), na Environmental Health and Registration Council of Nigeria (EHORECON), na ndị ọzọ.

== Nzukọ ndị otu United Nations 27 ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Akinyemi|first=Bioluwatife|date=2022-11-06|title=Minister of Environment sets agenda for Nigeria as COP27 begins|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/minister-of-environment-sets-agenda-for-nigeria-as-cop27-begins/|accessdate=2023-04-22|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-11-07|title=Lead Nigeria to COP27, Buhari directs environment minister|url=https://punchng.com/lead-nigeria-to-cop27-buhari-directs-environment-minister/|accessdate=2023-04-22|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asuquo|first=Akanimoh|date=2022-11-05|title=Environment minister to represent Buhari at COP27 meetings|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/environment-minister-to-represent-buhari-at-cop27-meetings/|accessdate=2023-04-22|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi bụ onye isi ala ya bụ Muhammadu Buhari ka ọ nọchite anya ya [1] site n'idu ndị ozite anya ndị ọzọ na ụgbọ United Nations Conference of Parties 27 (COP27) nke  emere na Nọvemba 2022, na Egypt

== Ndị minista gburugburu gara aga ==

* Dr. [[Iyorchia Ayu]]
* Oriakụ [[Helen Esuene]]
* Oriakụ [[Halima Tayo Alao]]
* Maazị [[John Odey]]
* Oriakụ [[Amina J. Mohammed|Amina Mohammed]]
* Mazị Ibrahim Jibril
* Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar

== Mmezu nke Ozi ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-06-17|title=Nigeria to donate $550k for Great Green Wall secretariat|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigeria-to-donate-550k-for-great-green-wall-secretariat|accessdate=2022-09-02|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Agency For Great Green Wall (NAGGW)|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/directory/listing/national-agency-for-great-green-wall/|accessdate=2022-09-02|work=Directory &amp; MarketPlace|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lagos Lists Programmes for Green, Clean, Aesthetic Environment – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/06/30/lagos-lists-programmes-for-green-clean-aesthetic-environment/|accessdate=2022-09-02|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;Otu n'ime ihe ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ etiti na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi rụpụtara bụ mmepụta nke mmemme mkpocha Ogoniland nke ndidi.  [1] [2] Ogoniland bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị dị na mpaghara Niger Delta nwere ikike na-emebi emebi site na ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ekiri .  Mmezu ndị ọzọ a rụpụtara na ministri na ihe ndị ọzọ ajụjụ Clean na Green na steeti Nigeria, Great Green Wall Programme, na Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Muhammad Mufaku Al Arnaut''' ({{lang-ar|الارناؤوط، محمد موفق،}}; born 1952) is a Kosovar Albanian Syrian and retired professor of IMiddle East studies.&lt;ref name=&quot;KohaMuf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Muhamed Mufaku, drejtor i Institutit të Studimeve Orientale në Prishtinë|url=https://www.koha.net/kulture/123275/muhamed-mufaku-drejtor-i-institutit-te-studimeve-orientale-ne-prishtine/|date=17 October 2018|accessdate=22 January 2022|language=sq}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Norrisviii&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Norris|first=Harry Thirlwall|title=Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world|year=1993|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|url=https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr/page/n11/mode/2up?q=mufaku|isbn=9780872499775}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mufaku edeela ihe karịrị akwụkwọ &lt;ref name=&quot;Mehdiu295&quot; /&gt; na ihe karịrị 100 isiokwu n'asụsụ Arabic na Albanian. &lt;ref name=&quot;Norrisviii&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Mehdiu295&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mehdiu|first=Feti|title=Review of: Muhamed Mufaku, Nga historia e shqiptarëve të Egjiptit gjatë shekujve XV-XX, Prishtinë, 2016, fq. 170 (ASHAK)|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=667964|journal=Gjurmime Albanologjike|issue=47|year=2017|pages=295–298|doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt; lekwasịrị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Albania, mmekọrịta Arab-Albanian, ihe odide ndị Albania na-ebi na Arabic na Balkan Islamic subjects.  edeela ụfọdụ ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ, n'ihi ikike ya nke ime nchọpụta Balkan na Arabic. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ginio179&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Norrisviii&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Norris|first=Harry Thirlwall|title=Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world|year=1993|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|url=https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr/page/n11/mode/2up?q=mufaku|isbn=9780872499775}}&lt;/ref&gt;'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Levant, Gulf, North Africa na mpaghara ndị Alakụba nke Balkan, a na-amata Mufaku maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, na mba ndị Arab, a na'ewere ya dị ka ọkachamara na Islam na Balkans. Ụfọdụ ọrụ Mufaku &lt;ref name=&quot;Ginio179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ginio|first=Eyal|chapter=Between the Balkan Wars (1912–13) and the ‘Third Balkan War’ of the 1990s: The memory of the Balkans in Arabic writings|editor=Singer|title=Untold histories of the Middle East: Recovering voices from the 19th and 20th centuries|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136926655|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBTJBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Mufaku}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'uche ịmatakwu ndị na-agụ Arabic na ọnụnọ ndị Alakụba n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na Balkans, ebe a na-elegharakarị anya na agụmakwụkwọ Middle East.

N'afọ 2012, onye isi ala Kosovo nyere Mufaku ihe nrite nke Merit. &lt;ref name=&quot;KohaMuf&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Najite Dede</title>
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{{Databox}}

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-07-04|title=&quot;Our father taught us to respect everyone&quot;â€&quot; Najite &amp; Mitchelle Dede|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/07/our-father-taught-us-to-respect-everyone—-najite-mitchelle-dede/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''Najite Dede''' bụ onye nduzi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria na ụlọ ọrụ Nollywood . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=sunnews|date=2017-05-21|title=I don’t have a grass-to-grace story – Bovi, Comedian, Actor|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/i-dont-have-a-grass-to-grace-story-bovi-comedian-actor/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bada|first=Gbenga|date=2019-09-03|title=Here are RMD’s 2 popular cousins you never knew about|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/rmds-2-popular-cousins-you-never-knew-about/p78k03q|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=Pulse Nigeria|archivedate=2023-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424211750/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/rmds-2-popular-cousins-you-never-knew-about/p78k03q}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=izuzu|first=chibumga|date=2016-03-23|title=9 things you should know about multilingual TV host, actress|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/michelle-dede-9-things-you-should-know-about-multilingual-tv-host-actress/2jnnx4s|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ nwanne [[Michelle Dede]] na nwa nwanne [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]] bụ ndị sokwa na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; bụ Maazị Brownson Dede, onye Naijiria bụbu onye nnọchi anya mba Etiopia.

== Ọrụ ==
Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nollywood nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ niile e kenyere ya nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme egwuregwu pụrụ iche na ụlọ ọrụ Nollywood. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omorogbe|first=Paul|date=2021-12-25|title=FIRSTBANK DECEMBERISSAVYBE: Top 11 events to rock your December|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/firstbank-decemberissavybe-top-11-events-to-rock-your-december/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

* ''[[Shuga (Usoro TV)|MTV Shuga]]''
* Prince nke Savannah
* Nne Mia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MAMMA MIA!: An Operatic Odyssey – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/17/mamma-mia-an-operatic-odyssey/amp/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=www.thisdaylive.com|archivedate=2022-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803053114/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/17/mamma-mia-an-operatic-odyssey/amp/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-07|title=Odimba makes bold statement at FirstBank’s Mamma Mia: The Smash hit musical|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/odimba-makes-bold-statement-at-firstbanks-mamma-mia-the-smash-hit-musical/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Obi na-akụ egwu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=sunnews|date=2016-12-16|title=Heartbeat ‘ll set new record in stage production –Joke Silva|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/heartbeat-ll-set-new-record-in-stage-production-joke-silva/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MTV Shuga Reveals New Stars For New Season - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/04/17/mtv-shuga-reveals-new-stars-for-new-season/|accessdate=2022-08-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Heartbeat, the musical hits a graceful home run - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/12/20/heartbeat-the-musical-hits-a-graceful-home-run/|accessdate=2022-08-03|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-11-29|title=From star couple, Heartbeat the Musical|url=https://punchng.com/star-couple-heartbeat-musical/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-28|title=Rue14 Studios takes guests &quot;High&quot; at MUSON Centre|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/rue14-studios-takes-guests-high-muson-centre/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-03-23|title=High, stage play returns in April|url=https://guardian.ng/life/film/high-stage-play-returns-in-april/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803053114/https://guardian.ng/life/film/high-stage-play-returns-in-april/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [1] [2]
* Ihe niile gbasara Ere
* ''Igbe ikpuru''
* &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omorogbe|first=Paul|date=2020-02-07|title=‘Unbroken’ shines on Africa Magic’s Showmax|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/unbroken-shines-on-africa-magics-showmax/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkwụsị [1]
* Mgbanwe nke Naijiria
* Ihe ngosi isi gị n'elu
* ''Ọ bụ ụbọchị ya''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bovi’s Movie Premiere &quot;It’s Her Day&quot; – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/08/bovis-movie-premiere-its-her-day/amp/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=www.thisdaylive.com|archivedate=2022-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803053115/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/08/bovis-movie-premiere-its-her-day/amp/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bar Beach Blues
* ''Riona''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2020-10-16|title=MultiChoice Nigeria launches two local telenovelas, Riona and Enakhe|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/multichoice-nigeria-launches-two-local-telenovelas-riona-and-enakhe/|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* African Magic Viewers Choice Award 2020 Onye a họpụtara maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma [[Efa Iwara]] na Najite Dede maka Unbroken. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Michelle Dede]]
* [[Tope Oshin]]
* [[Theresa Edem]]

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2272135/ Najite Dede IMDb]
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'''Mmiri ara ehi''' ahụekere  bụ mmiri ara ehi, osisi nke bụ Ihe ozo na  mmiri ara ehi anụmanụ. A na eji ahuekere, mmiri na mgbe ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka nnu, shuga, ma ọ bụ sinamọn eme ya.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Mmiri ara ehi dị elu na abụba na protein ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ara ehi ndị ọzọ sitere na osisi. Mmiri ara ehi a na-eji mgbe ụfọdụ site n'aka ndị na-akọwa na [[lactose]]_intolerance&quot; id=&quot;mwDw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Lactose intolerance&quot;&gt;lactose intolerance, veganism, ma ọ bụ nri na-enweghị casein, ebe ọ na-enweghị lactose, mana ọ na-agụnye uru na-edozi ahụ dị ka ịdị elu na magnesium, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Peanut Milk Benefits|url=https://www.livestrong.com/article/548205-peanut-milk-benefits/|accessdate=2022-02-12|work=LIVESTRONG.COM|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vitamin E, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-04-22|title=Vitamin E|url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-E|accessdate=2022-02-12|work=Linus Pauling Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vitamin B-6, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-04-22|title=Vitamin B6|url=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-B6|accessdate=2022-02-12|work=Linus Pauling Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na protein.

N'ógbè ugwu nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ a ma ama a maara dị ka '''Mmiri ara ehi'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=quadri|first=zainab|date=2016-12-19|title=Here is how to make Groundnut milk, a vegan alternative to cow milk|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/nigerian-vegetarian-drinks-here-is-how-to-make-groundnut-milk-a-vegan-alternative-to/yk476h3|accessdate=2022-07-02|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe e mepụtara ==
George Washington Carver, ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ, ọkà mmụta sayensị, onye na-akparita ụka na prọfesọ na mmalite 1900s, yikarịrị ka ọ bụ onye mepụtara mmiri ara ehi nke oge a. N'ibu onye nwere mmasị imata ihe na nkà dị ukwuu na kemịstri na physics a maara George mara maka chọpụta  bara uru ya banyere ahụekere. Site n'iwepụ abụba, mmanụ, gums, resins na shuga nke ahụekere, ọ chọtara ọtụtụ ụzọ iji ahụekere, gụnyere mmiri ara ahụekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=George Washington Carver: A World-Famous Scientist, Inventor and Educator {{!}} National Peanut Board|url=https://nationalpeanutboard.org/news/george-washington-carver.htm|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=nationalpeanutboard.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213234022/https://www.nationalpeanutboard.org/news/george-washington-carver.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gray|first=LaVerne|date=2011-06-14|title=The George Washington Carver Digital Collection2011243The George Washington Carver Digital Collection. URL: www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/gwc/home.html: Iowa State University Last visited February 2011. Gratis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504121111145591|journal=Reference Reviews|volume=25|issue=5|pages=60|doi=10.1108/09504121111145591|issn=0950-4125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnụnọ ahịa ==
E nwere ndị na-emepụta mmiri ara ahụekere ole na ole, n'agbanyeghị na a na-emepụta ọka ara ehi sitere na osisi, dị ka cashew, almond, na mmiri ara osikapa. Ka mmasị nri na-agbanwe, dị ka eziokwu ahụ gosipụtara na ọchụchọ ịntanetị maka nri dị ka veganism ejirila okpukpu abụọ na United States kemgbe afọ 2015, okpukpu atọ na Australia, France, na Spain, na ihe karịrị okpukpu anọ na Sweden, ọchịchọ maka mmiri ara ehi na-abụghị mmiri ara ehi amụbaala. Ịzụta mmiri ara ehi sitere na osisi na ụlọ ahịa nri US jiri 5% rịa elu karịa afọ gara aga, na-eme ihe ruru 14% nke ngụkọta ahịa mmiri ara ehi, dị ka nyocha nke Plant Based Foods Association nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ahịa ụlọ ahịa si kwuo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Retail Sales Data|url=https://www.plantbasedfoods.org/retail-sales-data/|accessdate=2022-02-12|work=Plant Based Foods Association|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213071959/https://www.plantbasedfoods.org/retail-sales-data/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'aka nke ọzọ, ire mmiri ara ehi ejirila pasent 0.1 rịa elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Retail sales data: Plant-based meat, eggs, dairy {{!}} GFI|url=https://gfi.org/marketresearch/|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=gfi.org|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmepụta ==
Iji mee ụdị mmiri ara ahụekere, ihe ndị a dị mkpa: ahụekere, mmiri, blender na Cheesecloth. Nzọụkwụ mbụ na-agụnye itinye ahụekere n'ime ite buru ibu iji jide ha, wee tinye ahụekere n&quot;ime mmiri ma ọ dịkarịa ala awa isii. Mgbe ahụ, nyefee ahụekere ahụ n'ime ihe na-agwakọta ma gwakọta ha ruo mgbe ha dị nro. N'ikpeazụ, nyefee ihe a gwakọtara agwakọta n'ime cheesecloth iji kpochapụ mmiri ara ahụekere, nke dị njikere ugbu a maka oriri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=DIY Peanut Milk {{!}} National Peanut Board|url=https://nationalpeanutboard.org/news/diy-peanut-milk.htm|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=nationalpeanutboard.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213065405/https://www.nationalpeanutboard.org/news/diy-peanut-milk.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Na Naịjirịa, a na-agwakọta mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-akpụghị akpụ ma ọ bụ ndị a na'akpụghị akpụ akpụ ma sie ya maka nkeji ole na ole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=quadri|first=zainab|date=2016-12-30|title=This Groundnut Milk and Rice Gruel combo is the best recipe on the Internet right now|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/kunun-gyada-this-groundnut-milk-and-rice-gruel-combo-is-the-best-recipe-on-the/7jy44q8|accessdate=2022-07-02|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-enye mmiri ara ehi na-ajụ oyi ma na-ajụjụ site na iji friji na ice cubes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Peanut milk|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230008295|journal=ResearchGate}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==

=== Mkpịsị ụkwụ mmiri ===
Ọ bụ ezie na e meela obere nnyocha banyere nkwado nke mmiri ara ehi ahụekere n'onwe ya (n'ihi enweghị mmepụta buru ibu), enwere ozi gbasara nkwado nke ahụekere. A na-emepụta ahụekere na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ dịka na mpaghara etiti ọwụwa anyanwụ na etiti ọdịda anyanwụ nke US.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Peanut Profile|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/nuts/peanut-profile|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=www.agmrc.org|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peanuts ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi kachasị mma, ebe ọ na-ewe ihe dị ka galọn mmiri 3.2 iji mepụta otu ounce nke ahụekere. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọdịdị osisi ya dị mkpirikpi na ikike ya itolite n'okpuru ala, ebe ọ na-ewe obere biomass iji rie mmiri. Osisi ahụekere ahụ na-ejikwa mmiri na-eri ruo n'ókè dị ala site na usoro osisi vaịn ya, na-enye ohere maka obere ihu igwe na-echekwa mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Peanuts are the Food of the Future. Here's why. {{!}} National Peanut Board|url=https://nationalpeanutboard.org/news/peanuts-are-food-future-heres-why.htm|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=nationalpeanutboard.org|language=en|archivedate=2023-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608223637/https://www.nationalpeanutboard.org/news/peanuts-are-food-future-heres-why.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe na-esonụ bụ eserese e sere ihe, na-egosi ojiji mmiri nke mkpụrụ osisi anọ a kacha mee ihe na America.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Data Confirms Peanuts are More Water Efficient Than Ever {{!}} National Peanut Board|url=https://nationalpeanutboard.org/news/new-data-confirms-peanuts-are-more-water-efficient-than-ever.htm|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=nationalpeanutboard.org|language=en|archivedate=2023-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604033735/https://www.nationalpeanutboard.org/news/new-data-confirms-peanuts-are-more-water-efficient-than-ever.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ojiji mmiri&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
!
!Gallons nke mmiri kwa oz
!toro na
|-
|Almonds
|28.7
|USA
|-
|Pistachios
|23.6
|USA
|-
|Walnut
|26.7
|USA
|-
|Akị bekee
|3.2
|USA
|}

=== Mkpịsị ụkwụ carbon ===
Ahụekere nwere ikuku carbon kacha dị ala n'etiti mkpụrụ akụ USA na ewụ ewụ, na-enye ohere maka ịkọ ugbo. Ahụekere nwekwara ihe pụrụ iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ na eme ka n'ịhazi n'ala dị mmá ma na-erite uru na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ gbara ha gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Mmiri carbon nke USA Grown Nuts &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=How Eco-Friendly Are Nuts? {{!}} Which is the Most Eco-Friendly Nut?|url=https://greenecofriend.co.uk/how-eco-friendly-are-nuts/|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=Green Eco Friend|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!
! (kg CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-C&lt;sub&gt;eqv&lt;/sub&gt; kwa 1 kg&amp;nbsp;
!toro na
|-
|Almonds
|3.56
|USA
|-
|Pistachios
|0.76
|USA
|-
|Pecans
|1.61
|USA
|-
|Walnut
|2.00
|USA
|-
|Akị bekee
|0.57
|USA
|}

== Uru nri na-edozi ahụ ==
Ndị na-eme nchọpụta mepụtara usoro vitamin na mineral siri ike nke uwa ọhụrụ na-eji mmiri ara ahụekere dị ka isi iyi nke protein, abụba na ume nri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kane|first=Nimsate|year=2010|title=Development of a fortified peanut‐based infant formula for recovery of severely malnourished children|journal=International Journal of Food Science and Technology|volume=45|issue=10|pages=1965–1972|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02330.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri ara ehi ndị ọzọ sitere na osisi, mmiri ara ehi ahụekere nwere otu n'ime protein na abụba kachasị elu, na-enye ohere maka mmiri ara ehi ude. Ihe oriri macro na otu iko mmiri ara ehi gụnyere ihe ndị a:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Nutritional facts of peanut milk {{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
!Nut milk (1 cup)
|Peanut milk
|-
!Calories
|'''150 cal'''
|-
!Fat
|'''11 g'''
|-
!Protein
|'''6 g'''
|-
!Carbs
|'''6 g'''
|}
N'ụzọ na-ese okwu, lectins, nke a na-ahụ na soy, ahụekere, na agwa ndị ọzọ, nwere ike igbochi ịmị glucose na eriri afọ, ya mere na-emetụta oriri calorie zuru ezu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Chalupa-Krebzdak|first=Sebastian|date=December 2018|title=Nutrient density and nutritional value of milk and plant-based milk alternatives|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0958694618301900|journal=International Dairy Journal|language=en|volume=87|pages=84–92|doi=10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.07.018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ojiji ==
A na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi eme ihe dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya ihe ndị dị ka ihe oriri kọfị, ofe ara ehi, yogọt, parfait, ma ọ bụ n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Nri
* Aflatoxin
* Nri Naijiria
* Ahụekere

== Ebenside ==

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{{Databox}}Ozi nke ugbo and Fisheries ('''MoAF''') bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] .  Isi ụlọ ọrụ &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408033542/http://www.moa.gov.jm/Contact_Us.php MoAF Archive: &quot;Hope Gardens Kingston 6 JAMAICA&quot;] .retrieved 31 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; dị na [[Kingston]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;us&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408033542/http://www.moa.gov.jm/Contact_Us.php Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MoAF): Contact Us] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131231222659/http://www.moa.gov.jm/Contact_Us.php |date=31 December 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

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'''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. 

Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi.
Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe.

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).&lt;ref name =&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954).

N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | webụsaịtị = www.sahistory.org.za | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/https ://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; {{rp|27}}&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--&gt;

Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https ://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;}}
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--&gt;
Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe &quot;ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka &quot;onye nke ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent | nweta-date=2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.rosalux.de | asụsụ = en-US | ụbọchị-nchekwa =2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the -african-continent |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na &quot;Freedom Square&quot; n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu &quot;na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}}
 
Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee dee &quot;Monica Wilson Science Journal&quot; dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |last2=Mafeje |first2=A. |date=June 1966 |title=Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township  |journal=Man |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=269 |doi=10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025-1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt; otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|50}}
Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name = &quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ = International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en | Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 /index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research &amp; Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ 1969.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 | mbipụta=4 | ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine | aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173337/ https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2022-12-28 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị = Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ = fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}''

Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, &quot;Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot; : 0&quot; /&gt;}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:&lt;ref name=&quot; :0&quot; /&gt;{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}}

=== Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) ===
{{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}}
&lt;!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--&gt;
Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu olu &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ= |mbụ. = |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 &quot;Mafeje Affair&quot; nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 | nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en | archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20221228164425/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu isi-na-Africa/,%20https:/ /roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-ndị-mmadụ-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en-US | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- revolt-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''&lt;/ref&gt;''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na &quot;ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe&quot;. Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 | title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 | mbipụta=2 | ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a &quot;kacha mkparị&quot;.'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, &quot;Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;: 9&quot; /&gt;|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ &quot;adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail &amp; Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=21 Eprel 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org /web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite webụ | ụbọchị = 2018-06-05 | aha = afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20- years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022- 12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-afọ-after-the-mamdani- affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique | mpịakọta = 9 | mbipụta = 1–2 | ibe = 147–168 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https ://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date= 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- remember-student-sit-in-412848 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ====
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--&gt;
Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8% b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 | asụsụ = ar | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title. =Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}&lt;/ref&gt;| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na &quot;ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}

Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}
 
Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/- 2008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-ga-echeta-renaming-of-senate-room | archive-date=2022-12-29 | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka &quot;Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, &quot;Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!&quot; Ka Mafeje jụrụ &quot;Ọ nwụrụ?&quot; ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|65}}

Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye &quot;ihe siri ike&quot; n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye &quot;na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, &quot;Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke.&quot; Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|69}}

Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, &quot;Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|76}}

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221228173341/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mafeje-archibald |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2021-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ -2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town|url=https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town /31600705/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.&lt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia&lt;nowiki&gt;. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara  ===
* {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}}

=== Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===

* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}}

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===

{{Commons}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]]
[[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007]]
[[Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:American university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town]]
[[Category:South African anthropologists]]
[[Category:Ndị Xhosa]]</text>
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'''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. 

Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi.
Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe.

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).&lt;ref name =&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954).

N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | webụsaịtị = www.sahistory.org.za | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/https ://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; {{rp|27}}&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--&gt;

Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https ://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;}}
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--&gt;
Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe &quot;ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka &quot;onye nke ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent | nweta-date=2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.rosalux.de | asụsụ = en-US | ụbọchị-nchekwa =2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the -african-continent |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na &quot;Freedom Square&quot; n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu &quot;na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}}
 
Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee dee &quot;Monica Wilson Science Journal&quot; dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |last2=Mafeje |first2=A. |date=June 1966 |title=Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township  |journal=Man |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=269 |doi=10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025-1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt; otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|50}}
Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name = &quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ = International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en | Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 /index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research &amp; Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ 1969.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 | mbipụta=4 | ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine | aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173337/ https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2022-12-28 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị = Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ = fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}''

Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, &quot;Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot; : 0&quot; /&gt;}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:&lt;ref name=&quot; :0&quot; /&gt;{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}}

=== Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) ===
{{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}}
&lt;!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--&gt;
Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu olu &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ= |mbụ. = |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 &quot;Mafeje Affair&quot; nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 | nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en | archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20221228164425/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu isi-na-Africa/,%20https:/ /roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-ndị-mmadụ-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en-US | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- revolt-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''&lt;/ref&gt;''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na &quot;ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe&quot;. Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 | title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 | mbipụta=2 | ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a &quot;kacha mkparị&quot;.'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, &quot;Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;: 9&quot; /&gt;|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ &quot;adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail &amp; Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=21 Eprel 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org /web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite webụ | ụbọchị = 2018-06-05 | aha = afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20- years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022- 12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-afọ-after-the-mamdani- affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique | mpịakọta = 9 | mbipụta = 1–2 | ibe = 147–168 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https ://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date= 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- remember-student-sit-in-412848 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ====
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--&gt;
Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8% b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 | asụsụ = ar | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title. =Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}&lt;/ref&gt;| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na &quot;ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}

Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}
 
Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/- 2008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-ga-echeta-renaming-of-senate-room | archive-date=2022-12-29 | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka &quot;Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, &quot;Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!&quot; Ka Mafeje jụrụ &quot;Ọ nwụrụ?&quot; ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|65}}

Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye &quot;ihe siri ike&quot; n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye &quot;na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, &quot;Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke.&quot; Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|69}}

Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, &quot;Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|76}}

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221228173341/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mafeje-archibald |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2021-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ -2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town|url=https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town /31600705/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.&lt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia&lt;nowiki&gt;. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara  ===
* {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}}

=== Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===

* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}}

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===

{{Commons}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]]
[[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007]]
[[Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:American university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town]]
[[Category:South African anthropologists]]
[[Category:Ndị Xhosa]]</text>
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'''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. 

Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi.
Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe.

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).&lt;ref name =&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954).

N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | webụsaịtị = www.sahistory.org.za | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/https ://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; {{rp|27}}&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--&gt;

Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https ://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;}}
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--&gt;
Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe &quot;ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka &quot;onye nke ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent | nweta-date=2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.rosalux.de | asụsụ = en-US | ụbọchị-nchekwa =2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the -african-continent |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na &quot;Freedom Square&quot; n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu &quot;na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}}
 
Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee dee &quot;Monica Wilson Science Journal&quot; dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |last2=Mafeje |first2=A. |date=June 1966 |title=Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township  |journal=Man |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=269 |doi=10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025-1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt; otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|50}}
Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name = &quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ = International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en | Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 /index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research &amp; Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ 1969.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 | mbipụta=4 | ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine | aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173337/ https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2022-12-28 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị = Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ = fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}''

Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, &quot;Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot; : 0&quot; /&gt;}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:&lt;ref name=&quot; :0&quot; /&gt;{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}}

=== Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) ===
{{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}}
&lt;!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--&gt;
Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu olu &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ= |mbụ. = |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 &quot;Mafeje Affair&quot; nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 | nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en | archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20221228164425/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu isi-na-Africa/,%20https:/ /roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-ndị-mmadụ-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en-US | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- revolt-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''&lt;/ref&gt;''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na &quot;ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe&quot;. Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 | title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 | mbipụta=2 | ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a &quot;kacha mkparị&quot;.'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, &quot;Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;: 9&quot; /&gt;|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ &quot;adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail &amp; Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=21 Eprel 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org /web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite webụ | ụbọchị = 2018-06-05 | aha = afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20- years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022- 12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-afọ-after-the-mamdani- affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique | mpịakọta = 9 | mbipụta = 1–2 | ibe = 147–168 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https ://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date= 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- remember-student-sit-in-412848 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ====
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--&gt;
Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8% b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 | asụsụ = ar | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title. =Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}&lt;/ref&gt;| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na &quot;ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}

Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}
 
Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/- 2008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-ga-echeta-renaming-of-senate-room | archive-date=2022-12-29 | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka &quot;Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, &quot;Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!&quot; Ka Mafeje jụrụ &quot;Ọ nwụrụ?&quot; ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|65}}

Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye &quot;ihe siri ike&quot; n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye &quot;na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, &quot;Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke.&quot; Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|69}}

Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, &quot;Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|76}}

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221228173341/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mafeje-archibald |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2021-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ -2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town|url=https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town /31600705/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.&lt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia&lt;nowiki&gt;. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara  ===
* {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}}

=== Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===

* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}}

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===

{{Commons}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]]
[[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007]]
[[Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:American university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town]]
[[Category:South African anthropologists]]
[[Category:Ndị Xhosa]]</text>
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'''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. 

Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi.
Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe.

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).&lt;ref name =&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954).

N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | webụsaịtị = www.sahistory.org.za | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/https ://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; {{rp|27}}&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--&gt;

Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https ://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;}}
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--&gt;
Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe &quot;ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka &quot;onye nke ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent | nweta-date=2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.rosalux.de | asụsụ = en-US | ụbọchị-nchekwa =2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the -african-continent |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na &quot;Freedom Square&quot; n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu &quot;na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}}
 
Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee dee &quot;Monica Wilson Science Journal&quot; dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |last2=Mafeje |first2=A. |date=June 1966 |title=Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township  |journal=Man |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=269 |doi=10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025-1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt; otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|50}}
Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name = &quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ = International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en | Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 /index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research &amp; Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ 1969.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 | mbipụta=4 | ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine | aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173337/ https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2022-12-28 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị = Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ = fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}''

Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, &quot;Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot; : 0&quot; /&gt;}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:&lt;ref name=&quot; :0&quot; /&gt;{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}}

=== Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) ===
{{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}}
&lt;!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--&gt;
Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu olu &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ= |mbụ. = |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 &quot;Mafeje Affair&quot; nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 | nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en | archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20221228164425/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu isi-na-Africa/,%20https:/ /roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-ndị-mmadụ-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en-US | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- revolt-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''&lt;/ref&gt;''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na &quot;ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe&quot;. Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 | title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 | mbipụta=2 | ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a &quot;kacha mkparị&quot;.'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, &quot;Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;: 9&quot; /&gt;|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ &quot;adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail &amp; Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=21 Eprel 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org /web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite webụ | ụbọchị = 2018-06-05 | aha = afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20- years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022- 12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-afọ-after-the-mamdani- affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique | mpịakọta = 9 | mbipụta = 1–2 | ibe = 147–168 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https ://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date= 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- remember-student-sit-in-412848 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ====
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--&gt;
Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8% b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 | asụsụ = ar | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title. =Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}&lt;/ref&gt;| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na &quot;ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}

Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}
 
Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/- 2008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-ga-echeta-renaming-of-senate-room | archive-date=2022-12-29 | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka &quot;Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, &quot;Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!&quot; Ka Mafeje jụrụ &quot;Ọ nwụrụ?&quot; ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|65}}

Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye &quot;ihe siri ike&quot; n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye &quot;na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, &quot;Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke.&quot; Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|69}}

Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, &quot;Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|76}}

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221228173341/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mafeje-archibald |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2021-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ -2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town|url=https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town /31600705/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.&lt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia&lt;nowiki&gt;. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara  ===
* {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}}

=== Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===

* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}}

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===

{{Commons}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]]
[[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007]]
[[Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:American university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town]]
[[Category:South African anthropologists]]
[[Category:Ndị Xhosa]]</text>
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'''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. 

Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi.
Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe.

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).&lt;ref name =&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954).

N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | webụsaịtị = www.sahistory.org.za | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/https ://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; {{rp|27}}&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--&gt;

Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https ://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;}}
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--&gt;
Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe &quot;ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka &quot;onye nke ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent | nweta-date=2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.rosalux.de | asụsụ = en-US | ụbọchị-nchekwa =2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the -african-continent |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na &quot;Freedom Square&quot; n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu &quot;na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}}
 
Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee dee &quot;Monica Wilson Science Journal&quot; dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |last2=Mafeje |first2=A. |date=June 1966 |title=Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township  |journal=Man |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=269 |doi=10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025-1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt; otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|50}}
Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name = &quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ = International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en | Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 /index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research &amp; Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ 1969.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 | mbipụta=4 | ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine | aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173337/ https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2022-12-28 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị = Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ = fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}''

Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, &quot;Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot; : 0&quot; /&gt;}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:&lt;ref name=&quot; :0&quot; /&gt;{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}}

=== Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) ===
{{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}}
&lt;!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--&gt;
Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu olu &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ= |mbụ. = |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 &quot;Mafeje Affair&quot; nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 | nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en | archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20221228164425/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu isi-na-Africa/,%20https:/ /roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-ndị-mmadụ-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en-US | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- revolt-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''&lt;/ref&gt;''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na &quot;ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe&quot;. Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 | title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 | mbipụta=2 | ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a &quot;kacha mkparị&quot;.'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, &quot;Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;: 9&quot; /&gt;|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ &quot;adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail &amp; Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=21 Eprel 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org /web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite webụ | ụbọchị = 2018-06-05 | aha = afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20- years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022- 12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-afọ-after-the-mamdani- affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique | mpịakọta = 9 | mbipụta = 1–2 | ibe = 147–168 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https ://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date= 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- remember-student-sit-in-412848 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ====
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--&gt;
Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8% b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 | asụsụ = ar | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title. =Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}&lt;/ref&gt;| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na &quot;ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}

Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}
 
Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/- 2008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-ga-echeta-renaming-of-senate-room | archive-date=2022-12-29 | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka &quot;Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, &quot;Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!&quot; Ka Mafeje jụrụ &quot;Ọ nwụrụ?&quot; ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|65}}

Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye &quot;ihe siri ike&quot; n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye &quot;na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, &quot;Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke.&quot; Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|69}}

Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, &quot;Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|76}}

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221228173341/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mafeje-archibald |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2021-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ -2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town|url=https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town /31600705/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.&lt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia&lt;nowiki&gt;. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara  ===
* {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}}

=== Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===

* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}}

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===

{{Commons}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]]
[[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007]]
[[Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:American university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town]]
[[Category:South African anthropologists]]
[[Category:Ndị Xhosa]]</text>
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'''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. 

Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi.
Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe.

=== Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya ===
==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ====
Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).&lt;ref name =&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954).

N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:33&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | webụsaịtị = www.sahistory.org.za | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/https ://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt; {{rp|27}}&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--&gt;

Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https ://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;}}
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--&gt;
Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt; Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe &quot;ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka &quot;onye nke ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent | nweta-date=2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.rosalux.de | asụsụ = en-US | ụbọchị-nchekwa =2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the -african-continent |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na &quot;Freedom Square&quot; n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.&lt;ref name= &quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu &quot;na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}}
 
Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wee dee &quot;Monica Wilson Science Journal&quot; dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |last2=Mafeje |first2=A. |date=June 1966 |title=Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township  |journal=Man |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=269 |doi=10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025-1496 }}&lt;/ref&gt; otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:28&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|50}}
Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name = &quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ = International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en | Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 /index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt; 1968,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research &amp; Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ 1969.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 | mbipụta=4 | ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine | aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173337/ https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2022-12-28 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị = Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ = fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|33}}''

Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, &quot;Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot; : 0&quot; /&gt;}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:&lt;ref name=&quot; :0&quot; /&gt;{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}}

=== Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) ===
{{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}}
&lt;!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--&gt;
Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu olu &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ= |mbụ. = |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt;Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 &quot;Mafeje Affair&quot; nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 | nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en | archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20221228164425/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&amp;slide=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu isi-na-Africa/,%20https:/ /roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-ndị-mmadụ-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en-US | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- revolt-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''&lt;/ref&gt;''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na &quot;ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe&quot;. Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 | title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 | mbipụta=2 | ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a &quot;kacha mkparị&quot;.'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, &quot;Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;: 9&quot; /&gt;|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ &quot;adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail &amp; Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=21 Eprel 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org /web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite webụ | ụbọchị = 2018-06-05 | aha = afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20- years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022- 12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-afọ-after-the-mamdani- affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique | mpịakọta = 9 | mbipụta = 1–2 | ibe = 147–168 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https ://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news | ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date= 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- remember-student-sit-in-412848 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ====
&lt;!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--&gt;
Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8% b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 | asụsụ = ar | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref &gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title. =Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}&lt;/ref&gt;| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na &quot;ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}

Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;: 40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|72}}
 
Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt; N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

=== Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya ===
Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 &lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:132&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/- 2008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-ga-echeta-renaming-of-senate-room | archive-date=2022-12-29 | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot; :40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka &quot;Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, &quot;Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!&quot; Ka Mafeje jụrụ &quot;Ọ nwụrụ?&quot; ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|65}}

Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye &quot;ihe siri ike&quot; n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye &quot;na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, &quot;Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke.&quot; Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|69}}

Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, &quot;Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp|76}}

=== Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya ===
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221228173341/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mafeje-archibald |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2021-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ -2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.&lt;ref&gt;{{ Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town|url=https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town /31600705/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:40&quot; /&gt;{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.&lt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia&lt;nowiki&gt;. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara  ===
* {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}}
* {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}}

=== Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Edensibia ===
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Ịgụrụ Gawa ===

* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}}

=== Njikọ Mpụga ===

{{Commons}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}}
* {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}}
{{Pan-Africanism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}}
[[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]]
[[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007]]
[[Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa]]
[[Category:South African activists]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]]
[[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:American university and college faculty deans]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Cambridge]]
[[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town]]
[[Category:South African anthropologists]]
[[Category:Ndị Xhosa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nkwupụta nchebe</title>
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      <text bytes="7131" sha1="rlxmxb8718mt45ls8lam4aivl9nle5o" xml:space="preserve">Na ụkpụrụ nchekwa nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], '''Nkwupụta nchebe''' bụ ahịrịokwu na-enye ozi gbasara Ihe ize ndụ na usoro kwesịrị ekwesị. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọnọdụ site na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa na akara na akwụkwọ ntuziaka na nkọwa nke ọrụ anụ ahụ. A na-eji ụzọ dị iche iche eme ihe iji mee ka ha lekwasị anya, dị ka ịtọpụ na ederede nkịtị, akara ngosi, mgbanwe na mkpụrụedemede na agba. Ederede ga-akọwakarị ụdị nkwupụta na ihe ha pụtara n'ime ederede.  A kọwapụtara nkwupụta ịkpachapụ anya nkịtị n'okpuru.

== Ihe egwu ==
'''Nkwupụta ihe ize ndụ''' bụ nkọwa nke ọnọdụ ebe ihe ize ndụ ozugbo ga-akpata ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ siri ike nye ndị ọrụ na / ma ọ bụ ọha na eze ma ọ bụrụ na ezereghị ya. A ga-eji aha a mee ihe naanị n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike.{{Clear}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!OSHA/ANSI Z35.1
!ANSI Z535
!Ebumnuche Ebumnucha
|-
|{{align|center|[[File:ANSI Danger Header - 1969.svg|250px]]}}
|[[Usòrò:ANSI_Danger_Header_-_1998.svg|400x400px]]
|{{align|center|Situation ''will'' result in serious injury or death.}}
|}
{{Clear}}ANSI Z&lt;ref name=&quot;ANSI Z535.4-2011 - Full Standard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=American National Standards Institute|title=ANSI Z535.4-2011 - Product Safety Signs &amp; Labels|url=http://www.davis-inc.com/expert/docs/z535p4-2011.pdf|publisher=ANSI|accessdate=22 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417061020/http://www.davis-inc.com/expert/docs/z535p4-2011.pdf|archivedate=17 April 2018|language=English|pages=3–4|date=November 15, 2011}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAmerican_National_Standards_Institute2011&quot;&gt;[[American National Standards Institute]] (November 15, 2011).  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ANSI. pp.&amp;nbsp;3–4. Archived from  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 17 April 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 November&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.5 Nkọwa: &quot;Na-egosi ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ nke, ma ọ bụrụ na ezere ya, ga-akpata ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ siri ike. Okwu mgbaàmà &quot;DANGER&quot; ga-ejedebe na ọnọdụ kachasị njọ. DANGER [ihe ịrịba ama] ekwesịghị iji ya mee ihe maka ihe ize ndụ mmebi ihe onwunwe ọ gwụla ma ihe ize ndụ mmerụ ahụ onwe onye kwesịrị ekwesị na ọkwa ndị a. &quot;

OSHA 1910.&lt;ref name=&quot;US Header Definitions&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Definitions for Danger, Warning, Caution Signs that follow ANSI Z535 Standards and OSHA 1910.145 Rules|url=https://www.mysafetysign.com/danger-caution-warning-safety-sign-headers|work=mysafetysign.com|accessdate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307173727/https://www.mysafetysign.com/danger-caution-warning-safety-sign-headers|archivedate=7 March 2019|language=English}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''mysafetysign.com''.  from the original on 1 September 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 March&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nkọwa: &quot;A ga-eji ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ ndị dị ize ndụ dị mkpa ebe ihe ize ndụ na-eweta egwu ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ siri ike nye ndị ọrụ. &quot;

== Ịdọ aka ná ntị ==
Nkwupụta ịdọ aka ná ntị bụ nkọwa nke ọnọdụ ebe ọnọdụ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nke nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ siri ike nke ndị ọrụ na / ma ọ bụ ọha na eze ma ọ bụrụ na ezereghị ya.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!OSHA/ANSI Z535.2[lower-alpha 1]
!ANSI Z535
!Ebumnuche Ebumnucha
|-
|{{align|center|[[File:ANSI Warning Header - 1991.svg|250px]]}}
|[[Usòrò:ANSI_Warning_Header_-_1998.svg|400x400px]]
|{{align|center|Situation ''could'' result in serious injury or death.}}
|}
ANSI Z&lt;ref name=&quot;ANSI Z535.4-2011 - Full Standard&quot;/&gt;.5 Nkọwa: &quot;Na-egosi ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ nke, ma ọ bụrụ na ezere ya, nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ siri ike. A gaghị eji WARNING [ihe ịrịba ama] mee ihe maka ihe ize ndụ mmebi ihe onwunwe ọ gwụla ma ihe ize ndụ mmerụ ahụ onwe onye kwesịrị ekwesị na ọkwa a. &quot;

OSHA 1910.145 Nkọwa: &quot;Enwere ike iji gosipụta ọkwa dị ize ndụ n'etiti&quot; ịkpachara anya na &quot;ihe egwu,&quot; kama mkpado &quot;Ịkpachara anya&quot; achọrọ, ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha nwere okwu mgbaàmà nke &quot;Ịdọ aka ná ntị,&quot; ozi bụ isi kwesịrị ekwesị, ma ọ bụghị ya.  zute njirisi mkpado izugbe nke paragraf (f)(4) nke ngalaba a.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;US Header Definitions&quot;/&gt;

== Ịkpachara anya ==
'''Nkwupụta nlezianya''' bụ nkọwa nke ọnọdụ ebe ihe ize ndụ na-abụghị ozugbo ma ọ bụ nwere ike na-eweta ihe egwu dị ntakịrị nke nwere ike ime ka ndị ọrụ na / ma ọ bụ ọha na eze nwee mmerụ ahụ dị ntakịrị ma ọ bụ obere..{{Clear}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!OSHA/ANSI Z35.1
!ANSI Z535
!Ebumnuche Ebumnucha
|-
|{{align|center|[[File:ANSI Caution Header - 1969.svg|250px]]}}
|[[Usòrò:ANSI_Caution_Header_-_1998.svg|350x350px]]
|{{align|center|Situation ''could'' result moderate or minor injury.}}
|}
{{Clear}}ANSI Z&lt;ref name=&quot;ANSI Z535.4-2011 - Full Standard&quot;/&gt;.5 Nkọwa: &quot;Na-egosi ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ nke, ma ọ bụrụ na ezere ya, nwere ike ịkpata obere mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke dị nro. &quot;

OSHA 1910.&lt;ref name=&quot;US Header Definitions&quot;/&gt; Nkọwa: &quot;A ga-eji ya mee ihe na obere ọnọdụ ihe ize ndụ ebe ihe ize ndụ na-abụghị ozugbo ma ọ bụ nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ omume na-adịghị mma na-eweta obere egwu nke mmerụ ahụ onye ọrụ. &quot;

== Rịba ama ==
'''Nkwupụta''' ịmara bụ nkọwa nke ọnọdụ ebe ihe ize ndụ na-abụghị ozugbo ma ọ bụ nke nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ maka mmebi nke ihe onwunwe na ngwá ọrụ. Enwere ike iji ya gosipụta njirimara ọrụ dị mkpa. Enweghị &quot;Alerta Nchebe&quot; ma ọ bụ akara nlebara anya dị n'ọnọdụ a.{{Clear}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!ANSI Z35.1
!ANSI Z535
!Ebumnuche Ebumnucha
|-
|{{align|center|[[File:ANSI Notice Header - 1971.svg|250px]]}}
|[[Usòrò:ANSI_Notice_Header_-_1998.svg|350x350px]]
|{{align|center|Situations that at worst will only result in property damage and ''will not'' result in physical injuries.}}
|}
ANSI Z&lt;ref name=&quot;ANSI Z535.4-2011 - Full Standard&quot;/&gt;.5 Nkọwa: &quot;Na-egosi ozi a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụghị ihe ize ndụ metụtara ya. A gaghị eji akara nchebe (triangle nwere isi ihe na-adọrọ mmasị) mee ihe na okwu mgbaàmà a. Maka akara gburugburu ebe obibi / ụlọ ọrụ, NOTICE bụ nhọrọ nke okwu mgbaàmà maka ozi metụtara mmebi ihe onwunwe, nchekwa, ịdị ọcha, na iwu ụlọ. &quot;

OSHA 1910.145 Nkọwa: Ọ dịghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;US Header Definitions&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* ANSI Z535 - Ụkpụrụ akara nchekwa nke America nke na-eji nkwupụta nchebe eme ihe n'ụdị 'isi'.
* Ihe ịrịba ama nchekwa

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{notelist}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nayadikali</title>
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'''Nayadikali''' (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị ịgba egwu ịchụ nta) bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke dị n'etiti obodo Panan nke mpaghara Valluvanad (nke dị ugbu a Palakkad, Thrissur) na Kerala, [[Ndia|India]]. A na-emekarị ya tupu emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi dị na mpaghara ahụ, maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.

== Egwuregwu ==
Nayadikali bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke a na-agbasa kemgbe oge ochie maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=നായാടിക്കളി സംഘങ്ങൾ വീടുകളിൽ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html|work=ManoramaOnline|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html &quot;നായാടിക്കളി സംഘങ്ങൾ വീടുകളിൽ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി&quot;]. ''ManoramaOnline'' (in Malayalam). [[Ihe nkiri Malayala|Malayala Manorama]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328045001/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html Archived] from the original on 2023-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Malayalam-language sources (ml)]]&lt;/ref&gt; emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi, ìgwè Nayadikali na-agagharị gburugburu ụlọ dị na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad &quot;വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം&quot;]. ''[[Janmabhumi]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052416/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad Archived] from the original on 2023-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;-eyi uwe ka ndị mmadụ na-aga ịchụ nta n'ime ọhịa, obodo Panan na-aga site n'ụlọ ruo n'ụlọ ma na-abụ abụ ma na-egwuri egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-enwekarị otu onye ruo mmadụ ise n'otu ìgwè. Ngwá egwu &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; ji mee ihe bụ osisi achara abụọ, otu ga-adị ogologo na nke ọzọ ga-adị mkpụmkpụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-abụ abụ ọdịnala site na ijide ogologo osisi n'ogwe aka ekpe ma jiri obere osisi kụọ ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;ụwa na-abịa na-eyi uwe pụrụ iche n'elu mundus a na-ekpuchi n'úkwù ha, na mundu ọzọ e kere n'isi ha ma na-ese ụcha dị iche iche n'ahụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad &quot;വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം&quot;]. ''[[Janmabhumi]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052416/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad Archived] from the original on 2023-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga-enwekwa akpa ákwà n'ubu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-ebukwa obere ihe oyiyi e ji osisi mee n'aka ha, nke a na-akpọ ''Ittingalikutty'' . [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-etinye ihe oyiyi a n'ogige ma na-agba egwú gburugburu ya site na ịkụ osisi ahụ. Ha na-abụkarị abụ ndị metụtara ịchụ nta na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; nwekwara omume nke ịmepụta abụ nke aka ma bụrụ ha n'ebe ahụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; Nayadikali gasịrị, a ga-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri osikapa, paddy na ego site n'ụlọ. N'ụbọchị Pooram, ìgwè niile rutere n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ma kpọọ egwu ikpeazụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-emekwa ụdị ihe ngosi nwa bebi na nwa bebi osisi n'aka ha.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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        <id>12950</id>
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'''Nayadikali''' (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị ịgba egwu ịchụ nta) bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke dị n'etiti obodo Panan nke mpaghara Valluvanad (nke dị ugbu a Palakkad, Thrissur) na Kerala, [[Ndia|India]]. A na-emekarị ya tupu emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi dị na mpaghara ahụ, maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.

== Egwuregwu ==
Nayadikali bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke a na-agbasa kemgbe oge ochie maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=നായാടിക്കളി സംഘങ്ങൾ വീടുകളിൽ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html|work=ManoramaOnline|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|accessdate=2023-03-28}}
[[Category:CS1 Malayalam-language sources (ml)]]&lt;/ref&gt; emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi, ìgwè Nayadikali na-agagharị gburugburu ụlọ dị na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;-eyi uwe ka ndị mmadụ na-aga ịchụ nta n'ime ọhịa, obodo Panan na-aga site n'ụlọ ruo n'ụlọ ma na-abụ abụ ma na-egwuri egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-enwekarị otu onye ruo mmadụ ise n'otu ìgwè. Ngwá egwu &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;ji mee ihe bụ osisi achara abụọ, otu ga-adị ogologo na nke ọzọ ga-adị mkpụmkpụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-abụ abụ ọdịnala site na ijide ogologo osisi n'ogwe aka ekpe ma jiri obere osisi kụọ ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;ụwa na-abịa na-eyi uwe pụrụ iche n'elu mundus a na-ekpuchi n'úkwù ha, na mundu ọzọ e kere n'isi ha ma na-ese ụcha dị iche iche n'ahụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad &quot;വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം&quot;]. ''[[Janmabhumi]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052416/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad Archived] from the original on 2023-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga-enwekwa akpa ákwà n'ubu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-ebukwa obere ihe oyiyi e ji osisi mee n'aka ha, nke a na-akpọ ''Ittingalikutty'' . [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-etinye ihe oyiyi a n'ogige ma na-agba egwú gburugburu ya site na ịkụ osisi ahụ. Ha na-abụkarị abụ ndị metụtara ịchụ nta na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; nwekwara omume nke ịmepụta abụ nke aka ma bụrụ ha n'ebe ahụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; Nayadikali gasịrị, a ga-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri osikapa, paddy na ego site n'ụlọ. N'ụbọchị Pooram, ìgwè niile rutere n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ma kpọọ egwu ikpeazụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-emekwa ụdị ihe ngosi nwa bebi na nwa bebi osisi n'aka ha.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Nayadikali''' (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị ịgba egwu ịchụ nta) bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke dị n'etiti obodo Panan nke mpaghara Valluvanad (nke dị ugbu a Palakkad, Thrissur) na Kerala, [[Ndia|India]]. A na-emekarị ya tupu emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi dị na mpaghara ahụ, maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.

== Egwuregwu ==
Nayadikali bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke a na-agbasa kemgbe oge ochie maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=നായാടിക്കളി സംഘങ്ങൾ വീടുകളിൽ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html|work=ManoramaOnline|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|accessdate=2023-03-28}}
[[Category:CS1 Malayalam-language sources (ml)]]&lt;/ref&gt; emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi, ìgwè Nayadikali na-agagharị gburugburu ụlọ dị na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;-eyi uwe ka ndị mmadụ na-aga ịchụ nta n'ime ọhịa, obodo Panan na-aga site n'ụlọ ruo n'ụlọ ma na-abụ abụ ma na-egwuri egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-enwekarị otu onye ruo mmadụ ise n'otu ìgwè. Ngwá egwu &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;ji mee ihe bụ osisi achara abụọ, otu ga-adị ogologo na nke ọzọ ga-adị mkpụmkpụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-abụ abụ ọdịnala site na ijide ogologo osisi n'ogwe aka ekpe ma jiri obere osisi kụọ ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;ụwa na-abịa na-eyi uwe pụrụ iche n'elu mundus a na-ekpuchi n'úkwù ha, na mundu ọzọ e kere n'isi ha ma na-ese ụcha dị iche iche n'ahụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad &quot;വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം&quot;]. ''[[Janmabhumi]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052416/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad Archived] from the original on 2023-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga-enwekwa akpa ákwà n'ubu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-ebukwa obere ihe oyiyi e ji osisi mee n'aka ha, nke a na-akpọ ''Ittingalikutty'' . [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-etinye ihe oyiyi a n'ogige ma na-agba egwú gburugburu ya site na ịkụ osisi ahụ. Ha na-abụkarị abụ ndị metụtara ịchụ nta na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; nwekwara omume nke ịmepụta abụ nke aka ma bụrụ ha n'ebe ahụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; Nayadikali gasịrị, a ga-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri osikapa, paddy na ego site n'ụlọ. N'ụbọchị Pooram, ìgwè niile rutere n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ma kpọọ egwu ikpeazụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-emekwa ụdị ihe ngosi nwa bebi na nwa bebi osisi n'aka ha.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>5txiqiyncszrsy2jxyngs8rz5iltyxo</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>687394</id>
      <parentid>687388</parentid>
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'''Nayadikali''' (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị ịgba egwu ịchụ nta) bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke dị n'etiti obodo Panan nke mpaghara Valluvanad (nke dị ugbu a Palakkad, Thrissur) na Kerala, [[Ndia|India]]. A na-emekarị ya tupu emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi dị na mpaghara ahụ, maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.

== Egwuregwu ==
Nayadikali bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke a na-agbasa kemgbe oge ochie maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=നായാടിക്കളി സംഘങ്ങൾ വീടുകളിൽ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html|work=ManoramaOnline|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|accessdate=2023-03-28}}
[[Category:CS1 Malayalam-language sources (ml)]]&lt;/ref&gt; emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi, ìgwè Nayadikali na-agagharị gburugburu ụlọ dị na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;-eyi uwe ka ndị mmadụ na-aga ịchụ nta n'ime ọhịa, obodo Panan na-aga site n'ụlọ ruo n'ụlọ ma na-abụ abụ ma na-egwuri egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-enwekarị otu onye ruo mmadụ ise n'otu ìgwè. Ngwá egwu &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; ji mee ihe bụ osisi achara abụọ, otu ga-adị ogologo na nke ọzọ ga-adị mkpụmkpụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-abụ abụ ọdịnala site na ijide ogologo osisi n'ogwe aka ekpe ma jiri obere osisi kụọ ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;ụwa na-abịa na-eyi uwe pụrụ iche n'elu mundus a na-ekpuchi n'úkwù ha, na mundu ọzọ e kere n'isi ha ma na-ese ụcha dị iche iche n'ahụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad &quot;വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം&quot;]. ''[[Janmabhumi]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052416/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad Archived] from the original on 2023-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga-enwekwa akpa ákwà n'ubu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-ebukwa obere ihe oyiyi e ji osisi mee n'aka ha, nke a na-akpọ ''Ittingalikutty'' . [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-etinye ihe oyiyi a n'ogige ma na-agba egwú gburugburu ya site na ịkụ osisi ahụ. Ha na-abụkarị abụ ndị metụtara ịchụ nta na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; nwekwara omume nke ịmepụta abụ nke aka ma bụrụ ha n'ebe ahụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; Nayadikali gasịrị, a ga-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri osikapa, paddy na ego site n'ụlọ. N'ụbọchị Pooram, ìgwè niile rutere n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ma kpọọ egwu ikpeazụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-emekwa ụdị ihe ngosi nwa bebi na nwa bebi osisi n'aka ha.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>687397</id>
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'''Nayadikali''' (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị ịgba egwu ịchụ nta) bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke dị n'etiti obodo Panan nke mpaghara Valluvanad (nke dị ugbu a Palakkad, Thrissur) na Kerala, [[Ndia|India]]. A na-emekarị ya tupu emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi dị na mpaghara ahụ, maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.

== Egwuregwu ==
Nayadikali bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke a na-agbasa kemgbe oge ochie maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=നായാടിക്കളി സംഘങ്ങൾ വീടുകളിൽ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html|work=ManoramaOnline|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|accessdate=2023-03-28}}
[[Category:CS1 Malayalam-language sources (ml)]]&lt;/ref&gt; emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi, ìgwè Nayadikali na-agagharị gburugburu ụlọ dị na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;-eyi uwe ka ndị mmadụ na-aga ịchụ nta n'ime ọhịa, obodo Panan na-aga site n'ụlọ ruo n'ụlọ ma na-abụ abụ ma na-egwuri egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-enwekarị otu onye ruo mmadụ ise n'otu ìgwè. Ngwá egwu &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; ji mee ihe bụ osisi achara abụọ, otu ga-adị ogologo na nke ọzọ ga-adị mkpụmkpụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-abụ abụ ọdịnala site na ijide ogologo osisi n'ogwe aka ekpe ma jiri obere osisi kụọ ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;ụwa na-abịa na-eyi uwe pụrụ iche n'elu mundus a na-ekpuchi n'úkwù ha, na mundu ọzọ e kere n'isi ha ma na-ese ụcha dị iche iche n'ahụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad &quot;വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം&quot;]. ''[[Janmabhumi]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052416/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad Archived] from the original on 2023-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga-enwekwa akpa ákwà n'ubu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-ebukwa obere ihe oyiyi e ji osisi mee n'aka ha, nke a na-akpọ ''Ittingalikutty'' . [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-etinye ihe oyiyi a n'ogige ma na-agba egwú gburugburu ya site na ịkụ osisi ahụ. Ha na-abụkarị abụ ndị metụtara ịchụ nta na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; nwekwara omume nke ịmepụta abụ nke aka ma bụrụ ha n'ebe ahụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; Nayadikali gasịrị, a ga-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri osikapa, paddy na ego site n'ụlọ. N'ụbọchị Pooram, ìgwè niile rutere n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ma kpọọ egwu ikpeazụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-emekwa ụdị ihe ngosi nwa bebi na nwa bebi osisi n'aka ha.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>5mbq431nv5wegrpv582g8qaa8gy8mm2</sha1>
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    <revision>
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'''Nayadikali''' (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị ịgba egwu ịchụ nta) bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke dị n'etiti obodo Panan nke mpaghara Valluvanad (nke dị ugbu a Palakkad, Thrissur) na Kerala, [[Ndia|India]]. A na-emekarị ya tupu emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi dị na mpaghara ahụ, maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.

== Egwuregwu ==
Nayadikali bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke a na-agbasa kemgbe oge ochie maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=നായാടിക്കളി സംഘങ്ങൾ വീടുകളിൽ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html|work=ManoramaOnline|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|accessdate=2023-03-28}}
[[Category:CS1 Malayalam-language sources (ml)]]&lt;/ref&gt; emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi, ìgwè Nayadikali na-agagharị gburugburu ụlọ dị na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;-eyi uwe ka ndị mmadụ na-aga ịchụ nta n'ime ọhịa, obodo Panan na-aga site n'ụlọ ruo n'ụlọ ma na-abụ abụ ma na-egwuri egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-enwekarị otu onye ruo mmadụ ise n'otu ìgwè. Ngwá egwu &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;mee ihe bụ osisi achara abụọ, otu ga-adị ogologo na nke ọzọ ga-adị mkpụmkpụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-abụ abụ ọdịnala site na ijide ogologo osisi n'ogwe aka ekpe ma jiri obere osisi kụọ ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;ụwa na-abịa na-eyi uwe pụrụ iche n'elu mundus a na-ekpuchi n'úkwù ha, na mundu ọzọ e kere n'isi ha ma na-ese ụcha dị iche iche n'ahụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad &quot;വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം&quot;]. ''[[Janmabhumi]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328052416/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad Archived] from the original on 2023-03-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ga-enwekwa akpa ákwà n'ubu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-ebukwa obere ihe oyiyi e ji osisi mee n'aka ha, nke a na-akpọ ''Ittingalikutty'' . [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-etinye ihe oyiyi a n'ogige ma na-agba egwú gburugburu ya site na ịkụ osisi ahụ. Ha na-abụkarị abụ ndị metụtara ịchụ nta na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; nwekwara omume nke ịmepụta abụ nke aka ma bụrụ ha n'ebe ahụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; Nayadikali gasịrị, a ga-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri osikapa, paddy na ego site n'ụlọ. N'ụbọchị Pooram, ìgwè niile rutere n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ma kpọọ egwu ikpeazụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-emekwa ụdị ihe ngosi nwa bebi na nwa bebi osisi n'aka ha.

== Ihe odide ==
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'''Nayadikali''' (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị ịgba egwu ịchụ nta) bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke dị n'etiti obodo Panan nke mpaghara Valluvanad (nke dị ugbu a Palakkad, Thrissur) na Kerala, [[Ndia|India]]. A na-emekarị ya tupu emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi dị na mpaghara ahụ, maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ.

== Egwuregwu ==
Nayadikali bụ ụdị nka ọdịnala nke a na-agbasa kemgbe oge ochie maka ọdịmma na ọganihu nke mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=നായാടിക്കളി സംഘങ്ങൾ വീടുകളിൽ എത്തിത്തുടങ്ങി|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/thrissur/2022/02/01/thrissur-kunnamkulam-nayadi-kali.html|work=ManoramaOnline|publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]]|language=ml|accessdate=2023-03-28}}
[[Category:CS1 Malayalam-language sources (ml)]]&lt;/ref&gt; emume Pooram na ụlọ nsọ Devi, ìgwè Nayadikali na-agagharị gburugburu ụlọ dị na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=വള്ളുവനാടിന്റെ കലാപാരമ്പര്യം|url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/feature/the-artistic-tradition-of-valluvanad|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|language=en|accessdate=2023-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;-eyi uwe ka ndị mmadụ na-aga ịchụ nta n'ime ọhịa, obodo Panan na-aga site n'ụlọ ruo n'ụlọ ma na-abụ abụ ma na-egwuri egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-enwekarị otu onye ruo mmadụ ise n'otu ìgwè. Ngwá egwu &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;mee ihe bụ osisi achara abụọ, otu ga-adị ogologo na nke ọzọ ga-adị mkpụmkpụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-abụ abụ ọdịnala site na ijide ogologo osisi n'ogwe aka ekpe ma jiri obere osisi kụọ ya.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt;ụwa na-abịa na-eyi uwe pụrụ iche n'elu mundus a na-ekpuchi n'úkwù ha, na mundu ọzọ e kere n'isi ha ma na-ese ụcha dị iche iche n'ahụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;ga-enwekwa akpa ákwà n'ubu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt; na-ebukwa obere ihe oyiyi e ji osisi mee n'aka ha, nke a na-akpọ ''Ittingalikutty'' . [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; na-etinye ihe oyiyi a n'ogige ma na-agba egwú gburugburu ya site na ịkụ osisi ahụ. Ha na-abụkarị abụ ndị metụtara ịchụ nta na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; nwekwara omume nke ịmepụta abụ nke aka ma bụrụ ha n'ebe ahụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; Nayadikali gasịrị, a ga-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri osikapa, paddy na ego site n'ụlọ. N'ụbọchị Pooram, ìgwè niile rutere n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ma kpọọ egwu ikpeazụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ManoramaOnline&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Janmabhumi&quot; /&gt;na-emekwa ụdị ihe ngosi nwa bebi na nwa bebi osisi n'aka ha.

== Ihe odide ==
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        <username>Senator Choko</username>
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{{Databox}}


&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; the House bụ ihe nkiri Nollywood nke 2019 nke Tunde Babalola dere, nke Dr. Wale Okediran mepụtara ma bụrụ nke [[Kunle Afolayan]] duziri n'okpuru nkwado nke Ford Foundation, Premero Consulting Ltd, Bank of Industry, na National Livestock Transformation Plan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 February 2010|title=Testimony from tenant of the House|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/02/testimony-from-tenant-of-the-house/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkiri ahụ dabeere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dayo|first=Bernard|date=8 June 2021|title=Kunle Afolayan's upcoming film 'Tenants of the House' is about the herdsmen-farmer conflict|url=https://ynaija.com/kunle-afolayans-upcoming-film-tenants-of-the-house-is-about-the-herdsmen-farmer-conflict/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Wale Okediran nke e dere na 2009 ma na-elekwasị anya na nkata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka nwanyị na aghụghọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=3 July 2021|title='Tenants of the House' movie hits the cinema|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tenants-of-the-house-movie-hits-the-cinema/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNwogu2021&quot;&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (7 June 2021). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy &quot;Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Yakubu Muhammed|Yakubu Mohammed]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Dele Odule]], Saeed Funkymallam, Chris Iheuwa, Umar Gombe.

== Atụmatụ ==
Ihe nkiri a bụ maka ụlọ nke ala nke nzukọ mba na-agbaso edemede nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye na-emepụta ya dere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNwogu2021&quot;&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (7 June 2021). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy &quot;Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=newswings-admin|date=15 November 2019|title='Tenants of the House' to be premiered in Abuja|url=https://newswings.com.ng/tenants-of-the-house-to-be-premiered-in-abuja/|accessdate=23 July 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ maka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (Kunle Afolayan) nke guzo iji dozie esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Hausa na ndị Fulani na Green Chamber site n'ịgafe iwu.

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe nkiri ahụ na-agba gburugburu onye omeiwu na-enweghị ọdịmma onwe ya nke chọrọ iji ọnọdụ ya dozie esemokwu oge ochie dị n'etiti ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na ndị ọrụ ugbo Hausa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNwogu2021&quot;&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (7 June 2021). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy &quot;Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/ &quot;'Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE&quot;]. ''www.thisdaylive.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ji aka ya kwado iwu nke ga-ewepụ mmegwara ahụ mana ọ ga-eche nsogbu dị iche iche ihu site n'aka ndị omeiwu rụrụ arụ na-enweghị mmasị na esemokwu ahụ.

== Mbụ ==
Emere ihe nkiri ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 25 June 2021 na Abuja na họtel Sheraton ma gosikwa ya na mba niile.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

* [[Kunle Afolayan]] dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ahmed Abdulrasheed dị ka onye ogbugbu&amp;nbsp;
* Jadesola Abolanle dị ka odibo
* Idris Abubakar dị ka Samuel na-eto eto
* Adam Adeniyi dị ka onye na-enye nri
* Adeniran Adeyemi dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Arese
* Sanni O. Amina dị ka Hon. Four
* Olusesan Atolagbe dị ka Hon.
* Ganiu Baba dị ka Alhaji Megida
* Dasu Babalola dị ka nwoke nwere afọ
* Issa Bello dị ka Nna Batejo
* Adeniyi Dare dị ka Henchman
* Joselyn Dumas dị ka Hon. Elizabeth
* Kent Edunjobi dị ka onye ndú otu

== Edensibia ==
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{{Databox}}


&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; the House bụ ihe nkiri Nollywood nke 2019 nke Tunde Babalola dere, nke Dr. Wale Okediran mepụtara ma bụrụ nke [[Kunle Afolayan]] duziri n'okpuru nkwado nke Ford Foundation, Premero Consulting Ltd, Bank of Industry, na National Livestock Transformation Plan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 February 2010|title=Testimony from tenant of the House|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/02/testimony-from-tenant-of-the-house/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkiri ahụ dabeere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dayo|first=Bernard|date=8 June 2021|title=Kunle Afolayan's upcoming film 'Tenants of the House' is about the herdsmen-farmer conflict|url=https://ynaija.com/kunle-afolayans-upcoming-film-tenants-of-the-house-is-about-the-herdsmen-farmer-conflict/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Wale Okediran nke e dere na 2009 ma na-elekwasị anya na nkata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka nwanyị na aghụghọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=3 July 2021|title='Tenants of the House' movie hits the cinema|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tenants-of-the-house-movie-hits-the-cinema/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNwogu2021&quot;&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (7 June 2021). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy &quot;Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Yakubu Muhammed|Yakubu Mohammed]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Dele Odule]], Saeed Funkymallam, Chris Iheuwa, Umar Gombe.

== Atụmatụ ==
Ihe nkiri a bụ maka ụlọ nke ala nke nzukọ mba na-agbaso edemede nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye na-emepụta ya dere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNwogu2021&quot;&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (7 June 2021). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy &quot;Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=newswings-admin|date=15 November 2019|title='Tenants of the House' to be premiered in Abuja|url=https://newswings.com.ng/tenants-of-the-house-to-be-premiered-in-abuja/|accessdate=23 July 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ maka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (Kunle Afolayan) nke guzo iji dozie esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Hausa na ndị Fulani na Green Chamber site n'ịgafe iwu.

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe nkiri ahụ na-agba gburugburu onye omeiwu na-enweghị ọdịmma onwe ya nke chọrọ iji ọnọdụ ya dozie esemokwu oge ochie dị n'etiti ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na ndị ọrụ ugbo Hausa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/ &quot;'Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE&quot;]. ''www.thisdaylive.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ji aka ya kwado iwu nke ga-ewepụ mmegwara ahụ mana ọ ga-eche nsogbu dị iche iche ihu site n'aka ndị omeiwu rụrụ arụ na-enweghị mmasị na esemokwu ahụ.

== Mbụ ==
Emere ihe nkiri ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 25 June 2021 na Abuja na họtel Sheraton ma gosikwa ya na mba niile.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

* [[Kunle Afolayan]] dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ahmed Abdulrasheed dị ka onye ogbugbu&amp;nbsp;
* Jadesola Abolanle dị ka odibo
* Idris Abubakar dị ka Samuel na-eto eto
* Adam Adeniyi dị ka onye na-enye nri
* Adeniran Adeyemi dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Arese
* Sanni O. Amina dị ka Hon. Four
* Olusesan Atolagbe dị ka Hon.
* Ganiu Baba dị ka Alhaji Megida
* Dasu Babalola dị ka nwoke nwere afọ
* Issa Bello dị ka Nna Batejo
* Adeniyi Dare dị ka Henchman
* Joselyn Dumas dị ka Hon. Elizabeth
* Kent Edunjobi dị ka onye ndú otu

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>687339</id>
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        <username>Senator Choko</username>
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{{Databox}}


&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; the House bụ ihe nkiri Nollywood nke 2019 nke Tunde Babalola dere, nke Dr. Wale Okediran mepụtara ma bụrụ nke [[Kunle Afolayan]] duziri n'okpuru nkwado nke Ford Foundation, Premero Consulting Ltd, Bank of Industry, na National Livestock Transformation Plan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 February 2010|title=Testimony from tenant of the House|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/02/testimony-from-tenant-of-the-house/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkiri ahụ dabeere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dayo|first=Bernard|date=8 June 2021|title=Kunle Afolayan's upcoming film 'Tenants of the House' is about the herdsmen-farmer conflict|url=https://ynaija.com/kunle-afolayans-upcoming-film-tenants-of-the-house-is-about-the-herdsmen-farmer-conflict/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Wale Okediran nke e dere na 2009 ma na-elekwasị anya na nkata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka nwanyị na aghụghọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=3 July 2021|title='Tenants of the House' movie hits the cinema|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tenants-of-the-house-movie-hits-the-cinema/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNwogu2021&quot;&gt;Nwogu, Precious 'Mamazeus' (7 June 2021). [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy &quot;Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan&quot;]. ''Pulse Nigeria''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Yakubu Muhammed|Yakubu Mohammed]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Dele Odule]], Saeed Funkymallam, Chris Iheuwa, Umar Gombe.

== Atụmatụ ==
Ihe nkiri a bụ maka ụlọ nke ala nke nzukọ mba na-agbaso edemede nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye na-emepụta ya dere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=newswings-admin|date=15 November 2019|title='Tenants of the House' to be premiered in Abuja|url=https://newswings.com.ng/tenants-of-the-house-to-be-premiered-in-abuja/|accessdate=23 July 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ maka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (Kunle Afolayan) nke guzo iji dozie esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Hausa na ndị Fulani na Green Chamber site n'ịgafe iwu.

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe nkiri ahụ na-agba gburugburu onye omeiwu na-enweghị ọdịmma onwe ya nke chọrọ iji ọnọdụ ya dozie esemokwu oge ochie dị n'etiti ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na ndị ọrụ ugbo Hausa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/ &quot;'Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE&quot;]. ''www.thisdaylive.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ji aka ya kwado iwu nke ga-ewepụ mmegwara ahụ mana ọ ga-eche nsogbu dị iche iche ihu site n'aka ndị omeiwu rụrụ arụ na-enweghị mmasị na esemokwu ahụ.

== Mbụ ==
Emere ihe nkiri ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 25 June 2021 na Abuja na họtel Sheraton ma gosikwa ya na mba niile.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

* [[Kunle Afolayan]] dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ahmed Abdulrasheed dị ka onye ogbugbu&amp;nbsp;
* Jadesola Abolanle dị ka odibo
* Idris Abubakar dị ka Samuel na-eto eto
* Adam Adeniyi dị ka onye na-enye nri
* Adeniran Adeyemi dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Arese
* Sanni O. Amina dị ka Hon. Four
* Olusesan Atolagbe dị ka Hon.
* Ganiu Baba dị ka Alhaji Megida
* Dasu Babalola dị ka nwoke nwere afọ
* Issa Bello dị ka Nna Batejo
* Adeniyi Dare dị ka Henchman
* Joselyn Dumas dị ka Hon. Elizabeth
* Kent Edunjobi dị ka onye ndú otu

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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{{Databox}}


&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; the House bụ ihe nkiri Nollywood nke 2019 nke Tunde Babalola dere, nke Dr. Wale Okediran mepụtara ma bụrụ nke [[Kunle Afolayan]] duziri n'okpuru nkwado nke Ford Foundation, Premero Consulting Ltd, Bank of Industry, na National Livestock Transformation Plan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 February 2010|title=Testimony from tenant of the House|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/02/testimony-from-tenant-of-the-house/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkiri ahụ dabeere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dayo|first=Bernard|date=8 June 2021|title=Kunle Afolayan's upcoming film 'Tenants of the House' is about the herdsmen-farmer conflict|url=https://ynaija.com/kunle-afolayans-upcoming-film-tenants-of-the-house-is-about-the-herdsmen-farmer-conflict/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Wale Okediran nke e dere na 2009 ma na-elekwasị anya na nkata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka nwanyị na aghụghọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=3 July 2021|title='Tenants of the House' movie hits the cinema|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tenants-of-the-house-movie-hits-the-cinema/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Yakubu Muhammed|Yakubu Mohammed]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Dele Odule]], Saeed Funkymallam, Chris Iheuwa, Umar Gombe.

== Atụmatụ ==
Ihe nkiri a bụ maka ụlọ nke ala nke nzukọ mba na-agbaso edemede nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye na-emepụta ya dere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=newswings-admin|date=15 November 2019|title='Tenants of the House' to be premiered in Abuja|url=https://newswings.com.ng/tenants-of-the-house-to-be-premiered-in-abuja/|accessdate=23 July 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ maka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (Kunle Afolayan) nke guzo iji dozie esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Hausa na ndị Fulani na Green Chamber site n'ịgafe iwu.

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe nkiri ahụ na-agba gburugburu onye omeiwu na-enweghị ọdịmma onwe ya nke chọrọ iji ọnọdụ ya dozie esemokwu oge ochie dị n'etiti ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na ndị ọrụ ugbo Hausa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/ &quot;'Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE&quot;]. ''www.thisdaylive.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ji aka ya kwado iwu nke ga-ewepụ mmegwara ahụ mana ọ ga-eche nsogbu dị iche iche ihu site n'aka ndị omeiwu rụrụ arụ na-enweghị mmasị na esemokwu ahụ.

== Mbụ ==
Emere ihe nkiri ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 25 June 2021 na Abuja na họtel Sheraton ma gosikwa ya na mba niile.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

* [[Kunle Afolayan]] dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ahmed Abdulrasheed dị ka onye ogbugbu&amp;nbsp;
* Jadesola Abolanle dị ka odibo
* Idris Abubakar dị ka Samuel na-eto eto
* Adam Adeniyi dị ka onye na-enye nri
* Adeniran Adeyemi dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Arese
* Sanni O. Amina dị ka Hon. Four
* Olusesan Atolagbe dị ka Hon.
* Ganiu Baba dị ka Alhaji Megida
* Dasu Babalola dị ka nwoke nwere afọ
* Issa Bello dị ka Nna Batejo
* Adeniyi Dare dị ka Henchman
* Joselyn Dumas dị ka Hon. Elizabeth
* Kent Edunjobi dị ka onye ndú otu

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; the House bụ ihe nkiri Nollywood nke 2019 nke Tunde Babalola dere, nke Dr. Wale Okediran mepụtara ma bụrụ nke [[Kunle Afolayan]] duziri n'okpuru nkwado nke Ford Foundation, Premero Consulting Ltd, Bank of Industry, na National Livestock Transformation Plan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 February 2010|title=Testimony from tenant of the House|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/02/testimony-from-tenant-of-the-house/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkiri ahụ dabeere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dayo|first=Bernard|date=8 June 2021|title=Kunle Afolayan's upcoming film 'Tenants of the House' is about the herdsmen-farmer conflict|url=https://ynaija.com/kunle-afolayans-upcoming-film-tenants-of-the-house-is-about-the-herdsmen-farmer-conflict/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Wale Okediran nke e dere na 2009 ma na-elekwasị anya na nkata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka nwanyị na aghụghọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=3 July 2021|title='Tenants of the House' movie hits the cinema|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tenants-of-the-house-movie-hits-the-cinema/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Yakubu Muhammed|Yakubu Mohammed]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Dele Odule]], Saeed Funkymallam, Chris Iheuwa, Umar Gombe.

== Atụmatụ ==
Ihe nkiri a bụ maka ụlọ nke ala nke nzukọ mba na-agbaso edemede nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye na-emepụta ya dere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=newswings-admin|date=15 November 2019|title='Tenants of the House' to be premiered in Abuja|url=https://newswings.com.ng/tenants-of-the-house-to-be-premiered-in-abuja/|accessdate=23 July 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ maka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (Kunle Afolayan) nke guzo iji dozie esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Hausa na ndị Fulani na Green Chamber site n'ịgafe iwu.

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe nkiri ahụ na-agba gburugburu onye omeiwu na-enweghị ọdịmma onwe ya nke chọrọ iji ọnọdụ ya dozie esemokwu oge ochie dị n'etiti ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na ndị ọrụ ugbo Hausa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/ &quot;'Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE&quot;]. ''www.thisdaylive.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 July&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ji aka ya kwado iwu nke ga-ewepụ mmegwara ahụ mana ọ ga-eche nsogbu dị iche iche ihu site n'aka ndị omeiwu rụrụ arụ na-enweghị mmasị na esemokwu ahụ.

== Mbụ ==
Emere ihe nkiri ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 25 June 2021 na Abuja na họtel Sheraton ma gosikwa ya na mba niile.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

* [[Kunle Afolayan]] dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ahmed Abdulrasheed dị ka onye ogbugbu&amp;nbsp;
* Jadesola Abolanle dị ka odibo
* Idris Abubakar dị ka Samuel na-eto eto
* Adam Adeniyi dị ka onye na-enye nri
* Adeniran Adeyemi dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Arese
* Sanni O. Amina dị ka Hon. Four
* Olusesan Atolagbe dị ka Hon.
* Ganiu Baba dị ka Alhaji Megida
* Dasu Babalola dị ka nwoke nwere afọ
* Issa Bello dị ka Nna Batejo
* Adeniyi Dare dị ka Henchman
* Joselyn Dumas dị ka Hon. Elizabeth
* Kent Edunjobi dị ka onye ndú otu

== Edensibia ==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwogu|first=Precious 'Mamazeus'|date=7 June 2021|title=Here's the official trailer for 'Tenant of the House', a political drama directed by Kunle Afolayan|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/official-trailer-for-tenant-of-the-house-nollywood-movie/ylt19wy|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title='Tenants of the House' in Cinemas – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/tenants-of-the-house-in-cinemas/|accessdate=23 July 2022|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; the House bụ ihe nkiri Nollywood nke 2019 nke Tunde Babalola dere, nke Dr. Wale Okediran mepụtara ma bụrụ nke [[Kunle Afolayan]] duziri n'okpuru nkwado nke Ford Foundation, Premero Consulting Ltd, Bank of Industry, na National Livestock Transformation Plan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 February 2010|title=Testimony from tenant of the House|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2010/02/testimony-from-tenant-of-the-house/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkiri ahụ dabeere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dayo|first=Bernard|date=8 June 2021|title=Kunle Afolayan's upcoming film 'Tenants of the House' is about the herdsmen-farmer conflict|url=https://ynaija.com/kunle-afolayans-upcoming-film-tenants-of-the-house-is-about-the-herdsmen-farmer-conflict/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Wale Okediran nke e dere na 2009 ma na-elekwasị anya na nkata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka nwanyị na aghụghọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=3 July 2021|title='Tenants of the House' movie hits the cinema|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/tenants-of-the-house-movie-hits-the-cinema/|accessdate=31 July 2022|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Yakubu Muhammed|Yakubu Mohammed]], [[Joselyn Dumas]], [[Dele Odule]], Saeed Funkymallam, Chris Iheuwa, Umar Gombe.

== Atụmatụ ==
Ihe nkiri a bụ maka ụlọ nke ala nke nzukọ mba na-agbaso edemede nke akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye na-emepụta ya dere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=newswings-admin|date=15 November 2019|title='Tenants of the House' to be premiered in Abuja|url=https://newswings.com.ng/tenants-of-the-house-to-be-premiered-in-abuja/|accessdate=23 July 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ maka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (Kunle Afolayan) nke guzo iji dozie esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Hausa na ndị Fulani na Green Chamber site n'ịgafe iwu.

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe nkiri ahụ na-agba gburugburu onye omeiwu na-enweghị ọdịmma onwe ya nke chọrọ iji ọnọdụ ya dozie esemokwu oge ochie dị n'etiti ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na ndị ọrụ ugbo Hausa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ji aka ya kwado iwu nke ga-ewepụ mmegwara ahụ mana ọ ga-eche nsogbu dị iche iche ihu site n'aka ndị omeiwu rụrụ arụ na-enweghị mmasị na esemokwu ahụ.

== Mbụ ==
Emere ihe nkiri ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 25 June 2021 na Abuja na họtel Sheraton ma gosikwa ya na mba niile.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==

* [[Kunle Afolayan]] dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ahmed Abdulrasheed dị ka onye ogbugbu&amp;nbsp;
* Jadesola Abolanle dị ka odibo
* Idris Abubakar dị ka Samuel na-eto eto
* Adam Adeniyi dị ka onye na-enye nri
* Adeniran Adeyemi dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala Arese
* Sanni O. Amina dị ka Hon. Four
* Olusesan Atolagbe dị ka Hon.
* Ganiu Baba dị ka Alhaji Megida
* Dasu Babalola dị ka nwoke nwere afọ
* Issa Bello dị ka Nna Batejo
* Adeniyi Dare dị ka Henchman
* Joselyn Dumas dị ka Hon. Elizabeth
* Kent Edunjobi dị ka onye ndú otu

== Edensibia ==
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Bridesmaids bụ ihe nkiri America na-atọ ọchị nke afọ 2011 nke Paul Feig duziri, nke Annie Mumolo na Kristen Wiig dere, nke Judd Apatow, Barry Mendel, na Clayton Townsend mepụtara. Akụkọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na Annie (nke Wiig na-eme), onye na-ata ahụhụ n'usoro ọdachi mgbe a gwara ya ka ọ bụrụ odibo nke ezigbo enyi ya Lillian (Maya Rudolph). Ndị -eme ihe nkiri ahụ bụkwa Rose Byrne, Wendi McLendon-Covey, Ellie Kemper, Melissa McCarthy, na Chris O'Dowd.

Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Mumolo na Wiig dere ihe nkiri ahụ mgbe a tụbara ya na ihe nkiri Apatow nke afọ 2007 Knocked Up, ma mepụta ego na nde $ 32.5. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na United States na Canada na Mee 13, 2011, Bridesmaids bụ ihe ịga nke ọma na azụmahịa.  nkiri ahụ mere $ 26 nde na ngwụsị izu mbụ ya, mechaa nweta ihe karịrị $ 306 nde n'ụwa niile, ma gafee Knocked Up ka ọ bụrụ Mmepụta Apatow kachasị elu ruo ugbu a, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-shocker-bridesmaids-passing-206951/|title=Box Office Shocker: 'Bridesmaids' Passing 'Knocked Up' as Judd Apatow's Highest-Grossing Movie|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=June 29, 2011|accessdate=May 16, 2012|archivedate=December 19, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219042505/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-shocker-bridesmaids-passing-206951}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụ ihe nkwurịta okwu maka mkparịta ụka banyere ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ọchị. &lt;ref name=&quot;rt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridesmaids_2011|title=Bridesmaids (2011)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=August 4, 2021|archivedate=August 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809041447/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridesmaids_2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bridesmaids-effect-why-female-comedies-203160/|title='Bridesmaids' Effect: Why Female Comedies Are Making Comeback|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=June 19, 2011|accessdate=May 16, 2012|archivedate=May 15, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515174643/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bridesmaids-effect-why-female-comedies-203160}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/best-movies-21st-century/bridesmaids-2011-2/|title=Hollywood Reporter Critics Pick the 50 Best Films of the 21st Century (So Far) - 45. Bridesmaids|date=April 6, 2023|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=June 18, 2023|archivedate=June 18, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618232422/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/best-movies-21st-century/bridesmaids-2011-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/gina-prince-bythewood-bridesmaids-best-films-1235464097/|title=Gina Prince-Bythewood on Why 'Bridesmaids' Is the 'Perfect Alchemy of Humor and Emotion'|work=Variety|date=December 21, 2022|accessdate=June 18, 2023|archivedate=June 18, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618224755/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/gina-prince-bythewood-bridesmaids-best-films-1235464097/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/lists/best-movies-of-all-time/bridesmaids-2011/|title=The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time - 94. Bridesmaids|work=Variety|accessdate=June 18, 2023|archivedate=June 18, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618224755/https://variety.com/lists/best-movies-of-all-time/bridesmaids-2011/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahụ, a kpọtụrụ ya aha dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị mma nke narị afọ nke 21. [1] [2] [3]

A họpụtara Bridesmaids maka onyinye Golden Globe maka Best Motion Picture - Musical ma ọ bụ Comedy. Ọ natara ọtụtụ otuto ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2012, a họpụtara ihe nkiri ahụ maka onyinye Academy maka onye na-akwado Ihe nkiri kachasị mma maka McCarthy na Best Original Screenplay maka Wiig na Mumolo. Nke a mere ka Bridesmaids bụrụ ihe nkiri mbụ Apatow mepụtara iji họpụta maka onyinye Academy.

== Atụmatụ ==
Annie Walker bụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di, nke na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, nke nwere ihu ọma n'etiti afọ iri atọ ya bi na Milwaukee. ebe a na-eme achịcha ya dara n'ihi ndakpọ akụ na ụba, na-eme ka ego ya kpochapụ ma mee ka enyi ya nwoke hapụ ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ tụfuru mmasị ya n'ịkụ achịcha, ọ na-arụ ọrụ nrụgide, ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ala na Ụlọ ahịa ọla ma soro ụmụnne ndị mbịarambịa na-adịghị mma [[British|Ndị Britain]] bụ Gil na Brynn nwekọọ ụlọ. Annie na Ted bara ọgaranya na onye na-etinye onwe ya n'ahụ nwere mmekọahụ, onye na-emeso ya dị ka ihe. Nanị ọnụnọ dị mma na ndụ ya bụ ezigbo enyi ya, Lillian. Mgbe Lillian kwere enyi ya nwoke Doug nkwa ọlụlụ, ọ rịọrọ Annie ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ejere ya ozi.

Na nnọkọ nkwa ọlụlụ, Annie zutere ndị na-alụ nwanyị Lillian: Rita, nwa nwanne Lillian lụrụ di ogologo oge na onye na-atụchasị mmadụ; Becca, onye ọrụ Lillian lụọ di ọhụrụ; Megan, nwanne Doug na-eme ihe ike ma na-ekwu okwu ọjọọ ma nwee omume enyi; na Helen, nwunye ọgaranya na onye isi Doug. Annie na Helen na-ekwo ekworo ozugbo maka ọbụbụenyi ha na Lillian ma na-arịwanye elu maka nlebara anya ya.

A jụrụ aro Annie maka oriri di na nwunye n'ụlọ ọdọ mmiri nne na nna Lillian maka njem Las Vegas nke Helen haziri. N'enweghị ike ịzụta tiketi klas mbụ ma nwee obi ụtọ ikwe ka Helen kwụọ ụgwọ, Annie debere tiketi na klas akụ na ụba. Annie na-anabata ọgwụ na mmanya na-aba n'anya site n'aka Helen iji mee ka egwu ya dị ukwuu nke ife efe kwụsị ma malite ime nrọ, na-ata ahụhụ paranoid breakdown nke na-ejedebe na onye U.S. Air Marshal jidere ya. Ụgbọelu ahụ na-ada na mberede, ndị otu ahụ na-ebikwa bọs laghachi n'ụlọ. Annie rịọrọ mgbaghara, mana Lillian kpebiri na ọ kachasị mma ma ọ bụrụ na Helen ewere atụmatụ ịsa ahụ na agbamakwụkwọ.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Annie na-abịaru Nathan Rhodes nso, onye Irish-American Wisconsin State Patrol Trooper nke hapụrụ ya n'enweghị tiketi maka ọkụ brek mebiri emebi. Nathan, onye bụbu onye ahịa oge niile na ụlọ achịcha Annie, na-agba ya ume ugboro ugboro imeghe nke ọhụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na Annie na-eguzogide echiche ahụ. Mgbe ha nwesịrị abalị ịhụnanya, Nathan jidere ya na ihe ndị na-eme achịcha, mana Annie tụrụ egwu wee pụọ na mberede.

A chụpụrụ Annie n'ụlọ ahịa ọla mgbe ya na onye ahịa nọ n'afọ iri na ụma sere okwu, ndị ya na ha bi mechara chụpụ ya, na-amanye ya ka ya na nne ya biri. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ụlọ Helen na [[Chicago]] maka ịsa ahụ agbamakwụkwọ, nke nwere isiokwu Paris - echiche nke Annie nke Helen jụrụ na mbụ. Mgbe Helen weputara onyinye sitere n'obi Annie site n'inye Lillian njem gaa Paris, Annie iwe ji na-ewe iwe ma bibie ihe ndị dị n'èzí. N'iwe na Annie emebiwo ihe omume ọ bụla na agbamakwụkwọ ahụ, Lillian chụpụrụ ya n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ, chụpụ ya na agbamakume ahụ, ma kwụsị ọbụbụenyi ha.

Ka Annie na-alaghachi n'ụlọ, ọkụ azụ ya ka gbajiri agbaji kpatara ihe mberede ụgbọ ala, nke onye ọkwọ ụgbọala nke ọzọ si na ya gbapụ. Nathan bụ onye ọrụ na-azaghachi, nke na-ewute Annie nke ukwuu, ọ na-adọkwa ya aka ná ntị maka ịgba ya ọkụ, ịghara idozi ọkụ azụ ya, na ịghara iwere ọrụ maka ndụ ya. Ted rutere n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ na-ebu Annie, na-eme ka Nathan jiri iwe pụọ; Otú ọ dị, mgbe Ted gwara Annie ka ọ na ya nwee mmekọahụ ọnụ ka ọ na'ịkwọ ụgbọala, ọ chọrọ ka a hapụ ya n'ụgbọala wee gaa n'ụlọ, na-ahapụ ya kpamkpam.

Annie na-anọ naanị ya, mana nleta sitere n'aka Megan mechara kpalie ya ịchịkwa ndụ ya. Annie maliteghachiri ime achịcha, dozie ụgbọ ala ya, ma gbalịa imezi Nathan, onye leghaara ya anya. N'ụbọchị agbamakwụkwọ ahụ, Helen pụtara n'ọnụ ụzọ Annie na-arịọ maka enyemaka ịchọta Lillian, onye furu efu. Helen rịọrọ Annie mgbaghara, jiri anya mmiri kpughee na ọ bụ ezie na a na-achọ maka nkà nhazi ihe omume ya, ọ nweghị ezigbo ndị enyi ma na-enwe owu ọmụma n'alụmdi na nwunye ya. Site n'enyemaka ụfọdụ sitere n'aka Nathan, ha chọtara Lillian na-ezo n'ụlọ nke ya, ebe ọ bụ na atụmatụ agbamakwụkwọ Helen na egwu nke ịhapụ ndụ ya na Milwaukee karịrị ya. Annie na Lillian na-edozi ma maliteghachi ọrụ ya dị ka odibo.

Mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ahụ gasịrị, Annie na Helen mechara bụrụ ndị enyi. Annie na Nathan na-edozi, onye rutere na mberede iji buru Annie mgbe agbamakwụkwọ gasịrị (ihe ngosi siri ike nke Helen haziri). Annie na Nathan na-esusu ọnụ, wee banye n'ụgbọala ndị uwe ojii Nathan.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==
  
Ndị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Jordan|date=June 29, 2021|title=Bridesmaids: Every Actor From The Office Who Appears In The Movie|url=https://screenrant.com/bridesmaids-movie-office-actors-roles/|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=ScreenRant|archivedate=August 24, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824223258/https://screenrant.com/bridesmaids-movie-office-actors-roles/}}&lt;/ref&gt;-eme ihe nkiri gosipụtara ngosipụta dị mkpirikpi site na ọtụtụ ndị na-eme egwuregwu site na usoro telivishọn The Office, gụnyere Jessica St. Clair, Nancy Carell, Hugh Dane na Andy Buckley.

Ihe ndị dị mkpa a na-edeghị aha ha gụnyere: Jon Hamm dị ka Ted, enyi nwoke na nwanyị Annie; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Jordan|date=July 19, 2021|title=Why Jon Hamm Is Uncredited In Bridesmaids (Despite Having A Big Role)|url=https://screenrant.com/bridesmaids-jon-hamm-role-uncredited-why/|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=ScreenRant|archivedate=August 24, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824223258/https://screenrant.com/bridesmaids-jon-hamm-role-uncredited-why/}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-eme ihe nkiri accordion, onye na-akpọ piano, na onye na-ede egwu Nick Ariondo dị ka onye na-egwu accordion; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bridesmaids|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200161504/|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=[[Library of Congress]]|archivedate=August 24, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824223300/https://www.loc.gov/item/jots.200161504/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye mmeri Emmy, Drama Desk na Grammy Award Pat Carroll dị ka agadi nwanyị nọ n'ụgbọala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 31, 2022|title=Pat Carroll, Voice of Ursula in Disney's Little Mermaid, Dead at 95|url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/pat-carroll-dies-95-voice-ursula-disney-the-little-mermaid/|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=comicbook.com|archivedate=August 24, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824223258/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/pat-carroll-dies-95-voice-ursula-disney-the-little-mermaid/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-ede ihe nkiri ahụ, Wiig na Annie Mumolo, na-apụta ọnụ mgbe Mumolo na-arụ ọrụ a na-akpọ Nervous Woman on Plane, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=February 12, 2021|title='Bridesmaids' Duo Kristen Wiig and Annie Mumolo on 'Barb and Star,' the Antidote to COVID Blues|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/features/kristen-wiig-annie-mumolo-barb-and-star-bridesmaids-1234903488/|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|archivedate=August 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810001350/https://variety.com/2021/film/features/kristen-wiig-annie-mumolo-barb-and-star-bridesmaids-1234903488/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe onye nduzi ihe nkiri ahụ bụ Paul Feig, na-egosi na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ndị ọbịa agbamakwụkwọ.

Paul Rudd ga-apụta dị ka nwoke Annie na ya na-aga mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, mana e wepụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na fim ikpeazụ.

Mia Rose Frampton pụtara n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi dị ka nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na atọ nke ya na Annie na-arụrịta ụka na ụlọ ahịa ọla; mbipụta Blu-ray nke ihe nkiri ahụ gụnyere ogologo oge, nkeji iri nke mkparịta ụka n'etiti ha abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Han|first=Angie|date=September 28, 2011|title=Watch Bridesmaids Extended Scene &quot;The Longest Argument Ever&quot;; Bridesmaids 2 Not Happening?|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/517779/watch-longest-argument-deleted-extended-scene-bridesmaids/|accessdate=June 2, 2023|archivedate=June 2, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602231230/https://www.slashfilm.com/517779/watch-longest-argument-deleted-extended-scene-bridesmaids/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmepụta ==

=== Ide ihe ===
 
Onye &lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot; /&gt;-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri bụ Annie Mumolo na Kristen Wiig dere edemede ahụ, nke akpọrọ Maid of Honor na mbụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 19, 2011|title=Could Judd Apatow and Kristen Wiig's 'Bridesmaids' Nab an Oscar?|url=http://sfluxe.com/2011/12/19/could-judd-apatow-and-kristen-wiigs-bridesmaids-nab-an-oscar-daily-beast/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420195458/http://sfluxe.com/2011/12/19/could-judd-apatow-and-kristen-wiigs-bridesmaids-nab-an-oscar-daily-beast/|archivedate=April 20, 2012|accessdate=November 22, 2011|work=SFLuxe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; enyi ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ha zutere na The Groundlings, otu ndị na-eme ihe ọchị na [[Los Angeles]] ebe ha na ibe ha dere Ihe osise, na mbido afọ 2000. Ntọala bụ isi maka ihe nkiri ahụ malitere na 2006, obere oge ka a tụbara Wiig na ọrụ nkwado nke onye isi telivishọn na-eme ihe ike na-adịghị eme ihe na ihe nkiri Judd Apatow na-eme na-atọ ọchị Knocked Up (2007). &lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot; /&gt;'ịmata nkà ya na-atọ ọchị, Apatow jụrụ Wiig ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere echiche ọ bụla maka ihe nkiri n'onwe ya - omume nke dugara n'echiche Steve Carell maka The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005) - na ya na Mumolo bịara na Bridesmaids n'oge na-adịghị anya. &lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Rebecca|author=Keegan|date=May 8, 2011|title=Kristen Wiig, so weird on 'SNL,' goes (somewhat) normal for 'Bridesmaids'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/08/entertainment/la-ca-kristen-wiig-20110508/2|accessdate=November 22, 2011|archivedate=May 12, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512044312/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/may/08/entertainment/la-ca-kristen-wiig-20110508/2}}&lt;/ref&gt;'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, a malitere ide ihe, ebe Wiig na-arụ ọrụ na Saturday Night Live na New York City na Mumolo na-egbutu edemede ahụ na Los Angeles. &lt;ref name=&quot;sf&quot; /&gt; abụọ ga-ezute na ngwụsị izu ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na tebụl maka Apatow iji nweta aro na ihe edeturu ya. Onye &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Golembewski|first=Vanessa|date=May 8, 2015|title=The Definitive Ranking Of Female Buddy Comedies|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2015/05/87044/best-female-buddy-comedies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903171825/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2015/05/87044/best-female-buddy-comedies#slide-16|archivedate=September 3, 2022|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=[[Refinery29]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;-eme ihe nkiri bụ Paul Feig hụrụ edemede Wiig na Mumolo na 2007. [1] Mgbe Feig bịanyere aka &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; ka onye nduzi ma nweta akwụkwọ edemede ahụ maka mmepụta na 2010, Feig kwuru, &quot;E nwere iwu sitere na Hollywood ebe ha niile na-aga, 'Ọ dị mma nke a bụ ihe nkiri nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eme. Ọ bụrụ na nke a na-arụ ọrụ, anyị ga-enwekwu akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, anyị agaghị m...M na-asụ ude n'ezie n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ anaghị arụ ọrụ mgbe ahụ, abụ m nwoke ahụ nwoke gburu ihe nkiri maka ụmụ nwanyị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Ya mere, ekele Chineke ka ọ rụọ ọrụ.

=== Nchịkọta na ime ihe nkiri ===
Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Busy Philipps: I Auditioned for Melissa McCarthy's Part in 'Bridesmaids' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://www.celebuzz.com/2012-02-13/busy-philipps-i-auditioned-for-melissa-mccarthys-role-in-bridesmaids-exclusive/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105071932/http://www.celebuzz.com/2012-02-13/busy-philipps-i-auditioned-for-melissa-mccarthys-role-in-bridesmaids-exclusive/|archivedate=January 5, 2015|accessdate=December 23, 2011|work=Celebuzz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;-eme ihe nkiri nyochara maka ọrụ Megan, gụnyere Rebel Wilson na Busy Philipps, nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha na Apatow na Feig rụkọrọ ọrụ na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn ha Freaks and Geeks . Wilson, onye mere maka Apatow na Feig otu awa n'oge ọ na-ege ya ntị, masịrị ha nke ukwuu nke na e mechara tinye ya na obere ọrụ Brynn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Stacey|date=July 11, 2012|title=Next Gen 2012: Hollywood's Fastest-Rising Stars|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/rebel-wilson-387179|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209201048/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/rebel-wilson-387179|archivedate=February 9, 2015|accessdate=January 4, 2015|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ihe ngosi mbụ ya na mmepụta America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Rachel|author=McRady|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/mindy-kaling-up-for-maya-rudolph-bridesmaids-role-2014159|title=Mindy Kaling Reveals She Was Up For Maya Rudolph's Bridesmaids Role: &quot;That One Was a Heartbreaker&quot;|work=[[Us Weekly]]|date=September 15, 2014|accessdate=January 4, 2015|archivedate=October 20, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020235827/http://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/mindy-kaling-up-for-maya-rudolph-bridesmaids-role-2014159}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mindy Kaling gụrụ maka ọrụ Lillian, n'ikpeazụ onye ọrụ ibe Wiig Saturday Night Live Maya Rudolph meriri ya. Rose Byrne &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Radish|first=Christina|date=May 10, 2011|title=Maya Rudolph, Rose Byrne and Melissa McCarthy Interview|url=http://collider.com/maya-rudolph-rose-byrne-melissa-mccarthy-interview-bridesmaids/#x9e8mVQK8yJvKW1V.99|accessdate=January 4, 2015|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|archivedate=January 5, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105071905/http://collider.com/maya-rudolph-rose-byrne-melissa-mccarthy-interview-bridesmaids/#x9e8mVQK8yJvKW1V.99}}&lt;/ref&gt; mbụ nyochara Lillian, mana o mechara jiri ohere ahụ gụọ Helen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Amy|author=Kaufman|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-mn-judy-greer-20140429-story.html#page=1|title=Judy Greer is quite the character|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=January 4, 2015|archivedate=January 26, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126125020/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-mn-judy-greer-20140429-story.html#page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=April 29, 2014|title=Who Will Become ''Bridesmaids'' Biggest Breakout Star?|url=http://www.bbook.com/who-will-become-bridesmaids-biggest-breakout-star/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105103434/http://www.bbook.com/who-will-become-bridesmaids-biggest-breakout-star/|archivedate=January 5, 2015|accessdate=January 4, 2015|work=Blackbook|publisher=BBook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Sharilyn|author=Johnson|url=http://www.third-beat.com/2011/08/02/bridesmaids-director-paul-feig-on-casting-test-screenings-and-when-vomit-is-more-than-just-vomit/|title=Bridesmaids director Paul Feig on casting, test screenings, and when vomit is more than just vomit|publisher=Third-Beat.com|date=August 2, 2011|accessdate=January 4, 2015|archivedate=January 5, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105072219/http://www.third-beat.com/2011/08/02/bridesmaids-director-paul-feig-on-casting-test-screenings-and-when-vomit-is-more-than-just-vomit/}}&lt;/ref&gt; mechara họrọ Byrne dị ka onye iro n'ihi na ọ bụghị onye na-eme ihe ọchị dịka Feig tụrụ egwu na agwa ahụ ga-abụ &quot;nke siri ike ma ọ bụrụ na anyị nwere nwanyị na-atọ ọchị na-eme ya&quot;. [1] Greta Gerwig na Judy Greer chọpụtakwara maka ọrụ ndị a na-akọwaghị akọwapụta. [2] [3]
[[Usòrò:Oxnard_Skyline.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Oxnard, California]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carmon|first=Irin|authorlink=Irin Carmon|date=May 16, 2011|title=Bridesmaids Overperforms, Fucks The Haters|url=http://jezebel.com/5802173/bridesmaids-overperforms-fucks-the-haters|accessdate=November 22, 2011|work=[[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]]|archivedate=May 21, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521035428/http://jezebel.com/5802173/bridesmaids-overperforms-fucks-the-haters}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-emefu ego Bridesmaids na $ 32.5 nde. &lt;ref name=&quot;pn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Production Notes: Locations and Designs|url=http://www.cinemareview.com/production.asp?prodid=6422|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043833/http://www.cinemareview.com/production.asp?prodid=6422|archivedate=February 22, 2018|accessdate=December 23, 2011|work=CinemaReview.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ezie na e debere ya na Milwaukee na [[Chicago]], isi foto mere na [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]. Onye &lt;ref name=&quot;pn1&quot; /&gt;-emepụta mmepụta Jefferson Sage, onye ya na Apatow na Paul Feig rụkọtara ọrụ kemgbe ha na Freaks na Geeks, kwuru na eziokwu mbụ nke masịrị ya banyere ọrụ ahụ &quot;bụ na ị nwere ụwa abụọ a dị iche iche: E nwere ụwa Annie na Milwaukee, mgbe ahụ e nwere ụwa Helen na Chicago. Ọ dọtara ozugbo nke esemokwu a n'etiti esemokwu nke malitere n'etiti ha. &quot; Otú ọ dị, Sage kwetara na ọ bụ ihe ịma aka ịchọta &quot;Ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ nke ga-enye anyị ọdịiche dị na Chicago&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;pn1&quot; /&gt; mere ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ ebe Annie zutere onye uwe ojii Rhodes n'okporo ụzọ awara awara dị n'etiti Milwaukee na Chicago na Oxnard, California, nke Sage kọwara dị ka &quot;ebe sara mbara, dị larịị, ahịhịa ndụ dị anya site na ugwu&quot;.

== Nnakwere ==

=== Nzaghachi nkatọ ===
[[Usòrò:Melissa_McCarthy_2012_(Straighten_Crop).jpg|thumb|Ọrụ Melissa McCarthy nwetara otuto dị egwu ma nata onyinye Academy mbụ ya, BAFTA na SAG.]]
Bridesmaids nwetara nyocha dị mma mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, na otuto maka ihe nkiri Wiig na Mumolo yana arụmọrụ McCarthy. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nchịkọta nyocha Rotten Tomatoes na-akọ na 89% nke ndị nkatọ nyere ihe nkiri ahụ nyocha dị mma dabere na nyocha 294, na nkezi akara nke 7.50/10. Nkwekọrịta nkatọ nke saịtị ahụ na-ekwu, sị: &quot;Alụmdi na nwunye nke ezigbo ndị mmadụ, ihe na-atọ ọchị, na pathos, Bridesmaids bụ ihe ọchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa nke na-ajụ ka a na-etinye ya n'ime igbe ka Kristen Wiig na-apụta dị ka ezigbo kpakpando. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;rt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridesmaids_2011|title=Bridesmaids (2011)|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=August 4, 2021|archivedate=August 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809041447/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridesmaids_2011}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bridesmaids_2011 &quot;Bridesmaids (2011)&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Metacritic na-enye ihe nkiri ahụ akara nke 75 n'ime 100 dabere na nyocha sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ 39, na-egosi &quot;n'ozuzu nyocha dị mma&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/bridesmaids|title=Bridesmaids|publisher=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=May 16, 2011|archivedate=May 17, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517112120/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/bridesmaids}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 15, 2011|author=Finke|first=Nikki|title='Thor' Holds #1 Domestic With $344M Worldwide; 'Fast Five' Still Tops Global With $440M; 'Bridesmaids' Overperforms For $24.4M|url=https://deadline.com/2011/05/first-box-office-bridesmaids-looking-to-open-to-20m-weekend-priest-17m-131709/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|quote=CinemaScore was a &quot;B+&quot; with moviegoers 67% female vs. 33% male, and 63% of the audience age 30 and older vs. 37% under age 30.|accessdate=October 10, 2020|archivedate=February 8, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208203458/http://www.deadline.com/2011/05/first-box-office-bridesmaids-looking-to-open-to-20m-weekend-priest-17m/}}&lt;/ref&gt;-ege ntị nke CinemaScore nyochara nyere ihe nkiri ahụ akara nke &quot;B+&quot; na akara A+ ruo F.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bridesmaids-2011|title=Bridesmaids|first=Roger|author=Ebert|authorlink=Roger Ebert|date=May 11, 2011|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=July 12, 2023|archivedate=June 16, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616101933/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bridesmaids-2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Roger Ebert nyere ihe nkiri ahụ kpakpando 3.5 n'ime 4, ma kwuo na Bridesmaids &quot;yiri ka ọ bụ mgbalị a kpachapụrụ anya iji gafee Chick Flick na Raunch Comedy. Ọ na-egosi n'ezie na ụmụ nwanyị hà ka ụmụ nwoke n'okwu rụrụ arụ, mmekọahụ, agụụ mmekọahụ, adịghị ike, ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè na enweghị ntụkwasị obi ... Ịhụ ya n'anya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, Judd Apatow na-etinye aka na ihe nkiri ndị na-ejikọta ya na ndị na-ege ntị.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Winfrey-Harris|first=Tami|authorlink=Tamara Winfrey-Harris|date=May 17, 2011|title=Bridesmaids: Can an Apatow Movie Pass the Bechdel Test?|work=[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]|url=https://msmagazine.com/2011/05/17/bridesmaids-can-an-apatow-movie-pass-the-bechdel-test/|accessdate=December 3, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Tamara Winfrey-Harris kwuru na ''Ms.'' na, na &quot;ihe ijuanya na-adịgide adịgide&quot;, n'agbanyeghị itinye aka nke Apatow, na isiokwu ndị &quot;mere ma mee ma mee&quot;, ihe nkiri ahụ gafere Ule Bechdel nke akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị.

nkatọ Owen Gleiberman nke Entertainment Weekly gosipụtara mkpa ihe ịga nke ọma Bridesmaids dị ka ndị a: &quot;Ruo ugbu a, ozi nke Hollywood yiri ka ọ natara site na ihe ịga nke ukwuu nke Bridesmaides bụ nke a na-ahụ anya, ihe dị ka: Hey, look! Raunchy comedies maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere ihe nkiri dị egwu n' ha nwere ike ịbụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ!! Ozi Hollywood ''kwesịrị iwere'' bụ: A comedy nke na-enweghị egwu na-agaghị egwu, yana ndị na-ege ntị na-ejikọta ha n'ezie&quot;.

Ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ, dị ka Mary Elizabeth Williams nke Salon (onye kpọrọ Bridesmaids &quot;onye isi ojii mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ọchị&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Mary Elizabeth|authorlink=Mary Elizabeth Williams|date=May 20, 2011|title=&quot;Bridesmaids&quot;: A triumph for vomit, and feminism|url=https://www.salon.com/2011/05/10/bridesmaids_female_comedy/|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|accessdate=July 12, 2023|archivedate=June 3, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603152317/https://www.salon.com/2011/05/10/bridesmaids_female_comedy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;) kpọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;ọganihu maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị inyom na-eme egwuregwu, na ndị inyomi na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-enweghị isi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Halberstam|first=Jack|title=Gaga Feminism: Sex, Gender, and the End of Normal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECrU781rQjYC&amp;q=bridesmaids%20the%20movie%20kristen%20wiig%20women%20in%20comedy&amp;pg=PT182|isbn=9780807010990|date=September 18, 2012|publisher=Beacon Press|accessdate=December 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekwukwa na ọ gosipụtara na &quot;ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịme ezigbo ihe ọchị dịka nwoke na-esote, ma mee ihe yiri ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume: na-eduga ụmụ nwanyị niile na-eme iji gbochie ihe ịga nke ọma&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kohen|first=Yael|title=We Killed: The Rise of Women in American Comedy|publisher=Macmillan|url=https://archive.org/details/wekilledriseofwo0000kohe|quote=bridesmaids the movie kristen wiig women in comedy.|isbn=9780374287238|date=October 16, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ otuto, ihe nkiri ahụ enweghị ndị na-akatọ ya. Abby Koenig nke The Houston Press nwere mmasị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Koenig|first=Abby|date=February 2, 2012|title=Did Anyone Else in the World Not Like Bridesmaids?|publisher=[[Houston Press]]|url=https://www.houstonpress.com/arts/did-anyone-else-in-the-world-not-like-bridesmaids-6389908|accessdate=July 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; nkà na-atọ ọchị nke Kristen Wiig, mana ọ masịghị ọtụtụ &quot;ihe ọchị&quot; n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, na-ede na &quot;anyị chọrọ ụmụ nwanyị na-atọ ụtọ na-enweta ihe ngosi. Otú ọ dị, anyị chọkwara ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike iwepụ gị n'emeghị ka ị hụ ha nwee afọ ọsịsa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Longworth|first=Karina|authorlink=Karina Longworth|date=May 11, 2011|title=Bridesmaids Gets Screwed|work=[[The Village Voice]]|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/05/11/bridesmaids-gets-screwed/|accessdate=July 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;Karina Longworth nke The Village Voice katọrọ enweghị nkwekọrịta nke ụda ihe nkiri ahụ, na-ekwu na ụfọdụ ihe nkiri nwere &quot;ụdị nzuzu nke na-arụ ọrụ megide Bridesmaids' nke na-enwekarị ọgụgụ isi, nke na-amaghị nke ọma nke ọbụbụenyi na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị. Comedy nke mmechuihu bụ otu ihe; nwanyị buru ibu na-agbapụ na sink bụ ihe ọzọ. &quot;

=== Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ ===
Ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ ọhụrụ karịrị Knocked Up ka ha bụrụ mmepụta Judd Apatow na-emepe emepe ruo taa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gray|first=Brandon|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed2558264324/|title=Weekend Report: 'Transformers' Claims Independence Gross Record|date=July 4, 2011|accessdate=May 25, 2013|work=Box Office Mojo|archivedate=November 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121152159/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed2558264324/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://movieline.com/2011/07/01/bridesmaids-becomes-the-biggest-judd-apatow-film-ever/|title=Bridesmaids Officially the Biggest Judd Apatow Film Ever|author=Rosen, Christopher|date=July 1, 2011|publisher=[[Movieline]]|accessdate=August 20, 2012|archivedate=July 20, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720063721/http://movieline.com/2011/07/01/bridesmaids-becomes-the-biggest-judd-apatow-film-ever/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-enweta $26,247,410 na ngwụcha izu mmeghe ya wee dozie ebe nke abụọ siri ike n'azụ. ''Thor''.&lt;ref name=&quot;subers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Subers|first=Ray|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed3162244100/|title=Weekend Report: 'Thor' Holds on to Throne, 'Bridesmaids' a Strong Second|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=May 16, 2011|accessdate=May 25, 2013|archivedate=June 4, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604085229/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed3162244100/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ nwetara $169,106,725 n'ụlọ ọrụ igbe ụlọ North America na $137,335,360 n'ahịa mba ụwa, ngụkọta $306,442,085. Universal kọrọ na Ndị ikom mejupụtara pasent 33 nke ndị na-ege ihe nkiri ahụ nakwa na pasent 63 nke ndị na-ege ntị karịrị afọ 30.&lt;ref name=&quot;subers&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sehgal|first=Ujala|date=May 15, 2011|title=Box Office Roundup: 'Bridesmaids' Tops Expectations|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2011/05/box-office-roundup-bridesmaids-cant-beat-thor/350693/|journal=[[The Atlantic]]|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị a nabatara ===
họpụtara McCarthy maka 2011 Academy Award maka Best Supporting Actress, BAFTA Award maka Best Actress in a Supporting Role, na Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supported Role. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Oscar-Winners-2012-Full-List-Academy-Award-Results-29653.html|title=Oscar Winners 2012: Full List Of Academy Award Results|work=CinemaBlend.com|date=February 26, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013|archivedate=March 13, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313083305/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Oscar-Winners-2012-Full-List-Academy-Award-Results-29653.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16590913|title=Bafta Film Awards 2012: Winners|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=February 12, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013|archivedate=January 18, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118043250/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16590913}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke onyinye na nhọpụta
!Ihe nrite
!Ụdị
!Ndị natara ya
!Nsonaazụ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe nrite Academy&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Oscar-Winners-2012-Full-List-Academy-Award-Results-29653.html|title=Oscar Winners 2012: Full List Of Academy Award Results|work=CinemaBlend.com|date=February 26, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013|archivedate=March 13, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313083305/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Oscar-Winners-2012-Full-List-Academy-Award-Results-29653.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Oscar-Winners-2012-Full-List-Academy-Award-Results-29653.html &quot;Oscar Winners 2012: Full List Of Academy Award Results&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe nkiri kachasị mma
|Kristen Wiig na Annie Mumolo| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ụlọ Ọrụ Ihe nkiri America&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Bridesmaids,' 'Tree of Life,' 'Hugo' in AFI's top 10 films of 2011|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/24-frames/story/2011-12-11/bridesmaids-tree-of-life-hugo-in-afis-top-10-films-of-2011|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=December 11, 2011|date=December 11, 2011|archivedate=December 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204183113/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/24-frames/story/2011-12-11/bridesmaids-tree-of-life-hugo-in-afis-top-10-films-of-2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nkiri nke Afọ
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Won}}
|-
|Ihe nrite Art Directors Guild&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kilday|first=Gregg|title=Art Directors Nominate Movies as Different as 'Harry Potter' and 'The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/art-directors-guild-announces-nominations-277724/|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=January 15, 2012|date=January 3, 2012|archivedate=May 29, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529180810/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/art-directors-guild-announces-nominations-277724/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ịdị mma na mmepụta maka ihe nkiri nke oge a
|Jefferson Sage| {{Nom}}
|-
|Boston Society of Film Critics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Knegt|first=Peter|date=December 11, 2011|title='The Artist' Tops Boston Critics Awards; 'Margaret' Gets Multiple Runner-Up Prizes|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2011/12/the-artist-tops-boston-critics-awards-margaret-gets-multiple-runner-up-prizes-50630/|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=IndieWire|archivedate=June 8, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608093910/http://www.indiewire.com/2011/12/the-artist-tops-boston-critics-awards-margaret-gets-multiple-runner-up-prizes-50630/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe nrite British Academy Film&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16590913|title=Bafta Film Awards 2012: Winners|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=February 12, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013|archivedate=January 18, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118043250/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16590913}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16590913 &quot;Bafta Film Awards 2012: Winners&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe nkiri kachasị mma
|Kristen Wiig na Annie Mumolo| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe nrite Black Reel&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2011|title=Pariah Lead Black Reel Awards Field|url=https://www.blackfilm.com/read/2011/12/12th-annual-black-reel-awards-nominations/|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=blackfilm.com|archivedate=September 3, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903171834/https://www.blackfilm.com/read/2011/12/12th-annual-black-reel-awards-nominations/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Maya Rudolph| {{Nom}}
|-
|BMI Film &amp;amp;amp; TV Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jin|first=Sophia|date=April 11, 2012|title=As 'Bridesmaids' Turns 10, Let's All &quot;Hold On&quot; to Its Happy Ending|url=https://ff2media.com/blog/2021/06/07/bridesmaids-turns-10-so-lets-all-hold-on-to-the-happy-ending/|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=f2media.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612010138/https://ff2media.com/blog/2021/06/07/bridesmaids-turns-10-so-lets-all-hold-on-to-the-happy-ending/|archivedate=June 12, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nrite Egwú Ihe nkiri
|Michael Andrews| {{Won}}
|-
|Òtù Ndị Na-enyocha Ihe nkiri nke Chicago
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
|Guild Ndị Na-emepụta Uwe
|Ịdị Mma na Ihe nkiri nke Oge A
|Leesa Evans, Christine Wada| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 13, 2011|title=17th Annual Critics' Choice Movie Awards (2012)|url=https://members.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/17th-annual-critics-choice-movie-awards-2012/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709035940/http://www.criticschoice.com/movie-awards/17th-annual-critics-choice-movie-awards-2012/|archivedate=July 9, 2022|accessdate=December 13, 2011|work=Critics’ Choice Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ndị Kasị Mma na-eme Ihe nkiri
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe nkiri kacha mma
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Won}}
|-
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
|Òtù Ndị Na-enyocha Ihe nkiri Dallas-Fort Worth&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wilonsky|first=Robert|date=December 16, 2011|title=Descendants Ascends to Top of DFW Crix List|url=https://blogs.dallasobserver.com/unfairpark/2011/12/descendants_ascends_to_top_of.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108005912/https://blogs.dallasobserver.com/unfairpark/2011/12/descendants_ascends_to_top_of.php|archivedate=January 8, 2012|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=[[Dallas Observer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{draw|4th Place}}
|-
|Detroit Film Critics Society&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 2011 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards|url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2011-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221012220/http://detroitfilmcritics.com/awards/the-2011-detroit-film-critics-society-awards/|archivedate=December 21, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013|work=Detroit Film Critics Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ọganihu Nrụpụta
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe nrite Golden Globe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Winners &amp; Nominees 2012|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/2012|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=[[Golden Globe Awards]]|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924044034/http://www.hfpa.org/browse/?param=/year/2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nkiri kacha mma - Egwú ma ọ bụ Egwuregwu
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Ihe nkiri egwu ma ọ bụ ihe ọchị
|Kristen Wiig| {{Nom}}
|-
|Òtù Ndị Na-enyocha Ihe nkiri nke Houston&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 11, 2011|title=Houston Film Critics Society Nominees|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2011/12/10/houston-film-critics-society-nominees/|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=Awards Daily|archivedate=April 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425144441/https://www.awardsdaily.com/2011/12/10/houston-film-critics-society-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị na-enyocha ihe nkiri na New York Online&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pond|first=Steve|title='The Artist' Wins Another: NY Film Critics Online|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS269450243620111211|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=December 11, 2011|date=December 11, 2011|archivedate=January 9, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109081604/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/12/11/idUS269450243620111211}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ndị Kasị Mma
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Won}}
|-
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Ihe nrite ihe nkiri MTV&lt;ref name=&quot;AccoMTV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abramovitch|first=Seth|date=May 1, 2012|title='Bridesmaids,' 'Hunger Games' Top MTV Movie Awards Nominations|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/mtv-movie-awards-nominations-hunger-games-bridesmaids-318554/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503181721/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/mtv-movie-awards-nominations-hunger-games-bridesmaids-318554|archivedate=May 3, 2012|accessdate=May 1, 2012|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nkiri nke Afọ
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''|{{Nom}}
|-
|Nwanyị Kasị Mma
|Kristen Wiig|{{Nom}}
|-
|Egwuregwu Egwuregwu Kasị Mma
|Kristen Wiig|{{Nom}}
|-
|Egwuregwu Egwuregwu Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy|{{Won}}
|-
|Egwuregwu Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy|{{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị Kasị Mma
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''|{{Nom}}
|-
|Egwuregwu Kasị Mma nke Gut-Wrenching
|Kristen Wiig, Maya Rudolph, Rose Byrne, Melissa McCarthy, Wendi McLendon-Covey na Ellie Kemper|{{Won}}
|-
|Best On-Screen Dirt Bag
|Jon Hamm|{{Nom}}
|-
|NewNowNext Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=April 8, 2011|title=Logo's &quot;NewNowNext Awards&quot; 2011 Hosted by James Van Der Beek Announces This Year's Winners|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/logos-newnownext-awards-2011-hosted-by-james-van-der-beek-announces-this-years-winners-119463434.html|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=[[PR Newswire]]|archivedate=November 21, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121051219/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/logos-newnownext-awards-2011-hosted-by-james-van-der-beek-announces-this-years-winners-119463434.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nkiri ọzọ a ga-ahụ
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Won}}
|-
|Òtù Ndị Na-enyocha Ihe nkiri n'ịntanetị&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 26, 2011|author=Tapley|first=Kristopher|title='Tree of Life' leads with 7 nods from Online Film Critics Society|publisher=[[HitFix]]|url=https://uproxx.com/hitfix/tree-of-life-leads-with-7-nods-from-online-film-critics-society/|accessdate=March 8, 2021|archivedate=March 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301185944/https://uproxx.com/hitfix/tree-of-life-leads-with-7-nods-from-online-film-critics-society/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe nrite ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=38th People's Choice Awards|url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108024921/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2012|archivedate=November 8, 2015|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=People’s Choice Awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nkiri Comedy kachasị amasị
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Won}}
|-
|Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ha
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ndị na-emepụta ihe Guild of America
|Ihe nkiri kacha mma
|Judd Apatow, Barry Mendel, Clayton Townsend| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe nrite nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=18th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards|url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/18th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=SAG Awards|archivedate=November 10, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190037/https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/18th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe ngosi pụrụ iche nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Nwanyị Na-eme Ihe nkiri Na-eme Nkwado
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
|St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 12, 2011|title=St Louis Film Critics|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2011/12/12/st-louis-film-critics/|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=[[Awards Daily]]|archivedate=April 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425180810/https://www.awardsdaily.com/2011/12/12/st-louis-film-critics/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nkiri kacha mma
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ihe nrite Teen Choice&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ng|first=Philiana|date=July 19, 2011|title=Teen Choice Awards 2011: 'Pretty Little Liars,' Rebecca Black Added to List of Nominees|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/teen-choice-awards-2011-pretty-212996/|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722085229/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2011-pretty-212996|archivedate=July 22, 2011|accessdate=July 27, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nkiri a họọrọ - Ihe ọchị
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Nom}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri - Comedy
|Kristen Wiig| {{Nom}}
|-
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri - Comedy
|Maya Rudolph| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe nkiri Hissy Fit
|Kristen Wiig| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe nkiri a họọrọ Onye na-ezu ohi - Nwanyị
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=December 5, 2011|title=The 2011 WAFCA Awards|url=http://www.wafca.com/awards/2011.htm|accessdate=August 24, 2022|work=The Washington, D.C. Area Film Critics Association|archivedate=October 18, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018233940/http://www.wafca.com/awards/2011.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma
|Melissa McCarthy| {{Nom}}
|-
|Ihe nkiri kachasị mma
|Kristen Wiig na Annie Mumolo| {{Nom}}
|-
|Njikọ Kasị Mma
|''Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụ''| {{Won}}
|-
|Ihe nrite Guild of America&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Jay A.|date=February 19, 2012|title=Writers Guild Awards: Complete Winners List|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/wga-writers-guild-awards-winners-list-292639/|accessdate=September 3, 2022|work=The Hollywood Reporter|archivedate=May 19, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519005659/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/wga-writers-guild-awards-winners-list-292639/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ihe nkiri kachasị mma
|Kristen Wiig na Annie Mumolo| {{Nom}}
|-
|}

== Mgbasa ozi n'ụlọ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 22, 2011|title=Bridesmaids – DVDActive/News|url=http://www.dvdactive.com/news/releases/bridesmaids.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308005648/http://www.dvdactive.com/news/releases/bridesmaids.html|archivedate=March 8, 2012|accessdate=September 20, 2011|publisher=DVDActive}}&lt;/ref&gt; tọhapụrụ Bridesmaids na DVD na Blu-ray Disc na ihe nkiri (125 nkeji) na nsụgharị na-enweghị akara (130 nkeji) na Septemba 20, 2011. Ihe ndị pụrụ iche gụnyere Line-O-Rama (ihe a ma ama n'etiti mbipụta Apatow), ehichapụ, gbatịkwuo, na ihe ndị ọzọ, na ahịa ụlọ ahịa ọla Cholodecki. E wepụtara mbipụta ọzọ na-echeta 100th anniversary nke Universal Studios na Septemba 4, 2012.

== Ihe ọzọ a tụrụ aro ya n'oge gara aga ==
N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2012, ụlọ ọrụ na-akọ na Universal nwere mmasị n'ịmepụta Ihe na-esote Bridesmaids. Mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;VF-1-5-12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2012/01/oscar-qa-paul-feig-bridesmaids-sequel-kristen-wiig-melissa-mccarthy|title=Paul Feig on ''Bridesmaids'' Sequel, Female Comedy, and His S.N.L. Dreams|author=Krista Smith|date=January 5, 2012|accessdate=May 13, 2013|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|archivedate=April 12, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412233917/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2012/01/oscar-qa-paul-feig-bridesmaids-sequel-kristen-wiig-melissa-mccarthy}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-atụle ikike nke Bridesmaids 2, onye na-emepụta Apatow kwuru na ọ na-ekwu, &quot;Isi bụ na anyị ga-enweta echiche nke dị mma ma ọ bụ karịa nke mbụ. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;THR-1-4-12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Masters|first=Kim|authorlink=Kim Masters|date=January 4, 2012|title=Universal Considering 'Bridesmaids' Sequel Without Kristen Wiig|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/bridesmaids-sequel-kristen-wiig-universal-277792/|accessdate=May 13, 2013|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archivedate=September 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924090919/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/bridesmaids-sequel-kristen-wiig-universal-277792/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Vanity Fair, onye nduzi Paul Feig kwuru maka asịrị banyere ihe ọzọ, na-ekwu na &quot;Onye ọ bụla na-arụsi ọrụ ike ugbu a bụ otu n'ime nsogbu, na ụdị ime ihe nke ha, mana anyị dị njikere maka ya. &quot;

Mgbe a jụrụ ya maka itinye aka na ya, Wiig gwara The Hollywood Reporter, &quot;Anyị anaghị arụ ọrụ na nke ahụ. Annie [Mumolo] na anaghịkwa eme atụmatụ maka ihe ọzọ. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;THR-1-4-12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Masters|first=Kim|authorlink=Kim Masters|date=January 4, 2012|title=Universal Considering 'Bridesmaids' Sequel Without Kristen Wiig|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/bridesmaids-sequel-kristen-wiig-universal-277792/|accessdate=May 13, 2013|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archivedate=September 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924090919/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/bridesmaids-sequel-kristen-wiig-universal-277792/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMasters2012&quot;&gt;[[Kim Masters|Masters, Kim]] (January 4, 2012). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịgbaso nkwupụta Wiig, akụkọ pụtara na Universal nwere mmasị ịga n'ihu na-enweghị ya, kama na-elekwasị anya n'ịmepụta akụkọ banyere onye McCarthy bụ Megan. McCarthy wepụrụ asịrị &lt;ref name=&quot;EO-1-9-12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Malkin|first=Marc|date=January 9, 2012|title=Melissa McCarthy Slams ''Bridesmaids'' Sequel Without Kristen Wiig: &quot;It's a Terrible Idea!&quot;|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/284856/melissa-mccarthy-slams-bridesmaids-sequel-without-kristen-wiig-it-s-a-terrible-idea|accessdate=May 13, 2013|work=[[E! Online]]|archivedate=April 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401054149/http://www.eonline.com/news/284856/melissa-mccarthy-slams-bridesmaids-sequel-without-kristen-wiig-it-s-a-terrible-idea}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ ga-atụle ịlaghachi maka ihe ọzọ na-enweghị Wiig na-ekwu, &quot;Chineke, agaghị m achọ. Agaghị m achọ. Echere m na ọ bụ echiche dị egwu. Amaghị m ihe ọ bụla gbasara ya. Mana amaara m na ọ dịghị onye chọrọ ime ya ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mma. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, m ga-apụta ebe ọ bụla ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ nọ. &quot;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentịnaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback  (nke e debere n'October 8, 2011) 
* {{IMDb title|1478338|Bridesmaids}}
* Ndị inyom a na-alụ ọhụrụnaBox Office Mojo
* Ndị inyom na-alụ ọhụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ọchịchị Atyap</title>
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      <text bytes="1623" sha1="a8h3wvdtu4ob4jzpb8re5oi2vr5of9t" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:ATYAP ENSIGN HQ.png|thumb|'''Atyap Chiefdom''']]
. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692|title=Gas Development will be Employed to Power Nigeria's Economic Transformation - NNPC Boss|accessdate=July 10, 2020|archivedate=July 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711010222/http://www.sharpedgenews.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=956:gas-development-will-be-employed-to-power-nigeria-s-economic-transformation-nnpc-boss&amp;Itemid=692}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2020/07/16/idps-decries-non-compliance-with-covid-19-protocols/|author=Awuhe|first=Terfa|title=IDPs decries non-compliance with COVID-19 protocols|date=July 16, 2020|accessdate=September 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Atyap Chiefdom bụ steeti omenaala Naijiria nke ndị Atyap, nke dị na elu osimiri Kaduna nke dị n'ebe etiti ala Nigeria dị na Middle Belt .  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na A̠tak Njei, Zangon Kataf, ndịda Kaduna steeti, Nigeria

&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;map, ndị a bụ mpaghara ise na-asụ ogbu a site n'afọ 2017 gaa n'ihu, nke onye nọchitere anya na steeti Kaduna bụ Nasir Elrufai chịbara, bụ nke mere ka o doo anya, dị ka Premium Times, Naijiria kọrọ na kọmitii ahụ.  hibere ileba anya n'alụ distrikti na steeti ahụ kwubiri.  na ọnụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mpaghara site na oge tupu 2001 emewo ka ibu ego nye ndị isi isi obodo.  N'ihi ya, ngbanwe ha laa azụ n'oge tupu 2001. Viz
[[Òtù:Ȯra Kaduna]]</text>
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    <title>Mma Humphry</title>
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Victor Humphry Knipe (20 Septemba 1941 - 16 Jenụwarị 2023) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Humphry Knipe (Obituary)|url=https://humphryknipe.com/|accessdate=15 February 2023|work=Humphry knipe|language=en-US|archivedate=15 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215175136/https://humphryknipe.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye edemede na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme, na onye edemede ihe nkiri, onye nduzi, na onye nchịkwa weebụsaịtị. Ọ bụ onye edemede nke The Dominant Man: The Pecking Order in Human Society, akwụkwọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ ise, na naanị onye dere The Nero Prediction, akwụkwọ Akụkọ ifo mere eme banyere Emperor Nero na [[Astrology|ịgụ kpakpando]], nke meriri 2006 Independent Publisher Book Award maka &quot;Best Historical Fiction&quot;.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Humphry Knipe na Kimberley, South Africa, na 20 Septemba 1941. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Rhodes, ma gụọ akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Bekee. Ọ kwagara England n'afọ ndị 1960, ebe ọ zutere onye ga-abụ nwunye ya, onye na-ese foto na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ Suze Randall. Ha kwagara Los Angeles na 1975, wee dee banyere ahụmịhe ha na Hugh Hefner's Playboy Mansion na akwụkwọ ''Suze'' .   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Karịsịa n'afọ ndị 1980, Knipe dere ma duzie ọtụtụ Ihe nkiri ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke Suze Randall mepụtara n'okpuru aha '''Victor Nye'''.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Di na nwunye ahụ mechara biri na Malibu, California, ebe ọ na-elekọta ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Randall na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, ma na-elekọta ọtụtụ azụmahịa nke Suze Randall Productions dị ka Haaren Enterprises, Ltd., na-eji aha mbụ ya, '''Victor Knipe'''.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Holly Randall|url=http://www.hollyrandall.com/html/bio.html|title=Biography|publisher=HollyRandall.com|accessdate=26 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406123703/http://www.hollyrandall.com/html/bio.html|archivedate=6 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwere ụmụ atọ, gụnyere nwa nwanyị Holly Randall, onye na-ese foto na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke nyekwara aka na azụmahịa ahụ.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* The Dominant Man: The Pecking Order in Human Society, na [[George Maclay]], 1972,   
* ''Suze'', ya na Suze Randall, 1977,   
* Nkwupụta Nero, 2005,   

== Akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ==

* Star Virgin (1979) 
* Kiss and Tell (1980) aka ''KOCK-FM 69''
* ''Miss Passion'' (1984) 
* ''Ịhụnanya Na-ata'' (1985) 
* ''Ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma ikwu Mba'' (1985) 
* Sky Foxes (1987) 
* Erotic Eye (1995) aka Suze Randall's Erotic Eye''Anya Mmekọahụ nke Suze Randall''

== Edensibia ==


&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Nero Prediction Author raara nye akwụkwọ ahụ.
* {{IMDb name|id=0461171|name=Humphry Knipe}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0638591|name=Victor Nye}}
* [https://www.amazon.com/gp/pdp/profile/AAOKITADZO1E2 Amazon.com Profile, Reviews, na Blog] gụnyere obere akụkọ ndụ onwe onye</text>
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{{Databox}} 

Spring Break Shark Attack bụ Ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali nke South Africa / America mere maka TV na 2005. Ọ bụ echiche nke onye na-emepụta ihe J.J. Jamieson, onye dere akụkọ mbụ ma ree ya na CBS. Ọ bụ James LaRosa dere ihe nkiri ahụ ma Paul Shapiro duziri ya. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Shannon Lucio, Riley Smith, na Justin Baldoni, na Kathy Baker na Bryan Brown.&lt;ref name=&quot;Washington Post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tom Shales|title=Cue the Shark Music and Prepare to Be Scared|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48632-2005Mar18.html?nav=rss_style/columns/shalestom|accessdate=16 February 2015|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=19 March 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DVD Talk&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Jane|first=Ian|title=DVD review: Spring Break Shark Attack|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/20395/spring-break-shark-attack/|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=[[DVD Talk]]|date=27 February 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dread Central&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Condit|first=Jon|title=Spring Break Shark Attack (2005)|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/3655/spring-break-shark-attack-2005/|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=[[Dread Central]]|date=22 March 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe &lt;ref name=&quot;USA Today&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Oldenburg|first=Ann|title=After 'The O.C.,' is it safe to get back in the water?|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/2005-03-03-coming-attractions_x.htm|accessdate=17 February 2015|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=3 March 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; tọhapụrụ telivishọn na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], [1] ihe nkiri ahụ nwere obere ntọhapụ na-abụghị nke US, tupu ọ gaa na DVD.

== Atụmatụ ==
N'oge ezumike oge opupu ihe ubi, mgbe ụyọkọ agụ Sharks na-amalite iri nri na-enweghị isi na ndị na-asa ahụ na-eto eto, naanị ebe dị nchebe dị n'ụsọ osimiri n'ebe dị anya site na mmiri. N'ịlụ ọgụ maka ndụ, otu ìgwè ndị na-eto eto ga-anwa imerụ onye na-eri ibe ya zuru oke.

Danielle (Shannon Lucio) bụ nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na ụma nke, megide ọchịchọ nna ya, na-aga Florida maka ezumike oge opupu ihe ubi. Kama eziokwu, ọ gwara ndị mụrụ ya na ọ ga-eji oge ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na Habitat For Humanity, mana ọ zutere ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ gbazitere ụlọ osimiri na Seagull Beach, Florida, maka otu izu, na-ezube inwe oge dị mma. Ka ọ na-enyocha ebe osimiri, ọ na-ezute onye na-atụ egwu J.T. (Justin Baldoni), onye na-ahụ ya dị ka naanị mmeri mmekọahụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi. Ọ na-ezute onye nwe ụgbọ mmiri Shane Jones (Riley Smith), ma kpebie na ọ hụrụ ya n'anya. J.T. dị njikere ime ihe ọ bụla iji mezuo ebumnuche ya nke mmekọahụ na Danielle, ya mere ọ na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Shane na nne ya (Kathy Baker) na-akwụ ndị njem nleta ụgwọ. Mgbe onye ọ bụla nọ n'oké osimiri, ha na-amụta na mmiri ahụ na-ejupụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke agụ shark. Nwanne Danielle bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri, Charlie (Wayne Thornley) na-eme nchọpụta na reef aka n'otu ebe ahụ, ọ ga-ekpebi otu esi azọpụta nwanne ya nwanyị ma dọọ ndị ọzọ aka ná ntị.

== Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==
 

== Nzaghachi nkatọ ==
The Washington Post kwuru na Spring Break Shark Attack bụ &quot;ezi aha nrọ&quot; maka ihe ndị na-ekiri nwere ike ịtụ anya ikiri na Cinemax ma ọ bụ na USA Network n'oge kachasị mma, ma ọ bụ chọta na ndepụta nke ndị na-efunahụ vidiyo. Ha kwukwara na ọbụlagodi na aha na-enweghị isi, &quot;akụkụ egwu nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-atụ egwu n'ezie, nke ga-eme ka e zigara obere ụmụaka n'ime ụlọ ha. &quot; A kwadoro ihe ngosi, na mgbe onye a tara n'akụkụ ụfọdụ na-asa n'ụsọ osimiri, ọ dị ka onye a na-eri anụ shark, kama ihe dị ọcha maka telivishọn. Ha chere na ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ nzuzu nke ya, nke na-adọrọ mmasị&quot; ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere &quot;awa abụọ igbu na agụụ na-adịghị emerụ ahụ maka ọbara aka&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Washington Post&quot; /&gt;

DVD Talk kwuru &lt;ref name=&quot;DVD Talk&quot; /&gt; ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe nkiri banyere ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-ele anya dị ka ndị toro karịa ka ha chere na ha nwere &quot;ịhụ mmekọrịta ha na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya na ihe nkiri niile na-eso ụdị ihe ahụ&quot; ma kọwaa ya dị ka &quot;n'ụzọ bụ isi ''Beverly Hills 90210'' na sharks. &quot; Ha chere na ihe nkiri nwere nsogbu na sharks n'onwe ha na-eji na mbụ nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị maka oge furu efu site na ịtụba sharks ma ọ dịghị ihe nkiri ahụ na-eguzo n'ebe ahụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ si otú a ghọọ &quot;ihe ngosi nke ọkara, na-akpata ike ọgwụgwụ - mmehie kachasị ukwuu ihe nkiri nwere ike ime. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;DVD Talk&quot; /&gt; Oge ole na ole a na-enwe ekele maka ihe nkiri ahụ anaghị arụ ọrụ iji chekwaa ihe nkiri ahụ.

Dread Central chọpụtara na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ &quot;awa abụọ nke ntụrụndụ na-atọ ọchị, nke na-enweghị ihe na-akpali akpali,&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dread Central&quot; /&gt; ebe mgbalị CBS na-eme iji mepụta ụdị ihe na-adịghị mma dara na ebumnuche ya.

Marissa Piazzola nke ''Huffington Post'' depụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n'etiti &quot;Top 8 Teen Movies About Spring Break!&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Huffington Post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Piazzola|first=Marissa|title=Spring Breakers: Top 8 Teen Movies About Spring Break!|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/27/spring-breakers-top-8-tee_n_1382184.html|accessdate=17 February 2015|publisher=[[Huffington Post]]|date=27 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
na mmiri ahụ na-ejupụta na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke agụ shark. Nwanne Danielle bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri, Charlie (Wayne Thornley) na-eme nchọpụta na reef aka n'otu ebe ahụ, ọ ga-ekpebi otu esi{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* {{IMDb title|0450326|Spring Break Shark Attack}}
* Spring Break Shark Attack na All Movie GuideIhe Ntụziaka Ihe nkiri

; Ebe ndị ọzọ a ga-eji mee ihe
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    <title>N'ihi na Valery</title>
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      <text bytes="5397" sha1="qfzkphzaiv29gxkrwykz2pq2hzw71rc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Nchifor Valery|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Bamenda]], Cameroon|nationality=Camerooonian|occupation=Actor|notable_works=A Man for the Weekend}}

Nchifor Valery bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]].  A maara ya maka ihe nkiri Obsession, nke o ritere ihe nkiri nwoke kachasị mma na 2011 London-run ZAFAA Award.  O nwetakwara ihe nrite nwoke kachasị mma na-eme ihe nkiri na red feather award 2017.[1][2][3]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/omotola-genevieve-stella-damasus-nominated-for-cameroon-entertainment-awards|title=Omotola, Genevieve, Stella Damasus nominated for Cameroon Entertainment Awards - Nigerian Entertainment Today|date=21 March 2012|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,83664.0.html|title=Genevieve Nnaji wins best actress award - Gistmania|date=1 November 2011|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwetakwara ihe nrite nwoke kachasị mma na-eme ihe nkiri na red feather award 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/interviews/412-zafaa.html|title=Tiptopstars|publisher=Tiptopstars.com|date=2012-01-15|accessdate=2018-06-17|archivedate=2018-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165202/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/interviews/412-zafaa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ndolezone&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ndolezone.com/list-winners-red-feather-awards/|title=List of winners from the red feather awards|accessdate=2018-03-15|archivedate=2018-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305185612/http://ndolezone.com/list-winners-red-feather-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanacelebrities&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2011/10/28/zafa-awards-2011-winners-frank-arase-raja-samira-yakubu-pascal-amanfo-tv-africa-grab-awards/|title=ZAFA Awards 2011 Winners! Frank Arase Raja, Samira Yakubu, Pascal Amanfo, TV Africa Grab Awards!|work=ghana celebrityu|accessdate=2018-03-15|archivedate=2018-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031538/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2011/10/28/zafa-awards-2011-winners-frank-arase-raja-samira-yakubu-pascal-amanfo-tv-africa-grab-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
A mụrụ '''Valery''' na Cameroon. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.Ed na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Buea . &lt;ref name=&quot;missginapromotes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.missginapromotes.com/2016/09/star-profile-nchifor-valery-actor.html|title=Miss Gina Promotes : Star Profile: Nchifor Valery - Actor|accessdate=2018-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192134/http://www.missginapromotes.com/2016/09/star-profile-nchifor-valery-actor.html|archivedate=2018-04-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. Archived from  on 2018-04-17&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-04-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Valery malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn na Buea, na ihe nkiri Leather Gangsters, nke e wepụtara na 2006. &quot;Ihe kachasị elu n'ọrụ m ruo ugbu a bụ mgbe a họpụtara m maka ihe kachasị mma na-abịa na ZAFAA global awards (ZAFAA) na London bụ na m gara ma merie ihe nrite ahụ na otu ụdị n'etiti nnukwu aha si Ghana Nigeria na ndịda Africa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;missginapromotes.com&quot;/&gt; Valery gwara Njokatv. &lt;ref name=&quot;missginapromotes.com&quot; /&gt; gosipụtara ihe karịrị ihe nkiri 40 nke gụnyere ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, usoro telivishọn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ernest Kanjo /|url=http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/674-anglophone-africa-needs-more-exposure-at-fespaco-nchifor-valery-award-winning-cameroonian-actor.html|title=Tiptopstars|publisher=Tiptopstars.com|date=2013-03-17|accessdate=2018-06-17|archivedate=2018-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165131/http://www.tiptopstars.com/mtdv/movies/nollywood-movies/674-anglophone-africa-needs-more-exposure-at-fespaco-nchifor-valery-award-winning-cameroonian-actor.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2012 ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ọrụ nkwado nke mere ka o nweta ihe nrite ọzọ na ụdị ahụ na Cameroon Movie Merit Awards, CMMA, mbipụta 2012 nke Fred Keyanti haziri.

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==

* A Man for the Weekend (2017) na [[Syndy Emade]], [[Alexx Ekubo]]
* ''Nchịkọta'' (2011) 
* ''Ndị omempụ akpụkpọ anụ''
* ''Okwu''&lt;ref name=&quot;kinnakasblog2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kinnakasblog.com/2017/08/cameroonian-actress-nsang-dilong-stuns-in-new-photos-as-she-celebrates-her-birthday/|author=Bandy Kiki|title=Cameroonian actress Nsang Dilong Stuns in New Photos as she Celebrates her Birthday|work=kinnakasblog.com|accessdate=2017-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ihe nrite
!Ụdị
!Onye e nyere ya
!Nsonaazụ
|-
|2011
|Ihe nrite ZAFAA
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|Onwe ya| {{Won}}
|-
!Afọ
!Ihe nrite
!Ụdị
!Onye e nyere ya
!Nsonaazụ
|-
|2017
|Gụọ ábụ́bà) 
|Ọrụ nkwado onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|Onwe ya| {{Won}}
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Cameroon
* Ihe nkiri nke Cameroon

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* N'ihi na ValerynaFacebook kachasị elu n'ọrụ m ruo ugbu a bụ mgbe a họpụtara m maka ihe kachasị mma na-abịa na ZAFAA global awards (ZAFAA) na London
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>N'Diagne Adechoubou</title>
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{{Infobox person|name=N'Diagne Adechoubou|birth_date=7 November 1959|nationality=Beninese|occupation=Film Director and Producer}}

&lt;ref name=&quot;FESPACO&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=FESPACO|title=Les cinémas d'Afrique: dictionnaire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61Ol3PLhYhsC&amp;pg=PA21|year=2000|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-060-5|chapter=Adechoubou, N'Diagne}}&lt;/ref&gt;'''N'Diagne Adechoubou''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1959) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na Benin.

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ N'Diagne Adechoubou na 7 Nọvemba 1959. &lt;ref&gt;[https://dirigeants.bfmtv.com/N-diagne-ADECHOUBOU-3542869/ N'diagne ADECHOUBOU]&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye njikwa nke Akangbe Productions, nke e guzobere na 1992.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Pfaff2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Françoise Pfaff|title=Focus on African Films|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjqh7O99pv0C&amp;pg=PA261|year=2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-21668-0|pages=261–}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ ndị 1980 Adechoubou gara Cuba iji mee ihe nkiri banyere onye na-ese ihe Afro-Cuban Manuel Mendive, na-achọpụta ihe ndị dị na omenala Yoruba nke ya na ndị ohu Africa gara Cuba. Ihe ngosi banyere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Autonomous nke Cotonou, nke e mepụtara na France na mbido afọ 1990, [1] mesiri ike ike ike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;HoungnikpoDecalo2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mathurin C. Houngnikpo|title=Historical Dictionary of Benin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yGPTsRubWEC&amp;pg=PA165|year=2013|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-7171-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Adechoubou rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-ese ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Congo [[Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda]] duziri. &lt;ref name=&quot;StefansonPetty2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blandine Stefanson|title=Directory of World Cinema Africa: Directory of World Cinema Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1RiCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA94|year=2014|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-78320-391-8|pages=93–4}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye na-emepụta ''Afro@Digital'', ihe ngosi na-enyocha etu esi eji teknụzụ dijitalụ eme ihe n'Africa.

== Ihe nkiri ==

; Dị ka onye nduzi

* ''Pont-Neuf n'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri'' Ihe omuma.
* Psychose d'amour et de guerre [Psychosis of love and war]. Ihe omuma.
* ''Manuel Mendive ma ọ bụ mmụọ ihe osise Yoruba'' [Manuel Mendive or the Yoruba pictorial spirit]. Ihe omuma di mkpirikpi, 1987.
* Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Autonome nke Cotonou [Ọdụ Ụgbọ mmiri Autonome of Cotonou]. Ihe omuma di nma, 1993.
* Zinsou, le grand témoin [Zinsou, nnukwu onye akaebe]. Ihe omuma ogologo oge, 2013.

; Dị ka onye na-emepụta

* ''Watt'' Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke [[Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda]] duziri, 1999.
* ''Isiokwu 15 bis''. Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda duziri, 2000.
* ''Afro@Digital''. Ihe omuma di nma nke Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda duziri, 2002.
* ''Ụlọ Ọrụ Juju'' Ihe nkiri ogologo oge nke Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda duziri, 2005.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|11699514}}
* [[Africultures]].com/personnes/?no=11083&quot; id=&quot;mwew&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Ndiagne Adechoubou na Africa ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-ese ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Congo Balufu Bakupa-Kanyinda duziri
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>N'ịchọ Voodoo: Mgbọrọgwụ gaa Eluigwe</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;&quot; |N'ịchọ Voodoo: Mgbọrọgwụ gaa Eluigwe
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Ihe ngosi mgbasa ozi&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Nke onye nduzi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Djimon Hounsou]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Edere ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Djimon Hounsou
* Douglas Thompson
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Mepụtara site na
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Djimon Hounsou
* Eric McGaw
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Ihe nkiri
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* Kwaku Altson
* Polo Orisha
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Edere site na
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Douglas Thompson
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;vertical-align: middle;&quot;&gt;Ntụrụndụ Fanaticus&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;&quot;&gt;Ụbọchị a tọhapụrụ ya&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist film-date&quot;&gt;
* 10 Machị 2018 &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt; (&lt;span class=&quot;bday dtstart published updated itvstart&quot;&gt;2018-03-10&lt;/span&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; (US) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x20;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;&quot;&gt;Oge ịgba ọsọ&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Nkeji iri isii na ise
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Mba
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Benin]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;&quot; |Asụsụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Bekee
|}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theyoungfolks.com/film/118875/in-search-of-voodoo-roots-to-heaven-documentary-feature/|title=In Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven – Documentary Feature|author=Clarke|first=Harry|date=3 April 2018|work=The Young Folks|accessdate=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven bụ ihe nkiri akụkọ ndụ [[Benin|Ndị Benin]] nke afọ 2018 nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Djimon Hounsou duziri, na nke mbụ ya. Ihe nkiri &lt;ref name=&quot;Lodge 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/in-search-of-voodoo-roots-to-heaven-review-1202723674/|title=Miami Film Review: 'In Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven'|author=Lodge|first=Guy|date=12 March 2018|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; dabeere na ihe mere eme n'ezie site na ndụ Hounsou ma lekwasị anya n'akụkọ onwe onye, ọdịbendị, na nke ime mmụọ nke Voodoo na West Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dorsey|first=Lilith|date=2020|title=Orishas, Goddesses, and Voodoo Queens: The Divine Feminine in the African Religious Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JjUDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA88|publisher=[[Weiser Books]]|pages=88–89|isbn=978-1578636952}}&lt;/ref&gt;'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara emume abụọ na-asọpụrụ mmụọ mmiri Mami Wata na Grand-Popo, Benin.

== Nnyocha mba ụwa ==

* 10 Maachị 2018 – Miami International Film Festival (mgbasa ozi ụwa)
* 10 na 12 June 2018 - Zanzibar International Film Festival
* Febụwarị 16, 2019 – Ememme ihe nkiri Black Toronto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://torontoblackfilm.com/movie/in-search-of-voodoo-roots-to-heaven/|title='In Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven' By Djimon Hounsou|work=TorontoBlackFilm.com|accessdate=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 9 February 2018 – Pan African Film Festival
* Maachị 9, 2019 – Ememme Nkiri Ọhụrụ nke Africa

== Nnakwere ==
Guy Lodge nke Variety dere , &quot;ọ bụrụ na [In Search of Voodoo: Roots to Heaven] nwere akụkụ ole na ole a na-edozighị edozi, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe doro anya maka nyocha zuru oke nke isiokwu ya: Na-arụ ọrụ n'ime site na njikọ onwe ya na West African Voodooism ruo na ọmụmụ sara mbara nke ọdịbendị ọ zụlitere gafee diaspora, ihe nkiri a dị nkeji 65 bụ ihe doro anya ma bụrụ ihe dị nso n'ụlọ, mana ọ nwere ike iguzo nyocha anthropological na anya karịa. &quot;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
nwere akụkụ ole na ole a na-edozighị edozi, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe doro anya maka nyocha zuru oke nke isiokwu ya: Na-arụ ọrụ n'ime site na njikọ onwe ya na

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị (echekwara site na [http://www.insearchofvoodoo.com/ nke mbụ] na 2 Ọgọst 2018) 
* {{IMDb title|tt5852022}}
* N'ịchọ Voodoo: Mgbọrọgwụ gaa EluigwenaTomato rere ure</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naomi Mac</title>
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'''Naomi Oyintare Mac Ebiama''' nke a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Naomi Mac''', bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu na Naijiria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=thenationonlineng|date=April 28, 2021|title=The Voice Nigeria: Idol star Naomi Mac stuns Falz, Waje|work=thenationonlineng|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/the-voice-nigeria-idol-star-naomi-mac-stuns-falz-waje/}}&lt;/ref&gt; pụtara na Naijiria Idol ebe ọ bụ onye mbụ na-esote ya ma gosikwa na The Voice Naijiria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=vanguardngr|date=March 26, 2011|title=Who wins Nigerian Idol?|work=vanguardngr|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/who-wins/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admin1|date=2021-05-01|title=Blind Audition: Nigerian Idol Star, Naomi Mac Featured In Episode V Of The Voice Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/blind-audition-nigerian-idol-star-naomi-mac-featured-in-episode-v-of-the-voice-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-11-29|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=thenationonlineng.net|date=April 28, 2021|title=The Voice Nigeria: Idol star Naomi Mac stuns Falz, Waje|work=thenationonlineng.net|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/the-voice-nigeria-idol-star-naomi-mac-stuns-falz-waje/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2023-01-20|title=My four years’ contract ended when I decided to get married — Naomi Mac|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/my-four-years-contract-ended-when-i-decided-to-get-married-naomi-mac/|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Samuel|first=Olajide|date=2021-08-08|title=I wasn’t disappointed not winning The Voice Nigeria — Naomi Mac|url=https://punchng.com/i-wasnt-disappointed-not-winning-the-voice-nigeria-naomi-mac/|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; mechara wepụta abọm a kpọrọ The Pathfinder na otu egwu akpọrọ I Believe.

== Mmalite ndụ na mmalite ==
Naomi Mac bụ nwa afọ Bayelsa Steeti, Naijiria mana ọ dị na Lagos Naijiria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Amodeni|first=Adunni|date=2018-10-21|title=Nigerian singer Naomi Mac and husband welcome baby girl, Arabella|url=https://www.legit.ng/1199436-nigerian-singer-naomi-mac-welcomes-baby-girl-a-year-marriage-photos.html|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=Legit.ng – Nigeria news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; lụrụ Francesco Paladini na 2017 mgbe asọmpi ya bụ Naijiria Idol gasịrị ma nwee ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2011, Naomi bụ onye mbụ na-esote ihe ngosi TV a ma ama na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] a na-akpọ Naijiria Idol .

N'afọ 2021, Naomi Mac so na ndị ikpeazụ nke The Voice Naijiria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/the-voice-nigeria-finalist-naomi-mac-to-host-3-in-1-concert-in-celebrating-30th-birthday/|title=The Voice Nigeria finalist, Naomi Mac, to host 3-in-1 concert in celebrating 30th birthday|accessdate=22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwapụta ==

=== Ndị na-alụbeghị di ===

* &quot;Obi m&quot; mere [[Adekunle Gold]].(2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/video-naomi-mac-feat-adekunle-gold-my-heart/|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|title=Video Naomi Mac feat. Adekunle Gold – 'My Heart'|accessdate=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ori Ihe m mere. [[Pheelz]] (2016) 
* Mujo (2016) 
* ''Ha Jikọrọ Aka ruo Ebighị Ebi (2017) ''
* Abụ m (2020) 
* ''Ofufe Medley'' (2022) 
* Ekwenyere m (2023) 
* Abụ (2023) 

=== Abọm ===
* Onye na-achọpụta ụzọ (2021) 

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Naomi Mac paladininaInstagram
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Naomi Oyintare Mac Ebiama''' nke a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Naomi Mac''', bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu na Naijiria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=thenationonlineng|date=April 28, 2021|title=The Voice Nigeria: Idol star Naomi Mac stuns Falz, Waje|work=thenationonlineng|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/the-voice-nigeria-idol-star-naomi-mac-stuns-falz-waje/}}&lt;/ref&gt; pụtara na Naijiria Idol ebe ọ bụ onye mbụ na-esote ya ma gosikwa na The Voice Naijiria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=vanguardngr|date=March 26, 2011|title=Who wins Nigerian Idol?|work=vanguardngr|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/who-wins/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admin1|date=2021-05-01|title=Blind Audition: Nigerian Idol Star, Naomi Mac Featured In Episode V Of The Voice Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/blind-audition-nigerian-idol-star-naomi-mac-featured-in-episode-v-of-the-voice-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-11-29|work=Independent Newspaper Nigeria|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=thenationonlineng.net|date=April 28, 2021|title=The Voice Nigeria: Idol star Naomi Mac stuns Falz, Waje|work=thenationonlineng.net|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/the-voice-nigeria-idol-star-naomi-mac-stuns-falz-waje/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2023-01-20|title=My four years’ contract ended when I decided to get married — Naomi Mac|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/my-four-years-contract-ended-when-i-decided-to-get-married-naomi-mac/|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Samuel|first=Olajide|date=2021-08-08|title=I wasn’t disappointed not winning The Voice Nigeria — Naomi Mac|url=https://punchng.com/i-wasnt-disappointed-not-winning-the-voice-nigeria-naomi-mac/|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; mechara wepụta abọm a kpọrọ The Pathfinder na otu egwu akpọrọ I Believe.

== Mmalite ndụ na mmalite ==
Naomi Mac bụ nwa afọ Bayelsa Steeti, Naijiria mana ọ dị na Lagos Naijiria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Amodeni|first=Adunni|date=2018-10-21|title=Nigerian singer Naomi Mac and husband welcome baby girl, Arabella|url=https://www.legit.ng/1199436-nigerian-singer-naomi-mac-welcomes-baby-girl-a-year-marriage-photos.html|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=Legit.ng – Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2023-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122131818/https://www.legit.ng/1199436-nigerian-singer-naomi-mac-welcomes-baby-girl-a-year-marriage-photos.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; lụrụ Francesco Paladini na 2017 mgbe asọmpi ya bụ Naijiria Idol gasịrị ma nwee ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 2011, Naomi bụ onye mbụ na-esote ihe ngosi TV a ma ama na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] a na-akpọ Naijiria Idol .

N'afọ 2021, Naomi Mac so na ndị ikpeazụ nke The Voice Naijiria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/the-voice-nigeria-finalist-naomi-mac-to-host-3-in-1-concert-in-celebrating-30th-birthday/|title=The Voice Nigeria finalist, Naomi Mac, to host 3-in-1 concert in celebrating 30th birthday|accessdate=22 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwapụta ==

=== Ndị na-alụbeghị di ===

* &quot;Obi m&quot; mere [[Adekunle Gold]].(2015)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenet.ng/video-naomi-mac-feat-adekunle-gold-my-heart/|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today|title=Video Naomi Mac feat. Adekunle Gold – 'My Heart'|accessdate=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ori Ihe m mere. [[Pheelz]] (2016) 
* Mujo (2016) 
* ''Ha Jikọrọ Aka ruo Ebighị Ebi (2017) ''
* Abụ m (2020) 
* ''Ofufe Medley'' (2022) 
* Ekwenyere m (2023) 
* Abụ (2023) 

=== Abọm ===
* Onye na-achọpụta ụzọ (2021) 

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Naomi Mac paladininaInstagram
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ndidi Emefiele</title>
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{{Databox}}
Ndidi Emefiele bụ onye omenka na onye na-ese ihe n'oge Naijiria.  A isiokwu ya na June 12, 1987 na Abuja, Nigeria ma ọ bi ugbu a na Northampton, UK .  [1] Arụ ọrụ Emefiele na akwa akwa yana ndị agba na ịhụ.  [2] Ndidi Emefiele malitere ọrụ ya na ike mana emechaa kwaga mba United Kingdom.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-04-24|title=Ndidi Emefiele è l'artista nigeriana amata da Beyoncé|url=https://www.vogue.it/article/ndidi-emefiele-artista-nigeriana-beyonce|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=Vogue Italia|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;A Minidi Emefiele na Abuja, Nigeria nke dị na Northern era of Nigeria.  Ọ bụ otu n’ime ajụjụ anọ n’ mgbanwe ya ma niile kwere nkwa na ha ga-echebe ibe ha.  Emefiele anya Abuja dị ka ndị na-akpachapụ anya n'echiche ha na otu esi emeso ụmụ anụmanụ.  [1] Emefiele ikpe na Abuja nọ n'isi akpa mgbe a isiokwu ya.  Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, e nweghị ụlọ ihe nka nka na ihe niile ha nwere bụ akwụkwọ.  O sitere n' akwụkwọ gbasara onye na-ese ihe bụ Ben Enwonwu ebe Emefiele mkpali ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na ịga London iji nhọrọ ya.Dịka nwata nwanyị Emefiele gosipụtara mmasị naanị n'ịme nka. Ọbụna na klaasị metụtassra isiokwu ndị ọzọ, ọ na-ese doodles na sketị. Emefiele sị na ya ga-agagharị gburugburu agbata obi ya na-ese ihe ọ bụla ọ hụrụ, otu ụbọchị ọ sere nwamba n'ahụ mgbidi, onye agbata obi ya nyere ya ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ka ọ sere. N'oge a, a naghị ele nka anya dị ka ọrụ bara uru, ya mere nne na nna ya nwere obi ụtọ mgbe a bịara n'ihe a na-edozi maka ịbụ onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=Ndidi Emefiele|url=http://www.soundandvisionpodcast.com/blog/2021/3/25/ndidi-emefiele|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=SOUND &amp; VISION|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a ọ rọrọ nrọ ịga Oxford ma ọ bụ Cssambridge wee soro na asọmpi nka n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị. Ọ bụ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ka Ndidi ga-emeri n'asọmpi nka nke a na-agbasa na televishọn maka obodo. Nke a bụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ maka ndị mụrụ ya ịnakwere ọchịchọ ya ịbụ onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Those Who Inspire - Nigeria|url=https://thosewhoinspire.com/flipbooks/nigeria/index.html#p=38|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=thosewhoinspire.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka na Mahadum Abuja mmemme mmemme nka ọ gara Delta State University dị na Abraka, Nigeria wee gụchaa nzere bachelọ na Fine Arts na 2007. [1] Ọ ga-agakwa Slade School of Art na London, UK wee gụchaa ya na Master's na Fine Arts  .

== Na-arụ ọrụ ==
Ọrụ Ndidi niile nwere ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ na-ekwu na ihe osise ya mere ka e wee kee ụwa ebe a na-ahapụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha na-eme nke ọma ma bụrụ ezigbo onwe ha. Emefiele ekwuola etu esi eme nka ya maka ịmakụ na inye ụmụ nwanyị ojii ike, nke mere na agwa ya niile bi n'ụwa enweghị nwoke. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ndidi Emefiele - Overview|url=https://galleryrosenfeld.com/artists/45-ndidi-emefiele/overview/|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=gallery rosenfeld|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya niile na-eyi enyo dị ka ákwà mgbochi ma ọ bụ ọta iji zoo n'azụ n'ihu ọha mmadụ na-adịghị mma.  O kwuwokwa na echiche efu na-esite na ịbụ nwanyị na-ese ihe adịghị amasị ya. N'ezie, n'otu oge ngosi, o kpebiri ịgbachi nkịtị ka ndị mmadụ wee nwee ike ịmịpụta nka ya n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla. 

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya Ndidi buru ụzọ ihe m na-agụ ya wee malite ntụaka dabara n'ọhụụ ya.  Ngwaahịa ndị ikpeazụ na-ahụkọta ọnụ mgbe ọ gbasịrị saịtị n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche ma dị ka collage.  [1] Ụbọchị ya bụ ikwu nke egwu ya na Nigeria.  Ndidi na-enwe njikọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwa na ike tactile mgbe ị na-ihe ibe.  Ma na Naijiria na UK, Ndidi na-eji akwụkwọ ihe eji achọpụta ya.

Ihe osise Ndidi see na mkpokọta nke Misty Copeland na Beyoncé !sl

=== 2013 ===

* ''Unmatched-Beauty'', Abuja Transcorp Hilton, Abuja, Nigeria
* ''Omenala ọhụrụ na eserese Naijiria nke oge a'', Abuja, Nigeria
* ''Arthouse Modern and Contemporary Art Auction'', Lagos, Nigeria
* ''Ibi na Silence (mmata ntị ntị)'', Transcorp HIlton, Abuja, Nigeria
* ''Ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị, Association of Artist Association of Nigeria'', French Cultural Center, Abuja, Nigeria

* ''Ndụ Site na windo m'', Nike Art Gallery, Lagos, Nigeria
* ''FNB Joburg Artfair, Sandton Convention Center,'' Johannesburg, South Africa
* ''Afọ iri ise na-esote: Art Nigerian Contemporary'', nke Society of Nigerian Artists haziri, Lagos, Nigeria
* ''22nd Pan African Film and Arts Festival'', Artfest Los Angeles, California, USA

=== 2015 ===

* ''Cape Town Art Fair'', Cape Town, South Africa
* ''Ihe ngosi nwa oge Slade'', Slade School of Fine Art, Mahadum Mahadum, London, UK
* ''Ihe ngosi nka nka nke Afrika nke oge a'', ọbá akwụkwọ Chelsea Town Hall, London, UK

=== 2016 ===

* ''Profaịlụ Afrịka zuru ụwa ọnụ'', Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Africa, London, UK

=== 2017 ===

* ''Ụda olu'', rosenfeld porcini, London, UK
* ''1:54 Contemporary African Art Fair'', rosenfeld porcini solo booth, New York, USA
* ''Ihe osise dị na Art Contemporary'', rosenfeld porcini, London, UK

=== 2018 ===

* ''Anụ ụlọ, oriri na ọṅụṅụ, na cuddle'', rosenfeld porcini, London, UK
* ''Mweghachi!'' ''Ọrụ Pan-African sitere na mkpokọta Bet Rudin De Woody'' , Taubman Museum, Virginia, US

=== 2019 ===

* ''Na-atụgharị uche gbasara mmụọ na nka nke oge a'', rosenfeld porcini, London, UK

=== 2020 ===

* ''Ebe a dị ka eluigwe'', rosenfeld porcini '','' London, UK
* ''Queen: Site na mkpokọta CCH Pounder,'' The Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, Detroit, USA
* ''Xenia: Crossroads na Portrait Painting,'' Marianne Boesky Gallery, New York, NY

=== 2021 ===

* ''Ndidi Emefiele: Unconquerable,'' Retrospective at MoCADA, Brooklyn, NY, USA
* ''Okirikiri ala: site na mputa rue ime,'' gallery rosenfeld, London UK
* ''Anyị Ndị Ọzọ,'' Art na-ezute Art Contemporary Biennial, Timisoara, Romania
* ''Bold Black British,'' Christie's, London, UK
* ''Ụmụ amaala ma ọ bụ ebe nchekwa,'' gburugburu, London, UK

=== 2022 ===

* ''Ike,'' Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Germany

=== 2023 ===

* ''Onyinye mmekọ,'' rosenfeld porcini, London UK

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial jikọtara ya na akpụ</title>
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      <comment>/* Ọdịdị na-adịghị mma */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6133" sha1="rrgclcyikwc6jd2buntu3h7kuglis2c" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Visualization-of-tumor-related-blood-vessels-in-human-breast-by-photoacoustic-imaging-system-with-a-srep41970-s3.ogv|áká_ịkẹngạ|229x229px|Nlegharị anya nke akwara ọbara metụtara akpụ n'ime ara mmadụ]]
Mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial jikọtara akpụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ endot helial (TECs) na-ezo aka na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị n'akụkụ Akwara ọbara jikọtara akpụ nke na-achịkwa ịgafe nke ihe oriri n'ime anụ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dudley|first=Andrew C.|date=2012-03-01|title=Tumor Endothelial Cells|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=a006536|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a006536|issn=2157-1422|pmid=22393533}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụdị ọrịa kansa dị iche iche, a chọpụtala na akwara ọbara ndị metụtara akpụ dị iche iche na akwara jini nkịtị na ọdịdị, ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọrụ n'ụzọ na-akwalite ọganihu ọrịa kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7|pmid=10751361|volume=156|issue=4|date=April 2000|journal=Am. J. Pathol.|pages=1363–80|author=Hashizume|first=H}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Chunhua|date=2007-02-16|title=Gene Alterations Identified by Expression Profiling in Tumor-Associated Endothelial Cells from Invasive Ovarian Carcinoma|journal=Cancer Research|volume=67|issue=4|pages=1757–1768|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3700|pmid=17308118}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere mmasị dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa nke na-eji ihe ndị a na-adịghị mma nke endothelium jikọtara ya na akpụ iji bibie akpụ.[3]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ==
A na-edepụta mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial nke akpụ (TECs) iji gosipụta njirimara ọdịdị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ na-adịghị ike na projekshon saitoplasmic na-adịghị adị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ime akwara ọbara nkịtị, a maara na mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial na-emepụta otu ngongo na-ejikọta ọnụ na-enweghị mkpuchi, mana TECs na-emepụta otu ngongo na-enweghị nhazi na njikọ, na-agbakarị ma na-agbasa gafee lumen iji kpuchie ndị agbata obi ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hashizume|first=Hiroya|date=2017-04-21|title=Openings between Defective Endothelial Cells Explain Tumor Vessel Leakiness|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=156|issue=4|pages=1363–1380|doi=10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65006-7|issn=0002-9440|pmid=10751361}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na nke a, TECs na-egosi akara dị iche iche nke na-ekewapụ ha n'ụzọ doro anya na mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial. A na-akọwa karị akpu endotilium  dị ka mozaic n'ihi ngosipụta ya na-adịghị mma nke akara mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial ọdịnala (CD31 na CD105),  na-akwado ịdị adị nke oghere na-adịghị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ endotilial. [3]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=di Tomaso|first=Emmanuelle|date=2005-07-01|title=Mosaic tumor vessels: cellular basis and ultrastructure of focal regions lacking endothelial cell markers|journal=Cancer Research|volume=65|issue=13|pages=5740–5749|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4552|issn=0008-5472|pmid=15994949}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ọkwa anaghị ahụ anya , karịa ịhụ obere oghere mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ n'etiti TECs dị nso, akọwaala oghere dị ukwuu na mgbidi nke akpụ akwara ọbara[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A na-akọwa ọtụtụ akpụ site na ngosipụta dị elu nke vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nke bụ vasodilator siri ike. E gosipụtara na VEGF na-akpali ntolite na isi alaka na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial, na-eduga na otu ngongo endotheliel nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nagy|first=Janice A.|date=2007-01-01|title=VEGF-A and the induction of pathological angiogenesis|journal=Annual Review of Pathology|volume=2|pages=251–275|doi=10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.134925|issn=1553-4006|pmid=18039100}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na-akwado na mkpakọ nke akwara akpụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ akpụ gbara ya gburugburu na-ebute nrụgide na mgbanwe na ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Padera|first=Timothy P.|date=2004-02-19|title=Pathology: cancer cells compress intratumour vessels|journal=Nature|volume=427|issue=6976|pages=695|doi=10.1038/427695a|issn=1476-4687|pmid=14973470}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụwo aro na mgbanwe ndị a na-agafe agafe na-akpata ngosipụta na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọdịdị endothelial, nha, na ọdịiche dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=De Val|first=Sarah|date=2009-02-01|title=Transcriptional control of endothelial cell development|journal=Developmental Cell|volume=16|issue=2|pages=180–195|doi=10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.014|issn=1878-1551|pmid=19217421}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikarị perisaiti s na-akwado ya na-agba obere ọwa ọbara 

gburugburu nke na-enyere aka na nkwụsi ike nke ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hirschi|first=K. K.|date=1996-10-01|title=Pericytes in the microvasculature|journal=Cardiovascular Research|volume=32|issue=4|pages=687–698|issn=0008-6363|pmid=8915187|doi=10.1016/0008-6363(96)00063-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mfu nke ihe na-eto eto pericyte (PDGFB) na onye na-anabata ya na mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial bụ mgbanwe nke ọkwa nke nwere ike ịkọwa maka mfu a na-adịghị mma na nkwado perisaiti &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hellström|first=M.|date=2001-04-30|title=Lack of pericytes leads to endothelial hyperplasia and abnormal vascular morphogenesis|journal=The Journal of Cell Biology|volume=153|issue=3|pages=543–553|issn=0021-9525|pmid=11331305|doi=10.1083/jcb.153.3.543}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke pericytes gbara endothelium metụtara akpụ ahụ gburugburu ejikọtara ya na ọgba aghara nke akwara ọbara na leakiness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Baluk|first=Peter|date=2005-02-01|title=Cellular abnormalities of blood vessels as targets in cancer|journal=Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development|volume=15|issue=1|pages=102–111|doi=10.1016/j.gde.2004.12.005|pmid=15661540}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Edensibia==</text>
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{{Databox}}'''Nikole Sheri Hannah-Jones''' (amụrụ n'April 9, 1976) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.yale.edu/2018/04/02/writer-hannah-jones-discusses-black-education-desegregation-and-privilege|title=Writer Hannah-Jones discusses black education, segregation, and privilege|author=Deutch|first=Gabrielle|date=2018-04-02|work=Yale News|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/nhannahjones/status/1115587070196457472|title=It's my birthday today and I really want you to celebrate with me by watching this amazing documentary on Reconstruction that I had the honor of taking part in. And, yes, I was born on the anniversary of the end of the Civil War. I mean, of course.|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|date=2019-04-09|work=Twitter|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye nta akụkọ nyocha America, nke a maara maka mkpuchi ya banyere ikike obodo na United States. Ọ sonyeere ''The New York Times'' dị ka onye edemede na Eprel 2015, e nyere ya [[MacArthur Fellowship]] na 2017, wee merie [[Pulitzer Prize for Commentary]] na 2020 maka ọrụ ya na The 1619 Project . Hannah-Jones bụ [[Knight Chair]] nke mbụ na Race and Journalism na [[Howard University School]] Schoollọ akwụkwọ nkwukọrịta, ebe o mekwara Center for Journalism and Democracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/06/us/howard-university-nikole-hannah-jones-ta-nehisi-coates/index.html|title=Nikole Hannah-Jones declines UNC tenure position and will join Howard University|first=Leah|author=Asmelash|date=July 6, 2021|work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.howard.edu/newsroom/article/14641/two-iconic-writers-join-howard-university|title=Two Iconic American Writers Join Howard to Create a Center to Help Educate the Next Generation of Black Journalists|date=July 6, 2021|work=Howard Newsroom|accessdate=March 31, 2024|archivedate=July 10, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710041724/https://newsroom.howard.edu/newsroom/article/14641/two-iconic-writers-join-howard-university}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/press/press-releases/two-iconic-american-writers-join-howard-university-to-create-a-center-to-educate-the-next-generation-of-black-journalists|title=Two Iconic American Writers Join Howard University to Create the Center for Journalism and Democracy|date=July 6, 2021|work=[[MacArthur Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Hannah-Jones na [[Iowa]]&quot;, Iowa, nna ya bụ Milton Hannah, onye bụ onye Afrika Amerika, nne ya bụ Cheryl A. Novotny, onye [[Ndi ocha|ọcha]] na onye [[Chekia|Czech]] na onye England.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oregonian-2FacesBlackAmExp-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rede|first=George|title=Two faces of the black American experience|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/01/two_faces_of_the_black_america.html|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[The Oregonian]]|date=17 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hannah-Jones bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ ha nwanyị atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hagarty-Waychoff-Grarup-Father-Obit-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Life Legacy: Milton Hannah|url=http://www.hagartywaychoffgrarup.com/memsol.cgi?user_id=664092|work=Hagarty-Waychoff-Grarup|accessdate=22 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A zụlitere ya na Katọlik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|date=2021-12-25|title=Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/nhannahjones/status/1474739369131061252|accessdate=2022-07-20|work=Twitter|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hannah-Jones na nwanne ya nwanyị gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-abụkarị akụkụ nke mmemme afọ ofufo nke [[:en:Desegregation_busing|desegregation busing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ThisAmericanLife-ProblemWeAllLiveWith-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Glass|first=Ira|title=562: The Problem We All Live With|url=http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/562/transcript|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[This American Life]]|publisher=[[WBEZ]]|date=31 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara [[Waterloo West High School,]] ebe o dere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;NikoleHannahJones-About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About|url=http://nikolehannahjones.com/about/|work=Nikole Hannah-Jones|accessdate=22 March 2016|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522114903/http://nikolehannahjones.com/about/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Hannah-Jones gara Mahadum Notre Dame, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na [[Ákíkó mbu|akụkọ ihe mere eme]] na ọmụmụ African-American na 1998.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 1995, na nzaghachi nye otu isiokwu e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ Notre Dame nke kpọrọ ndị [[American Indian]] &quot;ndị obi ọjọọ&quot;, Hannah-Jones zara ya na edemede akpọrọ &quot;Savagery Modern.&quot; O kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọ na-esiri m ike ikwere na onye ọ bụla so n'agbụrụ ndị ọcha nwere ike inwe obi ike na ihu abụọ ịkpọ omenala ọ bụla ọzọ onye obi tara mmiri. Asọ ọcha bụ ogbu mmadụ, onye n'ike, onye na-apụnara mmadụ ihe na onye ohi n'ụwa nke oge a ... Mpụ ndị ha mere bụ nke obi ọjọọ na-enweghị isi na enwere ike ịkọwa ya dị ka omume nke ekwensu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Weitzmann|first=Marc|date=September 28, 2022|title=The Making of Nikole Hannah-Jones|work=[[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet]]|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/making-of-nikole-hannah-jones-waterloo-iowa-1619-project-new-york-times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke North Carolina Hussman School of Journalism and Media na nzere masta na 2003, ebe ọ bụ Roy H. Park Fellow . &lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard-JournalistsResource-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=McCoy|first=Nilagia|title=Investigating racial injustice with Nikole Hannah-Jones|url=http://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/news-media/investigating-racial-injustice-with-nikole-hannah-jones|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=Journalist's Resource|publisher=Harvard Kennedy School's Shorenstein Center|date=15 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harvard-InvestigatingRacialInjustice-Audio-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|title=Investigating Racial Injustice|url=https://soundcloud.com/harvard/nikole-hannah-jones-investigating-racial-injustice-shorenstein-center|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=Shorenstein Center|publisher=Harvard University|date=15 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:NikoleHannahJonesSpeakingWithAttendeesAtThirdPresbyterianChurchRochesterNewYork.jpg|thumb|Hannah-Jones na ndị bịara ya mgbe ha kwusịrị okwu na Rochester, New York]]
Na 2003, Hannah-Jones malitere ọrụ ya na-ekpuchi agụmakwụkwọ, nke gụnyere nke kachasị [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Ndị Afrịka na America]], maka Raleigh News &amp; Observer, ọkwá o nwere ruo afọ atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ThisAmericanLife-ProblemWeAllLiveWith-2015&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2006, Hannah-Jones kwagara [[Oregon]]&quot; Portland, Oregon, ebe o dere maka The Oregonian ruo afọ isii. N'oge a, ọrụ ya gụnyere ọrụ ngosi, ọnụọgụ mmadụ, na mgbe ahụ gọọmentị na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oregonian-2FacesBlackAmExp-2009&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2007, iji cheta ncheta afọ iri anọ nke Ọgba aghara Watts Hannah-Jones dere banyere mmetụta na obodo nke National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, nke a makwaara dị kaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerner40-Watts-2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|title=Part Three: Los Angeles/Watts – In 1965, Watts burned – and the people cheered|url=http://www.ifajs.org/events/spring08/Kerner40/Report.pdf|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=Kerner Plus 40 Report|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]'s [[Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania|Annenberg School for Communication]] and Center for Africana Studies &amp; the Institute for Advanced Journalism Studies at [[North Carolina A&amp;T State University]]|date=Spring 2008|pages=28–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 2008 ruo 2009, Hannah-Jones nwetara mkpakọrịta site na Institute for Advanced Journalism Studies nke nyere ya aka ịga Cuba ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ. nlekọta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ na usoro agụmakwụkwọ Cuba n'okpuru Raul Castro. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749d342c.html|title=Refworld &amp;#124; World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Cuba : Afro-Cubans|work=Refworld.org|accessdate=April 6, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IAJS-ClosingAchievmentGap-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|title=Stories Inside the Black-White Achievement Gap. Part 1: What it is and why it persists: Closing the achievement gap: A matter of national survival|url=http://www.ifajs.org/blackwhitegap/onesociety.html|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=Institute for Advanced Journalism Studies|date=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IAJS-CubanPremiumOnHealth-2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|title=Stories Inside the Black-White Achievement Gap. Part 3: Cuba: How all children learn in a mostly-black land: Cuban School Officials Put Premium On Health Of Students|url=http://www.ifajs.org/Cubaoct09/cubastudenthealth.html|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=Institute for Advanced Journalism Studies|date=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị uru ''ProPublica,'' nke dị na New York City, ebe ọ kpuchiri ikike obodo ma gaa n'ihu na nyocha ọ malitere na Oregon na redlining na nkọwa nyocha miri emi banyere enweghị mmanye nke Fair Housing Act maka ndị ka nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProPublica-Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Us: Nikole Hannah-Jones|url=https://www.propublica.org/site/author/nikole_hannah-jones|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[ProPublica]]|archivedate=30 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830150035/https://www.propublica.org/site/author/nikole_hannah-jones}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hannah-Jones nọrọ oge na [[Alabama]]&quot;Tuscaloosa, Alabama, ebe mkpebi ahụ na ''Brown v. Board of Education'' nwere mmetụta dị nta.&lt;ref name=&quot;DemocracyNow-JimCrowClassroom-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Shaikh|first=Nermeen|title=Jim Crow in the Classroom: New Report Finds Segregation Lives on in U.S. Schools|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2014/4/23/resegregation_of_american_students_new_report|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[Democracy Now]]|date=23 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Hannah-Jones ka ọ bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences na 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Members|url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2021|accessdate=2021-04-24|work=American Academy of Arts &amp; Sciences|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2022, Hannah-Jones na onye nkuzi Sheritta Stokes bidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ nnwere onwe 1619 na [[Iowa]]&quot; Waterloo Iowa, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke 1960s Ụlọ akwụkwọ nnwere onwe nke òtù ikike obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;publicinteg&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Inside the effort to make this city a better place for its Black residents|author=Smith Hopkins|first=Jamie|url=https://publicintegrity.org/inequality-poverty-opportunity/the-heist/1619-freedom-school-better-place-black-residents/|work=The Center For Public Integrity|date=March 8, 2022|accessdate=March 18, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe omume a bụ ụbọchị ise n'izu, awa abụọ maka agụmakwụkwọ maka mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ Waterloo maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;publicinteg&quot; /&gt;

=== ''The New York Times'' ===
Na 2015, Hannah-Jones ghọrọ onye nta akụkọ maka ndị ọrụ ''The New York Times'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes-JoinsNYT-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Silverstein|first=Jake|date=1 April 2015|title=Nikole Hannah-Jones Joins The New York Times Magazine|work=The New York Times Company|url=http://www.nytco.com/nikole-hannah-jones-joins-the-new-york-times-magazine/|accessdate=12 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hannah-Jones edeela banyere isiokwu ndị dị ka Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè na ịkpa ókè n'ụlọ akwụkwọ America &lt;ref name=&quot;ColumbiaJournalismReview-SegNow-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Oputu|first=Edirin|title=A laurel to ProPublica: A superlative investigative piece examines the resegregation of America's schools|url=https://www.cjr.org/minority_reports/a_laurel_to_propublica.php|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]|date=2 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ịkpa oke ụlọ, ma kwuola gbasara okwu ndị a na mgbasa ozi redio ọha nke mba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Grist-Gentrification-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|title=Gentrification doesn't fix inner-city schools|url=http://grist.org/cities/gentrification-doesnt-fix-inner-city-schools/|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[Grist (magazine)|Grist]]|date=27 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR-FairHousing-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Demby|first=Gene|title=A Battle For Fair Housing Still Raging, But Mostly Forgotten|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/12/01/248039354/a-battle-for-fair-housing-still-raging-but-mostly-forgotten|accessdate=22 March 2016|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=2 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;StarTribune-NABJ-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Howard|first=Marcus E.|title=Minnesota's achievement gap debated at NABJ conference|url=http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-s-achievement-gap-debated-at-nabj-conference/321150101/|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[Star Tribune]]|date=8 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ na-ede iji chọpụta ma kpughee ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na usoro na ụlọ ọrụ nke ọ na-ekwu na iwu na omume gọọmentị na-adịgide..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/insider/nikole-hannah-jones-macarthur-grant.html|title=A Chat With MacArthur Genius Nikole Hannah-Jones|author=Silverstein|first=Jake|date=2017-10-13|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-02-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ya na ahaghị nhata nke agbụrụ emetụtala nke ọma ma bụrụ nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'ọtụtụ ebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Longreads-Apostrophes-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|title='Apostrophes': Nikole Hannah-Jones on Race, Education and Inequality, at Longreads Story Night|url=http://blog.longreads.com/2015/11/05/apostrophes-nikole-hannah-jones-on-race-education-and-inequality-at-longreads-story-night/|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=Longreads Story Night|date=5 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hannah-Jones kọrọ banyere mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe a gbagburu onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma Michael Brown, otu n'ime &quot;mpaghara ndị a kacha kewapụ iche, ndị dara ogbenye na steeti ahụ dum&quot; nke Missouri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Essence-MichaelBrown-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|title=How the Media Missed the Mark in Coverage of Michael Brown's Killing|url=http://www.essence.com/2014/08/12/how-media-missed-mark-coverage-michael-brown's-killing|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|date=12 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS-MichaelBrown-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Jeffrey|title=Why school districts like Michael Brown's have suffered 'rapid resegregation'|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/school-districts-like-michael-browns-suffered-rapid-resegregation/|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|date=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye nyocha Laura Moser nke ''Slate'' toro akụkọ ya banyere re-separation ụlọ akwụkwọ, nke gosipụtara otu enweghị nhata agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike isi bụrụ ihe kpatara ọnwụ Brown.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slate-AnotherRacistTragedy-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Moser|first=Laura|title=There's Another Racist Tragedy in St. Louis That Nobody Talks About|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/schooled/2015/08/04/normandy_school_district_segregation_why_it_s_the_other_racist_tragedy_in.html|accessdate=22 March 2016|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=4 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nchebe nri na Chad</title>
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        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
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      <text bytes="9770" sha1="jkgbnjx8u3o2e8aar02wgfmvbynn9u5" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Agriculture_au_tchad.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Onye ọrụ ugbo na Chad. Ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na akụ na ụba Chad na-abụkarị ndị ọrụ ugbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview|title=Overview|work=World Bank|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Chad na-enwe ụkọ nri zuru ebe niile ugbu a.  Ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị bi na Chad na-enwezi ụdị erighị ihe na-edozí .  [1] 87% nke ndị bi na ya bi n'okpuru ahịrị ego.  [2] N'ihi na obodo a pịa nkụ, ekiri ala, na ọ na-enwekarị ụkọ mmiri mmiri, ọtụtụ ndị Chadi na-adogo igbo mkpa nri ha na-eri kwa ụbọchị.  [3] Ọ bụ ebe ahụ mba ụwa n'ime mba ahụ ewetala ụfọdụ ahụ efe, ọnọdụ dị na Chad ka dị njọ n'ihi ụnwụ nri ka ukwuu na mpaghara Sahel .  Asia nri ,ka ngwaọrụ nke na-emetụta ngwaọrụ [mba ndị dị na Sahel] n'  kwa dị iche iche, mmiri mmiri mmiri, dara ada.  owuwe ihe ubi na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke nri bụ isi emewo ka onyebịbịa 'oge adịghị mma' nke awụ a ngwa ngwa - nke na-ekwu okwu 2014.&quot; [4] Erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ dị elu, n'etiti ụmụ  ekere na n'anya, ebe ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe niile nọ na Chad na-ata ụdị n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke nkwutọ uto ma ọ bụ ekiri dị njọ n'ihi ya.  [5] Enweghị nchekwa nri bụ ihe akara nke akara obi sara mbara na Chad, nke na-enwe ọgba aghara siri ndị agha, ngwaahịa na agharechi.  nri nri ogologo oge na Chad.

== Ihe kpatara ya ==
[[Usòrò:Chad_nasa_satellite.png|thumb| Ọzara Sahara kpuchiri ọkara ugwu Chad, na-ebelata oke ala a na-akụ ahịhịa.]]

=== Environment na ọdịdị ala ===
Chad bụ mba mbụ nkụ, nke akara ala, nke ala-akpa Sahara na-achị, ebe ọ bụ naanị ndị nna dabara adaba maka itolite nri buru ibu.  [1] Enweghị ala ubi na- ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ Chadi na-ahụ nnukwu ihe isi ike n'ịkọ nri ga-ezuru onwe ha ma ọ bụ ọrụ, na-ebute ọrụ ugbo nke a na-achọ maka ihe kpatara eri eri.  nri dịka owu.  [2] Ọ bụrụ na ihe nke nta ka ọ 80% nke ndị ọrụ Chadian niile na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo, mana mmetụta uche na ihe eji ihe eri nri na nri ka nwere oke.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/chad_53158.html|title=Severe food shortages in western Chad lead to rising malnutrition in children {{!}} Chad {{!}} UNICEF|work=www.unicef.org|accessdate=2018-12-17|archivedate=2018-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202250/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/chad_53158.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www1.wfp.org/emergencies/sahel-emergency|title=Sahel emergency {{!}} World Food Programme|work=www1.wfp.org|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe ụmụ ndị Chad na-adịkwa mfe maka ndị sitere na ụmụ dị ka igurube, nke na-eto eto na ihu igwe cha cha cha.  N'ihi ụmụ obere ndị a, ọ bụghị nanị na ihe kpatara ndị Chad na-akụrụ awụ n'ala, kamakwa ha na- LEDre ndị ọrụ Chad na-enwekwu isi ihe ike site n'ịịn mfe ha ego.  Ọgbaghara a n'ahụ ugbo na-aga n'ihu na- mbi mbọ a na-eme iji ọnụ nri nri, yana mịka na ike ogbenye juru ebe niile na mba ahụ.

Ụnwụ ka ukwuu na mpaghara Sahel emeela ka okwu enweghị ụkọ nri na Chad ka njọ. Ihe ndị metụtara ihu igwe dị ka mbelata na oke mmiri ozuzo na-enweghị atụ na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ nke Chad site na nnukwu ego. Ọzara nke ala kpọrọ nkụ na mpaghara ndịda Chad na-emetụtakwa mmepụta nri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt; N'ihi ya, mgbe ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha dị ka mwakpo igurube zuru ebe niile ma ọ bụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo mpaghara na-emetụta ọrụ ugbo nke Chadi, ọnụ ahịa nri na-ebuli elu karịa ikike nke nkezi nwa amaala Chad iji kwụọ ụgwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www1.wfp.org/countries/chad|title=Chad {{!}} World Food Programme|work=www1.wfp.org|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdachi ndị a na-etinyekwa ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ime nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba, na-adaberekarị na enyemaka mba ọzọ nke mkpụrụ na ọka ka ha nọrọ n'ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview|title=Overview|work=World Bank|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview &quot;Overview&quot;]. ''World Bank''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-12-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akụ na ụba ===
Ịda ogbenye bụ isi ihe osisi oke nchekwa nri nri Chad.  Chad bụ otu n'ime mba ndị kasị daa ogbenye na mbara ala, yana ihe mmalite nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 9 n'ime mmadụ iri ọ ibe ụmụ amaala Chadi bi n'okpuru sub ogbenye.  [1] Dị ka Human Development Index si kwuo, Chad bụ 186th n'ime mba 188 dị ka nke 2017. [2] Ogbenye dị elu, na mgbakwunye na ọnụ nri dị elu n'ihi ụkọ, na-eme ka ọ na  -siriri ndị Chaịdi ike nri.  Na mgbakwunye, ihe isi ike dị n'ịzụta ma ọ bụ nri nri na Chad emeela ka ọnụ ahịa nri dị elu nke nkezi onye ọrụ nwewe ike ịkwụ ụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kemgbe Chad nwetara nnwere onwe site na France, mmepụta nri na mba ahụ ebelatala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mba Chad gụnyere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 200, yana nkewa n'etiti ndị Alakụba n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Ndị Kraịst, dịka nkewa okpukpe na Sudan na South Sudan gbara agbata obi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-16/world-food-day-350,000-people-in-chad-face-starvation/9055174|title=On World Food Day, 350,000 people in Chad face starvation|author=Barker|first=Anne|date=2017-10-16|work=ABC News|language=en-AU|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukperechi, na mgbakwunye na enweghị gọọmentị etiti siri ike, na-eme ka imepụta netwọkụ etiti nke nkesa nri siri ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/chad/food-assistance|title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Chad {{!}} Food Assistance {{!}} U.S. Agency for International Development|work=www.usaid.gov|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-17|archivedate=2018-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202233/https://www.usaid.gov/chad/food-assistance}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọtụtụ n'ime mba ahụ enweghị ọnụnọ gọọmentị, ndị agha ebo na-egbochikarị ndị otu enyemaka mba ụwa na-anwa ibubata nri. Ịga n'ihu na esemokwu dị ala na enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'ozuzu na-eme ka nnyefe enyemaka a pụrụ ịdabere na ya bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Ọnụọgụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/chad|title=Chad {{!}} Hunger Relief in Africa|date=2011-07-07|work=Action Against Hunger|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;Dị ka Global Hunger Index si kwuo, Chad bụ ugbu a 118th n'ime mba 119 tozuru oke, ikike nanị ndị agbata obi ya ndị, Central African Republic.  [1] A na-eme ciqaab na mmadụ 350,000 nọ na Chad na-eche agụụ na-agụsi ike.  [2] Na mgbakwunye, 87% nke ihe niile nọ na Chad na-ata ụdị n'ụdị erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, yana 45% na-ata sisite na uto.  [3] Ọ na-siriri ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ike akwụkwọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-ahụkwa akara ha n'ozuzu ha na ike akụ na aka ha.  [4] Broego erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na-adịkwa elu n'ime ime obodo nke obodo mepere emepe, n'ihi na obodo Chad si mma.

=== Ụlọ akụ ụwa ===
.akụ mba egwuregwu ụwa ụfọdụ nnukwu ego n'ịlụso nri na Chad ogụ.  akụ mba ụwa lekwasịrị anya n'ịgbasa maka nnweta nri na ngwa ọrụ ugbo.  Ozi nzaghachi nri na anụ ụlọ ihe yana oru ngo na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo na agbanwe agbanwe na ihu igwe.  [1] [2] Ọrụ ndị a na-anwa ileba anya na ụkọ nri dị n'oge ọ àlà maka ndị Chad, yana ọkụ ihu igwe nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na Chad zutere.
[[Usòrò:World_Food_Programme_Logo_Simple.svg|thumb| Mmemme nri ụwa na-etinye aka na nzaghachi maka ụkọ nri na Chad na mpaghara Sahel.]]
Mmemme nri mba ụwa na-arụ ọrụ iji gboo ụkọ nri na mpaghara ahụ, yana Chad karịsịa. Mmemme nri mba ụwa lekwasịrị anya karịsịa n'ịgbasa maka nnweta nri na ngwa ọrụ ugbo. Nde mmadụ 1.4 nọ na Chad ka a na-eji ihe enyemaka nri mberede na-akwado ugbu a site n'aka Mmemme Nri Ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye na mbọ ikesa nri, Mmemme nri ụwa na-enyefe ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad ego dabere na ego, iji kwalite ọrụ akụ na ụba na mpaghara ahụ. Mmemme nri mba ụwa na-enyekwa ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ 370,000 si Central African Republic na Sudan enyemaka nri nri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ iri na itoolu dị na Chad. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

USAID na-enye akụrụngwa iji nyere aka dozie erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ n'etiti ndị Chad. Ha na-enye enyemaka nri n'otu aka na mmemme nri ụwa iji kwado nkesa nri maka ndị Chad yana ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si Central African Republic na Sudan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Na mkpokọta, $62.9 nde enyemaka bụ ndị USAID nyere na mmefu ego n'afọ 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;Action Against Agụụ bụ ọrụ ebere nkeonwe na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na onyunyo iji nyere aka na-eme ụnwụ nri n'ofe ụwa.  Na Chad, ha ndị mmadụ 274,160 aka na 2017 iji zere nri na ngwaahịa, yana imeziwanye ọfịsdị mmiri dị ọcha na mmemme idebe ihe ọcha.  [1] Ọgba dị ukwuu na mba ahụ ịhapụla mba na ọnọdụ adịghị mma, nke na- mbọ ha na-eme iji ruo obodo ndị dị n'ime ime obodo nke mba ahụ.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>687287</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T12:21:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
        <id>19819</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Environment na ọdịdị ala */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9404" sha1="g4j1jhgof8rlhl8kzp6m59x54ff7mtk" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Agriculture_au_tchad.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Onye ọrụ ugbo na Chad. Ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na akụ na ụba Chad na-abụkarị ndị ọrụ ugbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview|title=Overview|work=World Bank|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Chad na-enwe ụkọ nri zuru ebe niile ugbu a.  Ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị bi na Chad na-enwezi ụdị erighị ihe na-edozí .  [1] 87% nke ndị bi na ya bi n'okpuru ahịrị ego.  [2] N'ihi na obodo a pịa nkụ, ekiri ala, na ọ na-enwekarị ụkọ mmiri mmiri, ọtụtụ ndị Chadi na-adogo igbo mkpa nri ha na-eri kwa ụbọchị.  [3] Ọ bụ ebe ahụ mba ụwa n'ime mba ahụ ewetala ụfọdụ ahụ efe, ọnọdụ dị na Chad ka dị njọ n'ihi ụnwụ nri ka ukwuu na mpaghara Sahel .  Asia nri ,ka ngwaọrụ nke na-emetụta ngwaọrụ [mba ndị dị na Sahel] n'  kwa dị iche iche, mmiri mmiri mmiri, dara ada.  owuwe ihe ubi na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke nri bụ isi emewo ka onyebịbịa 'oge adịghị mma' nke awụ a ngwa ngwa - nke na-ekwu okwu 2014.&quot; [4] Erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ dị elu, n'etiti ụmụ  ekere na n'anya, ebe ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe niile nọ na Chad na-ata ụdị n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke nkwutọ uto ma ọ bụ ekiri dị njọ n'ihi ya.  [5] Enweghị nchekwa nri bụ ihe akara nke akara obi sara mbara na Chad, nke na-enwe ọgba aghara siri ndị agha, ngwaahịa na agharechi.  nri nri ogologo oge na Chad.

== Ihe kpatara ya ==
[[Usòrò:Chad_nasa_satellite.png|thumb| Ọzara Sahara kpuchiri ọkara ugwu Chad, na-ebelata oke ala a na-akụ ahịhịa.]]

=== Environment na ọdịdị ala ===
Chad bụ mba mbụ nkụ, nke akara ala, nke ala-akpa Sahara na-achị, ebe ọ bụ naanị ndị nna dabara adaba maka itolite nri buru ibu.  [1] Enweghị ala ubi na- ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ Chadi na-ahụ nnukwu ihe isi ike n'ịkọ nri ga-ezuru onwe ha ma ọ bụ ọrụ, na-ebute ọrụ ugbo nke a na-achọ maka ihe kpatara eri eri.  nri dịka owu.  [2] Ọ bụrụ na ihe nke nta ka ọ 80% nke ndị ọrụ Chadian niile na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo, mana mmetụta uche na ihe eji ihe eri nri na nri ka nwere oke.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/chad_53158.html|title=Severe food shortages in western Chad lead to rising malnutrition in children {{!}} Chad {{!}} UNICEF|work=www.unicef.org|accessdate=2018-12-17|archivedate=2018-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202250/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/chad_53158.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www1.wfp.org/emergencies/sahel-emergency|title=Sahel emergency {{!}} World Food Programme|work=www1.wfp.org|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe ụmụ ndị Chad na-adịkwa mfe maka ndị sitere na ụmụ dị ka igurube, nke na-eto eto na ihu igwe cha cha cha.  N'ihi ụmụ obere ndị a, ọ bụghị nanị na ihe kpatara ndị Chad na-akụrụ awụ n'ala, kamakwa ha na- LEDre ndị ọrụ Chad na-enwekwu isi ihe ike site n'ịịn mfe ha ego.  Ọgbaghara a n'ahụ ugbo na-aga n'ihu na- mbi mbọ a na-eme iji ọnụ nri nri, yana mịka na ike ogbenye juru ebe niile na mba ahụ.

Ụnwụ ka ukwuu na mpaghara Sahel emeela ka okwu enweghị ụkọ nri na Chad ka njọ. Ihe ndị metụtara ihu igwe dị ka mbelata na oke mmiri ozuzo na-enweghị atụ na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ nke Chad site na nnukwu ego. Ọzara nke ala kpọrọ nkụ na mpaghara ndịda Chad na-emetụtakwa mmepụta nri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt; N'ihi ya, mgbe ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha dị ka mwakpo igurube zuru ebe niile ma ọ bụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo mpaghara na-emetụta ọrụ ugbo nke Chadi, ọnụ ahịa nri na-ebuli elu karịa ikike nke nkezi nwa amaala Chad iji kwụọ ụgwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www1.wfp.org/countries/chad|title=Chad {{!}} World Food Programme|work=www1.wfp.org|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdachi ndị a na-etinyekwa ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ime nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba, na-adaberekarị na enyemaka mba ọzọ nke mkpụrụ na ọka ka ha nọrọ n'ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụ na ụba ===
Ịda ogbenye bụ isi ihe osisi oke nchekwa nri nri Chad.  Chad bụ otu n'ime mba ndị kasị daa ogbenye na mbara ala, yana ihe mmalite nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 9 n'ime mmadụ iri ọ ibe ụmụ amaala Chadi bi n'okpuru sub ogbenye.  [1] Dị ka Human Development Index si kwuo, Chad bụ 186th n'ime mba 188 dị ka nke 2017. [2] Ogbenye dị elu, na mgbakwunye na ọnụ nri dị elu n'ihi ụkọ, na-eme ka ọ na  -siriri ndị Chaịdi ike nri.  Na mgbakwunye, ihe isi ike dị n'ịzụta ma ọ bụ nri nri na Chad emeela ka ọnụ ahịa nri dị elu nke nkezi onye ọrụ nwewe ike ịkwụ ụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Kemgbe Chad nwetara nnwere onwe site na France, mmepụta nri na mba ahụ ebelatala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Mba Chad gụnyere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 200, yana nkewa n'etiti ndị Alakụba n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke Ndị Kraịst, dịka nkewa okpukpe na Sudan na South Sudan gbara agbata obi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-16/world-food-day-350,000-people-in-chad-face-starvation/9055174|title=On World Food Day, 350,000 people in Chad face starvation|author=Barker|first=Anne|date=2017-10-16|work=ABC News|language=en-AU|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukperechi, na mgbakwunye na enweghị gọọmentị etiti siri ike, na-eme ka imepụta netwọkụ etiti nke nkesa nri siri ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/chad/food-assistance|title=Food Assistance Fact Sheet – Chad {{!}} Food Assistance {{!}} U.S. Agency for International Development|work=www.usaid.gov|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-17|archivedate=2018-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217202233/https://www.usaid.gov/chad/food-assistance}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọtụtụ n'ime mba ahụ enweghị ọnụnọ gọọmentị, ndị agha ebo na-egbochikarị ndị otu enyemaka mba ụwa na-anwa ibubata nri. Ịga n'ihu na esemokwu dị ala na enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'ozuzu na-eme ka nnyefe enyemaka a pụrụ ịdabere na ya bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Ọnụọgụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/chad|title=Chad {{!}} Hunger Relief in Africa|date=2011-07-07|work=Action Against Hunger|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;Dị ka Global Hunger Index si kwuo, Chad bụ ugbu a 118th n'ime mba 119 tozuru oke, ikike nanị ndị agbata obi ya ndị, Central African Republic.  [1] A na-eme ciqaab na mmadụ 350,000 nọ na Chad na-eche agụụ na-agụsi ike.  [2] Na mgbakwunye, 87% nke ihe niile nọ na Chad na-ata ụdị n'ụdị erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, yana 45% na-ata sisite na uto.  [3] Ọ na-siriri ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ike akwụkwọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-ahụkwa akara ha n'ozuzu ha na ike akụ na aka ha.  [4] Broego erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na-adịkwa elu n'ime ime obodo nke obodo mepere emepe, n'ihi na obodo Chad si mma.

=== Ụlọ akụ ụwa ===
.akụ mba egwuregwu ụwa ụfọdụ nnukwu ego n'ịlụso nri na Chad ogụ.  akụ mba ụwa lekwasịrị anya n'ịgbasa maka nnweta nri na ngwa ọrụ ugbo.  Ozi nzaghachi nri na anụ ụlọ ihe yana oru ngo na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo na agbanwe agbanwe na ihu igwe.  [1] [2] Ọrụ ndị a na-anwa ileba anya na ụkọ nri dị n'oge ọ àlà maka ndị Chad, yana ọkụ ihu igwe nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na Chad zutere.
[[Usòrò:World_Food_Programme_Logo_Simple.svg|thumb| Mmemme nri ụwa na-etinye aka na nzaghachi maka ụkọ nri na Chad na mpaghara Sahel.]]
Mmemme nri mba ụwa na-arụ ọrụ iji gboo ụkọ nri na mpaghara ahụ, yana Chad karịsịa. Mmemme nri mba ụwa lekwasịrị anya karịsịa n'ịgbasa maka nnweta nri na ngwa ọrụ ugbo. Nde mmadụ 1.4 nọ na Chad ka a na-eji ihe enyemaka nri mberede na-akwado ugbu a site n'aka Mmemme Nri Ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye na mbọ ikesa nri, Mmemme nri ụwa na-enyefe ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Chad ego dabere na ego, iji kwalite ọrụ akụ na ụba na mpaghara ahụ. Mmemme nri mba ụwa na-enyekwa ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ 370,000 si Central African Republic na Sudan enyemaka nri nri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ iri na itoolu dị na Chad. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

USAID na-enye akụrụngwa iji nyere aka dozie erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ n'etiti ndị Chad. Ha na-enye enyemaka nri n'otu aka na mmemme nri ụwa iji kwado nkesa nri maka ndị Chad yana ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si Central African Republic na Sudan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Na mkpokọta, $62.9 nde enyemaka bụ ndị USAID nyere na mmefu ego n'afọ 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;Action Against Agụụ bụ ọrụ ebere nkeonwe na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na onyunyo iji nyere aka na-eme ụnwụ nri n'ofe ụwa.  Na Chad, ha ndị mmadụ 274,160 aka na 2017 iji zere nri na ngwaahịa, yana imeziwanye ọfịsdị mmiri dị ọcha na mmemme idebe ihe ọcha.  [1] Ọgba dị ukwuu na mba ahụ ịhapụla mba na ọnọdụ adịghị mma, nke na- mbọ ha na-eme iji ruo obodo ndị dị n'ime ime obodo nke mba ahụ.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ịda ogbenye na Bulgaria</title>
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        <username>Apostel8</username>
        <id>64561</id>
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{{Databox}}'''Ịda ogbenye na Bulgaria''' bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Dị ka nke 2023 ahịrị ịda ogbenye bụ ego nke € 257 ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị otu ọnwa yana ihe dị ka nde ụmụ amaala Bulgarian 1.5 (22% nke ndị bi na ya) bi n'okpuru ahịrị ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Линията на бедност в България за 2023 г. ще е 504 лв.|url=https://www.investor.bg/a/517-pazar-na-truda/360524-liniyata-na-bednost-v-balgariya-za-2023-g-shte-e-504-lv|accessdate=2022-12-31|work=Investor.bg|language=bg}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Вдигат прага на бедност от догодина|url=https://nova.bg/news/view/2022/09/16/383096/%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0|accessdate=2022-12-31|work=nova.bg|language=bulgarian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Дневник|date=2019-04-30|title=Общо 1.5 млн. българи продължават да живеят под прага на бедността|url=https://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2019/04/30/3427063_prez_izminalata_godina_22_ot_naselenieto_e_bilo_pod/|accessdate=2020-07-03|work=Dnevnik|language=bg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka Eurostat si kwuo, dị ka nke 2017 23.4% nke ndị Bulgarian bi n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Статистически данни за бедността поради ниски доходи — Statistics Explained|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Income_poverty_statistics/bg&amp;oldid=286479|accessdate=2020-07-03|work=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Roma Gypsi Sinti kv. Filipovtsi кв. Филиповци Sofia Bulgaria 2026 IMG 9988.jpg|thumb|Filipovtsi, Sofia 2026]]

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Europe topic|Poverty in}}{{Poverty}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ndị na-emegide FARC</title>
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        <username>Chikwas</username>
        <id>56003</id>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com.co/judicial/disidencias-de-las-farc-un-blanco-cada-vez-mas-grande-para-las-fuerzas-armadas.html|title=Disidencias de las Farc, un 'blanco' cada vez más grande para las Fuerzas Armadas|first=Casa Editorial El País|author=Cali}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị ịhụnanya ndị FARC ( Spanish : Disidencias de las Farc ), ịdị ka Carlos Patiño Front, [1] bụ otu, bụbu nke Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), bụ ndị amị gbọ ogwe aka ha mgbe udo Colombia nche  .  Usoro nsogbu na 2016, ma ọ bụ ndị ọhụrụghachi ọgba aghara ha ma emesịa.  [2] N'afọ 2018, ndị aghandọrọ ahụ ruru ihe dị ka 2,000, [3] [4] ruo 2,500, ndị agha na-ebu agha na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agha agha na-ama na-akwado ha.  Ndị mgbagha FARC abụrụla &quot;isi ndị na-bụrụ elu&quot; maka ndị agha Colombia, n'ihi na ha ga-alụso ha ogụ, ndị agha akwụkwọ onwe (EPL), National Liberation Army (ELN), na Clan del Golfo n'otu  oge ahụ

Ndị mgbagha FARC bụ ndị kpatara ọtụtụ mwakpo wakporo ndị agha Colombia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2018/01/18/un-ataque-perpetrado-por-disidentes-de-las-farc-dejo-a-6-policias-heridos-en-colombia/|title=Un ataque perpetrado por disidentes de las FARC dejó a 6 policías heridos en Colombia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.caracoltv.com/colombia/policia-murio-en-ataque-atribuido-disidencia-de-farc-en-meta|title=Policía murió en ataque atribuido a disidencia de FARC en Meta - Noticias Caracol|date=25 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.prensa.com/mundo/policias-muertos-ataque-disidencia-FARC_0_4976502372.html|title=Dos policías muertos en ataque donde opera disidencia de las FARC|date=4 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekwenyere na ndị agha a na-etinye aka na mmepụta na ire cocaine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/la-historia-de-gentil-duarte-el-disidente-de-las-farc-mas-buscado-del-pais-articulo-747661|title=La historia de 'Gentil Duarte', el disidente de las Farc más buscado del país|work=El Espectador|date=2 April 2018|accessdate=23 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na June 2020, ekpughere na ọnụnọ nke ndị FARC dissidents na ugwu Antioquia kpalitere ọgụ ozugbo na Clan del Golfo nke a maara dị ka ''Operation Mil'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;farcclanwar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://caracol.com.co/emisora/2020/06/27/medellin/1593219073_729114.html|title=Disidencias despliegan &quot;comando antiparamilitar&quot; en el norte de Antioquia|date=27 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhazi ==

=== Ọchịchị na otu ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;headoffarc&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.rcnradio.com/politica/duque-pide-comandantes-de-la-fuerza-publica-capturar-o-dar-de-baja-alias-otoniel|title=Duque asks commanders of the Public Force to capture or kill alias Otoniel|first=Cynthia Vargas|author=Castillo|publisher=RCN Radio|date=October 15, 2020|accessdate=October 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị isi FARC bụ ndị isi ọkwa etiti dịka utu aha Gentil Duarte, alias Euclides Mora, alias Jhon 40, alias Giovanny Chuspas na utu aha Julián Chollo.  Ndị otu a agbaala mbọ ị nwetara ndị bi na Putumayo Province dị na Colombia ka ha wepụta pụta ha.  [1] N'October 15, 2020, Onye isi ala Colombia Iván Duque sere na onye otu ndị FARC ajụ ajụjụ nke aha ya bụ &quot;Cabuyo&quot; mara bụ onye isi ugbu a nke ndị FARC.

=== Ebe ===
Ndị edemede jụrụ nke FARC 1st Front dị na mbara ala ọmụmụ nke Colombia.  Jhon 40 na onye mgbandọrọ ha 43rd Front kwagara na steeti Amazonas nke ike Venezuela ebe ha nwere ike iso ndị otu Colombia ọrụ ọrụ.  Venezuela abụrụla izizi maka ọtụtụ ndị na-adịghị FARC.  Ndị aghandọrọ ndị ọzọ zoro n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Medellín .  [1] Na 2018, a kọrọ na Cabuyo dabere na ugwu nke Antioquia .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://colombiareports.com/leading-farc-dissident-groups/|title=Who are leading the FARC dissident groups and where|first=Adriaan|author=Alsema|publisher=Colombia Reports|date=March 3, 2018|accessdate=October 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu ndị a emeberela ụdị ọnọdụ n'ime ime obodo dara ogbenye nke na-egosi na enweghị steeti ha na-achị. Ha na-achịkwa esemokwu dị iche iche, dị ka ịgba alụkwaghịm na izu ohi, na-ahazi ọrụ ọha, na ịtụ ụtụ isi n'ihe omume akụ̀ na ụba. A machibidoro ịgba akwụna, ịgba chaa chaa na iji ọgwụ eme ihe. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bi na-ele ọnụnọ a anya nke ọma: &quot;FARC na-arụ ọrụ dị mma, n'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị mma. Gọọmenti na-eleda ha anya, ma n'ime obodo a, ị nwere ike ịlana na ego n'akpa gị, ọ na-adị mgbe niile mgbe Ị na-eteta n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ, ị ga-eteta n'enweghị ọbụna uwe gị.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cuffe|first=Juan Diego Quesada, Sandra|date=30 January 2023|title=Coca y sangre: la represión oculta del Ejército colombiano|url=https://elpais.com/america-colombia/2023-01-30/coca-y-sangre-la-represion-oculta-del-ejercito-colombiano.html|accessdate=|work=El País América Colombia|language=es-CO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebumnuche na echiche ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;return&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/18/world/americas/colombia-farc-peace.html?action=click&amp;module=In%20Other%20News&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;action=click&amp;module=News&amp;pgtype=Homepage|title=Colombia Struck a Peace Deal With Guerrillas — but Many Return to Arms|author=Nicholas Casey|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 September 2018|accessdate=18 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'agbanyeghị na-azọrọ na ha ka na-agba ọsọ echiche nke Leftist nke FARC, ọtụtụ ndị na-agbagha agbagha na- akpali akpali na mgba ha na-aga n'ihu mgbidi site na isi ike na-enye n'ime ọha mmadụ.  ,dị ichebe onwe ha n'aka òtù ndị agha ma ọ bụ mpụ ndị ọzọ, na njikọ mpụ.  Otu dị iche iche ga-abụ dị iche nke dị n'etiti òtù dị iche iche iche ọgwụ, na-akpa ụfọdụ na ịlụso ndị ọzọ ogbo.

== Ihe omume ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;REUTperu18&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Peru arrests more than 50 in anti-drug bust at Colombian border|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-colombia-drug-trafficking/peru-arrests-more-than-50-in-anti-drug-bust-at-colombian-border-idUSKBN1K704T|accessdate=18 July 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=16 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 15 Julaị 2018, ọgụ Colombia na Peruvian weputara ndị agha a na-akpọ Operation Armagedon iji lụso ndị FARC ogụ.  Peru nyere ọnọdụ ụbọchị 60 na Putumayo Province, mpaghara dị n'ókè Colombia na Ecuador.  N'ụbọchị mbụ, ejidere ihe ụmụaka 50 na ọrụ ahụ, nke ọtụtụ bụ ụmụ amaala Colombia, ebe a kwapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ cocaine anọ

Na 28 Julaị 2019, n'oge XXV São Paulo Forum na Caracas, Nicolás Maduro na ndị isi FARC-EP dissidents Iván Márquez na Jesús Santrich bụ &quot;anabatara&quot; na Venezuela na na São Paulo Forum na ọnọdụ na ha tọgbọrọ ogwe aka ha ha.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-28|title=Maduro dice que Iván Márquez y Jesús Santrich &quot;son bienvenidos&quot; a Venezuela|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20190729/463744522312/maduro-dice-que-ivan-marquez-y-jesus-santrich-son-bienvenidos-a-venezuela.html|accessdate=2021-04-04|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 26 June 2020, Clan del Golfo na ndị FARC ekwenyeghi na ha nọ na ọgụ ọgụ ozugbo na ugwu Antioquia nke a maara dị ka ''Operation Mil.'' Clan del Golfo, nke zipụrụ 1,000 n'ime ndị ọrụ ya site na Urabá, ndịda Cordoba na Chocó, na-atụ anya iwepu nkwenye FARC na ugwu Antioquia ma weghara obodo niile nke Ituango. &lt;ref name=&quot;farcclanwar&quot; /&gt;

Na 21 Ma ọchịchị 2021, ndị agha mba Bolivarian nke Venezuela malitere ọrụ agha buru ibu ndị na-adịghị FARC na Apure, Venezuela.  Ọgụ Apure 2021 ebutela nnukwu mgbapụ nke ihe ndị metụtara 5,000 na Colombia&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/02/world/americas/venezuela-colombia-military-campaign.html|title = 5,000 Flee as Venezuela Launches Largest Military Campaign in Decades|date = 2 April 2021|work=The New York Times|author=Turkewitz|first=Julie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 25 Mee 2022, ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi Colombia na Venezuelan kwadoro ọnwụ nke Miguel Botache Santillana, nke a na-akpọ Gentil Duarte, onye isi ndị isi nke ndị mgbagha FARC. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://caracol.com.co/radio/2022/05/25/judicial/1653457487_742118.html|title=Alias 'Gentil Duarte' habría muerto víctima de un atentado en Venezuela|work=Caracol Radio|date=25 May 2022|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọgba aghara 2021
* Ndị Republican Irish na-akpaghasị

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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    <title>Ndị isi ọgwụ ọjọọ</title>
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      <text bytes="6120" sha1="oqdr5aheeyg0abvqhely1sh7rjmbw01" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;decider&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2018/01/22/drug-lords-netflix-review/|title=Netflix's 'Drug Lords' Is A Cheat Sheet To Some Of The Worst Criminals In Modern History|work=Decider|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=July 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Drug Lords bụ 2018 American docu-usoro na-eme ndụ n'ezie na- ọgwụere na-ere ọgwụ na ndị eze dị ka Pablo Escobar, El Chapo, Cali Cartel, Frank Lucas na ihe Pettingill &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/drug-lords-netflix-review/|title='Drug Lords' tells the true-crime tales behind iconic movies|work=The Daily Dot|date=February 2018|accessdate=July 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;readysteadycut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://readysteadycut.com/2018/01/20/review-drug-lords/|title=Review - Netflix's Drug Lords - &quot;A Compelling Documentary Series.&quot;|work=Ready Steady Cut|date=20 January 2018|accessdate=July 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ndị nwe ọgwụ ike na-egosi katels na-ere ọgwụ na-eme n'ezie na ndị eze dị ka Pablo Escobar, El Chapo, Cali Cartel, Frank Lucas na Pettingill Clan site na ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere n'aka ndịiche, ndị òtù òtù na  ndị nta akụkọ nakwa dị ka ihe nkiri na-emeghachi omume nke ụfọdụ ihe omume  &lt;ref name=&quot;thedailydot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/drug-lords-netflix-review/|title='Drug Lords' tells the true-crime tales behind iconic movies|work=The Daily Dot|date=February 2018|accessdate=July 26, 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/drug-lords-netflix-review/ &quot;'Drug Lords' tells the true-crime tales behind iconic movies&quot;]. ''The Daily Dot''. February 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;readysteadycut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://readysteadycut.com/2018/01/20/review-drug-lords/|title=Review - Netflix's Drug Lords - &quot;A Compelling Documentary Series.&quot;|work=Ready Steady Cut|date=20 January 2018|accessdate=July 26, 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://readysteadycut.com/2018/01/20/review-drug-lords/ &quot;Review - Netflix's Drug Lords - &quot;A Compelling Documentary Series.&quot;&quot;]. ''Ready Steady Cut''. 20 January 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;July 26,&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkedo ==

* Justin van Dijk
* Quinn Dalton
* Jordan Lawson
* Razor Rocco Rizzotti
* Winter Dunn

== Ihe omume ==
{{Series overview|allreleased=y|color1=#000000|link1=#Season 1 (2018)|episodes1=4|start1={{Start date|2018|1|19}}|end1=start|color2=#FFFFFF|link2=#Season 2 (2018)|episodes2=4|start2={{Start date|2018|7|10}}|end2=start}}

=== Oge 1 (2018) ===
{{Episode table|background=#000000|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber       = 1
| EpisodeNumber2      = 1
| Title               = Pablo Escobar
| OriginalAirDate     = {{Start date|2018|1|19}}
| LineColor           = 000000
| ShortSummary        = Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar leads a horrific war against his own country until a team of politicians and police end his reign of terror.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber       = 2
| EpisodeNumber2      = 2
| Title               = The Cali Cartel
| OriginalAirDate     = {{Start date|2018|1|19}}
| LineColor           = 000000
| ShortSummary        = Gilberto and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela use violence and guile to turn the Cali Cartel into a $7 billion-per-year criminal operation.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber       = 3
| EpisodeNumber2      = 3
| Title               = Frank Lucas &amp; The Country Boys: Heroin Kings of New York
| OriginalAirDate     = {{Start date|2018|1|19}}
| LineColor           = 000000
| ShortSummary        = Frank Lucas does whatever it takes to become – and remain – the heroin king of New York. Meanwhile, three dedicated cops vow to bring him down.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber       = 4
| EpisodeNumber2      = 4
| Title               = The Pettingill Clan: Australia’s Heroin Dynasty
| OriginalAirDate     = {{Start date|2018|1|19}}
| LineColor           = 000000
| ShortSummary        = A mother and her sadistic boys rule the Australian underworld until the eldest son's addiction hastens the family's downfall.
}}}}

=== Oge 2 (2018) ===
{{Episode table|background=#FFFFFF|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber       = 5
| EpisodeNumber2      = 1
| Title               = El Chapo
| OriginalAirDate     = {{Start date|2018|7|10}}
| LineColor           = FFFFFF
| ShortSummary        = After idolizing drug lords as a child, Joaquín &quot;El Chapo&quot; Guzmán becomes one of history's most notorious kingpins, known for his audacious escapes.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber       = 6
| EpisodeNumber2      = 2
| Title               = Jemeker Thompson: Crack Queen of L.A
| OriginalAirDate     = {{Start date|2018|7|10}}
| LineColor           = FFFFFF
| ShortSummary        = Once the undisputed crack queen of LA, Jemeker Thompson speaks about her unorthodox reign and how her maternal instinct led to her downfall.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber       = 7
| EpisodeNumber2      = 3
| Title               = Christopher Coke: Jamaica’s Narco Prince
| OriginalAirDate     = {{Start date|2018|7|10}}
| LineColor           = FFFFFF
| ShortSummary        = Driven by an all-consuming desire for power, Jamaica's Christopher Coke considers himself a modern-day Robin Hood -- until authorities take him down.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber       = 8
| EpisodeNumber2      = 4
| Title               = Klaas Bruinsma: Europe’s Hash King
| OriginalAirDate     = {{Start date|2018|7|10}}
| LineColor           = FFFFFF
| ShortSummary        = Thought by many to be a pushover due to his boyish looks and wealthy upbringing, Klaas Bruinsma proves himself a sadistic and sinister drug lord.
}}}}

== Hapụ ==
Usoro usoro na Jenụwarị 19, 2018 na Netflix

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Drug Lords on Netflix  
* {{IMDb title|7935522}}
* Drug Lords at Rotten Tomatoes
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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    <title>N'ime Ezigbo Narcos</title>
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 &lt;ref name=&quot;decider&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2018/12/14/inside-the-real-narcos-on-netflix-stream-it-or-skip-it/|title=Stream It Or Skip It: 'Inside The Real Narcos' On Netflix, A Docuseries About The Latin American Drug Trade|work=Decider|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'ime Real Narcos bụ usoro ihe nkiri nkiri na-egosi onye bụbu onye otu ndị agha esemokwu nke Britain Jason Fox .  Ọ na-esote ezigbo narcos na-ere ọgwụ na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Colombia]] na Peru &lt;ref name=&quot;thetimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/tv-review-meet-the-drug-lords-inside-the-real-narcos-succession-kddjdsvsx|title=TV review: Meet the Drug Lords — Inside the Real Narcos; Succession|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=July 28, 2019|author=Tate|first=Gabriel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe obibi ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;bustle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/will-inside-the-real-narcos-return-british-host-jason-fox-goes-into-the-depths-of-the-latin-american-drug-trade-15517779|title=Will 'Inside the Real Narcos' Return? British Host Jason Fox Goes Into the Depths of the Latin American Drug Trade|work=Bustle|date=14 December 2018|accessdate=July 28, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'ime Real Narcos mbụ onye bụbu onye òtù British Special Forces Jason Fox, na-esokwa ezigbo narcos na-eme aha ọgwụ na Mexico, Colombia na [[Peru]], na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị òtù ọgwụ na Latin America.  

== Nkedo ==

* Jason Fox

== Hapụ ==

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Inside the Real Narcos on Netflix  
* {{IMDb title|9437310}}
* Inside the Real Narcos at Rotten Tomatoes
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
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{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Edwin_Long_-_A_Dorcas_meeting_in_the_6th_century_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Nzukọ Edwin Long na ''Dorcas na narị afọ nke isii'' (esere 1873–1877) na-eche echiche banyere ọha Dorcas nke oge ochie .]]
'''Otu Dọkas''' bụ otu ndị mmadụ nọ n'ime obodo, na-emekarị na [[Ulo uka|chọọchị]], na-enwekwa ọrụ nke inye ndị ogbenye uwe.  Dọkas (nke a na-akpọkwa Tabita), bụ́ onye a kọwara n’Ọrụ Ndịozi ( 9:36 aha òtù Dọkas aha.&lt;/link&gt; ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Lockyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lockyer|first=Herbert|title=All the women of the Bible|year=1967|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=0310281512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YrW3bxxGAsC&amp;pg=PA46|pages=46–48}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Achtemeier&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Elizabeth|author=Achtemeier|title=Preaching and Reading the Old Testament Lessons, Volume 3|year=2003|publisher=CSS Publishing|isbn=0788019430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c835f6_7UDUC&amp;pg=PA123|authorlink=Elizabeth Achtemeier}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Dorcas nọ n'ogo ha na 1800s, &lt;ref name=&quot;Richmond&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Vivienne|author=Richmond|title=Clothing the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107042275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf6aAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana a ka nwere ndị Dorcas gburugburu ụwa, na-enye uwe na mkpa anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lockyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lockyer|first=Herbert|title=All the women of the Bible|year=1967|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=0310281512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YrW3bxxGAsC&amp;pg=PA46|pages=46–48}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLockyer1967&quot;&gt;Lockyer, Herbert (1967). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Achtemeier&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Elizabeth|author=Achtemeier|title=Preaching and Reading the Old Testament Lessons, Volume 3|year=2003|publisher=CSS Publishing|isbn=0788019430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c835f6_7UDUC&amp;pg=PA123|authorlink=Elizabeth Achtemeier}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAchtemeier2003&quot;&gt;[[Elizabeth Achtemeier|Achtemeier, Elizabeth]] (2003). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E hiwere otu obodo Dorcas na Douglas, Isle of Man, na Disemba 1834 dị ka akụkụ nke ekele obodo maka a napụtara ha site na ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Man&quot;&gt;[http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/history/poor/dorcas.htm Isle of Man Dorcas Society]&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ozi ala ọzọ hiwere obodo Dorcas ndị ọzọ na America na mbido 1800s. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Rosemary|author=Keller|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Women and religion: methods of study and reflection|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=025334686X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC&amp;pg=PA245}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Elizabeth Jane|author=Errington|title=Wives and Mothers, School Mistresses and Scullery Maids: Working Women in Upper Canada, 1790-1840|year=1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=0773513094|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alBZ4U94_FgC&amp;pg=PA174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beatrice Clugston tọrọ ntọala Glasgow Royal Dorcas Society na 1864. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rochester&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Colin Rochester|title=Understanding the Roots of Voluntary Action: Historical Perspectives on Current Social Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09D1-a08tPQC&amp;pg=PA142|year=2011|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-424-6|pages=142–}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ewan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth L. Ewan|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs6qBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA77|date=8 March 2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2660-1|pages=77–}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Glasgow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Beatrice Clugston (1827-1888)|publisher=TheGlasgowStory|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA00112|accessdate=2021-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu onye England Dorcas Society na Sydenham, London, zutere n'oge Tuesday ise na Lent, na-emepụta uwe 166 n'ime otu afọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Richmond&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Vivienne|author=Richmond|title=Clothing the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107042275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf6aAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dorcas Society na St Paul Chapel of Trinity Church Parish, New York City, hiwere na 1850; Ụlọ ụka Atọ n'Ime Otu ọzọ, St John's, nwekwara otu Dorcas Society; Ha abụọ nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na parish uwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Appleton's Dictionary of New York and Vicinity|publisher=[[D. Appleton &amp; Company]]|location=New York City|year=1896|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lesTAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA227|accessdate=4 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hiwere Dorcas Society of Maine na 1897 site na Kate Douglas Wiggin dika Dorcas Society of Hollis &amp; Buxton, Maine. &lt;ref name=&quot;maine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dorcassocietyme.org/|title=The Dorcas Society of Maine}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dorcas Society of Maine ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-enye agụmakwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na onyinye ebere n'ime obodo ya.

== Hụkwa ==

* African Dorcas Association, otu Dorcas Society nke New York City nke narị afọ nke 19
* Ozi ahụike Dorcas
* okirikiri ịkwa akwa

== Edensibia ==
Society na 1864.    Otu onye England Dorcas Society na Sydenham, London, zutere n'oge Tuesday ise na Lent, na-emepụta uwe{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <id>687358</id>
      <parentid>687355</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:17:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Senator Choko</username>
        <id>13011</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Edwin_Long_-_A_Dorcas_meeting_in_the_6th_century_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Nzukọ Edwin Long na ''Dorcas na narị afọ nke isii'' (esere 1873–1877) na-eche echiche banyere ọha Dorcas nke oge ochie .]]
'''Otu Dọkas''' bụ otu ndị mmadụ nọ n'ime obodo, na-emekarị na [[Ulo uka|chọọchị]], na-enwekwa ọrụ nke inye ndị ogbenye uwe.  Dọkas (nke a na-akpọkwa Tabita), bụ́ onye a kọwara n’Ọrụ Ndịozi ( 9:36 aha òtù Dọkas aha.&lt;/link&gt; ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Lockyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lockyer|first=Herbert|title=All the women of the Bible|year=1967|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=0310281512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YrW3bxxGAsC&amp;pg=PA46|pages=46–48}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Achtemeier&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Elizabeth|author=Achtemeier|title=Preaching and Reading the Old Testament Lessons, Volume 3|year=2003|publisher=CSS Publishing|isbn=0788019430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c835f6_7UDUC&amp;pg=PA123|authorlink=Elizabeth Achtemeier}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Dorcas nọ n'ogo ha na 1800s, &lt;ref name=&quot;Richmond&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Vivienne|author=Richmond|title=Clothing the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107042275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf6aAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana a ka nwere ndị Dorcas gburugburu ụwa, na-enye uwe na mkpa anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Achtemeier&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Elizabeth|author=Achtemeier|title=Preaching and Reading the Old Testament Lessons, Volume 3|year=2003|publisher=CSS Publishing|isbn=0788019430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c835f6_7UDUC&amp;pg=PA123|authorlink=Elizabeth Achtemeier}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAchtemeier2003&quot;&gt;[[Elizabeth Achtemeier|Achtemeier, Elizabeth]] (2003). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E hiwere otu obodo Dorcas na Douglas, Isle of Man, na Disemba 1834 dị ka akụkụ nke ekele obodo maka a napụtara ha site na ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Man&quot;&gt;[http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/history/poor/dorcas.htm Isle of Man Dorcas Society]&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ozi ala ọzọ hiwere obodo Dorcas ndị ọzọ na America na mbido 1800s. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Rosemary|author=Keller|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Women and religion: methods of study and reflection|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=025334686X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC&amp;pg=PA245}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Elizabeth Jane|author=Errington|title=Wives and Mothers, School Mistresses and Scullery Maids: Working Women in Upper Canada, 1790-1840|year=1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=0773513094|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alBZ4U94_FgC&amp;pg=PA174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beatrice Clugston tọrọ ntọala Glasgow Royal Dorcas Society na 1864. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rochester&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Colin Rochester|title=Understanding the Roots of Voluntary Action: Historical Perspectives on Current Social Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09D1-a08tPQC&amp;pg=PA142|year=2011|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-424-6|pages=142–}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ewan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth L. Ewan|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs6qBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA77|date=8 March 2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2660-1|pages=77–}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Glasgow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Beatrice Clugston (1827-1888)|publisher=TheGlasgowStory|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA00112|accessdate=2021-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu onye England Dorcas Society na Sydenham, London, zutere n'oge Tuesday ise na Lent, na-emepụta uwe 166 n'ime otu afọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Richmond&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Vivienne|author=Richmond|title=Clothing the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107042275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf6aAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dorcas Society na St Paul Chapel of Trinity Church Parish, New York City, hiwere na 1850; Ụlọ ụka Atọ n'Ime Otu ọzọ, St John's, nwekwara otu Dorcas Society; Ha abụọ nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na parish uwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Appleton's Dictionary of New York and Vicinity|publisher=[[D. Appleton &amp; Company]]|location=New York City|year=1896|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lesTAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA227|accessdate=4 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hiwere Dorcas Society of Maine na 1897 site na Kate Douglas Wiggin dika Dorcas Society of Hollis &amp; Buxton, Maine. &lt;ref name=&quot;maine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dorcassocietyme.org/|title=The Dorcas Society of Maine}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dorcas Society of Maine ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-enye agụmakwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na onyinye ebere n'ime obodo ya.

== Hụkwa ==

* African Dorcas Association, otu Dorcas Society nke New York City nke narị afọ nke 19
* Ozi ahụike Dorcas
* okirikiri ịkwa akwa

== Edensibia ==
Society na 1864.    Otu onye England Dorcas Society na Sydenham, London, zutere n'oge Tuesday ise na Lent, na-emepụta uwe{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <id>687360</id>
      <parentid>687358</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Senator Choko</username>
        <id>13011</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Edwin_Long_-_A_Dorcas_meeting_in_the_6th_century_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Nzukọ Edwin Long na ''Dorcas na narị afọ nke isii'' (esere 1873–1877) na-eche echiche banyere ọha Dorcas nke oge ochie .]]
'''Otu Dọkas''' bụ otu ndị mmadụ nọ n'ime obodo, na-emekarị na [[Ulo uka|chọọchị]], na-enwekwa ọrụ nke inye ndị ogbenye uwe.  Dọkas (nke a na-akpọkwa Tabita), bụ́ onye a kọwara n’Ọrụ Ndịozi ( 9:36 aha òtù Dọkas aha.&lt;/link&gt; ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Lockyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lockyer|first=Herbert|title=All the women of the Bible|year=1967|publisher=Zondervan|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=0310281512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YrW3bxxGAsC&amp;pg=PA46|pages=46–48}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Achtemeier&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Elizabeth|author=Achtemeier|title=Preaching and Reading the Old Testament Lessons, Volume 3|year=2003|publisher=CSS Publishing|isbn=0788019430|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c835f6_7UDUC&amp;pg=PA123|authorlink=Elizabeth Achtemeier}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo Dorcas nọ n'ogo ha na 1800s, &lt;ref name=&quot;Richmond&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Vivienne|author=Richmond|title=Clothing the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107042275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf6aAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana a ka nwere ndị Dorcas gburugburu ụwa, na-enye uwe na mkpa anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Achtemeier&quot; /&gt;

E hiwere otu obodo Dorcas na Douglas, Isle of Man, na Disemba 1834 dị ka akụkụ nke ekele obodo maka a napụtara ha site na ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Man&quot;&gt;[http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/history/poor/dorcas.htm Isle of Man Dorcas Society]&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ozi ala ọzọ hiwere obodo Dorcas ndị ọzọ na America na mbido 1800s. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Rosemary|author=Keller|title=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Women and religion: methods of study and reflection|year=2006|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=025334686X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoJrHDirVQUC&amp;pg=PA245}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Elizabeth Jane|author=Errington|title=Wives and Mothers, School Mistresses and Scullery Maids: Working Women in Upper Canada, 1790-1840|year=1995|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=0773513094|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alBZ4U94_FgC&amp;pg=PA174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beatrice Clugston tọrọ ntọala Glasgow Royal Dorcas Society na 1864. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rochester&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Colin Rochester|title=Understanding the Roots of Voluntary Action: Historical Perspectives on Current Social Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=09D1-a08tPQC&amp;pg=PA142|year=2011|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-84519-424-6|pages=142–}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ewan&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth L. Ewan|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zs6qBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA77|date=8 March 2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-2660-1|pages=77–}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Glasgow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Beatrice Clugston (1827-1888)|publisher=TheGlasgowStory|url=http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA00112|accessdate=2021-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu onye England Dorcas Society na Sydenham, London, zutere n'oge Tuesday ise na Lent, na-emepụta uwe 166 n'ime otu afọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Richmond&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Vivienne|author=Richmond|title=Clothing the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1107042275|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hf6aAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA216}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dorcas Society na St Paul Chapel of Trinity Church Parish, New York City, hiwere na 1850; Ụlọ ụka Atọ n'Ime Otu ọzọ, St John's, nwekwara otu Dorcas Society; Ha abụọ nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na parish uwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Appleton's Dictionary of New York and Vicinity|publisher=[[D. Appleton &amp; Company]]|location=New York City|year=1896|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lesTAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA227|accessdate=4 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hiwere Dorcas Society of Maine na 1897 site na Kate Douglas Wiggin dika Dorcas Society of Hollis &amp; Buxton, Maine. &lt;ref name=&quot;maine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dorcassocietyme.org/|title=The Dorcas Society of Maine}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dorcas Society of Maine ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-enye agụmakwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na onyinye ebere n'ime obodo ya.

== Hụkwa ==

* African Dorcas Association, otu Dorcas Society nke New York City nke narị afọ nke 19
* Ozi ahụike Dorcas
* okirikiri ịkwa akwa

== Edensibia ==
Society na 1864.    Otu onye England Dorcas Society na Sydenham, London, zutere n'oge Tuesday ise na Lent, na-emepụta uwe{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>National Commission for Competition Defense</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>687366</id>
      <parentid>159645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chukwuziterem</username>
        <id>12950</id>
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      <text bytes="4901" sha1="05s724wi85mx6bad9al7f8k0ql7xpvx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''National Commission for Competition Defence''' ( Spanish   '''CNDC''' ) bụ [[Onye na-achịkwa asọmpi|ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka asọmpi asọmpi]] na [[Argentina]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-07-24|title=Competition &amp; Consumer Protection Authorities Worldwide|url=https://www.ftc.gov/policy/international/competition-consumer-protection-authorities-worldwide|accessdate=2021-09-25|work=Federal Trade Commission|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; CNDC na-arụ ọrụ n'ime Ministry of Productive Development ma na-arụ ọrụ na -egbochi omume asọmpi na akụ na ụba Argentine.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere CNDC na August 1, 1980 na ''Iwu 22,262'', ebe e mepụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ yiri iwu asọmpi European dị ka e kwuru na Treaty nke Rome . N'okpuru ''Iwu 22,262'', imebi iwu asọmpi Argentine bụ mmebi iwu nke ụlọ ikpe mpụ na-enyocha ya. N'ime 1990s, ndị nnwere onwe akụ na ụba na-arụrịta ụka na ''Iwu 22,262'' bụ ihe ochie, ma kwalite maka nnabata nke ''Iwu asọmpi Argentine'' ( ''Iwu 25,156'', ACL).

A nakweere ACL na 1994 wee wepụ ohere nke ebubo mpụ megide ndị mebiri iwu asọmpi. Kama, o mepụtara ahụ ọhụrụ, ''National Tribunal for Defence of Competition'' ( Spanish  &lt;/link&gt; , TDC) ilekọta mmebi iwu asọmpi ntaramahụhụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Competition Review - The Antitrust Review of the Americas|url=https://globalcompetitionreview.com/review/the-antitrust-review-of-the-americas/the-antitrust-review-of-the-americas-2011/article/argentina-overview|accessdate=2021-09-25|work=globalcompetitionreview.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka nke 2020, oge ikpeazụ CNDC gbochiri njikọta bụ 2007, afọ iri na atọ tupu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Competition Review - Enforcer Hub|url=https://globalcompetitionreview.com/insight/enforcer-hub/2020/organization-profile/argentina-national-commission-competition-defence|accessdate=2021-09-25|work=globalcompetitionreview.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2018, e mere iwu iji mepụta otu ọhụrụ iji dochie CNDC, National Competition Authority ( Spanish  &lt;/link&gt; , NCA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Otra vez la Autoridad de Defensa de la Competencia (a raíz del dictado de la Resol. 527/2020 del Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo)|url=https://www.abogados.com.ar/otra-vez-la-autoridad-de-defensa-de-la-competencia-a-raiz-del-dictado-de-la-resol-5272020-del-ministerio-de-desarrollo-productivo/26965|accessdate=2021-09-25|work=Abogados.com.ar|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, dị ka nke 2021, ahụ a amalitebeghị ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
CNDC na-ahụ maka &quot;ichekwa asọmpi megide ụdị ọ bụla nke mgbagha ahịa&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Competition Defense Law In Argentina - Anti-trust/Competition Law - Argentina|url=https://www.mondaq.com/argentina/antitrust-eu-competition-/713486/competition-defense-law-in-argentina|accessdate=2021-09-25|work=www.mondaq.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; dị ka akọwapụtara na Nkeji edemede 42 nke Iwu . CNDC na-akwado maka ọdịmma ndị na-azụ ahịa n'okpuru echiche na akụ na ụba ahịa asọmpi na-eduga n'ịdị elu nke ngwaahịa na ọrụ na ihe ọhụrụ. Ndị CNDC na-ahụ maka nyochaa mmebi iwu nke asọmpi n'ahịa ụfọdụ na ime ihe mmanye na-esote iji kwụsị àgwà asọmpi.

== Ndị otu ==
CNDC bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na ndị otu anọ. Ndị otu ahụ na-eje ozi afọ anọ, dabere na mmeghari ohuru. Na mgbakwunye na ndị ọrụ a, CNDC na-ejikwa ndị ọrụ 91, gụnyere ndị ọka iwu 40 na ndị ọrụ akụ na ụba 25. N'ime afọ 2020, mmefu ego ụlọ ọrụ na-eme kwa afọ ruru nde pesos 65.4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Competition Review - Enforcer Hub|url=https://globalcompetitionreview.com/insight/enforcer-hub/2020/organization-profile/argentina-national-commission-competition-defence|accessdate=2021-09-25|work=globalcompetitionreview.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rodrigo Luchinsky, onye bụbu prọfesọ iwu na Mahadum Buenos Aires bụ onye jereburu ozi dị ka Undersecretary of Security n'okpuru Onye isi ala Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pena|first=Julian|date=2020-05-31|title=Antitrust Developments in Argentina|url=https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/antitrust-developments-in-argentina/|accessdate=2021-09-25|work=Competition Policy International|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2023, Onye isi ala Javier Milei họpụtara onye ọka mmụta akụ na ụba Alexis Pirchio ka ọ duo ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=CPI|date=2024-01-31|title=Argentina Appoints New Head Of Competition Commission|url=https://www.pymnts.com/cpi_posts/argentina-appoints-new-head-of-competition-commission/|accessdate=2024-02-12|work=PYMNTS.com - What's next in payments and commerce|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ndebanye aha asambodo ike na-agbanwe agbanwe</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3131" sha1="5j9pd00m8p70u67szhqtd7lhpabkhee" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Ndebanye aha Asambodo Energy Renewable''' ( '''REC-registry''' ) bụ usoro ndekọ aha dabere na ịntanetị na Australia maka asambodo ume ọhụrụ (RECs). Ọ bụrụ na otu ụlọ ọrụ Ọstrelia wụnye nrụnye [[Ike na-adịgide adịgide|ike ndụ ndụ]] (ike anyanwụ, ike ikuku, wdg), ha nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ maka REC iji kwụsị oriri nke mmanụ ọkụ .

Emebere ndekọ REC site n'iwu Australian Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (omume), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/comlaw/Legislation/ActCompilation1.nsf/0/8994EB68074BFB4CCA257590000D85C9?OpenDocument|title=Delayed Redirect|work=www.legislation.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-elekọta ya site na Ọcha Energy Regulator .

Ndebanye aha REC:

* na-eme ka imepụta, ndebanye aha, nyefee na nyefee asambodo ọgbọ buru ibu (LGCs) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tradeingreen.com.au/lgcs.html#:~:text=Large+Scale+Generation+Certificates+(LGCs)+Accredited+renewable+energy,to+one+megawatt+hour+of+eligible+renewable+electricity.|title=Trading of Large Scale Generation Certificates LGC|work=www.tradeingreen.com.au|accessdate=2024-04-12|archivedate=2021-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726053621/https://www.tradeingreen.com.au/lgcs.html#:~:text=Large+Scale+Generation+Certificates+(LGCs)+Accredited+renewable+energy,to+one+megawatt+hour+of+eligible+renewable+electricity.}}&lt;/ref&gt; na asambodo teknụzụ obere obere (STCs)], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apricus.com.au/what-are-stcs-small-scale-technology-certificates/|title=What are Small Scale Technology Certificates-STCS &amp;#124; Apricus Australia|first=Author Apricus|author=Australia|date=April 9, 2014|accessdate=April 12, 2024|archivedate=July 26, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726053620/https://apricus.com.au/what-are-stcs-small-scale-technology-certificates/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* soro nwe na ọkwa nke asambodo niile,
* na-enye ohere ịnweta ụlọ mkpochapụ STC, na
* na-edobe akwụkwọ ndekọ ọha dị iche iche dịka iwu chọrọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rec-registry.gov.au/rec-registry/app/home|title=REC Registry home|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Clean Energy|author=Register|work=www.rec-registry.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tupu 1 Jenụwarị 2011, usoro bụ isi na ebumnuche ume ọhụrụ (RET) bụ asambodo ume ọhụrụ (REC). Site na 1 Jenụwarị 2011 REC kewara n'ime asambodo teknụzụ pere mpe (STCs) na asambodo ọgbọ buru ibu (LGCs). A ka na-eji REC dị ka okwu izugbe na-ekpuchi ma STC na LGC.

Asambodo niile ga-emerịrị n'ime ndekọ REC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rec-registry.gov.au/rec-registry/app/home#:~:text=The+REC+Registry+is+an+online+system+that:,provides+access+to+the+STC+clearing+house,+and|title=REC Registry home|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Clean Energy|author=Register|work=rec-registry.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; tupu enwee ike zụta, ree, zụọ ahịa ma ọ bụ nyefee ha. Ndị sonyere ga-ejide akaụntụ ma debanye aha ha ka onye ọrụ ndekọ REC iji mepụta, lelee ma ọ bụ nyefee asambodo.

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5j9pd00m8p70u67szhqtd7lhpabkhee</sha1>
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    <title>Ndị bi n'Osimiri Kattawapiskak</title>
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        <username>Senator Choko</username>
        <id>13011</id>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;Laurence&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lapresse.ca/cinema/festivals-de-cinema/rencontres-internationales-du-documentaire/201211/16/01-4594566-the-people-of-the-kattawapiskak-river-attawapiskat-vue-de-linterieur.php|title=The People of the Kattawapiskak River : Attawapiskat vue de l'intérieur|author=Laurence|first=Jean-Christophe|date=16 November 2012|work=[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]|language=French|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị mmadụ nke mgbasa Kattawapiskak bụ ihe nkiri akwụkwọ 2012 nke Alanis Obomsawin na-egosi n'ime Attawapiskat First Nation, nke na October 2011, sere-egosi n'ihi na nchekwa nchekwa maka ụlọ ụlọ, ma ike na ọha na  eze.  amụma n'oge iwe Idle No More .

&lt;ref name=&quot;Dunlevy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movie-guide/RIDM+People+Kattawapiskak+River+examines/7519138/story.html|title=The People of the Kattawapiskak River examines a community on the edge|author=Dunlevy|first=T'cha|date=9 November 2012|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc.|accessdate=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Nahwegahbow&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ammsa.com/publications/windspeaker/meet-%E2%80%9C-people-kattawapiskak-river%E2%80%9D|title=Meet &quot;The People of the Kattawapiskak River&quot;|author=Nahwegahbow|first=Barb|work=Windspeaker|publisher=[[Aboriginal Multi-Media Society]]|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Obomsawin nọ na obodo na 2011, na-arụ ọrụ na fim ọzọ maka National Film Board of Canada, Hi-Ho Mistahey!  , okwu mgbe gbasara ụlọ ruru mba.  [1] Ihe nkiri ahụ na-esote nsogbu ahụ ruo na ekpere ikpe Federal Court of Canada na August 2012 nke ihe nhọpụta nke onye njikwa nke atọ iji dozie ụlọ ụlọ ezi.  [2] Na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ ịse ihe nkiri na obodo na ịgba ndị bi na ya onye ọnụ, Obomsawin na-akọ mmetụta obodo ahụ, nke akụkọ na 1850 nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ ụlọ wuru ụlọ ekpere n'ala ahụ.

Obomsawin ekwuola na ya na-eji aha &quot;Kattawapiskak&quot; n'ọnọdụ Attawapiskat na fim na aha ya n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ bụ aha obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wyatt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/entertainment/all/year+later+film+chronicles+housing+crisis+Attawapiskat/7551162/story.html|title=One year later, film chronicles housing crisis on Attawapiskat reserve|author=Wyatt|first=Nelson|date=15 November 2012|work=[[Canada.com]]|publisher=[[Canadian Press]]|accessdate=1 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hapụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Wyatt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/entertainment/all/year+later+film+chronicles+housing+crisis+Attawapiskat/7551162/story.html|title=One year later, film chronicles housing crisis on Attawapiskat reserve|author=Wyatt|first=Nelson|date=15 November 2012|work=[[Canada.com]]|publisher=[[Canadian Press]]|accessdate=1 February 2013}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWyatt2012&quot;&gt;Wyatt, Nelson (15 November 2012). [http://www.canada.com/entertainment/all/year+later+film+chronicles+housing+crisis+Attawapiskat/7551162/story.html &quot;One year later, film chronicles housing crisis on Attawapiskat reserve&quot;]. ''[[Canada.com]]''. [[Canadian Press]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 February&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;Obomsawin na-ebu ụzọ lelee ihe nkiri ya na mpaghara obodo, omume nke ọ gara n'ihu na Ndị mmadụ nke ike Kattawapiskak .

&lt;ref name=&quot;Nahwegahbow&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Vlessing&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://playbackonline.ca/2012/09/19/alanis-obomsawin-doc-to-open-imaginenative-film-festival/#ixzz2Hy4VrOol|title=Alanis Obomsawin doc to open ImagineNATIVE film festival|author=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=19 September 2012|work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]|publisher=Brunico Communications|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri a mere n'ihu mmeghe nke 13th imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival na Toronto, na Obomsawin, Chief Theresa Spence, Onye omeiwu Charlie Angus, na ndị otu obodo Attawapiskat bịara. &lt;ref name=&quot;cbcnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2012/10/18/imaginenative-obomsawin-charleyboy.html|title=ImagineNATIVE opens with Alanis Obomsawin's distinctive lens|date=18 October 2012|work=[[CBC News]]|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E mechara mechara ya na Nọvemba 11, 2012, dị ka ụdị nke Rencontres internationales du documentaire de Montréal .  [1] Site na Jenụwarị 11 ruo 18, 2013, National Film Board wesara ihe nkiri ahụ n'efu na webụsaịtị NFB.ca ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dunlevy2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.montrealgazette.com/2013/01/11/nfb-streams-alanis-obomsawins-the-people-of-the-kattawapiskak-river-for-free/|title=NFB streams Alanis Obomsawin's The People of the Kattawapiskak River for free|author=Dunlevy|first=T'cha|date=11 January 2013|work=Montreal Gazette|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/cbc-wins-at-canadian-screen-awards-1.2560277|title=CBC wins at Canadian Screen Awards|date=4 March 2014|work=[[CBC News]]|accessdate=7 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na Machị 4, 2014, ihe nkiri ahụ ikike Donald Brittain maka mmemme mgbasa ozi ọha na eze / ụzọ esi kacha mma na 2nd Canadian Screen Awards .

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
* [https://www.nfb.ca/film/people_of_kattawapiskak_river/ Full Film]
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;Laurence&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lapresse.ca/cinema/festivals-de-cinema/rencontres-internationales-du-documentaire/201211/16/01-4594566-the-people-of-the-kattawapiskak-river-attawapiskat-vue-de-linterieur.php|title=The People of the Kattawapiskak River : Attawapiskat vue de l'intérieur|author=Laurence|first=Jean-Christophe|date=16 November 2012|work=[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]|language=French|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị mmadụ nke mgbasa Kattawapiskak bụ ihe nkiri akwụkwọ 2012 nke Alanis Obomsawin na-egosi n'ime Attawapiskat First Nation, nke na October 2011, sere-egosi n'ihi na nchekwa nchekwa maka ụlọ ụlọ, ma ike na ọha na  eze.  amụma n'oge iwe Idle No More .

&lt;ref name=&quot;Dunlevy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/movie-guide/RIDM+People+Kattawapiskak+River+examines/7519138/story.html|title=The People of the Kattawapiskak River examines a community on the edge|author=Dunlevy|first=T'cha|date=9 November 2012|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]|publisher=Postmedia Network Inc.|accessdate=9 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Nahwegahbow&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ammsa.com/publications/windspeaker/meet-%E2%80%9C-people-kattawapiskak-river%E2%80%9D|title=Meet &quot;The People of the Kattawapiskak River&quot;|author=Nahwegahbow|first=Barb|work=Windspeaker|publisher=[[Aboriginal Multi-Media Society]]|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Obomsawin nọ na obodo na 2011, na-arụ ọrụ na fim ọzọ maka National Film Board of Canada, Hi-Ho Mistahey!  , okwu mgbe gbasara ụlọ ruru mba.  [1] Ihe nkiri ahụ na-esote nsogbu ahụ ruo na ekpere ikpe Federal Court of Canada na August 2012 nke ihe nhọpụta nke onye njikwa nke atọ iji dozie ụlọ ụlọ ezi.  [2] Na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ ịse ihe nkiri na obodo na ịgba ndị bi na ya onye ọnụ, Obomsawin na-akọ mmetụta obodo ahụ, nke akụkọ na 1850 nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ ụlọ wuru ụlọ ekpere n'ala ahụ.

Obomsawin ekwuola na ya na-eji aha &quot;Kattawapiskak&quot; n'ọnọdụ Attawapiskat na fim na aha ya n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ bụ aha obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wyatt&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/entertainment/all/year+later+film+chronicles+housing+crisis+Attawapiskat/7551162/story.html|title=One year later, film chronicles housing crisis on Attawapiskat reserve|author=Wyatt|first=Nelson|date=15 November 2012|work=[[Canada.com]]|publisher=[[Canadian Press]]|accessdate=1 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hapụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Wyatt&quot; /&gt;Obomsawin na-ebu ụzọ lelee ihe nkiri ya na mpaghara obodo, omume nke ọ gara n'ihu na Ndị mmadụ nke ike Kattawapiskak .

&lt;ref name=&quot;Nahwegahbow&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Vlessing&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://playbackonline.ca/2012/09/19/alanis-obomsawin-doc-to-open-imaginenative-film-festival/#ixzz2Hy4VrOol|title=Alanis Obomsawin doc to open ImagineNATIVE film festival|author=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=19 September 2012|work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]|publisher=Brunico Communications|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri a mere n'ihu mmeghe nke 13th imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival na Toronto, na Obomsawin, Chief Theresa Spence, Onye omeiwu Charlie Angus, na ndị otu obodo Attawapiskat bịara. &lt;ref name=&quot;cbcnews&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/story/2012/10/18/imaginenative-obomsawin-charleyboy.html|title=ImagineNATIVE opens with Alanis Obomsawin's distinctive lens|date=18 October 2012|work=[[CBC News]]|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E mechara mechara ya na Nọvemba 11, 2012, dị ka ụdị nke Rencontres internationales du documentaire de Montréal .  [1] Site na Jenụwarị 11 ruo 18, 2013, National Film Board wesara ihe nkiri ahụ n'efu na webụsaịtị NFB.ca ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dunlevy2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.montrealgazette.com/2013/01/11/nfb-streams-alanis-obomsawins-the-people-of-the-kattawapiskak-river-for-free/|title=NFB streams Alanis Obomsawin's The People of the Kattawapiskak River for free|author=Dunlevy|first=T'cha|date=11 January 2013|work=Montreal Gazette|accessdate=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/cbc-wins-at-canadian-screen-awards-1.2560277|title=CBC wins at Canadian Screen Awards|date=4 March 2014|work=[[CBC News]]|accessdate=7 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na Machị 4, 2014, ihe nkiri ahụ ikike Donald Brittain maka mmemme mgbasa ozi ọha na eze / ụzọ esi kacha mma na 2nd Canadian Screen Awards .

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
* [https://www.nfb.ca/film/people_of_kattawapiskak_river/ Full Film]
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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    <title>Nkwado ala</title>
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      <text bytes="3194" sha1="gzdaisbi6jxnp79w7o66ptxofz16kan" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Landsupport''' (speeji: LANDSUPPORT) bụ ọrụ ndụmọdụ pilot nke European Union kwadoro maka iji ala mee ihe maka ụdị dị nso na okike nke ụdị dị iche iche na ụzọ eji ala eme ihe ma n'otu oge ahụ na-echekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref&gt;[https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/774234/de Landsupport auf der Seite der Europäischen Union]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.umweltbundesamt.at/umweltthemen/boden/rp-projekte/landsupport Das österreichische Bundesumweltamt zu Landsupport]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebumnuche oru ngo ==
N'ime ogologo oge, a ghaghị ijide n'aka iji ala na-adịgide adịgide iji gboo mkpa nke ndị bi n'ụwa. Ọrụ a na-achịkọta ọtụtụ mahadum, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị nwere mmasị na ebumnuche nke ịmepụta usoro ntanetị, nke na-akwụghị ụgwọ iji kwado ọrụ ugbo bara uru na ndị ọrụ ala na-eme mkpebi banyere iji ala na-adịgide adịgide, nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ ugbo.

Site na ntinye aka nke ndị dị iche iche na ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe dị na Europe na n'èzí, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-achọkwa iwu na ọkwa Europe, dabere na data sayensị nke a na-ahazi na nhazi na usoro.

== Consortium Project ==
Njikọ Landsupport nwere ndị mmekọ ndị a:

* Mahadum nke Naples, Italy
* ARISPACE, Italy
* Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Spain
* Mahadum nke Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
* Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
* Ihe ubi maka ọdịnihu, Malaysia
* ICARDA, Tunisia
* Institute of Advanced Studies, Hungary
* Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Italy
* Rasdaman GmbH, Germany
* Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nkwonkwo, European Commission
* Mpaghara Campania, Italy
* Mahadum Milan, Italy
* Obodo Zala, Hungary
* CMAST / Modis, Belgium
* Acteon, France
* Federal Environment Agency, Austria
* Ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa nke Slovenia, Slovenia

== Hụkwa ==

* Bioeconomy
* Biofector
* Edaphon
* Microbiology
* Pedology

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.landsupport.eu/ Ibe weebụ Landsupport]
* [https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/774234/reporting/it Nkwupụta nke EU gbasara Landsupport]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240423081458/http://www.madora.eu/www-greenerde-eu/ Balkan green Deal BW]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210731230434/http://madora.eu/www-beyondsoil-eu/ BeyondSoil Initiative nke Mahadum Hohenheim] Archived  &lt;/link&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240423081458/http://www.madora.eu/www-greenerde-eu/ Greenerde.eu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240413041411/https://www.scoalaagricola.eu/ Scoalaagricola.eu]
* [https://donauraumstrategie.de/projekte-eusdr-baden-wuerttemberg/ Danube Strategy Baden-Württemberg]
* [https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/naturschutzgebiete-bio-produkte-tierwohllabel-das-steht-in-den-eu-strategiepapieren-zu-artenvielfalt-und-lebensmittelproduktion/25843814.html?ticket=ST-898528-7klrJIFQZ7ojnmLnmlPU-ap4 Green Deal na Biodiversity na Europe]

== Edensibia ==
anụmanụ ndị dị ka [[ịnyịnya]], nke na-agafe [[cellulose]] osisi na-enweghị mgbaze na [[Ntube|nsị]] ha, na-emepụta ebe dị mma maka microorganisms{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Ndị agha cricket nke Maasai</title>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;HuffPost 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cricket Team Of Maasai Warriors Goes To Bat For Women's Rights|work=HuffPost|date=2016-01-29|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maasai-cricket-warriors_n_56ab8755e4b077d4fe8dba75|accessdate=2021-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;Maasai Cricket Warriors ( MCW ) bụ otu egwuregwu cricket ụmụ nwoke nke Kenya hibere na 2007 site n'aka ndị ozi si Laikipia County .  Ihe ndị egwuregwu 25 na otu ndị mmadụ egwuregwu ibe ya, ọ na-ekere òkè na nkeji ọkara àgwà n'ime ụgbọ mmiri, na London bụ isi lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ego na mmata site na cricket ọrụ ebere ma jiri ama ama ama  egwuregwu ya maka iche ikike , egwu egwu ibibi ụmụ .  Ozi na mkpọsa, iji ọgwụ eme ihe, na nchekwa ebe obibi na Kenya na Kenya

Sonyanga Ole Ngais na-elekọta ya, ọ bụ ikike ya na otu egwuregwu cricket mbụ hibere ihe mere eme nke obodo Maasai .  [1] A mara ebo a maka etu nta ọdụm, emee nke ịbịaru afọ .  Ha ቢጫ nta ka ụdị cricket &lt;ref name=&quot;DW.COM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maasai warriors take to the cricket field to save the northern white rhino - 10.08.2015|work=DW.COM|url=https://www.dw.com/en/maasai-warriors-take-to-the-cricket-field-to-save-the-northern-white-rhino/a-18623395|accessdate=2021-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndabere ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;HuffPost 2016&quot; /&gt;Aliya Bauer, onye South Africa ihe n'ihe gbasara primatologist bu ụzọ webatara MCW na cricket.  Bauer otu ahụ mgbe ọ na-eme nsogbu na obodo Il Polei.  Ọ ngwá ngwá ọrụ ma cricket.  The ọkara-na-akwagharị mkpọda egwuregwu na- akpali mgbe ha egwu na ọ dị ka omenala ha dị nta na -atụ ube .

Na 2012, ha kwagara Mombasa ebe ha na cricket na Legends Cricket Nursery n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke Steve Tikolo, Thomas Odoyo, na Jimmy Kamande .  [1].&lt;ref name=&quot;HuffPost 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cricket Team Of Maasai Warriors Goes To Bat For Women's Rights|work=HuffPost|date=2016-01-29|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maasai-cricket-warriors_n_56ab8755e4b077d4fe8dba75|accessdate=2021-11-27}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maasai-cricket-warriors_n_56ab8755e4b077d4fe8dba75 &quot;Cricket Team Of Maasai Warriors Goes To Bat For Women's Rights&quot;]. ''HuffPost''. 2016-01-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-11-27&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Sportstar 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sportstar|first=Team|title=Maasai Cricket Warriors: On a mission to save the rhinos|work=Sportstar|date=2017-06-19|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/maasai-cricket-warriors-on-a-mission-to-save-the-rhinos/article19104311.ece|accessdate=2021-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2017, MCW pụtakwara na mgbasa ozi mmata maka nchekwa rhinoceros ọcha nke ugwu ka ọ sonyechara na cricket ọrụ ebere, iko ikpeazụ nwoke guzoro ụkpụrụ ndị otu egwuregwu cricket nke British Army Training Unit Kenya .

== Uwe na akụrụngwa ==
Ndị egwuregwu MCW egwu egwu cricket na-eyi uwe egwu ha nke agba uhie, ọla aka, ndị nche gburugburu ahụ, na akpụkpọ ụkwụ emere site na taya agba n'oge njem 2012 ha na South Africa maka Last Man Stands Championship,  Iri abụọ20 .  [1] E wezụga iyi akwa na batting gloves, ndị egwuregwu na-eyikwa uwe ọdịnala Maasai, shawl na-acha uhie na ọla.  [2] Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu na-eyikarị bead nwere agba - olu n'oge egwuregwu &lt;ref name=&quot;InpaperMagazine 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=InpaperMagazine|first=From|title=From warriors to cricketers|work=DAWN.COM|date=2016-01-10|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1231639|accessdate=2021-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịchịkọta ego ==
International Cricket Council (ICC) nyere ndị otu ahụ ahụ ego na ike awụ 2010 maka ụbọchị AIDS ụwa.  Ọ natakwara nhọrọ ego site na Cricket Without Boundaries, Ikpeazụ Man Stand, 28Too Many British Army Training Unit Kenya, International Cricket Council maka ichekwa cricket.  [1] n'etiti ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ

== MCW na fim ==
N'afọ 2015, onye isi ihe nkiri Britain bụ Barney Douglas mepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''Warriors'', nke nwere nkọwa zuru ezu nke otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;NPR.org 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Real Goal For These Cricket-Crazy Maasai Men? Ending 'The Cut'|work=NPR.org|date=2016-01-21|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/01/21/463709275/the-real-goal-for-these-cricket-crazy-maasai-men-ending-the-cut|accessdate=2021-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Njem ahụ bụ ebe a na-aga&quot; bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-akpa ndụ nke afọ 2016 dabere na ndụ onye nta foto Dan Eldon .  Ihe nkiri a na-esote njem Dan ka ọ na-aga Somalia idekọ na ụnwụ nri, na ọnwụ ikpeazụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 22 mgbe ọ na-ekpuchi nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Somalia.  Ihe nkiri a na-egosi Dan nwere maka ndụ, nka, na ime ihe ike, yana channel aka ya n'ime ka ìhè na nke ndị ọzọ pụta ìhè.  Ihe nkiri a bụ Ben Schnetzer dị ka Dan Eldon, Bronwen Hughes duziri ya.Ndị ụgbọ ala Afrịka &quot;Akụkọ ọkụ ọkụ&quot; bụ akwụkwọ obere akwụkwọ gbasara obodo Masaa na mbọ ha na-agba ichekwa anụ Africa niile na ichekwa ala

Ndị ụgbọ ala Afrịka &quot;Akụkọ ọkụ ọkụ&quot; bụ obere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara obodo Masaa na mbọ ha na-agba ichekwa anụ Africa niile na ichekwa ala

Akọwapụtara site n'echiche onye ụgbọ ala safari nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala Africa &quot;Akụkọ ọkụ ọkụ&quot; bụ njem na-ahụ n'ahụ nke ndị na oge iche na nke iche nke ndị Africa na-ejide nke onye na-  ekiri site na ihe omume ndị Masaai na-eme kwa ụbọchị, omenala na gburugburu;  Ɔ na- egosifoiche na nke chiri anya na-enye ndị bi n'ụwa a ihe bara agwa na nchekwa anụ ndị.

Nchekwa anụ bụ ihe gbasara anyị niile.  Ka anyị tinye aka na mbara ala anyị ma chebe ya maka ike nke ụgbọ anyị ugbu a na n'ahụ.  A sị ka e kwuwe, n'okpuru ọchịchị e nwere ikike otu nnukwu ihe na ibu ọrụ ahụ bụ nke anyị kpamkpam

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* {{Cite web|title=The Maasai Cricket Warriors from Laikipia – in pictures|work=the Guardian|date=2017-08-29|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2017/aug/29/the-maasai-cricket-warriors-from-laikipia-in-pictures|accessdate=2021-11-27}}
* {{Cite web|title=Photos: Kenya's Maasai warriors trade in their hunting spears for cricket gear|work=Hindustan Times|date=2017-10-01|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/world-news/photos-kenya-s-masaai-warriors-trade-in-their-hunting-spears-for-cricket-gear/photo-dN5f7PhyLXd1n6YIXHarJM.html|accessdate=2021-11-27}}
* {{Cite web|title=Maasai Warriors bowl over premiere audience|work=The Express Tribune|date=2015-07-14|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/920710/maasai-warriors-bowl-over-premiere-audience|accessdate=2021-11-27}}

* Official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304171920/http://maasaicricketwarriors.co.ke/ Official website]
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;HuffPost 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cricket Team Of Maasai Warriors Goes To Bat For Women's Rights|work=HuffPost|date=2016-01-29|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/maasai-cricket-warriors_n_56ab8755e4b077d4fe8dba75|accessdate=2021-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;Maasai Cricket Warriors ( MCW ) bụ otu egwuregwu cricket ụmụ nwoke nke Kenya hibere na 2007 site n'aka ndị ozi si Laikipia County .  Ihe ndị egwuregwu 25 na otu ndị mmadụ egwuregwu ibe ya, ọ na-ekere òkè na nkeji ọkara àgwà n'ime ụgbọ mmiri, na London bụ isi lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ego na mmata site na cricket ọrụ ebere ma jiri ama ama ama  egwuregwu ya maka iche ikike , egwu egwu ibibi ụmụ .  Ozi na mkpọsa, iji ọgwụ eme ihe, na nchekwa ebe obibi na Kenya na Kenya

Sonyanga Ole Ngais na-elekọta ya, ọ bụ ikike ya na otu egwuregwu cricket mbụ hibere ihe mere eme nke obodo Maasai .  [1] A mara ebo a maka etu nta ọdụm, emee nke ịbịaru afọ .  Ha ቢጫ nta ka ụdị cricket &lt;ref name=&quot;DW.COM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maasai warriors take to the cricket field to save the northern white rhino - 10.08.2015|work=DW.COM|url=https://www.dw.com/en/maasai-warriors-take-to-the-cricket-field-to-save-the-northern-white-rhino/a-18623395|accessdate=2021-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndabere ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;HuffPost 2016&quot; /&gt;Aliya Bauer, onye South Africa ihe n'ihe gbasara primatologist bu ụzọ webatara MCW na cricket.  Bauer otu ahụ mgbe ọ na-eme nsogbu na obodo Il Polei.  Ọ ngwá ngwá ọrụ ma cricket.  The ọkara-na-akwagharị mkpọda egwuregwu na- akpali mgbe ha egwu na ọ dị ka omenala ha dị nta na -atụ ube .

Na 2012, ha kwagara Mombasa ebe ha na cricket na Legends Cricket Nursery n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke Steve Tikolo, Thomas Odoyo, na Jimmy Kamande .  [1].&lt;ref name=&quot;HuffPost 2016&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Sportstar 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sportstar|first=Team|title=Maasai Cricket Warriors: On a mission to save the rhinos|work=Sportstar|date=2017-06-19|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/maasai-cricket-warriors-on-a-mission-to-save-the-rhinos/article19104311.ece|accessdate=2021-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'afọ 2017, MCW pụtakwara na mgbasa ozi mmata maka nchekwa rhinoceros ọcha nke ugwu ka ọ sonyechara na cricket ọrụ ebere, iko ikpeazụ nwoke guzoro ụkpụrụ ndị otu egwuregwu cricket nke British Army Training Unit Kenya .

== Uwe na akụrụngwa ==
Ndị egwuregwu MCW egwu egwu cricket na-eyi uwe egwu ha nke agba uhie, ọla aka, ndị nche gburugburu ahụ, na akpụkpọ ụkwụ emere site na taya agba n'oge njem 2012 ha na South Africa maka Last Man Stands Championship,  Iri abụọ20 .  [1] E wezụga iyi akwa na batting gloves, ndị egwuregwu na-eyikwa uwe ọdịnala Maasai, shawl na-acha uhie na ọla.  [2] Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu na-eyikarị bead nwere agba - olu n'oge egwuregwu &lt;ref name=&quot;InpaperMagazine 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=InpaperMagazine|first=From|title=From warriors to cricketers|work=DAWN.COM|date=2016-01-10|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1231639|accessdate=2021-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịchịkọta ego ==
International Cricket Council (ICC) nyere ndị otu ahụ ahụ ego na ike awụ 2010 maka ụbọchị AIDS ụwa.  Ọ natakwara nhọrọ ego site na Cricket Without Boundaries, Ikpeazụ Man Stand, 28Too Many British Army Training Unit Kenya, International Cricket Council maka ichekwa cricket.  [1] n'etiti ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ

== MCW na fim ==
N'afọ 2015, onye isi ihe nkiri Britain bụ Barney Douglas mepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''Warriors'', nke nwere nkọwa zuru ezu nke otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;NPR.org 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Real Goal For These Cricket-Crazy Maasai Men? Ending 'The Cut'|work=NPR.org|date=2016-01-21|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/01/21/463709275/the-real-goal-for-these-cricket-crazy-maasai-men-ending-the-cut|accessdate=2021-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Njem ahụ bụ ebe a na-aga&quot; bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-akpa ndụ nke afọ 2016 dabere na ndụ onye nta foto Dan Eldon .  Ihe nkiri a na-esote njem Dan ka ọ na-aga Somalia idekọ na ụnwụ nri, na ọnwụ ikpeazụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 22 mgbe ọ na-ekpuchi nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Somalia.  Ihe nkiri a na-egosi Dan nwere maka ndụ, nka, na ime ihe ike, yana channel aka ya n'ime ka ìhè na nke ndị ọzọ pụta ìhè.  Ihe nkiri a bụ Ben Schnetzer dị ka Dan Eldon, Bronwen Hughes duziri ya.Ndị ụgbọ ala Afrịka &quot;Akụkọ ọkụ ọkụ&quot; bụ akwụkwọ obere akwụkwọ gbasara obodo Masaa na mbọ ha na-agba ichekwa anụ Africa niile na ichekwa ala

Ndị ụgbọ ala Afrịka &quot;Akụkọ ọkụ ọkụ&quot; bụ obere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara obodo Masaa na mbọ ha na-agba ichekwa anụ Africa niile na ichekwa ala

Akọwapụtara site n'echiche onye ụgbọ ala safari nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala Africa &quot;Akụkọ ọkụ ọkụ&quot; bụ njem na-ahụ n'ahụ nke ndị na oge iche na nke iche nke ndị Africa na-ejide nke onye na-  ekiri site na ihe omume ndị Masaai na-eme kwa ụbọchị, omenala na gburugburu;  Ɔ na- egosifoiche na nke chiri anya na-enye ndị bi n'ụwa a ihe bara agwa na nchekwa anụ ndị.

Nchekwa anụ bụ ihe gbasara anyị niile.  Ka anyị tinye aka na mbara ala anyị ma chebe ya maka ike nke ụgbọ anyị ugbu a na n'ahụ.  A sị ka e kwuwe, n'okpuru ọchịchị e nwere ikike otu nnukwu ihe na ibu ọrụ ahụ bụ nke anyị kpamkpam

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* {{Cite web|title=The Maasai Cricket Warriors from Laikipia – in pictures|work=the Guardian|date=2017-08-29|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2017/aug/29/the-maasai-cricket-warriors-from-laikipia-in-pictures|accessdate=2021-11-27}}
* {{Cite web|title=Photos: Kenya's Maasai warriors trade in their hunting spears for cricket gear|work=Hindustan Times|date=2017-10-01|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/world-news/photos-kenya-s-masaai-warriors-trade-in-their-hunting-spears-for-cricket-gear/photo-dN5f7PhyLXd1n6YIXHarJM.html|accessdate=2021-11-27}}
* {{Cite web|title=Maasai Warriors bowl over premiere audience|work=The Express Tribune|date=2015-07-14|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/920710/maasai-warriors-bowl-over-premiere-audience|accessdate=2021-11-27}}

* Official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304171920/http://maasaicricketwarriors.co.ke/ Official website]
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nchekwa doro anya</title>
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      <text bytes="5677" sha1="8li5jwdqw601tbbejfrtact3qvo3urb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Nchekwa pụtara ìhè''' na-akọwa ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta ngwaahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi iji gosi ọkwa dị elu nke ọha mmadụ . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ==
Okwu a sitere n'okwu a bụ &quot; oriri pụtara ìhè ,&quot; nke ọkà mmụta akụ na ụba na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Thorstein Veblen chepụtara n'akwụkwọ ya 1899 ''The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions'' . Veblen kọwara akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ''nouveau riche'' bụ ndị ji ikike ịzụrụ ihe gosipụta ugwu . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sexton|first=Steven E.|date=May 2014|title=Conspicuous conservation: The Prius halo and willingness to pay for environmental bona fides|journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management|volume=67|issue=3|pages=303–317|doi=10.1016/j.jeem.2013.11.004|issn=0095-0696}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Veblen, Thorstein. (1899) ''Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions''. New York: Macmillan.&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwu ahụ bụ &quot;nchekwa pụtara ìhè&quot; bụ prọfesọ mmụta akụ na ụba nke Mahadum Syracuse Seymour Sacks chepụtara na mkparịta ụka nzuzo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|pages=433}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|volume=XII|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnwale ==
[[Usòrò:Conspicuous_Conservation_Graph_1.png|thumb|243x243px| '''Ọgụgụ 1: Pasent ndị sonyere na otu ọ bụla na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi.''' N'ihe gbasara ụgbọ ala (acha odo odo), ncha (acha anụnụ anụnụ), na efere efere (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa pro-environmental 37.2%, 25.7%, na 34.5% nke oge. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGriskeviciusTyburVan_den_Bergh2010&quot;&gt;Griskevicius, Vladas; Tybur, Joshua M.; Van den Bergh, Bram (2010). &quot;Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation&quot;. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. '''98''' (3): 392–404. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/a0017346|10.1037/a0017346]]. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1939-1315|1939-1315]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20175620 20175620].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ndị so na otu ebumnuche-ọnọdụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'' wee họrọ ha 54.5%, 41.8%, na 49.1% nke oge, n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;]]
N'etiti 2007 na 2009, ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Vladas Griskevicius ( Mahadum nke [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]] ), Joshua M. Tybur ( Mahadum New [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] ), na Bram Van den Bergh ( Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Management nke Rotterdam ) duziri usoro nyocha nke na-enyocha nchekwa dị egwu. N'akwụkwọ a na-esi na ya pụta, ''Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation,'' ha rụrụ ụka na &quot;ịzụta ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịsụgharị dị ka altruistic, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị ọnụ ahịa ma dị ala karịa ndị ibe ha, ma ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ. rite uru na gburugburu ebe obibi maka onye ọ bụla.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;N'ihi na omume ime mmụọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka akara ngosi dị oke ọnụ nke ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, enwere ike ịkọwa nchekwa nke pụtara ìhè dị ka mgbama nke ọkwa dị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|doi=10.1037/e621072012-217}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnwale ha gosipụtara na ebumnobi ọnọdụ ịgbalite mere ka ndị mmadụ họrọ ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ karịa ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dara okomoko na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ebumnuche ọnọdụ na-abawanye njikere ịzụta ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihu ọha (ma ọ bụghị na nzuzo) ntọala yana na ntọala ebe ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eri karịa ngwaahịa na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Dị ka ndị odee si kwuo, enwere ike iji asọmpi ọkwa mee ihe iji kwalite omume gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Altruism
* Oriri pụtara ìhè
* Ọkwa ọha
* Ngosipụta omume ọma
* Ntụrụndụ pụtara ìhè
* Nsụhọ klaasị
* Mgbochi ahịa
* Ọnụ ahịa akara
* Ozizi nrịbama

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}</text>
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    <title>National Homeless Law Center</title>
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Nke '''National Homelessness Law Center''' ( '''NHLC''' ), nke a na-akpọbu '''National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty''' ( '''NLCHP''' ), bụ ụlọ ọrụ America na-akwadoghị nke na-eji ike nke iwu kwụsị na igbochi enweghị ebe obibi, site na ọzụzụ, nkwado, ikpe ikpe, na agụmakwụkwọ ọha. NHLC tọrọ ntọala na 1989 site na Maria Foscarinis ma dabere na Washington, DC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Official Site|url=https://homelesslaw.org/history-mission/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;NLCHP Staff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Staff|url=https://homelesslaw.org/about/our-staff/}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'etiti 1980s, onye nchoputa NLCHP, Maria Foscarinis, bụ onye ọka iwu na-arụ ọrụ na Sullivan &amp; Cromwell mgbe o gosiri onwe yachite anya ezi na-achọta ebe obibi na nkwado ndabere.  Mgbe ọ hụchara igwefoto nke nkwado iwu nke mbụ na ndụ ndị na-eche ebe obibi, Maria ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ihe mkpesa ọhụrụ;  iji egwu ebe obibi na America.  [1] Na 1985, o hiwere ma duzie ụlọ ọrụ Washington, DC nke National Coalition for the ahụmahụ ebe obibi.  Ọ nyere ntụzịaka akara iji wepụta iwu mgbaàmà etiti iji nyere ndị na- Mal ebe obibi aka wee bụrụ onye na-ese iwu iwu 1987 McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, iwu mmalite etiti mbụ iji nyere ebe obibi anya.

Na 1989, o guzobere National Law Center on Homelessness &amp; Poverty (Ụlọ Ọrụ Iwu). &lt;ref name=&quot;NLCHP Staff&quot; /&gt;Nzukọ ahụ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ NHLC na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Law|first=Homeless|title=About|url=https://homelesslaw.org/about/|accessdate=2021-12-08|work=National Homelessness Law Center|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Enweghị ebe obibi na United States
* McKinney – Vento Iwu Enyemaka enweghị ebe obibi

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://homelesslaw.org/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Newdow v. Carey</title>
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Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District (nke a na-dị ka Newdow v. Carey ), nọmba 05–17257, 05–17344, na 06–15093, bụ Onyeikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka inye Sekit nke akwụkwọ nke iwu iwu  nke ngụgharị nke Nkwa nke nkwado nke onye nkuzi na-edu ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  Ọtụtụ 2–1 ngwa na ngụgharị ahụ njikọ ntọala nke Iwu United States.

Ọ bụ si sitere na Eastern District nke California, nke akwụkwọ na ịgụ akwụkwọ Nkwa nke nkwado n'ibu akwụkwọ ozi na eze bụ ihe na-akwadoghị na ikpe nke ndụ nke ikpe nke ikpe na okwu &quot;n'okpuru Chineke&quot; megidere Establishment Clause of the  Iwu United States na Newdow.  v. United States Congress na 2002. E ihu kpe ika ikpe ahụ n’ikpe Kasị Elu nke United States ma kagbuo n’okwu nke iguzo na Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow na 2004.

&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.restorethepledge.com/live/litigation/pledge/docs/2006-02-24%20%20Order%20granting%20Motion%20to%20Consolidate%20Appeals%20.pdf Court of Appeals' Initial Time Schedule Order]&lt;/ref&gt;N'okwu ọhụrụ ahụ, ndị gbara akwụkwọ bụ akara a na-akpọghị aha.  Ndị a na-azara ọnụ bụ Rio Linda Union School District, United States dị ka onye na-bụ-Intervenor na otu ndị na-ekpechite ọnụ, onye ndu John Carey, onye onye ichekwa okwu nke Nkwa ahụ a.  Becket Fund for Religious Liberty nọchitere ndị na-aza faịlụ na-.  Ndị ikpe mkpe nke ikpe mkpegharị atọ dị iche iche nke ndị a na-azara ọnụ maka isi na ibu.

Onyeikpe ahụ ike ọnụ na ikpe ahụ na Disemba 4, 2007, ebe onye na- ቀደም Michael Newdow ahụ ụka maka ndị gbara akwụkwọ.  Osote onye isi Attorney General Gregory Katsas nwere ụka maka United States, Terence Cassidy nke ụka maka Rio Linda Union School District, na Kevin Hasson nke Becket Fund isi ụka maka ndị na- onwe ha.  E mere nri na Machị 11, 2010.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210919210858/https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/03/11/05-17257.pdf Ederede nke ''Newdow v Rio Linda USD''] . Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke itoolu.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240501091951/https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/media/view_subpage.php?pk_id=0000001474 Audio nke arụmụka ọnụ] . &quot;Media maka ikpe: ''Newdow v. John Carey'', Nke 05-17257&quot;. Ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke itoolu.</text>
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    <title>Patricia McCormick (onye na-alụ ọgụ)</title>
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      <text bytes="4414" sha1="c5qkjz6htcsmcdsfg9cp5g29x80olcz" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Patricia McCormick&lt;/div&gt;
|- alt=&quot;Black and white photograph of a woman wearing a bullfighter's costume, she is holding a sword in one hand and a cape in the other.&quot; class=&quot;mw-file-element&quot; data-file-height=&quot;288&quot; data-file-type=&quot;bitmap&quot; data-file-width=&quot;220&quot; decoding=&quot;async&quot; height=&quot;288&quot; resource=&quot;./File:PatriciaMcCormick1954.jpg&quot; src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ac/PatriciaMcCormick1954.jpg&quot; width=&quot;220&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Amụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;( &lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1929-11-18&lt;/span&gt; )&lt;/span&gt; Nọvemba 18, 1929&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; 
|- class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Nwụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | Maachị 26, 2013 &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(2013-03-26)&lt;/span&gt; (agadi&amp;nbsp;83)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;deathplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Obodo
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; | American
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Alma&amp;nbsp;nne
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | [[Texas Western College]]
|- class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ọrụ(ọrụ)
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | Ọkachamara bullfighter, odeakwụkwọ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Afọ&amp;nbsp;arụ ọrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 1951–1962
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Mara&amp;nbsp;maka
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | Ọkachamara nwanyi izizi na North America
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Weebụsaịtị
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | &lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231208054102/http://ladybullfighter.com/ www.ladybullfighter.com]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
[[Faịlụ:PatriciaMcCormick1954.jpg|thumb|Patricia McCormick]]
Patricia McCormick (Nọvemba 18, 1929 - Maachị 26, 2013) bụ onye agha ehi America.  A na-eche na ọ bụ enyo mbụ na North America nke ji aka ya lụso oke ehi ogụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mealer|first=Bryan|title=Patricia McCormick, Bullfighter Who Defied Convention, Is Dead at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/us/patricia-mccormick-a-pioneer-in-the-bullfighting-arena-dies-at-83.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 13, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;[[Conchita Cintrón]] first fought several years earlier in [[Lima, Peru]] as a ''[[rejoneador]]'' (a bullfighter on horseback)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot;/&gt;Site na St. Louis, Missouri, McCormick nwere ike n'ịlụ ogụ mgbe ya na-agwa ya gara Mexico City mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa.  Eziniche McCormick mechara kwaga Big Spring, Texas, ebe nna ya onyonyo onye isi injinia na Cosden Petroleum.  Ọ azụ nka na egwu na Texas Western College na El Paso wee laghachighachi ogụ ehi na obodo Ciudad Juárez dị na Mexico.

&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot; /&gt;Ọhụ ndị wee ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ehi na September 9, 1951 na Juárez.  [1] O sonyeere otu Matador's Union n'oge na-achọ anya wee ịlụ ogụ dị ka ibere Matadora na January 1952, onye America mbụ ya.  [1] N'ime afọ iri nke ọrụ ya, ọ nkiri ogụ na 300 corridas na Mexico na Venezuela.  Ugboro isii ka oké mkpa ya n'ahụ́, n'otu oge n'ụzọ siri nnọọ ike na September 1954 na Ciudad Acuña nke na otu ekpere mere emee ikpeazụ .  [1] Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gara n'ọkwa ịma nke novillera n'ihi na ọ dịghị nwoke matador ga-akwado ya ime otú ahụ.  [1] Na 1962, ọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya na San Antonio, Texas .

== Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot;/&gt;Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, ọ kwagara California, wee mee ike ahịrị na ihe nkiri mmiri nke ịgba egwu, na-ebi na Pasadena na Pebble Beach ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ike na Art Center College of Design na Pasadena.

&lt;ref name=&quot;newyork&quot;/&gt;N'ime afọ 2000 ọ la ihie na West Texas, na Midland na mgbe ahụ Del Rio .  N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2007, The Heritage Museum na Big Spring mepere ihe ngosi na-adịgide maka nkeji ya.

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Bette Ford, onye America na-alụ ọgụ
* Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị na-agba ehi

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist|group=Note|colwidth=60em}}


== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McCormick, Patricia}}</text>
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    <title>N'ime Eshbalel Cahansky</title>
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{{Infobox person|name=Inbal Eshel Cahansky&lt;br&gt;ענבל אשל כהנסקי|image=Inbal Eshel Cahansky - 2019 by Yair E.C.jpg|birth_place=[[Jerusalem]]|nationality=Israeli|occupation=Poet, literary editor}}

{{Databox}}'''Inbal Eshel Cahansky''' (na Hibru : '''ענבל אשל כהנסקי''' ; amuru na 1977) bu onye Israel na-ede uri, onye ndezi edemede na onye na-akwado nwanyi .

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Eshel Cahansky na 1977 na [[Jerusalem]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/01905.php|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי (1977)|work=לקסיקון הספרות העברית החדשה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2000, ọ gụchara BA na sayensị omume na College of Management Academic Studies . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.korebasfarim.com/2013/05/11/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A2%D7%9D-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=השאלון עם ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=ירין כץ|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtala uri ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''Iton 77'', ''Carmel'', ''Social Poetry'', na ''Azụ Amụma'', yana akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ''Haaretz'', ''Maariv'', na ''Yedioth Ahronoth'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://judaism.walla.co.il/item/2873459|title=שיר של שבת: עם המשוררת ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=יונתן ברג|date=July 17, 2016|work=Walla!|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/poetry/.premium-1.1946258|title=שלוש משוררות מחפשות אחר האמת|author=ארז שוייצר|date=March 11, 2013|work=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abụ ya na-ekwu banyere ọtụtụ isi okwu: Ịbụ nne nye nwa nwanyị, na-emeso ọrịa akwara ozi. na erotica. E bipụtara mkpokọta uri mbụ ya, ''Wilds of Day'', na 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: &quot;אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים&quot;|author=לב-ארי|first=שירי|date=February 26, 2013|work=[[ynet]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtala mkpokọta mkpokọta anọ nke abụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiebook.co.il/product-category/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=אינדיבוק|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://simania.co.il/authorDetails.php?itemId=993788|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי|work=סימניה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eshel Cahansky na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara uri Israel, na-ekere òkè n'agụ uri, ọ na-edezi uri ma na-eduzi ihe omume ịgụ uri. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke ọtụtụ otu uri, yana Gal Elgar na Hani Tsafrir, Eshel Cahansky na-elekọta ibe Facebook a ma ama &quot;Abụ ụmụ nwanyị - abụ ụbọchị&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlife.co.il/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94/103308/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=האושיה: ענבל אשל כהנסקי|date=November 26, 2015|work=Onlife|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, yana atụmatụ mmekọrịta akụ na ụba nke a na-akpọ &quot;Ogige nke isi na onyinyo&quot; na Ra'anana Park. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotem.org/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=חוטם|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Eshel Cahansky amalitela ịmepụta nkà dị iche iche nke ịdọ aka ná ntị, na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na Tel Aviv na Septemba 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/235592480638610/|title=תַּעֲרוּכַת יְחִידָה 2018 – עִנְבָּל אֵשֶׁל כַּהַנְסְקִי|date=September 22, 2018|work=Facebook|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2019)&quot;&gt;nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Eshel Cahansky nwere ọnọdụ akwara ozi a na-akpọ myoclonus dị mkpa, nke ejiri hypnic jerks na stammering mara. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, ''Samael My Love'', na-ekwu banyere njọ nke ọnọdụ ya na ịnagide nkwarụ ya. 

Eshel Cahansky bi na Ra'anana, ya na onye ya na ndụ ya na nwa ha. 

== Na-arụ ọrụ ==

* '''פראי היום''' Carmel, 2009, Pardes, 2017 ''The Wilds of Day''
* '''Nna-ukwu''' Pardes, 2013 ''Samael M hụrụ n'anya''
* '''שואגת בלולאת-אינסוף''' Pardes, 2016 ''Na-ebigbọ n'ime oghere na-enweghị ngwụcha''
* '''במקום אחר''' ''חוץ לזמן Pardes, 2019 N'ebe ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị''

== Ntụaka ==
na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5896" sha1="4rs4a93k9i5iefsj7t2in1s0hj420t8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

{{Infobox person|name=Inbal Eshel Cahansky&lt;br&gt;ענבל אשל כהנסקי|image=Inbal Eshel Cahansky - 2019 by Yair E.C.jpg|birth_place=[[Jerusalem]]|nationality=Israeli|occupation=Poet, literary editor}}

{{Databox}}'''Inbal Eshel Cahansky''' (na Hibru : '''ענבל אשל כהנסקי''' ; amuru na 1977) bu onye Israel na-ede uri, onye ndezi edemede na onye na-akwado nwanyi .

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Eshel Cahansky na 1977 na [[Jerusalem]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://library.osu.edu/projects/hebrew-lexicon/01905.php|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי (1977)|work=לקסיקון הספרות העברית החדשה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2000, ọ gụchara BA na sayensị omume na College of Management Academic Studies . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.korebasfarim.com/2013/05/11/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A2%D7%9D-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=השאלון עם ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=ירין כץ|date=May 11, 2013|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtala uri ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''Iton 77'', ''Carmel'', ''Social Poetry'', na ''Azụ Amụma'', yana akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ''Haaretz'', ''Maariv'', na ''Yedioth Ahronoth'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://judaism.walla.co.il/item/2873459|title=שיר של שבת: עם המשוררת ענבל אשל כהנסקי|author=יונתן ברג|date=July 17, 2016|work=Walla!|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/literature/poetry/.premium-1.1946258|title=שלוש משוררות מחפשות אחר האמת|author=ארז שוייצר|date=March 11, 2013|work=[[Haaretz]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abụ ya na-ekwu banyere ọtụtụ isi okwu: Ịbụ nne nye nwa nwanyị, na-emeso ọrịa akwara ozi. na erotica. E bipụtara mkpokọta uri mbụ ya, ''Wilds of Day'', na 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4339463,00.html|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי: &quot;אני לא חושבת שיש אלוהים&quot;|author=לב-ארי|first=שירי|date=February 26, 2013|work=[[ynet]]|accessdate=April 4, 2019|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bipụtala mkpokọta mkpokọta anọ nke abụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiebook.co.il/product-category/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=אינדיבוק|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://simania.co.il/authorDetails.php?itemId=993788|title=ענבל אשל-כהנסקי|work=סימניה|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eshel Cahansky na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara uri Israel, na-ekere òkè n'agụ uri, ọ na-edezi uri ma na-eduzi ihe omume ịgụ uri. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke ọtụtụ otu uri, yana Gal Elgar na Hani Tsafrir, Eshel Cahansky na-elekọta ibe Facebook a ma ama &quot;Abụ ụmụ nwanyị - abụ ụbọchị&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlife.co.il/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94/103308/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99|title=האושיה: ענבל אשל כהנסקי|date=November 26, 2015|work=Onlife|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, yana atụmatụ mmekọrịta akụ na ụba nke a na-akpọ &quot;Ogige nke isi na onyinyo&quot; na Ra'anana Park. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotem.org/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/|title=ענבל אשל כהנסקי|work=חוטם|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019|archivedate=April 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404143441/http://www.hotem.org/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C-%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Eshel Cahansky amalitela ịmepụta nkà dị iche iche nke ịdọ aka ná ntị, na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na Tel Aviv na Septemba 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/235592480638610/|title=תַּעֲרוּכַת יְחִידָה 2018 – עִנְבָּל אֵשֶׁל כַּהַנְסְקִי|date=September 22, 2018|work=Facebook|language=Hebrew|accessdate=April 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2019)&quot;&gt;nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Eshel Cahansky nwere ọnọdụ akwara ozi a na-akpọ myoclonus dị mkpa, nke ejiri hypnic jerks na stammering mara. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, ''Samael My Love'', na-ekwu banyere njọ nke ọnọdụ ya na ịnagide nkwarụ ya. 

Eshel Cahansky bi na Ra'anana, ya na onye ya na ndụ ya na nwa ha. 

== Na-arụ ọrụ ==

* '''פראי היום''' Carmel, 2009, Pardes, 2017 ''The Wilds of Day''
* '''Nna-ukwu''' Pardes, 2013 ''Samael M hụrụ n'anya''
* '''שואגת בלולאת-אינסוף''' Pardes, 2016 ''Na-ebigbọ n'ime oghere na-enweghị ngwụcha''
* '''במקום אחר''' ''חוץ לזמן Pardes, 2019 N'ebe ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị''

== Ntụaka ==
na-elekwasị anya na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta na nkụ ọkụ. E gosila ọrụ ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'Izrel. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>4rs4a93k9i5iefsj7t2in1s0hj420t8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohamed Altoum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T17:03:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="6312" sha1="c89qjxav05ynx1wu0p0k9m88nyop1r5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Mohammed Altoum|nationality=[[Sudan]]|occupation=Photographer|native_name=محمد التوم|native_name_lang=ar|birth_place=[[Khartoum]], Sudan|alma_mater=[[Hanover University of Applied Sciences and Arts]], Germany|known_for=documentary photography|website=}}

{{Databox}}'''Mohamed Altoum''' (amụrụ na Khartoum, [[Sudan]] ) bụ onye Sudanese foto onye na-ese foto nwere onwe ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=AFAC|title=Mohamed Altoum|url=https://www.arabculturefund.org/Grantees/784|accessdate=13 May 2021|work=www.arabculturefund.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala 'Sudanese Photographers Group' wee bụrụ onye ama ama maka akụkọ foto ya gbasara ndị mbịarambịa nke ndị mbata Sudan bi na Nairobi, Kenya. A na-akpọ onye ọzọ akụkọ foto ya ''Hoshmmar'', bụ ebe ọ na-enyocha ndụ nna ya nwụrụ anwụ site na Kenya, Sudan na Egypt iji chọpụta ihe nketa ya, sitere na omenala Nubians na ugwu Sudan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Altoum|first=Mohamed|date=18 March 2019|title=A photographer's quest to discover his Nubian ancestry|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/18/lens/nubian-culture-ancestry-sudan.html|accessdate=13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ nka ==
Altoum gụrụ sayensị kọmputa, mana emesia ọ malitere ịse foto dijitalụ . Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị nkuzi foto n'ụdị na Sudan, nke a ga-ekwe omume naanị site n'ịmụta ihe n'ụzọ nkịtị na ịkọrọ ndị na-ese foto ibe anyị, dị ka [[Ala Kheir]] na ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Diallo|first=Aïcha|date=29 October 2016|title=Where the White Nile and the Blue Nile meet|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/where-the-white-nile-and-the-blue-nile-meet/|accessdate=14 May 2021|work=Contemporary And|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye nta akụkọ Sudan bụ Omnia Shawkat, Altoum kwuru banyere mmalite nke ndị na-ese foto na-eto eto, bụ ndị kere Sudanese Photographers Group site na 2007 gaa n'ihu site n'ịgbanwe foto na ahụmahụ na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi dị ka Flickr na Facebook. Dị ka Altoum si kwuo, otu n'ime ebumnobi nke otu a bụ idetu atụmatụ nke otu obodo, na-akwado ọrụ enyemaka ha. Otu a malitekwara ịbawanye netwọkụ ya, ma n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa ma n'ọkwa mba ụwa, &quot;iji kwalite nkà anyị na igosi ụwa foto Sudan.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shawkat|first=Omnia|date=7 April 2013|title=Mohamed Altoum: the photographer with the dashing smile|url=http://500wordsmag.com/art-and-culture/photography/mohamed-altoum-the-photographer-with-the-dashing-smile/|accessdate=13 May 2021|work=500 Words Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 2014, Goethe-Institute na Khartoum haziri ọzụzụ nkuzi, nke ndị ọkachamara na-ese foto si Africa na Europe mere. N'ime ogbako ndị a rụpụtara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi foto na Khartoum, nke a na-akpọ izu ụka Mugran Foto, bụ ebe e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ndị na-ese foto Sudan ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Mugran Foto Week 2016: &quot;Modern Times&quot; – Qantara.de|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/mugran-foto-week-2016-modern-times|accessdate=13 May 2021|work=Qantara.de – Dialogue with the Islamic World|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;See, for example, his participation in the Mugran Foto Workshops and Festivals in Khartoum, sourced in this article's Further reading section.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2017, a họpụtara Altoum maka ndị Artists in Residency Programme site Africa Center na [[Cape Town]], South Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presenting the AIR Award Winners... – Africa Centre|url=http://www.africacentre.net/presenting-air-award-winners/|accessdate=13 May 2021|work=www.africacentre.net|date=12 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ sonyere na 'Arab Documentary Photography Program' nke Magnum Foundation kwadoro, Prince Claus Fund na Arab Fund for Arts and Culture (AFAC) na Beirut, Lebanon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018|title=Arab Documentary Photography Program grantees gather in Beirut|url=https://www.magnumfoundation.org/news/2018/4/19/arab-documentary-photography-program-grantees-gather-in-beirut|accessdate=13 May 2021|work=Magnum Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ foto ya gbasara ihe nkiri sinima gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na Khartoum ka edepụtara aha maka ihe nrite foto nke oge ochie na Basel, Switzerland n'otu afọ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CAP Prize – International Prize for Contemporary African Photography|url=https://www.capprize.com/landing/2017/3/29/cap-prize-2017-short-list|accessdate=13 May 2021|work=CAP Prize|language=en-US|archivedate=13 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513230147/https://www.capprize.com/landing/2017/3/29/cap-prize-2017-short-list}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe 2018, Altoum abụrụla onye otu African Photojournalism Database (APJD) nke World Press Photo Foundation . Na 2019, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ foto na foto akwụkwọ akụkọ na klas mba ụwa na Hanover University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Garms|first=Juliette|date=12 November 2018|title=Four to follow #11|url=https://witness.worldpressphoto.org/four-to-follow-11-dd95ee9a23c5|accessdate=13 May 2021|work=Medium|language=en|archivedate=18 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218081757/https://witness.worldpressphoto.org/four-to-follow-11-dd95ee9a23c5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Foto dị na Sudan

== Ntụaka ==
ya, ma n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa ma n'ọkwa mba ụwa, &quot;iji kwalite nkà anyị na igosi ụwa foto Sudan.&quot;  Site na 2014, Goethe-Institute{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.akdn.org/our-stories/meet-mwatime Akụkọ foto Mohamed Altoum gbasara otu nwa agbọghọ nọ na East Africa], nke Aga Khan Development Network
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPZD5kRpS9I ''Ọtụtụ Rivers, Vidiyo Otu Nile''] nwere akụkọ foto Altoum gbasara ebe ọzụzụ na Khartoum na YouTube
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Drbvdle6dcg ''Obodo na mgbanwe''], vidiyo na-edekọ ihe ọmụmụ ihe onyonyo na Khartoum, na YouTube
* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apKM8s0Y1vM Mugran Foto ezute] ,'' ihe ngosi vidiyo gbasara ihe ngosi foto okike na Khartoum na YouTube
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>N'etiti Mkpọmkpọ ebe</title>
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{{Databox}}
.N'ime mkpọmkpọ ebe [1] ( Egypt Arabic &lt;/link&gt; , translit. Bain el Atlal) bụ ihe nkiri nke Egypt 1959 nke onye isi ihe nkiri Egypt bụ Ezz El-Dine Zulficar duziri wee bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri.  Egypt Salah Zulfikar nkeji.  Ihe nkiri a gbadoro ụkwụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Yusuf Sibai dere.  Ọ na-eme ihe nkiri Faten Hamama, Emad Hamdy na Salah Zulfikar .  Hamamaihe ihe nri maka ị na-egosi ya mapụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na ihe nkiri Egypt Top 100 na 1996 &lt;ref name=&quot;hamama&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fatenhamama.com/Arabic/films/BEIN-ALATLAL.html|title=Bain el Atlal|accessdate=2007-04-04|publisher=[[Faten Hamama]]'s official website|language=Arabic}}
[[Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Top 100 Egyptian Films (CIFF)|url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls033161709/|accessdate=2021-09-05|work=IMDb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmatụ ==
Mona ( Faten Hamama ) bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ n'anya prọfesọ Mahmoud ( Emad Hamdy ), onye bụkwa onye edemede nwere nkà.  Mahmoud gwara Mona mana nne ya ma ụmụaka ma nwoke ọzọ wee hapụ obodo ahụ.  Ọtụtụ afọ ka e ịhụ ka ọ lụọ ọrụ, Mona na-aga eleta Mahmoud na-arịa ọrịa n' ọgwụ.  Mahmoud sere ya nye Mona ka ọ dinara n'àkwà anwụ ya.  Na nwa Mona Kamal ( Salah Zulfikar ) ebe nwa nwa Mahmoud (Sophie Tharwat) n'anya .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabicmovies.net/showcasset.asp?format=PAL&amp;q=100197&amp;ctg=21&amp;cp=4|accessdate=2007-04-04|publisher=Arabic Movies|language=Arabic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040525011521/http://arabicmovies.net/showcasset.asp?format=PAL&amp;q=100197&amp;ctg=21&amp;cp=4|archivedate=May 25, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;DSE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5579|title=The 12 Greatest Romantic Movies of All Time|date=February 13, 2007|accessdate=2007-04-04|author=Fahim, Joseph|publisher=[[Daily Star (Egypt)|Daily Star]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708222400/http://www.dailystaregypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5579|archivedate=2011-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkedo ==

* Faten Hamama dị ka Mona
* [[Emad Hamdy]] dị ka Mahmoud
* [[Salah Zulfikar]] dị ka Kamal
* [[Fouad el-Mohandes|Fouad El-Mohandes]] dị ka Abdel Moneim
* Sophie Tharwat dị ka Mona Mahmoud
* Rawhiyya Khaled
* [[Samiha Ayoub]]

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Among the Ruins at IMDb</text>
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    <title>Michael Davis (onye mepụtara ihe nkiri)</title>
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'''Michael Davis''' (amụrụ n'April 29, 1958) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbgxtra.com/default.aspx?tabid=42&amp;view=topic&amp;forumid=34&amp;postid=154|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192930/http://www.cbgxtra.com/default.aspx?tabid=42&amp;view=topic&amp;forumid=34&amp;postid=154|archivedate=2007-09-27|title=CBGXtra.com -- Forums|date=2007-09-27|accessdate=2019-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye America na-ese ihe ọchị, onye edemede, na otu n'ime ndị guzobere Milestone Media.

== Ọrụ ==
Davis dere kọlụm ndụmọdụ maka Comic Buyer's Guide na ngwụcha afọ 1980. O guzobere Bad Boy Studios iji duzie ndị na-eto eto. N'afọ 1989, ya na Tim Conrad rụkọtara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na usoro Etc. maka DC Comics' Piranha Press . &lt;ref name=&quot;CBR obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/michael-davis-milestone-media-obituary/|title=UPDATE: Milestone Co-Founder Michael Davis Not Dead, Social Media Was Hacked|date=2019-04-29|work=CBR|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1992, ya na [[Dwayne McDuffie]], Denys Cowan, na Derek T. Dingle guzobere Milestone Media, na-enye aka n'ịmepụta ihe odide gụnyere Hardware, Static Shock, Icon, na Blood Syndicate, &lt;ref name=&quot;CBR obit&quot;/&gt; mana na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ azụmahịa nke ọrụ ahụ, ya na Dingle. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/04/michael-davis-dead/|title=Michael Davis Dead: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|author=Farrell|first=Paul|date=2019-04-29|work=Heavy.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-29|archivedate=2019-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506032955/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2019/04/michael-davis-dead/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/02/21/black-history-month-surveying-the-superhero-landscape/|title=Black History Month: Surveying the Superhero Landscape|work=www.villagevoice.com|date=21 February 2019|accessdate=2019-04-29|archivedate=2019-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514081920/https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/02/21/black-history-month-surveying-the-superhero-landscape/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Milestone na 1994, ọ malitere Motown Machine Works, ebe Cowan sonyeere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche / CEO nke Motown Animation &amp; Filmworks mana ọ hapụrụ na 1996.[1] Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Animation maka Magic Johnson Entertainment. N'afọ 2006, o mepụtara ihe ọchị ''The Guardian Line'' maka Urban Ministries . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.crosswalk.com/culture/books/an-interview-with-guardian-line-creator-michael-davis-1450333.html|title=An Interview With &quot;Guardian Line&quot; Creator Michael Davis|work=Crosswalk.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dere kọlụm mgbe niile maka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ComicMix  na &quot;From the Edge&quot; maka Bleeding Cool . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ComicMix – Truth, justice, and the comics|url=https://www.comicmix.com/|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=www.comicmix.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBR obit&quot;/&gt; A nabatara Davis na The Harvey Awards Hall Of Fame &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.harveyawards.com/en-us/about/news/announcing-the-2020-harvey-awards-winners.html|title=Announcing the 2020 Harvey Awards Winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ogwe ojii ahụ ==
Michael Davis malitere Black Panel, na San Diego Comic-Con na 1997. Black Panel bụ ngwakọta nke ndị isi ojii na ndị na-abụghị ndị isi ojii, ndị na-eme mkpọtụ, na ndị bịara ọhụrụ. Comics bụ akụkụ dị mkpa mana ọ bụghị naanị akụkụ nke panel ahụ. Ihe ojii sitere n'akụkụ niile nke ogige ntụrụndụ bụ egwuregwu ziri ezi na mkparịta ụka. Omenala ndị isi ojii bụ omenala ndị ntorobịa na America, na Black Panel na-anwa iweta nghọta, ozi, na ịnweta nnukwu ndị na-ege ya ntị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=The Black Panel Online|url=https://theblackpanel.online/home|accessdate=2022-09-06|work=The Black Panel Online|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
 
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Elma Lewis</title>
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      <text bytes="8691" sha1="7zvj2zo3847jswuyvo5wu8h8gvxlcsn" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Elma Lewis 1975 press photo.jpg|thumb|Elma Lewis na 1975]]
 

Elma Ina Lewis (Septemba 15, 1921 – Jenụwarị 1, 2004) bụ onye nkuzi nka nka na onye nna National Center of Afro-American Artists na Elma Lewis School of Fine Arts .  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnata mbụ nke MacArthur Fellows Grant, na 1981, wee nweta Nrite Onye isi ala maka Arts site n'aka Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan na 1983. Ọ bụkwa onye na-enye Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.&lt;ref name=&quot;histnote&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297129 Historical Note].&quot; ''Archives and Special Collections Finding Aids: Elma Ina Lewis Papers.'' Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections. Web. Accessed 21 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kahn|first=Joseph P.|title=Arts leader Elma Lewis dead at 82|work=Boston.com|accessdate=2014-05-21|date=2004-01-02|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2004/01/02/arts_leader_elma_lewis_dead_at_82/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dunning|first=Jennifer|title=Elma Lewis, 82, Arts Educator And Mentor|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2014-05-22|date=2004-01-26|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/26/arts/elma-lewis-82-arts-educator-and-mentor.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Marcus&quot;&gt;Marcus, Jon. [https://search.proquest.com/docview/565737360 “At 75, Activist Reflects on Life's Work Promoting Black Culture.”] Los Angeles Sentinel, 14 Aug. 1997, p. A16. Oct 26 2017. Subscription required.&lt;/ref&gt;gidan Lewis na September 15, 1921 na Boston nye nne na nna Clairmont na Edwardine Lewis ndị si Barbados kwaga.  [1] [2] Lewis nwere ike nwoke abụọ, Darnley na George site na ozi na nke mbụ nke nne ya.  [3] Ọ gara Ruggles Street Nursery School na 1924 ebe a gwara ya na IQ ya dị elu ihe ka ọ ga-adị mgbe o tolitere.  Ncheta ahụ dị ya n'obi, ọ ga-emekwa ka ọ ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya ma emechaa.  Nne na nna ya bụ ndị na-eso Marcus Garvey bụ ndị echiche ya na-ekwu maka nganga ya na mkpọsa omenala Africa.  [4] Lewis gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndekọ Roxbury Memorial maka ụmụ anụmanụ ebe ọ il olu, piano na ịgba egwu.  [5] Ọ bụ ọrụ site na akwụkwọ site n'ime ihe nkiri ihe nkiri mpaghara wee gụchaa na Emerson College (BLI, 1943), na akwụkwọ edemede Mahadum Boston (M.Ed., 1944).  Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Boston, Lewis -usoro usoro iji okwu na Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Ọgwụgwụ New England, na Ọgwụgwụ Habit nke Boston.  Ọ kuziri ịgba egwu na ihe nkiri na Cambridge Community Center na nka nka na Harriet Tubman House .  [1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 23, Lewis na ndị alaka ya si na Dudley street dị na Roxbury kwaga n'otu ụlọ dị n'okporo ụzọ ámá Homestead ebe o bi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.  Na 1951, nne Lewis, Edwardine nwụrụ.  Nwanne ya nwoke Darnley wee banye n'ime ụlọ dị n'okpuru ụlọ ya na-enye na ụmụ ya.

== Nkuzi nka ==

=== Ụlọ akwụkwọ Elma Lewis nke Fine Arts (ELSFA) ===
Na 1950 Lewis hibere ụlọ akwụkwọ Elma Lewis nke Ọma nka iji nye nkuzi maka ndị obodo Africa-America na Boston na mmemme zuru oke n'ofe nka na nka.  Usoro nkuzi n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịwulite agwa na nkuzi nka dị iche site na iche echiche na ihe ngosi.  Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya dọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu nzaghachi elu na nka nka nke rụpụtara mmemme siri ike.  N'oge ọ kacha elu, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ debara aha ụmụ akwụkwọ 700 ma were 100 ndị nkuzi were ọrụ.  [1] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ gara n'ihu n'ahụ ndị na-aga nke ọma.  Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu na aha ụlọ akwụkwọ Lewis bụ omenala ike nke oge ahụ.  Boston nsogbu nsogbu nbibi n'etiti 1970s ka ụlọ akwụkwọ nyere iwu ka ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ nyere iwu.  [2] N'ihi nsogbu ego, ndebanye aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ na-amalite ibelata.  [3] Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke orụ na nsogbu ego, na n'ihi ụtụ isi, e mechibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;Marcus&quot; /&gt;

=== National Center of Afro-American Artists (NCAAA) ===
Lewis hiwere National Center of Afro-American Artists nke jere ozi dị ka nche anwụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, otu nka mpaghara na ebe ngosi nka.  [1] Saịtị ahụ nke leghaara Franklin Park anya, bụbu Temple Mishkan Tefila na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nso.  E nyefere ya n'aka Lewis nke ndị ọrụ ebere ndị Juu haziri dịka nke usoro ndị Juu na-ahapụ obodo Boston.  Tupu fim a, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ agafeela ọtụtụ ebe ike nsogbu ego.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1980, etiti ahụ ji denyere ruru $720,000.  [2] Mmepụta kwa afọ nke nwa afọ ojii Langston Hughes ihe dị mkpa nke iwu a ma Lewis n'onwe ya na-eduzi ya kwa afọ.

=== Mmemme ihe nkiri nka nka ===
Lewis pinka Nka na ẹzẹ na Massachusetts Correctional Institute.  Ndị na-ekiri 750 nọ n'ahụ anya Norfolk bụ ndị debanyere aha na mmemme ahụ gosiri ihe ngosi na-egosi nkà dịka nhazi egwu.  Na 1972, akwụkwọ bụ́ “mụ buru ibu?  Voices ojii sitere na Norfolk Prison , &quot; na-akụkọ egwu ha, yana ọrụ nke ndị odee/ndị ihe iri, ji okwu nke Lewis akwụkwọ.. 

== Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ ==

=== Onyinye na mmekọ ===
A Lewis onye otu ndị American Academy of Arts and Sciences na 1977. [1] O ji aka n'ịkwalite omenala ndị America site n'ụdị nka.  Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye otu bọọdụ maka òtù dị iche iche, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Congressional Black Caucus, Metropolitan Cultural Alliance, na NAACP [2] Lewis abịara Commonwealth, Massachusetts' kasị elu award na nka, na ọtụtụ  ndị ọzọ.  egwu egwu egwu ihe nke nta ka ọ doctorate iri atọ sitere na mahadum dị iche iche.  [3] N'October 2003, National Visionary Leadership Project na emume na Washington's JF Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, aha ya bụ Miss Lewis, na-egosi Ray Charles na John Hope Franklin, dị ka &quot;Elder Vision.&quot;  [4] A na-echeta ya n'okporo ụzọ Heritage Women's Boston.  [5] N'afọ 1973, Lewis overya $350,000 sitere na ntọala Rockefeller iji kwalite ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ wee agbalị nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.  [6] N'afọ 1981, Lewis nwere ihe nchekwa nke John D. na Catherine MacArthur Foundation.  Onyinye a bụ nke mmemme awụ ise ebe a ga-enye 21 MacArthur Prize Fellows ego kwa afọ maka mmezu ha na ihe ihe.  [7] Na 1983 ọ natara nrite onye isi ala maka nka site n'aka Onye isi ala Reagan.  N'afọ 1986, Lewis, ndụmọdụ nturu ugo eze site na National Council for Culture and Art.  Kwa afọ, Kansụl na-enye mmadụ akara maka mmezu ndụ ndụ n'ime ihe ngosi na nka  &lt;ref&gt;[https://search.proquest.com/docview/226326210 NCCA Award] &quot;NCCA Salutes Simon Estes, Elma Lewis.&quot; New York Amsterdam News (1962-1993): 30. Sep 13 1986. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 . Subscription required.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ntinye aka obodo ===
A bịara mara Lewis dị ka Grande Dame of Arts na Roxbury n'ihi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, ihe ọ rụpụtara n'ịrụ nka, yana itinye aka na obodo ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;MacArthur&quot;&gt;[https://search.proquest.com/docview/docview/226352391 MacArthur Fellows Grant] Abdul, Raoul. &quot;Elma Lewis: Recipient of $54,000 'Genius' Grant.&quot; New York Amsterdam News (1962-1993): 30. Jun 20 1981. Web. 30 Oct. 2017 Subscription required.&lt;/ref&gt; Lewis na-eme njem na gburugburu ụwa na-ekwukarị okwu na ogbako ma mee ka ọ mara ọnọdụ omenala ndị America na America yana ahụmahụ ya n'ịgba NCAAA.

Na 1980, ngwa na Lewis nwere ọrịa shuga.  Ɔ gara n'ihu na-ebute ụzọ mmemme omenala na Boston niile.  Ọ bụrụ ụlọ egwuregwu Elma Lewis na Franklin Park n'oge nwaadị nke na-anya ndị nka dịka Duke Ellington na Arthur Fiedler .  Ọ gara n'ihu ọgwụ mgbochi mkpochapụ na-abụ irighiri ihe na ngwa ọgwụ na Franklin Park.  Egwuregwu Elma Lewis ka aha Elma Lewis Theatre na Franklin Park na 2003 

Na September 1996, Roxbury nabatara ekele maka “Grande Dame,” nke bụ emume ụbọchị ọnwụ nke mmezu na ndụ Lewis.  Ɔka ihe omume n'Ebe gburugburu obodo ahụ wee dọta ndị otu a ma ama asị onye na-ede uri Maya Angelou na onye ọrịa UN.  Lewis nsogbu inwe siri ike nke ọrịa shuga.  Maka ụbọchị ọnwụ nke 76, ọ chị akwụkwọ, foto, ndetu egwu, na ihe na-edozi ndị ọzọ iji nye Mahadum Northeast maka ebe nchekwa ndụ.

=== Ọnwụ ===
Na Jenụwarị 1, 2004, Elma Lewis nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 82 n'ụlọ ya na Boston site na nsogbu akpa ume sitere na ọrịa shuga.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moses Lévy nke Benzion</title>
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[[Usòrò:1924_bookplate_of_Moïse_Lévy_de_Benzion.jpg|thumb| Mpempe akwụkwọ nke Moïse Lévy de Benzion, c. 1924]]
 
'''Moïse Lévy de Benzion''' (1873-1943) bụ onye nwe ụlọ ahịa ngalaba Egypt nke wuru nchịkọta nka na ihe ochie dị mkpa. Ndị Nazi kwakọọrọ ihe ndị ahụ na France n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1000 jichie.

== Egypt ==
Lévy de Benzion bụ onye Juu Sephardi amụrụ na Alexandria, Egypt na 1873.&lt;ref name=ahram&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130715200826/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/939/heritage.htm A happy ending with a pinch of Salt.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715200826/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/939/heritage.htm |date=2013-07-15 }}  ''Al-Ahram Weekly Online'', 19-25 March 2009, No. 939. Retrieved 20 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;  O ketara azụmahịa ezinụlọ malitere na 1857 &lt;ref name=&quot;Carstens&quot;&gt;&quot;Levy de Benzion, Moise (1873–1943)&quot;, {{Cite book|author=Carstens, Patrick Richard.|title=The Encyclopædia of Egypt during the Reign of the Mehemet Ali Dynasty 1798–1952|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y206BAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA421|year=2014|publisher=Friesen Press|location=Victoria BC|isbn=978-1-4602-4898-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ọ gbasaara gụnyere nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ngalaba Grands Magasins Benzion na ụlọ ndị ọzọ na Cairo . Dị ka onye na-anakọta ihe, ihe Lévy de Benzion nwetara gụnyere nkà ndị China na nke ọwụwa anyanwụ, textiles, carpets, akwụkwọ, na nchịkọta dị mkpa nke ihe ochie ndị Ijipt. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023433/http://catalogue.mahj.org/collec.php?q=arc&amp;o=G2O0DXgY20b2ao4l Sauf-Conduit de Moïse Lévi de Benzion, valable pour un seul déplacement pendant 15 jours Marseille, Poste de la gendarmerie Nationale, 15 mai 1941 Valable pour un an MAHJ Archives AR 776.] Musée d'art et d'histoire du Judaïsme. Retrieved 21 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ihe ndị Ijipt ya gụnyere iberibe si n'ili Nebamun furu efu, &lt;ref name=&quot;ahram&quot; /&gt; na otu n'ime ihe osise enyo mbụ ama ama, kwenyere na ọ na-egosi Amenhotep II . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cmog.org/artwork/portrait-king-amenhotep-ii?image=4 Portrait of King Amenhotep II (?)] Corning Museum of Glass. Retrieved 22 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ahụ maka njikwa eserese ndị a kwakọọrọ ihe bụ Gustave Courbet 's ''Entree d'un Gave'' (1876). &lt;ref name=&quot;drouot&quot;&gt;[http://www.drouot.com/static/drouot_resultat_detail.html?idActu=8735 Un Tableau D'Alred Sisley Provenant de L'Anciienne Collection Moïse Levy de Benzion et Estimé 600 000 / 800 000&amp;nbsp;€.] drouot.com Retrieved 22 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Lévy de Benzion nwetara eserese na 1919; ERR weghaara ya na 1940 wee bufee ya na nnukwu ụlọ Neuschwanstein. Na 1941 Walter Hofer nwetara ya maka mkpokọta Hermann Göring . &lt;ref name=&quot;AL&quot;&gt;[http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/02/monuments_men.html &quot;Monuments Man: Birmingham Museum of Art's founding director Richard Howard helped restitute Nazi-plundered art.&quot;] Michael Huebner, AL.com, 7 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, Göring enweghị mmasị na nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ, na-ahọrọ ihe osise Old Master kama, ọrụ ahụ so na ọtụtụ ihe osise ọgbara ọhụrụ e mesịrị gbanwee maka ọrụ ochie nke Theodor Fischer 's [[Galerie Fischer]] na Lucerne. &lt;ref&gt;Harclerode, p. 128.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lootedart.com/MFEU4S18272 ALIU Detailed Interrogation Report: Hans WENDLAND, 18 September 1946.] lootedart.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Fischer rere ihe osise ahụ nye [[Willi Raeber]] nke Basel, onye n'aka ya resịkwara ya Galerie Rosenart nke Lucerne, onye rere ya Arthur Stoll . Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Paule-Juliette Levi de Benzion nke Cairo kwuru na eserese ahụ wee degharịa ya na 1948. Mgbe ọ gbanwere aka ọtụtụ ugboro ọzọ, e rere ya na Birmingham Museum of Art na [[Alabama]] na 1999. &lt;ref&gt;Yeide, p. 456, D22.&lt;/ref&gt; Onye nnọchi anya Göring Walter Hofer jidere Alfred Sisley ''Summer na Bougival'' na ERR, wee zụta ya na Fischer, onye rere ya Emil Georg Bührle na 1942. Mgbe agha ahụ gachara, Bührle ji ụgwọ iweghachi ihe osise ndị Nazi kwakọọrọ na ala Moïse Lévi de Benzion na 15 Disemba 1948, agbanyeghị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbapụtara Sisley n'aka nwunye Benzion di ya nwụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Summer at Bougival · Alfred Sisley · Stiftung Sammlung E.G. Bührle|url=https://www.buehrle.ch/en/collection/?tx_buehrlewerkliste_werkliste%5Bwerk%5D=98&amp;tx_buehrlewerkliste_werkliste%5Baction%5D=show&amp;cHash=cd8ba921b907470560d1a976ce6d8ed8|accessdate=2022-02-03|work=www.buehrle.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ e weghaara ma mesịa weghachi bụ ihe osise Eugène Boudin, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Charles Cottet, Charles Daubigny, Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley, na [[Vincent van Gogh]] .  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lootedart.com/MVI3RM469661 Post-War Reports: Art Looting Intelligence Unit (ALIU) Reports 1945–1946 and ALIU Red Flag Names List and Index.] lootedart.com. Retrieved 21 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.52157.html ''On the Jetty'' c. 1869/1870.] National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 9 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Ndị Nazi nwụchiri Lévy de Benzion na France ma nwụọ na Septemba 1943.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Carstens&quot;/&gt; A na-ere mkpokọta ya na okushon na Villa Benzion, 6 Rue El Amir Omar, Zamalek, Cairo, na Machị 1947 na ire ihe karịrị 900 nza. &lt;ref&gt;[http://arcade.nyarc.org/record=b572378~S4 ''Catalogue des tableaux, aquarelles, dessins, bronzes, objets d'art, &amp;c.''] Brookmuse. Retrieved 21 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Villa Benzion nọ n'akụkụ Zamalek ebe ọtụtụ ndị nwe ụlọ ahịa ndị ọzọ bi, mana dịka ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ahụ, ọ dịghịzi adị. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.egy.com/zamalek/00-09-28.php &quot;The House That Shrunk On Zamalek's Hassan Sabry Street&quot;] Samir Raafat, ''[http://www.cairotimes.com/ Cairo Times]'', 28 September 2000. egy.com Retrieved 22 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndị Juu Sephardi
* Akụkọ banyere ndị Juu nọ na Egypt
* Akụkọ banyere ndị Juu na France
* Ezinụlọ Pallache
* Pallache (aha nna)

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.L13230.html/f/201/L13230-201.pdf ''Bust nke Paule-Dinah Levi de Benzion'' nke Paul Troubetzkoy] ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20150123233035/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.pdf.L13230.html/f/201/L13230-201.pdf Edebere ebe a] )
* [http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/mosaic-glass-inlay-from-a-shrine-262678 Ugogbe mosaic ndị Ijipt webatara n'ụlọ arụsị.] [http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/mosaic-glass-inlay-from-a-shrine-262678 Nchịkọta Ex Lévy de Benzion.]</text>
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    <title>Jala Makhzoumi</title>
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      <text bytes="5598" sha1="s946btdcjzec51zagtzxe6ngk7w583t" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Jala Makhzoumi Profile.jpg|thumb|Jala Makhzoumi ]]
Jala Makhzoumi ( Arabic &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ; gbasara 1949) bụ onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ Iraq, na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ na-esote na Mahadum America nke Beirut .  Ọ na- onyeisi ndị dị n'ime nhazi odida obodo, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ obodo na-adigide na akara mgbake mgbe agha agha.  Makhzoumi akwụkwọla akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Ecological Landscape Design and Planning: Mediterranean Context and The Right to Landscape .  Na 2023, a mgbaàmà ya osote onye isi oche nke International Federation of Landscape Architects .  [1] Ọ bụ Middle East Chapter President nke IFLA.  [2] Makhzoumi mekwara &quot;UNIT44&quot;, nhazi na nkwado nke Lebanon na nhazi ala na ime obodo, yana ebu odida obodo.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archnet &gt; Authority &gt; Jala Makhzoumi|url=https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2833|accessdate=2024-03-21|work=www.archnet.org|archivedate=2024-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321122713/https://www.archnet.org/authorities/2833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ na Iraq na 1949 site na nne Kurdish na nna Lebanon, Makhzoumi tolitere na Baghdad wee tinye ọtụtụ oge ntoju ya na Lebanon, chlor Dhour El Choueir.  [1] O sonye na ngalaba nke injinia na Mahadum Baghdad na 1971, ebe ọ guru akwukwo.  Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, Makhzoumi nwere ngwaọrụ na dị n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na imewe.  akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ọ kwagara United States ịga mahadum Yale, bụ ebe ọ akara akara ugo masta na ebe ebe obibi.

N'oge ọ na-etolite na Baghdad, Makhzoumi kwuru ka ọchịchị aka ike na Iraq si mee ka ọ pụọ n'okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; ọ bụ naanị ruo mgbe ọ kwagara Beirut na 2001 ebe ọ nwere mmasị na njikọ dị n'etiti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụkpụrụ odida obodo, karịsịa n'ihi ịdị adị nke obodo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ekwu okwu na nnwere onwe nke mgbasa ozi na Lebanon. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wong|first=Emily|date=1 Oct 2021|title=Landscapes of recovery: Jala Makhzoumi|url=https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/jala-makhzoumi-interview/|work=Landscape Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha, ọrụ, na ime ihe ike ==
Mgbe ọ ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na Yale, Jala la duru na Baghdad ebe ọ kuziri gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum Teknụzụ afọ iri na ise.  N'ime oge a, Makhzoumi nchacha dị njikọ n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na odida obodo, na-achọ anya na ebe obibi na omume ndị obodo Iraq na-akpọ.  Otú ọ dị, Iraq agha gbara abụọ: agha Iraq-Iran, nke metụrụ Makhzoumi ike ime njem nke ukwuu, na agha Gulf nke mbụ 1990, nke manyere ya mgbochi Iraq.  Nke a bụ mgbe o mmetụta nke PhD na Mahadum Sheffield wee mechaa akwụkwọ edemede ya na nhazi ihu ala. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Halawa|first=Ahmed|date=2021-03-11|title=Jala Makhzoumi: A Landscape Architect in a Race to Stop Desertification|url=https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2021/03/jala-makhzoumi-a-landscape-architect-in-a-race-to-stop-desertification/|accessdate=2024-04-17|work=Al-Fanar Media|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nọ na United Kingdom, Makhzoumi okporo ụzọ odida obodo wee ya n'ịbụ nke Northern Cyprus.  Ọrụ ya nke ọma na nke Gloria Pungetti, onye ọkọka Italy na onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, nke mechara mee ka ha bipụta akwụkwọ abụọ: Ecological Landscape Design and Planning (1999) - na emesịa, The Right to Landscape (2016)  .  [1] Na 2001, Makhzoumi sonyeere Mahadum America nke Beirut ebe o mebere BS na Landscape Design and Ecosystem Management, ebe ọ bụ onye dịka prọfesọ na onye nhazi mmemme site na Fall nke 2001 ruo mmiri nke 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Jala Makhzoumi named awardee of Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe Award 2021|url=https://www.aub.edu.lb/articles/Pages/Jala_Makhzoumi_award.aspx|accessdate=2024-04-17|work=American University of Beirut|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Makhzoumi tinyere aka na &quot;AREC Rural Technology Park: Climate Change and Sustainable Livelihoods in Lebanon&quot; oru ngo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; ma soro otu sitere na AUB rụọ ọrụ  iji tụte Erbil Inner Green Project mgbe eleghara ya anya n'ihi ihe nchekwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Webneoo|title=Jala Makhzoumi's race against desertification|url=https://www.takreem.net/news-details-96|accessdate=2024-04-17|work=www.takreem.net|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-02-26|title=Jala Makhzoumi announced as speaker at IFLA 2024 World Council|url=https://www.iflaworld.com/newsblog/jala-makhzoumi-announced-as-speaker-at-ifla-2024-world-council|accessdate=2024-04-22|work=International Federation of Landscape Architects|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Atụmatụ maka Erbil Inner Greenbelt bu n'obi ịkwụsị mgbasawanye nke obodo ahụ na mmepe obodo mepere emepe nke na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, kwalite microclimate dị n'ógbè ahụ, na inye ndị bi na mpaghara ntụrụndụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archnet &gt; Site &gt; Erbil Inner Greenbelt|url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/9585|accessdate=2024-04-17|work=www.archnet.org|archivedate=2024-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321123006/https://www.archnet.org/sites/9585}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado ọrụ gụnyere ịkwado Dalieh nke Raouche ka ọ bụrụ oghere ọha maka obodo ndị dị na Beirut na oge agha obodo nke Lebanon, na ime mkpesa megide ụdị mmepe onwe ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
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    <title>Mel Edwards</title>
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'''Melvin “Mel” Edwards''' (amụrụ Mee 4, 1937)  &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia.com&quot;&gt;Lisa S. Weitzman, [https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/melvin-edwards#A &quot;Edwards, Melvin 1937–&quot;], [[encyclopedia.com]].&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye omenkà America, onye nkuzi na onye na -akpụ ọla nchara . Ọzọkwa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ịse na mbipụta . Ihe osise ya nwere ọdịnaya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ekwukarị akụkọ ihe mere eme [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|nke Africa-American]], yana nyocha nke isiokwu n'ime ịgba ohu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; A na-ahụ anya ọrụ ya bụ iji ụdị triangular nwere ihu kwụ ọtọ na nke rectilinear na ọla. Ọ bi n'etiti Upstate New York na na Plainfield, [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sculptor Mel Edward's 50 Years of Work on View at Zimmerli|url=https://princetoninfo.com/sculptor-mel-edwards-50-years-of-work-on-view-at-zimmerli/|author=Kauffman|first=Aubrey J.|date=2015-09-30|work=U.S. 1 Newspaper, Princeton Info|language=en-US|accessdate=May 9, 2020|archivedate=2020-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420184345/https://princetoninfo.com/sculptor-mel-edwards-50-years-of-work-on-view-at-zimmerli/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKauffman2015&quot;&gt;Kauffman, Aubrey J. (September 30, 2015). . ''U.S. 1 Newspaper, Princeton Info''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 9,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

O nweela ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ihe karịrị iri na abuo otu onye ma nọrọkwa na ihe ngosi otu iri na abuo. Edwards enweela ihe ngosi solo na Whitney Museum of American Art na New York City, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), na New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey .

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Melvin Eugene Edwards, Jr., mụrụ na Mee 4, 1937, na Houston, Texas, nye Thelmarie Edwards na Melvin Edwards Sr, &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia.com&quot;/&gt; ma bụrụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụ anọ nne na nna ya mụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; Nna ya rụrụ ọrụ maka Houston Lighting &amp;amp;amp; Power na ndị mụrụ ya gbara alụkwaghịm na nwata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A zụlitere ya na Dayton, Ohio, afọ ise, mana mgbe ọ dị n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ, ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri na Houston, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; ebe Edwards tolitere n'oge nkewa agbụrụ . Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị EO Smith Junior na Phillis Wheatley High School . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kino|first=Carol|date=2012-10-17|title=Rediscovering Someone Recognized|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/arts/design/the-sculptor-melvin-edwards-prepares-for-now-dig-this.html|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye okike site na nwata ma ndị mụrụ ya gbara ya ume na nna ya na-arụ ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; Onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị webatara Edwards ka ọ bụrụ nka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Edwards malitere ịga klas nka na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston . &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1955, ọ kwagara n'ebe ndịda California ịga mụọ akwụkwọ na kọleji Los Angeles City . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/melvin-edwards|work=Hammer Museum, UCLA|language=en|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edwards bufere ụlọ akwụkwọ ka ọ mụọ nka na ịgba bọọlụ na Mahadum Southern California (USC), ebe ọ nwetara nzere BFA na 1965.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jegede|first=Dele|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWdFCQAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of African American Artists|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2009|isbn=9780313080609|pages=77–80}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJegede2009&quot;&gt;Jegede, Dele (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dWdFCQAAQBAJ ''Encyclopedia of African American Artists'']. ABC-CLIO. pp.&amp;nbsp;77–80. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780313080609|&lt;bdi&gt;9780313080609&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ na-aga USC, Edwards weere usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'echiche nke Europe, nke kpasuru ya iwe ma kpalie ya ịmụtakwu banyere akụkọ ntolite Africa. Nke a kpaliri njem ọ gara Africa ka afọ ise gachara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Ọ gara Los Angeles County Art Institute (nke a maara dị ka Otis College of Art and Design ) n'oge ezumike site na USC iji soro Renzo Fenci mụọ ihe ọkpụkpụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye, Edwards bụ onye onye Hungarian-American onye na-ese ihe bụ Francis de Erdely, ma mụọ n'okpuru Hal Gebhardt, Hans Burkhardt, na Edward Ewing. &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards Exhibition|url=https://slash-paris.com/en/evenements/melvin-edwards|date=2014|work=Slash Paris|language=en|accessdate=August 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Man of Steel: The Welded Transfigurations of Melvin Edwards|first=Tim|author=Keane|url=https://hyperallergic.com/163313/man-of-steel-the-welded-transfigurations-of-melvin-edwards/|date=November 22, 2014|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkuzi ==
Na 1965, ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi na Chouinard Art Institute (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka California Institute of Arts ) ruo 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ọ kwagara New York City na 1967. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards: Crossroads|url=https://ogdenmuseum.org/exhibition/melvinedwardscrossroads/|work=Ogden Museum of Southern Art|language=en-US|accessdate=May 7, 2020|quote=In 1965 the Santa Barbara Museum of Art organized Edwards' first solo exhibition, which launched his professional career.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa ọ kuziri na Orange County Community College na New York (1967–1969), na Mahadum Connecticut (1970–1972). &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia.com&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;AlexanderGray&quot;&gt;[[Joan Marter|Marter, Joan]] (May 31, 2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240605035550/https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/Press/594a5ddf5a4091cd008b9604 &quot;Melvin Edwards: Liberation and Remembrance&quot;], ''[[Sculpture (magazine)|Sculpture]]'', 35.4, via AlexanderGray.com.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1972, ọ malitere ịkụzi klaasị nka na Mahadum Livingston nke Mahadum Rutgers (nke bụ akụkụ nke Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences ugbu a). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards · Experimental Printmaking Institute|url=https://epi.lafayette.edu/2017/04/03/melvin-edwards/|date=April 3, 2017|work=[[Lafayette College]]|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1980, ọ bụ onye prọfesọ zuru oke na nkuzi na Mason Gross School of Creative and Performing Arts na Mahadum Rutgers . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2002, ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi.

== Ọrụ nka ==
Emere ihe ngosi mbụ ya nke otu onye na 1965 na Santa Barbara Museum of Art na Santa Barbara, California. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Edwards zoro aka na egwu jazz dị ka mmetụta na ọrụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Widener|first=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVV9h3Uz2vQC|title=Black Arts West: Culture and Struggle in Postwar Los Angeles|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780822392620|pages=173–174}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWidener2010&quot;&gt;Widener, Daniel (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVV9h3Uz2vQC ''Black Arts West: Culture and Struggle in Postwar Los Angeles'']. Duke University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;173–174. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780822392620|&lt;bdi&gt;9780822392620&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1969, Edwards zutere onye na-ese ihe [[Frank Bowling|bụ Frank Bowling]], onye na-ese ihe na-ekerịta mmasị ya n'ịme nka nke bụ isi ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọnọdụ nke ga-abụ nke a na-asọ mpi dị ka ndị otu omenala na nka nke ojii na-akpọ oku ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka saịtị nke ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. . Bowling rụrụ ọrụ zoro aka na Edwards, akpọrọ ''Mel Edwards Decides (1968)'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Keefe&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Keefe|first=Alexander|title=Frank Bowling|url=https://www.artforum.com/events/frank-bowling-215388/|journal=ArtForum|date=January 2016|volume=54|issue=5|accessdate=10 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1970, Edwards mere njem nke mbụ ya na Africa, na-eleta mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa nke Nigeria, Togo, Benin, na Ghana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; Njem a metụtara ọrụ ya, na nleta ndị ọzọ na Africa sochiri ya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; N'ime 1970s, ọ sonyere na oghere nka obodo akpọrọ Communications Village, nke onye na-ebi akwụkwọ Benjamin Leroy Wigfall na-arụ na Kingston, NY . Andrews mere mbipụta site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-enyere ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ bụ ndị Wigfall kụziiri ka e si ebi akwụkwọ, na Edwards gosipụtara ebe ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fendrich|first=Laurie|date=2022-10-20|title=When an artist becomes a community: The life and work of Benjamin Wigfall|url=https://twocoatsofpaint.com/2022/10/when-an-artist-becomes-a-community-the-life-and-work-of-benjamin-wigfall.html|accessdate=2023-05-17|work=Two Coats of Paint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ụlọ anwụrụ ọkụ (1968-1970) ===
Smokehouse (nke a makwaara dị ka Smokehouse Associates, Smokehouse Collective, Smokehouse Painters) bụ atụmatụ &quot;mgbidi eserese&quot; nke obodo New York, nke Melvin Edwards na [[William T. Williams]] kere n'akụkụ ya, sitere na 1968 ruo 1970. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smokehouse, 1968-1970|url=https://studiomuseum.org/article/smokehouse-1968-1970|date=2017-09-12|work=The Studio Museum in Harlem|language=en|accessdate=May 6, 2020|archivedate=2021-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013110719/https://studiomuseum.org/article/smokehouse-1968-1970}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=MELVIN EDWARDS with Choghakate Kazarian|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2019/11/art/MELVIN-EDWARDS-with-Choghakate-Kazarian|author=Kazarian|first=Choghakate|date=November 6, 2019|work=The Brooklyn Rail|language=en-US|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The oru ngo dị ka a na-elekọta mmadụ nnwale na-ajụ ajụjụ a: &quot;nwere ike abstraction dozie mmadụ ikpe ziri ezi?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ihe osise mgbidi ahụ nwere eserese ndị siri ike na ụkpụrụ geometric, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; na-eme n'etiti 120th Street na 125th Street nke Harlem . A mụrụ oru a site n'ịtụgharị uche n'otú ọdịnala narị afọ nke 19 nke ikpokọta ụlọ si metụta psyche mmadụ na Edwards kwenyere na a ga-enwe mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ebe obibi na ndụ ndị mmadụ. O kwuru nke a na N'ajụjụ ọnụ na ''Soul of a National Symposium'' na 2018, na-ekwu, sị: &quot;Ọ bụrụ na ị gbanwee ebe, ị nwere ike ịgbanwe ndụ ndị mmadụ.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Conversation: Melvin Edwards and William T. Williams|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kJc-tR7XHw|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605035551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kJc-tR7XHw&amp;feature=youtu.be|archivedate=June 5, 2024|date=March 12, 2018|work=Youtube|accessdate=June 5, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edwards chọrọ ka ọha na eze sonye n'ụzọ obodo na-emepe emepe. N'ime ọrụ ọ bụla, Smokehouse ga-ewe onye agadi nọ n'ime obodo yana onye na-eto eto. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Edwards esonyela n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi solo na United States na mba ụwa. Ihe ngosi solo ya gụnyere ''Melvin Edwards'' (1965), Santa Barbara Museum of Art, [[California]] ; ''Melvin Edwards: Ọkpụkpụ'' (1978), Studio Museum na Harlem, [[New York City|New York]] ; ''Ihe oyiyi nke Melvin Edwards'', Ụlọ ihe nkiri, [[New York City|New York]] ; ''Mel Edwards: Lynch Fragment Series'' (1985), Robeson Gallery, Mahadum Rutgers, New Brunswick, New Jersey ; na ''Melvin Edwards'' (2022), Dia Beacon, Beacon, New York . &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexander Gray CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards CV|url=https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/594a3c945a4091cd008b462e|work=Alexander Gray|accessdate=June 30, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630011752/https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/594a3c945a4091cd008b462e|archivedate=June 30, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/594a3c945a4091cd008b462e &quot;Melvin Edwards CV&quot;]. ''Alexander Gray''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220630011752/https://www.alexandergray.com/attachment/en/594a3c935a4091cd008b4568/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/594a3c945a4091cd008b462e Archived] from the original on June 30, 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 30,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Emere afọ 30 na-atụgharị ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na 1993 na Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase, New York, na afọ 50 nke aha ya bụ ''Melvin Edwards: A na-eme afọ iri ise'' na 2015 na Nasher Sculpture Center, Dallas . &lt;ref&gt;Jerome Weeks, [http://artandseek.net/2015/01/31/melvin-edwards-at-the-nasher-nice-guy-with-some-wicked-steel/ &quot;Melvin Edwards At The Nasher: Man of Steel&quot;], ''Art &amp; Seek'', January 31, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Lance Esplund, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/review-of-melvin-edwards-five-decades-at-the-nasher-sculpture-center-1427839226 &quot;Review of 'Melvin Edwards: Five Decades' at the Nasher Sculpture Center&quot;], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', March 31, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Otfinoski|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcWHdpRoDkUC|title=African Americans in the Visual Arts|publisher=Facts on File, Inc|year=2014|isbn=9781438107776|series=A to Z of African Americans, Facts on File library of American history|location=New York City, NY|pages=74}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOtfinoski2014&quot;&gt;Otfinoski, Steven (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BcWHdpRoDkUC ''African Americans in the Visual Arts'']. A to Z of African Americans, Facts on File library of American history. New York City, NY: Facts on File, Inc. p.&amp;nbsp;74. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781438107776|&lt;bdi&gt;9781438107776&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Lucinda H. Gedeon; Melvin Edwards; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28161746 ''Melvin Edwards sculpture : a thirty-year retrospective, 1963–1993''], Neuberger Museum of Art, State University of New York at Purchase; Seattle: distributed by the University of Washington Press, 1993. World Cat.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Melvin Edwards: Crossroads'', ihe ngosi nke ihe osise 23 na nrụnye, na-enyocha njikọ ọdịnala na ọrụ onye na-ese ihe, gosipụtara na Baltimore Museum of Art site na Septemba 29, 2019 ruo Jenụwarị 12, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;Edwards, Mel (January 9, 2020), [https://sculpturemagazine.art/object-lessons-melvin-edwards/ &quot;Object Lessons: Melvin Edwards&quot;], ''Sculpture''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240725170115/https://artbma.org/about/press/release/bma-presents-melvin-edwards-crossroads &quot;BMA Presents Melvin Edwards: Crossroads&quot;], Baltimore Museum of Art, 15 August 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ sonyela na ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu, gụnyere 56th Venice Biennale (2015), Havana Biennial (2019), na ''Afro-Atlantic Histories'' (2018, 2021 – 2022). &lt;ref name=&quot;Alexander Gray CV&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Edwards lụrụ na 1960 na Karen Hamre; ha mụrụ ụmụ atọ ọnụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt; Na 1969, di na nwunye ahụ kewara; Hamre na ụmụaka ahụ nọrọ na Los Angeles ebe Edwards akwagalarị [[New York City]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=William T. Williams by Mona Hadler|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/william-t-williams-by-mona-hadler/|author=Hadler|first=Mona|date=February 19, 2018|work=BOMB Magazine|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHadler2018&quot;&gt;Hadler, Mona (February 19, 2018). [https://bombmagazine.org/articles/william-t-williams-by-mona-hadler/ &quot;William T. Williams by Mona Hadler&quot;]. ''BOMB Magazine''. The Oral History Project&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;May 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1976, Edwards lụrụ onye na-ede uri [[Jayne Cortez]] . &lt;ref&gt;''Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers'', vol. 1, p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt; Cortez na Edwards rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ: o gosipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya ''Pissstained Stairs and the Monkey Man's Wares'' (1969), o wee dee usoro uri iji soro ọrụ di ya ''Lynch Fragments'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;

Ụlọ ihe nkiri nka ya dị na mgbago ugwu New York na na Plainfield, New Jersey, ọ na-agakarịkwa na Dakar, [[Senegal]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==

* 1975 - enyere onyinye Guggenheim Fellowship . 
* 1984 - onyinye sitere na National Endowment for Arts (NEA). &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt;
* 1988 - Mmekọrịta Fulbright na [[Zimbabwe]] site na 1988-1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
* 1992 - ahọpụtara na National Academy of Design dị ka onye mmekọ, wee bụrụ onye mmụta zuru oke na 1994.
* 2000 – Mmemme obibi ndị nka nka ụlọ nyocha, Dieu Donné, Brooklyn, New York &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Melvin Edwards|url=https://www.dieudonne.org/mel-edwards-2015|work=Dieu Donné|language=en-US|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọ nwetara nzere Doctorate nke Fine Arts site na Massachusetts College of Art and Design (MassArt) na 2014. 
* Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri 2016 akwụkwọ akụkọ Lydie Diakhaté, nke isiokwu ya bụ ''Ụfọdụ Bright Morning: The Art of Melvin Edwards'' . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.africanfilmny.org/2016/some-bright-morning-the-art-of-melvin-edwards/ &quot;Some Bright Morning: The Art Of Melvin Edwards&quot;] at [[African Film Festival]], New York, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==
 

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Africa-American

== Ntụaka ==
oge [[Ihe ngosi|Symbolist]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Miller&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Theresa A.|author=Leininger-Miller|title=New Negro Artists in Paris: African American Painters and Sculptors in the City of Light, 1922–1934|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813528113|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge dị iche iche, ọ bụ onye na-ese akwụkwọ, na ndị ọzọ bụ onye kere ihe osise - nke ọ gụrụ n'okpuru [[Charles Grafly]] na [[Pennsylvania Academy nke Fine Arts|Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] . Ọ bụ ezie na o kwuru na ya apụghị ọkachamara na ụdị African-American, Fuller ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị kasị dị irè na-ede akụkọ banyere nwa ojii na Unitedoge [[Ihe ngosi|Symbolist]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Miller2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Theresa A.|author=Leininger-Miller|title=New Negro Artists in Paris: African American Painters and Sculptors in the City of Light, 1922–1934|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780813528113|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge dị iche iche, ọ bụ onye na-ese akwụkwọ, na ndị ọzọ bụ onye kere ihe osise - nke ọ gụrụ n'okpuru [[Charles Grafly]] na [[Pennsylvania Academy nke Fine Arts|Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]] . Ọ bụ ezie na o kwuru na ya apụghị ọkachamara na ụdị African-American, Fuller ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị kasị dị irè na-ede akụkọ banyere nwa ojii na United{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160215111136/http://www.meledwards08.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Melvin Edwards.]
* Carol Kino, [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/arts/design/the-sculptor-melvin-edwards-prepares-for-now-dig-this.html?pagewanted=all&amp;_r=0 &quot;Ịchọpụtaghachi Onye Aghọtara&quot;], ''New York Times'', Ọktoba 17, 2012.
* Michael Brenson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160222230718/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2000025/melvin-edwards &quot;Melvin Edwards&quot;], ''akwụkwọ akụkọ BOMB'' – Ndị nka na mkparịta ụka, Nọvemba 24, 2014.
* Catherine Craft, [http://www.nashersculpturecenter.org/art/artists/melvin-edwards-interview &quot;Mkparịta ụka ya na Melvin Edwards&quot;], Nasher Sculpture Center.
* [http://manpodcast.com/portfolio/no-170-melvin-edwards-gohar-dashti/ &quot;NO. 170: Melvin Edwards, Gohar Dashti&quot;], Pọdkastị ndetu nka nke oge a.
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Ndị agha nke ụlọ nsọ Pythias (Dallas, Texas)</title>
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'''Ndị Knights of Pythias Temple''' bụ ụlọ Knights nke Pythias mere eme nke dị na 2551 Elm Street na mpaghara Deep Ellum nke Dallas, Texas . Ugbu a ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka '''Pittman Hotel''', na nke a na-akpọbu '''Union Bankers Building''', bụ onye American-American architect [[William Sidney Pittman]] mere ya wee mepee ya na 1916. Nrụzigharị ugbu a nke Perkins + ga-adị ruo 2020. &lt;ref&gt;https://perkinswill.com/project/the-pittman-hotel/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mwube na ojiji mbụ ==
Ọ bụ [[William Sidney Pittman]] haziri The Knights of Pythias Temple ma buru ụzọ nọrọ na 1916. Onye nwe ụlọ mbụ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ steeti Grand Lodge nke Texas nke Knights of Pythias nke North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa na Australia . Emebere ụlọ ahụ maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche. Enwere ebe a na-ere ahịa maka ụlọ ahịa na-akpụ isi na ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ, ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ala nke abụọ na-ejere ndị dọkịta America-American ozi na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ, na ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi ndụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ejuputa oghere dị n'okpukpu nke atọ. Ala nke anọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ na ebe ọha na eze ndị ọzọ. N'ozuzu imewe bụ neoclassical, ma na-acha uhie uhie brik, na ogologo arched windo na-ele anya site n'elu ụlọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=William Sidney Pittman|pages=37–44|location=College Station|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|title=Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas|year=2013|author=Govenar|first=Alan|isbn=978-1-60344-958-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Knights of Pythias Temple bụ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa azụmaahịa mbụ na Dallas wuru maka ndị Africa-America, nke ndị Africa-America, yana ego ndị America-America. &lt;ref name=&quot;observer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Robert|author=Wilonsky|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/2007-12-20/news/knight-s-tale/full|title=Knights' Tale|work=Dallas Observer|date=2007-12-20|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/union_bankers.htm|title=Dallas Historical Society - Virtual Tour of Downtown Dallas: Union Bankers Building|accessdate=2012-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015018/http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/union_bankers.htm|archivedate=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1916 ruo 1939 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachamara na ọdịbendị nke etiti obodo Africa-American obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;observer&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ ịgba egwu na-akwado nkà na nkuzi nkuzi, na ụfọdụ ndị a ma ama site na Fisk Jubilee Singers, [[Marcus Garvey]], na George Washington Carver . &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=William Sidney Pittman|pages=37–44|location=College Station|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|title=Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas|year=2013|author=Govenar|first=Alan|isbn=978-1-60344-958-8}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGovenarBrakefield2013&quot;&gt;Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay (2013). &quot;William Sidney Pittman&quot;. ''Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas''. College Station: Texas A&amp;M University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;37–44. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-60344-958-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbe e mesịrị na-eji ==
N’ihi ihe isi ike nke ego, a manyere ndị Knights nke Pythias ire ụlọ nsọ nye Ben Ackerman na 1946. N’aka nke ya, otu ikpe manyere Ackerman ire ụlọ nsọ ahụ maka $100,000 na 1956. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị Pytịa bi n’ebe ahụ kwagara n’ụlọ ọrụ dị n’okpukpu nke abụọ chere ụlọ nsọ ha ihu. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=William Sidney Pittman|pages=37–44|location=College Station|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|title=Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas|year=2013|author=Govenar|first=Alan|isbn=978-1-60344-958-8}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGovenarBrakefield2013&quot;&gt;Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay (2013). &quot;William Sidney Pittman&quot;. ''Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas''. College Station: Texas A&amp;M University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;37–44. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-60344-958-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-60344-958-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1959, ndị Union Bankers Insurance Company zụtara ụlọ ahụ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkọlọtọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;copeland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Central Track|url=https://www.centraltrack.com/the-epic-and-the-knights-of-pythias/|author=Copeland|first=Alex|title=Knights of Pythias temple in Deep Ellum|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ ozi ochie maka ndị Knights nke Pythias ka na-achọ ụlọ ahụ mma na mmalite 1980s, mgbe Union Bankers kpuchiri aha ochie ahụ. Ndị nchekwa obodo nwetara iwu ịmanye ndị na-ahụ maka ego Union ka ha kpughee aha ochie egosiri na facade. Obodo ahụ họpụtara saịtị ahụ dị ka Dallas Landmark na 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot; /&gt; Ndị ụlọ akụ Union hapụrụ saịtị ahụ na 1990s. Ọ bụ ezie na akwadoro ọrụ mweghachi na nrụpụta dị iche iche n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ na 2017. Ọtụtụ ebe mbụ e nwetara ozi na ụlọ ahụ debere ndekọ ha, n'agbanyeghị na e bibiri ụfọdụ. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dallasnews.com/news/commentary/2019/08/06/dallas-knights-of-pythias-building-and-the-story-of-its-trailblazing-builder-are-being-saved/&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2017, otu ndị mmepe mara ọkwa atụmatụ iji wulite ngọngọ ahụ, gụnyere mweghachi nke brik uhie nke Knights of Pythias Temple. &lt;ref name=&quot;copeland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Central Track|url=https://www.centraltrack.com/the-epic-and-the-knights-of-pythias/|author=Copeland|first=Alex|title=Knights of Pythias temple in Deep Ellum|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka nke 2023 ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ụdị Kimpton, a na-ahụta ya dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mbụ okomoko na Deep Ellum. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dmagazine.com/commercial-real-estate/2020/06/first-look-the-kimpton-pittman-hotel-in-deep-ellum/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osisi ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:Sidney_Pittman.jpg|alt=William Sidney Pittman, designing architect, circa 1916|William Sidney Pittman, onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, ihe dịka 1916
Usòrò:Dyson_dentist_pythias_temple.png|alt=Advertisement for dentist office at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919|Mgbasa ozi maka ụlọ ọrụ, eze na Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919
Usòrò:Fisk_jubilee_singers_dallas.png|alt=Advertisement for performance at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919|Mgbasa ozi maka ọrụ ọrụ na Temple Knights nke Pythias, 1919
Usòrò:Eagle_mutual_benefit_dallas.png|alt=Advertisement for insurance company at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1921|Mgbasa ozi maka ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị na Temple Knights of Pythias, 1921
Usòrò:Kn_pyth_dallas2.png|alt=Image from The Dallas Express of the Knights of Pythias Temple, Elm Street, Dallas, Texas|Foto sitere na Dallas Express nke Knights of Pythias Temple, Elm Street, Dallas, Texas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
ịmanye ndị na-ahụ maka ego Union ka ha kpughee aha ochie egosiri na facade. Obodo ahụ họpụtara saịtị ahụ dị ka Dallas Landmark na 1989.  Ndị ụlọ akụ Union hapụrụ saịtị{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=https://dallascityhall.com/departments/sustainabledevelopment/historicpreservation/Pages/knights_of_pythias_temple.aspx|publisher=City of Dallas|accessdate=2018-08-01|title=Dallas Landmark, Structures and Sites: Knights of Pythias Temple}}
* {{Cite web|title=Union Bankers Building, 2551 Elm St.: Designation Report, City of Dallas|date=1984-12-19|accessdate=2018-08-01|publisher=City of Dallas|url=https://dallascityhall.com/departments/sustainabledevelopment/historicpreservation/HP%20Documents/Landmark%20Structures/Knights%20of%20Pythias%20Building%20Landmark%20Nomination.pdf}}</text>
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'''Ndị Knights of Pythias Temple''' bụ ụlọ Knights nke Pythias mere eme nke dị na 2551 Elm Street na mpaghara Deep Ellum nke Dallas, Texas . Ugbu a ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka '''Pittman Hotel''', na nke a na-akpọbu '''Union Bankers Building''', bụ onye American-American architect [[William Sidney Pittman]] mere ya wee mepee ya na 1916. Nrụzigharị ugbu a nke Perkins + ga-adị ruo 2020. &lt;ref&gt;https://perkinswill.com/project/the-pittman-hotel/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mwube na ojiji mbụ ==
Ọ bụ [[William Sidney Pittman]] haziri The Knights of Pythias Temple ma buru ụzọ nọrọ na 1916. Onye nwe ụlọ mbụ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ steeti Grand Lodge nke Texas nke Knights of Pythias nke North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa na Australia . Emebere ụlọ ahụ maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche. Enwere ebe a na-ere ahịa maka ụlọ ahịa na-akpụ isi na ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ, ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ala nke abụọ na-ejere ndị dọkịta America-American ozi na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ, na ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi ndụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ejuputa oghere dị n'okpukpu nke atọ. Ala nke anọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ na ebe ọha na eze ndị ọzọ. N'ozuzu imewe bụ neoclassical, ma na-acha uhie uhie brik, na ogologo arched windo na-ele anya site n'elu ụlọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=William Sidney Pittman|pages=37–44|location=College Station|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|title=Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas|year=2013|author=Govenar|first=Alan|isbn=978-1-60344-958-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Knights of Pythias Temple bụ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa azụmaahịa mbụ na Dallas wuru maka ndị Africa-America, nke ndị Africa-America, yana ego ndị America-America. &lt;ref name=&quot;observer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Robert|author=Wilonsky|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/2007-12-20/news/knight-s-tale/full|title=Knights' Tale|work=Dallas Observer|date=2007-12-20|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/union_bankers.htm|title=Dallas Historical Society - Virtual Tour of Downtown Dallas: Union Bankers Building|accessdate=2012-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015018/http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/union_bankers.htm|archivedate=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1916 ruo 1939 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachamara na ọdịbendị nke etiti obodo Africa-American obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;observer&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ ịgba egwu na-akwado nkà na nkuzi nkuzi, na ụfọdụ ndị a ma ama site na Fisk Jubilee Singers, [[Marcus Garvey]], na George Washington Carver . &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=William Sidney Pittman|pages=37–44|location=College Station|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|title=Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas|year=2013|author=Govenar|first=Alan|isbn=978-1-60344-958-8}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGovenarBrakefield2013&quot;&gt;Govenar, Alan; Brakefield, Jay (2013). &quot;William Sidney Pittman&quot;. ''Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas''. College Station: Texas A&amp;M University Press. pp.&amp;nbsp;37–44. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-60344-958-8&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbe e mesịrị na-eji ==
N’ihi ihe isi ike nke ego, a manyere ndị Knights nke Pythias ire ụlọ nsọ nye Ben Ackerman na 1946. N’aka nke ya, otu ikpe manyere Ackerman ire ụlọ nsọ ahụ maka $100,000 na 1956. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị Pytịa bi n’ebe ahụ kwagara n’ụlọ ọrụ dị n’okpukpu nke abụọ chere ụlọ nsọ ha ihu. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1959, ndị Union Bankers Insurance Company zụtara ụlọ ahụ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkọlọtọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;copeland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Central Track|url=https://www.centraltrack.com/the-epic-and-the-knights-of-pythias/|author=Copeland|first=Alex|title=Knights of Pythias temple in Deep Ellum|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ ozi ochie maka ndị Knights nke Pythias ka na-achọ ụlọ ahụ mma na mmalite 1980s, mgbe Union Bankers kpuchiri aha ochie ahụ. Ndị nchekwa obodo nwetara iwu ịmanye ndị na-ahụ maka ego Union ka ha kpughee aha ochie egosiri na facade. Obodo ahụ họpụtara saịtị ahụ dị ka Dallas Landmark na 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot; /&gt; Ndị ụlọ akụ Union hapụrụ saịtị ahụ na 1990s. Ọ bụ ezie na akwadoro ọrụ mweghachi na nrụpụta dị iche iche n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ na 2017. Ọtụtụ ebe mbụ e nwetara ozi na ụlọ ahụ debere ndekọ ha, n'agbanyeghị na e bibiri ụfọdụ. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dallasnews.com/news/commentary/2019/08/06/dallas-knights-of-pythias-building-and-the-story-of-its-trailblazing-builder-are-being-saved/&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2017, otu ndị mmepe mara ọkwa atụmatụ iji wulite ngọngọ ahụ, gụnyere mweghachi nke brik uhie nke Knights of Pythias Temple. &lt;ref name=&quot;copeland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Central Track|url=https://www.centraltrack.com/the-epic-and-the-knights-of-pythias/|author=Copeland|first=Alex|title=Knights of Pythias temple in Deep Ellum|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka nke 2023 ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ụdị Kimpton, a na-ahụta ya dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mbụ okomoko na Deep Ellum. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dmagazine.com/commercial-real-estate/2020/06/first-look-the-kimpton-pittman-hotel-in-deep-ellum/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osisi ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:Sidney_Pittman.jpg|alt=William Sidney Pittman, designing architect, circa 1916|William Sidney Pittman, onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, ihe dịka 1916
Usòrò:Dyson_dentist_pythias_temple.png|alt=Advertisement for dentist office at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919|Mgbasa ozi maka ụlọ ọrụ, eze na Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919
Usòrò:Fisk_jubilee_singers_dallas.png|alt=Advertisement for performance at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919|Mgbasa ozi maka ọrụ ọrụ na Temple Knights nke Pythias, 1919
Usòrò:Eagle_mutual_benefit_dallas.png|alt=Advertisement for insurance company at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1921|Mgbasa ozi maka ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị na Temple Knights of Pythias, 1921
Usòrò:Kn_pyth_dallas2.png|alt=Image from The Dallas Express of the Knights of Pythias Temple, Elm Street, Dallas, Texas|Foto sitere na Dallas Express nke Knights of Pythias Temple, Elm Street, Dallas, Texas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
ịmanye ndị na-ahụ maka ego Union ka ha kpughee aha ochie egosiri na facade. Obodo ahụ họpụtara saịtị ahụ dị ka Dallas Landmark na 1989.  Ndị ụlọ akụ Union hapụrụ saịtị{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=https://dallascityhall.com/departments/sustainabledevelopment/historicpreservation/Pages/knights_of_pythias_temple.aspx|publisher=City of Dallas|accessdate=2018-08-01|title=Dallas Landmark, Structures and Sites: Knights of Pythias Temple}}
* {{Cite web|title=Union Bankers Building, 2551 Elm St.: Designation Report, City of Dallas|date=1984-12-19|accessdate=2018-08-01|publisher=City of Dallas|url=https://dallascityhall.com/departments/sustainabledevelopment/historicpreservation/HP%20Documents/Landmark%20Structures/Knights%20of%20Pythias%20Building%20Landmark%20Nomination.pdf}}</text>
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'''Ndị Knights of Pythias Temple''' bụ ụlọ Knights nke Pythias mere eme nke dị na 2551 Elm Street na mpaghara Deep Ellum nke Dallas, Texas . Ugbu a ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka '''Pittman Hotel''', na nke a na-akpọbu '''Union Bankers Building''', bụ onye American-American architect [[William Sidney Pittman]] mere ya wee mepee ya na 1916. Nrụzigharị ugbu a nke Perkins + ga-adị ruo 2020. &lt;ref&gt;https://perkinswill.com/project/the-pittman-hotel/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mwube na ojiji mbụ ==
Ọ bụ [[William Sidney Pittman]] haziri The Knights of Pythias Temple ma buru ụzọ nọrọ na 1916. Onye nwe ụlọ mbụ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ steeti Grand Lodge nke Texas nke Knights of Pythias nke North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa na Australia . Emebere ụlọ ahụ maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche. Enwere ebe a na-ere ahịa maka ụlọ ahịa na-akpụ isi na ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ, ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ala nke abụọ na-ejere ndị dọkịta America-American ozi na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ, na ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi ndụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ejuputa oghere dị n'okpukpu nke atọ. Ala nke anọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ na ebe ọha na eze ndị ọzọ. N'ozuzu imewe bụ neoclassical, ma na-acha uhie uhie brik, na ogologo arched windo na-ele anya site n'elu ụlọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=William Sidney Pittman|pages=37–44|location=College Station|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|title=Deep Ellum: The Other Side of Dallas|year=2013|author=Govenar|first=Alan|isbn=978-1-60344-958-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Knights of Pythias Temple bụ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa azụmaahịa mbụ na Dallas wuru maka ndị Africa-America, nke ndị Africa-America, yana ego ndị America-America. &lt;ref name=&quot;observer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Robert|author=Wilonsky|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/2007-12-20/news/knight-s-tale/full|title=Knights' Tale|work=Dallas Observer|date=2007-12-20|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/union_bankers.htm|title=Dallas Historical Society - Virtual Tour of Downtown Dallas: Union Bankers Building|accessdate=2012-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024015018/http://www.dallashistory.org/history/dallas/union_bankers.htm|archivedate=2012-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1916 ruo 1939 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ebe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachamara na ọdịbendị nke etiti obodo Africa-American obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;observer&quot; /&gt; Ụlọ ịgba egwu na-akwado nkà na nkuzi nkuzi, na ụfọdụ ndị a ma ama site na Fisk Jubilee Singers, [[Marcus Garvey]], na George Washington Carver . &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot; /&gt;

== Mgbe e mesịrị na-eji ==
N’ihi ihe isi ike nke ego, a manyere ndị Knights nke Pythias ire ụlọ nsọ nye Ben Ackerman na 1946. N’aka nke ya, otu ikpe manyere Ackerman ire ụlọ nsọ ahụ maka $100,000 na 1956. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị Pytịa bi n’ebe ahụ kwagara n’ụlọ ọrụ dị n’okpukpu nke abụọ chere ụlọ nsọ ha ihu. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1959, ndị Union Bankers Insurance Company zụtara ụlọ ahụ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkọlọtọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;copeland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Central Track|url=https://www.centraltrack.com/the-epic-and-the-knights-of-pythias/|author=Copeland|first=Alex|title=Knights of Pythias temple in Deep Ellum|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ ozi ochie maka ndị Knights nke Pythias ka na-achọ ụlọ ahụ mma na mmalite 1980s, mgbe Union Bankers kpuchiri aha ochie ahụ. Ndị nchekwa obodo nwetara iwu ịmanye ndị na-ahụ maka ego Union ka ha kpughee aha ochie egosiri na facade. Obodo ahụ họpụtara saịtị ahụ dị ka Dallas Landmark na 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;deepellum&quot; /&gt; Ndị ụlọ akụ Union hapụrụ saịtị ahụ na 1990s. Ọ bụ ezie na akwadoro ọrụ mweghachi na nrụpụta dị iche iche n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ na 2017. Ọtụtụ ebe mbụ e nwetara ozi na ụlọ ahụ debere ndekọ ha, n'agbanyeghị na e bibiri ụfọdụ. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dallasnews.com/news/commentary/2019/08/06/dallas-knights-of-pythias-building-and-the-story-of-its-trailblazing-builder-are-being-saved/&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2017, otu ndị mmepe mara ọkwa atụmatụ iji wulite ngọngọ ahụ, gụnyere mweghachi nke brik uhie nke Knights of Pythias Temple. &lt;ref name=&quot;copeland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Central Track|url=https://www.centraltrack.com/the-epic-and-the-knights-of-pythias/|author=Copeland|first=Alex|title=Knights of Pythias temple in Deep Ellum|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka nke 2023 ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ụdị Kimpton, a na-ahụta ya dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mbụ okomoko na Deep Ellum. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dmagazine.com/commercial-real-estate/2020/06/first-look-the-kimpton-pittman-hotel-in-deep-ellum/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osisi ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:Sidney_Pittman.jpg|alt=William Sidney Pittman, designing architect, circa 1916|William Sidney Pittman, onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, ihe dịka 1916
Usòrò:Dyson_dentist_pythias_temple.png|alt=Advertisement for dentist office at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919|Mgbasa ozi maka ụlọ ọrụ, eze na Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919
Usòrò:Fisk_jubilee_singers_dallas.png|alt=Advertisement for performance at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1919|Mgbasa ozi maka ọrụ ọrụ na Temple Knights nke Pythias, 1919
Usòrò:Eagle_mutual_benefit_dallas.png|alt=Advertisement for insurance company at the Knights of Pythias Temple, 1921|Mgbasa ozi maka ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị na Temple Knights of Pythias, 1921
Usòrò:Kn_pyth_dallas2.png|alt=Image from The Dallas Express of the Knights of Pythias Temple, Elm Street, Dallas, Texas|Foto sitere na Dallas Express nke Knights of Pythias Temple, Elm Street, Dallas, Texas
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
ịmanye ndị na-ahụ maka ego Union ka ha kpughee aha ochie egosiri na facade. Obodo ahụ họpụtara saịtị ahụ dị ka Dallas Landmark na 1989.  Ndị ụlọ akụ Union hapụrụ saịtị{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|url=https://dallascityhall.com/departments/sustainabledevelopment/historicpreservation/Pages/knights_of_pythias_temple.aspx|publisher=City of Dallas|accessdate=2018-08-01|title=Dallas Landmark, Structures and Sites: Knights of Pythias Temple}}
* {{Cite web|title=Union Bankers Building, 2551 Elm St.: Designation Report, City of Dallas|date=1984-12-19|accessdate=2018-08-01|publisher=City of Dallas|url=https://dallascityhall.com/departments/sustainabledevelopment/historicpreservation/HP%20Documents/Landmark%20Structures/Knights%20of%20Pythias%20Building%20Landmark%20Nomination.pdf}}</text>
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    <title>Ndị African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945</title>
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        <id>19114</id>
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      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
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      <text bytes="2591" sha1="pgihq0d5ds2jk7crtwp32jc731e151i" xml:space="preserve"> {{Databox}}

'''''African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945''''' bụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu akụkọ ndụ America nke lekwasịrị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Africa eleghara anya na mbụ, Dreck Spurlock Wilson deziri akwụkwọ ahụ wee bipụta ya na mbipụta mbụ na Jenụwarị 12, 2004, site na ya. Routledge . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kahn|first=Eve M.|date=2004-06-03|title=A Book Remembers Forgotten Architects|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/03/garden/a-book-remembers-forgotten-architects.html|accessdate=2023-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rossell|first=E. G. Daves|date=Winter 2005|title=Review of African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945|url=https://www.nps.gov/crps/CRMJournal/Winter2005/reviewbook9.html|accessdate=2023-03-04|work=CRM: The Journal of Heritage Stewardship, Volumes 1-8, National Park Service (NPS)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Weiss|first=Ellen|date=2008-03-01|title=Review: The Rosenwald Schools of the American South, by Mary S. Hoffschwelle and African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary 1865–1945, by Dreck Spurlock Wilson|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/jsah/article/67/1/142/58834/Review-The-Rosenwald-Schools-of-the-American-South|journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=142–144|doi=10.1525/jsah.2008.67.1.142|issn=0037-9808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere profaịlụ 151, nke 9 bụ ụmụ nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ ụlọ mbụ dị n'akwụkwọ a malitere na 1865, agbanyeghị, enwere ike ịnwe ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ America mbụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reggev|first=Kate|date=January 29, 2021|title=&quot;That [Most] Exceptional One&quot;: Early Black Female Architects|url=https://www.madamearchitect.org/in-ink/2021/1/29/that-most-exceptional-one-early-black-female-architects|accessdate=2023-03-04|work=Madame Architect|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụmụ nwanyị Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ==
 

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Dreck Spurlock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OaSAgAAQBAJ|title=African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945|date=March 2004|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-95629-5|edition=Revised|location=New York City, NY|language=en}}

== Ntụaka ==
nke lekwasịrị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Africa eleghara{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4827" sha1="tmg485s8goclwhluueks0hgrha77982" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}A mụrụ '''Gidesi Chalamanda''' na 15 Jenụarị 1931, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=RADARS|first=VOMI|title=My Biography - Meet Giddes Chalamanda|url=http://vominews247.com/my-biography-meet-giddes-chalamanda/|accessdate=2023-03-05|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305072626/http://vominews247.com/my-biography-meet-giddes-chalamanda/}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;Agide&quot;. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe egwu na Malawi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606300016.html|title=Malawi's Acousting Musician Giddes Chalamanda Lives Dream, Coming to America|first=Pius Nyondo &amp; Elijah|author=Phimbi|date=30 June 2016|publisher=|accessdate=27 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amụrụ ya na Chiradzulu na mpaghara ndịda [[Malawi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;malawipunch.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.malawipunch.com/entertainment/dream-come-true-giddes-chalamanda-tours-america/|title=Malawipunch.com|work=www.malawipunch.com|accessdate=27 August 2018|archivedate=27 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827174127/http://www.malawipunch.com/entertainment/dream-come-true-giddes-chalamanda-tours-america/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''www.malawipunch.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 August&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà ama ama na Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;pri.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-06/decades-musicians-dream-was-visit-us-now-86-hes-doing-it|title=For decades, this musician's dream was to visit the US. Now, at 92, he's doing it.|publisher=|accessdate=20 October 2017|archivedate=2017-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111919/https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-06/decades-musicians-dream-was-visit-us-now-86-hes-doing-it}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191016171014/https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-07-06/decades-musicians-dream-was-visit-us-now-86-hes-doing-it &quot;For decades, this musician's dream was to visit the US. Now, at 92, he's doing it&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Egwu ya &quot;linny&quot; nke Dr Namadingo na-ewu ewu na TikTok na-enweta ihe karịrị nde echiche na ihe ịma aka n'ofe ụwa. Maso Awards ga-na 26 Nọvemba 2022 inye onye egwu ama ama “nrite uru ndụ” maka ntinye aka ya na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ egwu na Malawi dị ka ekwuputara site na ibe Facebook Maso Awards.

== 2016 na-abịa njem America ==
N'okwu egwu ya bụ &quot; Buffalo soja &quot;, o kwuru na ọ bụrụ na o nwere ego zuru oke na ọ ga-aga America. &lt;ref name=&quot;pri.org&quot;/&gt; Na 2016, site n'enyemaka nke ndị Fans, ndị enyi na òtù Malawian ma na Malawi na Malawian Diaspora, o nwere ike imezu nrọ a mgbe ya na ndị egwú Davis ndi Edgar gara US. &lt;ref name=&quot;malawipunch.com&quot;/&gt; O mere ihe nkiri na Black Rock Center for Arts na egwu egwu &quot;Pulse of Malawi&quot; nke mere ememe ụbọchị nnwere onwe Malawi na Germantown MD. Ọ bụ onye na-ekwurịta okwu na mkparịta ụka panel nke otu ndị si mba Malawi nwere. Ọ gbakwara egwu na Library of Congress dị na Washington DC ebe echekwara egwu ya. O mekwara ihe egwu n'ụlọ ihe nkiri steeti dị na Indiana, steeti a kpọtụrụ aha n'abụ mbụ ya.

== Mmekọrịta 2020 na Namadingo ==
Na Julaị 2020, Chalamanda rụkọrọ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe obodo Malawi Patience Namadingo onye bụ onye nnọchi anya akara nke ụlọ akụ FDH Financial Holdings nke Malawi na ọnụ megharịrị ọtụtụ egwu egwu ya gụnyere &quot;Linnyhoo&quot;, &quot;Buffalo Soldier&quot;, na &quot;Che meri&quot;. &quot;. Na vidiyo remix, a na-ahụ Chalamanda ka ọ na-enye ụda bass dị ịtụnanya na Namadingo na-akpakọ olu ya na nke ya, na-emepụta egwu egwu mere gburugburu na nyiwe mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta dịka TikTok. N'otu ọnwa ahụ, FDH kwere nkwa ịrụ Chalamanda ụlọ ahịa nri n'obodo Chiradzulu dị n'ógbè ya. E mezuru nkwa ahụ na Septemba nke otu afọ ahụ mgbe ụlọ akụ ahụ nyefere ụlọ ahịa ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nke zuru oke, si otú ahụ na-enye Chalamanda isi iyi ego a pụrụ ịdabere na ya iji mee ka ọ lara ezumike nká na egwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.247malawi.com/fdh-bank-gifts-giddes-chalamanda-with-a-k2-million-grocery-store/|title=FDH Bank gifts Giddes Chalamanda with a K2 million grocery store|date=11 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fdh.co.mw/patience-namadingo-mash-up-with-giddes-chalamanda/|title=Patience Namadingo mash-up with Giddes Chalamanda|date=6 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
ndi Edgar gara US.  O mere ihe nkiri na Black Rock Center for Arts na egwu egwu &quot;Pulse of Malawi&quot; nke mere {{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Mignon Holland Anderson</title>
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'''Mignon Holland Anderson''' (amụrụ1945) bu onye odee na prọfesọ America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-09-02|title=Mignon Holland Anderson|url=https://literarydc.wordpress.com/2019/09/02/mignon-holland-anderson/|accessdate=2020-06-19|work=literarydc|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=M Anderson - Professor Profile|url=https://www.umes.edu/English/Pages/M-Anderson-Profile/|accessdate=2020-06-19|work=University of Maryland Eastern Shore}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-edekarị akụkọ mkpirisi nke na-elekwasị anya na ndụ ndị Africa na America na Eastern Shore nke Virginia .

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Mignon Holland Anderson mụrụ na Cheriton, Virginia . &lt;ref name=&quot;Page2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Yolanda Williams Page|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTWu0aSofkkC|title=Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers|date=30 January 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33429-0|pages=11–12|accessdate=November 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Beaulieu2006&quot; /&gt; Ndị mụrụ ya, Frank na Ruby Holland, nwere ụlọ olili ozu . &lt;ref name=&quot;Beaulieu2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu|title=Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&amp;pg=PA10|accessdate=November 13, 2012|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33197-8|pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara Mahadum Fisk wee nweta Bachelor of Arts na 1966. Na 1970 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia na Master of Fine Arts . Ọ jere ozi n'otu oge dị ka onye enyemaka nyocha na Arna Bontemps . &lt;ref name=&quot;Company1973&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Black World/Negro Digest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzoDAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA92|accessdate=November 13, 2012|date=September 1973|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Anderson na-ede mkpirisi akụkọ. Ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na-eme na Eastern Shore nke Virginia ma lekwasị anya na ndụ ndị America America. Akụkọ ya ''na-abụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na nwoke ma ọ bụ abụọ,'' na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbe njedebe nke ịgba ohu na United States na-elekwasị anya na otú ndị Africa-America si malite ịkwado omenala ndị ọcha . E bipụtara akụkọ ya ọzọ, ''Ọgwụgwụ nke ịnwụ anwụ'' na 2001 ma lekwasịrị anya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;Page2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Mignon Holland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgQLPQAACAAJ|title=End of Dying|date=June 2001|publisher=America Star Books|isbn=978-1-58851-019-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anderson na-akụzi Bekee na Mahadum Maryland Eastern Shore, kọleji ojii na akụkọ ihe mere eme. 

Anderson abụrụla onye nnata nke Mahadum Maryland Eastern Shore Onye Nkụzi nke Afọ Onye isi ala. Ahọpụtakwala ya otu n'ime ndị nkuzi iri kacha elu nke onye isi ala. Ọ bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ mmekọ maka ''Maryland Review.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;Beaulieu2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu|title=Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&amp;pg=PA10|accessdate=November 13, 2012|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33197-8|pages=10–11}}Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&amp;pg=PA10 ''Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color'']. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&amp;nbsp;10–11. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-0-313-33197-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-313-33197-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]]

== Na-arụ ọrụ ==
abụọ, na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbe njedebe nke ịgba ohu na United States na-elekwasị anya na otú ndị Africa-America si malite ịkwado

* ''Ọgwụgwụ nke ịnwụ anwụ.'' Baltimore: Ụlọ ndị America (2001).
* &quot;N'ihu ọkụ agaghị m alaghachi azụ.&quot; ''Negro Digest'' : 17 (1968), p.&amp;nbsp;20–23.
* ''Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na nwoke ma ọ bụ abụọ: mkpokọta.'' Chicago: Ndị nta akụkọ ụwa nke atọ (1976).  .

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Herbert Gentry</title>
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      <text bytes="25303" sha1="io932jiohklfcogki4qjrcif0m1lwid" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Photographie de Herbert Gentry.jpg|thumb|Herbert Gentry na 1946]]

{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Herbert Gentry&lt;/div&gt;
!
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |A mụrụ ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |July 17, 1919&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S.&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nwụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Septemba 8, 2003&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;deathplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mba
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; |Nwa amaala US
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ọrụ (s) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; |Onye na-ese ihe
|}
'''Herbert Alexander Gentry''' (July 17, 1919 - September 8, 2003) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Herbert Gentry|url=https://maryryangallery.com/artists/herbert-gentry/|accessdate=2023-05-02|work=Mary Ryan Gallery|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye na-ese ihe na-eme ihe nkiri nke Africa-America nke biri ma rụọ ọrụ na Paris, France (1946-70; 1976-80), Copenhagen, Denmark (1958-63), n'obodo ndị Sweden nke Gothenburg (1963-65), [[Stockholm]] (1965-76; 2001-03), na Malmö (1980-2001), na New York City (1970-2000) dị ka onye bi na Hotel Chelsea.


== Nkà nke Herbert Gentry ==
Eserese Gentry na-ejikọta ihu na ihe mkpuchi, na-atụgharị nghazi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na isi-mmadụ na anụmanụ-n'ime profaịlụ, n'aka ekpe, n'aka nri, n'elu na n'okpuru.[1]  Ntuziaka nke isi, dị ka ihu ma ọ bụ profaịlụ, na-eduga aka nri ma ọ bụ aka ekpe, ma ọ bụ na-eche ihu n'ihu, na-egwuri egwu megide ọnụ ọgụgụ isi nke isi ọ bụla, ọnọdụ ya na kwaaji, na mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọzọ.

Ihu ndị ahụ na-akpalite okwu aghụghọ na ọnọdụ.  Kama iji onyonyo gosi akụkọ pụtara ìhè, Gentry weputara ahụmịhe ya n'elu kwaaji.  Omume nke eserese na-akpaghị aka na-eji nsụhọ n'onwe ya, na eserese ọ bụla na-egosipụta onwe ya.  Mgbe a jụrụ ya gbasara mmetụta ndị na-emetụta ya kpọmkwem, ọ na-ezere itinye nkọwa mpụga na ahụmịhe mbụ, na-akọwa kama usoro okike  ya.&lt;ref&gt;Delany, B. K. (2003), &quot;Post-World War II Expatriate Painters: The Question of a Black Aesthetic&quot;. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Doctoral dissertation.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe gbasara nkà ihe ọmụma, Gentry na-eku ume n'ime ngosipụta onwe onye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Editors|first=Blackartstory org|date=2020-11-04|title=Profile: Herbert Gentry (1919-2003)|url=https://blackartstory.org/2020/11/04/profile-herbert-gentry-1919-2003/|accessdate=2023-05-02|work=Black Art Story|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;A na-ejikọta ụda staccato nke jazz na ụdị Biomorphic na ihe osise nke na-adịghị adị kpamkpam ma na-ejide foto na ọdịnala Cubist, &quot;ka Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Peter Selz (1994) dere banyere ọrụ Gentry.&lt;ref&gt;Selz, Peter, &quot;Herbert Gentry&quot; essay for gallery exhibition, 1994. Los Angeles, California: Alitash Kebede Gallery. Exhibition brochure.&lt;/ref&gt; Gentry na-emepụta ihe mgbochi maka mmetụta na mmetụta uche, ma na-ahazi ihe oyiyi ya na mkparịta ụka na ngwa ngwa nke mmegharị ahụ. [[Romare Bearden]] (1981) dere na &quot;usoro Gentry bụ echiche kama ịbụ eziokwu. Otu mmetụta na chromatic emotionalism, na n'ụdị biomorphic nke ihe osise ndị na-apụta mgbe niile na ihe osise Gentry, ike nke amaghị ihe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Studio Museum in Harlem (1982). ''An Ocean Apart: African American Artists Abroad''. New York: Studio Museum in Harlem, October 8, 1982–January 9, 1983.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Oge ọ bụ nwata na Harlem Renaissance ===
A mụrụ Herbert Alexander Gentry na Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, na July 17, 1919. Ọ bụ nwa James Jentry nke Madison Courthouse, Virginia, na Violet Howden nke Kingston, Jamaica.  Ka ọ na-erule 1924 Gentry bi na Harlem, New York City, ha na nne ya na ezinụlọ ya.

Harlem Renaissance nyere ndabere maka nwata Gentry. Nne ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba egwú na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-eti egwu na ndị na-agba egwú na-eleta ụlọ ya ugboro ugboro.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herbert Gentry – RYAN LEE Gallery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Herbert Gentry – RYAN LEE Gallery|url=https://ryanleegallery.com/artists/herbert-gentry/|accessdate=2023-05-02|work=ryanleegallery.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'okpuru aha [[Teresa Gentry]], ya na [[Josephine Baker]] na [[Bessye Buchanen]] gbara egwu. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nọ n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke mbụ nke Ziegfeld musical Show Boat na 1927, yana mweghachi ya na 1932. Ndị enyi nne ya gụnyere Langston Hughes, [[Paul Robeson]] na [[Duke Ellington]].

Dị ka onye na-eto eto Gentry nwere òkè na egwuregwu Scarlet Sister Mary, bụ onye ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Ethel Barrymore gagharịa na obodo ahụ wee mepee na Broadway na 1931.[1]  Gentry nwetara ume sitere n'aka ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-egwu egwu, ndị edemede, ndị na-agba egwú, na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, bụ ndị niile kwadoro nkwenye ya na ụwa okike nke dị n'ofe Harlem.

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nke New York City, Gentry gara Cooper Junior High na George Washington High School. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ese ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ wee mụọ ihe osise na Harlem YMCA ma mesịa mụọ ihe nkiri dị ka akụkụ nke Federal Art Project nke WPA (Works Progress Administration) na Roosevelt High School.

Na 1939, ndị ndu Harlem ngagharị iwe megide ịkpa oke ọrụ ka ekwuru na etinyere ma e wezụga Rev. Adam Clayton Powell Jr.[1]  Nwanne nne Gentry tọrọ Arnold P. Johnson.  Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Gentry, bụ onye na-agụ azụmaahịa na Mahadum New York, ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Consolidated Edison New York onye ọrụ ojii mbụ n'ọkwa na-acha ọcha ma kwenye na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ gwara ya na,  &quot;Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme nke ọma, anyị ga-ewe ndị ọzọ n'ọrụ. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;Attestation unable to locate&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ndị agha US (1942-45), na-eje ozi na 90th Coast Guard Artillery / Anti-Aircraft Regiment na-arụ ọrụ na Special Services. Ọrụ ndị agha US ya na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] kpọgara ya mba dị iche iche na Mediterenian na Northern Europe: [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], Madeline Island ([[Italy|Ịtali]]), Corsica, Marseilles, Paris, Alsace-Lorraine ([[France]]), na Salzburg ([[Austria]]). Na ngwụcha agha ahụ, Gentry nọ na Crepy-en-Vallois nke dị na Paris. O jiri ohere ọ bụla gaa Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirwin&quot;&gt;Kirwin, Liza (1991), [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-herbert-gentry-11493 &quot;Oral history interview with Herbert Gentry&quot;], Archives of American Art, May 23, 1991. Washington, D.C.: Archives of American Art Smithsonian.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afọ ndị ọ gara mba ọzọ ===

==== Paris, 1946-58 ====
Ebe etiti nke Art World tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Paris ka nwere aha ahụ na 1946. Paris metụrụ ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ maka onye agha Gentry, onye mgbe ọ bụ nwata nụrụ ọtụtụ ndị enyi nne ya na-ekwu maka njem na arụmọrụ ha na Paris. N'ụlọ ya na Harlem mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na ndị agha, ọ chọrọ ịmụ nka na Paris. N'echeghị ka a hazie nchịkwa nke GI Bill na Paris, ma dọọ aka ná ntị na a ka na-enye ihe ntụrụndụ ndị bụ isi, Gentry rutere maka oge agụmakwụkwọ nke ọdịda 1946.

Gentry so na otu mbụ nke GI.  Ụmụ akwụkwọ Bill bịarutere Paris na 1946. N'ime afọ mbụ ya, o nwere ụlọ obibi na Cité Universitaire, ma mesịa kwaga n'obere ọnụ ụlọ na họtel Montparnasse.  N'akụkụ ihe ọmụmụ ịse na eserese, Gentry jisiri ike mechaa nkuzi mmepeanya.   Herbert Gentry.  eweghachiri 3 Mee 2023.

N'afọ mbụ ya na Paris, Gentry biri na American House na Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris, ebe ọ zutere ụmụ akwụkwọ America ibe ya: onye na-ese ihe [[Kosta Alex,]] onye na-akpọ piano [[Julian Ketcham]], na ndị edemede Marc Behm na Dan Kurzman. N'ịgafe ụmụ akwụkwọ, ọ choro onye edemede [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], onye gbara ya ume na nka ya; ọ matara onye edemede James Baldwin.

Gentry gụrụ French na Alliance Française, ma debanye aha ya na Ecole des Hautes Etudes Sociales.  Académie de la Grande Chaumière nwere ụzọ nkuzi nka dabara na mkpa ya maka nnwere onwe.  Ọ nọrọ afọ atọ mụọ Ossip Zadkine na onye na-ese ihe France bụ Yves Brayer.  Ka ọ na-erule 1949 Gentry nọ na-akụziri ndị na-eleta ndị America na Académie de la Grande Chaumière ma nwee ihe ngosi mbụ nke Parisian na Galerie de Seine.

Gentry biri ndụ na Montparnasse, na-ezute ndị America ibe ya na Le Dôme Café, Le Select café na La Coupole: ndị na-ese ihe Shinkichi Tajiri, Kosta Alex, na Harold Cousins, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri [[Herbie Katzman]], John Hultberg, [[Burt Hasen]], Haywood &quot;Bill&quot; Rivers, Sam Francis, [[Avel DeKnight]], na onye na-ese fim Carmen D'Avino; dị ka ndị bụbu ndị isi na ndị Gris, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị na-eto eto na-ese egwu, ha na-eme egwuregwu dị ka ndị dị ka Alberto Braetti. E nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Jimmy &quot;Loverman&quot; Davis, [[Romare Bearden]], Serge Charchoune, [[George Spaventa]], Corneille, Wifredo Lam, na Jean Cocteau.

N'agbata 1948 na 1951, Gentry meghere Chez Honey, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Montparnasse, ebe ngosi n'ehihie na ụlọ jazz n'abalị.  N'igosi nwunye mbụ ya, Tadea Werfelman, nke a maara dị ka Honey Johnson, onye na-agụ egwú nke bịara Europe na Rex Stewart's Band, a maara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka ebe a na-anụ jazz nke oge a.  Pete Matz soro na piano, dị ka Dick Allen, Art Simmons na Don Byas ga-emeỤlọ ọgbakọ ahụ dọtara ìgwè mmadụ mba ụwa.  Ndị ahịa gụnyere Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Juliette Gréco, Eartha Kitt, Orson Welles, Jean-Louis Barrault, na Marcel Marceau.  Onye na-ese ihe bụ Larry Rivers, bụ́ onye bịarutere na 1950, na ndị ọkachamara na-agụ egwú juru.

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1951, Gentry gara New York. Ka e mesịrị, na 1953 ọ laghachiri Paris n'otu ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị ka ndị na-ese ihe abụọ ga-aghọ ndị enyi dị mkpa: [[Beauford Delaney]] na [[Larry Potter (painter)|Larry Potter]]. Enweghịzi GI Bill, Gentry nwetara ọrụ na klọb jazz nke Paris; ka ọ na-erule 1955 ọ na-ahazi ihe ngosi ntụrụndụ maka ndị agha Allied na American Armed Forces na France na Germany. Ọ zutere ọtụtụ ndị egwu America na ndị na-agba egwú, gụnyere Mary Lou Williams, Maya Angelou, na ndị ọzọ na Paris dị ka Art Buchwald na Moune de Rivel [[:fr:Moune de Rivel| (fr)]] . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na nzuzo na onye na-ese ihe Georges Braque. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Paris, ya na Larry Potter gbakọtara na ndị edemede Africa-America Chester Himes, [[Ollie Harrington]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ na Café Tournon; Gentry na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri na ụlọ oriri na nkwari Le Select na La Coupole na Montparnasse, ebe ọ zutere ndị Dutch, Belgian na ndị na Scandinavian na-ese foto nke COBRA-otu: Ejler Bille, Robert Jacobsen, Karel Appeal Appel, Carl-Henning Pedersen, Bram Bogart, na Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo (aka Corneille). Gentry nabatara ohere igosi na Galerie Hybler na Copenhagen na 1959, wee kwaga Copenhagen iji kwadebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kirwin&quot;&gt;Kirwin, Liza (1991), [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-herbert-gentry-11493 &quot;Oral history interview with Herbert Gentry&quot;], Archives of American Art, May 23, 1991. Washington, D.C.: Archives of American Art Smithsonian.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Copenhagen, 1958-62 ====
Copenhagen bụ isi obodo jazz dị mkpa na Europe, ma kwado obodo ndị Africa na America nke ndị na-eti egwu na ndị na-ese ihe. Mgbe ihe ngosi nke onwe ya gara nke ọma na Galerie Hybler, Gentry nọgidere na Copenhagen iji kwadebe maka usoro ihe ngosi nkeonwe na Northern Europe, na Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, na Netherlands. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ na-egosi ihe osise na gallery gafee Northern Europe. Mgbe ọ na-ejikọta ihe osise Gentry na nka nke COBRA, ndị nkatọ Danish Jen Jorgen Thorsen na Uffe Harder kwupụtara ọrụ ya n'ụzọ doro anya nke America.

N'ime afọ ise sochirinụ, Gentry nwere ihe ngosi onwe ya na Galerie Suzanne Bollag, Zurich, 1959; Galerie Die Insel, Hamburg, 1960; Kunstudstillningsbygning, Odense, DK, 1960; Galerie Aestetica, Stockholm, SE, 1960;  Galerie Perron, Geneva, 1961;  Galerie Passpartout, Copenhagen, 1961, 1963;  Galerie Leger, Malmö, 1962;  Galerie Rudolph Meier, Davos, 1962. A kpọrọ ya ka o gosi ihe ngosi na Den Frie, Copenhagen, na 1960 ya na otu 6 + 2;  na 1964 na Den Frie Gentry gụnyere na &quot;10 American Negro Artists&quot; na Harvey Cropper, Beauford Delaney, Clifford Jackson, Sam Middleton, Larry Potter, Walter Williams, na ndị ọzọ.

==== Stockholm, 1963-76 ====
Gentry kwagara Gothenburg, Sweden na 1963, ma kwaga [[Stockholm]] na 1965. Na Sweden, ya na ndị na-ese ihe Torsten Rehnqvist na Willy Gordon, na ndị na'ese ihe Bengt Lindström, na [[Gösta Werner (painter)|Gösta Werner]] ghọrọ enyi. Ihe ngosi dị mkpa nke onwe gụnyere Galerie Doktor Glas, Stockholm, 1967; Galerie Marya, Copenhagen, 1967; galerie Zodiaque, Brussels, 1967 na Vikingsborg Museum, Helsingborg, 1966.

Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Scandinavia, Gentry debere ụlọ ihe nkiri na Paris site na 1980. Nraranye ya maka mmegharị ahụ mere ka Gentry dị iche na ọtụtụ ndị America ibe ya.  Ọ gbasoro ihe nlereanya nke ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Cuban Surrealist Wifredo Lam, onye debere ụlọ ihe nkiri na ihe karịrị otu mba.  Montparnasse dị na Paris nọgidere bụrụ ebe etiti maka ụwa nka Europe.

Na Stockholm na 1975 a kwanyeere Gentry ùgwù site na ihe ngosi na Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, nke gara Norrköpings Museum, na Amos Andersson Museum na [[Helsinki|Helsinki, Finland]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Blatt&quot;&gt;Blatt, K., N'Namdi, J., and Rose, M. A. (eds) (2008), ''Herbert Gentry: The Man, The Master, The Magic. Essays by Najjar Abdul-Musawwir, Brenda Delany, Herbert Gentry, Mary Anne Rose, Wim Roefs, Lewis Tanner Moore, George R. N'Namdi.'' Chicago: G. R. N'Namdi Gallery.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Paris, 1976-80 ====
E nyere Gentry ụlọ ọrụ na Cité internationale des arts na Paris ma rụọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ anọ. N'oge a, ọ nwalere, na-arụ ọrụ na acrylic na ákwà linin. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Paris, a zụrụ ya n'okpuru Georges Baroque ma chọta mmasị n'echiche nke oge a nke Cubism na Expressionism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herbert Gentry – RYAN LEE Gallery&quot; /&gt; Ọ matara ndị otu CoBrA bụ ndị mere ka ọ mata echiche nke ime ihe n'onwe ya na echiche nke onye na-ese ihe dị ka onye na-emekọrịta ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herbert Gentry – RYAN LEE Gallery&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ enyi ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe ọ zutere na Cité: Mordecai Ardon, Gerald Jackson, Francisca Lindberg, Christine O'Loughlin, Vicente Pimentel, Mary Anne Rose, Grace Renzi, na Ulla Waller. O nwere ihe ngosi onwe ya na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na Sweden: Randall Gallery, NYC, 1978; Fabien Carlsson Gallery, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1977; Montclair State College, Montclair, New Jersey, 1977.

==== Malmö, Sweden, 1980-2003 ====
N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ rụrụ obere ọrụ na France ma nọrọ oge ka ukwuu na New York City. Ọ laghachiri Sweden wee guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ya na Malmö gafee Øresund site na Copenhagen. Ọ nwere mmasị na ọsọ ya dị nwayọ, ihu igwe dị nro na ọnọdụ dị nso na kọntinent ahụ. Ya na ndị enyi ochie nọ na Copenhagen jikọtara. Ọ kwadebere ihe osise na mbipụta maka ihe ngosi gallery na Sweden, yana na Copenhagen, Milan, Amsterdam, na obodo ndị ọzọ dị na kọntinent. Enyi na enyi ndị na-ese ihe site n'oge a gụnyere Uno Svensson na Olle Bonnier.  N'agbata 1981 na 1993 o nwere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi solo na Europe na Scandinavia: Galerie Futura, Stockholm, 1993, 1989;  Ragnarpers, Gärsnäs, SE, 1993;  Falsterbo Konsthall, Falsterbo, SE, 1992;  Lilla Galleriet, Helsingborg, SE, 1992, 1985;  Gallerihuset, Copenhagen, DK, 1991;  Ụlọ ihe ngosi Bülowska, Malmö, 1991, 1987;  Osisi Altes Rathaus, Inzlingen (Basel), DE, 1990;  Gooijer Fine Arts, Amsterdam, NE, 1985;  Galleria del Naviglio, Milan, Italy, 1984;  Biblioteca Comunale di Milano, Milan, 1984;  Osisi Asbæk, Copenhagen, DK, 1983;  Galerie Oscar, Stockholm, 1981.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blatt&quot;&gt;Blatt, K., N'Namdi, J., and Rose, M. A. (eds) (2008), ''Herbert Gentry: The Man, The Master, The Magic. Essays by Najjar Abdul-Musawwir, Brenda Delany, Herbert Gentry, Mary Anne Rose, Wim Roefs, Lewis Tanner Moore, George R. N'Namdi.'' Chicago: G. R. N'Namdi Gallery.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebe obibi na New York, 1969-2003 ===
N'afọ 1971, onye nduzi nke Moderna Museet bụ Pontus Hulten tụrụ aro ka Chelsea Hotel bụrụ ebe obibi dị mma maka Gentry na ezinụlọ ya ka ha gaa otu ụlọ maka otu afọ na New York City. N'ịbụ onye onye onye njikwa họtel Stanley Bard nabatara, Gentry chọpụtara ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-ese ihe si Paris na-ebi ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ. Ezigbo ihe, inwe ụlọ na New York mere ka Gentry nwee ike ịlaghachi ọtụtụ ugboro ma rụọ ọrụ na ụwa nka nke New York. O nwere ihe ngosi na Andre Zarre Gallery (New York), 1974 na [[Selma Burke]] Art Center, Carnegie Institute (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 1972. Gentry ghọrọ &quot;onye bi na Chelsea Hotel n'afọ 1982. Ọ maliteghachiri ọbụbụenyi nka ochie: [[Romare Bearden]], [[Edward Clark (artist)|Ed Clark]], [[Bill Hutson]], na [[RobRobert Blackburnert Blackburn|Robert Blackburn]], ma mee ndị ọhụrụ.

N'agbata afọ 1975 na 1995, ihe na-emegharị ihe mere Gentry ji emepụta ihe.  Ọ na-eme njem na-aga n'ihu, na-eme njem ọtụtụ ugboro n'afọ.  Ọ gara njem n'etiti New York na Paris (ma ọ bụ Sweden), ebe o guzobere aha nka na United States.  N'ime oge a, o gosipụtara na Europe dị ka onye na-ese ihe America, mgbe ọ nọ na United States, e gosipụtara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'Africa-American.

Malite na 1987, Gentry nwere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu onye na United States: Alitash Kebede Gallery, Los Angeles, California, 1987, 1994, 2004; Quick Art Center, St. Bonaventure University, Olean, New York, 1995; Stella Jones Gallery, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1998; Stella Jones Gallery، New Orleans, Louisiana, 1998; Molloy College, Rockville Centre, New York. 2000; na Macy Gallery, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York., 2000; Steve Turner Gallery, Beverly Hills, California, 2002; Parish Gallery, Georgetown, Washington D. O nwere ihe ngosi itoolu n'onwe ya na G. R. N&quot;Namdi Gallery n'etiti afọ 1991 na 2008: na New York, 2003, 2008; na [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], 1998, 2000, 2004; na [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], 2003; na Birmingham, Michigan, 1991, 1996, 1999.

Ihe ngosi abụọ dị ịrịba ama - nke haziri ma gosipụta ya na Studio Museum na Harlem - bụ &quot;Oké Osimiri Apart&quot; na 1982, na &quot;Explorations in the City of Light&quot; (1996), nke gara Chicago Cultural Center, Milwaukee Museum of Art, Fort.  Ihe ngosi nka dị mma na ihe ngosi nka nke New Orleans.

Ihe ngosi dị mkpa kemgbe ọnwụ onye na-ese ihe na 2003 gụnyere: &quot;Herbert Gentry: Moved by Music,&quot; Wadsworth Atheneum, Amistad Center for Art and Culture, Hartford, Connecticut, 2006; &quot;Herbert gentry: the Man the Magic the Master,&quot; James E. Lewis Museum na Morgan State University na Baltimore, Maryland, 2007; &quot;Herert Gentry: the Men the Magic the Masters&quot;, Diggs Gallery, Winston-Salem State University, North Carolina, 2008; &quot;Her Albert Gentry: Facing Other, Pennsylvania Rochester College, Special, Universal, Universal, Ross, Universal, University, Universal, Manchester, Universal, 2005; &quot;Facing, Universal, Rhyschester, University, University, Rhys, Universal, New York&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blatt&quot;&gt;Blatt, K., N'Namdi, J., and Rose, M. A. (eds) (2008), ''Herbert Gentry: The Man, The Master, The Magic. Essays by Najjar Abdul-Musawwir, Brenda Delany, Herbert Gentry, Mary Anne Rose, Wim Roefs, Lewis Tanner Moore, George R. N'Namdi.'' Chicago: G. R. N'Namdi Gallery.&lt;/ref&gt; Smithsonian American Art Museum nwere ihe ndị gụnyere, &quot;Our City,&quot; L'Homme Vert,&quot; &quot;Ici,&quot; Meeting Series &quot;B&quot;: Our Lives, &quot;Faces,&quot; na &quot;La Rose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Search Artworks {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum and Renwick Gallery|url=https://americanart.si.edu/search/artworks|accessdate=2023-05-02|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ndị a họọrọ ==
Ọrụ Gentry dị na nchịkọta nke Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York); American Art Museum na Hirshhorn Museum (Smithsonian [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629172429/http://hirshhorn.si.edu/visit/collection_object.asp?key=32&amp;subkey=2739], Washington, D.C.); Studio Museum na Harlem (New York), Masur Museum (Monroe, Louisiana); Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art na Amistad Center for Art and Culture (Hartford, Connecticut); Dayton Art Institute (Dayton, Ohio); na Brooklyn Museum (Brooklyn, New York). Na Europe na n'èzí, Moderna Museet (Stockholm, Sweden), Norrköpings Art Museum (Norrköping, Sweden), Stedelijk Museum (Amsterdam, Netherlands), National Gallery of Modern Art (New Delhi, India) na Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris (France), yana ọtụtụ nchịkọta onwe.

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Blatt, K., J. N'Namdi, na M. A. Rose (ed) (2008), [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1606438352 ''Herbert Gentry: Nwoke, Nna Ukwu, Ime Anwansi'']. edemede nke Najjar Abdul-Musawwir, Brenda Delany, Herbert Gentry, Mary Anne Rose, Wim Roefs, Lewis Tanner Moore, George R. N'Namdi. Chicago: G. R. N'Namdi Gallery.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1606438350|978-1606438350]]
* Bearden, R., na H. Henderson (1993), ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka site na 1792 ruo ugbu a''. New York: Pantheon Books.
* Bomani, A., na B. Rooks (ed) (1992), Paris Connections: Ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka na Paris. edemede nke [[Ted Joans]], Theresa Leininger, Marie-Françoise Sanconie. Fort Bragg, California: Q.E.D. Press.
* Bowker, R. R. (1993), ''Ònye bụ Ònye na American Art-1994: 1993-1994'', 20th Edition, New York: Bowker.
* Delany, B. K. (2003), Post-World War II Expatriate Painters: The Question of a Black Aesthetic. New York: Teachers College, Mahadum Columbia. Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral.
* Gardner, Paul, &quot;Mgbe France bụ ebe obibi nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa na America&quot;, The Smithsonian Magazine, Mpịakọta 26, Nke 12, Machị peeji nke 106-112.&amp;nbsp;
* Harrisberg, Halley K. (ed.) (2001), African-American Art: 20th Century Masterworks, VIII. Ihe ngosi Catalogue New York: Michael Rosenfeld Gallery.
* Igoe, Lynn Moody (1981), narị afọ abụọ na iri ise nke nka Africa America: Annotated Bibliography. New York: R.R. Bowker.
* Kirwin, L. (1991), &quot;Oral History Interview with Herbert Gentry, 1991, May 23&quot;, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian, Washington, D.C. Online transcript.[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/oralhistories/transcripts/gentry91.htm Ntinye aka n'ịntanetị]
* Patton, S. F. (1998), African-American Art. Oxford na New York: Mahadum Oxford, peeji nke 161, 164, 167, 176, 177, 178.&amp;nbsp;
* Phillips Museum (2005), Face to Face: Herbert Gentry. edemede nke Brenda Delany, Bill Hutson, Mary Anne Rose. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Franklin na Marshall College.
* Riggs, T. (1997), ''St. James Nduzi maka Ndị Black Artists''. Detroit, Michigan: St. James Press na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.
* Schwartzman, Myron (2004), &quot;Romare Bearden na Herbert Gentry, Tribute to a Friendship&quot; Alitash Kebede Gallery, Los Angeles, California. Akwụkwọ mpịakọta ngosi
* Schwartzman, M. (1990), Romare Bearden: Ndụ ya na nka ya New York: Harry N. Abrams. peeji nke 116, 162-72, 167, 168.&amp;nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Essay maka ngosi gallery, 1994. Los Angeles, California: Alitash Kebede Gallery. Akwụkwọ mpịakọta ngosi.
* Studio Museum na Harlem (1982), An Ocean Apart: African American Artists Abroad. New York: Studio Museum na Harlem, October 8, 1982 - January 9, 1983.
* Ebe ngosi nka na Harlem (1996), Nnyocha na Obodo nke Ìhè. edemede nke Michel Fabre, Valerie Mercer na Peter Selz. New York: Studio Museum na Harlem. Jenụwarị 18-June 2, 1996. Ihe odide nke Kinshasa Holman Conwill, Catherine Bernard, Peter Selz, Michel Fabre, Valerie J. Mercer.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|2}}Herbert Gentry  (2023, May 3). Ụlọ ngosi Mary Ryan E nwetara ya na Mee 3, 2023, site na https://maryryangallery.com/artists/herbert-gentry/ Herbert Gentry. E nwetara ya na Mee 3, 2023, site na https://www.herbertgentry.com/ Herbert Gentry. Spanierman nke oge a. E nwetara ya na Mee 3, 2023, site na https://www.spaniermanmodern.com/artists/herbert-gentry

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.herbertgentry.com Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Herbert Gentry]

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Avel de Knight]]
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'''Niger Delta River Basin Development Authority''', nke a makwaara dị ka Niger Delta Basin Development Agency ('''NDBDA''') bụ otu n'ime ndị isi mmepe osimiri iri na abụọ na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. E guzobere ikike ahụ site na Iwu Nọmba 37 0f 3 Ọgọstụ 1996 ma mee ka nke a nwee ike mgbe e guzobere na ahụ na-erizi mmụta Iwu Nọkwa 25 nke 15 June 1976 nke guzobere ma kweta na ntọala River Basin Development Authorities na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] iji mee ka ikike mmiri Naịjirị nwere maka ọtụtụ ojiji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://nigerdeltabasin.gov.ng/home.html|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=nigerdeltabasin.gov.ng|archivedate=2022-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527064752/https://nigerdeltabasin.gov.ng/home.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; NDBDA na-eduzi site nzọụkwụ ụtọ agbamakwụkwọ nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na onye isi nchịkwa nke na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka Chief Executive na Financial Officer nke Authority. Ndị isi nchịkwa ndị ọzọ na-akwado onye isi nchịkwa azụmahịa na ahụ ahụ na-ahụ maka mpaghara dị iche iche nke Authority, gụnyere atụmatụ na imewe, nchịkwa na ego, injinia na ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Senate queries Niger Delta Basin Development Authority over N220m contracts|url=https://punchng.com/senate-queries-niger-delta-basin-development-authority-over-n220m-contracts/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Niger Delta Basin Development Authority, nke dị n'okpuru nlekọta na ejegharị n'aha nke ọkpara na nke Federal Ministry of Water Resources, nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Port Harcourt, isi obodo Rivers State. Mpaghara nke NDBDA gụnyere Rivers State, Bayelsa State na 18 Local Government Areas nke Delta State. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NorthWindProject.com|date=2021-08-12|title=RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES (RBDAS)|url=https://www.bpe.gov.ng/river-basin-development-authorities-rbdas/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=Bureau of Public Enterprises - BPE|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-13|title=NIGER DELTA BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY-INVITATION TO TENDER AND EXPRESSION OF INTEREST FOR EXECUTION OF PROJECTS {{!}} Public Procurement NG|url=https://www.publicprocurement.ng/niger-delta-basin-development-authority-invitation-to-tender-and-expression-of-interest-for-execution-of-projects/|accessdate=2022-05-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614120640/https://www.publicprocurement.ng/niger-delta-basin-development-authority-invitation-to-tender-and-expression-of-interest-for-execution-of-projects/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group|url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/|accessdate=2022-05-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Niger Delta Basin Development Authority malitere ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ewepụtara Iwu Nọmba 37 nke 3 Ọgọstụ 1976. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Development Institutions and the Niger Delta.|url=https://1library.net/article/development-institutions-and-the-niger-delta.zg3364vq|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=1library.net|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, e mere mgbanwe banyere ókèala nke Authority site na mmekọrịta nke oru ngo na ọma karị niile na Iwu 35 nke 1987 nke mere ka ókèala nke ikike ahụ dịkwuo elu iji tinye mpaghara iri na asatọ (18) na Delta State. N'afọ 1988, [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa]], site na Iwu Nọmba 25 nke 1988, zụrụ ahịa n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ma belata ọrụ nke ikike ahụ iji tinye mmepe nke ikike Mmiri nke ebe ọ na-enweta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-18|title=Niger Delta Basin Authority gets new office complex|url=https://guardian.ng/property/niger-delta-basin-authority-gets-new-office-complex/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Ebumnuche Ya ==
Ebumnuche ndị bụ isi nke ikike ahụ dị ka akọwapụtara na ngalaba ochichi okpuru 4 nke Iwu 35 nke 1987 gụnyere:

* Mmepe nke mmiri dị n'elu na n'okpuru ala.
* Nkwado nke akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri. Nchịkwa nke idei mmiri.
* Mmepe nke atụmatụ mmiri zuru oke.
* Nchịkọta data gbasara mmiri (ọkwa), mmiri ozuzo na ifufe (nchịkọta data hydro-meteorological.
* Gbaa mbọ hụ na njikwa mmiri dị mma (nlekota na nyocha mmetọ) 
* Ime ka ụzọ mmiri dị obosara, ọwa mmiri dị n'ime (Canalization) na imeziwanye ụzọ mmiri.
* Igbochi mkpofu / mfu nke ala ugbo site na idei mmiri, ifufe na mmiri oké osimiri (Erosion).

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240711222504/http://nigerdeltabasin.gov.ng/home.html Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NDBDA]

== Nrutuaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Mkpụrụ osisi achara e mepụtara</title>
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Bamboo engineered bụ usoro ihe mejupụtara ihe ndị e ji achara mepụta. E mere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-anọchi anya osisi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Modern bamboo structures: proceedings of First International Conference on Modern Bamboo Structures|author=Yan Xiao|year=2008|isbn=978-0415475976|publisher=CRC Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ osisi injinia, mana a na-eji ya eme ihe naanị mgbe achọrọghị ike ibu dị elu &lt;ref name=&quot;Birmingham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/101916202/Going-Green-A-Handbook-of-Sustainable-Housing-Practices-in-Developing-Countries|author=Wan Tarmeze Wan Ariffin|publisher=[[University of Birmingham]]|title=Numerical Analysis of Bamboo and Laminated Bamboo Strip Lumber (PhD paper)|date=March 2005|accessdate=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'ihi na ndị na-achịkwa anaghị ekwenye na ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka ụdị ojiji a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.inbar.int/Board.asp?BoardID=147|title=Sustainable building: Building Codes|publisher=International Network for Bamboo and Rattan|accessdate=2012-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130063112/http://www.inbar.int/Board.asp?BoardID=147|archivedate=2012-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamboo engineered na-abịa n'ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere bamboo scrimber na laminated bamboo,  nke nwere okpukpu atọ nkè ikike na ịsa ahụ na-erizi mmụta ikike nhazi dị ka osisi nkịtị  ma kọwaa ya ma chịkwaa ya site na ASTM International Standards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Engineered bamboo: state of the art|author=B. Sharma|date=October 2014|journal=Proceedings of the ICE - Construction Materials|doi=10.1680/coma.14.00020|volume=168|issue=2|pages=57–67}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.architerials.com/2010/03/my-boo-lamboo/|author=Wu Xing|accessdate=May 28, 2013|date=March 31, 2010|publisher=Architerials|title=My Boo (Lamboo)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609112532/http://www.architerials.com/2010/03/my-boo-lamboo/|archivedate=June 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.woodworkingnetwork.com/news/woodworking-industry-trends-press-releases/Lamboo-Inc-Recognized-Within-ASTM-International-Standards-191449271.html?view=all#sthash.0Nn2aAt2.dpbs|title=Lamboo Inc. Recognized Within ASTM International Standards|accessdate=July 23, 2013|date=August 16, 2012|work=Woodworking Network}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji achara eme ihe dị ka paneling, àkwà ụgbọ ala, ihe owuwu simenti, &lt;ref name=&quot;Birmingham&quot; /&gt;ụlọ dị mfe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Structural Adequacy of Traditional Bamboo Housing in Latin America|author=Jorge A. Gutiérrez|publisher=National Laboratory for Materials and Structural Models, Civil Engineering Department, University of Costa Rica|year=2000|isbn=8186247440}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ọbụna maka ebe mgbaba mgbe tsunami nke afọ 2004 gasịrị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4527640.stm|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=18 December 2005|author=Subir Bhaumik|title=Andaman tsunami victims still homeless|accessdate=2012-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'iji ya tụnyere osisi na ili nke ọbọdọ ndị a na-eji eme ihe n'ọdịnala, a chọpụtala ọtụtụ uru na ọghọm. Ọnụ ego dị ala, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-anọchi osisi na ahụ na-erizi nke a gaara ebubata, bụ isi uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACIAR&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Silvicultural management of bamboo in the Philippines and Australia for shoots and timber|publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research|author=Merlyn Carmelita N. Rivera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uru ndị ọzọ gụnyere ike ka ukwuu na njigide ọdịdị, ọkachasị na okpomọkụ dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Bamboo composites: Material of the future|author=Bansal, Arun K.|volume=1|year=2002|pages=119–130|journal=Journal of Bamboo and Rattan|doi=10.1163/156915902760181595}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, achara anaghị adị ike dị ka ọtụtụ osisi ma ga-emebi ngwa ngwa karịa osisi ndị ọzọ ma nwéré ochá na ahụ ọ bụrụ na ejighị ihe na-echekwa ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Preservation of bamboo structures|journal=Ghana Journal of Forestry|volume=15|year=2004|author=W Liese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ghaghị ịmepụta usoro iwu ụlọ ọhụrụ maka achara a rụrụ arụ n'ihu afia na ihe onwunwe ya dị iche iche, ma mee ka usoro ọrụ osisi nkịtị ọkọlọtọ nke nke ejiri achara (na-abụghị nke injinia) ghara ịdị mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=\&quot;Work in Progress – Pushover Test of Bamboo Portal Frame Structure\&quot;|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228451834|author=Bhavna Sharma|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iji merie ọnwụ nke ike achara na-eme mgbe a na-agbanye ya mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, e mepụtara usoro nke ọbọdọ na ọzọ iji merie nke a.

Nchịkọta tupu owuwe ihe ubi nke achara na zig-zags, na-enye na ahụ ohere ka achara mepụta Warren truss.&lt;ref&gt;
Cassandra Adams.
[http://www.networkearth.org/naturalbuilding/bamboo.html &quot;Bamboo Architecture and Construction with Oscar Hidalgo&quot;].
&lt;/ref&gt;

Alexander Vittouris atụwo aro ọdịdị 2D S-bending dị mfe karị, nke - mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, na n'ọtụtụ zuru ezu - nwere ike ijikọta ya n'ụdị 3D dị ichè nke ọbọdọ ynke na iche. Usoro a na-eji eme ihe iji mee ka ọdịdị abụọ ahụ yie Ọdịdị osisi, ma na-akpata akụkụ ndị yiri ikpere osisi.  &lt;ref&gt;
Kimberley Mok.
[http://www.treehugger.com/bikes/ajiro-bamboo-velobike-a-grown-vehicle-thats-farmed-not-factory-made.html &quot;Ajiro Bamboo Velobike: A &quot;Grown Vehicle&quot; That's Farmed, Not Factory-Made&quot;].
2011.
&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
Brit Liggett.
[http://inhabitat.com/the-ajiro-bamboo-bike-is-grown-straight-from-the-ground/ &quot;The Ajiro Bamboo Bike is Grown From the Ground Up&quot;].
2011.
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
Stephen Cauchi.
[http://www.theage.com.au/national/bamboozled-give-it-a-grow-20110716-1hj0w.html &quot;Bamboozled? Give it a grow&quot;]
2011.
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nrutuaka ==
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[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPerry,_Mark_J.2017&quot;&gt;Perry, Mark J. (7 October 2017). [http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/ &quot;Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'&quot;]. American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries &quot;Blackberries&quot;]. US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center. 1 February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azuokokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

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[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries &quot;Blackberries&quot;]. US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center. 1 February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azuokokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

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[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries &quot;Blackberries&quot;]. US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center. 1 February 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt; Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azuokokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

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[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot; /&gt;N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt; Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azuokokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

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[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot; /&gt;N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHarding,_Deborah&quot;&gt;Harding, Deborah. [https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html &quot;The History of the Blackberry Fruit&quot;]. ''gardenguides.com''. Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 June&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azuokokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

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[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot; /&gt;N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azuokokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

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[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot; /&gt;N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Akwụkwọ nke 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azu okokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

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[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot; /&gt;N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Akwụkwọ nke afọ 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azu okokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>io2o6ixgpfdwzn32upw1vkqbwcw7ukp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nchịkwa ahụhụ na-adọkpụ n'ọrụ ugbo</title>
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    <id>50729</id>
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      <id>687363</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:21:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ngozi scholar Okafor</username>
        <id>19819</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="28461" sha1="j0iddw38qoo2px48hi3jfe0398yyt4o" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|&quot;Push-pull&quot; atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya.  (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]]
Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ ==
Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

=== Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ ===
[[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Push&quot;: Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]]
&quot;Push&quot; na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;cook2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe na-adọta ya ===
[[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Pull&quot;: Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]]
Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye &quot;ịdọrọ&quot; na usoro &quot;ịdọta-ịdọrọ&quot;. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' ===
[[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]]
Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka &quot;mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye&quot;, si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imeziwanye mma nke ala ===
Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than &quot;Push&quot; and &quot;Pull&quot;? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment|date=2021-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull ==
Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance

A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.rothamsted.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp.
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE,  Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Mgbochi nje
* Ụzọ omenala
* Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke osisi ibe
* Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru
* Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="28478" sha1="78as94iyowhjlibm0liyevvt65lr6cr" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|&quot;Push-pull&quot; atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya.  (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]]
Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ ==
Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

=== Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ ===
[[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Push&quot;: Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]]
&quot;Push&quot; na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;cook2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe na-adọta ya ===
[[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Pull&quot;: Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]]
Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye &quot;ịdọrọ&quot; na usoro &quot;ịdọta-ịdọrọ&quot;. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' ===
[[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]]
Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka &quot;mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye&quot;, si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imeziwanye mma nke ala ===
Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than &quot;Push&quot; and &quot;Pull&quot;? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment|date=2021-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull ==
Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance

A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.rothamsted.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp.
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE,  Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Mgbochi nje
* Ụzọ omenala
* Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke osisi ibe
* Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru
* Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27469" sha1="t7o5mx6geswytafras1yxcwteynuy84" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|&quot;Push-pull&quot; atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya.  (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]]
Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ ==
Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

=== Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ ===
[[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Push&quot;: Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]]
&quot;Push&quot; na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;cook2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe na-adọta ya ===
[[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Pull&quot;: Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]]
Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye &quot;ịdọrọ&quot; na usoro &quot;ịdọta-ịdọrọ&quot;. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' ===
[[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]]
Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka &quot;mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye&quot;, si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imeziwanye mma nke ala ===
Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than &quot;Push&quot; and &quot;Pull&quot;? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment|date=2021-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull ==
Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance

A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.rothamsted.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp.
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE,  Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Mgbochi nje
* Ụzọ omenala
* Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke osisi ibe
* Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru
* Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="26460" sha1="c0nexa8hvyqymxld1wskvw4z4etljkr" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|&quot;Push-pull&quot; atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya.  (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]]
Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ ==
Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

=== Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ ===
[[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Push&quot;: Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]]
&quot;Push&quot; na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;cook2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe na-adọta ya ===
[[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Pull&quot;: Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]]
Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye &quot;ịdọrọ&quot; na usoro &quot;ịdọta-ịdọrọ&quot;. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' ===
[[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]]
Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka &quot;mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye&quot;, si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imeziwanye mma nke ala ===
Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than &quot;Push&quot; and &quot;Pull&quot;? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment|date=2021-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull ==
Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance

A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.rothamsted.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp.
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE,  Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Mgbochi nje
* Ụzọ omenala
* Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke osisi ibe
* Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru
* Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="25468" sha1="43nqdiu3ydjtadxfy9guvh5matjobrb" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|&quot;Push-pull&quot; atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya.  (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]]
Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ ==
Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

=== Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ ===
[[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Push&quot;: Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]]
&quot;Push&quot; na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;cook2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe na-adọta ya ===
[[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Pull&quot;: Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]]
Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye &quot;ịdọrọ&quot; na usoro &quot;ịdọta-ịdọrọ&quot;. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' ===
[[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]]
Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka &quot;mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye&quot;, si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imeziwanye mma nke ala ===
Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than &quot;Push&quot; and &quot;Pull&quot;? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment|date=2021-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull ==
Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance

A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.rothamsted.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp.
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE,  Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Mgbochi nje
* Ụzọ omenala
* Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke osisi ibe
* Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru
* Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24459" sha1="mhmwels2l3v7bknr784oq4p73ohzdg5" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|&quot;Push-pull&quot; atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya.  (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]]
Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ ==
Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

=== Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ ===
[[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Push&quot;: Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]]
&quot;Push&quot; na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;cook2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe na-adọta ya ===
[[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Pull&quot;: Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]]
Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye &quot;ịdọrọ&quot; na usoro &quot;ịdọta-ịdọrọ&quot;. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' ===
[[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]]
Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka &quot;mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye&quot;, si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imeziwanye mma nke ala ===
Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than &quot;Push&quot; and &quot;Pull&quot;? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment|date=2021-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull ==
Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance

A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.rothamsted.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp.
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE,  Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Mgbochi nje
* Ụzọ omenala
* Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke osisi ibe
* Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru
* Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24442" sha1="hrbs9az7kiorqkbuu0kkni4ggt0oihh" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|&quot;Push-pull&quot; atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya.  (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]]
Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ ==
Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

=== Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ ===
[[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Push&quot;: Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]]
&quot;Push&quot; na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;cook2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;khan1997&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe na-adọta ya ===
[[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|&quot;Pull&quot;: Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]]
Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye &quot;ịdọrọ&quot; na usoro &quot;ịdọta-ịdọrọ&quot;. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' ===
[[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]]
Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka &quot;mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye&quot;, si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). &quot;Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa&quot;. ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imeziwanye mma nke ala ===
Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than &quot;Push&quot; and &quot;Pull&quot;? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment|date=2021-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull ==
Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance

A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.rothamsted.ac.uk&quot;&gt;[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ ==
Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKhan2014&quot;&gt;Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf &quot;Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &amp;#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp.
Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE,  Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

* Mgbochi nje
* Ụzọ omenala
* Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke osisi ibe
* Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru
* Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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[[Usòrò:Apple_mango_and_cross_section_edit1.jpg|thumb|Foto nke otu mango zuru oke na otu mango kewara ekewa na-egosi mkpụrụ ya, nke bụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ dum]]
Mkpụrụ ndị na-atụgharị uche bụ mkpụrụ ndị na-adịghị adị ndụ ihicha na oyi n'oge nchekwa ebe obibi.[1] N'ozuzu, mkpụrụ ndị a enweghị ike iguzogide mmetụta nke ihicha ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ na-erughị 10 Celsius (50 ° F); ya mere, a pụghị ịchekwa ha ogologo oge dịka mkpụrụ osisi orthodox n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịkwụsị ike ha. Osisi ndị na-amị mkpụrụ ndị na-atụgharị uche gụnyere ube oyibo, mango, mangosteen, lychee, koko, osisi rọba, ụfọdụ osisi horticultural, [2] osisi mmiri dị ka Nymphaea caerulea[3], na ọtụtụ osisi ndị a na-eji na nkà mmụta ọgwụ ọdịnala, dị ka ụdị Virola na. Pentaclethra. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọsụ ụzọ ebe okpomọkụ nwere mkpụrụ nke ọdịnala mana ọtụtụ ụdị njedebe nwere mkpụrụ osisi na-atụgharị ma ọ bụ nke etiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Flores|first=E.M.|title=Ch 1. Seed Biology|work=Tropical Tree Seed Manual|publisher=USDA Forest Service|url=http://www.rngr.net/publications/ttsm/chapter-1-pages-1-30-seed-biology/|format=PDF|accessdate=2011-12-24|archivedate=2017-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712081940/https://rngr.net/publications/ttsm/chapter-1-pages-1-30-seed-biology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usoro mmebi ==
[[Usòrò:Litchi_root.jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ lychee na-epulite na mgbọrọgwụ ya]]
Ụzọ abụọ bụ isi na-emebi mkpụrụ osisi recalcitrant bụ mmetụta desiccation na akụkụ intracellular na mmebi nke metabolic site na nhazi nke kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka free radicals. A ga-ahụ ihe atụ nke ụdị mmebi nke mbụ na ụfọdụ mkpụrụ osisi hardwood na-adịghị ekpo ọkụ, karịsịa acorns nke osisi oak, nke nwere ike ịchekwa na steeti na-adịghị oyi kpọnwụrụ ruo afọ abụọ ma ọ bụrụhaala na a na-akpachara anya megide ihicha. Mkpụrụ ndị a na-egosi nrụrụ aka nke lipids na protein n'ime cell membrane mgbe ihicha ihe dị ka ụbọchị 3-4. Mkpụrụ ndị ọzọ na-atụgharị uche, dị ka nke chestnut dị ụtọ ( Castanea sativa), na-egosi mmebi oxidative nke sitere na metabolism na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-eme n'oge usoro ihicha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Leprince|first=Olivier|title=Axes and cotyledons of recalcitrant seeds of Castanea sativa Mill. exhibit contrasting responses of respiration to drying in relation to desiccation sensitivity|journal=J. Exp. Bot.|volume=50|pages=1515–1524|year=1999|doi=10.1093/jexbot/50.338.1515|issue=338}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe a na-echekwa ihe ==
Nchebe nke mkpụrụ ndị na-adịghị mma ka bụ nnwale. Ụzọ ụfọdụ gụnyere:

* Wepụ nwa e bu n'afọ n'ime maka cryopreservation (nitrogen mmiri). &lt;ref name=&quot;CPC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orthodox, Intermediate, and Recalcitrant Seed|url=https://saveplants.org/best-practices/difference-between-orthodox-intermediate-and-recalcitrant-seed/|work=Center for Plant Conservation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cryopreservation nke mkpụrụ ahụ dum na ihe ngwọta na-egbochi oyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;freezing-nymph&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lee|first=Chung-Hao|url=https://lch99310.github.io/files/Cryopreservation%20of%20seeds%20of%20blue%20waterlily%20-Nymphaea%20caerulea-%20using%20glutathione%20adding%20plant%20vitrification%20solution%2C%20PVS%2B.pdf|title=Cryopreservation of seeds of blue waterlily (Nymphaea caerulea) using glutathione adding plant vitrification solution, PVS+ / 埃及藍睡蓮種子的冷凍保存 — 使用添加穀胱甘肽的植物抗凍配方|publisher=National Tsing Hua University|year=2016|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''EMkpụrụ ndị dị n'etiti''' dị n'agbata mkpụrụ orthodox na nke na-adịghị mma na ndụ ha. A na-amata ha na mbụ site na enweghị ike ha ịlanarị nchekwa oyi na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe ha nwere ike ịlanarị cryopreservation n'ozuzu. Ntuziaka nchekwa bụ itinye ha na friji na 45-65% RH, maka afọ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;CPC&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Mgbasawanye dị nta
* [[Mkpụrụ Ọtọdọks]]
* Mgbasa nke osisi
* Ebe a na-echekwa mkpụrụ

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Nsah Mala</title>
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'''Nsah Mala''' (onye amụrụ '''Kenneth Toah Nsah''') bụ onye na-ede uri [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13vgDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=nsah+mala&amp;pg=PT99|title=Routledge Handbook of Minority Discourses in African Literature|first=Tanure|author=Ojaide|date=29 April 2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000053050}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ngongkum|first=Eunice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lA5htAEACAAJ|title=Anglophone Cameroon Poetry in the Environmental Matrix|date=2017|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-0343-2898-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye edemede, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whJNDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=kenneth+toah+nsah&amp;pg=PA237|title=Re-writing Pasts, Imagining Futures: Critical Explorations of Contemporary African Fiction and Theater|first=Gomia, Victor|author=N|date=20 February 2018|publisher=Spears Media Press|isbn=9781942876182}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye edemede nke akwụkwọ ụmụaka na onye nchọpụta-ọkà mmụta. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=réd/clp|date=17 December 2017|title={{!}}e-cahiers littéraires – Nsah Mala : deux poèmes inédits|url=https://malraux.org/e-cahiers-litteraires-nsah-mala-deux-poemes-inedits/|accessdate=30 August 2020|work=Malraux.org|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ọ na-ede n'asụsụ Bekee, French, na Iteanghe-a-Mbesa (Asụsụ Mbesa). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rinos|first=Mwanaka, Tendai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnCQDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Nsah+Mala+Ministry+of+Arts+and+Culture+Cameroon&amp;pg=PR16|title=Writing Grandmothers: Africa Vs Latin America Vol 2|date=6 April 2019|publisher=Mwanaka Media and Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-1-77906-356-4|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ===
A mụrụ ya na Mbesa (nke a na-akpọkwa Mbessa), Nsah Mala gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na CBC School Mbesa .

O dere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Form Two na Government Secondary School (GSS) Mbessa, ma nweta akwụkwọ ikike nke General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level na 2007. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na CCAST Bambili ebe ọ nwetara GCE Advanced Level na 2009. na-apụta dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi kachasị mma nke mba na Literature na bekee nke nwetara ya onyinye sitere na Cameroon Association of English-Speaking Journalists (CAMASEJ).[6][7]

N'fo 2012 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Yaoundé na Mahadum Yaoundé I.[8] Site n'afo 2016 ruo n'afọ 2018, na Erasmus Mundus Scholarship, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka Erasmus Mundus Masters Crossways na Cultural Narratives [9] na Mahadum Perpignan Via Domitia (France), Mahadum St Andrews (UK), na Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (Spain).

Na Septemba 2018, o debanyere aha na mmemme PhD na Comparative Literature na Mahadum Aarhus (Denmark).[6] Na 11 Maachị 2022, ọ gbachitere nke ọma akwụkwọ akwụkwọ PhD ya nke isiokwu ya bụ: &quot;Akwụkwọ nwere ike ịzọpụta Congo Basin? Postcolonial Ecocriticism and Environmental Literary Activism.&quot;[7][8] [9] [10] Ọ bụ Prọfesọ na-elekọta akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Mads Rosendahl Thomsen, Ngalaba Akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na Prọfesọ Peter Mortensen, ngalaba Bekee, abụọ na Mahadum Aarhus.[7] [8] [9] [10] Kọmiti ntule doctoral nke Nsah nwere Prọfesọ Scott Slovic, ngalaba bekee, Mahadum [[Idaho]] (USA), Prọfesọ Prọfesọ Étienne-Marie Lassi, ngalaba French, Mahadum Manitoba (Canada), na Prọfesọ Marianne Ping Huang, akwụkwọ ntụnyere, Mahadum Aarhus ( Onye isi oche kọmitii).[7][8][9] Usoro mmụta doctoral ya meriri Prix de thèses francophones en Prospective 2022 (Prize for Francophone Theses in Foresight and Futures Studies) site na la Fondation 2100 na l'Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF)..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prix de Thèses francophones en prospective - remise de prix au Caire|url=https://www.auf.org/nouvelles/actualites/55646/|access-date=2023-01-27|website=AUF|language=fr-CA|accessdate=2024-08-31|archivedate=2024-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004184714/https://www.auf.org/nouvelles/actualites/55646/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ajaja|first=Ibrahim|title=Fondation 2100 Remise du Prix de thèses francophones de prospective par la Fondation 2100 et l'Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie au Caire|url=https://2100.org/1268/remise-du-prix-de-theses-francophones-de-prospective/|access-date=2023-01-27|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Kenneth Toah Nsah wins international thesis prize|url=https://www.ru.nl/rich/news-events/news/redactionele/dr-kenneth-toah-nsah-wins-international-thesis/|access-date=2023-01-27|website=Radboud Institute for Culture &amp; History|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Radboud ([[Netherlands]]), a natara Nsah dị ka onye nkuzi postdoctoral ma na-eme nchọpụta na Mahaduma de Lille ([[France]]).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Towards epistemic justice {{!}} Radboud University|url=https://www.ru.nl/en/research/research-projects/towards-epistemic-justice,%20https://www.ru.nl/en/research/research-projects/towards-epistemic-justice|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=www.ru.nl|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lille|first=Université de|title=Membres associés: CECILLE|url=https://cecille.univ-lille.fr/equipe/membres-associes|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=cecille.univ-lille.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara Nsah Mala dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọdịnihu nke ọgbọ na-esote (NGFP) na 2023 na School of International Futures na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] maka ọrụ na Congo Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-09-28|title=Next Generation Foresight Practitioners announces its 2023 cohort of fellows|url=https://smallfoundation.ie/next-generation-foresight-practitioners-announce-its-2023-cohort-of-fellows/|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=Small Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ide ihe ===
Nsah Mala dere egwuregwu mbụ ya n'afọ nke abụọ (Form Two) nke agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na GSS Mbessa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Writers Space Africa|first=WSA|date=1 June 2018|title=WSA Africa Magazine June 2018|url=http://www.writersspace.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/writers-space-africa-june-edition-2018.pdf|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=12 September 2020|work=Writers Space Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bipụtara nchịkọta uri mbụ ya nke akpọrọ Chaining Freedom na 2012 ma gaa n'ihu bipụta nchịkọta uri atọ ọzọ n'asụsụ Bekee na otu n'asụsụ French. O bipụtara akwụkwọ foto atọ na Cameroon na France ebe uri ya na akụkọ ya na-apụta na magazin na akwụkwọ akụkọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Remembering Big Bees in Mbesa|url=https://www.thetigermothreview.com/blog/remembering-big-bees|accessdate=31 August 2020|work=The Tiger Moth Review|date=10 July 2020|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=aslebr|title=Talking about Africa and the Environment: The Contemporary Poetry of Nsah Mala – ASLE Brasil|date=7 November 2019|url=http://asle-brasil.com/?p=1151&amp;lang=en|accessdate=31 August 2020|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Current Events {{!}} St Andrews Poetry Forum|url=https://poetryforum.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/activities/current-seminars/|accessdate=31 August 2020|work=poetryforum.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (September 2020)&quot;&gt;excessive citations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

''Constimocrazy: Malafricanising Democracy'' (2017), nchịkọta uri ya nke anọ, nwetara nyocha. Nelson Mlambo kọwara ya na Tuck Magazine dị ka &quot;nkwupụta miri emi nke nkà Afro na onyinyo nke olu Afropolitan&quot;.  Global Arts and Politics Alliance (GAPA) kwuru na Nsah Mala &quot;na-echetara ndị ọchịchị aka ike na ha bụ ndị ka nta ma ha na-enwe ọganihu iji ndị mmadụ nweta ewu ewu ma rite uru site na ike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mlambo|first=Nelson|date=18 January 2018|title='Constimocrazy: Malafricanising Democracy' by Nsah Mala: A Review – Tuck Magazine|url=http://tuckmagazine.com/2018/01/18/constimocrazy-malafricanising-democracy-review/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=30 August 2020|work=|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chirasha|first=Mbizo|date=17 April 2018|title=The African Poet Patriot in Nsah Mala – Unpacking CONSTIMOCRAZY: Malafricanising Democracy|url=http://www.ga-pa.org/2018/04/17/the-african-poet-patriot-in-nsah-mala-unpacking-constimocrazy-malafricanising-democracy/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=30 August 2020|work=Global Arts and Politics Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Nsah Mala &quot;Christmas Disappointment&quot; bụ otu n'ime ndị mmeri iri nke asọmpi nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka nka na Ọdịbendị nke Cameroon haziri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mala|first=Nsah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXMuswEACAAJ|title=Constimocrazy: Malafricanising Democracy|date=11 December 2017|publisher=Pski's Porch|isbn=978-0-9988476-6-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;   [isi iyi ka mma dị mkpa] Na Disemba 2016, akụkọ mkpirikpi ya &quot;Fanta from America&quot; nwetara aha pụrụ iche na asọmpi nke Bakwa Magazine haziri na Cameroon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|title=Bakwa Magazine Short Story Competition|date=4 May 2016|url=https://bakwamagazine.com/uncategorized/bakwa-magazine-short-story-competition/|accessdate=30 August 2020|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Poetry – Tuck Magazine|date=17 October 2017|url=http://tuckmagazine.com/2017/10/17/poetry-1056/|accessdate=31 August 2020|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Category: Nsah Mala|url=http://www.scarletleafreview.com/83/category/nsah-mala|accessdate=31 August 2020|work=SCARLET LEAF REVIEW|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 July 2017|title=Executive Mandates written by Nsah Mala at Spillwords.com|url=https://spillwords.com/executive-mandates/|accessdate=31 August 2020|work=Spillwords|language=en-US|archivedate=8 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308061023/https://spillwords.com/executive-mandates/}}&lt;/ref&gt;   [ihe odide gabigara ókè] Abụ French ya &quot;Servants de l'État&quot; nwetara &quot;mention spéciale du concours littéraire Malraux&quot; (France) na Disemba n'afọ 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara Caine Prize Writers' Workshop na Gisenyi, [[Rwanda]], na Machị 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rwanda 2018|url=http://caineprize.com/rwanda-2018|accessdate=30 August 2020|work=The Caine Prize for African Writing|language=en-US|archivedate=17 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817120206/http://caineprize.com/rwanda-2018/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọkọchị 2020, POW! Kids Books nwetara ikike ụwa (ewepu Africa) maka akwụkwọ foto mbụ nke Nsah Mala na North America nke akpọrọ What the Moon Cooks ka e bipụta ya n'oge opupu ihe ubi 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-book-news/article/83874-rights-report-week-of-july-13-2020.html|accessdate=30 August 2020|work=www.publishersweekly.com|title=Rights report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

=== Nchịkọta abụ ===

* (fr) Ihe Ọjọọ, 2019,   
* (en) ''Constimocrazy: Malafricanising Democracy'', 2017,   
* (en) ''Ọ bụrụ na ị ga-ada Bush'', 2016,   
* (en) Bites of Insanity, 2015,   
* (en) Chaining Freedom, 2012,   

=== Akwụkwọ ụmụaka ===

* (en) Nyochaa ụda anụmanụ na obere nwa (NMI-Education, 2022) 
* (en) Andolo: onye nwere nkà Albino, 2020,   
* (fr) Andolo: onye nwere nkà, 2020,   
* (fr) Obere Gabriel malitere ịgụ, 2020,   
* (en) Little Gabriel Starts to Read, 2020, ISBN 978-1-942876-71-7

=== Akwụkwọ ndị edepụtara edepụtara ===

* (nke ya na Mbizo Chirasha jikọrọ aka dee) Corpses of Unity - Cadavres de l'unité, 2020,   
* (nke ya na Tendai Rinos Mwanaka jikọrọ aka dee) ''Best New African Poets 2019 Anthology'', 2020,   
* (nke ya na Tendai Rinos Mwanaka jikọrọ aka dee) Best New African Poets 2018 Anthology, 2018,   

=== Akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi ===

* &quot;Ọpụpụ,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chris-brazier/redemption-song-and-other-stories/|title=REDEMPTION SONG AND OTHER STORIES {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Abụ Mgbapụta na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ'', Caine Prize Anthology, 2018,   
* &quot;America na Midnight,&quot; Kalahari Review, 2017
* &quot;Stubborn Miniskirt,&quot; PAROUSIA Magazine, 2017

=== Ihe odide ===

* &quot;African Union: Climate Action na-enye Organisation Unique Chance for Revival,&quot;The Conversation, France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tevoedjre|first=Eric|date=2023-07-20|title=African Union: climate action offers organisation unique chance for revival|url=http://theconversation.com/african-union-climate-action-offers-organisation-unique-chance-for-revival-209718|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=The Conversation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;&quot;Ọrụ ihu igwe ọ nwere ike ime ka ọdịdị nke African Union?&quot; The Conversation, France. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tevoedjre|first=Eric|date=2023-06-06|title=L'action climatique peut-elle redorer l'image de l'Union africaine ?|url=http://theconversation.com/laction-climatique-peut-elle-redorer-limage-de-lunion-africaine-206361|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=The Conversation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* &quot;Ụmụ ahụhụ na-apụ n'anya na ụwa na-anwụ anwụ: Na-atụgharị uche na ụmụ ahụhụ na ala na Mbessa (Cameroon),&quot; GeoSemantics na ASAP/Journal, 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mala)|first=Kenneth Nsah (Nsah|date=2023-09-25|title=GeoSemantics / Vanishing Insects &amp; Dying Earth: Reflecting on Insects &amp; Soil in Mbessa (Cameroon) / Kenneth Nsah (Nsah Mala)|url=https://asapjournal.com/geosemantics-vanishing-insects-dying-earth-reflecting-on-insects-soil-in-mbessa-cameroon-kenneth-nsah-nsah-mala/|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=ASAP/J|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Enweghị ihe dị ka akwụkwọ Afrịka,&quot; Kalahari Review, 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Review|first=The Kalahari|date=2023-09-19|title=There is No Such Thing as African Literature|url=https://kalaharireview.com/there-is-no-such-thing-as-african-literature-6c8a1b03bbde|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=Medium|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Akwụkwọ si na Congo Basin na-enye ụzọ isi dozie nsogbu ihu igwe,&quot; The Conversation, 2022.[https://theconversation.com/literature-from-the-congo-basin-offers-ways-to-address-the-climate-crisis-182357]
* &quot;Ọdịdị nke akwụkwọ ozi: ebe nchekwa akwụkwọ COVID-19 na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto,&quot; Corona Times, 2020.[https://www.coronatimes.net/covid19-literary-archive/]
* &quot;Nrụrụ aka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nhọpụta agụmakwụkwọ na-eme ka Ph.D. nke Cameroon pụta ìhè,&quot; Times Higher Education, 2020.[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/opinion/alleged-corruption-academic-appointments-highlights-cameroons-phd-glut]
* &quot;Olee otu esi akọwa mkpakọrịta ihere nke ndị ntorobịa Africa maka ihu igwe?&quot; The Conversation, 2019.[https://theconversation.com/comment-expliquer-la-timide-mobilisation-de-la-jeunesse-africaine-pour-le-climat-118935]

=== Isiokwu ndị ọgbọ nyochara na isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ ===

* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2023. &quot;Conserving Africa's Eden? Green Colonialism, Neoliberal Capitalism, and Sustainable Development in Congo Basin Literature&quot;. Humanities 12 (3): 38.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nsah|first=Kenneth Toah|date=June 2023|title=Conserving Africa's Eden? Green Colonialism, Neoliberal Capitalism, and Sustainable Development in Congo Basin Literature|journal=Humanities|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=38|doi=10.3390/h12030038|issn=2076-0787}}&lt;/ref&gt; DOI: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://doi.org/10.3390/h12030038&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2023. &quot;Ụmụ anyị ga-alụ ọgụ maka ihu igwe: Otu ndị edemede Congo-Basin si buru amụma maka Global Youth Climate Movement. &quot; ''Electronic Green Journal'' 48 (2023). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nsah|first=Kenneth Toah|date=2023|title=Our Children Will Fight for the Climate: How Congo-Basin Writers Prophesied Global Youth Climate Activism|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88n2v0wv|journal=Electronic Green Journal|language=en|volume=1|issue=48|doi=10.5070/G314855358}}&lt;/ref&gt; URL: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88n2v0wv&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2021. &quot;Ecopolitics nke mmetọ mmiri na ọgba aghara obodo na Congo-Basin Plays&quot;. Orbis Litterarum.[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/oli.12323]
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2021. &quot;The Return of Bush Fallers: Cameroon Anglophone Fiction Responds to Clandestine Immigration&quot;. Postcolonial Text, vol. 16 nke 1, peeji nke 1-24. [https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/view/2491]&amp;nbsp;
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2020. &quot;Of Dogs, Horses and Buffalos in Cameroon: Companion Animals in Cameroonian Fiction. &quot; Na Reading Cats and Dogs: Companior Animals in World Literature, eds. F. Besson et al. Lanham: Lexington Books, peeji nke 169-188. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN&lt;978-1-7936-1106-2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; [https://web.archive.org/web/20240831142650/https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793611079/Reading-Cats-and-Dogs-Companion-Animals-in-World-Literature]&amp;nbsp;
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2020. &quot;When Trees Scream&quot;. ''DRAMA - Nordic Drama Pedagogical Journal''.[https://www.idunn.no/drama/2020/02/when_trees_scream]
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah: 2019. &quot;The Screaming Forest: An Ecocritical Assessment of Le Cri de la forêt. &quot; Ecological In (ter) ventions in the Francophone World, eds. Anne-Rachel Hermetet na Stephanie Posthumus, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment'', mpịakọta. 10, nke 2, peeji nke 58-75.[https://ecozona.eu/article/view/2962/3891]&amp;nbsp;
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2018. &quot;'No Forest, No Water. No Forest, No Animals': An Ecocritical Reading of Ekpe Inyang's The Hill Barbers&quot; ''Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment'', vol. 9 nke 1, peeji nke 94-110.[https://ecozona.eu/article/view/1581]&amp;nbsp;
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2017. &quot;Triple Marginality in Cameroon Anglophone Literature.&quot; Na ''Rewriting Pasts, Imagining Futures: Critical Explorations of Contemporary African Fiction and Theatre'', eds. Victor Gomia na Gilbert Ndi. Colorado: Spears Media Press, peeji nke 96-110.  . [https://web.archive.org/web/20210726105936/https://spearsmedia.com/shop/rewriting-pasts/]&amp;nbsp; 
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2016. &quot;Cameroon Prọfesọ Publish: Azịza nye Nwanatifu Nwaco's 'Cameroon: Prọfesors without Publications.'&quot; Voice of Research, vol. 5 no. 2, peeji nke 53-59. [http://voiceofresearch.org/Doc/Sep-2016/Sep-2016_13.pdf]&amp;nbsp;
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2016. &quot;La metamorphose chez Kafka et Darriussecq: Une étude comparaire&quot;. 7, peeji nke 33-52.&amp;nbsp;
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2015. &quot;Eco-cultural Sensitivity in John Nkengasong's Njogobi Festival and Nol Alembong's Forest Echoes&quot;. ''Journal of English Language, Literature and Culture (JELLiC) '', mpịakọta. 4 nke 1, peeji nke 37-58.  . [https://www.amazon.com/JELLiC-Journal-English-Language-Literature/dp/1523331593/ref=sr_1_5?dchild=1&amp;keywords=JELLiC&amp;qid=1627296639&amp;sr=8-5]&amp;nbsp; 
* Nsah, Kenneth Toah. 2015. &quot;Black Prophesies on White Soils and Ears: A Reading of Joyce Ashuntantang's 'The Clairvoyant.'&quot; Modern Research Studies, mpịakọta. 2 nke 3, peeji nke 502-514.&amp;nbsp;

== Hụkwa ==

* Bernard Fonlon
* Bate Bessong
* Mungo Beti
* Imbolo Mbue
* John Nkemngong Nkengasong
* Patrice Nganang
* Joyce Ashuntantang
* [[:fr:Mbesa|Mbesa]]
* [[Mbessa language|Mbessa]]

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Tanure Ojaide na Joyce Ashuntantang, Routledge, 29 Eprel 2020 ( )  
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nsah, Mala}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Namita Saha</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder|name=Namita Saha|image=|imagesize=|alt=|caption=|nationality=Indian|office=Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]|term_start=May 2011|constituency=[[Magrahat Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Magrahat Purba]]|predecessor=Bansari Mohan Kanji|office1=|term_start1=|term_end1=|predecessor1=|successor1=|birth_name=|birth_date=|birth_place=|residence=|website=|spouse=|children=|party=[[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]|profession=|alma_mater=|date=|year=|signature=|bodyclass=}}

Namita Saha bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India. A họpụtara ya na West Bengal Legislative Assembly site na Magrahat Purba ka onye otu Trinamool Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-full-list-of-winners/2243718/|title=West Bengal assembly election 2021: Full list of winners|publisher=Financial Express|date=3 May 2021|accessdate=8 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/magrahat-purba-election-result-2021-live-updates-magrahat-purba-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695054.html|title=Magrahat Purba Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Namita Saha of TMC Secures Victory|publisher=News18|date=2 May 2021|accessdate=8 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/magrahat-purba-west-bengal-election-result-2021|title=Magrahat Purba Election Result 2021|publisher=Times Now|accessdate=8 May 2021|archivedate=8 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508195724/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/magrahat-purba-west-bengal-election-result-2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==

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    <title>2005 World Championships in Athletics - Women's Marathon</title>
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      <text bytes="10014" sha1="eaj65d4sx2lxnvy8ytb105n0l9t0fxq" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:2005 WC Marathon Women 423 Yumiko Hara.jpg|thumb|'''Yumiko Hara''']]
 

Ọsọ Marathon nke ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke 2005 ka emere na 14 Ọgọst n'okporo ụzọ Helsinki nwere ahịrị mgbaru ọsọ dị na ama egwuregwu Helsinki. Paula Radcliffe setịpụrụ ọsọ ọsọ nke asọmpi ahụ, na-eduga n'ụzọ niile site na mmalite ruo n'isi. Constantina Tomescu nwere ike ijide Radcliffe kacha ogologo, mana ọ malitere ịda n'azụ mgbe akara 25km gachara na njedebe hụrụ onwe ya site n'aka onye mmeri na-agbachitere Catherine Ndereba.&amp;nbsp;

== Ndị nwetara ihe nrite ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; font-size:110%;&quot; width=&quot;35%&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; |'''Ọlaedo'''
|[[Paula Radcliffe]] Great Britain (GBR) &lt;br /&gt;''[[Great Britain]] &lt;small&gt; (GBR) &lt;/small&gt; ''
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; |'''Ọlaọcha'''
|[[Catherine Ndereba]] (KEN) &lt;br /&gt;''[[Kenya]] &lt;small&gt; (KEN) &lt;/small&gt; ''
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;CC9966&quot; |'''Ọla nchara'''
|[[Constantina Tomescu]] (ROM) &lt;br /&gt;''[[Romania]] &lt;small&gt; (ROM) &lt;/small&gt; ''
|}

== Nchịkọta ==

* ''Oge niile egosiri na awa: nkeji: sekọnd''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; font-size:110%;&quot; width=&quot;35%&quot;
|'''DNS'''
|amaliteghị
|-
|'''NM'''
|enweghị akara
|-
|'''WR'''
|Ihe ndekọ ụwa
|-
|'''AR'''
|ndekọ mpaghara
|-
|'''NR'''
|Ihe ndekọ mba
|-
|'''PB'''
|nke onwe onye kacha mma
|-
|'''SB'''
|oge kachasị mma
|}

== Ndị nọ n'etiti ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; font-size:110%;&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
!Ọnọdụ
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ
!Onye na-eme egwuregwu
!Oge
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |5 KILOMETRES
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''16:47'''
|-
|2
|423
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Yumiko Hara  (JPN) 
|'''16:47'''
|-
|3
|207
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Asha Gigi  (ETH) 
|'''16:47'''
|-
|4
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''16:50'''
|-
|5
|214
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Derartu Tulu  (ETH) 
|'''16:50'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |10 KILOMETRES
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''33:23'''
|-
|2
|423
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Yumiko Hara  (JPN) 
|'''33:23'''
|-
|3
|207
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Asha Gigi  (ETH) 
|'''33:23'''
|-
|4
|601
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Constantina Tomescu  (ROM) 
|'''33:26'''
|-
|5
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''33:26'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |15 KILOMETRES
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''49:53'''
|-
|2
|423
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Yumiko Hara  (JPN) 
|'''49:54'''
|-
|3
|207
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Asha Gigi  (ETH) 
|'''49:54'''
|-
|4
|601
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Constantina Tomescu  (ROM) 
|'''49:54'''
|-
|5
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''49:56'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |20 KILOMETRES
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''1:06:16'''
|-
|2
|601
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Constantina Tomescu  (ROM) 
|'''1:06:17'''
|-
|3
|450
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai  (KEN) 
|'''1:06:18'''
|-
|4
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''1:06:18'''
|-
|5
|125
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zhou Chunxiu  (CHN) 
|'''1:06:39'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |HALF MARATHON
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''1:09:49'''
|-
|2
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''1:09:52'''
|-
|3
|450
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai  (KEN) 
|'''1:09:52'''
|-
|4
|601
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Constantina Tomescu  (ROM) 
|'''1:09:53'''
|-
|5
|125
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zhou Chunxiu  (CHN) 
|'''1:10:19'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |25 KILOMETRES
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''1:22:47'''
|-
|2
|601
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Constantina Tomescu  (ROM) 
|'''1:22:48'''
|-
|3
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''1:22:50'''
|-
|4
|450
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai  (KEN) 
|'''1:23:00'''
|-
|5
|125
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zhou Chunxiu  (CHN) 
|'''1:23:42'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |30 KILOMETRES
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''1:39:22'''
|-
|2
|601
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Constantina Tomescu  (ROM) 
|'''1:39:33'''
|-
|3
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''1:39:38'''
|-
|4
|450
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai  (KEN) 
|'''1:40:30'''
|-
|5
|125
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zhou Chunxiu  (CHN) 
|'''1:41:03'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |35 KILOMETRES
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''1:56:14'''
|-
|2
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''1:56:42'''
|-
|3
|601
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Constantina Tomescu  (ROM) 
|'''1:56:59'''
|-
|4
|450
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai  (KEN) 
|'''1:58:29'''
|-
|5
|125
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zhou Chunxiu  (CHN) 
|'''1:58:35'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |40 KILOMETRES
|-
|1
|281
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Paula Radcliffe  (GBR) 
|'''2:13:22'''
|-
|2
|456
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Catherine Ndereba  (KEN) 
|'''2:14:09'''
|-
|3
|601
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Constantina Tomescu  (ROM) 
|'''2:15:16'''
|-
|4
|214
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Derartu Tulu  (ETH) 
|'''2:16:06'''
|-
|5
|125
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Zhou Chunxiu  (CHN) 
|'''2:16:33'''
|}

== Ọnọdụ ikpeazụ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot; text-align:center; font-size:110%;&quot; width=&quot;60%&quot;
!Rank
!Athlete
!Time
!Note
|-
|{{gold1}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Paula Radcliffe]]|GBR}}
|2:20:57
|CR
|-
|{{silver2}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Catherine Ndereba]]|KEN}}
|2:22:01
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
|{{bronze3}}
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Constantina Diță]]|ROM}}
|2:23:19
|
|-
|4
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Derartu Tulu]]|ETH|1996}}
|2:23:30
|PB
|-
|5
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Zhou Chunxiu]]|CHN}}
|2:24:12
|
|-
|6
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Yumiko Hara]]|JPN}}
|2:24:20
|
|-
|7
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Rita Jeptoo]]|KEN}}
|2:24:22
|PB
|-
|8
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Harumi Hiroyama]]|JPN}}
|2:25:46
|
|-
|9
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai]]|KEN}}
|2:26:14
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
|10
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Megumi Oshima]]|JPN}}
|2:26:29
|
|-
|11
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Madaí Pérez]]|MEX}}
|2:26:50
|PB
|-
|12
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Halina Karnatsevich]]|BLR}}
|2:27:14
|PB
|-
|13
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Dorota Gruca]]|POL}}
|2:27:46
|PB
|-
|14
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Jong Yong-Ok]]|PRK}}
|2:29:43
|PB
|-
|15
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Mari Ozaki]]|JPN}}
|2:30:28
|
|-
|16
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Asha Gigi]]|ETH|1996}}
|2:30:38
|
|-
|17
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Ryoko Eda]]|JPN}}
|2:31:16
|
|-
|18
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Mara Yamauchi]]|GBR}}
|2:31:26
|PB
|-
|19
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Rosaria Console]]|ITA}}
|2:32:47
|
|-
|20
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Alina Ivanova]]|RUS}}
|2:32:53
|
|-
|21
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Aurica Buia]]|ROM}}
|2:33:20
|PB
|-
|22
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Shitaye Gemechu]]|ETH|1996}}
|2:34:01
|
|-
|23
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Oh Song-Suk]]|PRK}}
|2:34:07
|
|-
|24
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Ryang Gum-Hwa]]|PRK}}
|2:34:35
|
|-
|25
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Hayley Haining]]|GBR}}
|2:34:41
|PB
|-
|26
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Turena Johnson-Lane]]|USA}}
|2:34:43
|PB
|-
|27
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Anna Pichrtová]]|CZE}}
|2:34:45
|
|-
|28
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Kirsten Melkevik Otterbu]]|NOR}}
|2:35:08
|-
|29
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Beatrice Omwanza]]|KEN}}
|2:35:48
|
|-
|30
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Jill Boaz]]|USA}}
|2:36:29
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
|31
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Isabel Eizmendi]]|ESP}}
|2:36:41
|
|-
|32
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Ana Dias]]|POR}}
|2:36:50
|
|-
|33
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Shireen Crumpton]]|NZL}}
|2:37:03
|PB
|-
|34
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Irina Permitina]]|RUS}}
|2:38:16
|
|-
|35
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Emily Levan]]|USA}}
|2:38:32
|PB
|-
|36
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Jennifer Crain]]|USA}}
|2:39:02
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
|37
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Dire Tune]]|ETH|1996}}
|2:39:13
|
|-
|38
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Nadezhda Wijenberg]]|NED}}
|2:39:36
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
|39
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Liza Hunter-Galvan]]|NZL}}
|2:39:47
|
|-
|40
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Tegla Loroupe]]|KEN}}
|2:39:58
|
|-
|41
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Nadia Ejjafini]]|BHR}}
|2:41:51
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
|42
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Maija Oravamäki]]|FIN}}
|2:43:31
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
|43
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Clarisse Rasoarizay]]|MAD}}
|2:43:58
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
|44
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Oh Jung-hee (athlete)|Oh Jung-hee]]|KOR}}
|2:47:42
|-
|45
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Rebecca Moore (athlete)|Rebecca Moore]]|NZL}}
|2:50:36
|
|-
|46
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Epiphanie Nyirabarame]]|RWA}}
|2:52:11
|
|-
|47
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Hafida Narmouch]]|MAR}}
|2:52:41
|
|-
|48
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Mulu Seboka]]|ETH|1996}}
|2:53:08
|
|-
|49
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Nili Abramski]]|ISR}}
|2:54:08
|
|-
|50
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Mary Akor]]|USA}}
|2:57:18
|
|-
|51
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Mamokete Lechela]]|LES}}
|3:03:26
|[[2005 Marathon Year Ranking|SB]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |DID NOT FINISH (DNF)
|-
|&amp;#x2014;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Debra Mason|Debbie Mason]]|GBR}}
|DNF
|
|-
|&amp;#x2014;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Kenza Wahbi]]|MAR}}
|DNF
|
|-
|&amp;#x2014;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Fabiola William John]]|TAN}}
|DNF
|
|-
|&amp;#x2014;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Kay Ulrich]]|NZL}}
|DNF
|
|-
|&amp;#x2014;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Nuţa Olaru]]|ROM}}
|DNF
|
|-
|&amp;#x2014;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Zhor El Kamch]]|MAR}}
|DNF
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |DID NOT START (DNS)
|-
|&amp;#x2014;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Sandra Ruales]]|Ecuador}}
|DNS
|
|-
|&amp;#x2014;
| align=&quot;left&quot; |{{flagathlete|[[Agueda Amaral]]|TLS}}
|DNS
|
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* 2005 World Marathon Cup

== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nadine Keßler</title>
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{{Databox}} 

'''Nadine Keßler''' ({{IPA|de|naˈdiːn ˈkɛslɐ}} ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Krech|first=Eva-Maria|title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch|url=https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec|language=de|year=2009|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec/page/n658 647], 766}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlYNK-zcGcE&amp;t=7s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223152227/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlYNK-zcGcE&amp;t=7s|archivedate=23 February 2025|title=Nadine Keßler ist Weltfußballerin 2014|work=YouTube|author=Womensoccer is awesome|date=24 January 2015|accessdate=9 November 2018|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; amụrụ 4 Eprel 1988) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] lara ezumike nka na onye isi UEFA ugbu a na bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/news/newsid=2635878.html|title=UEFA Women's Champions League: Q&amp;A with Nadine Kessler on new format|date=5 December 2019|publisher=uefa.com|accessdate=23 January 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara maka VfL Wolfsburg na ndị otu mba German . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=131&amp;no_cache=1&amp;action=showPlayer&amp;player=kessler_nadine&amp;lang=D&amp;cHash=d6c216da31|title=Steckbrief Nadine Keßler|publisher=dfb.de|accessdate=27 February 2010|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Keßler bụ onye nnata ihe nrite FIFA World Player of the Year na 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or .

== Ndụ mbido ==
Amụrụ na Landstuhl, Keßler toro na Weselberg dị nso, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ malitere igwu egwu maka klọb ụmụ nwoke &lt;ref name=&quot;DHFPG_0514&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nadine Kessler (26): The German University is Ideal for Competitive Athletes.|url=http://www.dhfpg.de/erfolgsgeschichten/newsdetails/article/nadine-kessler-25-die-deutsche-hochschule-ist-ideal-fuer-leistungssportler.html|publisher=German University for Prevention and Health Management|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=23 May 2014|archivedate=23 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523034353/http://www.dhfpg.de/erfolgsgeschichten/newsdetails/article/nadine-kessler-25-die-deutsche-hochschule-ist-ideal-fuer-leistungssportler.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; SV Herschberg, SV Hermersberg, na SC Weselberg. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Es ist schön, zu Hause zu sein|url=http://www.pfaelzischer-merkur.de/region/sport/Sport-Es-ist-schoen-zu-Hause-zu-sein;art27519,4898874|publisher=Der Pfälzische Merkur|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=14 August 2013|archivedate=6 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206222347/http://www.pfaelzischer-merkur.de/region/sport/Sport-Es-ist-schoen-zu-Hause-zu-sein;art27519,4898874}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, ọ malitere igwu egwu maka otu nwanyị 1. FC Saarbrücken na nkebi nke abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;DHFPG_0514&quot; /&gt; Site na 2006 ruo 2007, ọ bụ onye na-edu ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;potsdam_qa_092009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Mir imponiert, wie es hier läuft&quot;|url=http://www.turbine-potsdam.de/newsmeldung.php?id=15720&amp;s=0910|publisher=1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=25 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206222621/http://www.turbine-potsdam.de/newsmeldung.php?id=15720&amp;s=0910|archivedate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na 2007, Keßler malitere ọzụzụ bụ isi na Bundeswehr na October 2007. Edebere ya n'otu nkwalite egwuregwu na Bundeswehr Sports School na Warendorf wee jide ọkwa nke Corporal. Ọ gakwara Mahadum German maka Mgbochi na Nlekọta Ahụike (DHfPG) ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts in Health Economics na 2012. Na 2014, o debanyere aha na mmemme MBA na DHfPG. &lt;ref name=&quot;DHFPG_0514&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam ===
Keßler bịanyere aka na 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam na nkewa kacha elu Frauen Bundesliga na 2009 mgbe ọ dị afọ 21. &lt;ref name=&quot;potsdam_qa_092009&quot;/&gt; O nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka imecha oge a na-eme kwa oge n'elu tebụl otu egwuregwu site na iji ndekọ 19–1–2 nyere goolu iri na otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Frauen Bundesliga 2009/10|url=http://us.women.soccerway.com/national/germany/frauen-bundesliga/2009-2010/regular-season/r9150/|publisher=Soccer Way|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu ahụ meriri 2009–10 UEFA Champions League ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ha meriri Olympique Lyonnais na penariti kicks. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2009/10 UEFA Champions League|url=http://us.women.soccerway.com/matches/2010/05/20/europe/uefa-womens-champions-league/olympique-lyonnais-feminin/1-ffc-turbine-potsdam/933516/|publisher=Soccer Way|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=20 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== VfL Wolfsburg ===
Na 2011, Keßler zigara VfL Wolfsburg . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nadine Keßler transfers to Wolfsburg|url=http://www.womensoccer.de/2011/03/29/nadine-kesler-wechselt-zum-vfl-wolfsburg/|publisher=womensoccer.de|accessdate=3 September 2011|language=de|date=29 March 2011|archivedate=17 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017171553/http://www.womensoccer.de/2011/03/29/nadine-kesler-wechselt-zum-vfl-wolfsburg/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu a mechara nke abụọ n'oge oge 2011–12 nwere ndekọ 18–2–2 . Keßler gbara ọkpụ goolu iri na otu n'itinye nke anọ n'asọmpị maka ọtụtụ goolu o nyere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2011/12 Frauen Bundesliga|url=http://us.women.soccerway.com/national/germany/frauen-bundesliga/2011-2012/regular-season/r14980/|publisher=Soccer Way|accessdate=6 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309222231/http://us.women.soccerway.com/national/germany/frauen-bundesliga/2011-2012/regular-season/r14980/|archivedate=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2014, Keßler duuru Wolfsburg gaa n'ọsọ asọmpi na Frauen Bundesliga na UEFA Women's Champions League . &lt;ref name=&quot;si_011215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nadine Kessler beats Abby Wambach for Women's Player of the Year award|url=https://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2015/01/12/germany-nadine-kessler-womens-player-year-award|publisher=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=12 January 2015|archivedate=6 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206212845/http://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2015/01/12/germany-nadine-kessler-womens-player-year-award}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wolfsburg ghọrọ ndị otu German mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji merie trible nke Njikọ, iko German na Champions League. &lt;ref name=&quot;DHFPG_0514&quot;/&gt; Keßler nwetara ihe nrite UEFA Best Women Player in Europe Award . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kessler wins Best Women's Player Award|url=http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/news/newsid=2136928.html|publisher=UEFA|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=28 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enyere ya onyinye nturu ugo FIFA Player nke Afọ na Jenụwarị 2015 ka ọ natachara 17.52% nke votu karịrị Marta (14.16%) na Abby Wambach (13.33%). &lt;ref name=&quot;si_011215&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ natara ihe nrite ahụ, ọ sịrị, &quot;Ọ bụ ụgwọ ọrụ maka ịrụsi ọrụ ike, ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na usoro mmepe dị mma. Amaara m na ọ bụ ihe nrite maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, mana agaghị m emeri ya ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu m.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kessler: I'm totally overwhelmed|url=https://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/news/y=2015/m=1/news=kessler-i-m-totally-overwhelmed-2505970.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118110118/http://www.fifa.com/ballon-dor/news/y=2015/m=1/news=kessler-i-m-totally-overwhelmed-2505970.html|archivedate=18 January 2015|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=12 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ ọhụrụ na 12 Mee 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Keßler verlängert in Wolfsburg bis 2016|url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/kessler-verlaengert-in-wolfsburg-bis-2016-122792/|publisher=dfb.de|accessdate=12 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuputara ezumike nka ya na 14 Eprel 2016. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160414111650/http://de.fifa.com/womens-football/news/y=2016/m=4/news=kessler-beendet-karriere-mit-28-jahren-2781112.html Keßler beendet Karriere mit 28 Jahren]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Keßler nọchitere anya [[Jémanị|Germany]] na ọkwa ntorobịa n'okpuru-15, 17, 19, na otu 20 sitere na 2003 ruo 2008. O mere mpụta mbụ ya maka ndị otu mba dị elu na 2010 Algarve Cup na 26 February 2010 na egwuregwu megide [[Finland]] mgbe ọ bịarutere dị ka nkeji 46 maka Lena Goeßling ma nye ya ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ mba ụwa na nkeji 77. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=500008&amp;no_cache=1&amp;action=showSchema&amp;liga=Frauen-Nationalmannschaft&amp;matchid=dfbatf353&amp;lang=D&amp;cHash=9c357dac29|title=Deutschland&amp;nbsp;– Finnland 7:0 (1:0)|publisher=dfb.de|accessdate=27 February 2010|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Keßler gbara agba bọọlụ na-awakpo Germany n'oge asọmpi UEFA Women's Euro 2013 na-enyere ndị otu ahụ aka imeri iko nke isii n'usoro ha jiri 1–0 merie [[Norway]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's Euro 2013: Germans win sixth straight European title|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/23483842|publisher=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 February 2015|date=28 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebumnuche mba ụwa ===
'''Onye'''

* Fritz Walter Medal : Silver 2006
* UEFA Best Women Player na Europe Award : 2014
* FIFA World Player nke afọ : 2014
* Ndị inyom IFFHS kacha mma n'ụwa : 2014 &lt;ref&gt;[http://iffhs.de/former-results/ Awards 2014]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Otu nwanyị IFFHS UEFA nke afọ iri 2011–2020 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/931|title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - UEFA - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|work=IFFHS|date=31 January 2021|accessdate=3 October 2024|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130211/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/931}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
n'egwuregwu ndị nwoke [[2. Bundesliga|2.]] [[2. Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] na 2007, naotu ahụ aka imecha oge a na-eme kwa oge n'elu tebụl otu egwuregwu site na iji ndekọ 19–1–2 nyere goolu iri na otu. [1] Ndị otu ahụ meriri 2009–
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
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{{Infobox officeholder|name=Jen Psaki|image=Jen Psaki 2021.jpg|office=34th [[White House Press Secretary]]|president=[[Joe Biden]]|deputy=[[Karine Jean-Pierre]]&lt;br&gt;(Principal Deputy)|term_start=January 20, 2021|term_end=May 13, 2022|predecessor=[[Kayleigh McEnany]]|successor=[[Karine Jean-Pierre]]|office1=[[White House Communications Director]]|president1=[[Barack Obama]]|term_start1=April 1, 2015|term_end1=January 20, 2017|predecessor1=[[Jennifer Palmieri]]|successor1=[[Sean Spicer]]|office2=23rd [[Spokesperson for the United States Department of State]]|president2=Barack Obama|deputy2=[[Marie Harf]]|term_start2=April 5, 2013|term_end2=March 31, 2015|predecessor2=[[Victoria Nuland]]|successor2=[[Marie Harf]]|office3=[[White House Communications Director|White House Deputy Communications Director]]|president3=Barack Obama|term_start3=December 19, 2009|term_end3=September 22, 2011|predecessor3=[[Daniel Pfeiffer]]|successor3=Jennifer Palmieri|office4=[[White House Press Secretary|White House Deputy Press Secretary]]|president4=Barack Obama|leader4=[[Robert Gibbs]]|term_start4=January 20, 2009|term_end4=December 19, 2009|predecessor4=[[Tony Fratto]]|successor4=[[Bill Burton (political consultant)|Bill Burton]]|birth_name=Jennifer Rene Psaki|birth_date={{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1978|12|01}}}}|birth_place=[[New York City]], U.S.|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|spouse={{marriage|Gregory Mecher|May 8, 2010}}|children=2|education=[[College of William &amp; Mary]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|caption=Psaki in 2021|module={{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Jen Psaki answers questions on the extent of use of Executive Orders.ogg|title=Jen Psaki's voice|type=speech|description=Jen Psaki answers questions on the extent of use of [[List of executive actions by Joe Biden|Executive Orders]]&lt;br/&gt;Recorded May 2, 2022}}}}
[[Faịlụ:Jen Psaki 2022.jpg|thumb|Jen Psaki]]
'''Jennifer Rene Psaki''' &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2010-05-07|title=Jennifer Psaki, Gregory Mecher|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/fashion/weddings/09PSAKI.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; / / ˈsɑːki / ; amuru Disemba 1, 1978) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=The White House|title=Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jen Psaki, December 1, 2021|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2021/12/01/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-december-1-2021/|work=The White House|accessdate=2023-01-31|date=2021-12-01|quote=Thank you, Jen. And, first of all, happy birthday.|archivedate=2023-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131165005/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2021/12/01/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-december-1-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hill01&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Concha|first=Joe|date=2017-02-08|title=Jen Psaki joins CNN|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/318449-cnn-signs-ex-obama-spokesperson-jen-psaki/|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|accessdate=2017-02-08|quote=Psaki, 38 ...}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị telivishọn America na onye bụbu onye ọrụ gọọmentị. Onye ndụmọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye jere ozi n'okpuru ma ọchịchị Obama na Biden, ọ jere ozi na ọchịchị Biden dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke 34th White House &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title=President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-Elect Kamala Harris Announce Members of White House Senior Communications Staff|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-joe-biden-and-vice-president-elect-kamala-harris-announce-members-of-white-house-senior-communications-staff/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130201438/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-joe-biden-and-vice-president-elect-kamala-harris-announce-members-of-white-house-senior-communications-staff/|archivedate=2020-11-30|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=President-Elect Joe Biden}}&lt;/ref&gt; ruo Mee 2022. Onye otu Democratic Party, ọ na-arụbu ọrụ na nchịkwa Obama dị ka osote odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke White House (2009); osote onye isi mgbasa ozi nke White House (2009–2011); onye nkwuchite ọnụ nke United States Department of State (2013–2015); na onye isi mgbasa ozi White House (2015-2017). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/jen-psaki-returns-white-house-115316.html|title=Jen Psaki returns to White House|accessdate=2015-02-19|work=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Psaki bụ onye nyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị CNN site na 2017 ruo 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/experts/1399|title=Jen Psaki|work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|accessdate=2018-12-11|archivedate=2020-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222144944/https://carnegieendowment.org/experts/1399}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo Maachị 2023, ọ na-akwado ihe ngosi ngosi ''N'ime ya na Jen Psaki'' na MSNBC .

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Psaki, ọkpara n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Greenwich-High-alum-resigns-White-House-job-2182565.php|title=Greenwich High alum resigns White House job|first=Charles J.|author=Lewis|date=2011-09-22|work=Stamford Advocate}}&lt;/ref&gt; mụrụ na [[New York City]], na 1978 site na psychotherapist &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2010&quot;/&gt; Eileen ( née Dolan) Medvey &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Miss Eileen Dolan And James Psaki To Marry Today|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10276173/the-bridgeport-post/|work=The Bridgeport Post|date=1976-07-18|pages=30|quote=the wedding of Miss Eileen D. Dolan, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. S.J. Dailey of New York city, to James R. Psaki, son of Dr. and Mrs. Raoul C. Psaki}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Dimitrios &quot;James&quot; R. Psaki, onye nrụpụta ụlọ ezumike nka ezumike nka nke nna nna ya. esiwo na Gris kwaga na 1904 na nne nne ya bụ onye Irish . Nne na nna ya lụrụ na 1976. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-04|title=&quot;Υπερήφανος για την Τζένιφερ&quot;, δηλώνει για την κόρη του ο Δημήτριος Ψάκη|language=el|url=https://www.ekirikas.com/omogeneia_ameriki_politiki/arthro/yperifanos_gia_tin_tzenifer_dilonei_gia_tin_kori_tou_o_dimitrios_psaki-1341446/|work=[[The National Herald|Ethnikos Kirikas]]|accessdate=2021-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Biden Picks Greek-American Jen Psaki to Lead Confirmation Team|work=[[The National Herald]]|date=2020-11-19|url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/archive_politics_usa/arthro/biden_picks_greek_american_jen_psaki_to_lead_confirmation_team-1241141/|quote=Psaki is of Irish and Greek descent with her Greek roots in Messinia through her father James R. Psaki|accessdate=2021-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya mechara kewapụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Randy|date=2024-04-30|title=Jen Psaki’s Father, James R. Psaki – BURSONCENTER|url=https://www.bursoncenter.com/jen-psakis-father-james-r-psaki/|accessdate=2024-07-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Onye ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi White House ===
[[Usòrò:P20211217ES-0066-2_(51897982431).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Psaki na Air Force One]]
Na Nọvemba 2020, Psaki hapụrụ CNN wee sonye na ndị otu mgbanwe Biden –Harris . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sullivan|first=Kate|date=2020-11-30|title=Biden announces all-female senior White House communications team|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/29/politics/biden-white-house-female-communications-team/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-10-30|archivedate=December 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222144950/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/29/politics/biden-white-house-female-communications-team/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọnwa ahụ gasịrị, akpọrọ Psaki ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi White House maka nchịkwa Biden. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jen Psaki, White House Press Secretary|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/nominees-and-appointees/jen-psaki/|accessdate=2021-01-05|work=President-Elect Joe Biden|archivedate=2021-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119231058/https://buildbackbetter.gov/nominees-and-appointees/jen-psaki/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Linskey|first=Annie|date=2020-11-29|title=Biden hires all-female senior communications team, names Neera Tanden director of OMB|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-hires-all-female-senior-communications-team/2020/11/29/5b60b58e-3277-11eb-a997-1f4c53d2a747_story.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2020-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki Holds First Briefing|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?508148-1/white-house-press-secretary-jen-psaki-holds-briefing|work=C-SPAN|date=2021-01-20|accessdate=2021-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O mere mkparịta akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi ya na mgbede Jenụwarị 20, 2021, ka nraranye ahụ gasịrị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New White House press secretary holds 1st briefing this evening|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/press-briefing-biden-psaki-1.5881166|work=CBC|date=2021-01-20|accessdate=2021-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na May 6, N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye bụbu onye ndụmọdụ onye isi oche David Axelrod, Psaki tụrụ aro na ọ ga-apụ n'ọkwa odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi &quot;ihe dị ka otu afọ site ugbu a&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Thomas|date=2021-05-07|title=Psaki Signals She'll Step Down Next Year|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/552322-psaki-signals-shell-step-down-next-year/|work=The Hill|accessdate=2021-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stelter|first=Brian|date=2021-05-06|title=Jen Psaki Says She Talked with the Biden Transition Team about a Roughly One-Year Term|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/06/media/jen-psaki-insights-reliable-sources/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2021-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba, otu ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa boro Psaki ebubo imebi iwu Hatch maka okwu o kwuru na ntuli aka gọvanọ Virginia 2021 . &lt;ref&gt;Judd, Donald (October 16, 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/15/politics/hatch-act-jen-psaki/index.html Watchdog files Hatch Act complaint against Jen Psaki over comments on Virginia governor's race]. ''CNN Politics''. Retrieved October 24, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Breuninger, Kevin (October 15, 2021.). [https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/15/biden-press-secretary-jen-psaki-may-have-violated-hatch-act-watchdog-says.html Biden press secretary Jen Psaki may have violated ethics law with comment on Virginia race, watchdog says]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved October 24, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Cox, Chelsey (October 15, 2021). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/10/15/jen-psaki-accused-violating-hatch-act-government-watchdog-group/8470700002/ White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki accused of violating Hatch Act]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved October 24, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Samuels, Brett (October 15, 2021). [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/576970-ethics-watchdog-accuses-psaki-of-violating-hatch-act/ Ethics watchdog accuses Psaki of violating Hatch Act]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved October 24, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nọvemba 2, Psaki kwupụtara na ọ nwalere ihe dị mma maka COVID-19 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jen Psaki: White House Press Secretary Says She Has COVID|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/1/jen-psaki-white-house-press-secretary-says-she-has-covid|accessdate=2021-11-13|date=2021-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ kewapụrụ iche wee gbakee nke ọma, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ na Nọvemba 12 wee kwupụta ọkwa ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka mgbake ya n'enweghị nsogbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rafford|first=Claire|title=Press Secretary Jen Psaki returns to work after Covid-19|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/jen-psaki-returns-to-work-covid-19-521130|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=[[Politico]]|date=2021-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbe e mesịrị ọrụ ===
Na Mee 24, 2022, MSNBC kwupụtara iwere Psaki dịka onye ntinye aka; Netwọk ahụ kwuru na ọ ga-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'oge mkpuchi nke 2022 midterms na 2024 ntuli aka onye isi ala, na ihe ngosi nke Psaki kwadoro na-emepe maka Peacock . &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/24/business/media/jen-psaki-msnbc-biden.html|title=Jen Psaki Joins MSNBC as a Host and Commentator|date=2022-05-24|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Michael M. Grynbaum}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Ted|date=2022-05-24|title=MSNBC Makes It Official: Jen Psaki To Join Network In Fall, Will Host New Show For Streaming Channel|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/jen-psaki-to-join-msnbc-1235031287/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Psaki mere ihe ngosi telivishọn mbụ ya mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọkwa ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi White House na ''The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon'' na-ekwurịta banyere ịgba égbè Robb Elementary School . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Graziosi|first=Graig|date=2022-05-26|title=Jen Psaki says she fears sending daughter to kindergarten in US|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/psaki-texas-gun-control-fallon-b2088355.html|accessdate=2022-06-28|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mee 2024, Psaki wepụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ ''Kwuokwuo: Nkuzi sitere na Ọrụ, White House, na Ụwa'' . Akwụkwọ ahụ kọrọ ahụmahụ ya n'ịrụ ọrụ na gọọmenti ma nye ndụmọdụ banyere nkwurịta okwu. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa ngwa ngwa na [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] wee depụta ya dị ka onye kacha ere ahịa ''New York Times'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-10|title=The latest Jen Psaki project|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/west-wing-playbook/2024/05/10/jen-psakis-latest-project-00157364|work=Politico|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Say More|url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Say-More/Jen-Psaki/9781668019856|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=2024-05-07|isbn=978-1-6680-1985-6|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Psaki kwuru ụgha na Biden eleleghị elekere ya n'oge nkwanye ugwu nke ndị ọrụ US 13 gburu na ogbunigwe Abbey Gate na Afghanistan. Esetere Biden foto ka ọ na-elele elekere ya ugboro ugboro n'oge mbufe ahụ dị ùgwù. Psaki kwuru na ya ga-ewepụ ebubo ụgha ahụ na ụdị akwụkwọ a n'ọdịnihu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-13|title=Psaki's new book falsely recounts Biden's watch check in troop ceremony|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/05/13/psaki-book-biden-watch-check-afghanistan|work=Axios|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-13|title=Psaki to remove lines about Biden at ceremony for fallen soldiers from new book|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/4660492-psaki-biden-afghan-ceremony-fallen-soldiers-say-more-book/|work=The Hill|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na nzaghachi nye Onye isi ala Biden na-ahapụ na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 2024, Psaki kwuru na Twitter (ugbu a X), &quot;Ọ [Biden] ewepụtala mfu ya na ọdachi onwe ya n'ime ndụ ọrụ ọha na eze na ezigbo ọmịiko maka ndị ọzọ… Ugboro ugboro, Joe Biden gosipụtara ike ya dị ịtụnanya site n'ịlaghachi azụ mgbe a kwaturu ya n'oge a, ọ na-egosi ya site n'iwepụ ya. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-21|title=Opinion {{!}} Never underestimate Joe Biden|url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/joe-biden-endorse-kamala-harris-selfless-service-rcna162747|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=MSNBC.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-22|title=Opinion {{!}} Never underestimate Joe Biden|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/opinion-never-underestimate-joe-biden-231013855.html|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Julaị 13, 2024, Psaki kwadoro Kamala Harris, ma kwupụta na Harris bụ nhọrọ kacha mma maka Biden yana na o nwere nkwado ya n'uju, Agbanyeghị, ọ kwenyere na ohere Harris nwere mmeri n'ọsọ onye isi ala 2024 nwere ike ịdị ala n'ihi &quot;nkwenkwe mmekọahụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hays|first=Gabriel|date=2024-07-11|title=Jen Psaki says Kamala Harris is best alternative to Biden but worries America too 'sexist and racist'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/jen-psaki-says-kamala-harris-best-alternative-biden-worries-america-too-sexist-racist|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=Fox News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2024-07-13|title=Jen Psaki endorses Kamala Harris as best replacement for Joe Biden. Will racist and sexist beliefs reduce her chances?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/jen-psaki-endorses-kamala-harris-as-best-replacement-for-joe-biden-will-racist-and-sexist-beliefs-reduce-her-chances/articleshow/111717846.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2024, Psaki kwetara ịpụta n'ihu kọmitii Houselọ United States na Ofesi maka ajụjụ ọnụ edegharịrị gbasara mwepu nchịkwa Biden na Afghanistan na Ọgọst 2021. Ọ pụtara n'ihu kọmitii ahụ na Julaị 26, 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/chairman-mccaul-secures-date-for-transcribed-interview-of-jen-psaki-for-afghanistan-withdrawal-investigation/|title=Chairman McCaul Secures Date for Transcribed Interview of Jen Psaki for Afghanistan Withdrawal Investigation|publisher=House Foreign Affairs Committee GOP|date=2024-06-17|accessdate=2024-06-17|archivedate=2024-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617171037/https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/chairman-mccaul-secures-date-for-transcribed-interview-of-jen-psaki-for-afghanistan-withdrawal-investigation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Na Mee 8, 2010, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=McCarthy|first=Ellen|date=2010-05-16|title=OnLove Wedding: Jen Psaki and Gregory Mecher get married in Maryland|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/14/AR2010051400026_2.html|accessdate=2021-09-21|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Psaki lụrụ Greg Mecher, mgbe ahụ onye isi ndị ọrụ na Congressman Steve Driehaus . Mgbe e mesịrị, Mecher jere ozi dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ nye Congressman Joe Kennedy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/gregory-mecher-jen-psaki-husband/|title=Gregory Mecher, Jen Psaki's Husband: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|publisher=[[Heavy (website)|Heavy]]|date=2021-01-22|accessdate=2021-01-31|author=Laviola|first=Erin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye a zutere na Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee na 2006. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;vogue&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Emmrich|first=Stuart|title=8 Things to Know About Jen Psaki, Biden's Press Secretary|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/8-things-to-know-about-jen-psaki-white-house-press-secretary|accessdate=2021-02-03|publisher=Vogue|date=2021-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
gosipụtara ike ya dị ịtụnanya site n'ịlaghachi azụ mgbe a kwaturu ya n'oge a, ọ na-egosi ya site n'iwepụ ya. &quot; ntinye aka; Netwọk ahụ kwuru na ọ ga-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'oge mkpuchi nke 2022 midterms[1] [2] Na Julaị 13, 2024,{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category}}

* Jen Psaki on Twitter
* [https://twitter.com/Psaki44 Archived copy] of Psaki's official Twitter account from the Obama administration
* Appearances on C-SPAN  
{{s-start}}
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|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jennifer Palmieri]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[White House Communications Director|White House Director of Communications]]|years=2015–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sean Spicer]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Kayleigh McEnany]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[White House Press Secretary]]|years=2021–2022}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Karine Jean-Pierre]]}}
{{s-end}}
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{{Infobox officeholder|name=Jen Psaki|image=Jen Psaki 2021.jpg|office=34th [[White House Press Secretary]]|president=[[Joe Biden]]|deputy=[[Karine Jean-Pierre]]&lt;br&gt;(Principal Deputy)|term_start=January 20, 2021|term_end=May 13, 2022|predecessor=[[Kayleigh McEnany]]|successor=[[Karine Jean-Pierre]]|office1=[[White House Communications Director]]|president1=[[Barack Obama]]|term_start1=April 1, 2015|term_end1=January 20, 2017|predecessor1=[[Jennifer Palmieri]]|successor1=[[Sean Spicer]]|office2=23rd [[Spokesperson for the United States Department of State]]|president2=Barack Obama|deputy2=[[Marie Harf]]|term_start2=April 5, 2013|term_end2=March 31, 2015|predecessor2=[[Victoria Nuland]]|successor2=[[Marie Harf]]|office3=[[White House Communications Director|White House Deputy Communications Director]]|president3=Barack Obama|term_start3=December 19, 2009|term_end3=September 22, 2011|predecessor3=[[Daniel Pfeiffer]]|successor3=Jennifer Palmieri|office4=[[White House Press Secretary|White House Deputy Press Secretary]]|president4=Barack Obama|leader4=[[Robert Gibbs]]|term_start4=January 20, 2009|term_end4=December 19, 2009|predecessor4=[[Tony Fratto]]|successor4=[[Bill Burton (political consultant)|Bill Burton]]|birth_name=Jennifer Rene Psaki|birth_date={{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1978|12|01}}}}|birth_place=[[New York City]], U.S.|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|spouse={{marriage|Gregory Mecher|May 8, 2010}}|children=2|education=[[College of William &amp; Mary]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|caption=Psaki in 2021|module={{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Jen Psaki answers questions on the extent of use of Executive Orders.ogg|title=Jen Psaki's voice|type=speech|description=Jen Psaki answers questions on the extent of use of [[List of executive actions by Joe Biden|Executive Orders]]&lt;br/&gt;Recorded May 2, 2022}}}}
'''Jennifer Rene Psaki''' &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2010-05-07|title=Jennifer Psaki, Gregory Mecher|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/fashion/weddings/09PSAKI.html|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; / / ˈsɑːki / ; amuru Disemba 1, 1978) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=The White House|title=Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jen Psaki, December 1, 2021|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2021/12/01/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-december-1-2021/|work=The White House|accessdate=2023-01-31|date=2021-12-01|quote=Thank you, Jen. And, first of all, happy birthday.|archivedate=2023-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131165005/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2021/12/01/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-december-1-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hill01&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Concha|first=Joe|date=2017-02-08|title=Jen Psaki joins CNN|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/318449-cnn-signs-ex-obama-spokesperson-jen-psaki/|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|accessdate=2017-02-08|quote=Psaki, 38 ...}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị telivishọn America na onye bụbu onye ọrụ gọọmentị. Onye ndụmọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye jere ozi n'okpuru ma ọchịchị Obama na Biden, ọ jere ozi na ọchịchị Biden dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke 34th White House &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title=President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-Elect Kamala Harris Announce Members of White House Senior Communications Staff|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-joe-biden-and-vice-president-elect-kamala-harris-announce-members-of-white-house-senior-communications-staff/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130201438/https://buildbackbetter.gov/press-releases/president-elect-joe-biden-and-vice-president-elect-kamala-harris-announce-members-of-white-house-senior-communications-staff/|archivedate=2020-11-30|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=President-Elect Joe Biden}}&lt;/ref&gt; ruo Mee 2022. Onye otu Democratic Party, ọ na-arụbu ọrụ na nchịkwa Obama dị ka osote odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke White House (2009); osote onye isi mgbasa ozi nke White House (2009–2011); onye nkwuchite ọnụ nke United States Department of State (2013–2015); na onye isi mgbasa ozi White House (2015-2017). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/02/jen-psaki-returns-white-house-115316.html|title=Jen Psaki returns to White House|accessdate=2015-02-19|work=[[Politico]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Psaki bụ onye nyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị CNN site na 2017 ruo 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://carnegieendowment.org/experts/1399|title=Jen Psaki|work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|accessdate=2018-12-11|archivedate=2020-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222144944/https://carnegieendowment.org/experts/1399}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo Maachị 2023, ọ na-akwado ihe ngosi ngosi ''N'ime ya na Jen Psaki'' na MSNBC .
== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Psaki, ọkpara n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Greenwich-High-alum-resigns-White-House-job-2182565.php|title=Greenwich High alum resigns White House job|first=Charles J.|author=Lewis|date=2011-09-22|work=Stamford Advocate}}&lt;/ref&gt; mụrụ na [[New York City]], na 1978 site na psychotherapist &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2010&quot;/&gt; Eileen ( née Dolan) Medvey &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Miss Eileen Dolan And James Psaki To Marry Today|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10276173/the-bridgeport-post/|work=The Bridgeport Post|date=1976-07-18|pages=30|quote=the wedding of Miss Eileen D. Dolan, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. S.J. Dailey of New York city, to James R. Psaki, son of Dr. and Mrs. Raoul C. Psaki}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Dimitrios &quot;James&quot; R. Psaki, onye nrụpụta ụlọ ezumike nka ezumike nka nke nna nna ya. esiwo na Gris kwaga na 1904 na nne nne ya bụ onye Irish . Nne na nna ya lụrụ na 1976. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-12-04|title=&quot;Υπερήφανος για την Τζένιφερ&quot;, δηλώνει για την κόρη του ο Δημήτριος Ψάκη|language=el|url=https://www.ekirikas.com/omogeneia_ameriki_politiki/arthro/yperifanos_gia_tin_tzenifer_dilonei_gia_tin_kori_tou_o_dimitrios_psaki-1341446/|work=[[The National Herald|Ethnikos Kirikas]]|accessdate=2021-04-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Biden Picks Greek-American Jen Psaki to Lead Confirmation Team|work=[[The National Herald]]|date=2020-11-19|url=https://www.thenationalherald.com/archive_politics_usa/arthro/biden_picks_greek_american_jen_psaki_to_lead_confirmation_team-1241141/|quote=Psaki is of Irish and Greek descent with her Greek roots in Messinia through her father James R. Psaki|accessdate=2021-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya mechara kewapụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Randy|date=2024-04-30|title=Jen Psaki’s Father, James R. Psaki – BURSONCENTER|url=https://www.bursoncenter.com/jen-psakis-father-james-r-psaki/|accessdate=2024-07-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Onye ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi White House ===
Na Nọvemba 2020, Psaki hapụrụ CNN wee sonye na ndị otu mgbanwe Biden –Harris . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sullivan|first=Kate|date=2020-11-30|title=Biden announces all-female senior White House communications team|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/29/politics/biden-white-house-female-communications-team/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2020-10-30|archivedate=December 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222144950/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/29/politics/biden-white-house-female-communications-team/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọnwa ahụ gasịrị, akpọrọ Psaki ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi White House maka nchịkwa Biden. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jen Psaki, White House Press Secretary|url=https://buildbackbetter.gov/nominees-and-appointees/jen-psaki/|accessdate=2021-01-05|work=President-Elect Joe Biden|archivedate=2021-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119231058/https://buildbackbetter.gov/nominees-and-appointees/jen-psaki/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Linskey|first=Annie|date=2020-11-29|title=Biden hires all-female senior communications team, names Neera Tanden director of OMB|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-hires-all-female-senior-communications-team/2020/11/29/5b60b58e-3277-11eb-a997-1f4c53d2a747_story.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2020-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki Holds First Briefing|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?508148-1/white-house-press-secretary-jen-psaki-holds-briefing|work=C-SPAN|date=2021-01-20|accessdate=2021-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O mere mkparịta akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi ya na mgbede Jenụwarị 20, 2021, ka nraranye ahụ gasịrị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New White House press secretary holds 1st briefing this evening|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/press-briefing-biden-psaki-1.5881166|work=CBC|date=2021-01-20|accessdate=2021-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na May 6, N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye bụbu onye ndụmọdụ onye isi oche David Axelrod, Psaki tụrụ aro na ọ ga-apụ n'ọkwa odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi &quot;ihe dị ka otu afọ site ugbu a&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Thomas|date=2021-05-07|title=Psaki Signals She'll Step Down Next Year|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/552322-psaki-signals-shell-step-down-next-year/|work=The Hill|accessdate=2021-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stelter|first=Brian|date=2021-05-06|title=Jen Psaki Says She Talked with the Biden Transition Team about a Roughly One-Year Term|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/06/media/jen-psaki-insights-reliable-sources/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=2021-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba, otu ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa boro Psaki ebubo imebi iwu Hatch maka okwu o kwuru na ntuli aka gọvanọ Virginia 2021 . &lt;ref&gt;Judd, Donald (October 16, 2021). [https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/15/politics/hatch-act-jen-psaki/index.html Watchdog files Hatch Act complaint against Jen Psaki over comments on Virginia governor's race]. ''CNN Politics''. Retrieved October 24, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Breuninger, Kevin (October 15, 2021.). [https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/15/biden-press-secretary-jen-psaki-may-have-violated-hatch-act-watchdog-says.html Biden press secretary Jen Psaki may have violated ethics law with comment on Virginia race, watchdog says]. ''CNBC''. Retrieved October 24, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Cox, Chelsey (October 15, 2021). [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/10/15/jen-psaki-accused-violating-hatch-act-government-watchdog-group/8470700002/ White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki accused of violating Hatch Act]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved October 24, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Samuels, Brett (October 15, 2021). [https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/576970-ethics-watchdog-accuses-psaki-of-violating-hatch-act/ Ethics watchdog accuses Psaki of violating Hatch Act]. ''The Hill''. Retrieved October 24, 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Nọvemba 2, Psaki kwupụtara na ọ nwalere ihe dị mma maka COVID-19 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Jen Psaki: White House Press Secretary Says She Has COVID|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/1/jen-psaki-white-house-press-secretary-says-she-has-covid|accessdate=2021-11-13|date=2021-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ kewapụrụ iche wee gbakee nke ọma, ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ na Nọvemba 12 wee kwupụta ọkwa ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka mgbake ya n'enweghị nsogbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rafford|first=Claire|title=Press Secretary Jen Psaki returns to work after Covid-19|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/12/jen-psaki-returns-to-work-covid-19-521130|accessdate=2021-11-13|work=[[Politico]]|date=2021-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbe e mesịrị ọrụ ===
Na Mee 24, 2022, MSNBC kwupụtara iwere Psaki dịka onye ntinye aka; Netwọk ahụ kwuru na ọ ga-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'oge mkpuchi nke 2022 midterms na 2024 ntuli aka onye isi ala, na ihe ngosi nke Psaki kwadoro na-emepe maka Peacock . &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/24/business/media/jen-psaki-msnbc-biden.html|title=Jen Psaki Joins MSNBC as a Host and Commentator|date=2022-05-24|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Michael M. Grynbaum}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Ted|date=2022-05-24|title=MSNBC Makes It Official: Jen Psaki To Join Network In Fall, Will Host New Show For Streaming Channel|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/jen-psaki-to-join-msnbc-1235031287/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Psaki mere ihe ngosi telivishọn mbụ ya mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọkwa ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi White House na ''The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon'' na-ekwurịta banyere ịgba égbè Robb Elementary School . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Graziosi|first=Graig|date=2022-05-26|title=Jen Psaki says she fears sending daughter to kindergarten in US|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/psaki-texas-gun-control-fallon-b2088355.html|accessdate=2022-06-28|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Mee 2024, Psaki wepụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ ''Kwuokwuo: Nkuzi sitere na Ọrụ, White House, na Ụwa'' . Akwụkwọ ahụ kọrọ ahụmahụ ya n'ịrụ ọrụ na gọọmenti ma nye ndụmọdụ banyere nkwurịta okwu. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa ngwa ngwa na [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] wee depụta ya dị ka onye kacha ere ahịa ''New York Times'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-10|title=The latest Jen Psaki project|url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/west-wing-playbook/2024/05/10/jen-psakis-latest-project-00157364|work=Politico|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Say More|url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Say-More/Jen-Psaki/9781668019856|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=2024-05-07|isbn=978-1-6680-1985-6|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Psaki kwuru ụgha na Biden eleleghị elekere ya n'oge nkwanye ugwu nke ndị ọrụ US 13 gburu na ogbunigwe Abbey Gate na Afghanistan. Esetere Biden foto ka ọ na-elele elekere ya ugboro ugboro n'oge mbufe ahụ dị ùgwù. Psaki kwuru na ya ga-ewepụ ebubo ụgha ahụ na ụdị akwụkwọ a n'ọdịnihu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-13|title=Psaki's new book falsely recounts Biden's watch check in troop ceremony|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/05/13/psaki-book-biden-watch-check-afghanistan|work=Axios|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-13|title=Psaki to remove lines about Biden at ceremony for fallen soldiers from new book|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/4660492-psaki-biden-afghan-ceremony-fallen-soldiers-say-more-book/|work=The Hill|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na nzaghachi nye Onye isi ala Biden na-ahapụ na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 2024, Psaki kwuru na Twitter (ugbu a X), &quot;Ọ [Biden] ewepụtala mfu ya na ọdachi onwe ya n'ime ndụ ọrụ ọha na eze na ezigbo ọmịiko maka ndị ọzọ… Ugboro ugboro, Joe Biden gosipụtara ike ya dị ịtụnanya site n'ịlaghachi azụ mgbe a kwaturu ya n'oge a, ọ na-egosi ya site n'iwepụ ya. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-21|title=Opinion {{!}} Never underestimate Joe Biden|url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/joe-biden-endorse-kamala-harris-selfless-service-rcna162747|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=MSNBC.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-22|title=Opinion {{!}} Never underestimate Joe Biden|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/opinion-never-underestimate-joe-biden-231013855.html|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=Yahoo News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Julaị 13, 2024, Psaki kwadoro Kamala Harris, ma kwupụta na Harris bụ nhọrọ kacha mma maka Biden yana na o nwere nkwado ya n'uju, Agbanyeghị, ọ kwenyere na ohere Harris nwere mmeri n'ọsọ onye isi ala 2024 nwere ike ịdị ala n'ihi &quot;nkwenkwe mmekọahụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hays|first=Gabriel|date=2024-07-11|title=Jen Psaki says Kamala Harris is best alternative to Biden but worries America too 'sexist and racist'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/jen-psaki-says-kamala-harris-best-alternative-biden-worries-america-too-sexist-racist|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=Fox News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2024-07-13|title=Jen Psaki endorses Kamala Harris as best replacement for Joe Biden. Will racist and sexist beliefs reduce her chances?|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/jen-psaki-endorses-kamala-harris-as-best-replacement-for-joe-biden-will-racist-and-sexist-beliefs-reduce-her-chances/articleshow/111717846.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2024, Psaki kwetara ịpụta n'ihu kọmitii Houselọ United States na Ofesi maka ajụjụ ọnụ edegharịrị gbasara mwepu nchịkwa Biden na Afghanistan na Ọgọst 2021. Ọ pụtara n'ihu kọmitii ahụ na Julaị 26, 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/chairman-mccaul-secures-date-for-transcribed-interview-of-jen-psaki-for-afghanistan-withdrawal-investigation/|title=Chairman McCaul Secures Date for Transcribed Interview of Jen Psaki for Afghanistan Withdrawal Investigation|publisher=House Foreign Affairs Committee GOP|date=2024-06-17|accessdate=2024-06-17|archivedate=2024-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617171037/https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-release/chairman-mccaul-secures-date-for-transcribed-interview-of-jen-psaki-for-afghanistan-withdrawal-investigation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ebe Ngosi Ihe==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:Jen Psaki 2022.jpg|Odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi Jen Psaki na-enwe mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị nta akụkọ, Tuzdee Machị 10, 2022, n'ime ụlọ mkparịta ụka nke James S. Brady Press nke Ụlọ Ọcha. (Foto gọọmentị nke Ụlọ Ọcha nke Cameron Smith sere)

Usòrò:P20211217ES-0066-2_(51897982431).jpg|áká_èkpè| Psaki na Air Force One

&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Na Mee 8, 2010, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=McCarthy|first=Ellen|date=2010-05-16|title=OnLove Wedding: Jen Psaki and Gregory Mecher get married in Maryland|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/14/AR2010051400026_2.html|accessdate=2021-09-21|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Psaki lụrụ Greg Mecher, mgbe ahụ onye isi ndị ọrụ na Congressman Steve Driehaus . Mgbe e mesịrị, Mecher jere ozi dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ nye Congressman Joe Kennedy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://heavy.com/news/gregory-mecher-jen-psaki-husband/|title=Gregory Mecher, Jen Psaki's Husband: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know|publisher=[[Heavy (website)|Heavy]]|date=2021-01-22|accessdate=2021-01-31|author=Laviola|first=Erin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye a zutere na Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee na 2006. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;vogue&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Emmrich|first=Stuart|title=8 Things to Know About Jen Psaki, Biden's Press Secretary|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/8-things-to-know-about-jen-psaki-white-house-press-secretary|accessdate=2021-02-03|publisher=Vogue|date=2021-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
gosipụtara ike ya dị ịtụnanya site n'ịlaghachi azụ mgbe a kwaturu ya n'oge a, ọ na-egosi ya site n'iwepụ ya. &quot; ntinye aka; Netwọk ahụ kwuru na ọ ga-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'oge mkpuchi nke 2022 midterms[1] [2] Na Julaị 13, 2024,{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category}}

* Jen Psaki on Twitter
* [https://twitter.com/Psaki44 Archived copy] of Psaki's official Twitter account from the Obama administration
* Appearances on C-SPAN  
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Spokesperson for the United States Department of State]]|years=2013–2015}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Jennifer Palmieri]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[White House Communications Director|White House Director of Communications]]|years=2015–2017}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Kayleigh McEnany]]}}
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[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Njem Acro</title>
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Acro Trip  bụ usoro manga nke Japan nke Yone Sawata dere ma gosipụta. E debere ya na [[Shueisha]]'s [[shōjo manga]] magazine ''[[Ribon]]'' site na Febụwarị 2017 ruo Disemba 2022, na isi ya anakọtara na mpịakọta tankōbon ise. Ihe nkiri telivishọn [[anime]] nke Voil mepụtara gosipụtara na Ọktoba 2024.

== Atụmatụ ==
Chizuko Date na-enwe mmasị mgbe niile dike ya, Berry Blossom, nwa agbọghọ anwansi na-echebe obodo Niigata site na ajọ òtù Fossa Magna, nke Chrome na-edu.  Agbanyeghị, Chrome adịghị ike ma Berry Blossom na-emeri ya mgbe niile.  N'ihi ya, ọha na eze hụrụ na agha ahụ na-agwụ ike ma malite ịkwụsị mmasị.  Nke a mere ka Chizuko nwaa iweghachite uche na Berry Blossom, mana Chrome bịakwutekwara ya ka ọ sonyere nzukọ ya, nke na-ewute  ya.

== Ndị mere ya ==

; Chizuko Date (Ida Ubi, Date Chizuko) 
: Voiced by: Miku Itō (PV, anime)[3][4]
: Nwa agbọghọ na-enweghị mmasị na ndụ nke na-achọpụta mmasị maka ụmụ agbọghọ anwansi mgbe ọ hụchara ọgụ dị n'etiti Chroma na Berry Blossom. Chroma mechara bịakwute ya, onye kpọrọ ya n'ụzọ ihe ọjọọ, na-ekwere na ọ ga-abụ ezigbo onye enyemaka. Mgbe ọ jụrụ na mbụ, ọ mechara kweta, na-ezube ime ka onyinyo ihere nke dike ya dịghachi ndụ. Ya na nna nna ya bi naanị ya.
; Chrome (クロマ, Kuroma) 
: Voiced by: Nobunaga Shimazaki[4]
; Berry Blossom / Kaju Noichigo (Ọ bụbu, Noichigo Kaju) 
: Voiced by: Inori Minase[4]
; Mashirou (N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe) 
: Voiced by: Kengo Kawanishi[4]
; Baryū Ōmizo (大沟芭隆, Ōmizo Baryū) 
: Voiced by: Showtaro Morikubo[5]
; Kokoa (心亜) 
: Voiced by: Miharu Hanai[5]
; Tsuki (Ọnwa) 
: Voiced by: Chiharu Sawashiro[5]
; Hugh (Akwụkwọ, Hyū) 
: Voiced by: Takehito Koyasu[6]
; Ojii-chan  / Suikyō Date (伊達京, Date Suikyō) 
: Voiced by: Kōichi Sōma[6]
; Kuma Kaijin (クマ怪人) 
: Voiced by: Yuji Kameyama[6]

== Mgbasa ozi ==

=== Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ===
N'ịbụ onye Yone Sawata dere ma gosipụta ya, Acro Trip bụ usoro n'usoro na akwụkwọ akụkọ Shueisha's shōjo manga Ribon site na February 3, 2017, [1] ruo Disemba 1, 2022; [2] ọ bụ ọrụ mbụ Sawata mere serialized.[3]  Shueisha chịkọtara isiakwụkwọ ya na mpịakọta tankọbon ise, ewepụtara site na Eprel 25, 2018, [4] ruo Jenụarị 25, 2023.

==== Mpịakọta ====
{{Graphic novel list/header|OneLanguage=yes|Width=100%}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=1|OriginalRelDate=April 25, 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:【4月25日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279430|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2022|language=Japanese|date=April 25, 2018|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140354/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279430|url-status=live|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=November 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140354/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279430}}&lt;/ref&gt;|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867498-8|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=2|OriginalRelDate=April 25, 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:【4月25日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/329200|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2022|language=Japanese|date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141903/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/329200|url-status=live|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=November 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141903/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/329200}}&lt;/ref&gt;|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867546-6|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=3|OriginalRelDate=July 22, 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:【7月22日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/388564|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2022|language=Japanese|date=July 22, 2020|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141850/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/388564|url-status=live|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=November 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104141850/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/388564}}&lt;/ref&gt;|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867583-1|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=4|OriginalRelDate=February 25, 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:【2月25日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466910|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=November 4, 2022|language=Japanese|date=February 25, 2022|archive-date=November 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140356/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466910|url-status=live|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=November 4, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104140356/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466910}}&lt;/ref&gt;|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867667-8|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}}
{{Graphic novel list|VolumeNumber=5|OriginalRelDate=January 25, 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;vol5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|script-title=ja:【1月25日付】本日発売の単行本リスト|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/509590|website=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|access-date=January 25, 2023|language=Japanese|date=January 25, 2023|archive-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125000035/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/509590|url-status=live|title=Archive copy|accessdate=October 4, 2024|archivedate=January 25, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125000035/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/509590}}&lt;/ref&gt;|OriginalISBN=978-4-08-867698-2|LicensedRelDate=|LicensedISBN=}}
{{Graphic novel list/footer}}

=== Anime ===
A mara ọkwa usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn anime na Disemba 1, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loo|first=Egan|title=Acro Trip Shōjo Comedy Manga's Anime Confirmed for 2024 TV Airing|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-30/acro-trip-shojo-comedy-manga-anime-confirmed-for-2024-tv-airing/.192410|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=December 1, 2022|date=November 30, 2022|archivedate=November 30, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130171635/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-30/acro-trip-shojo-comedy-manga-anime-confirmed-for-2024-tv-airing/.192410}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2258781/full/|work=[[Oricon]]|accessdate=December 1, 2022|language=Japanese|date=December 1, 2022|archivedate=November 30, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155101/https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2258781/full/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ Voil mepụtara ya ma bụrụ nke Ayumu Kotake duziri, ya na edemede nke Shinichi Inotsume na-elekọta, atụmatụ njirimara nke Toshie Kawamura, na egwu nke Technoboys Pulcraft Green-Fund dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;ANN1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mateo|first=Alex|title=Acro Trip TV Anime Unveils Staff, Character Visuals, Manga Promo Video|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-01-24/acro-trip-tv-anime-unveils-staff-character-visuals-manga-promo-video/.194148|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=January 24, 2023|date=January 24, 2023|archivedate=January 24, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124162645/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-01-24/acro-trip-tv-anime-unveils-staff-character-visuals-manga-promo-video/.194148}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cayanan|first=Joanna|title=Acro Trip Anime's Teaser Video Reveals Cast, More Staff|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-31/acro-trip-anime-teaser-video-reveals-cast-more-staff/.207011|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=January 31, 2024|date=January 31, 2024|archivedate=January 31, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131093331/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-01-31/acro-trip-anime-teaser-video-reveals-cast-more-staff/.207011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro a malitere na October 2, 2024, na Tokyo MX na BS NTV ;   ihe omume mbụ malitere na Fuji on Demand  (FOD) minit 30 tupu mmalite telivishọn, n'akụkụ ihe omume nke abụọ, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-amalite na ikpo okwu otu izu tupu na TV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cayanan|first=Joanna|title=Acro Trip Anime's Main Promo Video Reveals October Premiere|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-04-25/acro-trip-anime-main-promo-video-reveals-october-premiere/.210158|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=April 25, 2024|date=April 25, 2024|archivedate=August 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830110834/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-04-25/acro-trip-anime-main-promo-video-reveals-october-premiere/.210158}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cast3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pineda|first=Rafael Antonio|title=Acro Trip Anime Reveals More Cast, October 2 Premiere|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-08-30/acro-trip-anime-reveals-more-cast-october-2-premiere/.214929|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=August 30, 2024|date=August 30, 2024|archivedate=August 30, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830104926/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-08-30/acro-trip-anime-reveals-more-cast-october-2-premiere/.214929}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hodgkins|first=Crystalyn|title=Acro Trip Anime's 2nd Promo Video Previews Theme Songs|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-08/acro-trip-anime-2nd-promo-video-previews-theme-songs/.215188|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=October 2, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913235801/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-08/acro-trip-anime-2nd-promo-video-previews-theme-songs/.215188|archivedate=September 13, 2024|date=September 8, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Egwú mmeghe bụ &quot;Fragum&quot; (フグラーム, Furāgumu) (Latin maka strawberry) nke Inori Minase mere, ebe abụ mmechi bụ &quot;Reversible Baby&quot; (リ追シブルベー,  nke KanoeRana  mere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cast2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cayanan|first=Joanna|title=Acro Trip Anime Reveals Key Visual, 3 More Cast, Opening, Ending Songs &amp; Artists|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-07-18/acro-trip-anime-reveals-key-visual-3-more-cast-opening-ending-songs-and-artists/.213351|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=July 18, 2024|date=July 18, 2024|archivedate=July 18, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718090610/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-07-18/acro-trip-anime-reveals-key-visual-3-more-cast-opening-ending-songs-and-artists/.213351}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crunchyroll na-agbasa usoro ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mateo|first=Alex|title=Crunchyroll Announces Release Schedule for Fall 2024 Season|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-18/crunchyroll-announces-release-schedule-for-fall-2024-season/.215719|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=September 18, 2024|date=September 18, 2024|archivedate=September 18, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918221143/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-09-18/crunchyroll-announces-release-schedule-for-fall-2024-season/.215719}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ihe omume ====
 

== Nnakwere ==
Onye na-ese ihe nkiri Aka Akasaka tụrụ aro manga ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Natalie-vol1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279765|work=[[Comic Natalie]]|publisher=Natasha, Inc.|accessdate=November 4, 2022|language=ja|date=April 25, 2018|archivedate=October 29, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029192512/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/279765}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ manga na Ribon (n'asụsụ Japanese) 
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ anime (n'asụsụ Japanese) 
* Acro Trip (manga) naAnime News Networkencyclopedia</text>
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    <title>2017 World Championships in Athletics - Women's Marathon</title>
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      <text bytes="12148" sha1="qcyzigkbcp3ude41roitmt1ez9sdkud" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Sinead Diver of Australia, Women's Marathon (2017 World Athletics Championship).jpg|thumb|Sinead Diver na 2017]]
  

Marathon ụmụ nwanyị bụ otu n'ime mmemme okporo ụzọ na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke 2017 na London. Ọ mere na 6 Ọgọst 2017 n'okporo ụzọ London, ma nwee laps anọ nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ ihe dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri (6.2 mi) nke gafere ọtụtụ akara ngosi London. Na nke mbụ n'ime asọmpi asọmpi ụwa, asọmpi marathon nke nwoke na nwanyị mere n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. Ọsọ a bụ Rose Chelimo nke Bahrain meriri 2:27:11, nke ji nkeji asaa n'ihu Edna Kiplagat nke Kenya na nke abụọ. Amy Cragg nke United States gụchara n'ọkwa nke atọ, were ihe na-erughị otu sekọnd kewapụrụ na Kiplagat.

Catarina Ribeiro nke Portugal duuru ihe dị ka kilomita iri mbụ (6.2 mi) tupu ọ hapụ ụzọ n'aka Alyson Dixon nke Great Britain, onye meghere ụzọ nkeji iri atọ n'ọkara n'ọsọ ahụ. E jidere ya nke nta nke nta n'ime kilomita 8 na-esote (5.0 mi), na otu mkpọ nke ndị ọgba ọsọ iri na anọ gbara mbọ ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ ruo ebe dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (22 mi), mgbe Chelimo gbagoro ọsọ ọsọ na ndị ọgba ọsọ anọ gbapụrụ n'ihu. Chelimo na Kiplagat lụrụ ọgụ maka ndị isi n'ọsọ ahụ, ebe Cragg na onye Kenya bụ Flomena Cheyech Daniel lụrụ n'ọkwa nke atọ. N'ikpeazụ, sprint kwụsịrị site na Chelimo na Cragg chekwaa ha nke mbụ na nke atọ n'otu n'otu.

== iru eru ==
Otu International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka World Athletics) kwupụtara ụkpụrụ ntozu maka asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke 2017 na March 2016. Maka marathon ụmụ nwanyị, ụkpụrụ ntinye bụ 2:45:00,[1] otu nkeji. ji nwayọọ nwayọọ karịa maka asọmpi ụwa nke 2015, yana otu maka asọmpi 2016. A ghaghị imezu ụkpụrụ ntinye n'oge oge ntozu: 1 October 2016, na 23 Julaị 2017, gụnyere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.letsrun.com/news/2016/11/iaaf-announces-2017-world-championships-entry-standards-ones-got-easier-ones-got-harder/|title=IAAF Announces 2017 World Championships Entry Standards – Which Ones Got Easier and Which Ones Got Harder?|work=LetsRun.com|date=30 November 2016|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwapụta ==
Na November 2016, a mara ọkwa ụzọ marathon; Usoro ihe omume ahụ nwere okirikiri anọ nke ụzọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) na-agafe ụfọdụ n'ime akara ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke London.[1] Usoro ahụ malitere wee gwụ na Tower Bridge, na-aga n'akụkụ Victoria Embankment n'akụkụ Osimiri Thames ruo mgbe ọ ruru Ụlọ Nzukọ Alaeze, gbapụrụ n'osimiri ahụ gafere Katidral St Paul, tupu ya alaghachi na Tower nke London. Niels de Vos, onye isi asọmpi ahụ, kwuru na e mere ụzọ ahụ ka ọ dị larịị ka o kwere mee iji nye ohere nke oge ngwa ngwa, ebe ọ na-achọkwa iji akara ngosi ama ama iji nye “ihe ndabere dị egwu nye nnukwu ndị na-ege TV zuru ụwa ọnụ.&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;aw-route&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.athleticsweekly.com/featured/london-2017-iconic-marathon-race-walk-routes-53647/|title=London 2017 announces iconic marathon and race walk routes|work=Athletics Weekly|date=17 November 2016|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka oge mbụ na World Championships, a haziri marathons nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ka ha mee n'otu ụbọchị ahụ; asọmpi ụmụ nwoke na 10:55 na nke ụmụ nwanyị na 14:00.&lt;ref name=&quot;aw-route&quot;/&gt; E buru amụma na ihu igwe ga-adị n'etiti 14 and 21  , na ikuku 18 kilomita kwa elekere (11  nke ''LetsRun.com'' tụrụ aro na ọ nwere ike ịdị ịrịba ama karịsịa na akụkụ ndị a kpughere n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;lr-preview&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.letsrun.com/news/2017/08/2017-worlds-womens-marathon-preview-edna-kiplagat-tries-make-history-winning-third-world-title/ |title=2017 Worlds Women’s Marathon Preview: Edna Kiplagat Tries to Make History By Winning A Third World Title |website=LetsRun.com |date=1 August 2017 |access-date=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asọmpi ahụ gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị iri ndị mechara marathons n'okpuru 22 na mbụ, na-eduga ''LetsRun.com'' ịkọ nkọ na &quot;Ị gaghị ahụ marathon miri emi na mbara ala Ụwa n'afọ a karịa asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị na 2017 World Championships. &quot; &lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; cx-link=&quot;&quot; data-linkid=&quot;391&quot; href=&quot;./Edna_Kiplagat&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Edna Kiplagat&quot;&gt;Edna Kiplagat Tries to Make History By Winning A Third World Title&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;website&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;LetsRun.com&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;1 August 2017&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;1 July 2020&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBAM\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt48\&quot; class=\&quot;citation news cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBAQ\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;true\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.letsrun.com/news/2017/08/2017-worlds-womens-marathon-preview-edna-kiplagat-tries-make-history-winning-third-world-title/\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBAU\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;2017 Worlds Women's Marathon Preview: Edna Kiplagat Tries to Make History By Winning A Third World Title\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=\&quot;mwBAY\&quot;&gt;LetsRun.com&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 1 August 2017&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBAc\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBAg\&quot;&gt;1 July&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 2020&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-lr-preview_5-1&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics_–_Women's_marathon#cite_note-lr-preview-5 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Ha tụrụ aro na Edna Kiplagat nke Kenya, Mare Dibaba nke Ethiopia na Eunice Kirwa nke Bahrain bụ ndị ọkacha mmasị maka asọmpi ahụ. Kiplagat meriri marathon ugboro abụọ tupu na World Championships, na 2011 na 2013, ma merie Boston Marathon na mbido afọ ahụ. Dibaba gbara ọsọ na 2017 London Marathon, ebe ọ na-agwụghị, mana ọ bụ onye mmeri ụwa na-achị, ebe ọ meriri na 2015. Kirwa mechara nke abụọ na Dibaba n'afọ 2015, ọ bụkwa onye nke abụọ n'egwuregwu Olimpik nke afọ 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;lr-preview&quot; /&gt; ''Athletics Weekly'' buru amụma na Kiplagat na Mare Dibaba ga-agwụ na atọ kachasị elu, mana gụnyere onye Etiopia ọzọ, Berhane Dibaba, n'akụkụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.athleticsweekly.com/event-news/iaaf-world-championships-london-2017-medal-predictions-65878/|title=IAAF World Championships London 2017 medal predictions|work=Athletics Weekly|date=3 August 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mary Keitany, onye mebiri ihe ndekọ ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị na mbido afọ ahụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;lr-preview&quot; /&gt; esonyeghị na asọmpi World Championships, kama ọ họọrọ ịkwadebe maka 2017 New York City Marathon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.athleticsweekly.com/event-news/mary-keitany-breaks-women-only-marathon-world-record-london-60213/|title=Mary Keitany breaks women-only marathon world record in London|author=Whittington|first=Jessica|work=Athletics Weekly|date=23 April 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
Asọmpi ahụ malitere na 14:00 na 6 Ọgọst 2017, na okpomọkụ nke 19   na ọkwa iru mmiri nke 56%.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-results&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5151/AT-MAR-W-f----.RS6.pdf|title=Results: Marathon Women – Final|publisher=[[World Athletics|IAAF]]|date=6 August 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbido nke ọsọ ahụ, Catarina Ribeiro nke Portugal gbapụrụ ma duzie kilomita iri mbụ (6.2 mi) nke ọsọ ahụ tupu Alyson Dixon nke Great Britain ejide ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;cr-race&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/amy-cragg-makes-history-world-championship-marathon-rose-chelimo-earns-gold-crazy-dramatic-42-2k-battle/|title=Amy Cragg makes history at World Championship marathon; Rose Chelimo earns gold in crazy dramatic 42.2K battle|author=Mulhern|first=Sinead|work=Canadian Running|date=6 August 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ribeiro mechara pụọ n'ọsọ ahụ, ọ gwụbeghịkwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-results&quot; /&gt; Dixon gbara naanị ya n'isi egwuregwu ahụ, na n'etiti ọkara ọ rụpụtara oghere nke 30 sekọnd na ìgwè dị n'azụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;cr-race&quot; /&gt; N'oge ọkara nke abụọ nke ọsọ ahụ, ndị isi otu ahụ mechiri oghere dị na Dixon, na-ebelata ya ruo sekọnd 14 site na akara 25 kilomita (16 mi), ma jide ya obere oge tupu akara 30 kilomita (19 mi). &lt;ref name=&quot;wa-race&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/report-womens-marathon-iaaf-world-champions|title=Report: women's marathon – IAAF World Championships London 2017|author=Rowbottom|first=Mike|publisher=World Athletics|date=6 August 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dixon, onye nọrọ na ndị na-ebute ụzọ maka kilomita 5 ọzọ (3.1 mi) tupu ọ daa azụ iji mechie nke iri na asatọ,  kwuru mgbe &quot;Ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe m na  kachasị egwu na-atụ anya na m ga-ebute. Ọ bụrụ na ị pụghị ịnụ ụtọ ịgba ọsọ World Championship na London na nkwado ahụ, gịnị ka ị nọ n'egwuregwu ahụ?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;wa-race&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;espn-race&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/athletics/story/_/id/20267327/iaaf-world-athletics-championships-2017-amy-cragg-bronze-ends-us-women-marathon-drought|title=Amy Cragg ends U.S. women's marathon drought with thrilling bronze|author=Spall|first=Leo|publisher=ESPN|date=6 August 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ìgwè ahụ jidere Dixon, Kiplagat bu ụzọ buru ụzọ, tupu Jessica Trengove nke Australia ewere ihe dị ka akara 35 kilomita (22 mi). &lt;ref name=&quot;wa-race&quot;/&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'oge a, ndị na-ebute ụzọ nwere ndị na-agba ọsọ iri na anọ, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, Chelimo mụbara ọsọ ahụ ma kewaa ìgwè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;yahoo-race&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/chelimo-stops-kiplagat-making-marathon-161533921.html|title=Chelimo stops Kiplagat from making marathon history|work=[[Yahoo Sports]]|date=6 August 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu ìgwè ndị na-agba ọsọ anọ gbapụrụ n'ihu: Chelimo; Kiplagat; Amy Cragg nke United States; na Flomena Cheyech Daniel nke Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.runnersworld.com/news/a20859261/what-happened-today-at-the-2017-world-track-field-championships/|title=What Happened Today at the 2017 World Track &amp; Field Championships|author=Douglas|first=Scott|work=[[Runner's World]]|date=11 August 2017|accessdate=1 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kiplagat mere ihe ọzọ, &lt;ref name=&quot;wa-race&quot; /&gt; ma buru ụzọ karịa kilomita 2 (1.2 mi) iji gaa; Sinead Mulhern nke Canada Running jiri njedebe ya tụnyere nke Boston Marathon na mbido afọ ahụ, mgbe Kiplagat meriri Chelimo na njedebe sprint. &lt;ref name=&quot;cr-race&quot;/&gt; N'oge a, Chelimo wakporo ma laghachi azụ n'ihu Kiplagat, onye na-enweghị ike ịzaghachi; Chelimo wee gaa n'ihu na-azọrọ ihe nrite ọla edo site na sekọnd asaa, na 2:27:11. N'azụ ha abụọ, Cragg jisiri ike gbaa ọsọ iji merie Daniel n'ọnọdụ nke atọ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ jide Kiplagat; a na-ekwu na ndị na-agba ọsọ abụọ ahụ nwere oge njedebe nke 2:27.18.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa-race&quot; /&gt; Dagmara Handzlik nke Saịprọs, onye mechara nke 35 n'ime oge nke 2:38:52, guzobere ndekọ mba ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;official-results&quot;/&gt;

== Nsonaazụ ==

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adele Tonnini</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T12:31:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munachiso Excel</username>
        <id>62462</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>687293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2715" sha1="nt2kupdf3669m0znmmm4aa4qbmc7z1t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Adele Tonnini|office=[[Captains Regent|Captain Regent of San Marino]]|term_start=1 April 2023|term_end=1 October 2023|alongside=[[Alessandro Scarano]]|predecessor=[[Manuel Ciavatta]]&lt;br&gt;[[Maria Luisa Berti]]|successor=[[Filippo Tamagnini]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gaetano Troina]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1977|6|24|df=y}}|birth_place=[[City of San Marino]], San Marino|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[RETE Movement]]|alma_mater=[[University of Urbino]]|image=Adele Tonnini.jpg|caption=}}
[[Faịlụ:Captains Regent of San Marino 2023 (Funerale di Silvio Berlusconi).jpg|thumb|Adele Tonnini]]
Adele Tonnini (amụrụ 24 June 1977) [1] bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sammarine nke jere ozi n'akụkụ Alessandro Scarano dị ka Captains Regent nke San Marino site na Eprel 2023 ruo Ọktoba 2023. Ọ bụ onye otu RETE Movement.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Tonnini na Obodo San Marino [1] wee gụchaa State Art Institute of Urbino na ọkachamara na nchịkọta akwụkwọ na mweghachi akwụkwọ ochie. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na nchekwa ihe nketa omenala na Mahadum Urbino. Site na 2001 ruo 2014 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na isiokwu a, dị ka onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ nka. &lt;ref name=&quot;sanmarinortv&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 March 2023|title=Eletti i nuovi Capitani Reggenti: i profili di Alessandro Scarano e Adele Tonnini|url=https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/politica-c2/eletti-i-nuovi-capitani-reggenti-i-profili-di-alessandro-scarano-e-adele-tonnini-a238025|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=San Marino Rtv|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na RETE Movement emebere ọhụrụ na 2012 ma na-eje ozi na Grand and General Council na ụlọ omebe iwu XXX ya kemgbe 2019.[1] Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya San Marino na World Food Programme na onye so na Commission Justice na-adịgide adịgide ma nwee mmasị na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ hụrụ ụmụ anụmanụ n'anya na ihe omume ntụrụndụ ya gụnyere eserese, njem na injin.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanmarinortv&quot; /&gt;

Na 17 Machị 2023, Grand and General Council họpụtara ya na Alessandro Scarano dị ka Captain Regent nke San Marino ka ha rụọ ọrụ site na 1 Eprel 2023 ruo 1 Ọktoba 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;sanmarinortv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 March 2023|title=Eletti i nuovi Capitani Reggenti: i profili di Alessandro Scarano e Adele Tonnini|url=https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/politica-c2/eletti-i-nuovi-capitani-reggenti-i-profili-di-alessandro-scarano-e-adele-tonnini-a238025|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=San Marino Rtv|language=it}}
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>nt2kupdf3669m0znmmm4aa4qbmc7z1t</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T16:00:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dolphyb</username>
        <id>10983</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/687293|687293]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Munachiso Excel|Munachiso Excel]] ([[User talk:Munachiso Excel|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>687433</origin>
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      <text bytes="3063" sha1="4vx1tni7ywpty746ev58b0wov0yh2pp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|name=Adele Tonnini|office=[[Captains Regent|Captain Regent of San Marino]]|term_start=1 April 2023|term_end=1 October 2023|alongside=[[Alessandro Scarano]]|predecessor=[[Manuel Ciavatta]]&lt;br&gt;[[Maria Luisa Berti]]|successor=[[Filippo Tamagnini]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gaetano Troina]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1977|6|24|df=y}}|birth_place=[[City of San Marino]], San Marino|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[RETE Movement]]|alma_mater=[[University of Urbino]]|image=Adele Tonnini.jpg|caption=}}

Adele Tonnini (amụrụ 24 June 1977) [1] bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sammarine nke jere ozi n'akụkụ Alessandro Scarano dị ka Captains Regent nke San Marino site na Eprel 2023 ruo Ọktoba 2023. Ọ bụ onye otu RETE Movement.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Tonnini na Obodo San Marino [1] wee gụchaa State Art Institute of Urbino na ọkachamara na nchịkọta akwụkwọ na mweghachi akwụkwọ ochie. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na nchekwa ihe nketa omenala na Mahadum Urbino. Site na 2001 ruo 2014 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na isiokwu a, dị ka onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ nka. &lt;ref name=&quot;sanmarinortv&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 March 2023|title=Eletti i nuovi Capitani Reggenti: i profili di Alessandro Scarano e Adele Tonnini|url=https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/politica-c2/eletti-i-nuovi-capitani-reggenti-i-profili-di-alessandro-scarano-e-adele-tonnini-a238025|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=San Marino Rtv|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na RETE Movement emebere ọhụrụ na 2012 ma na-eje ozi na Grand and General Council na ụlọ omebe iwu XXX ya kemgbe 2019.[1] Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya San Marino na World Food Programme na onye so na Commission Justice na-adịgide adịgide ma nwee mmasị na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ hụrụ ụmụ anụmanụ n'anya na ihe omume ntụrụndụ ya gụnyere eserese, njem na injin.&lt;ref name=&quot;sanmarinortv&quot; /&gt;

Na 17 Machị 2023, Grand and General Council họpụtara ya na Alessandro Scarano dị ka Captain Regent nke San Marino ka ha rụọ ọrụ site na 1 Eprel 2023 ruo 1 Ọktoba 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;sanmarinortv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 March 2023|title=Eletti i nuovi Capitani Reggenti: i profili di Alessandro Scarano e Adele Tonnini|url=https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/politica-c2/eletti-i-nuovi-capitani-reggenti-i-profili-di-alessandro-scarano-e-adele-tonnini-a238025|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=San Marino Rtv|language=it}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/politica-c2/eletti-i-nuovi-capitani-reggenti-i-profili-di-alessandro-scarano-e-adele-tonnini-a238025 &quot;Eletti i nuovi Capitani Reggenti: i profili di Alessandro Scarano e Adele Tonnini&quot;]. ''San Marino Rtv'' (in Italian). 17 March 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 March&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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        <username>Nma jeni</username>
        <id>19114</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
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{{Databox}}'''Miki Agrawal''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Canada. Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ [[Thinx]], ụlọ ọrụ uwe ime nwanyị nke e si na ya chụpụ ya n'agbanyeghị ebubo nke omume rụrụ arụ ọkachamara, ma mesịa guzobe ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta [[bidet]] Tushy. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lowenstein|first=Fiona|date=2017-03-17|title=Gender-driven journalism chronicles rise and fall of Thinx founder Miki Agrawal|url=https://www.cjr.org/criticism/thinx-miki-agrawal.php|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Agrawal mụrụ na ezinụlọ ndị nne na nna India na ndị Japan na Canada tupu ọ kwaga United States. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ itinye ego nke Deutsche Bank na Liberty Street. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBellafante2016&quot;&gt;Bellafante, Ginia (2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html &quot;The Bohemian Capitalist&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Agrawal bụ onye nwe ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ New York ''Wild'', nke nwere otu unit na Williamsburg na ọzọ na West Village. ''Wild'' nwetara ego mbụ nke $250,000 n'aka ndị na-etinye ego. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thinx ===
Agrawal kwadoro Thinx, ụlọ ọrụ Chelsea nke na-emepụta &quot;uwe ime ime maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere oge&quot;, yana enyi ya Antonia Saint Dunbar na nwanne ya nwanyị Radha Agrawal. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na March 2017 n'etiti ọtụtụ ebubo nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ nke mere ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ kwụsị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mechling|first=Lauren|date=2018|title=Why Is This Woman So Preoccupied With Your Bathroom Habits?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/style/tushy-bidet-miki-agrawal-thinx.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Malone|first=Noreen|date=2017-03-20|title=Former Thinx Employee Accuses Miki Agrawal of Sexual Harassment|url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/03/thinx-employee-accuses-miki-agrawal-of-sexual-harassment.html|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=The Cut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBellafante2016&quot;&gt;Bellafante, Ginia (2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html &quot;The Bohemian Capitalist&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mkpesa ahụ kwuru na o metụrụ ndị ọrụ aka ara, tinyere omume ndị ọzọ. Agrawal gọnarịrị ebubo a ma dozie okwu ahụ na nzuzo. 

N'oge ọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ malitere mgbasa ozi ọjọọ na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko New York City, na-eji ihe osise mkpụrụ osisi grepu na akwa iji gosipụta nsọ nwanyị. Ndị na-ahụ maka njem n'obodo ukwu kwadoro mkpọsa ahụ n'ikpeazụ. 

=== Tushy ===
Agrawal tọrọ ntọala Tushy na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Paiella|first=Gabriella|date=2018-01-18|title=Thinx Founder Promotes Bidet Start-up With … DIY Anal Beads|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/01/miki-agrawal-promotes-bidet-startup-tushy-with-anal-beads.html|accessdate=2024-09-10|work=The Cut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2019, ụlọ ọrụ haziri mgbakọ &quot;Butt-Con&quot;. 

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>68wes8alzynd9ie4uyt1zwkb43q96da</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>687351</id>
      <parentid>687346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:14:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nma jeni</username>
        <id>19114</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
      <origin>687351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3759" sha1="qnl184gkozrhetoken5idf052vmeuah" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Miki Agrawal''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Canada. Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ [[Thinx]], ụlọ ọrụ uwe ime nwanyị nke e si na ya chụpụ ya n'agbanyeghị ebubo nke omume rụrụ arụ ọkachamara, ma mesịa guzobe ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta [[bidet]] Tushy. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lowenstein|first=Fiona|date=2017-03-17|title=Gender-driven journalism chronicles rise and fall of Thinx founder Miki Agrawal|url=https://www.cjr.org/criticism/thinx-miki-agrawal.php|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Agrawal mụrụ na ezinụlọ ndị nne na nna India na ndị Japan na Canada tupu ọ kwaga United States. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ itinye ego nke Deutsche Bank na Liberty Street. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Agrawal bụ onye nwe ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ New York ''Wild'', nke nwere otu unit na Williamsburg na ọzọ na West Village. ''Wild'' nwetara ego mbụ nke $250,000 n'aka ndị na-etinye ego. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thinx ===
Agrawal kwadoro Thinx, ụlọ ọrụ Chelsea nke na-emepụta &quot;uwe ime ime maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere oge&quot;, yana enyi ya Antonia Saint Dunbar na nwanne ya nwanyị Radha Agrawal. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na March 2017 n'etiti ọtụtụ ebubo nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ nke mere ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ kwụsị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mechling|first=Lauren|date=2018|title=Why Is This Woman So Preoccupied With Your Bathroom Habits?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/style/tushy-bidet-miki-agrawal-thinx.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Malone|first=Noreen|date=2017-03-20|title=Former Thinx Employee Accuses Miki Agrawal of Sexual Harassment|url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/03/thinx-employee-accuses-miki-agrawal-of-sexual-harassment.html|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=The Cut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBellafante2016&quot;&gt;Bellafante, Ginia (2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html &quot;The Bohemian Capitalist&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mkpesa ahụ kwuru na o metụrụ ndị ọrụ aka ara, tinyere omume ndị ọzọ. Agrawal gọnarịrị ebubo a ma dozie okwu ahụ na nzuzo. 

N'oge ọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ malitere mgbasa ozi ọjọọ na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko New York City, na-eji ihe osise mkpụrụ osisi grepu na akwa iji gosipụta nsọ nwanyị. Ndị na-ahụ maka njem n'obodo ukwu kwadoro mkpọsa ahụ n'ikpeazụ. 

=== Tushy ===
Agrawal tọrọ ntọala Tushy na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Paiella|first=Gabriella|date=2018-01-18|title=Thinx Founder Promotes Bidet Start-up With … DIY Anal Beads|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/01/miki-agrawal-promotes-bidet-startup-tushy-with-anal-beads.html|accessdate=2024-09-10|work=The Cut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2019, ụlọ ọrụ haziri mgbakọ &quot;Butt-Con&quot;. 

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>qnl184gkozrhetoken5idf052vmeuah</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>687352</id>
      <parentid>687351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:15:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nma jeni</username>
        <id>19114</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
      <origin>687352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3567" sha1="jeq2nm1d26vmoyte68hpzilzmtbm65e" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Miki Agrawal''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Canada. Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ [[Thinx]], ụlọ ọrụ uwe ime nwanyị nke e si na ya chụpụ ya n'agbanyeghị ebubo nke omume rụrụ arụ ọkachamara, ma mesịa guzobe ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta [[bidet]] Tushy. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lowenstein|first=Fiona|date=2017-03-17|title=Gender-driven journalism chronicles rise and fall of Thinx founder Miki Agrawal|url=https://www.cjr.org/criticism/thinx-miki-agrawal.php|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Agrawal mụrụ na ezinụlọ ndị nne na nna India na ndị Japan na Canada tupu ọ kwaga United States. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ itinye ego nke Deutsche Bank na Liberty Street. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Agrawal bụ onye nwe ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ New York ''Wild'', nke nwere otu unit na Williamsburg na ọzọ na West Village. ''Wild'' nwetara ego mbụ nke $250,000 n'aka ndị na-etinye ego. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Thinx ===
Agrawal kwadoro Thinx, ụlọ ọrụ Chelsea nke na-emepụta &quot;uwe ime ime maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere oge&quot;, yana enyi ya Antonia Saint Dunbar na nwanne ya nwanyị Radha Agrawal. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na March 2017 n'etiti ọtụtụ ebubo nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ nke mere ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ kwụsị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mechling|first=Lauren|date=2018|title=Why Is This Woman So Preoccupied With Your Bathroom Habits?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/style/tushy-bidet-miki-agrawal-thinx.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Malone|first=Noreen|date=2017-03-20|title=Former Thinx Employee Accuses Miki Agrawal of Sexual Harassment|url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/03/thinx-employee-accuses-miki-agrawal-of-sexual-harassment.html|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=The Cut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBellafante2016&quot;&gt;Bellafante, Ginia (2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html &quot;The Bohemian Capitalist&quot;]. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mkpesa ahụ kwuru na o metụrụ ndị ọrụ aka ara, tinyere omume ndị ọzọ. Agrawal gọnarịrị ebubo a ma dozie okwu ahụ na nzuzo. 

N'oge ọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ malitere mgbasa ozi ọjọọ na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko New York City, na-eji ihe osise mkpụrụ osisi grepu na akwa iji gosipụta nsọ nwanyị. Ndị na-ahụ maka njem n'obodo ukwu kwadoro mkpọsa ahụ n'ikpeazụ. 

=== Tushy ===
Agrawal tọrọ ntọala Tushy na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Paiella|first=Gabriella|date=2018-01-18|title=Thinx Founder Promotes Bidet Start-up With … DIY Anal Beads|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/01/miki-agrawal-promotes-bidet-startup-tushy-with-anal-beads.html|accessdate=2024-09-10|work=The Cut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2019, ụlọ ọrụ haziri mgbakọ &quot;Butt-Con&quot;. 

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>jeq2nm1d26vmoyte68hpzilzmtbm65e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>687356</id>
      <parentid>687352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:16:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nma jeni</username>
        <id>19114</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
      <origin>687356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3132" sha1="agcwrwl8gs33vc0s1ky8mysv5x3apgz" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Miki Agrawal''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Canada. Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ [[Thinx]], ụlọ ọrụ uwe ime nwanyị nke e si na ya chụpụ ya n'agbanyeghị ebubo nke omume rụrụ arụ ọkachamara, ma mesịa guzobe ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta [[bidet]] Tushy. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bellafante|first=Ginia|date=2016|title=The Bohemian Capitalist|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/thinx-underwear-underground.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lowenstein|first=Fiona|date=2017-03-17|title=Gender-driven journalism chronicles rise and fall of Thinx founder Miki Agrawal|url=https://www.cjr.org/criticism/thinx-miki-agrawal.php|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=Columbia Journalism Review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Agrawal mụrụ na ezinụlọ ndị nne na nna India na ndị Japan na Canada tupu ọ kwaga United States. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ akụ itinye ego nke Deutsche Bank na Liberty Street. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Agrawal bụ onye nwe ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ New York ''Wild'', nke nwere otu unit na Williamsburg na ọzọ na West Village. ''Wild'' nwetara ego mbụ nke $250,000 n'aka ndị na-etinye ego. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Thinx ===
Agrawal kwadoro Thinx, ụlọ ọrụ Chelsea nke na-emepụta &quot;uwe ime ime maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere oge&quot;, yana enyi ya Antonia Saint Dunbar na nwanne ya nwanyị Radha Agrawal. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na March 2017 n'etiti ọtụtụ ebubo nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ nke mere ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ kwụsị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mechling|first=Lauren|date=2018|title=Why Is This Woman So Preoccupied With Your Bathroom Habits?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/06/style/tushy-bidet-miki-agrawal-thinx.html|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Malone|first=Noreen|date=2017-03-20|title=Former Thinx Employee Accuses Miki Agrawal of Sexual Harassment|url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/03/thinx-employee-accuses-miki-agrawal-of-sexual-harassment.html|accessdate=2024-09-06|work=The Cut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mkpesa ahụ kwuru na o metụrụ ndị ọrụ aka ara, tinyere omume ndị ọzọ. Agrawal gọnarịrị ebubo a ma dozie okwu ahụ na nzuzo. 

N'oge ọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ malitere mgbasa ozi ọjọọ na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko New York City, na-eji ihe osise mkpụrụ osisi grepu na akwa iji gosipụta nsọ nwanyị. Ndị na-ahụ maka njem n'obodo ukwu kwadoro mkpọsa ahụ n'ikpeazụ. 

=== Tushy ===
Agrawal tọrọ ntọala Tushy na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Paiella|first=Gabriella|date=2018-01-18|title=Thinx Founder Promotes Bidet Start-up With … DIY Anal Beads|url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/01/miki-agrawal-promotes-bidet-startup-tushy-with-anal-beads.html|accessdate=2024-09-10|work=The Cut|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2019, ụlọ ọrụ haziri mgbakọ &quot;Butt-Con&quot;. 

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>agcwrwl8gs33vc0s1ky8mysv5x3apgz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mwakpo nke anyụike Afula</title>
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    <id>53459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>687309</id>
      <parentid>190638</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T12:51:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ONYEJEKWE JOY</username>
        <id>63995</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Onye e gburu */</comment>
      <origin>687309</origin>
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Mwakpo Afula bụ mwakpo 1994 nke onye Palestine onye Hamas wakporo otu nwanyị agha Israel dị afọ 19 bụ onye na-ala site na ọdụ ogbunigwe nke ọ na-eje ozi na ya, na mpaghara Afula, nso ndị uwe ojii obodo ahụ. ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Onye mwakpo ahụ were anyụike were isi n'azụ tie ya. Mwakpo a, nke wụrụ ndị Israel akpata oyi n'ahụ, bụ otu n'ime mwakpo anyụike pụtara n'oge ahụ, nke pụtara nye ọtụtụ n'ime ọha Israel mmebi nke nchekwa onwe ha n'oge ahụ.[1][2][3] A mara onye mwakpo ahụ ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ndụ, a tọhapụrụ ya na mgbanwe ndị mkpọrọ Gilad Shalit, mana eweghachiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ mgbe ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ndị agha. Ọ nọ ugbu a ikpe ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Hamas operative pardoned during Schalit deal to return to prison|work=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://m.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Hamas-operative-pardoned-during-Schalit-deal-to-return-to-prison-393318}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwadebe maka mwakpo ahụ ==
Na 30 Nọvemba 1994, ụbọchị mwakpo ahụ, Wahib Ali Abu Rub kpebiri na ọ ga-anwa ịwakpo onye agha IDF na Afula n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. N'ihi ya, ọ zụrụ pickaxe na Jenin. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ banyere na tagzi na Jenin, nke kpọgara ya Israel. Dị ka ndị uwe ojii Israel si kwuo, tagzi ahụ jisiri ike gbanahụ ebe ndị uwe ojii IDF na ndị uwe ojii Israeli na-enyocha site n'ịkwọ ụgbọala n'okporo ụzọ ruru unyi na mpaghara Ta'anakh nke dị n'ebe ndịda Ndagwurugwu Jezreel nke Israel.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120713040955/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99911389.html?dids=99911389:99911389&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT Archives: Jerusalem Post], pqasb.pqarchiver.com. Accessed 1 November 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mwakpo ahụ ==
Abu Rub banyere n'obodo Israel nke [[Afula]] wee gaa n'okporo ámá dị n'etiti obodo ahụ, n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii obodo ahụ, ebe ọ bịakwutere nwanyị agha Israel dị afọ 19 site n'azụ. Onye agha ahụ, Liat Gabai, nọ n'ụzọ ọ na-alaghachi n'ụlọ site n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha ebe ọ jere ozi ịga ememe ncheta nne nne ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99911073.html?dids=99911073:99911073&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120712091133/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99911073.html?dids=99911073:99911073&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT|archivedate=July 12, 2012|title=Archives: Jerusalem Post|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye mwakpo ahụ ji pickaxe kụọ Gabai n'isi ọtụtụ ugboro tupu ọ daa n'ala na anyụike ahụ n'isi ya. Ndị na-ekiri ya jidere ya ozugbo. &lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120715041713/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4HYfAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=8iwEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6799,9347851 ''The Milwaukee Journal''], news.google.com. Accessed 1 November 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume ndị sochirinụ ==

=== Onye e gburu ===
Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, a kpọgara Gabai n'ọnọdụ dị egwu na HaEmek Medical Center na Afula. Gabai nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya awa abụọ mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị ma lie ya n'ebe ili ozu ndị agha na Afula na 1 Disemba 1994. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;E buliri Liat n'ọkwa sergent mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.

=== N'ime Afula ===
Ozugbo mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, na-atụ egwu mwakpo mmegwara, ndị agha na ndị uwe ojii Israel duuru ndị ọrụ Arab dị iche iche nọ n'obodo ahụ laghachi n'ụlọ ha n'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe ndị Juu iwe ji gbakọtara n'okporo ámá.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Onye na-awakpo ===
Onye mwakpo ahụ, onye Palestine na-enweghị ọrụ, Wahib Abu Rub dị afọ iri abụọ na ise si Kabatiya, bụ onye otu ndị agha Islamist Hamas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/72300639.html?dids=72300639:72300639&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120713091731/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/72300639.html?dids=72300639:72300639&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT|archivedate=July 13, 2012|title=washingtonpost.com – search nation, world, technology and Washington area news archives.|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ndụ ya niile.

Na 18 Ọktoba 2011, a tọhapụrụ Abu Rub ka ọ rụchara afọ 17 nke ngafe ya dịka akụkụ nke mgbanwe ndị mkpọrọ Gilad Shalit n'etiti Israel na Hamas.[1] E jidere ya ma laghachi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'afọ 2014. Ndị ọchịchị Izrel kwuru na ọ laghachiri n'ọrụ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu. Otu kọmitii ikpe pụrụiche kpebiri na Abu Rub emebiela ọnọdụ nke ntọhapụ ya nakwa na ọ ga-eje ozi zuru oke maka igbu ọchụ Gabai. Ụlọikpe mpaghara Nazaret jụrụ mkpesa nke Abu Rub ma kwado mkpebi kọmitii ahụ.

== Mmeghachi omume ==
Praịm Minista Israel Yitzhak Rabin katọrọ mwakpo ahụ mana o kwuru na ime ihe ike agaghị akwụsị mkparịta ụka udo nke Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JwNVAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=LpQDAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5965,40717|title=Ellensburg Daily Record – Google News Archive Search|publisher=|accessdate=17 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime etiti afọ 2000 (afọ iri), onye na-abụ abụ Israel bụ Shai Gabso dekọtara abụ &quot;Ị na-agwa m&quot; (תגידי לי את) nke e dere na ebe nchekwa Liat Gabai, site n'enyemaka nke Lt. Col. Yair Ben-Shalom onye bụ onye ọchịagha Gabai..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART1/444/310.html|accessdate=17 December 2014|title=&quot;You tell me&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Bọs Afula gburu onwe ya
* Ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Palestine

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akie Abe</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Akie Abe.jpg|thumb|Akie Abe]]
Akie Abe (安倍 昭恵, Abe Akie; née Matsuzaki; amuru 10 June 1962) bu onye redio Japanese DJ na nwunye Shinzo Abe, onye jere ozi dika Prime Minister nke Japan site na 2006 rue 2007 na ozo site na 2012 rue 2020.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
[[Usòrò:Shinzo_and_Akie_Abe_20200101.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Akie na Shinzo Abe, 1 Jenụwarị 2020]]

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ndepụta nke ndị isi nri nwanyị nwere kpakpando Michelin</title>
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{{Databox}}

Ụmụ nwanyị na-esi nri so n'ime ndị mbụ e nyere Kpakpando Michelin. N'ime Michelin Guide, e webatara kpakpando na 1926 na usoro kpakpando atọ dị ugbu a agbakwunyere na 1931. Mgbe mbụ e nyere kpakpando atọ na 1933, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na-esi nri, Eugénie Brazier na Marie Bourgeois, so n'ime ha. E nyela ọtụtụ ndị isi nri nwanyị kpakpando atọ kemgbe ahụ, gụnyere Marguerite Bise, Sophie Bise, Nadia Santini, Elena Arzak, Clare Smyth, Anne-Sophie Pic, Carme Ruscalleda na [[Ana Roš]].

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị isi nri nwoke nyere kpakpando amụbawo nke ukwuu karịa ndị e nyere ụmụ nwanyị.  Agbanyeghị, enwere mmụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị sitere na mba dị iche iche a na-enye onyinye, n'ihi mgbasawanye nke mpaghara ndị ntuziaka ahụ kpuchiri.  Enweghị ụmụ nwanyị na-ejide kpakpando emewo ka a katọrọ onye nduzi Michelin ugboro ugboro, bụ ndị n'aka nke ya rụtụrụ aka na enweghi ndị isi nwanyị n'ozuzu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E bipụtara Michelin Guide na 1900 na [[France]] iji kwalite ịkwọ ụgbọala. N'afọ 1926, ọ malitere ịghọ ọkachamara na nyocha nri dị mma, na-ewebata usoro otu kpakpando. Usoro kpakpando atọ dị ugbu a malitere na 1931, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Feloni|first=Richard|title=How the Michelin Guide made a tire company the world's fine dining authority|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-the-michelin-guide-2014-10|accessdate=23 December 2017|work=Business Insider|date=20 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, enyeghị kpakpando anọ ruo na mbipụta 1933 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of the MICHELIN guide|url=https://guide.michelin.sg/en/history-of-the-michelin-guide|publisher=Michelin Guide|accessdate=23 December 2017|date=21 April 2016|archivedate=29 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129155927/https://guide.michelin.sg/en/history-of-the-michelin-guide}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;brazier&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reid|first=Deborah|title=A Name You Should Know: Eugénie Brazier|url=https://www.eater.com/2016/8/12/12382076/eugenie-brazier|publisher=Eater|accessdate=1 December 2017|date=12 August 2016|archivedate=14 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614122852/https://www.eater.com/2016/8/12/12382076/eugenie-brazier}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Boxell|first=James|title=Star-crossed|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b02d5c1a-adcb-11e0-9038-00144feabdc0|accessdate=9 December 2017|work=Financial Times|date=15 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye isi nri nwanyị mbụ jidere kpakpando Michelin bụ Élisa Blanc na 1929. &lt;ref name=&quot;cuisine-des-gones.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Les Mères Lyonnaises,Cuisine des Gones Cuisine lyonnaise|url=http://www.cuisine-des-gones.com/les-meres.html|accessdate=2021-10-30|work=www.cuisine-des-gones.com|archivedate=1 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901173633/http://cuisine-des-gones.com/les-meres.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na-esi nri nwere kpakpando Michelin atọ bịara na mbipụta 1933 ahụ, ya bụ Eugénie Brazier na Marie Bourgeois. Otú ọ dị, Brazier ritere kpakpando atọ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ La Mère Brazier ya na Lyon na Col de la Luère. O jidere isii niile ruo afọ 20, na ndekọ ya maka ijide ọtụtụ kpakpando guzo ruo mgbe Alain Ducasse kụrụ ya na 1998.Ọ guzo dị ka ihe ndekọ maka nwanyị na-esi nri ruo mgbe Carme Ruscalleda meriri kpakpando nke asaa ya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bansal|first=Geeta|title=Q&amp;A With Seven-Michelin-Starred Catalan Chef Carme Ruscalleda|url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/eat/qa-seven-michelin-starred-catalan-chef-carme-ruscalleda|publisher=The Daily Meal|accessdate=7 December 2017|date=29 June 2017|archivedate=1 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225113/https://www.thedailymeal.com/eat/qa-seven-michelin-starred-catalan-chef-carme-ruscalleda}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụfọdụ ndị isi nri Michelin nwere kpakpando na-ahọrọ ịghara ime okwu sitere na okike.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe akpọrọ Dominique Crenn siri nri nwanyị kachasị mma n'ụwa site na Ndepụta ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ 50 kacha mma n'ụwa na 2016, iwe were ya, na-atụle na-ezo aka na okike ya &quot;na-ebelata, adịghị mkpa na adịghị mkpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Not just a great female chef. A great chef with three Michelin stars.|url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/dominique-crenn-chef/index.html|work=CNN|date=31 May 2018|accessdate=30 November 2019|archivedate=30 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130083756/https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/dominique-crenn-chef/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nrite ndị e nyere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ===
Mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, Marguerite Bise ghọrọ nwanyị nke atọ meriri kpakpando Michelin atọ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ya Auberge du Père Bise na 1950. A na-akọkarị na enwere oghere afọ 50 tupu Anne-Sophie Pic ghọrọ nwanyị nke anọ meriri otu kpakpando atọ, [1] [2] [3] [4] n'agbanyeghị nwa nwa Bise Sophie na-enwetaghachi ụlọ nri ezinụlọ.  Kpakpando atọ na 1985, [5] na onyinye ndị yiri ya nke Michelin nyere ndị isi nwanyị dị ka Nadia Santini, [6] Elena Arzak na Clare Smyth na nwa oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;santini&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dal Pescatore|url=http://www.theworlds50best.com/awards/1-50-winners/dal-pescatore/|publisher=The Worlds 50 Best Restaurants|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920021257/http://www.theworlds50best.com/awards/1-50-winners/dal-pescatore/|archivedate=20 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;arzak&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chef Elena Arzak of Restaurante Arzak – Biography|url=https://www.starchefs.com/cook/chefs/bio/elena-arzak|publisher=StarChefs|accessdate=9 December 2017|date=August 2016|archivedate=1 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230105/https://www.starchefs.com/cook/chefs/bio/elena-arzak}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;firstfemalemichelinstars&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gardham|first=Duncan|title=Revealed: First three Michelin star female chef|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/1570604/Revealed-First-three-Michelin-star-female-chef.html|accessdate=29 January 2012|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=27 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-esi nri nwere kpakpando Michelin amụbaala n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ha ka dị ole na ole. Nke a bụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi pasentị nke ndị isi nri nwanyị; 4.7% nke ndị isi na United States bụ ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ 20% na United Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;rise&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Rise of the Female Michelin Star Chef|url=http://www.elitetraveler.com/shopping-lifestyle/stars-grace-red-carpet-in-mastoloni-pearls|accessdate=1 December 2017|work=Elite Traveller}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị isi nri nwanyị nwere kpakpando emeela ka a katọọ Michelin Guide, yana nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụgwọ ọrụ n'etiti ndị isi nri nwoke na ndị nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bahler|first=Kristen|title=None of New York's New Michelin Stars Went to Female Chefs|url=http://time.com/money/4573818/no-female-chefs-michelin/|accessdate=1 December 2017|work=Time|date=16 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsogbu a bilitere na onye nduzi Michelin Michael Ellis mgbe mbipụta nke 2018 New York City gasịrị, onye kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ &quot;enweghị ike ime ihe ọ bụla&quot; iji dozie ya. N'ikpeazụ, otu ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ya kwuru, &quot;N'ụzọ na-arịwanye elu, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-abanye n'ọrụ ahụ na mba a na gburugburu ụwa. Michelin anaghị etinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ nri ma ọ bụ recruitment. Anyị ji ụdị dị iche iche kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu ma nwee obi ụtọ ịhụ ihe na-aga n'ihu na ụdị nri&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tuder|first=Stephanie|title=Michelin 'Can't Do Anything' to Change Lack of Female Representation, Director Says|url=https://ny.eater.com/2017/10/31/16585764/michelin-diversity-panel-women-chefs|publisher=Eater|accessdate=1 December 2017|date=31 October 2017|archivedate=2 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102081616/https://ny.eater.com/2017/10/31/16585764/michelin-diversity-panel-women-chefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-esi nri  nwere kpakpando Michelin ==
'''Isi ihe'''

* † Ihe nnọchianya a na-egosi ndị na-esi nri meriri kpakpando Michelin dị ka onye isi nri n'okpuru onye isi nri, onye a na-ewerekwa na ọ meriri kpakpu ahụ.
* ‡ Ihe nnọchianya a na-egosi ndị na-esi nri meriri kpakpando Michelin dị ka onye isi nri na onye isi nri ọzọ.
* Ihe nnọchianya a na-egosi ndị na-esi nri bụ ndị na-ebu ụzọ nwee kpakpando n'okpuru onye isi nri ma mesịa nwee ma ọ bụ nweta kpakpando ndị ahụ n'onwe ha.

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Ndepụta ndị isi nri
* Ndepụta nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Michelin 3-star
* Ndepụta nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Mmanya Etiopia</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Tej_(Ethiopian_honey_wine)_(27241999346).jpg|thumb| Tej, mmanya mmanụ aṅụ nke Etiopia]]
Enwere ike ịchọta '''mmepụta mmanya na [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]''' na narị afọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke mbụ AD &lt;ref name=&quot;ET EMb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Wine: the Revival of an Ancient Tradition|url=http://ethiopianembassy.be/en/2017/03/09/ethiopian-wine-the-revival-of-an-ancient-tradition/|publisher=Embassy of Ethiopia to Belgium|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Richard Pankhurst kwuru na a pụrụ ịhụ ntụaka mbụ banyere mmanya Axumite n'otu n'ime stele nke onye ọchịchị na-achị narị afọ nke anọ Ezana rụrụ. Aksumite viticulture na-agbakwa akaebe site n'ihe osise dị na ntọala nnukwu obelisk narị afọ nke atọ na Axum . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETHerald&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dibaba|first=Solomon|title=Wine-Making in Ethiopia - Cultural, Historical and Economic Significance|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201605120714.html|accessdate=5 September 2017|work=The Ethiopian Herald|date=12 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmanya mmanya mmanụ aṅụ a na-ewu ewu kemgbe.

Viticulture nke oge a na Etiopia malitere n'afọ 1956, ruo n'ịwube ụlọ mmanya Awash site n'aka onye ọchụnta ego Mulugeta Tesfakiros na Mesfin Sileshi . N'afọ 2014, ụlọ mmanya Awash nwere ihe na-emepụta kwa afọ nke nde karama iri, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-eri na mpaghara. &lt;ref name=&quot;ET EMb&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2014, ụlọ ọrụ French na-ahụ maka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya Castel malitere ịmịpụta mmanya nke ọtụtụ ụdị na ala hectare 120 dị nso na Ziway na Etiopia Rift Valley . Dị ka nke 2013 mmepụta kwa afọ bụ 3 nde karama, ihe dị ka ọkara nke a na-ebupụ, tumadi na [[China]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETHerald&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dibaba|first=Solomon|title=Wine-Making in Ethiopia - Cultural, Historical and Economic Significance|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201605120714.html|accessdate=5 September 2017|work=The Ethiopian Herald|date=12 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mpaghara ala dị na etiti mpaghara Great Rift Valley na-eme ka Etiopia dabara nke ọma na viticulture. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ ruru ihe dị ka narị isii na iri ise&amp;nbsp;mm, okpomọkụ nkezi 25 degrees Celsius kwa afọ na mpaghara na-enwe mmasị n'ala aja, nke bụ ọnọdụ dị mma maka mmepụta mmanya. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi ịdị nso Etiopia na equator, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịme ihe ubi abụọ kwa afọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ET EMb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian Wine: the Revival of an Ancient Tradition|url=http://ethiopianembassy.be/en/2017/03/09/ethiopian-wine-the-revival-of-an-ancient-tradition/|publisher=Embassy of Ethiopia to Belgium|accessdate=5 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpọda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ugwu Etiopia na-enwekwa ihu igwe dị n'ime ala Mediterranean, na-emekwa ka mmanya na-eto.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ime mmanya
* Nri Etiopia
* Nri Afrika
* Agriculture na Etiopia

== Ntụaka ==</text>
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    <title>Mozn Hassan</title>
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Mozn Hassan (Arabic: مزن حسن; amụrụ 1979) bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị Egypt. Onye nchoputa nke Nazra for Feminist Studies, o so na mkpesa nke mgbanwe nke Egypt nke 2011 ma rụọ ọrụ iji nyere ndị a na-awakpo mmekọahụ aka n'oge ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ gara nke ọma n'ịgbasa ọkwa maka mgbanwe na Iwu Egypt na iwu mpụ mmekọahụ iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị. Enyere Hassan onyinye Global Fund for Women's inaugural Charlotte Bunch Human Rights Award na 2013. O nwetakwara onyinye nrite nke ziri ezi, nke a maara dị ka &quot;Nrite Nobel Peace Prize&quot; ọzọ, na 2016. Ọ nọ ugbu a n'okpuru mmachibido njem na ihe onwunwe ifriizi site na ya. Gọọmenti Egypt maka ebubo ebubo imebi iwu ego mba ofesi.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Mozn Hassan na [[Saudi Arabia]] na 1979 na nne na nna ya bụ ndị Ijipt.&lt;ref name=&quot;rla&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mozn Hassan / Nazra for Feminist Studies|url=http://rightlivelihoodaward2016.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MoznHassanNazra.pdf|publisher=Right Livelihood Award|accessdate=10 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922155237/http://rightlivelihoodaward2016.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/MoznHassanNazra.pdf|archivedate=22 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ft&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Roberts|first=Hannah|title=Egyptian feminist Mozn Hassan, who fights for rights despite the risks|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c0e195a0-b7d2-11e6-961e-a1acd97f622d|accessdate=10 November 2017|work=Financial Times|date=8 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ na mahadum dị n'ebe ahụ ma nne ya bụ onye nkuzi. Hassan ga-eyi ákwà mkpuchi na Saudi Arabia site na afọ 10, megide ọchịchọ ya, ruo mgbe ezinụlọ ahụ laghachiri Ijipt mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. O nwere diplọma na ọha na eze na ikike mmadụ na Mahadum Cairo na nzere masta na ikike mmadụ mba ụwa na Mahadum America nke Cairo .  Hassan ekwuola na nne ya kpaliri ya ịghọ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị.

== Onye na-eme mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ==
Hassan guzobere Nazra for Feminist Studies, otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị, na 2007 ma na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ford|first=Liz|title=Egyptian feminist leader Mozn Hassan resolute in face of official investigation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/mar/31/egyptian-feminist-leader-mozn-hassan-resolute-investigation|accessdate=10 November 2017|work=The Guardian|date=31 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù ahụ na-arụ ọrụ iji dekọọ mmebi ikike mmadụ na mba ahụ. Nazra keere òkè dị ukwuu na ngagharị iwe na Tahrir Square n'oge Mgbanwe ọchịchị Ijipt nke 2011 ma nyere aka nye nzaghachi a haziri ahazi maka mwakpo mmekọahụ nke mere n'ebe ahụ. N'afọ 2011 kwa, nzukọ ahụ nyere aka guzobe otu ndị na-ere achịcha na Suez. Kemgbe afọ 2012, Nazra enyerela aka ịkwaga mmadụ iri na abụọ lanarịrị ndina n'ike ma yie ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị egwu. O nyekwara enyemaka ahụike na nke uche nye ihe karịrị mmadụ iri isii e metọrọ n'ihi mmekọahụ ma nye ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị otu narị ndị a na-enye nsogbu mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ndị e jidere n'ihi itinye aka na ngagharị iwe ndụmọdụ iwu.

Nazra n'okpuru Hassan nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgba mbọ maka Iwu Iwu Ijipt nke afọ 2014 iji dozie ikike ụmụ nwanyị, maka iwebata iwu megide iyi egwu mmekọahụ, na mgbasawanye nke iwu ndị dị ugbu a iji kpuchie mpụ mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ. Nzukọ ahụ na-agba ọsọ &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị&quot; kwa afọ iji mee ka ndị na-eto eto mata nsogbu metụtara okike ma na-eduzi ụmụ agbọghọ si n'ofe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị iri na isii na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke afọ 2011-12, nke a họpụtara otu n'ime ha, na ụmụ nwanyị ise na ntuliaka nke afọ 2015, nke a họọrọ otu. Ìgwè ahụ emepụtawokwa egwuregwu, akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị, na otu egwu ụmụ agbọghọ niile. Nazra nwere ndị ọrụ 20 ugbu a, na-arụ ọrụ na ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị 12 gafee mba ahụ.

Hassan guzobere Women Human Rights Defenders na Middle East na North Africa iji nye nzaghachi a na-ahụkarị maka mmebi ikike ụmụ nwanyị na mpaghara ahụ. O nyekwara aka guzobe Caucus for Women Politicians na mpaghara Arab na 2016. 

Hassan natara Global Fund for Women's inaugural Charlotte Bunch Human Rights Award na 2013. E nyere Hassan na Nazra otu n'ime Right Livelihood Awards, nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;Nobel Peace Prize ọzọ&quot;, na 2016 &quot;maka ịkwado nha nhata na ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ọnọdụ ebe ha na-anọgide na-eme ihe ike, mmegbu na ịkpa ókè&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2016 Right Livelihood Awards Uphold Fundamental Human Rights and Values in the Face of War and Repression|url=http://rightlivelihoodaward2016.org/|publisher=2016 Right Livelihood Awards|accessdate=14 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713074144/http://rightlivelihoodaward2016.org/|archivedate=13 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ebubo 2016 ==
A jụọla Hassan ajụjụ ọtụtụ oge maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ngagharị iwe. Ọ natara oku site n'aka ndị uwe ojii Ijipt mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu na United Nations Commission on the Status of Women na New York City na Machị 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot; /&gt; E boro ya ebubo n'okpuru iwu machibidoro inye ego mba ọzọ ma ọ bụ enyemaka (nke ụdị ọ bụla) nye òtù ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị Ijipt ma na-eche ikpe ọnwụ ihu. Ihe onwunwe ya na nke Nazra ka ụlọ ikpe mpụ nke Cairo mechiri na 11 Jenụwarị 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Judicial Harassment of Mozn Hassan|url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/judicial-harassment-mozn-hassan|publisher=Front Line Defenders|accessdate=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ọ laghachiri Ijipt, a gbochiri ya ịhapụ mba ahụ site na mmachibido iwu njem nke ụlọ ikpe nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;rla&quot; /&gt;

A katọrọ omume nke ndị ọchịchị Egypt na nkwupụta nkwonkwo nke òtù 43 na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke kọwara Hassan dị ka &quot;onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị a ma ama ... mara maka nnukwu ọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke nwanyị na ịlụso ime ihe ike n'ọha ọha&quot;. Nkwupụta dị iche nke ndị ọkà mmụta 130 bịanyere aka na ya kwuru na &quot;anyị na-atụle nyocha ahụ [megide] Mozn Hassan dị ka ihe iyi egwu na-eyi egwu maka mmekorita nwanyị na onye na-akwado Nazra maka ọmụmụ nwanyị, onye ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'inye aka na n'ihu na mmepe nke mmegharị nwanyị. Egypt&quot; [1] Mmachibido njem njem ahụ gbochiri ya ịga Stockholm iji nweta ihe nrite nke Right Livelihood.&lt;ref name=&quot;ft&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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{{Infobox officeholder||name=Kader Asmal|image=(2007-08-06) Barrys Memorial - Kader Asmal.jpg|office=[[Minister of Higher Education and Training|Minister of Education]]|term_start=1999|term_end=2004|president=[[Thabo Mbeki]]|predecessor=[[Sibusiso Bengu]]|successor=[[Naledi Pandor]]|constituency=|majority=|office2=[[Member of Parliament]]|term_start2=1994|term_end2=2008&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/23/kader-asmal-obituary|title=Kader Asmal obituary|last=Uys|first=Stanley|date=2011-06-23|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-05-21|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;|predecessor2=|successor2=|constituency2=|majority2=|office3=Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry|term_start3=1994|term_end3=1999|predecessor3=[[Magnus Malan]]|president3=[[Nelson Mandela]]|successor3=[[Ronnie Kasrils]]|constituency3=|majority3=|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1934|10|8}}|birth_place=[[Durban]]|death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|06|22|1934|10|8}}|death_place=|party=[[African National Congress]]|relations=|spouse=Louise Parkinson|children=2|residence=|occupation=|signature=|website=|footnotes=}}
[[Faịlụ:Kader Asmal.jpg|thumb|Kader Asmal]]
Abdul Kader Asmal (8 Ọktoba 1934 - 22 Juun 2011) [1] bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke ikike mmadụ na Mahadum Western Cape, onyeisi oche nke kansụl nke Mahadum North na osote onye isi oche nke African Association of International Law. Ọ lụrụ Louise Parkinson ma mụọ ụmụ nwoke abụọ.

Ọ bụ onye Honorary Fellow nke Royal College of Surgeons na Ireland, natara nzere doctorate Honoris Causa site na Queen's University Belfast (1996) ma bụrụ onye nwetara onyinye mmiri Stockholm nke afọ 2000.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Amụrụ na 1934, Asmal toro na Stanger, KwaZulu-Natal. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke onye India na-ere ahịa na otu n'ime ụmụaka asaa.[1] Mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ, ọ zutere Chief Albert Luthuli, onye kpaliri ya maka ikike mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memoir&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Kader Asmal: Politics in My Blood - A Memoir|author=Asmal|first=Kader|publisher=Jacana|year=2011|isbn=9781770099036|location=South Africa|pages=20–29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọganihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Asmal malitere na 1952 site na mkpọsa Defiance, mgbe a gwara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ nke ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ mpaghara. Nke ahụ kpughere ya na mbọ ndị obodo India na-agba iji dozie ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mgbe gọọmentị nwara itinye iwu Group Areas Act na Stanger.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memoir&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe e mesịrị na 1952, Asmal hapụrụ Stanger ịga na Springfield Teacher Training College na Durban. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka onye nkụzi na 1954, e kenyere ya ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị India nile na Darnall, KwaZulu-Natal. Mgbe ọ nọ na Darnall, ọ debara aha maka nzere bachelọ site na akwụkwọ ozi na bekee, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkọ ihe mere eme na UNISA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Memoir&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 1959, Asmal ruru eru dị ka onye nkuzi wee kwaga [[London]], ebe ọ debanyere aha na London School of Economics and Political Science.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Asmal bụ onye guzobere Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement. O kwuru na mgbe ọ nọ na Ireland na ngwụcha afọ 1970, o nyeere ANC aka ịchọta ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke IRA, bụ ndị mere nyocha na ụlọ nrụpụta Sasolburg nke South Africa, nke uMkhonto we Sizwe, ngalaba ndị agha nke ANC, tụrụ bọmbụ na 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ira-aided-anti-apartheid-bombing-claimed-asmal-1.609314|title=IRA aided anti-apartheid bombing, claimed Asmal|author=Alexander|first=Peter|date=2011-08-29|work=The Irish Times|accessdate=2017-05-21|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nọ na London, ọ malitere British Anti-Apartheid Movement na mgbe ọ sonyeere Trinity College Dublin dị ka onye nkuzi nke ikike mmadụ, ọrụ na iwu mba ụwa, ọ malitere Irish Anti-A partheid Movement. Asmal ruru eru dị ka onye ọka iwu na London na Dublin Bars ma nweta nzere na London School of Economics (LL.M. (Lond.)) na Trinity College, Dublin (M.A. (Dubl.)).

Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na iwu na Trinity College Dublin ruo afọ 27, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ọkachamara na ikike mmadụ, ọrụ na iwu mba ụwa. Asmal jere ozi na kọmitii iwu nke ANC site na 1986. Mgbe ọ nọ na Ireland, o nyekwara aka guzobe Kansụl Irish maka Nnwere Onwe Obodo na Òtù Ọrụ Ịgba Ọsọ. Ọ bụ onye otu ụlọ ọrụ nke Centre for Human Rights na Mahadum Pretoria . 

=== Minista na-ahụ maka mmiri ===
N'afọ 1990, Asmal laghachiri South Africa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ma n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a họpụtara ya na Kọmitii Nchịkwa Mba nke ANC. N'afọ 1993, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu mkparịta ụka nke ANC na Multiparty Negotiating Forum. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 1994, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu mba ahụ, ọ sonyeere ndị Minista, dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmiri na ọhịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-kader-abdul-asmal|title=Professor Kader Abdul Asmal|author=sahoboss|date=2011-02-17|work=South African History Online|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1996, World Wide Fund for Nature-South Africa nyere Asmal ihe nrite ọla edo ha maka ọrụ nchekwa ya. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, ọ kwadoro Global Water Partnership nke ọ bụ onye nkwado ya. Dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mmiri na ọhịa, ọ butere ụzọ n'ịmata echiche nke &quot;gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka onye isi na-eji mmiri eme ihe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCD&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dams.org/news_events/press282.htm|title=(24 September 1997) &quot;South African Water Minister to Head New World Commission on Dams&quot;|accessdate=2017-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208084216/http://dams.org/news_events/press282.htm|archivedate=8 February 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Minista nke Mmiri na Ọhịa, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke World Commission on Dams (1997-2001). A na-ewere ọrụ ya dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmiri dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma, nke a na-ekwu n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ikike ya ịrụ ọrụ na ndị Ọrụ gọọmentị Afrikaner.

=== Minista nke Mmụta ===
Ọ bụ ezie na Asmal anọghị nso Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki dịka ọ nọ na President Nelson Mandela, [1] e buliri ya ịbụ Minista Education na 1999[2] mgbe ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ ahụ gasịrị.[3]. Otu n'ime atụmatụ ya dị ka Minista Education bụ mmalite na 2001 nke South African History Project &quot;iji kwalite ma kwalite ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ mmụta na nkuzi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ South Africa, na ebumnuche nke iweghachi ọnọdụ ya na ihe onwunwe ya. ịzụrụ ọgụgụ isi na klas&quot; &quot;

N'iburu oke ahaghị nhata n'usoro agụmakwụkwọ e ketara n'aka ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ ọkwa a ka chalice nsi. Mgbe ọ tụgharịrị azụ ụfọdụ amụma mmụta nwere oke agụụ nke ANC iji mee ka nkenke ya bụrụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, o jisiri ike webata mgbanwe ụfọdụ dị oke mkpa na nke dị ukwuu na usoro agụmakwụkwọ obodo na akụkọ ntolite ya. Otu n'ime mmegharị ya kacha arụ ụka dị ka onye minista na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ bụ iji oke egwu yie mahadum South Africa egwu ma ọ bụrụ na ha etinyeghị usoro mmemme siri ike nye ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ ha. Asmal kpebiri imechi ụlọ akwụkwọ nkuzi nkuzi yana ụfọdụ kọleji nka nka.[1][2][3] Ewebatara nkuzi dabere na nsonaazụ ya n'oge ọchịchị ya, ma kagbuo afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2004/5/tirisanocalltoaction.pdf|title=Call to Action: Mobilising Citizens to Build a South African Education and Training System for the 21st Century|author=Asmal. K|date=27 July 1999|accessdate=1 November 2019|archivedate=20 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220130848/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2004/5/tirisanocalltoaction.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2010-07-04-outcomes-based-education-to-be-scrapped/|title=Outcomes Based Education to be scrapped|author=Mahlangu, B|date=5 July 2010|accessdate=7 December 2019|work=Sunday Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/opinion/we-can-still-turn-our-education-system-around-40319543|title=We can still turn our education system around|author=Isaacs, B|date=12 January 2020|accessdate=21 January 2020|publisher=Cape Argus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thoughtleader.co.za/bertolivier/2009/09/05/why-obe-has-not-worked-in-south-africa/|publisher=Mail &amp; Guardian|author=Olivier, B|date=5 September 2009|accessdate=1 January 2018|title=Why OBE has not worked in South Africa|archivedate=21 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221075425/http://thoughtleader.co.za/bertolivier/2009/09/05/why-obe-has-not-worked-in-south-africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Onye na-anọ n'azụ ===
N'afọ 2004, Asmal hapụrụ gọọmentị mana ọ ga-anọgide na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu ruo n'afọ 2008. 

N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2007, ọ katọrọ Robert Mugabe n'ụzọ siri ike maka ọnọdụ dị na [[Zimbabwe]], na-akwa arịrị na ọ kwurịghị okwu n'oge gara aga, mgbe ọ malitere akwụkwọ Through the Darkness - A Life in Zimbabwe, nke Judith Todd, nwa nwanyị nke Southern Rhodesia Prime Minister Garfield Todd, onye na-emegide ọchịchị ndị ọcha n'okpuru Ian Smith.

Asmal gbara arụkwaghịm na nzuko omeiwu n'afọ 2008 iji mee mkpesa megide mgbasa nke ANC nke ndị na-emegide mpụ nke Scorpions. O chere na ọ bụ mkpebi na-adịghị mma nakwa na ọ bụghị ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị Scorpions nyochara ma chọpụta na ha na-etinye aka na nrụrụ aka wee sonye na ntuli aka iji gbasaa nzukọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Why Kader Asmal resigned from Parliament|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2008-10-29-why-kader-asmal-resigned-from-parliament|accessdate=22 June 2011|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|date=29 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ e mesịrị ==
Asmal kpọrọ oku ka ewepụ Iwu Nchebe nke Ozi Steeti (nke a makwaara dị ka &quot;Mkpụrụ Nzuzo&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rice|first=Melanie|title=Asmal calls for withdrawal of Information Bill|url=https://ewn.co.za/2011/06/17/Asmal-calls-for-withdrawal-of-Information-Bill|accessdate=2022-11-11|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O bipụtara akụkọ ndụ onwe ya, Politics in my Blood . &lt;ref name=&quot;Memoir&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2011 mgbe ọ nwesịrị nkụchi obi.

== Ihe odide ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Ndị Jentaịl Budrioli</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl_(Naegele).jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Young Girl nke Charles Frederick Naegele (1857-1944), nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe ngosi nke Budrioli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-07-11|title=Gentile Budrioli, &quot;strega enormissima&quot; di Bologna|url=https://genusbononiaeblog.it/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Genus Bononiae|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reali|first=Rosella|date=2017-01-14|title=Gentile, la strega enormissima|url=https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Viaggiatori Ignoranti|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meroe|first=Strega|title=Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna|url=https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Strega Viaggiatrice|date=6 January 2017|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente|url=https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Gentile Budrioli ( nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1498), makwaara dị ka Gentile Cimieri, [1] bụ onye Italy na-agụ kpakpando na onye na-agwọ ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ na Bologna na njedebe narị afọ nke 15. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bologna ma nwetakwa nkuzi n'aka ndị Faịkọntị Francis. Budrioli dọtara uche site n'aka ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ maka nkà ya dị ukwuu n'ịgwọ ọrịa na ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Ginevra Sforza, nwunye nke onye ọchịchị Bologna Giovanni II Bentivoglio. N'ihi nke a, Budrioli gbagoro ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa n'obodo ahụ wee jee ozi dị mkpirikpi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọikpe Bolognese.

Mmụba nke Budrioli ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka ndị ọzọ nwee anyaụfụ na na 1498 e boro ya ebubo ịgba afa mgbe ọ gbanarị otu n'ime ụmụ Bentivoglio n'ọrịa ọ na-amaghị. Ọ bụ ndị Njụta Okwukwe na-ahụ maka okwu Budrioli, bụ́ ndị chepụtara ihe àmà ma taa ya ahụhụ. N'oge a na-ekpe ya ikpe, ọtụtụ ndị bịara ịkwado nzọrọ na ọ bụ onye amoosu, gụnyere di ya Alessandro, bụ́ onye megidere nnọọ mmasị sayensị ya. A kwụgburu Budrioli n'otu oge wee gbaa ọkụ ndụ n'ihu igwe mmadụ na-ekiri na Piazza San Domenico [ya] na Bologna.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Gentile Budrioli bụ nwanyị a ma ama nke a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya na Bologna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-ekwenyeghị na sayensị site na nwata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Casalini|first=Fabio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgnZDwAAQBAJ|title=È una Storia da Non Raccontare|publisher=Gruppo Albatros|year=2018|isbn=978-88-567-9403-8|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=Gentile Budrioli, la &quot;Strega Enormissima&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Budrioli lụrụ onye notary notary Alessandro Cimieri,[1][2] [3] onye nwere ụlọ na Torresoto di Porta Nuova, chere Basilica nke Saint Francis na Bologna.[1] Nna ya haziri alụmdi na nwunye a n'ihi na Cimieri si n'ezinaụlọ ọzọ nwere ezigbo ego ma kwuo na ọ nwere àgwà dị nro; Ọ ga-abụ na nna Budrioli kwenyere na nwoke ahụ nwere ike ime ka nwa ya nwanyị ghara ime ihe na-agụ ya.[4] Budrioli na Cimieri nwere ụmụ asaa ọnụ: ụmụ nwanyị atọ na ụmụ nwoke anọ (otu n'ime ha aha ya bụ Carlo). &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baraldi|first=Barbara|title=101 perché sulla storia di Bologna che non puoi non sapere|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=2018|isbn=978-88-227-2628-5|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=Perché il torresotto di Porto Nova è stregato?|authorlink=Barbara Baraldi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ịrị elu ==
N'ịbụ onye sitere na isi mmalite ndị dị ndụ dị ka nwanyị bara ọgaranya, gụrụ akwụkwọ ma mara mma, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Budrioli hụrụ na ndụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Cimieri bụ ihe na-agwụ ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmasị miri emi na sayensị, nke na-ewute di ya nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Budrioli gara nkuzi na nkuzi na Mahadum nke Bologna, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ọkachasị nkuzi [[Astrology|ịgụ kpakpando]] nke prọfesọ [[Scipione Manfredi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mgbe di ya chọpụtara banyere nkuzi ịgụ kpakpando, ọ gbochiri ya ịga ha ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye na ọmụmụ mahadum, Budrioli chọkwara onye Franciscan friar Silvestro na ebe obibi Franciscan dị nso n'ụlọ ya, ebe ọ mụtara nkà ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ruo oge ụfọdụ, a kọrọ na Budrioli zutere Silvestro kwa ụbọchị iji mụta ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Ka oge na-aga, Budrioli nwetara nnukwu nka ahụike, ọtụtụ ndị na-ewere ya dị ka onye ka mma karịa ndị dọkịta ọkachamara na Bologna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; O mere ka ndị ọzọ bi n'obodo ahụ nwee nka ya, na-enyere ha aka na nsogbu anụ ahụ na nke uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya a ma ama bụ Ginevra Sforza, nwunye Giovanni II Bentivoglio, onye na-achị Bologna. Sforza bu ụzọ gakwuru Budrioli n'ihi ihe mgbu metụtara ịmụ nwa. Ha abụọ ghọrọ ezigbo ndị enyi n'oge na-adịghị anya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; na-ejikọta onwe ha n'ihi mmasị ha nwere na Esotericism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli na Sforza na-anọkarị n'ehihie na mgbede niile na-ekwu okwu ma na-agụkọ ihe ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Nkà Budrioli na ọbụbụenyi ya na Sforza nyere ya ohere ịrị elu ngwa ngwa n'ọkwá dị n'obodo ahụ ma n'oge na-adịghị anya e mere ya onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ ikpe Bentivoglio.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebubo nke amoosu ==
Dị ka nwanyị maara ihe nke na-ejighi mmetụta ya na nka sayensị ya, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama na Bologna lere Budrioli anya na-enyo enyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Uto ngwa ngwa ya n'ọchịchị mekwara ka ọ bụrụ onye anyaụfụ na nkwutọ site n'aka ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta n'obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mgbe Budrioli na-azọpụtaghị otu n'ime ụmụ nwoke Bentivoglio na-arịa ọrịa a na-amaghị ama n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị ike ya ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ezinụlọ Malvezzi, ezinụlọ na-asọ mpi na Bentivoglios, jiri ohere ahụ mee ihe ma kwuo na Budrioli kpatara ọrịa nwata ahụ site na amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ya kpatara ọtụtụ ihe ọjọọ ndị ọzọ na obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O kwere omume na ebubo ndị a na-ebo Budrioli bụ mwakpo zoro ezo megide Sforza, onye dị ike nke ukwuu ka a ghara ịwakpo ya n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ebubo nke amoosu bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge a ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi nkwenkwe ụgha na ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kamakwa n'ihi mkpali akụ na ụba; ọ bụrụ na e gbuo mmadụ maka aghụghọ, a na-anapụ ihe onwunwe ha ma kewaa ha n'etiti ụka na gọọmentị ime obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Ikpe na mmekpa ahụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke narị afọ nke 16 nke mmekpa ahụ nke onye amoosu a na-ebo ebubo]]
A kọrọ na ebubo ndị ahụ kwenyesiri ike na Bentivoglio &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ma jide Budrioli ozugbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Ịchụpụ Budrioli dị ka onye amoosu bụ ma eleghị anya atụmatụ nke Bentivoglio iji melite mmekọrịta ya na Popu Alexander VI, onye n'oge ahụ yiri egwu itinye Bologna n'okpuru nchịkwa popu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente|url=https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/ &quot;Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile and Ginevra: the Crossing of Two Lives Lived Dangerously&amp;#x5D;. ''Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.'' (in Italian). 2018-04-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sforza emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji gbachitere ya, ikekwe na-atụ egwu na ya onwe ya ga-eche ntaramahụhụ ihu ma ọ bụrụ na o mee ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Ikpe Budrioli bụ nke Inquisition, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; nke na-emekarị ihe ike karịsịa megide ụmụ nwanyị a na-ebo ebubo amoosu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; A kọrọ na ndị Inquition nọ n'ógbè ahụ nọgidere na-ele ọrụ ya anya ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-echere ihe na-ezighị ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a tụrụ Budrioli mkpọrọ, ndị ọkàikpe nke Inquisition wakporo ụlọ ya ma &quot;chọta ihe akaebe&quot; nke amoosu, dị ka akara ọbara, ụdị uwe elu dị iche iche, ampules nwere mmiri dị iche iche na ebe ịchụàjà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e kpere Budrioli ikpe. Ọtụtụ ndị akaebe bịara ịkwado na Budrioli bụ onye amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; N'ihi mmasị Budrioli nwere maka ịgụ kpakpando na ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa, ọ bụghị ihe siri ike ime ka ndị obodo ahụ kwenye na ikpe mara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bersani|first=Serena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeV_CAAAQBAJ|title=101 donne che hanno fatto grande Bologna|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=2015|isbn=978-88-541-8260-8|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=24. Gentile Budrioli, la fine di una strega}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ndị na-ejere Budrioli ozi kwuru na ọ kụziiri ya ọgwụ ịhụnanya. Cimieri, di Budrioli n'onwe ya, bokwara ya ebubo amoosu, na-azọrọ na ọ tụbara ya ọgwụ nke gbochiri ọgụgụ isi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; E nwekwara nkwupụta e mere na ọ na-eme ọgwụ n'ahụ nwanne ya nwoke Ercole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meroe|first=Strega|title=Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna|url=https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Strega Viaggiatrice|date=6 January 2017|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMeroe2017&quot;&gt;Meroe, Strega (6 January 2017). [https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/ &quot;Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile Budrioli – Great Witch of Bologna&amp;#x5D;. ''Strega Viaggiatrice'' (in Italian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị akaebe kwuru na Budrioli nwere ike ịkọ ọdịnihu site n'ile kpakpando anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe ikpe ahụ gasịrị, ndị na-ekpe ikpe mere nyocha nke abụọ n'ebe obibi ya wee chọta ihe akaebe ọzọ na ha hapụrụ oge mbụ, gụnyere akara nsọ a rụrụ arụ, ebe ịchụàjà ọzọ nwere ihe oyiyi nke Lusifa, akpa iri na abụọ nwere akụkụ mmadụ, na ọkpụkpụ e zuuru n'ebe ili ozu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọtụtụ ụbọchị nke mmekpa ahụ jọgburu onwe ya gasịrị &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; na obere oge tupu ndị na-agba ya ajụjụ ọnụ amalite iwepụ aka ya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli kwupụtara na ya emeela anwansi ruo afọ iri abụọ, mpụ ọ na-enweghị ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ịtali Giovanni Battista Sezanne si kwuo, nkwupụta Budrioli dị ka ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
 

=== Ogbugbu ===
N'ụtụtụ nke 14 Julaị 1498, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; a kpọgara Budrioli na Piazza San Domenico , &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; n'ihu ụlọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;[it]&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; N'ebe ahụ, a na-awụsa ya pitch ma kee eriri n'olu ya; a kwụgburu Budrioli ma kpọọ ya ọkụ n'otu oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọkụ ahụ tụbara ntụ ọkụ n'ọkụ ahụ iji mee ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ obi ụtọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ ekwensu kpatara ọkụ ahụ, onye ha kwenyere na ọ bịara iji weghachite mkpụrụ obi Budrioli.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Servadio|first=Gaia|url=http://archive.org/details/renaissancewoman0000serv|title=Renaissance woman|date=2005|publisher=London; New York : I.B. Tauris; New York : Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan in the United States and Canada|isbn=978-1-85043-421-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; E liri Budrioli mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, a na-agbasa ntụ ya n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Sforza abịaghị ọkụ ahụ, a kọrọ na ọ nọ n'ụlọ Budrioli n'oge ahụ ma na-ebe ákwá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, Sforza lekọtara ụmụ nwanyị Budrioli, na-ahazi alụmdi na nwunye dị mma maka ụfọdụ ma na-etinye ndị ọzọ n'ebe obibi ndị nọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
Onye Itali na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Leandro Alberti (1479-1552) wepụtara peeji abụọ nke akụkọ ihe mere anya ya nke Bologna (Istoria di Bologna, wdg, bipụtara na mpịakọta abụọ na 1514 na 1543) maka akụkọ Budrioli na ogbugbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; A ka na-echeta Budrioli ruo taa dị ka ''strega enormissima'' ''di Bologna'', &quot;nnukwu amoosu nke Bologna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reali|first=Rosella|date=2017-01-14|title=Gentile, la strega enormissima|url=https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Viaggiatori Ignoranti|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFReali2017&quot;&gt;Reali, Rosella (2017-01-14). [https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html &quot;Gentile, la strega enormissima&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile, the Great Witch&amp;#x5D;. ''Viaggiatori Ignoranti'' (in Italian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli bụ na 2018 nke onye edemede Ịtali bụ Barbara Baraldi kwuru dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke ga-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka ịnọ n'ihu oge ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Accademia Culturale dei Castelli mepụtara egwu egwu na Aria na 2011 dabere na ọbụbụenyi nke Budrioli na Sforza, nke akpọrọ Ginevra e Gentile (&quot;''Ginevra na Gentile''&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ginevra e Gentile|url=http://www.castelliinaria.org/evento%20musical%20ginevra%20e%20gentile.htm|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Accademia Culturale dei Castelli in Aria|archivedate=2012-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530191403/http://www.castelliinaria.org/evento%20musical%20ginevra%20e%20gentile.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị e gburu maka amoosu

== Edemsibia ==

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[[Faịlụ:Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl_(Naegele).jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Young Girl nke Charles Frederick Naegele (1857-1944), nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe ngosi nke Budrioli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-07-11|title=Gentile Budrioli, &quot;strega enormissima&quot; di Bologna|url=https://genusbononiaeblog.it/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Genus Bononiae|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reali|first=Rosella|date=2017-01-14|title=Gentile, la strega enormissima|url=https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Viaggiatori Ignoranti|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meroe|first=Strega|title=Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna|url=https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Strega Viaggiatrice|date=6 January 2017|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente|url=https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Gentile Budrioli ( nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1498), makwaara dị ka Gentile Cimieri, [1] bụ onye Italy na-agụ kpakpando na onye na-agwọ ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ na Bologna na njedebe narị afọ nke 15. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bologna ma nwetakwa nkuzi n'aka ndị Faịkọntị Francis. Budrioli dọtara uche site n'aka ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ maka nkà ya dị ukwuu n'ịgwọ ọrịa na ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Ginevra Sforza, nwunye nke onye ọchịchị Bologna Giovanni II Bentivoglio. N'ihi nke a, Budrioli gbagoro ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa n'obodo ahụ wee jee ozi dị mkpirikpi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọikpe Bolognese.

Mmụba nke Budrioli ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka ndị ọzọ nwee anyaụfụ na na 1498 e boro ya ebubo ịgba afa mgbe ọ gbanarị otu n'ime ụmụ Bentivoglio n'ọrịa ọ na-amaghị. Ọ bụ ndị Njụta Okwukwe na-ahụ maka okwu Budrioli, bụ́ ndị chepụtara ihe àmà ma taa ya ahụhụ. N'oge a na-ekpe ya ikpe, ọtụtụ ndị bịara ịkwado nzọrọ na ọ bụ onye amoosu, gụnyere di ya Alessandro, bụ́ onye megidere nnọọ mmasị sayensị ya. A kwụgburu Budrioli n'otu oge wee gbaa ọkụ ndụ n'ihu igwe mmadụ na-ekiri na Piazza San Domenico [ya] na Bologna.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Gentile Budrioli bụ nwanyị a ma ama nke a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya na Bologna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-ekwenyeghị na sayensị site na nwata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Casalini|first=Fabio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgnZDwAAQBAJ|title=È una Storia da Non Raccontare|publisher=Gruppo Albatros|year=2018|isbn=978-88-567-9403-8|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=Gentile Budrioli, la &quot;Strega Enormissima&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Budrioli lụrụ onye notary notary Alessandro Cimieri,[1][2] [3] onye nwere ụlọ na Torresoto di Porta Nuova, chere Basilica nke Saint Francis na Bologna.[1] Nna ya haziri alụmdi na nwunye a n'ihi na Cimieri si n'ezinaụlọ ọzọ nwere ezigbo ego ma kwuo na ọ nwere àgwà dị nro; Ọ ga-abụ na nna Budrioli kwenyere na nwoke ahụ nwere ike ime ka nwa ya nwanyị ghara ime ihe na-agụ ya.[4] Budrioli na Cimieri nwere ụmụ asaa ọnụ: ụmụ nwanyị atọ na ụmụ nwoke anọ (otu n'ime ha aha ya bụ Carlo). &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baraldi|first=Barbara|title=101 perché sulla storia di Bologna che non puoi non sapere|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=2018|isbn=978-88-227-2628-5|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=Perché il torresotto di Porto Nova è stregato?|authorlink=Barbara Baraldi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ịrị elu ==
N'ịbụ onye sitere na isi mmalite ndị dị ndụ dị ka nwanyị bara ọgaranya, gụrụ akwụkwọ ma mara mma,  Budrioli hụrụ na ndụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Cimieri bụ ihe na-agwụ ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmasị miri emi na sayensị, nke na-ewute di ya nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Budrioli gara nkuzi na nkuzi na Mahadum nke Bologna, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ọkachasị nkuzi [[Astrology|ịgụ kpakpando]] nke prọfesọ [[Scipione Manfredi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mgbe di ya chọpụtara banyere nkuzi ịgụ kpakpando, ọ gbochiri ya ịga ha ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye na ọmụmụ mahadum, Budrioli chọkwara onye Franciscan friar Silvestro na ebe obibi Franciscan dị nso n'ụlọ ya, ebe ọ mụtara nkà ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ruo oge ụfọdụ, a kọrọ na Budrioli zutere Silvestro kwa ụbọchị iji mụta ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Ka oge na-aga, Budrioli nwetara nnukwu nka ahụike, ọtụtụ ndị na-ewere ya dị ka onye ka mma karịa ndị dọkịta ọkachamara na Bologna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; O mere ka ndị ọzọ bi n'obodo ahụ nwee nka ya, na-enyere ha aka na nsogbu anụ ahụ na nke uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya a ma ama bụ Ginevra Sforza, nwunye Giovanni II Bentivoglio, onye na-achị Bologna. Sforza bu ụzọ gakwuru Budrioli n'ihi ihe mgbu metụtara ịmụ nwa. Ha abụọ ghọrọ ezigbo ndị enyi n'oge na-adịghị anya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; na-ejikọta onwe ha n'ihi mmasị ha nwere na Esotericism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli na Sforza na-anọkarị n'ehihie na mgbede niile na-ekwu okwu ma na-agụkọ ihe ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Nkà Budrioli na ọbụbụenyi ya na Sforza nyere ya ohere ịrị elu ngwa ngwa n'ọkwá dị n'obodo ahụ ma n'oge na-adịghị anya e mere ya onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ ikpe Bentivoglio.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebubo nke amoosu ==
Dị ka nwanyị maara ihe nke na-ejighi mmetụta ya na nka sayensị ya, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama na Bologna lere Budrioli anya na-enyo enyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Uto ngwa ngwa ya n'ọchịchị mekwara ka ọ bụrụ onye anyaụfụ na nkwutọ site n'aka ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta n'obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mgbe Budrioli na-azọpụtaghị otu n'ime ụmụ nwoke Bentivoglio na-arịa ọrịa a na-amaghị ama n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị ike ya ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ezinụlọ Malvezzi, ezinụlọ na-asọ mpi na Bentivoglios, jiri ohere ahụ mee ihe ma kwuo na Budrioli kpatara ọrịa nwata ahụ site na amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ya kpatara ọtụtụ ihe ọjọọ ndị ọzọ na obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O kwere omume na ebubo ndị a na-ebo Budrioli bụ mwakpo zoro ezo megide Sforza, onye dị ike nke ukwuu ka a ghara ịwakpo ya n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ebubo nke amoosu bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge a ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi nkwenkwe ụgha na ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kamakwa n'ihi mkpali akụ na ụba; ọ bụrụ na e gbuo mmadụ maka aghụghọ, a na-anapụ ihe onwunwe ha ma kewaa ha n'etiti ụka na gọọmentị ime obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Ikpe na mmekpa ahụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke narị afọ nke 16 nke mmekpa ahụ nke onye amoosu a na-ebo ebubo]]
A kọrọ na ebubo ndị ahụ kwenyesiri ike na Bentivoglio &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ma jide Budrioli ozugbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Ịchụpụ Budrioli dị ka onye amoosu bụ ma eleghị anya atụmatụ nke Bentivoglio iji melite mmekọrịta ya na Popu Alexander VI, onye n'oge ahụ yiri egwu itinye Bologna n'okpuru nchịkwa popu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente|url=https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/ &quot;Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile and Ginevra: the Crossing of Two Lives Lived Dangerously&amp;#x5D;. ''Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.'' (in Italian). 2018-04-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sforza emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji gbachitere ya, ikekwe na-atụ egwu na ya onwe ya ga-eche ntaramahụhụ ihu ma ọ bụrụ na o mee ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Ikpe Budrioli bụ nke Inquisition, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; nke na-emekarị ihe ike karịsịa megide ụmụ nwanyị a na-ebo ebubo amoosu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; A kọrọ na ndị Inquition nọ n'ógbè ahụ nọgidere na-ele ọrụ ya anya ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-echere ihe na-ezighị ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a tụrụ Budrioli mkpọrọ, ndị ọkàikpe nke Inquisition wakporo ụlọ ya ma &quot;chọta ihe akaebe&quot; nke amoosu, dị ka akara ọbara, ụdị uwe elu dị iche iche, ampules nwere mmiri dị iche iche na ebe ịchụàjà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e kpere Budrioli ikpe. Ọtụtụ ndị akaebe bịara ịkwado na Budrioli bụ onye amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; N'ihi mmasị Budrioli nwere maka ịgụ kpakpando na ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa, ọ bụghị ihe siri ike ime ka ndị obodo ahụ kwenye na ikpe mara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bersani|first=Serena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeV_CAAAQBAJ|title=101 donne che hanno fatto grande Bologna|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=2015|isbn=978-88-541-8260-8|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=24. Gentile Budrioli, la fine di una strega}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ndị na-ejere Budrioli ozi kwuru na ọ kụziiri ya ọgwụ ịhụnanya. Cimieri, di Budrioli n'onwe ya, bokwara ya ebubo amoosu, na-azọrọ na ọ tụbara ya ọgwụ nke gbochiri ọgụgụ isi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; E nwekwara nkwupụta e mere na ọ na-eme ọgwụ n'ahụ nwanne ya nwoke Ercole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meroe|first=Strega|title=Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna|url=https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Strega Viaggiatrice|date=6 January 2017|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMeroe2017&quot;&gt;Meroe, Strega (6 January 2017). [https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/ &quot;Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile Budrioli – Great Witch of Bologna&amp;#x5D;. ''Strega Viaggiatrice'' (in Italian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị akaebe kwuru na Budrioli nwere ike ịkọ ọdịnihu site n'ile kpakpando anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe ikpe ahụ gasịrị, ndị na-ekpe ikpe mere nyocha nke abụọ n'ebe obibi ya wee chọta ihe akaebe ọzọ na ha hapụrụ oge mbụ, gụnyere akara nsọ a rụrụ arụ, ebe ịchụàjà ọzọ nwere ihe oyiyi nke Lusifa, akpa iri na abụọ nwere akụkụ mmadụ, na ọkpụkpụ e zuuru n'ebe ili ozu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọtụtụ ụbọchị nke mmekpa ahụ jọgburu onwe ya gasịrị &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; na obere oge tupu ndị na-agba ya ajụjụ ọnụ amalite iwepụ aka ya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli kwupụtara na ya emeela anwansi ruo afọ iri abụọ, mpụ ọ na-enweghị ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ịtali Giovanni Battista Sezanne si kwuo, nkwupụta Budrioli dị ka ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
 

=== Ogbugbu ===
N'ụtụtụ nke 14 Julaị 1498, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; a kpọgara Budrioli na Piazza San Domenico , &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; n'ihu ụlọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;[it]&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; N'ebe ahụ, a na-awụsa ya pitch ma kee eriri n'olu ya; a kwụgburu Budrioli ma kpọọ ya ọkụ n'otu oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọkụ ahụ tụbara ntụ ọkụ n'ọkụ ahụ iji mee ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ obi ụtọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ ekwensu kpatara ọkụ ahụ, onye ha kwenyere na ọ bịara iji weghachite mkpụrụ obi Budrioli.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Servadio|first=Gaia|url=http://archive.org/details/renaissancewoman0000serv|title=Renaissance woman|date=2005|publisher=London; New York : I.B. Tauris; New York : Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan in the United States and Canada|isbn=978-1-85043-421-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; E liri Budrioli mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, a na-agbasa ntụ ya n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Sforza abịaghị ọkụ ahụ, a kọrọ na ọ nọ n'ụlọ Budrioli n'oge ahụ ma na-ebe ákwá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, Sforza lekọtara ụmụ nwanyị Budrioli, na-ahazi alụmdi na nwunye dị mma maka ụfọdụ ma na-etinye ndị ọzọ n'ebe obibi ndị nọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
Onye Itali na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Leandro Alberti (1479-1552) wepụtara peeji abụọ nke akụkọ ihe mere anya ya nke Bologna (Istoria di Bologna, wdg, bipụtara na mpịakọta abụọ na 1514 na 1543) maka akụkọ Budrioli na ogbugbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; A ka na-echeta Budrioli ruo taa dị ka ''strega enormissima'' ''di Bologna'', &quot;nnukwu amoosu nke Bologna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reali|first=Rosella|date=2017-01-14|title=Gentile, la strega enormissima|url=https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Viaggiatori Ignoranti|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFReali2017&quot;&gt;Reali, Rosella (2017-01-14). [https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html &quot;Gentile, la strega enormissima&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile, the Great Witch&amp;#x5D;. ''Viaggiatori Ignoranti'' (in Italian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli bụ na 2018 nke onye edemede Ịtali bụ Barbara Baraldi kwuru dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke ga-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka ịnọ n'ihu oge ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Accademia Culturale dei Castelli mepụtara egwu egwu na Aria na 2011 dabere na ọbụbụenyi nke Budrioli na Sforza, nke akpọrọ Ginevra e Gentile (&quot;''Ginevra na Gentile''&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ginevra e Gentile|url=http://www.castelliinaria.org/evento%20musical%20ginevra%20e%20gentile.htm|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Accademia Culturale dei Castelli in Aria|archivedate=2012-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530191403/http://www.castelliinaria.org/evento%20musical%20ginevra%20e%20gentile.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị e gburu maka amoosu

== Edemsibia ==

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[[Faịlụ:Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl_(Naegele).jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Young Girl nke Charles Frederick Naegele (1857-1944), nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe ngosi nke Budrioli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-07-11|title=Gentile Budrioli, &quot;strega enormissima&quot; di Bologna|url=https://genusbononiaeblog.it/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Genus Bononiae|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reali|first=Rosella|date=2017-01-14|title=Gentile, la strega enormissima|url=https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Viaggiatori Ignoranti|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meroe|first=Strega|title=Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna|url=https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Strega Viaggiatrice|date=6 January 2017|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente|url=https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Gentile Budrioli ( nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1498), makwaara dị ka Gentile Cimieri, [1] bụ onye Italy na-agụ kpakpando na onye na-agwọ ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ na Bologna na njedebe narị afọ nke 15. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bologna ma nwetakwa nkuzi n'aka ndị Faịkọntị Francis. Budrioli dọtara uche site n'aka ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ maka nkà ya dị ukwuu n'ịgwọ ọrịa na ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Ginevra Sforza, nwunye nke onye ọchịchị Bologna Giovanni II Bentivoglio. N'ihi nke a, Budrioli gbagoro ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa n'obodo ahụ wee jee ozi dị mkpirikpi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọikpe Bolognese.

Mmụba nke Budrioli ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka ndị ọzọ nwee anyaụfụ na na 1498 e boro ya ebubo ịgba afa mgbe ọ gbanarị otu n'ime ụmụ Bentivoglio n'ọrịa ọ na-amaghị. Ọ bụ ndị Njụta Okwukwe na-ahụ maka okwu Budrioli, bụ́ ndị chepụtara ihe àmà ma taa ya ahụhụ. N'oge a na-ekpe ya ikpe, ọtụtụ ndị bịara ịkwado nzọrọ na ọ bụ onye amoosu, gụnyere di ya Alessandro, bụ́ onye megidere nnọọ mmasị sayensị ya. A kwụgburu Budrioli n'otu oge wee gbaa ọkụ ndụ n'ihu igwe mmadụ na-ekiri na Piazza San Domenico [ya] na Bologna.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Gentile Budrioli bụ nwanyị a ma ama nke a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya na Bologna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-ekwenyeghị na sayensị site na nwata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Casalini|first=Fabio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgnZDwAAQBAJ|title=È una Storia da Non Raccontare|publisher=Gruppo Albatros|year=2018|isbn=978-88-567-9403-8|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=Gentile Budrioli, la &quot;Strega Enormissima&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Budrioli lụrụ onye notary notary Alessandro Cimieri,[1][2] [3] onye nwere ụlọ na Torresoto di Porta Nuova, chere Basilica nke Saint Francis na Bologna.[1] Nna ya haziri alụmdi na nwunye a n'ihi na Cimieri si n'ezinaụlọ ọzọ nwere ezigbo ego ma kwuo na ọ nwere àgwà dị nro; Ọ ga-abụ na nna Budrioli kwenyere na nwoke ahụ nwere ike ime ka nwa ya nwanyị ghara ime ihe na-agụ ya.[4] Budrioli na Cimieri nwere ụmụ asaa ọnụ: ụmụ nwanyị atọ na ụmụ nwoke anọ (otu n'ime ha aha ya bụ Carlo). &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baraldi|first=Barbara|title=101 perché sulla storia di Bologna che non puoi non sapere|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=2018|isbn=978-88-227-2628-5|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=Perché il torresotto di Porto Nova è stregato?|authorlink=Barbara Baraldi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ịrị elu ==
N'ịbụ onye sitere na isi mmalite ndị dị ndụ dị ka nwanyị bara ọgaranya, gụrụ akwụkwọ ma mara mma,  Budrioli hụrụ na ndụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Cimieri bụ ihe na-agwụ ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmasị miri emi na sayensị, nke na-ewute di ya nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Budrioli gara nkuzi na nkuzi na Mahadum nke Bologna, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ọkachasị nkuzi [[Astrology|ịgụ kpakpando]] nke prọfesọ [[Scipione Manfredi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mgbe di ya chọpụtara banyere nkuzi ịgụ kpakpando, ọ gbochiri ya ịga ha ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye na ọmụmụ mahadum, Budrioli chọkwara onye Franciscan friar Silvestro na ebe obibi Franciscan dị nso n'ụlọ ya, ebe ọ mụtara nkà ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa. Ruo oge ụfọdụ, a kọrọ na Budrioli zutere Silvestro kwa ụbọchị iji mụta ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Ka oge na-aga, Budrioli nwetara nnukwu nka ahụike, ọtụtụ ndị na-ewere ya dị ka onye ka mma karịa ndị dọkịta ọkachamara na Bologna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; O mere ka ndị ọzọ bi n'obodo ahụ nwee nka ya, na-enyere ha aka na nsogbu anụ ahụ na nke uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya a ma ama bụ Ginevra Sforza, nwunye Giovanni II Bentivoglio, onye na-achị Bologna. Sforza bu ụzọ gakwuru Budrioli n'ihi ihe mgbu metụtara ịmụ nwa. Ha abụọ ghọrọ ezigbo ndị enyi n'oge na-adịghị anya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; na-ejikọta onwe ha n'ihi mmasị ha nwere na Esotericism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli na Sforza na-anọkarị n'ehihie na mgbede niile na-ekwu okwu ma na-agụkọ ihe ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Nkà Budrioli na ọbụbụenyi ya na Sforza nyere ya ohere ịrị elu ngwa ngwa n'ọkwá dị n'obodo ahụ ma n'oge na-adịghị anya e mere ya onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ ikpe Bentivoglio.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebubo nke amoosu ==
Dị ka nwanyị maara ihe nke na-ejighi mmetụta ya na nka sayensị ya, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama na Bologna lere Budrioli anya na-enyo enyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Uto ngwa ngwa ya n'ọchịchị mekwara ka ọ bụrụ onye anyaụfụ na nkwutọ site n'aka ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta n'obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mgbe Budrioli na-azọpụtaghị otu n'ime ụmụ nwoke Bentivoglio na-arịa ọrịa a na-amaghị ama n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị ike ya ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ezinụlọ Malvezzi, ezinụlọ na-asọ mpi na Bentivoglios, jiri ohere ahụ mee ihe ma kwuo na Budrioli kpatara ọrịa nwata ahụ site na amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ya kpatara ọtụtụ ihe ọjọọ ndị ọzọ na obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O kwere omume na ebubo ndị a na-ebo Budrioli bụ mwakpo zoro ezo megide Sforza, onye dị ike nke ukwuu ka a ghara ịwakpo ya n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ebubo nke amoosu bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge a ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi nkwenkwe ụgha na ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kamakwa n'ihi mkpali akụ na ụba; ọ bụrụ na e gbuo mmadụ maka aghụghọ, a na-anapụ ihe onwunwe ha ma kewaa ha n'etiti ụka na gọọmentị ime obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Ikpe na mmekpa ahụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke narị afọ nke 16 nke mmekpa ahụ nke onye amoosu a na-ebo ebubo]]
A kọrọ na ebubo ndị ahụ kwenyesiri ike na Bentivoglio &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ma jide Budrioli ozugbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Ịchụpụ Budrioli dị ka onye amoosu bụ ma eleghị anya atụmatụ nke Bentivoglio iji melite mmekọrịta ya na Popu Alexander VI, onye n'oge ahụ yiri egwu itinye Bologna n'okpuru nchịkwa popu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente|url=https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/ &quot;Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile and Ginevra: the Crossing of Two Lives Lived Dangerously&amp;#x5D;. ''Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.'' (in Italian). 2018-04-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sforza emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji gbachitere ya, ikekwe na-atụ egwu na ya onwe ya ga-eche ntaramahụhụ ihu ma ọ bụrụ na o mee ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Ikpe Budrioli bụ nke Inquisition, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; nke na-emekarị ihe ike karịsịa megide ụmụ nwanyị a na-ebo ebubo amoosu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; A kọrọ na ndị Inquition nọ n'ógbè ahụ nọgidere na-ele ọrụ ya anya ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-echere ihe na-ezighị ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a tụrụ Budrioli mkpọrọ, ndị ọkàikpe nke Inquisition wakporo ụlọ ya ma &quot;chọta ihe akaebe&quot; nke amoosu, dị ka akara ọbara, ụdị uwe elu dị iche iche, ampules nwere mmiri dị iche iche na ebe ịchụàjà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e kpere Budrioli ikpe. Ọtụtụ ndị akaebe bịara ịkwado na Budrioli bụ onye amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; N'ihi mmasị Budrioli nwere maka ịgụ kpakpando na ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa, ọ bụghị ihe siri ike ime ka ndị obodo ahụ kwenye na ikpe mara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bersani|first=Serena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeV_CAAAQBAJ|title=101 donne che hanno fatto grande Bologna|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=2015|isbn=978-88-541-8260-8|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=24. Gentile Budrioli, la fine di una strega}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ndị na-ejere Budrioli ozi kwuru na ọ kụziiri ya ọgwụ ịhụnanya. Cimieri, di Budrioli n'onwe ya, bokwara ya ebubo amoosu, na-azọrọ na ọ tụbara ya ọgwụ nke gbochiri ọgụgụ isi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; E nwekwara nkwupụta e mere na ọ na-eme ọgwụ n'ahụ nwanne ya nwoke Ercole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meroe|first=Strega|title=Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna|url=https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Strega Viaggiatrice|date=6 January 2017|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMeroe2017&quot;&gt;Meroe, Strega (6 January 2017). [https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/ &quot;Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile Budrioli – Great Witch of Bologna&amp;#x5D;. ''Strega Viaggiatrice'' (in Italian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị akaebe kwuru na Budrioli nwere ike ịkọ ọdịnihu site n'ile kpakpando anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe ikpe ahụ gasịrị, ndị na-ekpe ikpe mere nyocha nke abụọ n'ebe obibi ya wee chọta ihe akaebe ọzọ na ha hapụrụ oge mbụ, gụnyere akara nsọ a rụrụ arụ, ebe ịchụàjà ọzọ nwere ihe oyiyi nke Lusifa, akpa iri na abụọ nwere akụkụ mmadụ, na ọkpụkpụ e zuuru n'ebe ili ozu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọtụtụ ụbọchị nke mmekpa ahụ jọgburu onwe ya gasịrị &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; na obere oge tupu ndị na-agba ya ajụjụ ọnụ amalite iwepụ aka ya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli kwupụtara na ya emeela anwansi ruo afọ iri abụọ, mpụ ọ na-enweghị ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ịtali Giovanni Battista Sezanne si kwuo, nkwupụta Budrioli dị ka ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
 

=== Ogbugbu ===
N'ụtụtụ nke 14 Julaị 1498, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; a kpọgara Budrioli na Piazza San Domenico , &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; n'ihu ụlọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;[it]&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; N'ebe ahụ, a na-awụsa ya pitch ma kee eriri n'olu ya; a kwụgburu Budrioli ma kpọọ ya ọkụ n'otu oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọkụ ahụ tụbara ntụ ọkụ n'ọkụ ahụ iji mee ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ obi ụtọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ ekwensu kpatara ọkụ ahụ, onye ha kwenyere na ọ bịara iji weghachite mkpụrụ obi Budrioli.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Servadio|first=Gaia|url=http://archive.org/details/renaissancewoman0000serv|title=Renaissance woman|date=2005|publisher=London; New York : I.B. Tauris; New York : Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan in the United States and Canada|isbn=978-1-85043-421-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; E liri Budrioli mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, a na-agbasa ntụ ya n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Sforza abịaghị ọkụ ahụ, a kọrọ na ọ nọ n'ụlọ Budrioli n'oge ahụ ma na-ebe ákwá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, Sforza lekọtara ụmụ nwanyị Budrioli, na-ahazi alụmdi na nwunye dị mma maka ụfọdụ ma na-etinye ndị ọzọ n'ebe obibi ndị nọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
Onye Itali na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Leandro Alberti (1479-1552) wepụtara peeji abụọ nke akụkọ ihe mere anya ya nke Bologna (Istoria di Bologna, wdg, bipụtara na mpịakọta abụọ na 1514 na 1543) maka akụkọ Budrioli na ogbugbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; A ka na-echeta Budrioli ruo taa dị ka ''strega enormissima'' ''di Bologna'', &quot;nnukwu amoosu nke Bologna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reali|first=Rosella|date=2017-01-14|title=Gentile, la strega enormissima|url=https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Viaggiatori Ignoranti|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFReali2017&quot;&gt;Reali, Rosella (2017-01-14). [https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html &quot;Gentile, la strega enormissima&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile, the Great Witch&amp;#x5D;. ''Viaggiatori Ignoranti'' (in Italian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli bụ na 2018 nke onye edemede Ịtali bụ Barbara Baraldi kwuru dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke ga-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka ịnọ n'ihu oge ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Accademia Culturale dei Castelli mepụtara egwu egwu na Aria na 2011 dabere na ọbụbụenyi nke Budrioli na Sforza, nke akpọrọ Ginevra e Gentile (&quot;''Ginevra na Gentile''&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ginevra e Gentile|url=http://www.castelliinaria.org/evento%20musical%20ginevra%20e%20gentile.htm|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Accademia Culturale dei Castelli in Aria|archivedate=2012-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530191403/http://www.castelliinaria.org/evento%20musical%20ginevra%20e%20gentile.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị e gburu maka amoosu

== Edemsibia ==

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[[Faịlụ:Portrait_of_a_Young_Girl_(Naegele).jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Young Girl nke Charles Frederick Naegele (1857-1944), nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ihe ngosi nke Budrioli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-07-11|title=Gentile Budrioli, &quot;strega enormissima&quot; di Bologna|url=https://genusbononiaeblog.it/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Genus Bononiae|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reali|first=Rosella|date=2017-01-14|title=Gentile, la strega enormissima|url=https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Viaggiatori Ignoranti|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meroe|first=Strega|title=Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna|url=https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Strega Viaggiatrice|date=6 January 2017|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente|url=https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.|language=it-IT}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Gentile Budrioli ( nwụrụ na 14 Julaị 1498), makwaara dị ka Gentile Cimieri, [1] bụ onye Italy na-agụ kpakpando na onye na-agwọ ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ na Bologna na njedebe narị afọ nke 15. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bologna ma nwetakwa nkuzi n'aka ndị Faịkọntị Francis. Budrioli dọtara uche site n'aka ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ maka nkà ya dị ukwuu n'ịgwọ ọrịa na ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Ginevra Sforza, nwunye nke onye ọchịchị Bologna Giovanni II Bentivoglio. N'ihi nke a, Budrioli gbagoro ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa n'obodo ahụ wee jee ozi dị mkpirikpi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọikpe Bolognese.

Mmụba nke Budrioli ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka ndị ọzọ nwee anyaụfụ na na 1498 e boro ya ebubo ịgba afa mgbe ọ gbanarị otu n'ime ụmụ Bentivoglio n'ọrịa ọ na-amaghị. Ọ bụ ndị Njụta Okwukwe na-ahụ maka okwu Budrioli, bụ́ ndị chepụtara ihe àmà ma taa ya ahụhụ. N'oge a na-ekpe ya ikpe, ọtụtụ ndị bịara ịkwado nzọrọ na ọ bụ onye amoosu, gụnyere di ya Alessandro, bụ́ onye megidere nnọọ mmasị sayensị ya. A kwụgburu Budrioli n'otu oge wee gbaa ọkụ ndụ n'ihu igwe mmadụ na-ekiri na Piazza San Domenico [ya] na Bologna.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Gentile Budrioli bụ nwanyị a ma ama nke a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya na Bologna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-ekwenyeghị na sayensị site na nwata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Casalini|first=Fabio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zgnZDwAAQBAJ|title=È una Storia da Non Raccontare|publisher=Gruppo Albatros|year=2018|isbn=978-88-567-9403-8|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=Gentile Budrioli, la &quot;Strega Enormissima&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Budrioli lụrụ onye notary notary Alessandro Cimieri,[1][2] [3] onye nwere ụlọ na Torresoto di Porta Nuova, chere Basilica nke Saint Francis na Bologna.[1] Nna ya haziri alụmdi na nwunye a n'ihi na Cimieri si n'ezinaụlọ ọzọ nwere ezigbo ego ma kwuo na ọ nwere àgwà dị nro; Ọ ga-abụ na nna Budrioli kwenyere na nwoke ahụ nwere ike ime ka nwa ya nwanyị ghara ime ihe na-agụ ya.[4] Budrioli na Cimieri nwere ụmụ asaa ọnụ: ụmụ nwanyị atọ na ụmụ nwoke anọ (otu n'ime ha aha ya bụ Carlo). &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baraldi|first=Barbara|title=101 perché sulla storia di Bologna che non puoi non sapere|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=2018|isbn=978-88-227-2628-5|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=Perché il torresotto di Porto Nova è stregato?|authorlink=Barbara Baraldi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ịrị elu ==
N'ịbụ onye sitere na isi mmalite ndị dị ndụ dị ka nwanyị bara ọgaranya, gụrụ akwụkwọ ma mara mma,  Budrioli hụrụ na ndụ alụmdi na nwunye ya na Cimieri bụ ihe na-agwụ ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmasị miri emi na sayensị, nke na-ewute di ya nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Budrioli gara nkuzi na nkuzi na Mahadum nke Bologna,  ọkachasị nkuzi [[Astrology|ịgụ kpakpando]] nke prọfesọ [[Scipione Manfredi]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Mgbe di ya chọpụtara banyere nkuzi ịgụ kpakpando, ọ gbochiri ya ịga ha ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye na ọmụmụ mahadum, Budrioli chọkwara onye Franciscan friar Silvestro na ebe obibi Franciscan dị nso n'ụlọ ya, ebe ọ mụtara nkà ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa. Ruo oge ụfọdụ, a kọrọ na Budrioli zutere Silvestro kwa ụbọchị iji mụta ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Ka oge na-aga, Budrioli nwetara nnukwu nka ahụike, ọtụtụ ndị na-ewere ya dị ka onye ka mma karịa ndị dọkịta ọkachamara na Bologna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; O mere ka ndị ọzọ bi n'obodo ahụ nwee nka ya, na-enyere ha aka na nsogbu anụ ahụ na nke uche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Otu n'ime ndị ọrịa ya a ma ama bụ Ginevra Sforza, nwunye Giovanni II Bentivoglio, onye na-achị Bologna. Sforza bu ụzọ gakwuru Budrioli n'ihi ihe mgbu metụtara ịmụ nwa. Ha abụọ ghọrọ ezigbo ndị enyi n'oge na-adịghị anya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; na-ejikọta onwe ha n'ihi mmasị ha nwere na Esotericism. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli na Sforza na-anọkarị n'ehihie na mgbede niile na-ekwu okwu ma na-agụkọ ihe ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Nkà Budrioli na ọbụbụenyi ya na Sforza nyere ya ohere ịrị elu ngwa ngwa n'ọkwá dị n'obodo ahụ ma n'oge na-adịghị anya e mere ya onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ ikpe Bentivoglio.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebubo nke amoosu ==
Dị ka nwanyị maara ihe nke na-ejighi mmetụta ya na nka sayensị ya, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama na Bologna lere Budrioli anya na-enyo enyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Uto ngwa ngwa ya n'ọchịchị mekwara ka ọ bụrụ onye anyaụfụ na nkwutọ site n'aka ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta n'obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mgbe Budrioli na-azọpụtaghị otu n'ime ụmụ nwoke Bentivoglio na-arịa ọrịa a na-amaghị ama n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị ike ya ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ezinụlọ Malvezzi, ezinụlọ na-asọ mpi na Bentivoglios, jiri ohere ahụ mee ihe ma kwuo na Budrioli kpatara ọrịa nwata ahụ site na amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ya kpatara ọtụtụ ihe ọjọọ ndị ọzọ na obodo ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O kwere omume na ebubo ndị a na-ebo Budrioli bụ mwakpo zoro ezo megide Sforza, onye dị ike nke ukwuu ka a ghara ịwakpo ya n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ebubo nke amoosu bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge a ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi nkwenkwe ụgha na ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kamakwa n'ihi mkpali akụ na ụba; ọ bụrụ na e gbuo mmadụ maka aghụghọ, a na-anapụ ihe onwunwe ha ma kewaa ha n'etiti ụka na gọọmentị ime obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

=== Ikpe na mmekpa ahụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke narị afọ nke 16 nke mmekpa ahụ nke onye amoosu a na-ebo ebubo]]
A kọrọ na ebubo ndị ahụ kwenyesiri ike na Bentivoglio &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; ma jide Budrioli ozugbo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Ịchụpụ Budrioli dị ka onye amoosu bụ ma eleghị anya atụmatụ nke Bentivoglio iji melite mmekọrịta ya na Popu Alexander VI, onye n'oge ahụ yiri egwu itinye Bologna n'okpuru nchịkwa popu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-04-14|title=Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente|url=https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.sentieristerrati.org/2018/04/14/gentile-e-ginevra-lincrocio-di-due-vite-vissute-pericolosamente/ &quot;Gentile e Ginevra: l'incrocio di due vite vissute pericolosamente&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile and Ginevra: the Crossing of Two Lives Lived Dangerously&amp;#x5D;. ''Sentieri Sterrati A.P.S.'' (in Italian). 2018-04-14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sforza emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji gbachitere ya, ikekwe na-atụ egwu na ya onwe ya ga-eche ntaramahụhụ ihu ma ọ bụrụ na o mee ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Ikpe Budrioli bụ nke Inquisition, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; nke na-emekarị ihe ike karịsịa megide ụmụ nwanyị a na-ebo ebubo amoosu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; A kọrọ na ndị Inquition nọ n'ógbè ahụ nọgidere na-ele ọrụ ya anya ruo oge ụfọdụ, na-echere ihe na-ezighị ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a tụrụ Budrioli mkpọrọ, ndị ọkàikpe nke Inquisition wakporo ụlọ ya ma &quot;chọta ihe akaebe&quot; nke amoosu, dị ka akara ọbara, ụdị uwe elu dị iche iche, ampules nwere mmiri dị iche iche na ebe ịchụàjà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, e kpere Budrioli ikpe. Ọtụtụ ndị akaebe bịara ịkwado na Budrioli bụ onye amoosu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; N'ihi mmasị Budrioli nwere maka ịgụ kpakpando na ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa, ọ bụghị ihe siri ike ime ka ndị obodo ahụ kwenye na ikpe mara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bersani|first=Serena|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeV_CAAAQBAJ|title=101 donne che hanno fatto grande Bologna|publisher=Newton Compton Editori|year=2015|isbn=978-88-541-8260-8|location=Rome|language=Italian|chapter=24. Gentile Budrioli, la fine di una strega}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ndị na-ejere Budrioli ozi kwuru na ọ kụziiri ya ọgwụ ịhụnanya. Cimieri, di Budrioli n'onwe ya, bokwara ya ebubo amoosu, na-azọrọ na ọ tụbara ya ọgwụ nke gbochiri ọgụgụ isi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; E nwekwara nkwupụta e mere na ọ na-eme ọgwụ n'ahụ nwanne ya nwoke Ercole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Meroe|first=Strega|title=Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna|url=https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Strega Viaggiatrice|date=6 January 2017|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMeroe2017&quot;&gt;Meroe, Strega (6 January 2017). [https://www.stregaviaggiatrice.it/2017/01/06/gentile-budrioli-strega-enormissima-di-bologna/ &quot;Gentile Budrioli – Strega Enormissima di Bologna&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile Budrioli – Great Witch of Bologna&amp;#x5D;. ''Strega Viaggiatrice'' (in Italian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị akaebe kwuru na Budrioli nwere ike ịkọ ọdịnihu site n'ile kpakpando anya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe ikpe ahụ gasịrị, ndị na-ekpe ikpe mere nyocha nke abụọ n'ebe obibi ya wee chọta ihe akaebe ọzọ na ha hapụrụ oge mbụ, gụnyere akara nsọ a rụrụ arụ, ebe ịchụàjà ọzọ nwere ihe oyiyi nke Lusifa, akpa iri na abụọ nwere akụkụ mmadụ, na ọkpụkpụ e zuuru n'ebe ili ozu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọtụtụ ụbọchị nke mmekpa ahụ jọgburu onwe ya gasịrị &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; na obere oge tupu ndị na-agba ya ajụjụ ọnụ amalite iwepụ aka ya, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli kwupụtara na ya emeela anwansi ruo afọ iri abụọ, mpụ ọ na-enweghị ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ịtali Giovanni Battista Sezanne si kwuo, nkwupụta Budrioli dị ka ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
 

=== Ogbugbu ===
N'ụtụtụ nke 14 Julaị 1498, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; a kpọgara Budrioli na Piazza San Domenico , &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; n'ihu ụlọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;[it]&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; N'ebe ahụ, a na-awụsa ya pitch ma kee eriri n'olu ya; a kwụgburu Budrioli ma kpọọ ya ọkụ n'otu oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọkụ ahụ tụbara ntụ ọkụ n'ọkụ ahụ iji mee ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ obi ụtọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ ekwensu kpatara ọkụ ahụ, onye ha kwenyere na ọ bịara iji weghachite mkpụrụ obi Budrioli.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Servadio|first=Gaia|url=http://archive.org/details/renaissancewoman0000serv|title=Renaissance woman|date=2005|publisher=London; New York : I.B. Tauris; New York : Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan in the United States and Canada|isbn=978-1-85043-421-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; E liri Budrioli mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, a na-agbasa ntụ ya n'ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;

Sforza abịaghị ọkụ ahụ, a kọrọ na ọ nọ n'ụlọ Budrioli n'oge ahụ ma na-ebe ákwá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, Sforza lekọtara ụmụ nwanyị Budrioli, na-ahazi alụmdi na nwunye dị mma maka ụfọdụ ma na-etinye ndị ọzọ n'ebe obibi ndị nọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
Onye Itali na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Leandro Alberti (1479-1552) wepụtara peeji abụọ nke akụkọ ihe mere anya ya nke Bologna (Istoria di Bologna, wdg, bipụtara na mpịakọta abụọ na 1514 na 1543) maka akụkọ Budrioli na ogbugbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;/&gt; A ka na-echeta Budrioli ruo taa dị ka ''strega enormissima'' ''di Bologna'', &quot;nnukwu amoosu nke Bologna&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reali|first=Rosella|date=2017-01-14|title=Gentile, la strega enormissima|url=https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html|accessdate=2022-05-24|work=Viaggiatori Ignoranti|language=it-IT}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFReali2017&quot;&gt;Reali, Rosella (2017-01-14). [https://www.viaggiatoriignoranti.it/2017/01/gentile-la-strega-enormissima.html &quot;Gentile, la strega enormissima&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Gentile, the Great Witch&amp;#x5D;. ''Viaggiatori Ignoranti'' (in Italian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-05-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Budrioli bụ na 2018 nke onye edemede Ịtali bụ Barbara Baraldi kwuru dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke ga-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu maka ịnọ n'ihu oge ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Accademia Culturale dei Castelli mepụtara egwu egwu na Aria na 2011 dabere na ọbụbụenyi nke Budrioli na Sforza, nke akpọrọ Ginevra e Gentile (&quot;''Ginevra na Gentile''&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ginevra e Gentile|url=http://www.castelliinaria.org/evento%20musical%20ginevra%20e%20gentile.htm|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Accademia Culturale dei Castelli in Aria|archivedate=2012-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530191403/http://www.castelliinaria.org/evento%20musical%20ginevra%20e%20gentile.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị e gburu maka amoosu

== Edemsibia ==

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      <text bytes="5136" sha1="dvkmgv7hzsodmz5slzftorxwaralv3u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|image=File:Vesna Pešić.jpg|order=Member of Parliament|termstart=2007|termend=2012|predecessor=|successor=|party=[[Civic Alliance of Serbia]] (1992–1999)&lt;br /&gt;[[Liberal Democratic Party (Serbia 2005)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (2007–2011)}}
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Vesna Pešić (Serbian Cyrillic: Oge pësna ihe ubi Pešiћ,shsh[ʋêsna pêʃit́ɕ]; amuru May 6, 1940) bu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Serbian.[1]sh

Na Febụwarị 2012, Vesna Pešić kwupụtara na ọ ga-ahapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ntuli aka ndị omeiwu gasịrị na 6 Mee 2012. 

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Na mmalite 1970s, Pešić ghọrọ onye otu Intellectuals' Movement for Defense and Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms, nke a maara dị ka &quot;mmegide Belgrade&quot;.  Na 1982, o nyedịrị iwu ka a hazie ngagharị iwe megide ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Belgrade.

Pešić bụ onye guzobere Kọmitii Yugoslav Helsinki (1985), Association for the Yugoslav Democratic Initiative (1989), Yugoslav European Movement (1991) na Centre for Antiwar Action (1991). Site na 1992 ruo 1999 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Civic Alliance of Serbia, ma site na 1993 ruo 1997 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke Coalition Zajedno (Together), ya na Vuk Drašković's Serbian Renewal Movement na Zoran Đinđić's Democratic Party.

N'afọ gara aga, Center for Antiwar Action, bụ nzukọ nke National Endowment for Democracy, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị United States, kwadoro nke ọma..

Ọtụtụ nkwanye ugwu gụnyere Onyinye maka Democracy nke US National Foundation for Democracy (1993), Onyinye W. Averell Harriman nke US National Institute for Democracy-1997 site na Washington, D.C., United States of Onyinye Andrei Sakharov saịtị nke Helsinki Committee of Norway of the Sakharov Foundation for Freedom (1997).  Nke a bụ webụsaịtị nke Institute of Peace, nke United States Congress guzobere..   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Pešić jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya Mexico site na 2001 ruo 2005, nke mbụ maka Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, wee bụrụ onye nnọchi anya Serbia na Montenegro.

Mgbe njikọta nke Civic Alliance of Serbia na Liberal Democratic Party na 2007, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Council Political Council of Liberal Democratic Party.  N'ihi esemokwu ya na Čedomir Jovanović, Pešić hapụrụ Liberal Democratic Party na Eprel 7, 2011.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.e-novine.com/srbija/vesti/46432-Vesna-Pei-naputa-LDP.html|language=sr|work=e-novine.com|title=Vesna Pešić napušta LDP|date=2011-04-07|accessdate=2012-04-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2008, mgbe ntuli aka ndị omeiwu na Serbia gasịrị, Pešić kwuru n'ụzọ na-emegide onwe ya na &quot;ọ bụrụ na ndị na-akwado EU emezughị ọchịchị, a ga-emebi ntuli aka&quot;. Na mgbakwunye, n'echiche ya, a ga-egbochi ntuli aka ọ bụla n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.novosti.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=1&amp;status=jedna&amp;vest=121218&amp;datum=2008-05-15|language=sr|work=Novosti|title=Niko ih neće|date=2008-05-15|accessdate=2010-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pešić bụ onye omeiwu Serbia site na 1993 ruo 1997 na site na 2007 ruo 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.parlament.rs/national-assembly/composition/members-of-parliament.311.488.html|title=Members of parliament|publisher=parliament.rs|accessdate=2020-03-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pešić bụ onye isi sayensị nke Institute of Philosophy and Social Theory.

N'oge mkpọsa ntuli aka ndị omeiwu na nke onye isi ala nke afọ 2012. Pešić bụ ihu kachasị pụta ìhè na mkpọsa 'Blank Ballot', nke lekwasịrị anya na nrụrụ aka n'etiti ndị isi pati na-achị ma na-akwalite boycott nke ntuli aka. N'ikpeazụ, mkpọsa ahụ nyere aka kwatuo ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ma webata ọchịchị aka ike nke onye isi ala ugbu a bụ Aleksandar Vucić. Kemgbe ntuli aka nke afọ 2012, nnwere onwe obodo na ọchịchị iwu na Serbia ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi, na-eme ka Freedom House kpọọ mba ahụ 'nwere onwe' na 2020.

Na 2017, Pešić bịanyere [[Nkwuputa N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu|aka na nkwupụta n'asụsụ Croatian, Serbian, Bosnia na Montenegrin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku|url=https://jezicinacionalizmi.com/lista-potpisnika/|accessdate=2024-05-21|work=Jezici i nacionalizmi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye ọ bụla ==
 
Nwunye ya Stanislava (1941 - 1997) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Yugoslavia.  Ọ lụrụ onye ọka iwu Srđa Popović, onye nwere nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Boris.

== Ihe odide ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ndị bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta N'asụsụ Dị N'Otu]]</text>
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National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan ==
Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye ndu gara aga ==

* A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọfịs mpaghara ===

* [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957)

[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]]
[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]]

=== Ọfịs alaka ===

* [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndị otu ọkachamara ==

=== Mba ===

* Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Society of Nigerian Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ógbè ===

* Society of African Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===

* Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* International Council on Archives (ICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]]
* Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba

== Edemsibia ==</text>
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      <id>687265</id>
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      <text bytes="9520" sha1="98c66xip7hfnd5n6s86it0tbnesgtgb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan ==
Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye ndu gara aga ==

* A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọfịs mpaghara ===

* [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957)

[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]]
[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]]

=== Ọfịs alaka ===

* [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndị otu ọkachamara ==

=== Mba ===

* Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Society of Nigerian Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ógbè ===

* Society of African Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===

* Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* International Council on Archives (ICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]]
* Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba

== Edemsibia ==</text>
      <sha1>98c66xip7hfnd5n6s86it0tbnesgtgb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>687268</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T12:08:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chukwuziterem</username>
        <id>12950</id>
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      <text bytes="8697" sha1="54rwzyee31gug4hcdoibgwiww9z9a79" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Databox}}

National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan ==
Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye ndu gara aga ==

* A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọfịs mpaghara ===

* [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957)

[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]]
[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]]

=== Ọfịs alaka ===

* [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) 
* [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndị otu ọkachamara ==

=== Mba ===

* Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Society of Nigerian Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ógbè ===

* Society of African Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===

* Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* International Council on Archives (ICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]]
* Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba

== Edemsibia ==</text>
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National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan ==
Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye ndu gara aga ==

* A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọfịs mpaghara ===

* [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957)

[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]]
[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]]

=== Ọfịs alaka ===

* [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) 
* [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]]
* [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndị otu ọkachamara ==

=== Mba ===

* Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Society of Nigerian Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ógbè ===

* Society of African Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===

* Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* International Council on Archives (ICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]]
* Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba

== Edemsibia ==</text>
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      <text bytes="7891" sha1="opzeg7ncf3py8e7z3gpjvizkslyzhc2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Databox}}

National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan ==
Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye ndu gara aga ==

* A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọfịs mpaghara ===

* [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957)

[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]]
[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]]

=== Ọfịs alaka ===

* [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) 
* [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]]
* [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndị otu ọkachamara ==

=== Mba ===

* Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Society of Nigerian Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ógbè ===

* Society of African Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===

* Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* International Council on Archives (ICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]]
* Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba

== Edemsibia ==</text>
      <sha1>opzeg7ncf3py8e7z3gpjvizkslyzhc2</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>687282</id>
      <parentid>687279</parentid>
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      <text bytes="7068" sha1="jmr9u22xvhxp0zoome4rvlrldz0u8as" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Databox}}

National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan ==
Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye ndu gara aga ==

* A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọfịs mpaghara ===

* [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957)

[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]]
[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]]

=== Ọfịs alaka ===

* [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) 
* [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]]
* [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndị otu ọkachamara ==

=== Mba ===

* Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Society of Nigerian Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ógbè ===

* Society of African Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbioye2007&quot;&gt;Abioye, Abiola (2007-02-27). &quot;Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future&quot;. ''Records Management Journal''. '''17''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;52–&lt;/span&gt;62. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/09565690710730697|10.1108/09565690710730697]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5698 0956-5698]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111272930 111272930].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===

* Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* International Council on Archives (ICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]]
* Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba

== Edemsibia ==</text>
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Mona Talat Diab bụ prọfesọ sayensị kọmputa na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ asụsụ nke Mahadum Carnegie Mellon. Na mbụ, ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum George Washington na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na Facebook AI. Nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya na nhazi asụsụ eke, asụsụ computational, nhazi asụsụ / ọtụtụ asụsụ, computational socio-pragmatics, nhazi asụsụ Arabik, na mmụta igwe etinyere..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mona Diab|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-y6SIhQAAAAJ&amp;hl=en|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmụta ==
DDiab mezuru M.Sc. na sayensị kọmputa nwere isi na mmụta igwe na ọgụgụ isi na The George Washington University (1997) na Ph.D ya. na mmụta asụsụ computational na Mahadum Maryland, Ngalaba Linguistics na Mahadum Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies (UMIACS) na 2003, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Philip Resnik. Ọ bụkwa onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Stanford (2003-2005) n'okpuru nduzi nke Dan Jurafsky, ebe ọ bụ akụkụ nke Stanford NLP Group..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mona T. Diab|url=https://web.seas.gwu.edu/mtdiab/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=web.seas.gwu.edu|archivedate=2020-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820082223/https://web.seas.gwu.edu/mtdiab/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home Page for Mona Talat Diab|url=http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~mdiab/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www1.cs.columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe postdoc ya na Stanford gasịrị, Diab were ọnọdụ dị ka onye nyocha sayensị (onye nchọpụta bụ isi) na Center for Computational Learning Systems (CCLS) na Mahadum Columbia, ebe ọ bụkwa osote prọfesọ na ngalaba sayensị kọmputa. N'afọ 2013 ọ sonyeere Mahadum George Washington dị ka osote prọfesọ, ebe a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesụ zuru oke n'afọ 2017. Diab bụ onye guzobere na onye nduzi nke ụlọ nyocha GW NLP CARE4Lang. Diab jere ozi dị ka onye omeiwu ngalaba a họpụtara na Mahadum Columbia ruo afọ 6 (2007-2012) na onye omeiwu faculty a họpụtara ahọpụta na GW (2013-2014). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kọmpụta asụsụ dị ka onye otu a họpụtara ahọpụta, odeakwụkwọ na onye isi oche nke ACL SIGLEX (2005-2016) na onye isi ala nke ACL L SIGSemitic. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye a họpụtara dịka VP maka ACL SIGDAT. N'afọ 2017, Diab sonyeere Amazon AWS AI Deep Learning Group for Human Language Technologies, ebe ọ duziri ọrụ AWS Lex maka usoro mkparịta ụka maka ụlọ ọrụ. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ọ kwagara na Facebook AI dị ka onye sayensị na-eme nchọpụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2023, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke CMU's Language Technologies Institute - onye nduzi oge mbụ kemgbe onye guzobere ya bụ Jaime Carbonell nwụrụ.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Nnyocha ==
Mmasị nchọcha nke Diab gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara na nhazi asụsụ computational/nhazi asụsụ, dị ka mkparịta ụka AI, computational lexical semantics, multilingual and cross lingual nhazi, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-emesi ike na computational socio-pragmatics, ozi mmịpụta &amp; nyocha ederede, igwe ntụgharị asụsụ.[1] E wezụga nke a, o nwekwara mmasị pụrụ iche na NLP Arabic na ọnọdụ akụ dị ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=KDD 2020 {{!}} Invited Speakers: Mona Diab - Mona Diab|url=https://www.kdd.org/kdd2020/speakers/view_ads_speakers/mona-diab|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=www.kdd.org|archivedate=2021-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515084049/https://www.kdd.org/kdd2020/speakers/view_ads_speakers/mona-diab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Diab jikọtara aka guzobe usoro nyocha abụọ n'ọhịa asụsụ, usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ maka ịgbanwee koodu asụsụ na 2007 na ọdịdị ederede na 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Diab na [[Nizar Habash]] na [[Owen Rambow]], guzobere CADIM na 2005, ebe a na-ahụ maka nhazi asụsụ Arabic.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 2012, Diab na Eneko Agirre na Johan Bos, jikọtara obodo ACL abụọ SIGLEX na SIGSEM wee guzobe nzukọ nke mbụ *SEM.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==

* A họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi 150 na ndị ọhụụ na AI n'ụwa niile iji sonye na White House AI Summit na Gọọmenti, Washington, D.C., US, Septemba 2019 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

* Machị 2017: 3 Ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na STEM Ị Kwesịrị Ịmara Banyere, Teen Vogue, Machị 2017  
* Mee 2017: N'azụ Nwaanyị Ọ bụla Dị Ike bụ...Nwaanyị ọzọ siri ike: Ụmụ nwanyị iri na-ekele ụmụ nwanyị ndị kwadoro ha n'ụzọ. Ọ bụ na May 2017.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Google Faculty Research Award - Tharwa++: Ịmepụta ebe nchekwa okwu Arabic, (PI), 09.2015 -12.2016.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Google Faculty Research Award - Nuanced Sentiment and Perspective Analysis for Arabic Social Media Text, (PI), 12.2014 -12.2015  
* QNRF Best Poster Award - Ossama Obeid, Houda Bouamor, Wajdi Zaghouani, Mahmoud Ghoneim, Abdelati Hawwari, Mona Diab, Kemal Oflazer.  (2016) MANDIAC: Usoro Nkọwa nke dabeere na Web maka Manual Arabic Diacritization. Ihe omume nke 2nd Workshop on Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools, LREC 2016.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
* Ihe nrite akwụkwọ kacha mma - Aminian, Maryam, Mahmoud Ghoneim, Mona Diab.  (2015) Unsupervised False Friend Disambiguation na-eji Contextual Word Clusters na Parallel Word Alignments. Na Proceedings of Workshop 9th Semantics Syntax Statistical Translation, NAACL 2015, Denver CO, US.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==
Diab nwere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 250, ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-eme ihe nkiri maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mona Diab|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=-y6SIhQAAAAJ&amp;hl=en|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=scholar.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ===

* [https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/S12-1051.pdf Ọrụ Semeval-2012 6: Onye na-anya ụgbọelu na ihe yiri ya]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *SEM 2012: Nzukọ Nzukọ Mbụ na Lexical na Computational Semantics-Mpịakọta 1: Ihe omume nke nzukọ ahụ na ọrụ a na-ekerịta, na Mpịakọta 2: Ihe omume nke Ọmụmụ Mba nke Isii na Nnyocha Semantic (SemEval 2012) 
* Ihe ndị na-egosi na ha na-ekwu na ha na ha na na-eme ka ọrịa schizophrenia. ES Kayi, M Diab, L Pauselli, M Compton, G Coppersmith. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.09377
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;cluster=15516364418282471225&amp;btnI=1&amp;hl=en Nchọpụta echiche site na iji atụmatụ semantic]. H Elfardy, M Diab, C Callison-Burch - Ihe omume nke *SEM 2015
* [[arxiv:2004.12864|DeSePtion: amụma usoro abụọ na ihe atụ ndị na-emegide ya maka nyocha eziokwu ka mma]]. Christopher Hidey, Tuhin Chakrabarty, Tariq Alhindi, Siddharth Varia, Kriste Krstovski, Mona Diab, Smaranda Muresan, 2020
* [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-21741-9_19 Coherence Causal ọ na-ebu amụma mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị?] Pedram Hosseini, Mona Diab, David A Broniatowski. Ihe omume nke Nzukọ Mba Nile na Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling na Prediction na Behavior Representation na Modeling na Simulation, 2019.
* Ụdị dị iche iche, Density, na Homogeneity: Quantitative Characteristic Metrics for Text Collections. YA Lai, X Zhu, Y Zhang, M Diab, arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.08529, 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mona Diab|url=https://www.amazon.science/author/mona-diab|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=Amazon Science|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [https://www.researchgate.net/journal/BMC-Health-Services-Research-1472-6963/publication/323418193_Readability_of_written_medicine_information_materials_in_Arabic_language_Expert_and_consumer_evaluation/links/5fc23d2a458515b7977cf514/Readability-of-written-medicine-information-materials-in-Arabic-language-Expert-and-consumer-evaluation.pdf Ịgụ ihe ọmụma ọgwụ edere ede n'asụsụ Arabic: nyocha ọkachamara na ndị ahịa]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha ọrụ ahụike BMC 18 (1), 1-7, 2019
* Nchịkọta okwu na-enweghị nlekọta site na iji ọdịdị yiri ya na monolingual embeddings. H Aldarmaki, M Mohan, M Diab - Mmekọrịta nke Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018
* Usoro a na-enweghị nlekọta maka mkpado okwu site na iji corpora M Diab, P Resnik. Ihe omume nke ACL 2002
* [https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W14-3907.pdf Nchịkọta maka ọrụ mbụ a na-ekerịta na njirimara asụsụ na data gbanwere koodu]. Thamar Solorio, Elizabeth Blair, Suraj Maharjan, Steven Bethard, Mona Diab, Mahmoud Ghoneim, Abdelati Hawwari, Fahad AlGhamdi, Julia Hirschberg, Alison Chang, Pascale Fung. Ihe omume nke Ọmụmụ Ihe Mbụ na Ntinye Kọmputa na Mgbanwe Koodu, 2014
* Nhazi ahịrịokwu na oghere zoro ezo. W Guo, M Diab - ACL 20 12
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;cluster=9113379836341052447&amp;btnI=1&amp;hl=en Nnyocha ọrụ nke okwu ọtụtụ okwu: nyocha nyocha na ntụgharị igwe ọnụ ọgụgụ]. M Carpuat, M Diab - NAACL-HLT 2010
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;cluster=7412250002853134420&amp;btnI=1&amp;hl=en Nchọpụta asịrị na nhazi maka data twitter]. S Hamidian, MT Diab - arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.08926, 2019
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;cluster=6681179886481662319&amp;btnI=1&amp;hl=en Nchọpụta nke obere ìgwè na mkparịta ụka echiche]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1088.6186&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf Madamira: Ngwá ọrụ dị ngwa, zuru oke maka nyocha ọdịdị na disambiguation nke Arabic]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] LREC 14, 1094-1101. 2014
* [https://assets.amazon.science/6e/5b/3e483f194f3080c9a4b553b9fc25/context-aware-self-attentive-natural-language-understanding-for-task-oriented-chatbots.pdf Ihe gbara ya gburugburu - Mara nghọta asụsụ okike nke onwe onye maka Chatbots na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ]. A. Gupta, P. Zhang, G. Lalwani, M. Diab. EMNLP 2019
* [https://assets.amazon.science/b8/91/fde0c9334139bebb9a305d60e2ff/scipub-1416.pdf Ụzọ mmụta dị iche iche maka mweghachi diacritic]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ACL 2020

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Mr &amp; Miss Akuapem</title>
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      <text bytes="4975" sha1="9njgb6015wd86bukdpk2vs5ro4544w0" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title fn org&quot; id=&quot;5&quot; |Maazị na Nwaanyị Akuapem
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image logo&quot; |[[File:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_logo.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Ọzụzụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data note&quot; |2021
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Ụdị
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Beauty pageant|Egwuregwu ịma mma]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Isi ụlọ ọrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Akropong]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |Ebe
| class=&quot;infobox-data label&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[[Ghana]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Asụsụ gọọmentị&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Twi]], [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Onye isi ala&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Prince Asiedu Chilky
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.6em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ndị isi&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Oseadeeyo Kwasi Akuffo nke Atọ
|}
Maazị na Miss Akuapem bụ ihe ngosi unisex kwa afọ nke na- Ndị Ghana na ndị obodo ụwa ihe mgbochi dị iche iche na nketa nke Ndị Akuapem na mpaghara ọmụmụ nke Ghana.  ihe nke ahụ ahụ bụ egosipụta site na-ahụ na eserese n'otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maiden edition of Mr &amp; Miss Akuapem launched|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/maiden-edition-of-mr-miss-akuapem-launched-2.html|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
Laraba ahụ na-achọ iweta akwụkwọ n'otu n'etiti steeti iri na asaa niile nke Akuapem, na-መድ, na-edebe ma na- , I , na-eje ozi ọzọ dị ka ikpo okwu iji nkà na Akuapem.  A na- ndị ikwu okwu site na steeti Akuapem ọ ALA iji nọchite anya steeti ha dị iche iche.[1][2]  Steeti iri na asaa ahụ bụ;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AKUAPEM PEOPLE: GHANA'S ANCIENT GUANS AND AKANS OF THE MOUNTAINS|url=https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-akuapem-people-are-amalgamation-of.html|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=AKUAPEM PEOPLE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akwapim North – Eastern Regional Official Website|url=http://www.easternregion.gov.gh/index.php/akwapim-north/|accessdate=2021-07-30|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723215653/https://www.easternregion.gov.gh/index.php/akwapim-north/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Akuapem|url=http://akuapem.com/|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=akuapem.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Brekuso
* Aburi
* Ahwerase
* Obosomase
* Tutu
* Mampong
* Abotakyi
* Amanokrom
* Mamfe
* Larteh
* Akropong
* Abiriw
* David
* Awukugua
* Adukrom
* Ihe omuma
* Aseseeso/Ebe Obiọma

=== Launch na Durbar kpughere ndị na-asọmpi ===
A bụ paegent ahụ na Palm Hill Hotel, Akropong Akuapem na June 2021 ma ikee ndị na-ahọmpi na Adukrom site na ikike sitere n'Ọfịs nke Okuapehene nke Oseadeeyo Kwasi Akuffo III duziri.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Welcome, peace in Akuapem|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/daily-graphic-editorials/welcome-peace-in-akuapem.html|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=E/R:Royalty Cheers the maiden Edition of Mr. &amp; Miss Akuapem to a Grand Launch-Inside story ⋆ winegreynews|url=https://winegreynews.com/royalty-cheers-the-maiden-mr-miss-akuapem-to-a-grand-launch/|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=winegreynews|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730121359/https://winegreynews.com/royalty-cheers-the-maiden-mr-miss-akuapem-to-a-grand-launch/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MR &amp; MISS AKUAPEM 2021 Tickets, Akropong|url=https://egotickets.com/events/mr-miss-akuapem-2021|accessdate=2021-07-30|work=eGotickets|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem.jpg|Contestants
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_7.jpg|A man dancing to traditional music
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_9.jpg|Official Launch in Adukrom
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_1.jpg|Launch in Adukrom
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_4.jpg
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_233.jpg|Paramount chief unveiling the pageant
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_211.jpg|Crown being displayed
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_212.jpg|Paramount chiefs and Queen mothers
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_56.jpg|Crown being displayed
Faịlụ:Mr_and_Miss_Akuapem_3.jpg|Mr and Miss Akuapem contestants
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi|native_name=|native_name_lang=|honorific-suffix=|image=Zanele KaMagwaza Msibi (NFP President) (cropped).jpg|imagesize=200px|alt=|caption=|office=[[Department of Science and Technology (South Africa)|Deputy Minister of Science and Technology]]|term_start=6 June 2014|term_end=25 May 2019|president=[[Jacob Zuma]]|successor=''Position dissolved''|minister=[[Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Naledi Pandor]]|predecessor=[[Michael Masutha]]|office1=Leader of the [[National Freedom Party]]|term_start1=25 January 2011|term_end1=6 September 2021|successor1=|predecessor1=''Position established''|office2=Member of the [[National Assembly of South Africa]]|term_start2=21 May 2014|term_end2=20 June 2019|successor2=|predecessor2=|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1962|02|01}}|birth_place=Makhosini, [[Natal (province)|Natal]], [[South Africa]]|party=[[National Freedom Party]]|death_date={{death date and age|2021|9|6|1962|2|1|df=y}}|death_place=[[Durban]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]}}
[[Faịlụ:Zanele KaMagwaza Msibi (NFP President).jpg|thumb|Zanele KaMagwaza Msibi]]
'''Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi''' (1 Febrụwarị 1962 &amp;#x2013; 6 Septemba 2021) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa bụ onye osote onye isi ala Sayensị na teknụzụ nke South Africa n'ime ndị otu Jacob Zuma . Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke National Freedom Party (NFP). Tupu a họpụta ya na nzuko omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ iri na itoolu dị ka onye kansụl, afọ iri na ise n'ime afọ ndị ahụ dị ka onye isi obodo nke mpaghara Zululand . &lt;ref name=&quot;iol.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/nfp-leader-to-quit-as-zululand-mayor-1.1688293#.U7HmcfldXdU|title=NFP leader to quit as Zululand mayor|author=Independent Newspapers Online|work=Independent Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) na onye ga-azọ ọkwa IFP maka Premier KwaZulu-Natal na ntuli aka izugbe 2009 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IFP's candidate for Premier of KwaZulu-Natal in 2009|url=https://twitter.com/sabcnews/status/1434789438127853568|accessdate=6 September 2021|work=Twitter|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 7 Mee 2014, otu ọhụrụ ya meriri ntuli aka izugbe South Africa 2014 site na ịnweta 288,742 (1.57%) nke votu mba. Nsonaazụ a tinyere NFP n'ọnọdụ nke ise, na-emeri oche 6 na National Assembly . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/nfp-leader-made-deputy-minister/|title=NFP leader made deputy minister - City Press|work=City Press|accessdate=5 June 2014|archivedate=7 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607030054/http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/nfp-leader-made-deputy-minister/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ na ime obodo [[Makhosini]], Magwaza-Msibi bụ onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere nzere BA na Mahadum Zululand na diplọma (na agụmakwụkwọ ọzọ) na Mahadum Natal n'oge ahụ yana (na gọọmentị ime obodo) sitere na Mahadum Durban-Westville n'oge ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bow2011.mg.co.za/profile/zanele-magwaza-msibi/|title=Zanele Magwaza-Msibi|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|accessdate=1 July 2014|archivedate=2 July 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140702080939/http://bow2011.mg.co.za/profile/zanele-magwaza-msibi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'ịbụ onye sonyeere Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma na 1975, Magwaza-Msibi tolitere n'ime IFP. O jere ozi nke mbụ dị ka onye isi oche alaka ụlọ ọrụ na 1976. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere kọmitii onye isi nke ndị ntorobịa na Brigade ụmụ nwanyị afọ 13 ka e mesịrị (1988). Nke a sochiri ọnọdụ onye osote onye isi oche nke otu ndị ntorobịa (1998-2003) wee bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ mba nke otu ndị inyom.

Tupu nke a, ọ nọrọla ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na kansụl ime obodo na nke ime obodo, ma sorokwa na-ebute ụzọ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ obodo. N'afọ 1995, ọ bụ naanị ya bụ nwanyị nọ na bọọdụ ndị isi na Kansụl Transitional Local Council nke Nongoma. N'afọ sochiri (1996) ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mpaghara mpaghara Emakhosini, nke gụnyere Ulundi na Babanango.

A họpụtara ya onye isi obodo mbụ nke obodo Zululand na 2000 mgbe ntuli aka mbụ nke ime obodo na ọgbọ ọhụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;witness.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&amp;global%5B_id%5D=36700|title=The Witness|work=witness.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2005, ọ meriri n'ọkwa IFP osote onye isi oche mba, [[Stanley Dladla]] meriri ya. Otú ọ dị, mgbe Onye isi oche mba, Ziba Jiyane, hapụrụ òtù ahụ iji guzobe National Democratic Convention, Magwaza-Msibi e tinyere n'ihu dị ka onye na-eme ntuli aka ma họpụta ya n'enweghị mmegide na 2006 mba ogbako. Dịka onye isi nke abụọ na IFP, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye nwere ike ịnọchite anya onye ndu pati Mangosuthu Buthelezi mgbe o kpebiri ịla n'ọkwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;witness.co.za&quot; /&gt;
=== Mgbanwe otu na nhazi nke NFP ===
Mgbe nsonaazụ ọjọọ nke IFP na ntuli aka izugbe nke 2009, ndị otu pati malitere ịrụ ụka maka mgbanwe ọchịchị maka ntuli aka ọchịchị ime obodo 2011 na-abịa. Na onye isi otu pati Buthelezi na-ekwubu na 2005 na ọ gaghị achọ ịhọpụta ọzọ, agha ndị agha na-akwado ndị na-akwado Magwaza-Msibi (gụnyere ndị ntorobịa Brigade na SADESMO), ndị isi nche ochie na-akwado odeakwụkwọ ukwu Musa Zondi, na ndị nọ na National Council na-akwado Buthelezi ka ọ nọgide na-edu ndú iji chekwaa ịdị n'otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;witness.co.za&quot; /&gt;Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Magwaza-Msibi na ndị isi IFP dara njọ mgbe ndị na-akwado ya malitere ịgbasa ya n'ihu ọha, ebe a chụpụrụ ụfọdụ na pati maka &quot;ịgha nkewa&quot; na pati ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafrica.com/sa/701019.html|title=iafrica.com IFP members break away|work=iAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/magwaza-msibi-goes-awol-1.690202#.U7HZ9fldXdU|title=Magwaza-Msibi goes AWOL|author=Independent Newspapers Online|work=Independent Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magwaza-Msibi mechara hapụ Inkatha Freedom Party wee kwupụta nguzobe nke National Freedom Party na 25 Jenụwarị 2011 na Durban, na-ekwu na ọ nakweere nchụpụ ya na IFP mgbe &quot;ihe karịrị afọ abụọ nke mwepu na mwepu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id%3D8738%26cat_id%3D1010|title=Magwaza-Msibi launches National Freedom Party &amp;#124; the New Age Online|accessdate=1 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204093045/http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=8738&amp;cat_id=1010|archivedate=4 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye ndu IFP Buthelezi, na nzaghachi, kọwara omume Magwaza-Msibi dị ka iguzobe otu ndọrọ ndọrọ nke dabere na &quot;iwe na ọchịchọ&quot; karịa echiche ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ yana na ọ &quot;gbalịsiri ike ịghọta otú ọ ga-esi mebie ụdị mmebi ahụ na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke ọ sịrị na ọ hụrụ n'anya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifp.org.za/Newsletters/110126wn.htm|title=Mangosuthu Buthelezi's Online Letter|work=ifp.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntuli aka mbụ nke otu National Freedom Party zọọrọ bụ ntuli aka ime obodo nke afọ 2011, ọnwa ole na ole ka otu ahụ tọchara. NFP nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma na KwaZulu-Natal na Magwaza-Msibi ghọrọ onye isi obodo nke Zululand District Municipality na-esote nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta n'etiti NFP na ANC iji chịkọta obodo 19 na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;mg.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-05-nfp-leader-magwaza-msibi-appointed-to-cabinet/|title=NFP leader Magwaza-Msibi appointed to Cabinet|author=Andisiwe Makinana|work=The M&amp;G Online|date=5 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the National Freedom Party’s success in the 2014 general election, Magwaza-Msibi kpebiri ịgba arụkwaghịm dị ka Mayor nke Zululand District Municipality iji na-edu NFP na nzuko omeiwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;iol.co.za&quot; /&gt; Na 25 Mee 2014, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma gwara Magwaza-Msibi maka ebumnuche ya ịhọpụta ya dịka osote onye minista na-ahụ maka sayensị na teknụzụ. Ka ya na ndị isi otu pati gbasachara ndụmọdụ, ọ nakweere mana o kwuru ebumnuche ya ịnọrọ onwe ya ma nọgide na-eche echiche nke ya. Ndị otu DA na IFP kparịrị nhọpụta a dịka Magwaza-Msibi na-eresị ndị na-akwado ya. A ṅụrụ iyi na mgbede nke 6 June. &lt;ref name=&quot;mg.co.za&quot; /&gt;
E gbochiri NFP ka ọ ghara isonye na ntuli aka ime obodo 2016, n'ihi na otu ahụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ ndebanye aha ya n'oge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Local elections: Game over for NFP|url=https://www.news24.com/elections/news/local-elections-game-over-for-nfp-20160704|accessdate=22 March 2020|date=4 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwado pati ahụ belatara nke ukwuu na ntuli aka May 2019 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=NFP admits defeat, but 'humbled' by continued support|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/elections/2128839/nfp-admits-defeat-but-humbled-by-continued-support/|accessdate=22 March 2020|date=9 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtaghị Magwaza-Msibi n'ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị mba wee gbaa arụkwaghịm na nzuko omeiwu na June 2019, n'ihi ebumnuche ya iwughachi pati ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=NFP leader Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi resigns from parliament|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-06-21-nfp-leader-zanele-kamagwaza-msibi-resigns-from-parliament/|accessdate=22 March 2020|work=The Sowetan|date=21 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ ==
Ọ bụ nne onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Gugu Gumede]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2017-11-24-gugu-gumede-not-just-magwaza-msibis-daughter/&amp;grqid=PBBX9NNu&amp;s=1&amp;hl=en-ZA|title=Gugu Gumede not just Magwaza Msibis daughter|date=24 November 2017|accessdate=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kọrọ na ọ nwere ọrịa strok na 16 November 2014 wee kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ na ọnọdụ dị oke egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;n24_stroke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/NFP-leader-suffered-stroke-report-20141119|title=NFP leader suffered stroke - report|publisher=News24|accessdate=19 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ lụrụ Mandla Msibi bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ojii mbụ maka akụkọ telivishọn n'okpuru SABC. Magwaza-Msibi nwụrụ site na njide obi obi metụtara COVID-19 n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Durban, South Africa na 6 Septemba 2021, mgbe ọ dị afọ 59.  

== Hụkwa ==

* Kọmịshọna Afrịka na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ
* Iwu nke South Africa
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke African National Congress
* Ọchịchị na South Africa
* Ọchịchị mpaghara South Africa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/687305|687305]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Munachiso Excel|Munachiso Excel]] ([[User talk:Munachiso Excel|talk]])</comment>
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{{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi|native_name=|native_name_lang=|honorific-suffix=|image=Zanele KaMagwaza Msibi (NFP President) (cropped).jpg|imagesize=200px|alt=|caption=|office=[[Department of Science and Technology (South Africa)|Deputy Minister of Science and Technology]]|term_start=6 June 2014|term_end=25 May 2019|president=[[Jacob Zuma]]|successor=''Position dissolved''|minister=[[Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Naledi Pandor]]|predecessor=[[Michael Masutha]]|office1=Leader of the [[National Freedom Party]]|term_start1=25 January 2011|term_end1=6 September 2021|successor1=|predecessor1=''Position established''|office2=Member of the [[National Assembly of South Africa]]|term_start2=21 May 2014|term_end2=20 June 2019|successor2=|predecessor2=|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1962|02|01}}|birth_place=Makhosini, [[Natal (province)|Natal]], [[South Africa]]|party=[[National Freedom Party]]|death_date={{death date and age|2021|9|6|1962|2|1|df=y}}|death_place=[[Durban]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]]}}

'''Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi''' (1 Febrụwarị 1962 &amp;#x2013; 6 Septemba 2021) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa bụ onye osote onye isi ala Sayensị na teknụzụ nke South Africa n'ime ndị otu Jacob Zuma . Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke National Freedom Party (NFP). Tupu a họpụta ya na nzuko omeiwu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ iri na itoolu dị ka onye kansụl, afọ iri na ise n'ime afọ ndị ahụ dị ka onye isi obodo nke mpaghara Zululand . &lt;ref name=&quot;iol.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/nfp-leader-to-quit-as-zululand-mayor-1.1688293#.U7HmcfldXdU|title=NFP leader to quit as Zululand mayor|author=Independent Newspapers Online|work=Independent Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) na onye ga-azọ ọkwa IFP maka Premier KwaZulu-Natal na ntuli aka izugbe 2009 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IFP's candidate for Premier of KwaZulu-Natal in 2009|url=https://twitter.com/sabcnews/status/1434789438127853568|accessdate=6 September 2021|work=Twitter|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 7 Mee 2014, otu ọhụrụ ya meriri ntuli aka izugbe South Africa 2014 site na ịnweta 288,742 (1.57%) nke votu mba. Nsonaazụ a tinyere NFP n'ọnọdụ nke ise, na-emeri oche 6 na National Assembly . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/nfp-leader-made-deputy-minister/|title=NFP leader made deputy minister - City Press|work=City Press|accessdate=5 June 2014|archivedate=7 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607030054/http://www.citypress.co.za/politics/nfp-leader-made-deputy-minister/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ na ime obodo [[Makhosini]], Magwaza-Msibi bụ onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere nzere BA na Mahadum Zululand na diplọma (na agụmakwụkwọ ọzọ) na Mahadum Natal n'oge ahụ yana (na gọọmentị ime obodo) sitere na Mahadum Durban-Westville n'oge ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bow2011.mg.co.za/profile/zanele-magwaza-msibi/|title=Zanele Magwaza-Msibi|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|accessdate=1 July 2014|archivedate=2 July 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140702080939/http://bow2011.mg.co.za/profile/zanele-magwaza-msibi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'ịbụ onye sonyeere Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma na 1975, Magwaza-Msibi tolitere n'ime IFP. O jere ozi nke mbụ dị ka onye isi oche alaka ụlọ ọrụ na 1976. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere kọmitii onye isi nke ndị ntorobịa na Brigade ụmụ nwanyị afọ 13 ka e mesịrị (1988). Nke a sochiri ọnọdụ onye osote onye isi oche nke otu ndị ntorobịa (1998-2003) wee bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ mba nke otu ndị inyom.

Tupu nke a, ọ nọrọla ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na kansụl ime obodo na nke ime obodo, ma sorokwa na-ebute ụzọ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ obodo. N'afọ 1995, ọ bụ naanị ya bụ nwanyị nọ na bọọdụ ndị isi na Kansụl Transitional Local Council nke Nongoma. N'afọ sochiri (1996) ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mpaghara mpaghara Emakhosini, nke gụnyere Ulundi na Babanango.

A họpụtara ya onye isi obodo mbụ nke obodo Zululand na 2000 mgbe ntuli aka mbụ nke ime obodo na ọgbọ ọhụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;witness.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&amp;global%5B_id%5D=36700|title=The Witness|work=witness.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2005, ọ meriri n'ọkwa IFP osote onye isi oche mba, [[Stanley Dladla]] meriri ya. Otú ọ dị, mgbe Onye isi oche mba, Ziba Jiyane, hapụrụ òtù ahụ iji guzobe National Democratic Convention, Magwaza-Msibi e tinyere n'ihu dị ka onye na-eme ntuli aka ma họpụta ya n'enweghị mmegide na 2006 mba ogbako. Dịka onye isi nke abụọ na IFP, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye nwere ike ịnọchite anya onye ndu pati Mangosuthu Buthelezi mgbe o kpebiri ịla n'ọkwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;witness.co.za&quot; /&gt;
=== Mgbanwe otu na nhazi nke NFP ===
Mgbe nsonaazụ ọjọọ nke IFP na ntuli aka izugbe nke 2009, ndị otu pati malitere ịrụ ụka maka mgbanwe ọchịchị maka ntuli aka ọchịchị ime obodo 2011 na-abịa. Na onye isi otu pati Buthelezi na-ekwubu na 2005 na ọ gaghị achọ ịhọpụta ọzọ, agha ndị agha na-akwado ndị na-akwado Magwaza-Msibi (gụnyere ndị ntorobịa Brigade na SADESMO), ndị isi nche ochie na-akwado odeakwụkwọ ukwu Musa Zondi, na ndị nọ na National Council na-akwado Buthelezi ka ọ nọgide na-edu ndú iji chekwaa ịdị n'otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;witness.co.za&quot; /&gt;Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Magwaza-Msibi na ndị isi IFP dara njọ mgbe ndị na-akwado ya malitere ịgbasa ya n'ihu ọha, ebe a chụpụrụ ụfọdụ na pati maka &quot;ịgha nkewa&quot; na pati ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafrica.com/sa/701019.html|title=iafrica.com IFP members break away|work=iAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/magwaza-msibi-goes-awol-1.690202#.U7HZ9fldXdU|title=Magwaza-Msibi goes AWOL|author=Independent Newspapers Online|work=Independent Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magwaza-Msibi mechara hapụ Inkatha Freedom Party wee kwupụta nguzobe nke National Freedom Party na 25 Jenụwarị 2011 na Durban, na-ekwu na ọ nakweere nchụpụ ya na IFP mgbe &quot;ihe karịrị afọ abụọ nke mwepu na mwepu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id%3D8738%26cat_id%3D1010|title=Magwaza-Msibi launches National Freedom Party &amp;#124; the New Age Online|accessdate=1 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204093045/http://www.thenewage.co.za/Detail.aspx?news_id=8738&amp;cat_id=1010|archivedate=4 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye ndu IFP Buthelezi, na nzaghachi, kọwara omume Magwaza-Msibi dị ka iguzobe otu ndọrọ ndọrọ nke dabere na &quot;iwe na ọchịchọ&quot; karịa echiche ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ yana na ọ &quot;gbalịsiri ike ịghọta otú ọ ga-esi mebie ụdị mmebi ahụ na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke ọ sịrị na ọ hụrụ n'anya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifp.org.za/Newsletters/110126wn.htm|title=Mangosuthu Buthelezi's Online Letter|work=ifp.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ntuli aka mbụ nke otu National Freedom Party zọọrọ bụ ntuli aka ime obodo nke afọ 2011, ọnwa ole na ole ka otu ahụ tọchara. NFP nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma na KwaZulu-Natal na Magwaza-Msibi ghọrọ onye isi obodo nke Zululand District Municipality na-esote nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta n'etiti NFP na ANC iji chịkọta obodo 19 na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;mg.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-05-nfp-leader-magwaza-msibi-appointed-to-cabinet/|title=NFP leader Magwaza-Msibi appointed to Cabinet|author=Andisiwe Makinana|work=The M&amp;G Online|date=5 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the National Freedom Party’s success in the 2014 general election, Magwaza-Msibi kpebiri ịgba arụkwaghịm dị ka Mayor nke Zululand District Municipality iji na-edu NFP na nzuko omeiwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;iol.co.za&quot; /&gt; Na 25 Mee 2014, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma gwara Magwaza-Msibi maka ebumnuche ya ịhọpụta ya dịka osote onye minista na-ahụ maka sayensị na teknụzụ. Ka ya na ndị isi otu pati gbasachara ndụmọdụ, ọ nakweere mana o kwuru ebumnuche ya ịnọrọ onwe ya ma nọgide na-eche echiche nke ya. Ndị otu DA na IFP kparịrị nhọpụta a dịka Magwaza-Msibi na-eresị ndị na-akwado ya. A ṅụrụ iyi na mgbede nke 6 June. &lt;ref name=&quot;mg.co.za&quot; /&gt;
E gbochiri NFP ka ọ ghara isonye na ntuli aka ime obodo 2016, n'ihi na otu ahụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ ndebanye aha ya n'oge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khoza|first=Amanda|title=Local elections: Game over for NFP|url=https://www.news24.com/elections/news/local-elections-game-over-for-nfp-20160704|accessdate=22 March 2020|date=4 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwado pati ahụ belatara nke ukwuu na ntuli aka May 2019 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=NFP admits defeat, but 'humbled' by continued support|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/elections/2128839/nfp-admits-defeat-but-humbled-by-continued-support/|accessdate=22 March 2020|date=9 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtaghị Magwaza-Msibi n'ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị mba wee gbaa arụkwaghịm na nzuko omeiwu na June 2019, n'ihi ebumnuche ya iwughachi pati ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=NFP leader Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi resigns from parliament|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-06-21-nfp-leader-zanele-kamagwaza-msibi-resigns-from-parliament/|accessdate=22 March 2020|work=The Sowetan|date=21 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ ==
Ọ bụ nne onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Gugu Gumede]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2017-11-24-gugu-gumede-not-just-magwaza-msibis-daughter/&amp;grqid=PBBX9NNu&amp;s=1&amp;hl=en-ZA|title=Gugu Gumede not just Magwaza Msibis daughter|date=24 November 2017|accessdate=12 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kọrọ na ọ nwere ọrịa strok na 16 November 2014 wee kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ na ọnọdụ dị oke egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;n24_stroke&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/NFP-leader-suffered-stroke-report-20141119|title=NFP leader suffered stroke - report|publisher=News24|accessdate=19 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ lụrụ Mandla Msibi bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ojii mbụ maka akụkọ telivishọn n'okpuru SABC. Magwaza-Msibi nwụrụ site na njide obi obi metụtara COVID-19 n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Durban, South Africa na 6 Septemba 2021, mgbe ọ dị afọ 59.  

== Hụkwa ==

* Kọmịshọna Afrịka na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ
* Iwu nke South Africa
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke African National Congress
* Ọchịchị na South Africa
* Ọchịchị mpaghara South Africa

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Victoria Carroll</title>
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      <text bytes="4145" sha1="2kgsuqck8vcjt8y7x9d355flervux50" xml:space="preserve"> [[Faịlụ:Victoria Carroll &quot;The Jack Benny Program&quot; (1965 NBC press photo).jpg|thumb|Victoria Carroll na 1965]]

'''Victoria Carroll''' (ma ọ bụ '''Victoria Carrol-Bell''' ; amuru '''Mary Carol Lee Ford''' na Jenụwarị 21, 1941) bụ onye omere America, onye na-agba egwu na onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;From Actress to Artist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kougarmagazine.com/webissue/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=92:victoria-carroll-bell-from-actress-to-artist&amp;catid=15:celebrity-interviews&amp;Itemid=42|title=VICTORIA CARROLL BELL: From Actress to Artist|first=Paula|author=Ficara|work=kougarmagazine.com|accessdate=2 August 2017|archivedate=3 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005122/http://kougarmagazine.com/webissue/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=92:victoria-carroll-bell-from-actress-to-artist&amp;catid=15:celebrity-interviews&amp;Itemid=42}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;GGSH&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCUSa_GmDo8C&amp;pg=PA29|title=Glamour Girls of Sixties Hollywood: Seventy-Five Profiles|first=Tom|author=Lisanti|date=25 September 2007|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786431724|accessdate=2 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasị mara dị ka Marie Massey na ''Alice'' (1978-1984).

== Ndụ mbido ==
Amụrụ Mary Carol Lee Ford na Jenụwarị 21, 1941 &lt;ref name=&quot;From Actress to Artist&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;GGSH&quot;/&gt; na Los Angeles, California, nwa nke atọ Oscar Ford, onye na-eme ihe nkiri vaudeville tụgharịrị onye mgbasa ozi na Lillian Ford, onye na-eme ihe nkiri. N'ime ngwụsị 1940s, ezinụlọ dum (tinyere ụmụnne ya nwoke abụọ tọrọ ya) na nwa ha nwanyị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ na ogbo dị ka &quot;The World's Youngest Mind Reader&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;GGSH&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
N'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ malitere ịkwado onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ịgụ akwụkwọ nkà, ma na-amụkwa klaasị ịgba egwú ọtụtụ ugboro. Nke a mere ka a nyochaa maka Don Arden, bụ onye goro ya ka ọ gbaa egwú n'egwuregwu ya. Mary Carol Lee malitere ịrụ ọrụ ọkachamara dị ka onye ịgba egwu na ihe ngosi Broadway.

=== Ọrụ ihe nkiri ===
Ka ọ na-erule 1964, ọrụ ịgba egwu ya abanyela na fim. George Cukor nwere mmasị na ya nke ukwuu na, ewezuga akụkụ ịgba egwu ya na ''My Fair Lady'', &lt;ref name=&quot;From Actress to Artist&quot;/&gt; o nyere ya obere ọrụ dị ka Magpie na mpaghara agbụrụ ya na Rex Harrison na Audrey Hepburn . O nwetara onye nnọchi anya ma gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Victoria Carroll n'ihi na enweelarị ndị na-eme ihe nkiri aha ya bụ Mary Ford na Carol Lee Ford debara aha na SAG .

N'agbanyeghị akụkụ ya na ihe nkiri a na-eto nke ukwuu na nke na-aga nke ọma, Carroll nwere obere ọrụ na fim na 1960: akụkụ nke egwu egwu na ''Robin na 7 Hoods'', nwa agbọghọ na-agba egwú na-egwu Lady Godiva na ''The Art of Love'', nwa agbọghọ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na ''otú e si esi anụ anụ ọhịa Bikini'', nwanyị ahụ na-egosi [[Elvis Presley]] 's character with his trophy, Allen bụ onye nledo na ''trophy'' ya. agwa dị na ''The Last of the Secret Agents?'' , Nwa agbọghọ ụlọ ịgba egwu na ''The Fastest Guitar Alive'', na enyi nwanyị onye isi mpụ Earl Veasey na ''The Road Hustlers'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;GGSH&quot;/&gt; Na 1969, ọ gbara onye na-agba egwu go-go Carissa na ihe nkiri egwu ''Nightmare na Wax'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fjQNEA8A14C|title=The Horror film: a guide to more than 700 films on videocassette|first=James J.|author=Mulay|date=1 April 1989|publisher=[[CineBooks]]|isbn=9780933997233|accessdate=2 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya gara n'ihu na nkenke n'etiti 1970 na ọrụ na ''Gemini Affair'', ''Hustle'', ''Ihe nkiri Fried Kentucky'', ''Billion Dollar Hobo'', ''The Lucifer Complex'', na ''Pandemonium'' .

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|0141028}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191217061329/https://colonytheatre.org/bios/carrollVictorial.html Victoria Carroll at The Colony Theatre]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Naomi Scott</title>
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      <text bytes="36622" sha1="4tbp5lc2enxv1cyy9vuglzlid85v9ra" xml:space="preserve">'''Naomi Scott''' (amụrụ 6 Mee 1993) bụ onye omere na onye na-agụ abụ Bekee. Mgbe o gosichara na usoro ihe nkiri Disney Channel ''Life Bites'' (2008 – 2009), o kere òkè na ihe nkiri egwu telivishọn ''Lemonade Mouth'' (2011), nke ọ rụrụ na egwu egwu egwu ya. O mere ihe nkiri na usoro akụkọ ifo sayensị ''Terra Nova'' (2011) na ihe nkiri superhero ''Power Rangers'' (2017).

Na 2019, Scott gbara egwu na ihe nkiri ''Charlie's Angels'' yana Jasmine na ihe nkiri fantasy ''Aladdin'' . Mgbe ezumike afọ atọ gachara, ọ laghachiri na Netflix thriller miniseries ''Anatomy of a Scandal'' (2022) na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'' (2024).

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Naomi Scott na 6 Mee 1993 na Hounslow, London, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130|title=Everything You Need To Know About Naomi Scott|author=Eksouzian-Cavadas|first=Ana|date=31 May 2019|accessdate=15 November 2019|work=[[Elle Australia]]|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115134707/https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130}}&lt;/ref&gt; nye nna Bekee na nne India. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Salam|first=Erum|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/may/24/aladdin-princess-jasmine-brown-colorism-disney|title=The fairest of them all? Two cheers for Aladdin's browner Princess Jasmine|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne ya, onye amụrụ na Uganda ma kwaga United Kingdom mgbe ọ dị obere, bụ Gujarati . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swertlow|first=Meg|date=16 July 2017|title=5 Things You Need to Know About Aladdin's New Princess Jasmine, Naomi Scott|url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721224552/http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archivedate=21 July 2017|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[E!#E! Online|E! Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott|url=https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926023202/https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archivedate=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[Empire Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Scott nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya. 

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Woodford, London, &lt;ref name=&quot;Another&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lack|first=Hannah|title=Cover Story: Naomi Scott, From Normal Girl to New Superhero|url=https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930002156/https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị pastọ na Churchka Bridge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|title=The Bridge Church Woodford|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054651/http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|archivedate=7 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; O tolitere na-ege ntị n'ozi ọma na egwu R &amp;amp;amp; B, ndị ọbụ abụ kpọmkwem Kim Burrell, Mary Mary, na Kirk Franklin, na-abụ abụ na chọọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mahbub|first=Muhsin|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/actress-naomi-scott-explains-her-deep-connection-with_b_58dabc64e4b07f61a2bb8935|title=Actress Naomi Scott Explains Her Deep Connection With Music|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=28 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Davenant Foundation na Loughton, Essex . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|title=Alumni|accessdate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820024421/http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|archivedate=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkara ka ọ were ọkwa A-Level ya ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ ya na usoro ''Terra Nova'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tsjeng|first=Zing|title=Naomi Scott on Charlie's Angels and Navigating Hollywood|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724221053/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mbụ na nnabata (2008-2018) ===
Scott bụ onye na-agụ egwú pop nke Britain bụ Kéllé Bryan si na otu nwa agbọghọ Ebighị Ebi, bụ onye bịanyere aka na ya dị ka onye ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html|title=Naomi Scott: the teen star with a mission|date=25 August 2011|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725105712/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ọrụ ya na ndị na-ede abụ na ndị na-emepụta egwu Britain Xenomania . &lt;ref name=&quot;DisneyChannelMedianet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|title=NAOMI SCOTT 'Mohini (Mo) Banarjee'|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616174018/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|archivedate=16 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ izizi mbụ ya bụ Disney Channel UK series ''Life Bites'' .

Na 2010, a tụbara ya dị ka Mohini &quot;Mo&quot; Banjaree na ihe nkiri mbụ nke ''Lemonade Mouth'' 2011 Disney Channel acclaimed, ọrụ mbụ ya na mmepụta America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/industry/blogs/entertainment/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|title=Meet the Girls of Lemonade Mouth: Naomi Scott|author=Wesley|first=Tommy|date=14 April 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004003448/http://www.teenvogue.com/blog/teen-vogue-daily/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|archivedate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|date=2021-04-18|title=Here's Why Naomi Scott Didn't Want Her Own Disney Show Early in Her Career|url=https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Collider|language=en|archivedate=29 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629055212/https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gwara na &quot;M [na-echetakwa na a kpọbatara m na ọrụ nka na nke mbụ. Na m, ọ bụ mmepụta US a na m dị ka, oh my gosh, ha nwere trolley nke swiiti nke bịara! Na m ka m chere na m mere ya. Nke a bụ ihe m chọrọ. Nke a bụ ihe ọ bụ ihe niile. Ọ bụ ihe niile banyere swiiti na swiiti. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Khalid McCalla nke ''The Oberlin Review'' kwenyere na Scott &quot;na-egwepịa ya kpamkpam.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McCalla|first=Khalid|title=10 Years of Lemonade Mouth: The Perfect Disney Channel Original Movie|url=https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=The Oberlin Review|archivedate=24 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224071736/https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyekwara ụda olu n'ụda ụda na-aga nke ọma nke ihe nkiri ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Ethan|title=Disney's Lemonade Mouth Climbs in Song Charts|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704729304576287430724678142|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abụ &quot;Ọ Na-aga&quot; gosipụtara Scott na ụda olu; etinyere ya na listi ''Billboard'' nke &quot; 100 Kasị Mma Disney Songs of All Time &quot;.  N'otu afọ ahụ, a tụbara ya dị ka Maddy Shannon na usoro akụkọ sayensị sayensị ''Terra Nova'', nke malitere na September 2011 na Fox . &lt;ref name=&quot;promopics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114052046/http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archivedate=14 January 2011|title=FOX Unleashes Terra Nova Promo Pics|author=Lachonis, Jon|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emegharịrị usoro a maka oge nke abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|title=Terra Nova Cancelled by Fox - Ratings|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]|date=6 March 2012|accessdate=7 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715082949/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|archivedate=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2013, Scott pụtara na vidiyo egwu maka egwu &quot; Hurricane &quot;, site na ''Lemonade Mouth'' co-star Bridgit Mendler . N'August 2014, ọ wepụtara onwe ya nke mbụ ya EP ''Invisible Division'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Invisible Division iTunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/904242224|title=Invisible Division - EP|publisher=iTunes Store|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227142136/https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/id904242224|archivedate=27 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụbara Scott ka Ryoko na Ridley Scott 's ''The Martian'' . Ọ na-esere ihe nkiri ya mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha (gụnyere ihe nkiri ọ bụla ebe Scott na-ekwu okwu) wepụrụ na njedebe ikpeazụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ &quot;mgbakwunye&quot; na fim ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;martian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|url=https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|title=Naomi Scott on Getting Cut out of 'The Martian' and Why It's OK to Choke: &quot;I've Been There in Front of Ridley Scott&quot;|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528142524/https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|archivedate=28 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2014, ọwa YouTube &quot;Reload&quot; bipụtara vidiyo abụọ gosipụtara ya, dịka akụkụ nke usoro &quot;Reload Sessions&quot; ha.  

Screen International ahọpụtara Scott dị ka otu n'ime kpakpando 2015 ha nke Echi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Leonsis|first=Elle|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/|title=2015 UK Stars of Tomorrow Announced by BFI London Film Festival and Screen International|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=6 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925150516/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'October, a tụbara ya na ọrụ mmekọrịta dịka Kimberly Hart, Pink Ranger, na ''Power Rangers'' (2017), mmegharị ihe nkiri nke usoro TV nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sneider|first=Jeff|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/|title='The Martian's' Naomi Scott to Star in 'Power Rangers' as Pink Ranger|work=[[TheWrap]]|date=7 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725104441/https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 24 Maachị 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Desta|first=Yohana|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/03/power-rangers-explainer|title=Confused About the New Power Rangers Movie? Here's a Handy Primer|date=24 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nweta nhọpụta Scott a Teen Choice Award . &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche mgbe ewepụtara ya ma bụrụ nkụda mmụọ ụlọ ọrụ, na-enweta $142 nde n'ụwa niile megide mmefu ego nke $105 nde.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/|work=[[TheWrap]]|title='Power Rangers' Reboot Has Critics Mixed, But Its Performances Pop|author=Velocci|first=Carli|date=20 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=26 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230232/http://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọganihu kachasị (2019- dị ugbu a) ===
[[Faịlụ:Charlie's_Angels_cast_during_interview_01.png|thumb| Ihe nkedo nke ''Charlie's Angels'' na 2019. Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Scott, Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska .]]
N'afọ 2019, Scott gbara egwu dị ka Princess Jasmine na ''Aladdin'', mmegharị ihe omume nke Disney's 1992 animated film nke otu aha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Variety: Disney Casts Aladdin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=16 July 2017|date=15 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|archivedate=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loughrey|first=Clarisse|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: 'For women, a lot of the time we have to work twice as hard'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|work=[[The Independent]]|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkedo Scott na-eme ihe nkiri &quot;Middle Eastern or Arab&quot; dọtara okwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Romano|first=Aja|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history|title=The controversy over Disney's new Aladdin remake, explained|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=28 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=6 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806104705/https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nyocha ya maka ''San Francisco Chronicle'', onye nkatọ Mick LaSalle chọpụtara na Scott bụ &quot;ezigbo kpakpando&quot; nke ihe nkiri ahụ nakwa na ọ &quot;na-eme nke ọma ma na-enye ihe niile na abụ ike ọhụrụ ya ['Speechless']&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original|title=Review: Disney's new live-action 'Aladdin' improves on original|author=Laselle|first=Mick|authorlink=Mick LaSalle|date=22 May 2019|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=24 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624203546/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard Roeper nke ''Chicago Sun-Times'' dere na Scott &quot;na-egbuke egbuke&quot; na arụmọrụ ya nke &quot;enweghị okwu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie|title='Aladdin': Will Smith's blue Genie is pretty cool, once you get to know him|author=Roeper|first=Richard|date=22 May 2019|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=25 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725235325/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya, Scott meriri Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress - Sci-Fi / Fantasy ma nwetakwa nhọpụta maka onyinye Saturn maka onye na-akwado nkwado kacha mma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yang|first=Rachel|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=11 August 2019|accessdate=11 August 2019|archivedate=7 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|author=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|archivedate=16 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aladdin'' nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa, na-enweta $1 ijeri n'ụlọ ọrụ igbe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/|title='Aladdin' Flying Past $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=26 July 2019|first=Dave|author=McNary|accessdate=30 July 2019|archivedate=27 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727132914/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/|title=Cat &amp; Mouse: 'The Lion King's $963M WW Through Sunday Pushes Disney To Record $7.67B Global B.O.; 1st Studio To Pass $5B Overseas – International Box Office|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=28 July 2019|first=Nancy|author=Tartaglione|accessdate=28 July 2019|archivedate=28 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728170349/https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa na 2019, Scott starred dị ka otu n'ime atọ na-edu, n'akụkụ Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska, na omume ọchị ''Charlie's Angels'', nkeji nke atọ n'ime franchise nke otu aha, wepụtara na November. &lt;ref name=&quot;English&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2018/07/27/new-generation-charlies-angels-revealed-kristen-stewart-two/|title=New generation of Charlie's Angels revealed as Kristen Stewart and two rising English stars|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=27 July 2018|quote=She'll be joined by English actresses Naomi Scott (known for appearing in 2017's Power Rangers and playing Jasmine in the forthcoming Aladdin live action film) and Ella Balinska, who is the daughter of Lorraine Pascale and is best known for playing Grace Briggs in Midsomer Murders and the titular role in Sky series Nyela's Dream.|accessdate=10 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/|title='Charlie's Angels': Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott Confirmed With Ella Balinska Set To Star In Elizabeth Banks-Directed Reboot|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Amanda|author=N'Duka|date=26 July 2018|accessdate=8 February 2019|archivedate=18 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118065200/https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/|title='Charlie's Angels' Flies To Mid-November|author=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=28 March 2019|accessdate=22 June 2019|archivedate=28 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230251/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676|title=Charlie's Angels: What did the critics think?|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 November 2019|quote=The last edition of the film series - 2003 sequel Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, which also starred Diaz, Liu and Barrymore, received similarly mixed reviews and failed to hit the heights of its predecessor at the box office.|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612052500/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2020, a tụbara Scott na usoro Netflix ''Anatomy of a Scandal'', dị ka onye enyemaka ndị omeiwu Olivia Lytton, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 April 2022|title=The big problem with Anatomy of a Scandal's depiction of rape|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|accessdate=17 August 2022|work=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị ''dị anya'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=4 August 2020|title=Naomi Scott To Star Opposite Anthony Ramos in Amblin's 'Distant'|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180827/https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archivedate=5 October 2020|accessdate=16 December 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri nke ọrụ abụọ a mere n'otu afọ ahụ, ewepụtara ya na 2022 na 2024, n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asatryan|first=Tigran|date=2022-02-22|title='Anatomy of a Scandal' Netflix Anthology Series: Coming to Netflix in April 2022|url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/anatomy-of-a-scandal-everything-we-know-so-far-about-the-new-anthology-series-02-2022/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=What's on Netflix|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na 2023, a tụbara Scott ka ọ bụrụ kpakpando pop Skye Riley na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2023-12-13|title=Naomi Scott To Star In Next Installment Of Paramount's 'Smile' Franchise|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213231314/https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe nkiri nke abụọ na aha . O nwetara mkpali sitere na egwu 2010 na ndị nka dịka [[Lady Gaga]] na Britney Spears . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Smile 2': Naomi Scott Says Her Pop Star Character Is Similar to Lady Gaga (Exclusive)|url=https://www.etonline.com/media/videos/smile-2-naomi-scott-says-her-pop-star-character-is-similar-to-lady-gaga-exclusive|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-emekwa abụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ, bụ nke a na-egosi na egwu agbatịkwu ''Smile 2: Skye Riley EP'' .  Ewepụtara ya na 2024 ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị oke egwu na azụmaahịa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=2024-10-20|title='Smile 2' Leads Box Office With $23 Million Debut, A24's 'We Live in Time' Cracks Top Five|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/smile-2-box-office-opening-weekend-we-live-in-time-impresses-1236183702/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; arụmọrụ ya nwetara otuto sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Campbell|first=Christopher|date=October 16, 2024|title=Smile 2 First Reviews: One of the Best Horror Films of the Year|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/smile-2-first-reviews-one-of-the-best-horror-films-of-the-year/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benjamin Lee nke ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ Scott &quot;onye na-agba mbọ na-aga-na-hell-na-azụ mkpu eze eze &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=2024-10-17|title=Smile 2 review – gory pop star horror sequel sings a familiar tune|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/oct/17/smile-2-review|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Owen Gleiberman nke dkwenyere na o nyere ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;ezigbo mmetụta mmetụta uche.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=2024-10-16|title='Smile 2' Review: A Skillfully Disquieting Sequel Turns the Life of a Pop Star Into a Horror Ride of Mental Breakdown|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/smile-2-review-naomi-scott-1236178126/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ahụ, ọ meriri Astra Award for Best Performance in a Horror or Thriller and a họpụtara maka onyinye Saturn maka Best Actress . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/|title='Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations|author=Dento Davidson|date=25 November 2024|accessdate=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/|title=BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods|work=[[Fangoria]]|first=Amber|author=T|date=December 4, 2024|accessdate=December 5, 2024|archivedate=December 5, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scott ga-apụta ọzọ na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya Epic  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Donnelly|first=Matt|date=2023-05-10|title=Kit Harington, Naomi Scott, Jeremy Irons Romance Epic 'Eternal Return' to Hit Cannes Market (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Variety|archivedate=21 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121231916/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri nkiri na-atọ ọchị mpụ ''Wizards!'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2022-05-17|title=Pete Davidson And Naomi Scott To Star In David Michôd's 'Wizards!' For A24 And Plan B|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=21 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421025812/https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahazi ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ememme egwu America Lollapalooza, nke a ga-eme na Grant Park na July 31 ruo August 3. &lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Miriam|author=Di Nunzio|date=March 19, 2025|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/lollapalooza/2025/03/18/lollapalooza-2025-lineup-chicago|title=Lollapalooza 2025 lineup includes Sabrina Carpenter, Tyler, The Creator, Doechii, Olivia Rodrigo and more|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=[[Chicago Public Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Scott bụ [[Efefe Kraịst|Onye Kraịst]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Heawood|first=Sophie|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/naomi-scott-aladdin-vogue-interview-2019|title=Naomi Scott, Disney's New Princess Jasmine, Is Redefining The Fairy Tale For The Modern Age|quote=It might be common in America, but being a committed Christian is unusual in a young British celebrity. Scott questions it all herself.|work=[[British Vogue]]|date=23 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya UK na ọgbakọ ebere Ndị Kraịst bụ Compassion International, na-akwado ụmụaka na ezinụlọ ndị bi na ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott: Meet the Woman Behind the Big Screen|date=9 May 2019|url=https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/|publisher=[[Compassion International]]|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=18 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918102518/https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Casey|title=Meet the Lucky Girl Who Landed the Coveted Role of the New Pink Power Ranger|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/power-rangers-reboot-pink-ranger-naomi-scott|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=Teen Vogue|date=8 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arịa ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ eczema . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dancer|first=Rebecca|title=Naomi Scott Opens Up About Having Eczema — Here's What to Do If You Have It Too|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724214908/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ejide eriri ojii na karate, na-amụ ya kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-enyere aka na ọrụ ya na ''Power Rangers'' na ''Charlie's Angels'' .

Na June 2014, Scott lụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ Bekee Jordan Spence mgbe afọ anọ gachara. &lt;ref name=&quot;marriage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019|title=Charlie's Angels Naomi Scott on Turning Director with Husband Jordan Spence|author=Maitland|first=Hayley|date=15 October 2019|work=[[British Vogue]]|accessdate=15 November 2019|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115135109/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/aladdin-star-naomi-scott-hollywoods-next-big-brit-girl-faith/|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: Hollywood's next big Brit girl, on faith, football and family|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=10 May 2019|author=Eyre|first=Hermione|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ zutere na chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott, and Ella Balinska Answer the Web's Most Searched Questions {{!}} WIRED|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c|work=YouTube|date=15 November 2019|publisher=WIRED|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=16 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116012220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe nrite
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Otu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ọrụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Astra Film Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2024
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/|title='Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations|author=Dento Davidson|date=25 November 2024|accessdate=26 November 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDento_Davidson2024&quot;&gt;Dento Davidson (25 November 2024). [https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/ &quot;'Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Arụmọrụ kacha mma na egwu ma ọ bụ ihe egwu
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2'' |{{Won}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Saturn Awards
| 2019
| Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Aladdin''|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|author=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|archivedate=16 July 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMancuso2019&quot;&gt;Mancuso, Vinnie (15 July 2019). [http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ &quot;'Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations&quot;]. ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ Archived] from the original on 16 July 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 August&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/|title=BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods|work=[[Fangoria]]|first=Amber|author=T|date=December 4, 2024|accessdate=December 5, 2024|archivedate=December 5, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFT2024&quot;&gt;T, Amber (4 December 2024). [https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/ &quot;BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods&quot;]. ''[[Fangoria]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/ Archived] from the original on 5 December 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 December&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shorty Awards
| 2020
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| Onwe ya|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|date=3 May 2020|title=Trevor Noah, Rebel Wilson, Zendaya Among Winners at Shorty Awards|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/trevor-noah-rebel-wilson-zendaya-winners-at-shorty-awards-1293025/|accessdate=15 January 2022|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Teen Choice Awards
| 2017
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Sci-Fi Choice
| ''Ike Rangers''|{{Nom}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/|title=Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition|date=13 August 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=14 August 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRubinKnapp2017&quot;&gt;Rubin, Rebecca; Knapp, JD (13 August 2017). [https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ &quot;Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition&quot;]. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. [https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ Archived] from the original on 14 August 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019
| Choice Fantasy Movie Actress
| ''Aladdin''|{{Won}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.thewrap.com/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-list-riverdale/|accessdate=13 August 2019|work=[[The Wrap]]|date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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      <text bytes="33548" sha1="j3xt5zwlxu1winf9aiq6kbbadlfg50u" xml:space="preserve">'''Naomi Scott''' (amụrụ 6 Mee 1993) bụ onye omere na onye na-agụ abụ Bekee. Mgbe o gosichara na usoro ihe nkiri Disney Channel ''Life Bites'' (2008 – 2009), o kere òkè na ihe nkiri egwu telivishọn ''Lemonade Mouth'' (2011), nke ọ rụrụ na egwu egwu egwu ya. O mere ihe nkiri na usoro akụkọ ifo sayensị ''Terra Nova'' (2011) na ihe nkiri superhero ''Power Rangers'' (2017).

Na 2019, Scott gbara egwu na ihe nkiri ''Charlie's Angels'' yana Jasmine na ihe nkiri fantasy ''Aladdin'' . Mgbe ezumike afọ atọ gachara, ọ laghachiri na Netflix thriller miniseries ''Anatomy of a Scandal'' (2022) na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'' (2024).

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Naomi Scott na 6 Mee 1993 na Hounslow, London, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130|title=Everything You Need To Know About Naomi Scott|author=Eksouzian-Cavadas|first=Ana|date=31 May 2019|accessdate=15 November 2019|work=[[Elle Australia]]|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115134707/https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130}}&lt;/ref&gt; nye nna Bekee na nne India. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Salam|first=Erum|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/may/24/aladdin-princess-jasmine-brown-colorism-disney|title=The fairest of them all? Two cheers for Aladdin's browner Princess Jasmine|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne ya, onye amụrụ na Uganda ma kwaga United Kingdom mgbe ọ dị obere, bụ Gujarati . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swertlow|first=Meg|date=16 July 2017|title=5 Things You Need to Know About Aladdin's New Princess Jasmine, Naomi Scott|url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721224552/http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archivedate=21 July 2017|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[E!#E! Online|E! Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott|url=https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926023202/https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archivedate=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[Empire Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Scott nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya. 

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Woodford, London, &lt;ref name=&quot;Another&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lack|first=Hannah|title=Cover Story: Naomi Scott, From Normal Girl to New Superhero|url=https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930002156/https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị pastọ na Churchka Bridge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|title=The Bridge Church Woodford|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054651/http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|archivedate=7 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; O tolitere na-ege ntị n'ozi ọma na egwu R &amp;amp;amp; B, ndị ọbụ abụ kpọmkwem Kim Burrell, Mary Mary, na Kirk Franklin, na-abụ abụ na chọọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mahbub|first=Muhsin|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/actress-naomi-scott-explains-her-deep-connection-with_b_58dabc64e4b07f61a2bb8935|title=Actress Naomi Scott Explains Her Deep Connection With Music|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=28 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Davenant Foundation na Loughton, Essex . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|title=Alumni|accessdate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820024421/http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|archivedate=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkara ka ọ were ọkwa A-Level ya ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ ya na usoro ''Terra Nova'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tsjeng|first=Zing|title=Naomi Scott on Charlie's Angels and Navigating Hollywood|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724221053/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mbụ na nnabata (2008-2018) ===
Scott bụ onye na-agụ egwú pop nke Britain bụ Kéllé Bryan si na otu nwa agbọghọ Ebighị Ebi, bụ onye bịanyere aka na ya dị ka onye ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html|title=Naomi Scott: the teen star with a mission|date=25 August 2011|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725105712/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ọrụ ya na ndị na-ede abụ na ndị na-emepụta egwu Britain Xenomania . &lt;ref name=&quot;DisneyChannelMedianet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|title=NAOMI SCOTT 'Mohini (Mo) Banarjee'|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616174018/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|archivedate=16 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ izizi mbụ ya bụ Disney Channel UK series ''Life Bites'' .

Na 2010, a tụbara ya dị ka Mohini &quot;Mo&quot; Banjaree na ihe nkiri mbụ nke ''Lemonade Mouth'' 2011 Disney Channel acclaimed, ọrụ mbụ ya na mmepụta America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/industry/blogs/entertainment/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|title=Meet the Girls of Lemonade Mouth: Naomi Scott|author=Wesley|first=Tommy|date=14 April 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004003448/http://www.teenvogue.com/blog/teen-vogue-daily/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|archivedate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|date=2021-04-18|title=Here's Why Naomi Scott Didn't Want Her Own Disney Show Early in Her Career|url=https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Collider|language=en|archivedate=29 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629055212/https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gwara na &quot;M na-echetakwa na a kpọbatara m na ọrụ nka na nke mbụ. Na m, ọ bụ mmepụta US a na m dị ka, oh my gosh, ha nwere trolley nke swiiti nke bịara! Na m ka m chere na m mere ya. Nke a bụ ihe m chọrọ. Nke a bụ ihe ọ bụ ihe niile. Ọ bụ ihe niile banyere swiiti na swiiti. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Khalid McCalla nke ''The Oberlin Review'' kwenyere na Scott &quot;na-egwepịa ya kpamkpam.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McCalla|first=Khalid|title=10 Years of Lemonade Mouth: The Perfect Disney Channel Original Movie|url=https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=The Oberlin Review|archivedate=24 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224071736/https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyekwara ụda olu n'ụda ụda na-aga nke ọma nke ihe nkiri ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Ethan|title=Disney's Lemonade Mouth Climbs in Song Charts|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704729304576287430724678142|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abụ &quot;Ọ Na-aga&quot; gosipụtara Scott na ụda olu; etinyere ya na listi ''Billboard'' nke &quot; 100 Kasị Mma Disney Songs of All Time &quot;.  N'otu afọ ahụ, a tụbara ya dị ka Maddy Shannon na usoro akụkọ sayensị sayensị ''Terra Nova'', nke malitere na September 2011 na Fox . &lt;ref name=&quot;promopics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114052046/http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archivedate=14 January 2011|title=FOX Unleashes Terra Nova Promo Pics|author=Lachonis, Jon|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emegharịrị usoro a maka oge nke abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|title=Terra Nova Cancelled by Fox - Ratings|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]|date=6 March 2012|accessdate=7 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715082949/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|archivedate=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2013, Scott pụtara na vidiyo egwu maka egwu &quot; Hurricane &quot;, site na ''Lemonade Mouth'' co-star Bridgit Mendler . N'August 2014, ọ wepụtara onwe ya nke mbụ ya EP ''Invisible Division'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Invisible Division iTunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/904242224|title=Invisible Division - EP|publisher=iTunes Store|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227142136/https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/id904242224|archivedate=27 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụbara Scott ka Ryoko na Ridley Scott 's ''The Martian'' . Ọ na-esere ihe nkiri ya mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha (gụnyere ihe nkiri ọ bụla ebe Scott na-ekwu okwu) wepụrụ na njedebe ikpeazụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ &quot;mgbakwunye&quot; na fim ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;martian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|url=https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|title=Naomi Scott on Getting Cut out of 'The Martian' and Why It's OK to Choke: &quot;I've Been There in Front of Ridley Scott&quot;|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528142524/https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|archivedate=28 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2014, ọwa YouTube &quot;Reload&quot; bipụtara vidiyo abụọ gosipụtara ya, dịka akụkụ nke usoro &quot;Reload Sessions&quot; ha.  

Screen International ahọpụtara Scott dị ka otu n'ime kpakpando 2015 ha nke Echi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Leonsis|first=Elle|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/|title=2015 UK Stars of Tomorrow Announced by BFI London Film Festival and Screen International|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=6 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925150516/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'October, a tụbara ya na ọrụ mmekọrịta dịka Kimberly Hart, Pink Ranger, na ''Power Rangers'' (2017), mmegharị ihe nkiri nke usoro TV nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sneider|first=Jeff|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/|title='The Martian's' Naomi Scott to Star in 'Power Rangers' as Pink Ranger|work=[[TheWrap]]|date=7 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725104441/https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 24 Maachị 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Desta|first=Yohana|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/03/power-rangers-explainer|title=Confused About the New Power Rangers Movie? Here's a Handy Primer|date=24 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nweta nhọpụta Scott a Teen Choice Award . &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche mgbe ewepụtara ya ma bụrụ nkụda mmụọ ụlọ ọrụ, na-enweta $142 nde n'ụwa niile megide mmefu ego nke $105 nde.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/|work=[[TheWrap]]|title='Power Rangers' Reboot Has Critics Mixed, But Its Performances Pop|author=Velocci|first=Carli|date=20 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=26 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230232/http://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọganihu kachasị (2019- dị ugbu a) ===
[[Faịlụ:Charlie's_Angels_cast_during_interview_01.png|thumb| Ihe nkedo nke ''Charlie's Angels'' na 2019. Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Scott, Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska .]]
N'afọ 2019, Scott gbara egwu dị ka Princess Jasmine na ''Aladdin'', mmegharị ihe omume nke Disney's 1992 animated film nke otu aha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Variety: Disney Casts Aladdin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=16 July 2017|date=15 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|archivedate=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loughrey|first=Clarisse|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: 'For women, a lot of the time we have to work twice as hard'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|work=[[The Independent]]|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkedo Scott na-eme ihe nkiri &quot;Middle Eastern or Arab&quot; dọtara okwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Romano|first=Aja|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history|title=The controversy over Disney's new Aladdin remake, explained|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=28 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=6 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806104705/https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nnyocha ya maka ''San Francisco Chronicle'', onye nkatọ Mick LaSalle chọpụtara na Scott bụ &quot;ezigbo kpakpando&quot; nke ihe nkiri ahụ nakwa na ọ &quot;na-eme nke ọma ma na-enye ihe niile na abụ ike ọhụrụ ya ['Speechless']&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original|title=Review: Disney's new live-action 'Aladdin' improves on original|author=Laselle|first=Mick|authorlink=Mick LaSalle|date=22 May 2019|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=24 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624203546/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard Roeper nke ''Chicago Sun-Times'' dere na Scott &quot;na-egbuke egbuke&quot; na arụmọrụ ya nke &quot;enweghị okwu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie|title='Aladdin': Will Smith's blue Genie is pretty cool, once you get to know him|author=Roeper|first=Richard|date=22 May 2019|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=25 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725235325/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya, Scott meriri Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress - Sci-Fi / Fantasy ma nwetakwa nhọpụta maka onyinye Saturn maka onye na-akwado nkwado kacha mma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yang|first=Rachel|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=11 August 2019|accessdate=11 August 2019|archivedate=7 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|author=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|archivedate=16 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aladdin'' nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa, na-enweta $1 ijeri n'ụlọ ọrụ igbe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/|title='Aladdin' Flying Past $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=26 July 2019|first=Dave|author=McNary|accessdate=30 July 2019|archivedate=27 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727132914/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/|title=Cat &amp; Mouse: 'The Lion King's $963M WW Through Sunday Pushes Disney To Record $7.67B Global B.O.; 1st Studio To Pass $5B Overseas – International Box Office|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=28 July 2019|first=Nancy|author=Tartaglione|accessdate=28 July 2019|archivedate=28 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728170349/https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa na 2019, Scott starred dị ka otu n'ime atọ na-edu, n'akụkụ Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska, na omume ọchị ''Charlie's Angels'', nkeji nke atọ n'ime franchise nke otu aha, wepụtara na November. &lt;ref name=&quot;English&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2018/07/27/new-generation-charlies-angels-revealed-kristen-stewart-two/|title=New generation of Charlie's Angels revealed as Kristen Stewart and two rising English stars|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=27 July 2018|quote=She'll be joined by English actresses Naomi Scott (known for appearing in 2017's Power Rangers and playing Jasmine in the forthcoming Aladdin live action film) and Ella Balinska, who is the daughter of Lorraine Pascale and is best known for playing Grace Briggs in Midsomer Murders and the titular role in Sky series Nyela's Dream.|accessdate=10 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/|title='Charlie's Angels': Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott Confirmed With Ella Balinska Set To Star In Elizabeth Banks-Directed Reboot|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Amanda|author=N'Duka|date=26 July 2018|accessdate=8 February 2019|archivedate=18 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118065200/https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/|title='Charlie's Angels' Flies To Mid-November|author=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=28 March 2019|accessdate=22 June 2019|archivedate=28 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230251/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676|title=Charlie's Angels: What did the critics think?|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 November 2019|quote=The last edition of the film series - 2003 sequel Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, which also starred Diaz, Liu and Barrymore, received similarly mixed reviews and failed to hit the heights of its predecessor at the box office.|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612052500/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2020, a tụbara Scott na usoro Netflix ''Anatomy of a Scandal'', dị ka onye enyemaka ndị omeiwu Olivia Lytton, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 April 2022|title=The big problem with Anatomy of a Scandal's depiction of rape|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|accessdate=17 August 2022|work=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị ''dị anya'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=4 August 2020|title=Naomi Scott To Star Opposite Anthony Ramos in Amblin's 'Distant'|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180827/https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archivedate=5 October 2020|accessdate=16 December 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri nke ọrụ abụọ a mere n'otu afọ ahụ, ewepụtara ya na 2022 na 2024, n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asatryan|first=Tigran|date=2022-02-22|title='Anatomy of a Scandal' Netflix Anthology Series: Coming to Netflix in April 2022|url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/anatomy-of-a-scandal-everything-we-know-so-far-about-the-new-anthology-series-02-2022/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=What's on Netflix|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na 2023, a tụbara Scott ka ọ bụrụ kpakpando pop Skye Riley na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2023-12-13|title=Naomi Scott To Star In Next Installment Of Paramount's 'Smile' Franchise|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213231314/https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe nkiri nke abụọ na aha . O nwetara mkpali sitere na egwu 2010 na ndị nka dịka [[Lady Gaga]] na Britney Spears . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Smile 2': Naomi Scott Says Her Pop Star Character Is Similar to Lady Gaga (Exclusive)|url=https://www.etonline.com/media/videos/smile-2-naomi-scott-says-her-pop-star-character-is-similar-to-lady-gaga-exclusive|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-emekwa abụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ, bụ nke a na-egosi na egwu agbatịkwu ''Smile 2: Skye Riley EP'' .  Ewepụtara ya na 2024 ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị oke egwu na azụmaahịa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=2024-10-20|title='Smile 2' Leads Box Office With $23 Million Debut, A24's 'We Live in Time' Cracks Top Five|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/smile-2-box-office-opening-weekend-we-live-in-time-impresses-1236183702/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; arụmọrụ ya nwetara otuto sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Campbell|first=Christopher|date=October 16, 2024|title=Smile 2 First Reviews: One of the Best Horror Films of the Year|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/smile-2-first-reviews-one-of-the-best-horror-films-of-the-year/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benjamin Lee nke ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ Scott &quot;onye na-agba mbọ na-aga-na-hell-na-azụ mkpu eze eze &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=2024-10-17|title=Smile 2 review – gory pop star horror sequel sings a familiar tune|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/oct/17/smile-2-review|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Owen Gleiberman nke dkwenyere na o nyere ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;ezigbo mmetụta mmetụta uche.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=2024-10-16|title='Smile 2' Review: A Skillfully Disquieting Sequel Turns the Life of a Pop Star Into a Horror Ride of Mental Breakdown|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/smile-2-review-naomi-scott-1236178126/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ahụ, ọ meriri Astra Award for Best Performance in a Horror or Thriller and a họpụtara maka onyinye Saturn maka Best Actress . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot; /&gt;

Scott ga-apụta ọzọ na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya Epic  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Donnelly|first=Matt|date=2023-05-10|title=Kit Harington, Naomi Scott, Jeremy Irons Romance Epic 'Eternal Return' to Hit Cannes Market (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Variety|archivedate=21 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121231916/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri nkiri na-atọ ọchị mpụ ''Wizards!'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2022-05-17|title=Pete Davidson And Naomi Scott To Star In David Michôd's 'Wizards!' For A24 And Plan B|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=21 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421025812/https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahazi ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ememme egwu America Lollapalooza, nke a ga-eme na Grant Park na July 31 ruo August 3. &lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Miriam|author=Di Nunzio|date=March 19, 2025|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/lollapalooza/2025/03/18/lollapalooza-2025-lineup-chicago|title=Lollapalooza 2025 lineup includes Sabrina Carpenter, Tyler, The Creator, Doechii, Olivia Rodrigo and more|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=[[Chicago Public Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Scott bụ [[Efefe Kraịst|Onye Kraịst]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Heawood|first=Sophie|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/naomi-scott-aladdin-vogue-interview-2019|title=Naomi Scott, Disney's New Princess Jasmine, Is Redefining The Fairy Tale For The Modern Age|quote=It might be common in America, but being a committed Christian is unusual in a young British celebrity. Scott questions it all herself.|work=[[British Vogue]]|date=23 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya UK na ọgbakọ ebere Ndị Kraịst bụ Compassion International, na-akwado ụmụaka na ezinụlọ ndị bi na ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott: Meet the Woman Behind the Big Screen|date=9 May 2019|url=https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/|publisher=[[Compassion International]]|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=18 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918102518/https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Casey|title=Meet the Lucky Girl Who Landed the Coveted Role of the New Pink Power Ranger|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/power-rangers-reboot-pink-ranger-naomi-scott|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=Teen Vogue|date=8 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arịa ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ eczema . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dancer|first=Rebecca|title=Naomi Scott Opens Up About Having Eczema — Here's What to Do If You Have It Too|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724214908/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ejide eriri ojii na karate, na-amụ ya kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-enyere aka na ọrụ ya na ''Power Rangers'' na ''Charlie's Angels'' .

Na June 2014, Scott lụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ Bekee Jordan Spence mgbe afọ anọ gachara. &lt;ref name=&quot;marriage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019|title=Charlie's Angels Naomi Scott on Turning Director with Husband Jordan Spence|author=Maitland|first=Hayley|date=15 October 2019|work=[[British Vogue]]|accessdate=15 November 2019|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115135109/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/aladdin-star-naomi-scott-hollywoods-next-big-brit-girl-faith/|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: Hollywood's next big Brit girl, on faith, football and family|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=10 May 2019|author=Eyre|first=Hermione|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ zutere na chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott, and Ella Balinska Answer the Web's Most Searched Questions {{!}} WIRED|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c|work=YouTube|date=15 November 2019|publisher=WIRED|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=16 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116012220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe nrite
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Otu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ọrụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Astra Film Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2024
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Arụmọrụ kacha mma na egwu ma ọ bụ ihe egwu
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2'' |{{Won}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Saturn Awards
| 2019
| Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Aladdin''|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot; /&gt;
|-
| 2025
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot; /&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shorty Awards
| 2020
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| Onwe ya|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|date=3 May 2020|title=Trevor Noah, Rebel Wilson, Zendaya Among Winners at Shorty Awards|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/trevor-noah-rebel-wilson-zendaya-winners-at-shorty-awards-1293025/|accessdate=15 January 2022|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Teen Choice Awards
| 2017
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Sci-Fi Choice
| ''Ike Rangers''|{{Nom}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/|title=Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition|date=13 August 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=14 August 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRubinKnapp2017&quot;&gt;Rubin, Rebecca; Knapp, JD (13 August 2017). [https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ &quot;Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition&quot;]. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. [https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ Archived] from the original on 14 August 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019
| Choice Fantasy Movie Actress
| ''Aladdin''|{{Won}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.thewrap.com/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-list-riverdale/|accessdate=13 August 2019|work=[[The Wrap]]|date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>687344</id>
      <parentid>687342</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:11:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Goodymeraj</username>
        <id>16207</id>
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      <comment>Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/687342|687342]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[User talk:Goodymeraj|talk]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="36622" sha1="4tbp5lc2enxv1cyy9vuglzlid85v9ra" xml:space="preserve">'''Naomi Scott''' (amụrụ 6 Mee 1993) bụ onye omere na onye na-agụ abụ Bekee. Mgbe o gosichara na usoro ihe nkiri Disney Channel ''Life Bites'' (2008 – 2009), o kere òkè na ihe nkiri egwu telivishọn ''Lemonade Mouth'' (2011), nke ọ rụrụ na egwu egwu egwu ya. O mere ihe nkiri na usoro akụkọ ifo sayensị ''Terra Nova'' (2011) na ihe nkiri superhero ''Power Rangers'' (2017).

Na 2019, Scott gbara egwu na ihe nkiri ''Charlie's Angels'' yana Jasmine na ihe nkiri fantasy ''Aladdin'' . Mgbe ezumike afọ atọ gachara, ọ laghachiri na Netflix thriller miniseries ''Anatomy of a Scandal'' (2022) na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'' (2024).

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Naomi Scott na 6 Mee 1993 na Hounslow, London, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130|title=Everything You Need To Know About Naomi Scott|author=Eksouzian-Cavadas|first=Ana|date=31 May 2019|accessdate=15 November 2019|work=[[Elle Australia]]|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115134707/https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130}}&lt;/ref&gt; nye nna Bekee na nne India. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Salam|first=Erum|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/may/24/aladdin-princess-jasmine-brown-colorism-disney|title=The fairest of them all? Two cheers for Aladdin's browner Princess Jasmine|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne ya, onye amụrụ na Uganda ma kwaga United Kingdom mgbe ọ dị obere, bụ Gujarati . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swertlow|first=Meg|date=16 July 2017|title=5 Things You Need to Know About Aladdin's New Princess Jasmine, Naomi Scott|url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721224552/http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archivedate=21 July 2017|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[E!#E! Online|E! Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott|url=https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926023202/https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archivedate=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[Empire Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Scott nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya. 

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Woodford, London, &lt;ref name=&quot;Another&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lack|first=Hannah|title=Cover Story: Naomi Scott, From Normal Girl to New Superhero|url=https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930002156/https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị pastọ na Churchka Bridge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|title=The Bridge Church Woodford|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054651/http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|archivedate=7 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; O tolitere na-ege ntị n'ozi ọma na egwu R &amp;amp;amp; B, ndị ọbụ abụ kpọmkwem Kim Burrell, Mary Mary, na Kirk Franklin, na-abụ abụ na chọọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mahbub|first=Muhsin|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/actress-naomi-scott-explains-her-deep-connection-with_b_58dabc64e4b07f61a2bb8935|title=Actress Naomi Scott Explains Her Deep Connection With Music|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=28 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Davenant Foundation na Loughton, Essex . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|title=Alumni|accessdate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820024421/http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|archivedate=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkara ka ọ were ọkwa A-Level ya ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ ya na usoro ''Terra Nova'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tsjeng|first=Zing|title=Naomi Scott on Charlie's Angels and Navigating Hollywood|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724221053/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mbụ na nnabata (2008-2018) ===
Scott bụ onye na-agụ egwú pop nke Britain bụ Kéllé Bryan si na otu nwa agbọghọ Ebighị Ebi, bụ onye bịanyere aka na ya dị ka onye ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html|title=Naomi Scott: the teen star with a mission|date=25 August 2011|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725105712/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ọrụ ya na ndị na-ede abụ na ndị na-emepụta egwu Britain Xenomania . &lt;ref name=&quot;DisneyChannelMedianet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|title=NAOMI SCOTT 'Mohini (Mo) Banarjee'|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616174018/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|archivedate=16 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ izizi mbụ ya bụ Disney Channel UK series ''Life Bites'' .

Na 2010, a tụbara ya dị ka Mohini &quot;Mo&quot; Banjaree na ihe nkiri mbụ nke ''Lemonade Mouth'' 2011 Disney Channel acclaimed, ọrụ mbụ ya na mmepụta America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/industry/blogs/entertainment/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|title=Meet the Girls of Lemonade Mouth: Naomi Scott|author=Wesley|first=Tommy|date=14 April 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004003448/http://www.teenvogue.com/blog/teen-vogue-daily/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|archivedate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|date=2021-04-18|title=Here's Why Naomi Scott Didn't Want Her Own Disney Show Early in Her Career|url=https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Collider|language=en|archivedate=29 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629055212/https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gwara na &quot;M [na-echetakwa na a kpọbatara m na ọrụ nka na nke mbụ. Na m, ọ bụ mmepụta US a na m dị ka, oh my gosh, ha nwere trolley nke swiiti nke bịara! Na m ka m chere na m mere ya. Nke a bụ ihe m chọrọ. Nke a bụ ihe ọ bụ ihe niile. Ọ bụ ihe niile banyere swiiti na swiiti. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Khalid McCalla nke ''The Oberlin Review'' kwenyere na Scott &quot;na-egwepịa ya kpamkpam.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McCalla|first=Khalid|title=10 Years of Lemonade Mouth: The Perfect Disney Channel Original Movie|url=https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=The Oberlin Review|archivedate=24 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224071736/https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyekwara ụda olu n'ụda ụda na-aga nke ọma nke ihe nkiri ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Ethan|title=Disney's Lemonade Mouth Climbs in Song Charts|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704729304576287430724678142|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abụ &quot;Ọ Na-aga&quot; gosipụtara Scott na ụda olu; etinyere ya na listi ''Billboard'' nke &quot; 100 Kasị Mma Disney Songs of All Time &quot;.  N'otu afọ ahụ, a tụbara ya dị ka Maddy Shannon na usoro akụkọ sayensị sayensị ''Terra Nova'', nke malitere na September 2011 na Fox . &lt;ref name=&quot;promopics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114052046/http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archivedate=14 January 2011|title=FOX Unleashes Terra Nova Promo Pics|author=Lachonis, Jon|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emegharịrị usoro a maka oge nke abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|title=Terra Nova Cancelled by Fox - Ratings|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]|date=6 March 2012|accessdate=7 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715082949/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|archivedate=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2013, Scott pụtara na vidiyo egwu maka egwu &quot; Hurricane &quot;, site na ''Lemonade Mouth'' co-star Bridgit Mendler . N'August 2014, ọ wepụtara onwe ya nke mbụ ya EP ''Invisible Division'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Invisible Division iTunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/904242224|title=Invisible Division - EP|publisher=iTunes Store|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227142136/https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/id904242224|archivedate=27 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụbara Scott ka Ryoko na Ridley Scott 's ''The Martian'' . Ọ na-esere ihe nkiri ya mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha (gụnyere ihe nkiri ọ bụla ebe Scott na-ekwu okwu) wepụrụ na njedebe ikpeazụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ &quot;mgbakwunye&quot; na fim ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;martian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|url=https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|title=Naomi Scott on Getting Cut out of 'The Martian' and Why It's OK to Choke: &quot;I've Been There in Front of Ridley Scott&quot;|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528142524/https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|archivedate=28 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2014, ọwa YouTube &quot;Reload&quot; bipụtara vidiyo abụọ gosipụtara ya, dịka akụkụ nke usoro &quot;Reload Sessions&quot; ha.  

Screen International ahọpụtara Scott dị ka otu n'ime kpakpando 2015 ha nke Echi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Leonsis|first=Elle|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/|title=2015 UK Stars of Tomorrow Announced by BFI London Film Festival and Screen International|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=6 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925150516/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'October, a tụbara ya na ọrụ mmekọrịta dịka Kimberly Hart, Pink Ranger, na ''Power Rangers'' (2017), mmegharị ihe nkiri nke usoro TV nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sneider|first=Jeff|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/|title='The Martian's' Naomi Scott to Star in 'Power Rangers' as Pink Ranger|work=[[TheWrap]]|date=7 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725104441/https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 24 Maachị 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Desta|first=Yohana|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/03/power-rangers-explainer|title=Confused About the New Power Rangers Movie? Here's a Handy Primer|date=24 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nweta nhọpụta Scott a Teen Choice Award . &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche mgbe ewepụtara ya ma bụrụ nkụda mmụọ ụlọ ọrụ, na-enweta $142 nde n'ụwa niile megide mmefu ego nke $105 nde.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/|work=[[TheWrap]]|title='Power Rangers' Reboot Has Critics Mixed, But Its Performances Pop|author=Velocci|first=Carli|date=20 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=26 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230232/http://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọganihu kachasị (2019- dị ugbu a) ===
[[Faịlụ:Charlie's_Angels_cast_during_interview_01.png|thumb| Ihe nkedo nke ''Charlie's Angels'' na 2019. Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Scott, Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska .]]
N'afọ 2019, Scott gbara egwu dị ka Princess Jasmine na ''Aladdin'', mmegharị ihe omume nke Disney's 1992 animated film nke otu aha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Variety: Disney Casts Aladdin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=16 July 2017|date=15 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|archivedate=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loughrey|first=Clarisse|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: 'For women, a lot of the time we have to work twice as hard'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|work=[[The Independent]]|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkedo Scott na-eme ihe nkiri &quot;Middle Eastern or Arab&quot; dọtara okwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Romano|first=Aja|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history|title=The controversy over Disney's new Aladdin remake, explained|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=28 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=6 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806104705/https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nyocha ya maka ''San Francisco Chronicle'', onye nkatọ Mick LaSalle chọpụtara na Scott bụ &quot;ezigbo kpakpando&quot; nke ihe nkiri ahụ nakwa na ọ &quot;na-eme nke ọma ma na-enye ihe niile na abụ ike ọhụrụ ya ['Speechless']&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original|title=Review: Disney's new live-action 'Aladdin' improves on original|author=Laselle|first=Mick|authorlink=Mick LaSalle|date=22 May 2019|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=24 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624203546/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard Roeper nke ''Chicago Sun-Times'' dere na Scott &quot;na-egbuke egbuke&quot; na arụmọrụ ya nke &quot;enweghị okwu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie|title='Aladdin': Will Smith's blue Genie is pretty cool, once you get to know him|author=Roeper|first=Richard|date=22 May 2019|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=25 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725235325/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya, Scott meriri Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress - Sci-Fi / Fantasy ma nwetakwa nhọpụta maka onyinye Saturn maka onye na-akwado nkwado kacha mma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yang|first=Rachel|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=11 August 2019|accessdate=11 August 2019|archivedate=7 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|author=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|archivedate=16 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aladdin'' nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa, na-enweta $1 ijeri n'ụlọ ọrụ igbe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/|title='Aladdin' Flying Past $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=26 July 2019|first=Dave|author=McNary|accessdate=30 July 2019|archivedate=27 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727132914/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/|title=Cat &amp; Mouse: 'The Lion King's $963M WW Through Sunday Pushes Disney To Record $7.67B Global B.O.; 1st Studio To Pass $5B Overseas – International Box Office|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=28 July 2019|first=Nancy|author=Tartaglione|accessdate=28 July 2019|archivedate=28 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728170349/https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa na 2019, Scott starred dị ka otu n'ime atọ na-edu, n'akụkụ Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska, na omume ọchị ''Charlie's Angels'', nkeji nke atọ n'ime franchise nke otu aha, wepụtara na November. &lt;ref name=&quot;English&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2018/07/27/new-generation-charlies-angels-revealed-kristen-stewart-two/|title=New generation of Charlie's Angels revealed as Kristen Stewart and two rising English stars|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=27 July 2018|quote=She'll be joined by English actresses Naomi Scott (known for appearing in 2017's Power Rangers and playing Jasmine in the forthcoming Aladdin live action film) and Ella Balinska, who is the daughter of Lorraine Pascale and is best known for playing Grace Briggs in Midsomer Murders and the titular role in Sky series Nyela's Dream.|accessdate=10 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/|title='Charlie's Angels': Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott Confirmed With Ella Balinska Set To Star In Elizabeth Banks-Directed Reboot|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Amanda|author=N'Duka|date=26 July 2018|accessdate=8 February 2019|archivedate=18 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118065200/https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/|title='Charlie's Angels' Flies To Mid-November|author=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=28 March 2019|accessdate=22 June 2019|archivedate=28 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230251/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676|title=Charlie's Angels: What did the critics think?|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 November 2019|quote=The last edition of the film series - 2003 sequel Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, which also starred Diaz, Liu and Barrymore, received similarly mixed reviews and failed to hit the heights of its predecessor at the box office.|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612052500/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2020, a tụbara Scott na usoro Netflix ''Anatomy of a Scandal'', dị ka onye enyemaka ndị omeiwu Olivia Lytton, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 April 2022|title=The big problem with Anatomy of a Scandal's depiction of rape|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|accessdate=17 August 2022|work=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị ''dị anya'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=4 August 2020|title=Naomi Scott To Star Opposite Anthony Ramos in Amblin's 'Distant'|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180827/https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archivedate=5 October 2020|accessdate=16 December 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri nke ọrụ abụọ a mere n'otu afọ ahụ, ewepụtara ya na 2022 na 2024, n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asatryan|first=Tigran|date=2022-02-22|title='Anatomy of a Scandal' Netflix Anthology Series: Coming to Netflix in April 2022|url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/anatomy-of-a-scandal-everything-we-know-so-far-about-the-new-anthology-series-02-2022/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=What's on Netflix|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na 2023, a tụbara Scott ka ọ bụrụ kpakpando pop Skye Riley na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2023-12-13|title=Naomi Scott To Star In Next Installment Of Paramount's 'Smile' Franchise|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213231314/https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe nkiri nke abụọ na aha . O nwetara mkpali sitere na egwu 2010 na ndị nka dịka [[Lady Gaga]] na Britney Spears . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Smile 2': Naomi Scott Says Her Pop Star Character Is Similar to Lady Gaga (Exclusive)|url=https://www.etonline.com/media/videos/smile-2-naomi-scott-says-her-pop-star-character-is-similar-to-lady-gaga-exclusive|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-emekwa abụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ, bụ nke a na-egosi na egwu agbatịkwu ''Smile 2: Skye Riley EP'' .  Ewepụtara ya na 2024 ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị oke egwu na azụmaahịa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=2024-10-20|title='Smile 2' Leads Box Office With $23 Million Debut, A24's 'We Live in Time' Cracks Top Five|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/smile-2-box-office-opening-weekend-we-live-in-time-impresses-1236183702/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; arụmọrụ ya nwetara otuto sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Campbell|first=Christopher|date=October 16, 2024|title=Smile 2 First Reviews: One of the Best Horror Films of the Year|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/smile-2-first-reviews-one-of-the-best-horror-films-of-the-year/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benjamin Lee nke ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ Scott &quot;onye na-agba mbọ na-aga-na-hell-na-azụ mkpu eze eze &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=2024-10-17|title=Smile 2 review – gory pop star horror sequel sings a familiar tune|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/oct/17/smile-2-review|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Owen Gleiberman nke dkwenyere na o nyere ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;ezigbo mmetụta mmetụta uche.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=2024-10-16|title='Smile 2' Review: A Skillfully Disquieting Sequel Turns the Life of a Pop Star Into a Horror Ride of Mental Breakdown|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/smile-2-review-naomi-scott-1236178126/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ahụ, ọ meriri Astra Award for Best Performance in a Horror or Thriller and a họpụtara maka onyinye Saturn maka Best Actress . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/|title='Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations|author=Dento Davidson|date=25 November 2024|accessdate=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/|title=BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods|work=[[Fangoria]]|first=Amber|author=T|date=December 4, 2024|accessdate=December 5, 2024|archivedate=December 5, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scott ga-apụta ọzọ na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya Epic  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Donnelly|first=Matt|date=2023-05-10|title=Kit Harington, Naomi Scott, Jeremy Irons Romance Epic 'Eternal Return' to Hit Cannes Market (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Variety|archivedate=21 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121231916/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri nkiri na-atọ ọchị mpụ ''Wizards!'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2022-05-17|title=Pete Davidson And Naomi Scott To Star In David Michôd's 'Wizards!' For A24 And Plan B|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=21 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421025812/https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahazi ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ememme egwu America Lollapalooza, nke a ga-eme na Grant Park na July 31 ruo August 3. &lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Miriam|author=Di Nunzio|date=March 19, 2025|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/lollapalooza/2025/03/18/lollapalooza-2025-lineup-chicago|title=Lollapalooza 2025 lineup includes Sabrina Carpenter, Tyler, The Creator, Doechii, Olivia Rodrigo and more|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=[[Chicago Public Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Scott bụ [[Efefe Kraịst|Onye Kraịst]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Heawood|first=Sophie|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/naomi-scott-aladdin-vogue-interview-2019|title=Naomi Scott, Disney's New Princess Jasmine, Is Redefining The Fairy Tale For The Modern Age|quote=It might be common in America, but being a committed Christian is unusual in a young British celebrity. Scott questions it all herself.|work=[[British Vogue]]|date=23 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya UK na ọgbakọ ebere Ndị Kraịst bụ Compassion International, na-akwado ụmụaka na ezinụlọ ndị bi na ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott: Meet the Woman Behind the Big Screen|date=9 May 2019|url=https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/|publisher=[[Compassion International]]|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=18 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918102518/https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Casey|title=Meet the Lucky Girl Who Landed the Coveted Role of the New Pink Power Ranger|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/power-rangers-reboot-pink-ranger-naomi-scott|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=Teen Vogue|date=8 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arịa ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ eczema . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dancer|first=Rebecca|title=Naomi Scott Opens Up About Having Eczema — Here's What to Do If You Have It Too|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724214908/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ejide eriri ojii na karate, na-amụ ya kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-enyere aka na ọrụ ya na ''Power Rangers'' na ''Charlie's Angels'' .

Na June 2014, Scott lụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ Bekee Jordan Spence mgbe afọ anọ gachara. &lt;ref name=&quot;marriage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019|title=Charlie's Angels Naomi Scott on Turning Director with Husband Jordan Spence|author=Maitland|first=Hayley|date=15 October 2019|work=[[British Vogue]]|accessdate=15 November 2019|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115135109/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/aladdin-star-naomi-scott-hollywoods-next-big-brit-girl-faith/|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: Hollywood's next big Brit girl, on faith, football and family|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=10 May 2019|author=Eyre|first=Hermione|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ zutere na chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott, and Ella Balinska Answer the Web's Most Searched Questions {{!}} WIRED|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c|work=YouTube|date=15 November 2019|publisher=WIRED|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=16 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116012220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe nrite
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Otu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ọrụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Astra Film Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2024
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/|title='Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations|author=Dento Davidson|date=25 November 2024|accessdate=26 November 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDento_Davidson2024&quot;&gt;Dento Davidson (25 November 2024). [https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/ &quot;'Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Arụmọrụ kacha mma na egwu ma ọ bụ ihe egwu
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2'' |{{Won}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Saturn Awards
| 2019
| Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Aladdin''|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|author=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|archivedate=16 July 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMancuso2019&quot;&gt;Mancuso, Vinnie (15 July 2019). [http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ &quot;'Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations&quot;]. ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ Archived] from the original on 16 July 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 August&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/|title=BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods|work=[[Fangoria]]|first=Amber|author=T|date=December 4, 2024|accessdate=December 5, 2024|archivedate=December 5, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFT2024&quot;&gt;T, Amber (4 December 2024). [https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/ &quot;BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods&quot;]. ''[[Fangoria]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/ Archived] from the original on 5 December 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 December&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shorty Awards
| 2020
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| Onwe ya|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|date=3 May 2020|title=Trevor Noah, Rebel Wilson, Zendaya Among Winners at Shorty Awards|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/trevor-noah-rebel-wilson-zendaya-winners-at-shorty-awards-1293025/|accessdate=15 January 2022|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Teen Choice Awards
| 2017
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Sci-Fi Choice
| ''Ike Rangers''|{{Nom}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/|title=Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition|date=13 August 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=14 August 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRubinKnapp2017&quot;&gt;Rubin, Rebecca; Knapp, JD (13 August 2017). [https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ &quot;Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition&quot;]. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. [https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ Archived] from the original on 14 August 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019
| Choice Fantasy Movie Actress
| ''Aladdin''|{{Won}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.thewrap.com/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-list-riverdale/|accessdate=13 August 2019|work=[[The Wrap]]|date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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      <id>687361</id>
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      <text bytes="36623" sha1="plx1fc1uktgp29h0a0uoiqo0j7pwlk4" xml:space="preserve">'''Naomi Scott''' (amụrụ 6 Mee 1993) bụ onye omere na onye na-agụ abụ Bekee. Mgbe o gosichara na usoro ihe nkiri Disney Channel ''Life Bites'' (2008 – 2009), o kere òkè na ihe nkiri egwu telivishọn ''Lemonade Mouth'' (2011), nke ọ rụrụ na egwu egwu egwu ya. O mere ihe nkiri na usoro akụkọ ifo sayensị ''Terra Nova'' (2011) na ihe nkiri superhero ''Power Rangers'' (2017).

Na 2019, Scott gbara egwu na ihe nkiri ''Charlie's Angels'' yana Jasmine na ihe nkiri fantasy ''Aladdin'' . Mgbe ezumike afọ atọ gachara, ọ laghachiri na Netflix thriller miniseries ''Anatomy of a Scandal'' (2022) na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'' (2024).

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Naomi Scott na 6 Mee 1993 na Hounslow, London, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130|title=Everything You Need To Know About Naomi Scott|author=Eksouzian-Cavadas|first=Ana|date=31 May 2019|accessdate=15 November 2019|work=[[Elle Australia]]|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115134707/https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130}}&lt;/ref&gt; nye nna Bekee na nne India. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Salam|first=Erum|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/may/24/aladdin-princess-jasmine-brown-colorism-disney|title=The fairest of them all? Two cheers for Aladdin's browner Princess Jasmine|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne ya, onye amụrụ na Uganda ma kwaga United Kingdom mgbe ọ dị obere, bụ Gujarati . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swertlow|first=Meg|date=16 July 2017|title=5 Things You Need to Know About Aladdin's New Princess Jasmine, Naomi Scott|url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721224552/http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archivedate=21 July 2017|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[E!#E! Online|E! Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott|url=https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926023202/https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archivedate=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[Empire Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Scott nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya. 

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Woodford, London, &lt;ref name=&quot;Another&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lack|first=Hannah|title=Cover Story: Naomi Scott, From Normal Girl to New Superhero|url=https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930002156/https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị pastọ na Churchka Bridge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|title=The Bridge Church Woodford|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054651/http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|archivedate=7 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; O tolitere na-ege ntị n'ozi ọma na egwu R &amp;amp;amp; B, ndị ọbụ abụ kpọmkwem Kim Burrell, Mary Mary, na Kirk Franklin, na-abụ abụ na chọọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mahbub|first=Muhsin|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/actress-naomi-scott-explains-her-deep-connection-with_b_58dabc64e4b07f61a2bb8935|title=Actress Naomi Scott Explains Her Deep Connection With Music|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=28 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Davenant Foundation na Loughton, Essex . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|title=Alumni|accessdate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820024421/http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|archivedate=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkara ka ọ were ọkwa A-Level ya ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ ya na usoro ''Terra Nova'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tsjeng|first=Zing|title=Naomi Scott on Charlie's Angels and Navigating Hollywood|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724221053/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mbụ na nnabata (2008-2018) ===
Scott bụ onye na-agụ egwú pop nke Britain bụ Kéllé Bryan si na otu nwa agbọghọ Ebighị Ebi, bụ onye bịanyere aka na ya dị ka onye ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html|title=Naomi Scott: the teen star with a mission|date=25 August 2011|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725105712/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ọrụ ya na ndị na-ede abụ na ndị na-emepụta egwu Britain Xenomania . &lt;ref name=&quot;DisneyChannelMedianet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|title=NAOMI SCOTT 'Mohini (Mo) Banarjee'|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616174018/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|archivedate=16 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ izizi mbụ ya bụ Disney Channel UK series ''Life Bites'' .

Na 2010, a tụbara ya dị ka Mohini &quot;Mo&quot; Banjaree na ihe nkiri mbụ nke ''Lemonade Mouth'' 2011 Disney Channel acclaimed, ọrụ mbụ ya na mmepụta America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/industry/blogs/entertainment/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|title=Meet the Girls of Lemonade Mouth: Naomi Scott|author=Wesley|first=Tommy|date=14 April 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004003448/http://www.teenvogue.com/blog/teen-vogue-daily/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|archivedate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|date=2021-04-18|title=Here's Why Naomi Scott Didn't Want Her Own Disney Show Early in Her Career|url=https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Collider|language=en|archivedate=29 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629055212/https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gwara na &quot;M [na-echetakwa na a kpọbatara m na ọrụ nka na nke mbụ. Na m, ọ bụ mmepụta US a na m dị ka, oh my gosh, ha nwere trolley nke swiiti nke bịara! Na m ka m chere na m mere ya. Nke a bụ ihe m chọrọ. Nke a bụ ihe ọ bụ ihe niile. Ọ bụ ihe niile banyere swiiti na swiiti. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Khalid McCalla nke ''The Oberlin Review'' kwenyere na Scott &quot;na-egwepịa ya kpamkpam.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McCalla|first=Khalid|title=10 Years of Lemonade Mouth: The Perfect Disney Channel Original Movie|url=https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=The Oberlin Review|archivedate=24 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224071736/https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyekwara ụda olu n'ụda ụda na-aga nke ọma nke ihe nkiri ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Ethan|title=Disney's Lemonade Mouth Climbs in Song Charts|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704729304576287430724678142|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abụ &quot;Ọ Na-aga&quot; gosipụtara Scott na ụda olu; etinyere ya na listi ''Billboard'' nke &quot; 100 Kasị Mma Disney Songs of All Time &quot;.  N'otu afọ ahụ, a tụbara ya dị ka Maddy Shannon na usoro akụkọ sayensị sayensị ''Terra Nova'', nke malitere na September 2011 na Fox . &lt;ref name=&quot;promopics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114052046/http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archivedate=14 January 2011|title=FOX Unleashes Terra Nova Promo Pics|author=Lachonis, Jon|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emegharịrị usoro a maka oge nke abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|title=Terra Nova Cancelled by Fox - Ratings|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]|date=6 March 2012|accessdate=7 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715082949/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|archivedate=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2013, Scott pụtara na vidiyo egwu maka egwu &quot; Hurricane &quot;, site na ''Lemonade Mouth'' co-star Bridgit Mendler . N'August 2014, ọ wepụtara onwe ya nke mbụ ya EP ''Invisible Division'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Invisible Division iTunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/904242224|title=Invisible Division - EP|publisher=iTunes Store|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227142136/https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/id904242224|archivedate=27 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụbara Scott ka Ryoko na Ridley Scott 's ''The Martian'' . Ọ na-esere ihe nkiri ya mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha (gụnyere ihe nkiri ọ bụla ebe Scott na-ekwu okwu) wepụrụ na njedebe ikpeazụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ &quot;mgbakwunye&quot; na fim ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;martian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|url=https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|title=Naomi Scott on Getting Cut out of 'The Martian' and Why It's OK to Choke: &quot;I've Been There in Front of Ridley Scott&quot;|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528142524/https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|archivedate=28 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2014, ọwa YouTube &quot;Reload&quot; bipụtara vidiyo abụọ gosipụtara ya, dịka akụkụ nke usoro &quot;Reload Sessions&quot; ha.  

Screen International ahọpụtara Scott dị ka otu n'ime kpakpando 2015 ha nke Echi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Leonsis|first=Elle|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/|title=2015 UK Stars of Tomorrow Announced by BFI London Film Festival and Screen International|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=6 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925150516/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'October, a tụbara ya na ọrụ mmekọrịta dịka Kimberly Hart, Pink Ranger, na ''Power Rangers'' (2017), mmegharị ihe nkiri nke usoro TV nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sneider|first=Jeff|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/|title='The Martian's' Naomi Scott to Star in 'Power Rangers' as Pink Ranger|work=[[TheWrap]]|date=7 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725104441/https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 24 Maachị 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Desta|first=Yohana|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/03/power-rangers-explainer|title=Confused About the New Power Rangers Movie? Here's a Handy Primer|date=24 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nweta nhọpụta Scott a Teen Choice Award . &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche mgbe ewepụtara ya ma bụrụ nkụda mmụọ ụlọ ọrụ, na-enweta $142 nde n'ụwa niile megide mmefu ego nke $105 nde.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/|work=[[TheWrap]]|title='Power Rangers' Reboot Has Critics Mixed, But Its Performances Pop|author=Velocci|first=Carli|date=20 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=26 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230232/http://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọganihu kachasị (2019- dị ugbu a) ===
[[Faịlụ:Charlie's_Angels_cast_during_interview_01.png|thumb| Ihe nkedo nke ''Charlie's Angels'' na 2019. Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Scott, Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska .]]
N'afọ 2019, Scott gbara egwu dị ka Princess Jasmine na ''Aladdin'', mmegharị ihe omume nke Disney's 1992 animated film nke otu aha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Variety: Disney Casts Aladdin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=16 July 2017|date=15 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|archivedate=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loughrey|first=Clarisse|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: 'For women, a lot of the time we have to work twice as hard'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|work=[[The Independent]]|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkedo Scott na-eme ihe nkiri &quot;Middle Eastern or Arab&quot; dọtara okwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Romano|first=Aja|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history|title=The controversy over Disney's new Aladdin remake, explained|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=28 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=6 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806104705/https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nyocha ya maka ''San Francisco Chronicle'', onye nkatọ Mick LaSalle chọpụtara na Scott bụ &quot;ezigbo kpakpando&quot; nke ihe nkiri ahụ nakwa na ọ &quot;na-eme nke ọma ma na-enye ihe niile na abụ ike ọhụrụ ya ['Speechless']&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original|title=Review: Disney's new live-action 'Aladdin' improves on original|author=Laselle|first=Mick|authorlink=Mick LaSalle|date=22 May 2019|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=24 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624203546/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard Roeper nke ''Chicago Sun-Times'' dere na Scott &quot;na-egbuke egbuke&quot; na arụmọrụ ya nke &quot;enweghị okwu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie|title='Aladdin': Will Smith's blue Genie is pretty cool, once you get to know him|author=Roeper|first=Richard|date=22 May 2019|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=25 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725235325/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya, Scott meriri Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress - Sci-Fi / Fantasy ma nwetakwa nhọpụta maka onyinye Saturn maka onye na-akwado nkwado kacha mma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yang|first=Rachel|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=11 August 2019|accessdate=11 August 2019|archivedate=7 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|author=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|archivedate=16 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aladdin'' nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa, na-enweta $1 ijeri n'ụlọ ọrụ igbe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/|title='Aladdin' Flying Past $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=26 July 2019|first=Dave|author=McNary|accessdate=30 July 2019|archivedate=27 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727132914/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/|title=Cat &amp; Mouse: 'The Lion King's $963M WW Through Sunday Pushes Disney To Record $7.67B Global B.O.; 1st Studio To Pass $5B Overseas – International Box Office|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=28 July 2019|first=Nancy|author=Tartaglione|accessdate=28 July 2019|archivedate=28 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728170349/https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa na 2019, Scott starred dị ka otu n'ime atọ na-edu, n'akụkụ Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska, na omume ọchị ''Charlie's Angels'', nkeji nke atọ n'ime franchise nke otu aha, wepụtara na November. &lt;ref name=&quot;English&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2018/07/27/new-generation-charlies-angels-revealed-kristen-stewart-two/|title=New generation of Charlie's Angels revealed as Kristen Stewart and two rising English stars|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=27 July 2018|quote=She'll be joined by English actresses Naomi Scott (known for appearing in 2017's Power Rangers and playing Jasmine in the forthcoming Aladdin live action film) and Ella Balinska, who is the daughter of Lorraine Pascale and is best known for playing Grace Briggs in Midsomer Murders and the titular role in Sky series Nyela's Dream.|accessdate=10 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/|title='Charlie's Angels': Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott Confirmed With Ella Balinska Set To Star In Elizabeth Banks-Directed Reboot|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Amanda|author=N'Duka|date=26 July 2018|accessdate=8 February 2019|archivedate=18 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118065200/https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/|title='Charlie's Angels' Flies To Mid-November|author=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=28 March 2019|accessdate=22 June 2019|archivedate=28 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230251/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676|title=Charlie's Angels: What did the critics think?|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 November 2019|quote=The last edition of the film series - 2003 sequel Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, which also starred Diaz, Liu and Barrymore, received similarly mixed reviews and failed to hit the heights of its predecessor at the box office.|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612052500/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2020, a tụbara Scott na usoro Netflix ''Anatomy of a Scandal'', dị ka onye enyemaka ndị omeiwu Olivia Lytton, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 April 2022|title=The big problem with Anatomy of a Scandal's depiction of rape|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|accessdate=17 August 2022|work=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị ''dị anya'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=4 August 2020|title=Naomi Scott To Star Opposite Anthony Ramos in Amblin's 'Distant'|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180827/https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archivedate=5 October 2020|accessdate=16 December 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri nke ọrụ abụọ a mere n'otu afọ ahụ, ewepụtara ya na 2022 na 2024, n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asatryan|first=Tigran|date=2022-02-22|title='Anatomy of a Scandal' Netflix Anthology Series: Coming to Netflix in April 2022|url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/anatomy-of-a-scandal-everything-we-know-so-far-about-the-new-anthology-series-02-2022/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=What's on Netflix|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na 2023, a tụbara Scott ka ọ bụrụ kpakpando pop Skye Riley na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2023-12-13|title=Naomi Scott To Star In Next Installment Of Paramount's 'Smile' Franchise|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213231314/https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe nkiri nke abụọ na aha . O nwetara mkpali sitere na egwu 2010 na ndị nka dịka [[Lady Gaga]] na Britney Spears . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Smile 2': Naomi Scott Says Her Pop Star Character Is Similar to Lady Gaga (Exclusive)|url=https://www.etonline.com/media/videos/smile-2-naomi-scott-says-her-pop-star-character-is-similar-to-lady-gaga-exclusive|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-emekwa abụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ, bụ nke a na-egosi na egwu agbatịkwu ''Smile 2: Skye Riley EP'' .  Ewepụtara ya na 2024 ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị oke egwu na azụmaahịa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=2024-10-20|title='Smile 2' Leads Box Office With $23 Million Debut, A24's 'We Live in Time' Cracks Top Five|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/smile-2-box-office-opening-weekend-we-live-in-time-impresses-1236183702/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; arụmọrụ ya nwetara otuto sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Campbell|first=Christopher|date=October 16, 2024|title=Smile 2 First Reviews: One of the Best Horror Films of the Year|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/smile-2-first-reviews-one-of-the-best-horror-films-of-the-year/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benjamin Lee nke ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ Scott &quot;onye na-agba mbọ na-aga-na-hell-na-azụ mkpu eze eze &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=2024-10-17|title=Smile 2 review – gory pop star horror sequel sings a familiar tune|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/oct/17/smile-2-review|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Owen Gleiberman nke dkwenyere na o nyere ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;ezigbo mmetụta mmetụta uche.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=2024-10-16|title='Smile 2' Review: A Skillfully Disquieting Sequel Turns the Life of a Pop Star Into a Horror Ride of Mental Breakdown|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/smile-2-review-naomi-scott-1236178126/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ahụ, ọ meriri Astra Award for Best Performance in a Horror or Thriller and a họpụtara maka onyinye Saturn maka Best Actress . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/|title='Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations|author=Dento Davidson|date=25 November 2024|accessdate=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/|title=BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods|work=[[Fangoria]]|first=Amber|author=T|date=December 4, 2024|accessdate=December 5, 2024|archivedate=December 5, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scott ga-apụta ọzọ na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya Epic  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Donnelly|first=Matt|date=2023-05-10|title=Kit Harington, Naomi Scott, Jeremy Irons Romance Epic 'Eternal Return' to Hit Cannes Market (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Variety|archivedate=21 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121231916/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri nkiri na-atọ ọchị mpụ ''Wizards!'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2022-05-17|title=Pete Davidson And Naomi Scott To Star In David Michôd's 'Wizards!' For A24 And Plan B|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=21 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421025812/https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahazi ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ememme egwu America Lollapalooza, nke a ga-eme na Grant Park na July 31 ruo August 3. &lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Miriam|author=Di Nunzio|date=March 19, 2025|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/lollapalooza/2025/03/18/lollapalooza-2025-lineup-chicago|title=Lollapalooza 2025 lineup includes Sabrina Carpenter, Tyler, The Creator, Doechii, Olivia Rodrigo and more|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=[[Chicago Public Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Scott bụ [[Efefe Kraịst|Onye Kraịst]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Heawood|first=Sophie|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/naomi-scott-aladdin-vogue-interview-2019|title=Naomi Scott, Disney's New Princess Jasmine, Is Redefining The Fairy Tale For The Modern Age|quote=It might be common in America, but being a committed Christian is unusual in a young British celebrity. Scott questions it all herself.|work=[[British Vogue]]|date=23 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya UK na ọgbakọ ebere Ndị Kraịst bụ Compassion International, na-akwado ụmụaka na ezinụlọ ndị bi na ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott: Meet the Woman Behind the Big Screen|date=9 May 2019|url=https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/|publisher=[[Compassion International]]|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=18 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918102518/https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Casey|title=Meet the Lucky Girl Who Landed the Coveted Role of the New Pink Power Ranger|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/power-rangers-reboot-pink-ranger-naomi-scott|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=Teen Vogue|date=8 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arịa ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ eczema . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dancer|first=Rebecca|title=Naomi Scott Opens Up About Having Eczema — Here's What to Do If You Have It Too|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724214908/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ejide eriri ojii na karate, na-amụ ya kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-enyere aka na ọrụ ya na ''Power Rangers'' na ''Charlie's Angels'' .

Na June 2014, Scott lụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ Bekee Jordan Spence mgbe afọ anọ gachara. &lt;ref name=&quot;marriage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019|title=Charlie's Angels Naomi Scott on Turning Director with Husband Jordan Spence|author=Maitland|first=Hayley|date=15 October 2019|work=[[British Vogue]]|accessdate=15 November 2019|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115135109/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/aladdin-star-naomi-scott-hollywoods-next-big-brit-girl-faith/|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: Hollywood's next big Brit girl, on faith, football and family|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=10 May 2019|author=Eyre|first=Hermione|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ zutere na chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott, and Ella Balinska Answer the Web's Most Searched Questions {{!}} WIRED|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c|work=YouTube|date=15 November 2019|publisher=WIRED|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=16 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116012220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe nrite
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Otu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ọrụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Astra Film Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2024
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:2 /&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/|title='Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations|author=Dento Davidson|date=25 November 2024|accessdate=26 November 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDento_Davidson2024&quot;&gt;Dento Davidson (25 November 2024). [https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/ &quot;'Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Arụmọrụ kacha mma na egwu ma ọ bụ ihe egwu
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2'' |{{Won}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Saturn Awards
| 2019
| Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Aladdin''|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|author=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|archivedate=16 July 2019}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMancuso2019&quot;&gt;Mancuso, Vinnie (15 July 2019). [http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ &quot;'Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations&quot;]. ''[[Collider (website)|Collider]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ Archived] from the original on 16 July 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 August&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/|title=BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods|work=[[Fangoria]]|first=Amber|author=T|date=December 4, 2024|accessdate=December 5, 2024|archivedate=December 5, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFT2024&quot;&gt;T, Amber (4 December 2024). [https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/ &quot;BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods&quot;]. ''[[Fangoria]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/ Archived] from the original on 5 December 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 December&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shorty Awards
| 2020
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| Onwe ya|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|date=3 May 2020|title=Trevor Noah, Rebel Wilson, Zendaya Among Winners at Shorty Awards|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/trevor-noah-rebel-wilson-zendaya-winners-at-shorty-awards-1293025/|accessdate=15 January 2022|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Teen Choice Awards
| 2017
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Sci-Fi Choice
| ''Ike Rangers''|{{Nom}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/|title=Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition|date=13 August 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=14 August 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRubinKnapp2017&quot;&gt;Rubin, Rebecca; Knapp, JD (13 August 2017). [https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ &quot;Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition&quot;]. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''. [https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ Archived] from the original on 14 August 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019
| Choice Fantasy Movie Actress
| ''Aladdin''|{{Won}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.thewrap.com/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-list-riverdale/|accessdate=13 August 2019|work=[[The Wrap]]|date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="34720" sha1="spj01t9g2rlzbr4eknd6i9fh9jdje9z" xml:space="preserve">'''Naomi Scott''' (amụrụ 6 Mee 1993) bụ onye omere na onye na-agụ abụ Bekee. Mgbe o gosichara na usoro ihe nkiri Disney Channel ''Life Bites'' (2008 – 2009), o kere òkè na ihe nkiri egwu telivishọn ''Lemonade Mouth'' (2011), nke ọ rụrụ na egwu egwu egwu ya. O mere ihe nkiri na usoro akụkọ ifo sayensị ''Terra Nova'' (2011) na ihe nkiri superhero ''Power Rangers'' (2017).

Na 2019, Scott gbara egwu na ihe nkiri ''Charlie's Angels'' yana Jasmine na ihe nkiri fantasy ''Aladdin'' . Mgbe ezumike afọ atọ gachara, ọ laghachiri na Netflix thriller miniseries ''Anatomy of a Scandal'' (2022) na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'' (2024).

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Naomi Scott na 6 Mee 1993 na Hounslow, London, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130|title=Everything You Need To Know About Naomi Scott|author=Eksouzian-Cavadas|first=Ana|date=31 May 2019|accessdate=15 November 2019|work=[[Elle Australia]]|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115134707/https://www.elle.com.au/celebrity/who-is-naomi-scott-18130}}&lt;/ref&gt; nye nna Bekee na nne India. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Salam|first=Erum|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/may/24/aladdin-princess-jasmine-brown-colorism-disney|title=The fairest of them all? Two cheers for Aladdin's browner Princess Jasmine|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne ya, onye amụrụ na Uganda ma kwaga United Kingdom mgbe ọ dị obere, bụ Gujarati . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swertlow|first=Meg|date=16 July 2017|title=5 Things You Need to Know About Aladdin's New Princess Jasmine, Naomi Scott|url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721224552/http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/867173/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-aladdin-s-new-princess-jasmine-naomi-scott|archivedate=21 July 2017|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[E!#E! Online|E! Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott|url=https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926023202/https://www.empireonline.com/people/naomi-scott/|archivedate=26 September 2021|accessdate=27 May 2021|work=[[Empire Online]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Scott nwekwara nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya. 

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Woodford, London, &lt;ref name=&quot;Another&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lack|first=Hannah|title=Cover Story: Naomi Scott, From Normal Girl to New Superhero|url=https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion|date=10 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930002156/https://www.anothermag.com/fashion-beauty/11878/naomi-scott-interview-aladdin-power-rangers-charlies-angels-parents-religion}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị pastọ na Churchka Bridge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|title=The Bridge Church Woodford|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054651/http://www.thebridgechurch.org.uk/church-woodford/leaders.htm|archivedate=7 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; O tolitere na-ege ntị n'ozi ọma na egwu R &amp;amp;amp; B, ndị ọbụ abụ kpọmkwem Kim Burrell, Mary Mary, na Kirk Franklin, na-abụ abụ na chọọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mahbub|first=Muhsin|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/actress-naomi-scott-explains-her-deep-connection-with_b_58dabc64e4b07f61a2bb8935|title=Actress Naomi Scott Explains Her Deep Connection With Music|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=28 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Davenant Foundation na Loughton, Essex . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|title=Alumni|accessdate=23 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820024421/http://davenantperformingarts.org.uk/SAP.aspx?pid=Alumni_en-GB|archivedate=20 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkara ka ọ were ọkwa A-Level ya ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ ya na usoro ''Terra Nova'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tsjeng|first=Zing|title=Naomi Scott on Charlie's Angels and Navigating Hollywood|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724221053/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-september-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mbụ na nnabata (2008-2018) ===
Scott bụ onye na-agụ egwú pop nke Britain bụ Kéllé Bryan si na otu nwa agbọghọ Ebighị Ebi, bụ onye bịanyere aka na ya dị ka onye ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html|title=Naomi Scott: the teen star with a mission|date=25 August 2011|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725105712/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/naomi-scott-the-teen-star-with-a-mission-6436921.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ọrụ ya na ndị na-ede abụ na ndị na-emepụta egwu Britain Xenomania . &lt;ref name=&quot;DisneyChannelMedianet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|title=NAOMI SCOTT 'Mohini (Mo) Banarjee'|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616174018/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3134438&amp;type=scott|archivedate=16 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ izizi mbụ ya bụ Disney Channel UK series ''Life Bites'' .

Na 2010, a tụbara ya dị ka Mohini &quot;Mo&quot; Banjaree na ihe nkiri mbụ nke ''Lemonade Mouth'' 2011 Disney Channel acclaimed, ọrụ mbụ ya na mmepụta America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/industry/blogs/entertainment/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|title=Meet the Girls of Lemonade Mouth: Naomi Scott|author=Wesley|first=Tommy|date=14 April 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004003448/http://www.teenvogue.com/blog/teen-vogue-daily/2011/04/meet-the-girls-of-lemonade-mouth-naomi-scott.html|archivedate=4 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|date=2021-04-18|title=Here's Why Naomi Scott Didn't Want Her Own Disney Show Early in Her Career|url=https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Collider|language=en|archivedate=29 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629055212/https://collider.com/disney-channel-stars-naomi-scott-interview/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gwara na &quot;M [na-echetakwa na a kpọbatara m na ọrụ nka na nke mbụ. Na m, ọ bụ mmepụta US a na m dị ka, oh my gosh, ha nwere trolley nke swiiti nke bịara! Na m ka m chere na m mere ya. Nke a bụ ihe m chọrọ. Nke a bụ ihe ọ bụ ihe niile. Ọ bụ ihe niile banyere swiiti na swiiti. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Khalid McCalla nke ''The Oberlin Review'' kwenyere na Scott &quot;na-egwepịa ya kpamkpam.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McCalla|first=Khalid|title=10 Years of Lemonade Mouth: The Perfect Disney Channel Original Movie|url=https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=The Oberlin Review|archivedate=24 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224071736/https://oberlinreview.org/23546/arts/10-years-of-lemonade-mouth-the-perfect-disney-channel-original-movie/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyekwara ụda olu n'ụda ụda na-aga nke ọma nke ihe nkiri ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Ethan|title=Disney's Lemonade Mouth Climbs in Song Charts|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704729304576287430724678142|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=WSJ|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abụ &quot;Ọ Na-aga&quot; gosipụtara Scott na ụda olu; etinyere ya na listi ''Billboard'' nke &quot; 100 Kasị Mma Disney Songs of All Time &quot;.  N'otu afọ ahụ, a tụbara ya dị ka Maddy Shannon na usoro akụkọ sayensị sayensị ''Terra Nova'', nke malitere na September 2011 na Fox . &lt;ref name=&quot;promopics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114052046/http://tvovermind.zap2it.com/fox/terra-nova/fox-unleashes-terra-nova-promo-pics/44147|archivedate=14 January 2011|title=FOX Unleashes Terra Nova Promo Pics|author=Lachonis, Jon|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=17 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emegharịrị usoro a maka oge nke abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|title=Terra Nova Cancelled by Fox - Ratings|work=[[TV by the Numbers]]|date=6 March 2012|accessdate=7 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715082949/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/03/05/fox-cancels-terra-nova/123109/|archivedate=15 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2013, Scott pụtara na vidiyo egwu maka egwu &quot; Hurricane &quot;, site na ''Lemonade Mouth'' co-star Bridgit Mendler . N'August 2014, ọ wepụtara onwe ya nke mbụ ya EP ''Invisible Division'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Invisible Division iTunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/904242224|title=Invisible Division - EP|publisher=iTunes Store|date=30 May 2011|accessdate=4 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227142136/https://itunes.apple.com/br/album/invisible-division-ep/id904242224|archivedate=27 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tụbara Scott ka Ryoko na Ridley Scott 's ''The Martian'' . Ọ na-esere ihe nkiri ya mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha (gụnyere ihe nkiri ọ bụla ebe Scott na-ekwu okwu) wepụrụ na njedebe ikpeazụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ &quot;mgbakwunye&quot; na fim ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;martian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nemiroff|first=Perri|url=https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|title=Naomi Scott on Getting Cut out of 'The Martian' and Why It's OK to Choke: &quot;I've Been There in Front of Ridley Scott&quot;|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=17 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528142524/https://collider.com/the-martian-deleted-scene-naomi-scott-interview-ridley-scott/|archivedate=28 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2014, ọwa YouTube &quot;Reload&quot; bipụtara vidiyo abụọ gosipụtara ya, dịka akụkụ nke usoro &quot;Reload Sessions&quot; ha.  

Screen International ahọpụtara Scott dị ka otu n'ime kpakpando 2015 ha nke Echi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Leonsis|first=Elle|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/|title=2015 UK Stars of Tomorrow Announced by BFI London Film Festival and Screen International|work=[[IndieWire]]|date=6 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925150516/https://www.indiewire.com/2015/10/2015-uk-stars-of-tomorrow-announced-by-bfi-london-film-festival-and-screen-international-57030/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'October, a tụbara ya na ọrụ mmekọrịta dịka Kimberly Hart, Pink Ranger, na ''Power Rangers'' (2017), mmegharị ihe nkiri nke usoro TV nke otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sneider|first=Jeff|url=https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/|title='The Martian's' Naomi Scott to Star in 'Power Rangers' as Pink Ranger|work=[[TheWrap]]|date=7 October 2015|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=25 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725104441/https://www.thewrap.com/the-martians-naomi-scott-to-star-in-power-rangers-as-pink-ranger/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 24 Maachị 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Desta|first=Yohana|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/03/power-rangers-explainer|title=Confused About the New Power Rangers Movie? Here's a Handy Primer|date=24 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nweta nhọpụta Scott a Teen Choice Award . &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot; /&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche mgbe ewepụtara ya ma bụrụ nkụda mmụọ ụlọ ọrụ, na-enweta $142 nde n'ụwa niile megide mmefu ego nke $105 nde.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/|work=[[TheWrap]]|title='Power Rangers' Reboot Has Critics Mixed, But Its Performances Pop|author=Velocci|first=Carli|date=20 March 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=26 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230232/http://www.thewrap.com/critics-are-mixed-on-the-power-rangers-reboot-but-its-better-than-expected/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọganihu kachasị (2019- dị ugbu a) ===
[[Faịlụ:Charlie's_Angels_cast_during_interview_01.png|thumb| Ihe nkedo nke ''Charlie's Angels'' na 2019. Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Scott, Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska .]]
N'afọ 2019, Scott gbara egwu dị ka Princess Jasmine na ''Aladdin'', mmegharị ihe omume nke Disney's 1992 animated film nke otu aha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Variety: Disney Casts Aladdin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|title='Aladdin': Disney Casts Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=16 July 2017|date=15 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715232330/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/aladdin-will-smith-naomi-scott-jasmine-cast-mena-massoud-d23-1202496767/|archivedate=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loughrey|first=Clarisse|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: 'For women, a lot of the time we have to work twice as hard'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/aladdin-new-movie-naomi-scott-interview-princess-jasmine-remake-diversity-a8916531.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|work=[[The Independent]]|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkedo Scott na-eme ihe nkiri &quot;Middle Eastern or Arab&quot; dọtara okwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Romano|first=Aja|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history|title=The controversy over Disney's new Aladdin remake, explained|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=28 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=6 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806104705/https://www.vox.com/2019/5/24/18635896/disney-live-action-aladdin-controversy-history}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nyocha ya maka ''San Francisco Chronicle'', onye nkatọ Mick LaSalle chọpụtara na Scott bụ &quot;ezigbo kpakpando&quot; nke ihe nkiri ahụ nakwa na ọ &quot;na-eme nke ọma ma na-enye ihe niile na abụ ike ọhụrụ ya ['Speechless']&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original|title=Review: Disney's new live-action 'Aladdin' improves on original|author=Laselle|first=Mick|authorlink=Mick LaSalle|date=22 May 2019|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=24 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624203546/https://datebook.sfchronicle.com/movies-tv/review-disneys-new-live-action-aladdin-improves-on-original}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard Roeper nke ''Chicago Sun-Times'' dere na Scott &quot;na-egbuke egbuke&quot; na arụmọrụ ya nke &quot;enweghị okwu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie|title='Aladdin': Will Smith's blue Genie is pretty cool, once you get to know him|author=Roeper|first=Richard|date=22 May 2019|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=25 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725235325/https://chicago.suntimes.com/2019/5/22/18635199/aladdin-review-movie-will-smith-genie-new-disney-live-action-guy-ritchie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ya, Scott meriri Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress - Sci-Fi / Fantasy ma nwetakwa nhọpụta maka onyinye Saturn maka onye na-akwado nkwado kacha mma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yang|first=Rachel|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: See the full list of winners and nominees|url=https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=11 August 2019|accessdate=11 August 2019|archivedate=7 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207031819/https://ew.com/awards/2019/08/11/teen-choice-awards-2019-see-full-list-winners-nominees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|title='Avengers: Endgame', 'Game of Thrones' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations|author=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|archivedate=16 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aladdin'' nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa, na-enweta $1 ijeri n'ụlọ ọrụ igbe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/|title='Aladdin' Flying Past $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=26 July 2019|first=Dave|author=McNary|accessdate=30 July 2019|archivedate=27 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727132914/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/aladdin-box-office-one-billion-worldwide-1203281071/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/|title=Cat &amp; Mouse: 'The Lion King's $963M WW Through Sunday Pushes Disney To Record $7.67B Global B.O.; 1st Studio To Pass $5B Overseas – International Box Office|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|publisher=[[Penske Business Media]]|date=28 July 2019|first=Nancy|author=Tartaglione|accessdate=28 July 2019|archivedate=28 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728170349/https://deadline.com/2019/07/the-lion-king-disney-global-international-box-office-records-spider-man-far-from-home-aladdin-weekend-results-1202655873/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa na 2019, Scott starred dị ka otu n'ime atọ na-edu, n'akụkụ Kristen Stewart na Ella Balinska, na omume ọchị ''Charlie's Angels'', nkeji nke atọ n'ime franchise nke otu aha, wepụtara na November. &lt;ref name=&quot;English&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2018/07/27/new-generation-charlies-angels-revealed-kristen-stewart-two/|title=New generation of Charlie's Angels revealed as Kristen Stewart and two rising English stars|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=27 July 2018|quote=She'll be joined by English actresses Naomi Scott (known for appearing in 2017's Power Rangers and playing Jasmine in the forthcoming Aladdin live action film) and Ella Balinska, who is the daughter of Lorraine Pascale and is best known for playing Grace Briggs in Midsomer Murders and the titular role in Sky series Nyela's Dream.|accessdate=10 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/|title='Charlie's Angels': Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott Confirmed With Ella Balinska Set To Star In Elizabeth Banks-Directed Reboot|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Amanda|author=N'Duka|date=26 July 2018|accessdate=8 February 2019|archivedate=18 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118065200/https://deadline.com/2018/07/charlies-angels-kristen-stewart-naomi-scott-ella-balinska-cast-elizabeth-banks-reboot-1202432925/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/|title='Charlie's Angels' Flies To Mid-November|author=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=28 March 2019|accessdate=22 June 2019|archivedate=28 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230251/https://deadline.com/2019/03/kristen-stewart-charlies-angels-release-date-change-1202584681/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676|title=Charlie's Angels: What did the critics think?|work=[[BBC News]]|date=13 November 2019|quote=The last edition of the film series - 2003 sequel Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle, which also starred Diaz, Liu and Barrymore, received similarly mixed reviews and failed to hit the heights of its predecessor at the box office.|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612052500/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50402676}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2020, a tụbara Scott na usoro Netflix ''Anatomy of a Scandal'', dị ka onye enyemaka ndị omeiwu Olivia Lytton, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 April 2022|title=The big problem with Anatomy of a Scandal's depiction of rape|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/anatomy-of-a-scandal-netflix-rape-victim-b2062265.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|accessdate=17 August 2022|work=[[The Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri akụkọ sayensị ''dị anya'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=4 August 2020|title=Naomi Scott To Star Opposite Anthony Ramos in Amblin's 'Distant'|url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005180827/https://deadline.com/2020/08/aladdins-naomi-scott-to-anthony-ramos-amblins-distant-1203001221/|archivedate=5 October 2020|accessdate=16 December 2020|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe nkiri nke ọrụ abụọ a mere n'otu afọ ahụ, ewepụtara ya na 2022 na 2024, n'otu n'otu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Asatryan|first=Tigran|date=2022-02-22|title='Anatomy of a Scandal' Netflix Anthology Series: Coming to Netflix in April 2022|url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/anatomy-of-a-scandal-everything-we-know-so-far-about-the-new-anthology-series-02-2022/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=What's on Netflix|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na 2023, a tụbara Scott ka ọ bụrụ kpakpando pop Skye Riley na ihe nkiri egwu ''Smile 2'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2023-12-13|title=Naomi Scott To Star In Next Installment Of Paramount's 'Smile' Franchise|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=13 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213231314/https://deadline.com/2023/12/naomi-scott-smile-sequel-1235666829/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihe nkiri nke abụọ na aha . O nwetara mkpali sitere na egwu 2010 na ndị nka dịka [[Lady Gaga]] na Britney Spears . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='Smile 2': Naomi Scott Says Her Pop Star Character Is Similar to Lady Gaga (Exclusive)|url=https://www.etonline.com/media/videos/smile-2-naomi-scott-says-her-pop-star-character-is-similar-to-lady-gaga-exclusive|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-emekwa abụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ, bụ nke a na-egosi na egwu agbatịkwu ''Smile 2: Skye Riley EP'' .  Ewepụtara ya na 2024 ka ọ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị oke egwu na azụmaahịa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=2024-10-20|title='Smile 2' Leads Box Office With $23 Million Debut, A24's 'We Live in Time' Cracks Top Five|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/box-office/smile-2-box-office-opening-weekend-we-live-in-time-impresses-1236183702/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; arụmọrụ ya nwetara otuto sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Campbell|first=Christopher|date=October 16, 2024|title=Smile 2 First Reviews: One of the Best Horror Films of the Year|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/smile-2-first-reviews-one-of-the-best-horror-films-of-the-year/|accessdate=2024-12-28|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benjamin Lee nke ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ Scott &quot;onye na-agba mbọ na-aga-na-hell-na-azụ mkpu eze eze &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Benjamin|date=2024-10-17|title=Smile 2 review – gory pop star horror sequel sings a familiar tune|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/oct/17/smile-2-review|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Owen Gleiberman nke dkwenyere na o nyere ihe nkiri ahụ &quot;ezigbo mmetụta mmetụta uche.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=2024-10-16|title='Smile 2' Review: A Skillfully Disquieting Sequel Turns the Life of a Pop Star Into a Horror Ride of Mental Breakdown|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/reviews/smile-2-review-naomi-scott-1236178126/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ahụ, ọ meriri Astra Award for Best Performance in a Horror or Thriller and a họpụtara maka onyinye Saturn maka Best Actress . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/|title='Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations|author=Dento Davidson|date=25 November 2024|accessdate=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/|title=BEETLEJUICE BEETLEJUICE, STRANGE DARLING Lead Saturn Awards Horror Nods|work=[[Fangoria]]|first=Amber|author=T|date=December 4, 2024|accessdate=December 5, 2024|archivedate=December 5, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205001447/https://www.fangoria.com/horror-saturn-awards-52/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scott ga-apụta ọzọ na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya Epic  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Donnelly|first=Matt|date=2023-05-10|title=Kit Harington, Naomi Scott, Jeremy Irons Romance Epic 'Eternal Return' to Hit Cannes Market (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Variety|archivedate=21 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121231916/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/kit-harington-naomi-scott-jeremy-irons-eternal-return-movie-1235609139/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ihe nkiri nkiri na-atọ ọchị mpụ ''Wizards!'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2022-05-17|title=Pete Davidson And Naomi Scott To Star In David Michôd's 'Wizards!' For A24 And Plan B|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=Deadline|language=en-US|archivedate=21 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421025812/https://deadline.com/2022/05/pete-davidson-naomi-scott-david-michods-wizards-a24-1235025779/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahazi ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ememme egwu America Lollapalooza, nke a ga-eme na Grant Park na July 31 ruo August 3. &lt;ref name=&quot;lineup&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Miriam|author=Di Nunzio|date=March 19, 2025|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/lollapalooza/2025/03/18/lollapalooza-2025-lineup-chicago|title=Lollapalooza 2025 lineup includes Sabrina Carpenter, Tyler, The Creator, Doechii, Olivia Rodrigo and more|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|publisher=[[Chicago Public Media]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Scott bụ [[Efefe Kraịst|Onye Kraịst]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Heawood|first=Sophie|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/naomi-scott-aladdin-vogue-interview-2019|title=Naomi Scott, Disney's New Princess Jasmine, Is Redefining The Fairy Tale For The Modern Age|quote=It might be common in America, but being a committed Christian is unusual in a young British celebrity. Scott questions it all herself.|work=[[British Vogue]]|date=23 May 2019|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya UK na ọgbakọ ebere Ndị Kraịst bụ Compassion International, na-akwado ụmụaka na ezinụlọ ndị bi na ịda ogbenye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Naomi Scott: Meet the Woman Behind the Big Screen|date=9 May 2019|url=https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/|publisher=[[Compassion International]]|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=18 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918102518/https://www.compassionuk.org/blogs/naomi-scott/}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Casey|title=Meet the Lucky Girl Who Landed the Coveted Role of the New Pink Power Ranger|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/power-rangers-reboot-pink-ranger-naomi-scott|accessdate=22 March 2022|work=Teen Vogue|date=8 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arịa ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ eczema . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dancer|first=Rebecca|title=Naomi Scott Opens Up About Having Eczema — Here's What to Do If You Have It Too|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema|date=4 September 2019|accessdate=24 July 2020|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724214908/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/naomi-scott-eczema}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ejide eriri ojii na karate, na-amụ ya kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-enyere aka na ọrụ ya na ''Power Rangers'' na ''Charlie's Angels'' .

Na June 2014, Scott lụrụ onye na-agba bọọlụ Bekee Jordan Spence mgbe afọ anọ gachara. &lt;ref name=&quot;marriage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019|title=Charlie's Angels Naomi Scott on Turning Director with Husband Jordan Spence|author=Maitland|first=Hayley|date=15 October 2019|work=[[British Vogue]]|accessdate=15 November 2019|archivedate=15 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115135109/https://www.vogue.co.uk/arts-and-lifestyle/article/naomi-scott-jordan-spence-interview-2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/aladdin-star-naomi-scott-hollywoods-next-big-brit-girl-faith/|title=Aladdin star Naomi Scott: Hollywood's next big Brit girl, on faith, football and family|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=10 May 2019|author=Eyre|first=Hermione|accessdate=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ zutere na chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;Teen Vogue feature&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kristen Stewart, Naomi Scott, and Ella Balinska Answer the Web's Most Searched Questions {{!}} WIRED|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c|work=YouTube|date=15 November 2019|publisher=WIRED|accessdate=26 October 2020|archivedate=16 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116012220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aq1n8MSk8c}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe nrite
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Otu
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ọrụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nsonaazụ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref.
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Astra Film Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2024
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}} 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;:2 /&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/|title='Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations|author=Dento Davidson|date=25 November 2024|accessdate=26 November 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDento_Davidson2024&quot;&gt;Dento Davidson (25 November 2024). [https://www.goldderby.com/article/2024/2024-astra-film-awards-nominations/ &quot;'Wicked' dominates Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards with record-breaking 19 nominations&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Arụmọrụ kacha mma na egwu ma ọ bụ ihe egwu
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2'' |{{Won}}
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Saturn Awards
| 2019
| Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Aladdin''|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;saturn2019&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2025
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| ''Ịchị ọchị 2''| {{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;Saturn Awards 2025&quot;/&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | Shorty Awards
| 2020
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
| Onwe ya|{{Nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nordyke|first=Kimberly|date=3 May 2020|title=Trevor Noah, Rebel Wilson, Zendaya Among Winners at Shorty Awards|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/trevor-noah-rebel-wilson-zendaya-winners-at-shorty-awards-1293025/|accessdate=15 January 2022|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Teen Choice Awards
| 2017
| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Sci-Fi Choice
| ''Ike Rangers''|{{Nom}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref name=&quot;TCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rubin|first=Rebecca|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/|title=Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition|date=13 August 2017|accessdate=25 July 2020|archivedate=14 August 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170814094055/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRubinKnapp2017&quot;&gt;Rubin, Rebecca; Knapp, JD (13 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250305010602/https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ &quot;Teen Choice Awards 2017: 'Riverdale,' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition&quot;]. ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.  from the original on 14 August 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 July&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019
| Choice Fantasy Movie Actress
| ''Aladdin''|{{Won}} 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Teen Choice Awards 2019: The Complete Winners List|url=https://www.thewrap.com/teen-choice-awards-2019-winners-list-riverdale/|accessdate=13 August 2019|work=[[The Wrap]]|date=11 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>spj01t9g2rlzbr4eknd6i9fh9jdje9z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nara Smith</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>60204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>687383</id>
      <parentid>206475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:33:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Goodymeraj</username>
        <id>16207</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>687383</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7516" sha1="do3b5skvyd9ia9571443ph3q36tjn30" xml:space="preserve">'''Nara Aziza Smith''' ( née '''Pellmann''' ; amụrụ 27 Septemba 2001) &lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 March 2024|title=Who Is Nara Smith? All About the TikTok Creator Married to Lucky Blue Smith|url=https://people.com/who-is-nara-smith-lucky-blue-smith-wife-8604660|work=People|author=Aizin|first=Rebecca}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;thecut&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecut.com/2024/02/who-is-nara-smith-model-influencer-lucky-blue-smith.html|title=Wait, Who Is Nara Smith?|work=The Cut|date=1 February 2024|author=Jones|first=Allie|publisher=Vox Media, LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye mmetụta South Africa-German, ihe nlere anya, onye okike ọdịnaya na ụdị mgbasa ozi. dabere na United States. A maara ya na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ọha na eze maka obere vidiyo esi nri nke ọ na-esi nri site na ọkọ mgbe ọ na-eyi uwe dị oke egwu ma na-akọ vidiyo ndị a na ntanye.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Nara Aziza Pellmann na 27 Septemba 2001 na Bloemfontein, South Africa, nye nne Mosotho na nna German. Mgbe ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Frankfurt, Germany, ebe ọ nọrọ oge fọdụrụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata. O kwuru na vidiyo TikTok na ma Bekee na German bụ asụsụ obodo ya. Smith nwere ụmụnne abụọ ndị tọrọ, nwanne nwoke na nwanne nwanyị, yana nwanne nne nne. &lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 March 2024|title=Who Is Nara Smith? All About the TikTok Creator Married to Lucky Blue Smith|url=https://people.com/who-is-nara-smith-lucky-blue-smith-wife-8604660|work=People|author=Aizin|first=Rebecca}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAizin2024&quot;&gt;Aizin, Rebecca (5 March 2024). [https://people.com/who-is-nara-smith-lucky-blue-smith-wife-8604660 &quot;Who Is Nara Smith? All About the TikTok Creator Married to Lucky Blue Smith&quot;]. ''People''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Nlereanya ===
Smith malitere ime ihe ngosi na 14 afọ, ebe achọpụtara ya site na mgbasa ozi &quot;Anyị hụrụ Genes Gị n'anya&quot; nke IMG Models .  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, ọ kwagara United States, biri na [[California]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 March 2024|title=Who Is Nara Smith? All About the TikTok Creator Married to Lucky Blue Smith|url=https://people.com/who-is-nara-smith-lucky-blue-smith-wife-8604660|work=People|author=Aizin|first=Rebecca}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAizin2024&quot;&gt;Aizin, Rebecca (5 March 2024). [https://people.com/who-is-nara-smith-lucky-blue-smith-wife-8604660 &quot;Who Is Nara Smith? All About the TikTok Creator Married to Lucky Blue Smith&quot;]. ''People''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2024, ọ ghọrọ ihu nke Aritsia 's Sweatfleece mkpọsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mowatt|first=Robyn|title=Nara Aziza Smith The Stylish Foodie And Muse Is The Face Of Aritzia’s Sweatfleece New Campaign|url=https://www.essence.com/fashion/nara-aziza-smith-aritzia-sweatfleece-campaign/|accessdate=2 March 2025|date=20 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbasa ozi ọha ===
N'agbata mbubreyo 2023 na mbido 2024, Smith malitere ịga viral na TikTok na nyiwe mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ maka ikesa &quot; tradwife &quot; ọdịnaya na-egosi isi nri siri ike maka ezinụlọ ya site na ọkọ mgbe ọ na-eyi uwe mmebe, yana biputere ụtọ ya na-enweghị atụ na aha nwa ka ọ dị n'oge ya na nwa ya nke atọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;thecut&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecut.com/2024/02/who-is-nara-smith-model-influencer-lucky-blue-smith.html|title=Wait, Who Is Nara Smith?|work=The Cut|date=1 February 2024|author=Jones|first=Allie|publisher=Vox Media, LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJones2024&quot;&gt;Jones, Allie (1 February 2024). [https://www.thecut.com/2024/02/who-is-nara-smith-model-influencer-lucky-blue-smith.html &quot;Wait, Who Is Nara Smith?&quot;]. ''The Cut''. Vox Media, LLC.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nke 2024, ọ nwetala ihe karịrị nde ndị na-eso ụzọ 9 na TikTok yana ihe karịrị nde ndị na-eso ụzọ 4 na Instagram . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Butler|first=Sinead|title=Who is Nara Smith and why are her recipes going viral?|url=https://www.indy100.com/tiktok/nara-smith-tiktok-recipes|accessdate=13 May 2024|date=2 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McNeal|first=Stephanie|title=Here's Why Everyone Is Always Talking About Nara Smith|date=12 April 2024|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/heres-why-everyone-is-always-talking-about-nara-smith|accessdate=13 May 2024|format=12 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==

=== Mmekọrịta ===
Mgbe o zutere na Izu Ejiji Milan na 2019, &lt;ref name=&quot;usweekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carson|first=Lexi|date=2024-11-08|title=Nara Smith Addresses Misunderstandings About Her Family|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/nara-smith-addresses-misunderstandings-about-her-family/|accessdate=2024-11-10|work=[[Us Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith lụrụ ụdị ejiji Lucky Blue Smith na February 2020 na California.  Ha nwere ụmụ atọ. Smith bụkwa nne nnochi anya nke ada di ya site na mmekọrịta ya na Stormi Henley gara aga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nara Smith's 3 Kids: All About Rumble Honey, Slim Easy and Whimsy Lou|url=https://people.com/all-about-nara-smith-kids-8639564|accessdate=2024-09-09|work=Peoplemag|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nkwenye ===
Ọ bụ ezie na e mewo ọtụtụ esemokwu banyere njikọ okpukpe Smith na Mormonism, o kwuru na ya adịghị ewere onwe ya dị ka &quot;hardcore Mormon&quot; ma dokwuo anya na ya alụghị di na Mormon Temple . &lt;ref name=&quot;usweekly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carson|first=Lexi|date=2024-11-08|title=Nara Smith Addresses Misunderstandings About Her Family|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/nara-smith-addresses-misunderstandings-about-her-family/|accessdate=2024-11-10|work=[[Us Weekly]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCarson2024&quot;&gt;Carson, Lexi (2024-11-08). [https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/nara-smith-addresses-misunderstandings-about-her-family/ &quot;Nara Smith Addresses Misunderstandings About Her Family&quot;]. ''[[Us Weekly]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-11-10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [ a ]

=== Ahụike ===
Nara ekpughere na ọ na-alụ ọgụ na eczema wee chọpụta na ọ nwere lupus . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mapourra|first=Lia|title=Nara Smith Shows the Extremity of Eczema in New Photo|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/a63161992/nara-smith-eczema-lupus/|accessdate=2 March 2025|date=11 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nouril|first=Perdita|title=Nara Smith opens up about her struggles with chronic skin condition eczema|url=https://www.womenshealthmag.com/uk/beauty/skin/a63155414/nara-smith-eczema/|accessdate=2 March 2025|date=11 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ekwu na mmụba nke eczema ọkụ ya bụ mgbanwe ndụ ya na nraranye ya n'ịme ọtụtụ nri ya site na ọkọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Plante|first=Chandler|title=Nara Smith Shares the Real Reason She Started Making Food From Scratch|url=https://www.popsugar.com/nutrition/nara-smith-homemade-meals-autoimmune-condition-49363266|accessdate=2 March 2025|date=23 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sobhan|first=Athena|title=Nara Smith Opens Up About Struggles With Eczema and Eventual Lupus Diagnosis: 'It Forced Me to Reevaluate How I Eat'|url=https://people.com/nara-smith-opens-up-about-struggles-with-eczema-and-lupus-8748824|accessdate=2 March 2025|date=20 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndetu ==

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ndị Ikpe 1</title>
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'''Ndị Ikpe 1''' bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe, akwụkwọ nke asaa nke Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie, ederede dị nsọ na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. Ewezuga amaokwu mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta amatala ma mụọ ihe yiri isi nke 1 nke Ndị Ikpe na isi nke 13 ruo 19 n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa bu ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ na-enye akụkọ yiri nke ahụ banyere mmeri Ndị Izrel oge ochie meriri Kenan. Ndị Ikpe 1 na [[Jọshụa]] 15-19 gosipụtara akụkọ abụọ banyere mmeri dị nwayọ, nke na-aga n'ihu, na nke na-enweghị isi site n'otu agbụrụ ndị Izrel, nke e meriri site na mmeri, n'ụzọ dị iche na isi Nke 10 na nke 11 nke Akwụkwọ Jọshụa, nke gosipụtara mmeri ngwa ngwa na nke zuru ezu nke ndị agha Israel jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru iwu Jọshu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu 36.

=== Ndị akaebe ederede ===
Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [3] A c iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) na amaokwu 10-12 dị ugbu a.  [4][6]

Ihe odide oge ochie ndị dị ug'''B''' '''A''' nke nsụgh&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; Koine Grik a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga &lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;A; narị afọ nke ise).[7][a]

== Nnyocha ==

=== Ihe ndị dị na ya ===

==== Nchịkọta ====
Ndị Ikpe 1 na-akọwa otú ebo Juda, nke ga-emesị guzobe Alaeze Juda nke ndịda, si buru ụzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ala site n'aka ndị Kenan, ebe karịsịa agbụrụ ndị mechara guzobe Alaeze nke Israel nke ugwu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda, na ndị Kenan na-egbochi mwakpo ndị Israel na obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frolov|first=Serge|date=2007|title=Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601171005|journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1080/09018320601171005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaokwu 17-36 nke Ndị Ikpe 1 gụnyere ndepụta nke obodo ndị Kenan nke e weghaara ma ọ bụ na e weghaghị n'ihi ọdịda na ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha agha nke agbụrụ Israel dị iche iche na mgbalị ha iji merie Kenan. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọdịda, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-ekwu na agbụrụ ndị Israel mechara merie ndị Kenan n'Ọrụ mmanye.[ihe odide 1] Dị ka ndị Ikpe 2:1-5 na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, chi ndị Izrel bụ Yahweh mere mkpagbu ndị ọzọ n'ime ndị Ikpe ahụ n'elu ndị Izrel (n'ebe ugwu) n'ihi na ha emeghị ka agbụrụ ndị Kenan kpochapụ kpamkpam n'agbanyeghị iwu ya dị ka nke megidere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jiri ya tụnyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-egosi ndị Judah dị ka ndị mmeri nwere ike, ọbụnakwa ebe Judah dara, a na'enye ihe ngọpụ - ndị bi na ya nwere ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ Bible na-ahụ ndepụta ahụ dị ka nke na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na nke a kpachaara anya mee, site n'aka onye edemede si n'Alaeze Juda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;

==== Agbụrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha ====
Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndepụta ahụ bụ na ọ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ iri na otu nke ndị Israel aha, ya bụ Kayin (Ndị Kenite), Simiọn, Juda, Keleb, Benjamin, Manase, Efrayim, Zebulọn, Asher, Napthali, na Dan. Ọ bụghị naanị na iri na otu a na-emegide echiche ọdịnala na e nwere ebo iri na abụọ nke Israel, kamakwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a maghị Kayin na Keleb dị ka ụmụ Jekọb, ha apụtaghịkwa na ndepụta ọ bụla ọzọ nke agbụrụ ndị Izrel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot; /&gt; Ndị Ikpe 1 akọwaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ niile, ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ Livaị (nke a na-agụnyekarị) aha (ndị ụkọchukwu na-enweghị ala), ma ọ bụ Isakar, ma ọ bụghị Gad, ma ọ bụrụ Rubeni. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-egosikwa ndị Rechabites na ndị Jerahmeelites dị ka agbụrụ ndị Israel n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Bible Hibru mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Max Weber (na ''Okpukpe ndị Juu oge ochie'') na Ronald M. Glassman (2017) kwubie na ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-ewere echiche ahụ na e nwere agbụrụ iri na abụọ mgbe niile dị ka akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo ntọala mba Israel: ọnụọgụ 12 abụghị ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, nke nwere ihe nnọchianya na ọdịbendị ndị dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na usoro ịgụta iri na abụọ, nke gụnyere elekere iri na abụọ nke oge a sitere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glassman|first=Ronald M.|chapter=Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan|date=2017|title=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNgoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA632|location=Cham|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-51695-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmeri e meriri Jeruselem ====
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem dị ka akọwapụtara na Ndị Ikpe 1:7-8: ndị Juu jidere Adoni-Bezek ma kpọga ya Jerusalem, e gburu onye ọ bụla nọ ebe ahụ ma gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Ndị Ikpe 1:21 na-akọ na e merighị Jerusalem ma nwee Ndị Jebusite ''ruo taa'' (nke Jọshụa 15:63 kwadoro). Ndị Ikpe 19:11-12 na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ obodo ndị Jebus, na-enweghị ndị Izrel. Ka e mesịrị na 2 Samuel 5:6-10, Devid nwedịrị ike weghara Jerusalem n'aka ndị Jebus iji mee ya isi obodo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst nke Bible gbalịrị idozi nsogbu a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere na-egosi na amaokwu 8 na-ezo aka na mwakpo ndị Juu gara nke ọma na Jerusalem, mana na ndị Jebusite tụfuru obodo ahụ ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị; ma ọ bụ na amaokwu nke 8 na-akọwa naanị nnọchibido, ọ bụghị mmeri; ma ọ bụghị na ndị Juda weghaara naanị akụkụ ndị nkịtị nke obodo ahụ, mana ndị Jebusites nọgidere n'ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Jerusalem ruo mgbe Devid mechara weghara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 5:13-6:27 na-akọ Agha Jeriko dị ka mmeri mbụ a ma ama na mmeri nke Kenan, Ndị Ikpe 1 ekwughị Jeriko, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nsụgharị Bible na-akọwa &quot;Obodo nkwụ&quot; a kpọtụrụ aha na Ndị Ikpe 1:16 na Jeriko. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, amaokwu ahụ egosighi na ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa obodo mbụ ndị Izrel meriri dị ka Ndị Ikpe 1 si kwuo, nke malitere site na mmeri nke eze Adoni-Bezek nke ebe a na-amaghị aha ya &quot;Bezek&quot; (Ndị Ikpe 1:4-7), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eche na e weghaara Jerusalem ma kwatuo ya (Ndị Ikde 1:8). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Judges 1 NIV|author=|work=biblehub.com|date=|accessdate=4 May 2022|url=https://biblehub.com/niv/judges/1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mgbagha Hibru/Grik na Ndị Ikpe 1:18 ====
[[Faịlụ:Septuagint-Tischendorf-1880-IA.pdf|page=375|thumb|Tischendorf's 1880 edition of the Septuagint, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod[note 3]]]
Dị ka Akwụkwọ Masoretic nke Hibru (MT) nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, &quot;Judas weghaara Gaza na ụsọ oké osimiri ya, na Askelon na ụsọ mmiri ya, na Ekrọn na ụsọ Oké Osimiri ya. &quot; (King James Version).[ihe odide ala ala peeji [note 4]] Otú ọ dị, Septuagint Grik (LXX) sụgharịrị Ndị Ikpe 1:18 dị ka: &quot;Ma Judas eketaghị Gaza ma ọ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri ya, ma ọ bụ Ascalon ma ọ bụ ọnụ oké osimiri ya.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/sepd/judges/1.htm|title=Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation|work=Biblehub.com|date=1844|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;[note 3]

Mgbagha a agbagwojuwo ndị ọkà mmụta anya, ebe ọ bụghị naanị na ederede Grik na-agbakwunye Ashdod (Azotus) na ndepụta nke obodo, mana ọ na-agọnahụ kpọmkwem na ndị Juda meriri (n'ụzọ nkịtị &quot;keta&quot;) obodo ndị a, ebe ederede Hibru na-ekwu na ha mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brug|first=John Frederick|date=1978|title=A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjdmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=9780860543374|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị Bible Bekee na-agbaso ederede Masoretic n'ozuzu ya n'ikwu na ndị Juu weghaara obodo atọ ahụ,  ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nsụgharị Grik dị ka nke ka elu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga na-eji &quot;ndị bi n'obodo anọ a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri&quot; tụnyere &quot;ndị dị larị&quot; n'amaokwu na-esote, bụ ndị chụpụrụ ndị Juu site na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Parallel|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|date=1985|title=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NxAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|location=|publisher=American Research Center in Egypt|isbn=|accessdate=24 May 2021|quote=Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, Septuagint nwere ike 'idozi' ederede Hibru, ebe ihe akaebe ederede ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-egosi na obodo ndị ahụ adaghị n'aka ndị Izrel ruo mgbe e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dothan|first=Trude|date=1992|title=People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780025322615|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Ellicott kwuru na Josephus nwere ngwọta dị iche, na-azọrọ na Antiquities of the Jews (Mpịakọta 2, paragraf 4) na 'Askelon na Ashdod weghaara n'agha, mana na Gaza na Ekron gbapụrụ, n'ihi na ọnọdụ ha na mbara ala mere ka ha nwee ike iji ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha; ma na 3, paragraf 1, ọ na-ekwu na ndị Kenan meriri Askelon na Ekron.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọdịdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
David M. Gunn (2) kwuru na ndị ntụgharị ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ leghaara ndị Ikpe 1-2 anya, mana ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ile ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Jọshụa na ndị Ikpe anya dị ka nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn2005&quot;&gt;Gunn, David M. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17 ''Judges Through the Centuries'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17–&lt;/span&gt;33. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22252-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-631-22252-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 10-11 gosipụtara ndị Izrel dị n'otu nke Jọshịa dị ka ndị na-ebibi ndị Kenan niile ma weghara ma ọ bụ bibie obodo ha niile, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a ka na-eguzo ma bụrụ ndị ndị Kenan bi na ha bụ ndị na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị agbụrụ ndị Izrel dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Voltaire (1776), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke Thomas Woolston, kwuru na ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ Joshua ma ọ bụ Book of Judges ga-abụ ụgha, dịka 'ìgwè a nke mgbagha enweghị ike nkwado.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

George Foot Moore (1895) kwuru na akụkọ ndị ọka ikpe 1 banyere mmeri ndị Israel meriri Kenan bụ 'nke bara uru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa Jọshụa 10-11, dịka mmeri 'nke nta nke nta na nke nta' nke ala ahụ kwekọrọ na ihe niile ọzọ a maara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Izrel na ndị Kenan na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe 'akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe niile nke narị afọ ndị a agaghị aghọta ya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-eche na ọ malitere site na mmeri dị otú ahụ nke Kenan dị ka a kọrọ n'Akwụkwọ Jọshọa'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWright1946&quot;&gt;Wright, G. Ernest (1946). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372 &quot;The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]''. '''5''' (2). [[University of Chicago Press]]: &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;105–&lt;/span&gt;114. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/370775|10.1086/370775]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372 542372]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161249981 161249981]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; G. Ernest Wright (19) kwuru na, n'oge ya, ndị na-akatọ ederede n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na e dere ndị Ikpe 1 na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE (nke amaokwu 1 &quot;Mgbe ọnwụ Jọshụa...&quot; 'onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-agbakwunye ya') na 'nke nkwupụta dị na Jọshụa 10-19 kwadoro', ebe Jọshu 10 ka Deuteronomist dere ya (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 6 BCE) wee were ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Wright kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere Joshua 10-11 dị ka ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ha lekwasịrị anya n'amaokwu 10:40-41: 'O doro anya na ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na e gburu onye ọ bụla bi na ya. (...) Mbelata nkwupụta ahụ na ala, na ihe niile ọ na-azọrọ bụ na Joshua weere ala ugwu Judia na Negeb na Shephela.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ebo Moore na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ebubo na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọkàikpe 1, ebe ọ na-adịghị agbagwoju anya, na echiche dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt;

A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKlein2001&quot;&gt;Klein, Ralph W. (2001). [https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/ &quot;Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]''. '''120''' (4). [[Society of Biblical Literature]]: 747. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3268272|10.2307/3268272]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268272 3268272]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFYounger,_Jr.1995&quot;&gt;Younger, Jr., K. Lawson (1995). [[doi:10.1177/030908929502006805|&quot;The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua&quot;]]. ''[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]''. '''20''' (68). [[SAGE Publishing]]: &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/030908929502006805|10.1177/030908929502006805]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170339976 170339976].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of Canaan during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010|author=van Bekkum|first=Koert|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-066-1|pages=525–548|editor=Galil|series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament|chapter=Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/2496890}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikike ịkpa ókè megide Juda ===
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Marc Zvi Brettler kwubiri na Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ nchịkọta nke Jọshụa 13-19, mana K. Lawson Younger kwuru na ọbụna Juda na-akatọ ya na ndị Ikpe 1, na ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe gosipụtara Juda n'otu ụzọ ọjọọ dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile, ọ dịkwa ka isi atọ mbụ nke Ndị Ikpe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ahụ nke ndị editọ na-agbakwunyeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFYounger,_Jr.1995&quot;&gt;Younger, Jr., K. Lawson (1995). [[doi:10.1177/030908929502006805|&quot;The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua&quot;]]. ''[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]''. '''20''' (68). [[SAGE Publishing]]: &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/030908929502006805|10.1177/030908929502006805]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170339976 170339976].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) guzobere arụmụka megide ihe akaebe a na-ekwukarị maka arụmụka na-akwado Juda n'ime ndị ọkàikpe niile, mana Serge Frolov (2007) gbalịrị ịgbagha nkọwa ya, na-ekwubi: 'Isiokwu mmeghe nke ndị ọkàikpe gosipụtara Juda dị ka onye nwere ike pụrụ iche ịmepụta mgbalị agha na-aga nke ọma n'aha Israel dum (... N'ozuzu, dị ka ndị ọkàikpe kwesịrị iru eru ịbụ onye na-elekọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gụnyere agbụrụ niile nke Israel, n' n'akụkụ abụọ nke eze Israel .Ọnọdụ a bụ n'aka ya kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Deuteronomistic, na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ọ bụ nanị usoro ndị eze Devid.Enwere ikike ịchị n'Izrel (2 Samuel 7) na ilele alaeze Ugwu (onye isi ya bụ ụlọ Josef), dịka ógbè nnupụisi (lee 2 Ndị Eze 17,21-23).

== Ndepụta obodo ==

: ''Nke a '''na-abụghị''' ndepụta nke ihe mgbe ochie na Middle East nke oge a. Nke a na-atụle ndepụta a kapịrị ọnụ dị na Bible.''

=== Ihe ịga nke ọma ===
Agbụrụ Juda weere:

* Ala ugwu, Negev na ala ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Ndị Ikpe 1:9; Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 
* Gaza, Ascalon na Ekrọn (dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoretic nke ndị Ikpe nke Hibru 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Hebron (Kiriath Arba), ebe Keleb chụpụrụ ụmụ atọ nke Anak (Ndị Ikpe 1:2) 
* Debir (Kiriath Sepher), nke Othniel weere (Ndị Ikpe 1:11-13) 

Agbụrụ Simiọn na nke Juda bibiri:

* [[Hormah|Horma]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hormah&quot;&gt;Zepata, nke ha gbanwere aha ya bụ Hormah (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''mbibi'') 

Agbụrụ Josef (nke nwere &quot;ọkara agbụrụ&quot; abụọ: Agbụrụ Efrayim na Agbụrụ Manase) weere:

* Betel, na-egbu ndị niile bi na ya ma e wezụga nwoke ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nke gosiri ha otu esi abanye n'obodo ahụ (1:22-26) 

=== Ọdịda ===
N'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere ''Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè'', ebo Juda enweghị ike iburu:

* Gaza, Ascalon, Ekrọn na Ashdod (dị ka nsụgharị Septuagint Grik nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Ala Dị larịị (Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 

Agbụrụ Benjamin enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị bi na:

* [[Jerusalem]] (nke a makwaara dị ka Jebus) (Ndị Ikpe 1:21). Otú ọ dị, Ndị Ikpe 1:8 kọrọ na ndị Juu (dịlarị?) weghaara Jerusalem, gbuo onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn2005&quot;&gt;Gunn, David M. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17 ''Judges Through the Centuries'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17–&lt;/span&gt;33. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22252-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-631-22252-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbụrụ Manase enweghị ike ịchụpụ Ndị Kenan na:

* Beit She'an (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Taanach (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Dor (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Ibleam (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Megido (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 

NoAgbụrụ Efrayim enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Gezer (Ndị Ikpe 1:29) 

Agbụrụ Zebulọn enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Kitron (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 
* [[Nahalol]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 

Agbụrụ Asher enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Akko (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Siddon (place)|Siddon]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Ahlab (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Aczib]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Helba (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Aphek (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Rehob (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 

Agbụrụ Naftali enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan bi na ya:

* Beth Shemesh (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 
* Beth Anath (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 

Ndị Amori nọ n'ala ugwu ma ha enweghị ike ijide ha:

* [[Mount Heres|Ugwu Heres]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Aijalon (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Shaalbim (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35).

== Ihe edeturu ==
1 Ndị Ikpe 1:28 na-ekwu na ‘mgbe Izrel siri ike, ha kpagidere ndị Kenan ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ha achụpụghị ha kpam kpam (NiV) amaokwu  30,33 Na  35 kwukwara kpọmkwem ihe atụ nke ebo ndị Kenan bụ́ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ mmanye
2.Okwu 'judahite' na jud(a) ean'a bu adjectives yiri Maka Juda.t Nke mbụ dabere na Hibru Juu (lee ala-eze nke ndị ikpe) ebe nke ikpeazụ sitere na Latin sitere na ludaea,(lee Judia (ógbè Rom) ndị ọkà mmụta họọrọ th Okwu Judahite mgbe a na-ekwu maka oge ahụ tupu oge Rom..{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}

== Ihe edeturu ==
A. Akwụkwọ niile nke ndị ikpe na-efu na Codex sinaiticus dị ugbu a.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Fitzmyer|first=Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph Fitzmyer|title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC|year=2008|isbn=9780802862419|location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Christine|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC|isbn=978-0300188271}}
* {{Cite book|author=Niditch|first=Susan|chapter=10. Judges|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|year=2007|pages=176–191|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15809/showrashi/true Shoftim - Ndị Ikpe - Isi nke 1 (Judaica Press)] . Ihe odide Hibru na nsụgharị Bekee [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org
* Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]:
** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=7&amp;chapter=1&amp;version=9 Ndị Ikpe Isi nke 1. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible]</text>
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'''Ndị Ikpe 1''' bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe, akwụkwọ nke asaa nke Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie, ederede dị nsọ na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. Ewezuga amaokwu mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta amatala ma mụọ ihe yiri isi nke 1 nke Ndị Ikpe na isi nke 13 ruo 19 n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa bu ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ na-enye akụkọ yiri nke ahụ banyere mmeri Ndị Izrel oge ochie meriri Kenan. Ndị Ikpe 1 na [[Jọshụa]] 15-19 gosipụtara akụkọ abụọ banyere mmeri dị nwayọ, nke na-aga n'ihu, na nke na-enweghị isi site n'otu agbụrụ ndị Izrel, nke e meriri site na mmeri, n'ụzọ dị iche na isi Nke 10 na nke 11 nke Akwụkwọ Jọshụa, nke gosipụtara mmeri ngwa ngwa na nke zuru ezu nke ndị agha Israel jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru iwu Jọshu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu 36.

=== Ndị akaebe ederede ===
Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [3] A c iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) na amaokwu 10-12 dị ugbu a.  [4][6]

Ihe odide oge ochie ndị dị ug'''B''' '''A''' nke nsụgh&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; Koine Grik a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga &lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;A; narị afọ nke ise).[7][a]

== Nnyocha ==

=== Ihe ndị dị na ya ===

==== Nchịkọta ====
Ndị Ikpe 1 na-akọwa otú ebo Juda, nke ga-emesị guzobe Alaeze Juda nke ndịda, si buru ụzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ala site n'aka ndị Kenan, ebe karịsịa agbụrụ ndị mechara guzobe Alaeze nke Israel nke ugwu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda, na ndị Kenan na-egbochi mwakpo ndị Israel na obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frolov|first=Serge|date=2007|title=Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601171005|journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1080/09018320601171005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaokwu 17-36 nke Ndị Ikpe 1 gụnyere ndepụta nke obodo ndị Kenan nke e weghaara ma ọ bụ na e weghaghị n'ihi ọdịda na ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha agha nke agbụrụ Israel dị iche iche na mgbalị ha iji merie Kenan. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọdịda, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-ekwu na agbụrụ ndị Israel mechara merie ndị Kenan n'Ọrụ mmanye.[ihe odide 1] Dị ka ndị Ikpe 2:1-5 na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, chi ndị Izrel bụ Yahweh mere mkpagbu ndị ọzọ n'ime ndị Ikpe ahụ n'elu ndị Izrel (n'ebe ugwu) n'ihi na ha emeghị ka agbụrụ ndị Kenan kpochapụ kpamkpam n'agbanyeghị iwu ya dị ka nke megidere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jiri ya tụnyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-egosi ndị Judah dị ka ndị mmeri nwere ike, ọbụnakwa ebe Judah dara, a na'enye ihe ngọpụ - ndị bi na ya nwere ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ Bible na-ahụ ndepụta ahụ dị ka nke na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na nke a kpachaara anya mee, site n'aka onye edemede si n'Alaeze Juda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;

==== Agbụrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha ====
Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndepụta ahụ bụ na ọ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ iri na otu nke ndị Israel aha, ya bụ Kayin (Ndị Kenite), Simiọn, Juda, Keleb, Benjamin, Manase, Efrayim, Zebulọn, Asher, Napthali, na Dan. Ọ bụghị naanị na iri na otu a na-emegide echiche ọdịnala na e nwere ebo iri na abụọ nke Israel, kamakwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a maghị Kayin na Keleb dị ka ụmụ Jekọb, ha apụtaghịkwa na ndepụta ọ bụla ọzọ nke agbụrụ ndị Izrel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot; /&gt; Ndị Ikpe 1 akọwaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ niile, ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ Livaị (nke a na-agụnyekarị) aha (ndị ụkọchukwu na-enweghị ala), ma ọ bụ Isakar, ma ọ bụghị Gad, ma ọ bụrụ Rubeni. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-egosikwa ndị Rechabites na ndị Jerahmeelites dị ka agbụrụ ndị Israel n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Bible Hibru mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Max Weber (na ''Okpukpe ndị Juu oge ochie'') na Ronald M. Glassman (2017) kwubie na ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-ewere echiche ahụ na e nwere agbụrụ iri na abụọ mgbe niile dị ka akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo ntọala mba Israel: ọnụọgụ 12 abụghị ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, nke nwere ihe nnọchianya na ọdịbendị ndị dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na usoro ịgụta iri na abụọ, nke gụnyere elekere iri na abụọ nke oge a sitere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glassman|first=Ronald M.|chapter=Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan|date=2017|title=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNgoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA632|location=Cham|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-51695-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmeri e meriri Jeruselem ====
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem dị ka akọwapụtara na Ndị Ikpe 1:7-8: ndị Juu jidere Adoni-Bezek ma kpọga ya Jerusalem, e gburu onye ọ bụla nọ ebe ahụ ma gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Ndị Ikpe 1:21 na-akọ na e merighị Jerusalem ma nwee Ndị Jebusite ''ruo taa'' (nke Jọshụa 15:63 kwadoro). Ndị Ikpe 19:11-12 na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ obodo ndị Jebus, na-enweghị ndị Izrel. Ka e mesịrị na 2 Samuel 5:6-10, Devid nwedịrị ike weghara Jerusalem n'aka ndị Jebus iji mee ya isi obodo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst nke Bible gbalịrị idozi nsogbu a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere na-egosi na amaokwu 8 na-ezo aka na mwakpo ndị Juu gara nke ọma na Jerusalem, mana na ndị Jebusite tụfuru obodo ahụ ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị; ma ọ bụ na amaokwu nke 8 na-akọwa naanị nnọchibido, ọ bụghị mmeri; ma ọ bụghị na ndị Juda weghaara naanị akụkụ ndị nkịtị nke obodo ahụ, mana ndị Jebusites nọgidere n'ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Jerusalem ruo mgbe Devid mechara weghara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 5:13-6:27 na-akọ Agha Jeriko dị ka mmeri mbụ a ma ama na mmeri nke Kenan, Ndị Ikpe 1 ekwughị Jeriko, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nsụgharị Bible na-akọwa &quot;Obodo nkwụ&quot; a kpọtụrụ aha na Ndị Ikpe 1:16 na Jeriko. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, amaokwu ahụ egosighi na ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa obodo mbụ ndị Izrel meriri dị ka Ndị Ikpe 1 si kwuo, nke malitere site na mmeri nke eze Adoni-Bezek nke ebe a na-amaghị aha ya &quot;Bezek&quot; (Ndị Ikpe 1:4-7), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eche na e weghaara Jerusalem ma kwatuo ya (Ndị Ikde 1:8). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Judges 1 NIV|author=|work=biblehub.com|date=|accessdate=4 May 2022|url=https://biblehub.com/niv/judges/1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mgbagha Hibru/Grik na Ndị Ikpe 1:18 ====
[[Faịlụ:Septuagint-Tischendorf-1880-IA.pdf|page=375|thumb|Tischendorf's 1880 edition of the Septuagint, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod[note 3]]]
Dị ka Akwụkwọ Masoretic nke Hibru (MT) nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, &quot;Judas weghaara Gaza na ụsọ oké osimiri ya, na Askelon na ụsọ mmiri ya, na Ekrọn na ụsọ Oké Osimiri ya. &quot; (King James Version).[ihe odide ala ala peeji [note 4]] Otú ọ dị, Septuagint Grik (LXX) sụgharịrị Ndị Ikpe 1:18 dị ka: &quot;Ma Judas eketaghị Gaza ma ọ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri ya, ma ọ bụ Ascalon ma ọ bụ ọnụ oké osimiri ya.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/sepd/judges/1.htm|title=Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation|work=Biblehub.com|date=1844|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;[note 3]

Mgbagha a agbagwojuwo ndị ọkà mmụta anya, ebe ọ bụghị naanị na ederede Grik na-agbakwunye Ashdod (Azotus) na ndepụta nke obodo, mana ọ na-agọnahụ kpọmkwem na ndị Juda meriri (n'ụzọ nkịtị &quot;keta&quot;) obodo ndị a, ebe ederede Hibru na-ekwu na ha mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brug|first=John Frederick|date=1978|title=A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjdmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=9780860543374|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị Bible Bekee na-agbaso ederede Masoretic n'ozuzu ya n'ikwu na ndị Juu weghaara obodo atọ ahụ,  ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nsụgharị Grik dị ka nke ka elu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga na-eji &quot;ndị bi n'obodo anọ a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri&quot; tụnyere &quot;ndị dị larị&quot; n'amaokwu na-esote, bụ ndị chụpụrụ ndị Juu site na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Parallel|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|date=1985|title=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NxAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|location=|publisher=American Research Center in Egypt|isbn=|accessdate=24 May 2021|quote=Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, Septuagint nwere ike 'idozi' ederede Hibru, ebe ihe akaebe ederede ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-egosi na obodo ndị ahụ adaghị n'aka ndị Izrel ruo mgbe e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dothan|first=Trude|date=1992|title=People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780025322615|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Ellicott kwuru na Josephus nwere ngwọta dị iche, na-azọrọ na Antiquities of the Jews (Mpịakọta 2, paragraf 4) na 'Askelon na Ashdod weghaara n'agha, mana na Gaza na Ekron gbapụrụ, n'ihi na ọnọdụ ha na mbara ala mere ka ha nwee ike iji ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha; ma na 3, paragraf 1, ọ na-ekwu na ndị Kenan meriri Askelon na Ekron.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọdịdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
David M. Gunn (2) kwuru na ndị ntụgharị ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ leghaara ndị Ikpe 1-2 anya, mana ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ile ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Jọshụa na ndị Ikpe anya dị ka nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn2005&quot;&gt;Gunn, David M. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17 ''Judges Through the Centuries'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17–&lt;/span&gt;33. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22252-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-631-22252-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 10-11 gosipụtara ndị Izrel dị n'otu nke Jọshịa dị ka ndị na-ebibi ndị Kenan niile ma weghara ma ọ bụ bibie obodo ha niile, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a ka na-eguzo ma bụrụ ndị ndị Kenan bi na ha bụ ndị na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị agbụrụ ndị Izrel dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Voltaire (1776), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke Thomas Woolston, kwuru na ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ Joshua ma ọ bụ Book of Judges ga-abụ ụgha, dịka 'ìgwè a nke mgbagha enweghị ike nkwado.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

George Foot Moore (1895) kwuru na akụkọ ndị ọka ikpe 1 banyere mmeri ndị Israel meriri Kenan bụ 'nke bara uru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa Jọshụa 10-11, dịka mmeri 'nke nta nke nta na nke nta' nke ala ahụ kwekọrọ na ihe niile ọzọ a maara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Izrel na ndị Kenan na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe 'akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe niile nke narị afọ ndị a agaghị aghọta ya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-eche na ọ malitere site na mmeri dị otú ahụ nke Kenan dị ka a kọrọ n'Akwụkwọ Jọshọa'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWright1946&quot;&gt;Wright, G. Ernest (1946). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372 &quot;The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]''. '''5''' (2). [[University of Chicago Press]]: &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;105–&lt;/span&gt;114. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/370775|10.1086/370775]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372 542372]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161249981 161249981]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; G. Ernest Wright (19) kwuru na, n'oge ya, ndị na-akatọ ederede n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na e dere ndị Ikpe 1 na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE (nke amaokwu 1 &quot;Mgbe ọnwụ Jọshụa...&quot; 'onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-agbakwunye ya') na 'nke nkwupụta dị na Jọshụa 10-19 kwadoro', ebe Jọshu 10 ka Deuteronomist dere ya (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 6 BCE) wee were ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Wright kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere Joshua 10-11 dị ka ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ha lekwasịrị anya n'amaokwu 10:40-41: 'O doro anya na ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na e gburu onye ọ bụla bi na ya. (...) Mbelata nkwupụta ahụ na ala, na ihe niile ọ na-azọrọ bụ na Joshua weere ala ugwu Judia na Negeb na Shephela.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ebo Moore na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ebubo na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọkàikpe 1, ebe ọ na-adịghị agbagwoju anya, na echiche dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt;

A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKlein2001&quot;&gt;Klein, Ralph W. (2001). [https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/ &quot;Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]''. '''120''' (4). [[Society of Biblical Literature]]: 747. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3268272|10.2307/3268272]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268272 3268272]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of Canaan during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010|author=van Bekkum|first=Koert|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-066-1|pages=525–548|editor=Galil|series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament|chapter=Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/2496890}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikike ịkpa ókè megide Juda ===
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Marc Zvi Brettler kwubiri na Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ nchịkọta nke Jọshụa 13-19, mana K. Lawson Younger kwuru na ọbụna Juda na-akatọ ya na ndị Ikpe 1, na ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe gosipụtara Juda n'otu ụzọ ọjọọ dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile, ọ dịkwa ka isi atọ mbụ nke Ndị Ikpe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ahụ nke ndị editọ na-agbakwunyeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) guzobere arụmụka megide ihe akaebe a na-ekwukarị maka arụmụka na-akwado Juda n'ime ndị ọkàikpe niile, mana Serge Frolov (2007) gbalịrị ịgbagha nkọwa ya, na-ekwubi: 'Isiokwu mmeghe nke ndị ọkàikpe gosipụtara Juda dị ka onye nwere ike pụrụ iche ịmepụta mgbalị agha na-aga nke ọma n'aha Israel dum (... N'ozuzu, dị ka ndị ọkàikpe kwesịrị iru eru ịbụ onye na-elekọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gụnyere agbụrụ niile nke Israel, n' n'akụkụ abụọ nke eze Israel .Ọnọdụ a bụ n'aka ya kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Deuteronomistic, na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ọ bụ nanị usoro ndị eze Devid.Enwere ikike ịchị n'Izrel (2 Samuel 7) na ilele alaeze Ugwu (onye isi ya bụ ụlọ Josef), dịka ógbè nnupụisi (lee 2 Ndị Eze 17,21-23).

== Ndepụta obodo ==

: ''Nke a '''na-abụghị''' ndepụta nke ihe mgbe ochie na Middle East nke oge a. Nke a na-atụle ndepụta a kapịrị ọnụ dị na Bible.''

=== Ihe ịga nke ọma ===
Agbụrụ Juda weere:

* Ala ugwu, Negev na ala ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Ndị Ikpe 1:9; Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 
* Gaza, Ascalon na Ekrọn (dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoretic nke ndị Ikpe nke Hibru 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Hebron (Kiriath Arba), ebe Keleb chụpụrụ ụmụ atọ nke Anak (Ndị Ikpe 1:2) 
* Debir (Kiriath Sepher), nke Othniel weere (Ndị Ikpe 1:11-13) 

Agbụrụ Simiọn na nke Juda bibiri:

* [[Hormah|Horma]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hormah&quot;&gt;Zepata, nke ha gbanwere aha ya bụ Hormah (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''mbibi'') 

Agbụrụ Josef (nke nwere &quot;ọkara agbụrụ&quot; abụọ: Agbụrụ Efrayim na Agbụrụ Manase) weere:

* Betel, na-egbu ndị niile bi na ya ma e wezụga nwoke ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nke gosiri ha otu esi abanye n'obodo ahụ (1:22-26) 

=== Ọdịda ===
N'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere ''Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè'', ebo Juda enweghị ike iburu:

* Gaza, Ascalon, Ekrọn na Ashdod (dị ka nsụgharị Septuagint Grik nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Ala Dị larịị (Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 

Agbụrụ Benjamin enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị bi na:

* [[Jerusalem]] (nke a makwaara dị ka Jebus) (Ndị Ikpe 1:21). Otú ọ dị, Ndị Ikpe 1:8 kọrọ na ndị Juu (dịlarị?) weghaara Jerusalem, gbuo onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn2005&quot;&gt;Gunn, David M. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17 ''Judges Through the Centuries'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17–&lt;/span&gt;33. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22252-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-631-22252-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbụrụ Manase enweghị ike ịchụpụ Ndị Kenan na:

* Beit She'an (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Taanach (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Dor (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Ibleam (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Megido (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 

NoAgbụrụ Efrayim enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Gezer (Ndị Ikpe 1:29) 

Agbụrụ Zebulọn enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Kitron (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 
* [[Nahalol]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 

Agbụrụ Asher enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Akko (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Siddon (place)|Siddon]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Ahlab (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Aczib]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Helba (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Aphek (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Rehob (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 

Agbụrụ Naftali enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan bi na ya:

* Beth Shemesh (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 
* Beth Anath (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 

Ndị Amori nọ n'ala ugwu ma ha enweghị ike ijide ha:

* [[Mount Heres|Ugwu Heres]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Aijalon (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Shaalbim (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35).

== Ihe edeturu ==
1 Ndị Ikpe 1:28 na-ekwu na ‘mgbe Izrel siri ike, ha kpagidere ndị Kenan ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ha achụpụghị ha kpam kpam (NiV) amaokwu  30,33 Na  35 kwukwara kpọmkwem ihe atụ nke ebo ndị Kenan bụ́ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ mmanye
2.Okwu 'judahite' na jud(a) ean'a bu adjectives yiri Maka Juda.t Nke mbụ dabere na Hibru Juu (lee ala-eze nke ndị ikpe) ebe nke ikpeazụ sitere na Latin sitere na ludaea,(lee Judia (ógbè Rom) ndị ọkà mmụta họọrọ th Okwu Judahite mgbe a na-ekwu maka oge ahụ tupu oge Rom..{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}

== Ihe edeturu ==
A. Akwụkwọ niile nke ndị ikpe na-efu na Codex sinaiticus dị ugbu a.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Fitzmyer|first=Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph Fitzmyer|title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC|year=2008|isbn=9780802862419|location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Christine|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC|isbn=978-0300188271}}
* {{Cite book|author=Niditch|first=Susan|chapter=10. Judges|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|year=2007|pages=176–191|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15809/showrashi/true Shoftim - Ndị Ikpe - Isi nke 1 (Judaica Press)] . Ihe odide Hibru na nsụgharị Bekee [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org
* Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]:
** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=7&amp;chapter=1&amp;version=9 Ndị Ikpe Isi nke 1. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible]</text>
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'''Ndị Ikpe 1''' bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe, akwụkwọ nke asaa nke Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie, ederede dị nsọ na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. Ewezuga amaokwu mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta amatala ma mụọ ihe yiri isi nke 1 nke Ndị Ikpe na isi nke 13 ruo 19 n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa bu ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ na-enye akụkọ yiri nke ahụ banyere mmeri Ndị Izrel oge ochie meriri Kenan. Ndị Ikpe 1 na [[Jọshụa]] 15-19 gosipụtara akụkọ abụọ banyere mmeri dị nwayọ, nke na-aga n'ihu, na nke na-enweghị isi site n'otu agbụrụ ndị Izrel, nke e meriri site na mmeri, n'ụzọ dị iche na isi Nke 10 na nke 11 nke Akwụkwọ Jọshụa, nke gosipụtara mmeri ngwa ngwa na nke zuru ezu nke ndị agha Israel jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru iwu Jọshu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu 36.

=== Ndị akaebe ederede ===
Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [3] A c iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) na amaokwu 10-12 dị ugbu a.  [4][6]

Ihe odide oge ochie ndị dị ug'''B''' '''A''' nke nsụgh&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; Koine Grik a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga &lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 


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&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;A; narị afọ nke ise).[7][a]

== Nnyocha ==

=== Ihe ndị dị na ya ===

==== Nchịkọta ====
Ndị Ikpe 1 na-akọwa otú ebo Juda, nke ga-emesị guzobe Alaeze Juda nke ndịda, si buru ụzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ala site n'aka ndị Kenan, ebe karịsịa agbụrụ ndị mechara guzobe Alaeze nke Israel nke ugwu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda, na ndị Kenan na-egbochi mwakpo ndị Israel na obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frolov|first=Serge|date=2007|title=Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601171005|journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1080/09018320601171005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaokwu 17-36 nke Ndị Ikpe 1 gụnyere ndepụta nke obodo ndị Kenan nke e weghaara ma ọ bụ na e weghaghị n'ihi ọdịda na ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha agha nke agbụrụ Israel dị iche iche na mgbalị ha iji merie Kenan. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọdịda, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-ekwu na agbụrụ ndị Israel mechara merie ndị Kenan n'Ọrụ mmanye.[ihe odide 1] Dị ka ndị Ikpe 2:1-5 na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, chi ndị Izrel bụ Yahweh mere mkpagbu ndị ọzọ n'ime ndị Ikpe ahụ n'elu ndị Izrel (n'ebe ugwu) n'ihi na ha emeghị ka agbụrụ ndị Kenan kpochapụ kpamkpam n'agbanyeghị iwu ya dị ka nke megidere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jiri ya tụnyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-egosi ndị Judah dị ka ndị mmeri nwere ike, ọbụnakwa ebe Judah dara, a na'enye ihe ngọpụ - ndị bi na ya nwere ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ Bible na-ahụ ndepụta ahụ dị ka nke na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na nke a kpachaara anya mee, site n'aka onye edemede si n'Alaeze Juda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;

==== Agbụrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha ====
Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndepụta ahụ bụ na ọ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ iri na otu nke ndị Israel aha, ya bụ Kayin (Ndị Kenite), Simiọn, Juda, Keleb, Benjamin, Manase, Efrayim, Zebulọn, Asher, Napthali, na Dan. Ọ bụghị naanị na iri na otu a na-emegide echiche ọdịnala na e nwere ebo iri na abụọ nke Israel, kamakwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a maghị Kayin na Keleb dị ka ụmụ Jekọb, ha apụtaghịkwa na ndepụta ọ bụla ọzọ nke agbụrụ ndị Izrel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot; /&gt; Ndị Ikpe 1 akọwaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ niile, ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ Livaị (nke a na-agụnyekarị) aha (ndị ụkọchukwu na-enweghị ala), ma ọ bụ Isakar, ma ọ bụghị Gad, ma ọ bụrụ Rubeni. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-egosikwa ndị Rechabites na ndị Jerahmeelites dị ka agbụrụ ndị Israel n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Bible Hibru mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Max Weber (na ''Okpukpe ndị Juu oge ochie'') na Ronald M. Glassman (2017) kwubie na ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-ewere echiche ahụ na e nwere agbụrụ iri na abụọ mgbe niile dị ka akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo ntọala mba Israel: ọnụọgụ 12 abụghị ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, nke nwere ihe nnọchianya na ọdịbendị ndị dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na usoro ịgụta iri na abụọ, nke gụnyere elekere iri na abụọ nke oge a sitere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glassman|first=Ronald M.|chapter=Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan|date=2017|title=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNgoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA632|location=Cham|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-51695-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmeri e meriri Jeruselem ====
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem dị ka akọwapụtara na Ndị Ikpe 1:7-8: ndị Juu jidere Adoni-Bezek ma kpọga ya Jerusalem, e gburu onye ọ bụla nọ ebe ahụ ma gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Ndị Ikpe 1:21 na-akọ na e merighị Jerusalem ma nwee Ndị Jebusite ''ruo taa'' (nke Jọshụa 15:63 kwadoro). Ndị Ikpe 19:11-12 na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ obodo ndị Jebus, na-enweghị ndị Izrel. Ka e mesịrị na 2 Samuel 5:6-10, Devid nwedịrị ike weghara Jerusalem n'aka ndị Jebus iji mee ya isi obodo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst nke Bible gbalịrị idozi nsogbu a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere na-egosi na amaokwu 8 na-ezo aka na mwakpo ndị Juu gara nke ọma na Jerusalem, mana na ndị Jebusite tụfuru obodo ahụ ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị; ma ọ bụ na amaokwu nke 8 na-akọwa naanị nnọchibido, ọ bụghị mmeri; ma ọ bụghị na ndị Juda weghaara naanị akụkụ ndị nkịtị nke obodo ahụ, mana ndị Jebusites nọgidere n'ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Jerusalem ruo mgbe Devid mechara weghara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 5:13-6:27 na-akọ Agha Jeriko dị ka mmeri mbụ a ma ama na mmeri nke Kenan, Ndị Ikpe 1 ekwughị Jeriko, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nsụgharị Bible na-akọwa &quot;Obodo nkwụ&quot; a kpọtụrụ aha na Ndị Ikpe 1:16 na Jeriko. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, amaokwu ahụ egosighi na ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa obodo mbụ ndị Izrel meriri dị ka Ndị Ikpe 1 si kwuo, nke malitere site na mmeri nke eze Adoni-Bezek nke ebe a na-amaghị aha ya &quot;Bezek&quot; (Ndị Ikpe 1:4-7), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eche na e weghaara Jerusalem ma kwatuo ya (Ndị Ikde 1:8). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Judges 1 NIV|author=|work=biblehub.com|date=|accessdate=4 May 2022|url=https://biblehub.com/niv/judges/1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mgbagha Hibru/Grik na Ndị Ikpe 1:18 ====
[[Faịlụ:Septuagint-Tischendorf-1880-IA.pdf|page=375|thumb|Tischendorf's 1880 edition of the Septuagint, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod[note 3]]]
Dị ka Akwụkwọ Masoretic nke Hibru (MT) nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, &quot;Judas weghaara Gaza na ụsọ oké osimiri ya, na Askelon na ụsọ mmiri ya, na Ekrọn na ụsọ Oké Osimiri ya. &quot; (King James Version).[ihe odide ala ala peeji [note 4]] Otú ọ dị, Septuagint Grik (LXX) sụgharịrị Ndị Ikpe 1:18 dị ka: &quot;Ma Judas eketaghị Gaza ma ọ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri ya, ma ọ bụ Ascalon ma ọ bụ ọnụ oké osimiri ya.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/sepd/judges/1.htm|title=Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation|work=Biblehub.com|date=1844|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;[note 3]

Mgbagha a agbagwojuwo ndị ọkà mmụta anya, ebe ọ bụghị naanị na ederede Grik na-agbakwunye Ashdod (Azotus) na ndepụta nke obodo, mana ọ na-agọnahụ kpọmkwem na ndị Juda meriri (n'ụzọ nkịtị &quot;keta&quot;) obodo ndị a, ebe ederede Hibru na-ekwu na ha mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brug|first=John Frederick|date=1978|title=A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjdmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=9780860543374|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị Bible Bekee na-agbaso ederede Masoretic n'ozuzu ya n'ikwu na ndị Juu weghaara obodo atọ ahụ,  ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nsụgharị Grik dị ka nke ka elu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga na-eji &quot;ndị bi n'obodo anọ a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri&quot; tụnyere &quot;ndị dị larị&quot; n'amaokwu na-esote, bụ ndị chụpụrụ ndị Juu site na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Parallel|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|date=1985|title=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NxAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|location=|publisher=American Research Center in Egypt|isbn=|accessdate=24 May 2021|quote=Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, Septuagint nwere ike 'idozi' ederede Hibru, ebe ihe akaebe ederede ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-egosi na obodo ndị ahụ adaghị n'aka ndị Izrel ruo mgbe e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dothan|first=Trude|date=1992|title=People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780025322615|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Ellicott kwuru na Josephus nwere ngwọta dị iche, na-azọrọ na Antiquities of the Jews (Mpịakọta 2, paragraf 4) na 'Askelon na Ashdod weghaara n'agha, mana na Gaza na Ekron gbapụrụ, n'ihi na ọnọdụ ha na mbara ala mere ka ha nwee ike iji ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha; ma na 3, paragraf 1, ọ na-ekwu na ndị Kenan meriri Askelon na Ekron.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọdịdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
David M. Gunn (2) kwuru na ndị ntụgharị ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ leghaara ndị Ikpe 1-2 anya, mana ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ile ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Jọshụa na ndị Ikpe anya dị ka nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn2005&quot;&gt;Gunn, David M. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17 ''Judges Through the Centuries'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17–&lt;/span&gt;33. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22252-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-631-22252-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 10-11 gosipụtara ndị Izrel dị n'otu nke Jọshịa dị ka ndị na-ebibi ndị Kenan niile ma weghara ma ọ bụ bibie obodo ha niile, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a ka na-eguzo ma bụrụ ndị ndị Kenan bi na ha bụ ndị na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị agbụrụ ndị Izrel dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Voltaire (1776), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke Thomas Woolston, kwuru na ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ Joshua ma ọ bụ Book of Judges ga-abụ ụgha, dịka 'ìgwè a nke mgbagha enweghị ike nkwado.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

George Foot Moore (1895) kwuru na akụkọ ndị ọka ikpe 1 banyere mmeri ndị Israel meriri Kenan bụ 'nke bara uru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa Jọshụa 10-11, dịka mmeri 'nke nta nke nta na nke nta' nke ala ahụ kwekọrọ na ihe niile ọzọ a maara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Izrel na ndị Kenan na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe 'akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe niile nke narị afọ ndị a agaghị aghọta ya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-eche na ọ malitere site na mmeri dị otú ahụ nke Kenan dị ka a kọrọ n'Akwụkwọ Jọshọa'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; G. Ernest Wright (19) kwuru na, n'oge ya, ndị na-akatọ ederede n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na e dere ndị Ikpe 1 na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE (nke amaokwu 1 &quot;Mgbe ọnwụ Jọshụa...&quot; 'onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-agbakwunye ya') na 'nke nkwupụta dị na Jọshụa 10-19 kwadoro', ebe Jọshu 10 ka Deuteronomist dere ya (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 6 BCE) wee were ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Wright kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere Joshua 10-11 dị ka ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ha lekwasịrị anya n'amaokwu 10:40-41: 'O doro anya na ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na e gburu onye ọ bụla bi na ya. (...) Mbelata nkwupụta ahụ na ala, na ihe niile ọ na-azọrọ bụ na Joshua weere ala ugwu Judia na Negeb na Shephela.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ebo Moore na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ebubo na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọkàikpe 1, ebe ọ na-adịghị agbagwoju anya, na echiche dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt;

A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKlein2001&quot;&gt;Klein, Ralph W. (2001). [https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/ &quot;Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld&quot;]. ''[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]''. '''120''' (4). [[Society of Biblical Literature]]: 747. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3268272|10.2307/3268272]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3268272 3268272]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of Canaan during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010|author=van Bekkum|first=Koert|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-066-1|pages=525–548|editor=Galil|series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament|chapter=Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/2496890}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikike ịkpa ókè megide Juda ===
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Marc Zvi Brettler kwubiri na Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ nchịkọta nke Jọshụa 13-19, mana K. Lawson Younger kwuru na ọbụna Juda na-akatọ ya na ndị Ikpe 1, na ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe gosipụtara Juda n'otu ụzọ ọjọọ dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile, ọ dịkwa ka isi atọ mbụ nke Ndị Ikpe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ahụ nke ndị editọ na-agbakwunyeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) guzobere arụmụka megide ihe akaebe a na-ekwukarị maka arụmụka na-akwado Juda n'ime ndị ọkàikpe niile, mana Serge Frolov (2007) gbalịrị ịgbagha nkọwa ya, na-ekwubi: 'Isiokwu mmeghe nke ndị ọkàikpe gosipụtara Juda dị ka onye nwere ike pụrụ iche ịmepụta mgbalị agha na-aga nke ọma n'aha Israel dum (... N'ozuzu, dị ka ndị ọkàikpe kwesịrị iru eru ịbụ onye na-elekọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gụnyere agbụrụ niile nke Israel, n' n'akụkụ abụọ nke eze Israel .Ọnọdụ a bụ n'aka ya kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Deuteronomistic, na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ọ bụ nanị usoro ndị eze Devid.Enwere ikike ịchị n'Izrel (2 Samuel 7) na ilele alaeze Ugwu (onye isi ya bụ ụlọ Josef), dịka ógbè nnupụisi (lee 2 Ndị Eze 17,21-23).

== Ndepụta obodo ==

: ''Nke a '''na-abụghị''' ndepụta nke ihe mgbe ochie na Middle East nke oge a. Nke a na-atụle ndepụta a kapịrị ọnụ dị na Bible.''

=== Ihe ịga nke ọma ===
Agbụrụ Juda weere:

* Ala ugwu, Negev na ala ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Ndị Ikpe 1:9; Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 
* Gaza, Ascalon na Ekrọn (dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoretic nke ndị Ikpe nke Hibru 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Hebron (Kiriath Arba), ebe Keleb chụpụrụ ụmụ atọ nke Anak (Ndị Ikpe 1:2) 
* Debir (Kiriath Sepher), nke Othniel weere (Ndị Ikpe 1:11-13) 

Agbụrụ Simiọn na nke Juda bibiri:

* [[Hormah|Horma]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hormah&quot;&gt;Zepata, nke ha gbanwere aha ya bụ Hormah (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''mbibi'') 

Agbụrụ Josef (nke nwere &quot;ọkara agbụrụ&quot; abụọ: Agbụrụ Efrayim na Agbụrụ Manase) weere:

* Betel, na-egbu ndị niile bi na ya ma e wezụga nwoke ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nke gosiri ha otu esi abanye n'obodo ahụ (1:22-26) 

=== Ọdịda ===
N'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere ''Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè'', ebo Juda enweghị ike iburu:

* Gaza, Ascalon, Ekrọn na Ashdod (dị ka nsụgharị Septuagint Grik nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Ala Dị larịị (Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 

Agbụrụ Benjamin enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị bi na:

* [[Jerusalem]] (nke a makwaara dị ka Jebus) (Ndị Ikpe 1:21). Otú ọ dị, Ndị Ikpe 1:8 kọrọ na ndị Juu (dịlarị?) weghaara Jerusalem, gbuo onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn2005&quot;&gt;Gunn, David M. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17 ''Judges Through the Centuries'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17–&lt;/span&gt;33. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22252-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-631-22252-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbụrụ Manase enweghị ike ịchụpụ Ndị Kenan na:

* Beit She'an (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Taanach (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Dor (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Ibleam (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Megido (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 

NoAgbụrụ Efrayim enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Gezer (Ndị Ikpe 1:29) 

Agbụrụ Zebulọn enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Kitron (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 
* [[Nahalol]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 

Agbụrụ Asher enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Akko (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Siddon (place)|Siddon]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Ahlab (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Aczib]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Helba (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Aphek (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Rehob (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 

Agbụrụ Naftali enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan bi na ya:

* Beth Shemesh (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 
* Beth Anath (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 

Ndị Amori nọ n'ala ugwu ma ha enweghị ike ijide ha:

* [[Mount Heres|Ugwu Heres]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Aijalon (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Shaalbim (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35).

== Ihe edeturu ==
1 Ndị Ikpe 1:28 na-ekwu na ‘mgbe Izrel siri ike, ha kpagidere ndị Kenan ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ha achụpụghị ha kpam kpam (NiV) amaokwu  30,33 Na  35 kwukwara kpọmkwem ihe atụ nke ebo ndị Kenan bụ́ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ mmanye
2.Okwu 'judahite' na jud(a) ean'a bu adjectives yiri Maka Juda.t Nke mbụ dabere na Hibru Juu (lee ala-eze nke ndị ikpe) ebe nke ikpeazụ sitere na Latin sitere na ludaea,(lee Judia (ógbè Rom) ndị ọkà mmụta họọrọ th Okwu Judahite mgbe a na-ekwu maka oge ahụ tupu oge Rom..{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}

== Ihe edeturu ==
A. Akwụkwọ niile nke ndị ikpe na-efu na Codex sinaiticus dị ugbu a.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Fitzmyer|first=Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph Fitzmyer|title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC|year=2008|isbn=9780802862419|location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Christine|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC|isbn=978-0300188271}}
* {{Cite book|author=Niditch|first=Susan|chapter=10. Judges|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|year=2007|pages=176–191|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15809/showrashi/true Shoftim - Ndị Ikpe - Isi nke 1 (Judaica Press)] . Ihe odide Hibru na nsụgharị Bekee [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org
* Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]:
** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=7&amp;chapter=1&amp;version=9 Ndị Ikpe Isi nke 1. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:09:19Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ebube Clara</username>
        <id>43871</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
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'''Ndị Ikpe 1''' bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe, akwụkwọ nke asaa nke Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie, ederede dị nsọ na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. Ewezuga amaokwu mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta amatala ma mụọ ihe yiri isi nke 1 nke Ndị Ikpe na isi nke 13 ruo 19 n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa bu ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ na-enye akụkọ yiri nke ahụ banyere mmeri Ndị Izrel oge ochie meriri Kenan. Ndị Ikpe 1 na [[Jọshụa]] 15-19 gosipụtara akụkọ abụọ banyere mmeri dị nwayọ, nke na-aga n'ihu, na nke na-enweghị isi site n'otu agbụrụ ndị Izrel, nke e meriri site na mmeri, n'ụzọ dị iche na isi Nke 10 na nke 11 nke Akwụkwọ Jọshụa, nke gosipụtara mmeri ngwa ngwa na nke zuru ezu nke ndị agha Israel jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru iwu Jọshu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu 36.

=== Ndị akaebe ederede ===
Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [3] A c iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) na amaokwu 10-12 dị ugbu a.  [4][6]

Ihe odide oge ochie ndị dị ug'''B''' '''A''' nke nsụgh&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; Koine Grik a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga &lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;A; narị afọ nke ise).[7][a]

== Nnyocha ==

=== Ihe ndị dị na ya ===

==== Nchịkọta ====
Ndị Ikpe 1 na-akọwa otú ebo Juda, nke ga-emesị guzobe Alaeze Juda nke ndịda, si buru ụzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ala site n'aka ndị Kenan, ebe karịsịa agbụrụ ndị mechara guzobe Alaeze nke Israel nke ugwu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda, na ndị Kenan na-egbochi mwakpo ndị Israel na obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frolov|first=Serge|date=2007|title=Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601171005|journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1080/09018320601171005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaokwu 17-36 nke Ndị Ikpe 1 gụnyere ndepụta nke obodo ndị Kenan nke e weghaara ma ọ bụ na e weghaghị n'ihi ọdịda na ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha agha nke agbụrụ Israel dị iche iche na mgbalị ha iji merie Kenan. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọdịda, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-ekwu na agbụrụ ndị Israel mechara merie ndị Kenan n'Ọrụ mmanye.[ihe odide 1] Dị ka ndị Ikpe 2:1-5 na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, chi ndị Izrel bụ Yahweh mere mkpagbu ndị ọzọ n'ime ndị Ikpe ahụ n'elu ndị Izrel (n'ebe ugwu) n'ihi na ha emeghị ka agbụrụ ndị Kenan kpochapụ kpamkpam n'agbanyeghị iwu ya dị ka nke megidere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jiri ya tụnyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-egosi ndị Judah dị ka ndị mmeri nwere ike, ọbụnakwa ebe Judah dara, a na'enye ihe ngọpụ - ndị bi na ya nwere ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ Bible na-ahụ ndepụta ahụ dị ka nke na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na nke a kpachaara anya mee, site n'aka onye edemede si n'Alaeze Juda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;

==== Agbụrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha ====
Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndepụta ahụ bụ na ọ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ iri na otu nke ndị Israel aha, ya bụ Kayin (Ndị Kenite), Simiọn, Juda, Keleb, Benjamin, Manase, Efrayim, Zebulọn, Asher, Napthali, na Dan. Ọ bụghị naanị na iri na otu a na-emegide echiche ọdịnala na e nwere ebo iri na abụọ nke Israel, kamakwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a maghị Kayin na Keleb dị ka ụmụ Jekọb, ha apụtaghịkwa na ndepụta ọ bụla ọzọ nke agbụrụ ndị Izrel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot; /&gt; Ndị Ikpe 1 akọwaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ niile, ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ Livaị (nke a na-agụnyekarị) aha (ndị ụkọchukwu na-enweghị ala), ma ọ bụ Isakar, ma ọ bụghị Gad, ma ọ bụrụ Rubeni. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-egosikwa ndị Rechabites na ndị Jerahmeelites dị ka agbụrụ ndị Israel n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Bible Hibru mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Max Weber (na ''Okpukpe ndị Juu oge ochie'') na Ronald M. Glassman (2017) kwubie na ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-ewere echiche ahụ na e nwere agbụrụ iri na abụọ mgbe niile dị ka akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo ntọala mba Israel: ọnụọgụ 12 abụghị ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, nke nwere ihe nnọchianya na ọdịbendị ndị dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na usoro ịgụta iri na abụọ, nke gụnyere elekere iri na abụọ nke oge a sitere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glassman|first=Ronald M.|chapter=Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan|date=2017|title=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNgoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA632|location=Cham|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-51695-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmeri e meriri Jeruselem ====
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem dị ka akọwapụtara na Ndị Ikpe 1:7-8: ndị Juu jidere Adoni-Bezek ma kpọga ya Jerusalem, e gburu onye ọ bụla nọ ebe ahụ ma gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Ndị Ikpe 1:21 na-akọ na e merighị Jerusalem ma nwee Ndị Jebusite ''ruo taa'' (nke Jọshụa 15:63 kwadoro). Ndị Ikpe 19:11-12 na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ obodo ndị Jebus, na-enweghị ndị Izrel. Ka e mesịrị na 2 Samuel 5:6-10, Devid nwedịrị ike weghara Jerusalem n'aka ndị Jebus iji mee ya isi obodo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst nke Bible gbalịrị idozi nsogbu a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere na-egosi na amaokwu 8 na-ezo aka na mwakpo ndị Juu gara nke ọma na Jerusalem, mana na ndị Jebusite tụfuru obodo ahụ ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị; ma ọ bụ na amaokwu nke 8 na-akọwa naanị nnọchibido, ọ bụghị mmeri; ma ọ bụghị na ndị Juda weghaara naanị akụkụ ndị nkịtị nke obodo ahụ, mana ndị Jebusites nọgidere n'ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Jerusalem ruo mgbe Devid mechara weghara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 5:13-6:27 na-akọ Agha Jeriko dị ka mmeri mbụ a ma ama na mmeri nke Kenan, Ndị Ikpe 1 ekwughị Jeriko, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nsụgharị Bible na-akọwa &quot;Obodo nkwụ&quot; a kpọtụrụ aha na Ndị Ikpe 1:16 na Jeriko. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, amaokwu ahụ egosighi na ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa obodo mbụ ndị Izrel meriri dị ka Ndị Ikpe 1 si kwuo, nke malitere site na mmeri nke eze Adoni-Bezek nke ebe a na-amaghị aha ya &quot;Bezek&quot; (Ndị Ikpe 1:4-7), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eche na e weghaara Jerusalem ma kwatuo ya (Ndị Ikde 1:8). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Judges 1 NIV|author=|work=biblehub.com|date=|accessdate=4 May 2022|url=https://biblehub.com/niv/judges/1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mgbagha Hibru/Grik na Ndị Ikpe 1:18 ====
[[Faịlụ:Septuagint-Tischendorf-1880-IA.pdf|page=375|thumb|Tischendorf's 1880 edition of the Septuagint, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod[note 3]]]
Dị ka Akwụkwọ Masoretic nke Hibru (MT) nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, &quot;Judas weghaara Gaza na ụsọ oké osimiri ya, na Askelon na ụsọ mmiri ya, na Ekrọn na ụsọ Oké Osimiri ya. &quot; (King James Version).[ihe odide ala ala peeji [note 4]] Otú ọ dị, Septuagint Grik (LXX) sụgharịrị Ndị Ikpe 1:18 dị ka: &quot;Ma Judas eketaghị Gaza ma ọ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri ya, ma ọ bụ Ascalon ma ọ bụ ọnụ oké osimiri ya.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/sepd/judges/1.htm|title=Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation|work=Biblehub.com|date=1844|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;[note 3]

Mgbagha a agbagwojuwo ndị ọkà mmụta anya, ebe ọ bụghị naanị na ederede Grik na-agbakwunye Ashdod (Azotus) na ndepụta nke obodo, mana ọ na-agọnahụ kpọmkwem na ndị Juda meriri (n'ụzọ nkịtị &quot;keta&quot;) obodo ndị a, ebe ederede Hibru na-ekwu na ha mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brug|first=John Frederick|date=1978|title=A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjdmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=9780860543374|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị Bible Bekee na-agbaso ederede Masoretic n'ozuzu ya n'ikwu na ndị Juu weghaara obodo atọ ahụ,  ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nsụgharị Grik dị ka nke ka elu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga na-eji &quot;ndị bi n'obodo anọ a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri&quot; tụnyere &quot;ndị dị larị&quot; n'amaokwu na-esote, bụ ndị chụpụrụ ndị Juu site na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Parallel|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|date=1985|title=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NxAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|location=|publisher=American Research Center in Egypt|isbn=|accessdate=24 May 2021|quote=Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, Septuagint nwere ike 'idozi' ederede Hibru, ebe ihe akaebe ederede ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-egosi na obodo ndị ahụ adaghị n'aka ndị Izrel ruo mgbe e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dothan|first=Trude|date=1992|title=People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780025322615|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Ellicott kwuru na Josephus nwere ngwọta dị iche, na-azọrọ na Antiquities of the Jews (Mpịakọta 2, paragraf 4) na 'Askelon na Ashdod weghaara n'agha, mana na Gaza na Ekron gbapụrụ, n'ihi na ọnọdụ ha na mbara ala mere ka ha nwee ike iji ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha; ma na 3, paragraf 1, ọ na-ekwu na ndị Kenan meriri Askelon na Ekron.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọdịdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
David M. Gunn (2) kwuru na ndị ntụgharị ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ leghaara ndị Ikpe 1-2 anya, mana ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ile ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Jọshụa na ndị Ikpe anya dị ka nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn2005&quot;&gt;Gunn, David M. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17 ''Judges Through the Centuries'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17–&lt;/span&gt;33. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22252-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-631-22252-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 10-11 gosipụtara ndị Izrel dị n'otu nke Jọshịa dị ka ndị na-ebibi ndị Kenan niile ma weghara ma ọ bụ bibie obodo ha niile, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a ka na-eguzo ma bụrụ ndị ndị Kenan bi na ha bụ ndị na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị agbụrụ ndị Izrel dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Voltaire (1776), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke Thomas Woolston, kwuru na ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ Joshua ma ọ bụ Book of Judges ga-abụ ụgha, dịka 'ìgwè a nke mgbagha enweghị ike nkwado.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

George Foot Moore (1895) kwuru na akụkọ ndị ọka ikpe 1 banyere mmeri ndị Israel meriri Kenan bụ 'nke bara uru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa Jọshụa 10-11, dịka mmeri 'nke nta nke nta na nke nta' nke ala ahụ kwekọrọ na ihe niile ọzọ a maara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Izrel na ndị Kenan na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe 'akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe niile nke narị afọ ndị a agaghị aghọta ya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-eche na ọ malitere site na mmeri dị otú ahụ nke Kenan dị ka a kọrọ n'Akwụkwọ Jọshọa'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; G. Ernest Wright (19) kwuru na, n'oge ya, ndị na-akatọ ederede n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na e dere ndị Ikpe 1 na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE (nke amaokwu 1 &quot;Mgbe ọnwụ Jọshụa...&quot; 'onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-agbakwunye ya') na 'nke nkwupụta dị na Jọshụa 10-19 kwadoro', ebe Jọshu 10 ka Deuteronomist dere ya (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 6 BCE) wee were ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Wright kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere Joshua 10-11 dị ka ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ha lekwasịrị anya n'amaokwu 10:40-41: 'O doro anya na ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na e gburu onye ọ bụla bi na ya. (...) Mbelata nkwupụta ahụ na ala, na ihe niile ọ na-azọrọ bụ na Joshua weere ala ugwu Judia na Negeb na Shephela.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ebo Moore na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ebubo na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọkàikpe 1, ebe ọ na-adịghị agbagwoju anya, na echiche dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt;

A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot; /&gt; Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of Canaan during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010|author=van Bekkum|first=Koert|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-066-1|pages=525–548|editor=Galil|series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament|chapter=Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/2496890}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikike ịkpa ókè megide Juda ===
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Marc Zvi Brettler kwubiri na Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ nchịkọta nke Jọshụa 13-19, mana K. Lawson Younger kwuru na ọbụna Juda na-akatọ ya na ndị Ikpe 1, na ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe gosipụtara Juda n'otu ụzọ ọjọọ dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile, ọ dịkwa ka isi atọ mbụ nke Ndị Ikpe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ahụ nke ndị editọ na-agbakwunyeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) guzobere arụmụka megide ihe akaebe a na-ekwukarị maka arụmụka na-akwado Juda n'ime ndị ọkàikpe niile, mana Serge Frolov (2007) gbalịrị ịgbagha nkọwa ya, na-ekwubi: 'Isiokwu mmeghe nke ndị ọkàikpe gosipụtara Juda dị ka onye nwere ike pụrụ iche ịmepụta mgbalị agha na-aga nke ọma n'aha Israel dum (... N'ozuzu, dị ka ndị ọkàikpe kwesịrị iru eru ịbụ onye na-elekọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gụnyere agbụrụ niile nke Israel, n' n'akụkụ abụọ nke eze Israel .Ọnọdụ a bụ n'aka ya kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Deuteronomistic, na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ọ bụ nanị usoro ndị eze Devid.Enwere ikike ịchị n'Izrel (2 Samuel 7) na ilele alaeze Ugwu (onye isi ya bụ ụlọ Josef), dịka ógbè nnupụisi (lee 2 Ndị Eze 17,21-23).

== Ndepụta obodo ==

: ''Nke a '''na-abụghị''' ndepụta nke ihe mgbe ochie na Middle East nke oge a. Nke a na-atụle ndepụta a kapịrị ọnụ dị na Bible.''

=== Ihe ịga nke ọma ===
Agbụrụ Juda weere:

* Ala ugwu, Negev na ala ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Ndị Ikpe 1:9; Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 
* Gaza, Ascalon na Ekrọn (dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoretic nke ndị Ikpe nke Hibru 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Hebron (Kiriath Arba), ebe Keleb chụpụrụ ụmụ atọ nke Anak (Ndị Ikpe 1:2) 
* Debir (Kiriath Sepher), nke Othniel weere (Ndị Ikpe 1:11-13) 

Agbụrụ Simiọn na nke Juda bibiri:

* [[Hormah|Horma]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hormah&quot;&gt;Zepata, nke ha gbanwere aha ya bụ Hormah (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''mbibi'') 

Agbụrụ Josef (nke nwere &quot;ọkara agbụrụ&quot; abụọ: Agbụrụ Efrayim na Agbụrụ Manase) weere:

* Betel, na-egbu ndị niile bi na ya ma e wezụga nwoke ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nke gosiri ha otu esi abanye n'obodo ahụ (1:22-26) 

=== Ọdịda ===
N'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere ''Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè'', ebo Juda enweghị ike iburu:

* Gaza, Ascalon, Ekrọn na Ashdod (dị ka nsụgharị Septuagint Grik nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Ala Dị larịị (Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 

Agbụrụ Benjamin enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị bi na:

* [[Jerusalem]] (nke a makwaara dị ka Jebus) (Ndị Ikpe 1:21). Otú ọ dị, Ndị Ikpe 1:8 kọrọ na ndị Juu (dịlarị?) weghaara Jerusalem, gbuo onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunn2005&quot;&gt;Gunn, David M. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17 ''Judges Through the Centuries'']. John Wiley &amp; Sons. pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17–&lt;/span&gt;33. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22252-1|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-631-22252-1&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbụrụ Manase enweghị ike ịchụpụ Ndị Kenan na:

* Beit She'an (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Taanach (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Dor (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Ibleam (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Megido (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 

NoAgbụrụ Efrayim enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Gezer (Ndị Ikpe 1:29) 

Agbụrụ Zebulọn enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Kitron (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 
* [[Nahalol]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 

Agbụrụ Asher enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Akko (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Siddon (place)|Siddon]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Ahlab (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Aczib]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Helba (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Aphek (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Rehob (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 

Agbụrụ Naftali enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan bi na ya:

* Beth Shemesh (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 
* Beth Anath (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 

Ndị Amori nọ n'ala ugwu ma ha enweghị ike ijide ha:

* [[Mount Heres|Ugwu Heres]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Aijalon (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Shaalbim (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35).

== Ihe edeturu ==
1 Ndị Ikpe 1:28 na-ekwu na ‘mgbe Izrel siri ike, ha kpagidere ndị Kenan ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ha achụpụghị ha kpam kpam (NiV) amaokwu  30,33 Na  35 kwukwara kpọmkwem ihe atụ nke ebo ndị Kenan bụ́ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ mmanye
2.Okwu 'judahite' na jud(a) ean'a bu adjectives yiri Maka Juda.t Nke mbụ dabere na Hibru Juu (lee ala-eze nke ndị ikpe) ebe nke ikpeazụ sitere na Latin sitere na ludaea,(lee Judia (ógbè Rom) ndị ọkà mmụta họọrọ th Okwu Judahite mgbe a na-ekwu maka oge ahụ tupu oge Rom..{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}

== Ihe edeturu ==
A. Akwụkwọ niile nke ndị ikpe na-efu na Codex sinaiticus dị ugbu a.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Fitzmyer|first=Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph Fitzmyer|title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC|year=2008|isbn=9780802862419|location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Christine|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC|isbn=978-0300188271}}
* {{Cite book|author=Niditch|first=Susan|chapter=10. Judges|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|year=2007|pages=176–191|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15809/showrashi/true Shoftim - Ndị Ikpe - Isi nke 1 (Judaica Press)] . Ihe odide Hibru na nsụgharị Bekee [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org
* Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]:
** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=7&amp;chapter=1&amp;version=9 Ndị Ikpe Isi nke 1. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible]</text>
      <sha1>gtr78cje9h8m6srru4tkh0h3qp5v3oo</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-11T13:13:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Ebube Clara</username>
        <id>43871</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
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'''Ndị Ikpe 1''' bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe, akwụkwọ nke asaa nke Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie, ederede dị nsọ na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. Ewezuga amaokwu mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta amatala ma mụọ ihe yiri isi nke 1 nke Ndị Ikpe na isi nke 13 ruo 19 n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa bu ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ na-enye akụkọ yiri nke ahụ banyere mmeri Ndị Izrel oge ochie meriri Kenan. Ndị Ikpe 1 na [[Jọshụa]] 15-19 gosipụtara akụkọ abụọ banyere mmeri dị nwayọ, nke na-aga n'ihu, na nke na-enweghị isi site n'otu agbụrụ ndị Izrel, nke e meriri site na mmeri, n'ụzọ dị iche na isi Nke 10 na nke 11 nke Akwụkwọ Jọshụa, nke gosipụtara mmeri ngwa ngwa na nke zuru ezu nke ndị agha Israel jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru iwu Jọshu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu 36.

=== Ndị akaebe ederede ===
Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [3] A c iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) na amaokwu 10-12 dị ugbu a.  [4][6]

Ihe odide oge ochie ndị dị ug'''B''' '''A''' nke nsụgh&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; Koine Grik a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga &lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;A; narị afọ nke ise).[7][a]

== Nnyocha ==

=== Ihe ndị dị na ya ===

==== Nchịkọta ====
Ndị Ikpe 1 na-akọwa otú ebo Juda, nke ga-emesị guzobe Alaeze Juda nke ndịda, si buru ụzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ala site n'aka ndị Kenan, ebe karịsịa agbụrụ ndị mechara guzobe Alaeze nke Israel nke ugwu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda, na ndị Kenan na-egbochi mwakpo ndị Israel na obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frolov|first=Serge|date=2007|title=Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601171005|journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1080/09018320601171005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaokwu 17-36 nke Ndị Ikpe 1 gụnyere ndepụta nke obodo ndị Kenan nke e weghaara ma ọ bụ na e weghaghị n'ihi ọdịda na ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha agha nke agbụrụ Israel dị iche iche na mgbalị ha iji merie Kenan. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọdịda, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-ekwu na agbụrụ ndị Israel mechara merie ndị Kenan n'Ọrụ mmanye.[ihe odide 1] Dị ka ndị Ikpe 2:1-5 na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, chi ndị Izrel bụ Yahweh mere mkpagbu ndị ọzọ n'ime ndị Ikpe ahụ n'elu ndị Izrel (n'ebe ugwu) n'ihi na ha emeghị ka agbụrụ ndị Kenan kpochapụ kpamkpam n'agbanyeghị iwu ya dị ka nke megidere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jiri ya tụnyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-egosi ndị Judah dị ka ndị mmeri nwere ike, ọbụnakwa ebe Judah dara, a na'enye ihe ngọpụ - ndị bi na ya nwere ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ Bible na-ahụ ndepụta ahụ dị ka nke na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na nke a kpachaara anya mee, site n'aka onye edemede si n'Alaeze Juda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;

==== Agbụrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha ====
Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndepụta ahụ bụ na ọ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ iri na otu nke ndị Israel aha, ya bụ Kayin (Ndị Kenite), Simiọn, Juda, Keleb, Benjamin, Manase, Efrayim, Zebulọn, Asher, Napthali, na Dan. Ọ bụghị naanị na iri na otu a na-emegide echiche ọdịnala na e nwere ebo iri na abụọ nke Israel, kamakwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a maghị Kayin na Keleb dị ka ụmụ Jekọb, ha apụtaghịkwa na ndepụta ọ bụla ọzọ nke agbụrụ ndị Izrel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot; /&gt; Ndị Ikpe 1 akọwaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ niile, ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ Livaị (nke a na-agụnyekarị) aha (ndị ụkọchukwu na-enweghị ala), ma ọ bụ Isakar, ma ọ bụghị Gad, ma ọ bụrụ Rubeni. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-egosikwa ndị Rechabites na ndị Jerahmeelites dị ka agbụrụ ndị Israel n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Bible Hibru mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Max Weber (na ''Okpukpe ndị Juu oge ochie'') na Ronald M. Glassman (2017) kwubie na ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-ewere echiche ahụ na e nwere agbụrụ iri na abụọ mgbe niile dị ka akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo ntọala mba Israel: ọnụọgụ 12 abụghị ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, nke nwere ihe nnọchianya na ọdịbendị ndị dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na usoro ịgụta iri na abụọ, nke gụnyere elekere iri na abụọ nke oge a sitere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glassman|first=Ronald M.|chapter=Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan|date=2017|title=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNgoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA632|location=Cham|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-51695-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmeri e meriri Jeruselem ====
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem dị ka akọwapụtara na Ndị Ikpe 1:7-8: ndị Juu jidere Adoni-Bezek ma kpọga ya Jerusalem, e gburu onye ọ bụla nọ ebe ahụ ma gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Ndị Ikpe 1:21 na-akọ na e merighị Jerusalem ma nwee Ndị Jebusite ''ruo taa'' (nke Jọshụa 15:63 kwadoro). Ndị Ikpe 19:11-12 na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ obodo ndị Jebus, na-enweghị ndị Izrel. Ka e mesịrị na 2 Samuel 5:6-10, Devid nwedịrị ike weghara Jerusalem n'aka ndị Jebus iji mee ya isi obodo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst nke Bible gbalịrị idozi nsogbu a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere na-egosi na amaokwu 8 na-ezo aka na mwakpo ndị Juu gara nke ọma na Jerusalem, mana na ndị Jebusite tụfuru obodo ahụ ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị; ma ọ bụ na amaokwu nke 8 na-akọwa naanị nnọchibido, ọ bụghị mmeri; ma ọ bụghị na ndị Juda weghaara naanị akụkụ ndị nkịtị nke obodo ahụ, mana ndị Jebusites nọgidere n'ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Jerusalem ruo mgbe Devid mechara weghara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 5:13-6:27 na-akọ Agha Jeriko dị ka mmeri mbụ a ma ama na mmeri nke Kenan, Ndị Ikpe 1 ekwughị Jeriko, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nsụgharị Bible na-akọwa &quot;Obodo nkwụ&quot; a kpọtụrụ aha na Ndị Ikpe 1:16 na Jeriko. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, amaokwu ahụ egosighi na ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa obodo mbụ ndị Izrel meriri dị ka Ndị Ikpe 1 si kwuo, nke malitere site na mmeri nke eze Adoni-Bezek nke ebe a na-amaghị aha ya &quot;Bezek&quot; (Ndị Ikpe 1:4-7), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eche na e weghaara Jerusalem ma kwatuo ya (Ndị Ikde 1:8). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Judges 1 NIV|author=|work=biblehub.com|date=|accessdate=4 May 2022|url=https://biblehub.com/niv/judges/1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mgbagha Hibru/Grik na Ndị Ikpe 1:18 ====
[[Faịlụ:Septuagint-Tischendorf-1880-IA.pdf|page=375|thumb|Tischendorf's 1880 edition of the Septuagint, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod[note 3]]]
Dị ka Akwụkwọ Masoretic nke Hibru (MT) nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, &quot;Judas weghaara Gaza na ụsọ oké osimiri ya, na Askelon na ụsọ mmiri ya, na Ekrọn na ụsọ Oké Osimiri ya. &quot; (King James Version).[ihe odide ala ala peeji [note 4]] Otú ọ dị, Septuagint Grik (LXX) sụgharịrị Ndị Ikpe 1:18 dị ka: &quot;Ma Judas eketaghị Gaza ma ọ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri ya, ma ọ bụ Ascalon ma ọ bụ ọnụ oké osimiri ya.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/sepd/judges/1.htm|title=Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation|work=Biblehub.com|date=1844|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;[note 3]

Mgbagha a agbagwojuwo ndị ọkà mmụta anya, ebe ọ bụghị naanị na ederede Grik na-agbakwunye Ashdod (Azotus) na ndepụta nke obodo, mana ọ na-agọnahụ kpọmkwem na ndị Juda meriri (n'ụzọ nkịtị &quot;keta&quot;) obodo ndị a, ebe ederede Hibru na-ekwu na ha mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brug|first=John Frederick|date=1978|title=A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjdmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=9780860543374|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị Bible Bekee na-agbaso ederede Masoretic n'ozuzu ya n'ikwu na ndị Juu weghaara obodo atọ ahụ,  ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nsụgharị Grik dị ka nke ka elu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga na-eji &quot;ndị bi n'obodo anọ a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri&quot; tụnyere &quot;ndị dị larị&quot; n'amaokwu na-esote, bụ ndị chụpụrụ ndị Juu site na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Parallel|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|date=1985|title=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NxAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|location=|publisher=American Research Center in Egypt|isbn=|accessdate=24 May 2021|quote=Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, Septuagint nwere ike 'idozi' ederede Hibru, ebe ihe akaebe ederede ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-egosi na obodo ndị ahụ adaghị n'aka ndị Izrel ruo mgbe e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dothan|first=Trude|date=1992|title=People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780025322615|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Ellicott kwuru na Josephus nwere ngwọta dị iche, na-azọrọ na Antiquities of the Jews (Mpịakọta 2, paragraf 4) na 'Askelon na Ashdod weghaara n'agha, mana na Gaza na Ekron gbapụrụ, n'ihi na ọnọdụ ha na mbara ala mere ka ha nwee ike iji ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha; ma na 3, paragraf 1, ọ na-ekwu na ndị Kenan meriri Askelon na Ekron.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọdịdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
David M. Gunn (2) kwuru na ndị ntụgharị ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ leghaara ndị Ikpe 1-2 anya, mana ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ile ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Jọshụa na ndị Ikpe anya dị ka nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 10-11 gosipụtara ndị Izrel dị n'otu nke Jọshịa dị ka ndị na-ebibi ndị Kenan niile ma weghara ma ọ bụ bibie obodo ha niile, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a ka na-eguzo ma bụrụ ndị ndị Kenan bi na ha bụ ndị na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị agbụrụ ndị Izrel dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Voltaire (1776), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke Thomas Woolston, kwuru na ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ Joshua ma ọ bụ Book of Judges ga-abụ ụgha, dịka 'ìgwè a nke mgbagha enweghị ike nkwado.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

George Foot Moore (1895) kwuru na akụkọ ndị ọka ikpe 1 banyere mmeri ndị Israel meriri Kenan bụ 'nke bara uru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa Jọshụa 10-11, dịka mmeri 'nke nta nke nta na nke nta' nke ala ahụ kwekọrọ na ihe niile ọzọ a maara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Izrel na ndị Kenan na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe 'akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe niile nke narị afọ ndị a agaghị aghọta ya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-eche na ọ malitere site na mmeri dị otú ahụ nke Kenan dị ka a kọrọ n'Akwụkwọ Jọshọa'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; G. Ernest Wright (19) kwuru na, n'oge ya, ndị na-akatọ ederede n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na e dere ndị Ikpe 1 na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE (nke amaokwu 1 &quot;Mgbe ọnwụ Jọshụa...&quot; 'onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-agbakwunye ya') na 'nke nkwupụta dị na Jọshụa 10-19 kwadoro', ebe Jọshu 10 ka Deuteronomist dere ya (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 6 BCE) wee were ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Wright kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere Joshua 10-11 dị ka ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ha lekwasịrị anya n'amaokwu 10:40-41: 'O doro anya na ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na e gburu onye ọ bụla bi na ya. (...) Mbelata nkwupụta ahụ na ala, na ihe niile ọ na-azọrọ bụ na Joshua weere ala ugwu Judia na Negeb na Shephela.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ebo Moore na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ebubo na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọkàikpe 1, ebe ọ na-adịghị agbagwoju anya, na echiche dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt;

A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot; /&gt; Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of Canaan during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010|author=van Bekkum|first=Koert|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-066-1|pages=525–548|editor=Galil|series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament|chapter=Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/2496890}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikike ịkpa ókè megide Juda ===
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Marc Zvi Brettler kwubiri na Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ nchịkọta nke Jọshụa 13-19, mana K. Lawson Younger kwuru na ọbụna Juda na-akatọ ya na ndị Ikpe 1, na ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe gosipụtara Juda n'otu ụzọ ọjọọ dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile, ọ dịkwa ka isi atọ mbụ nke Ndị Ikpe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ahụ nke ndị editọ na-agbakwunyeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) guzobere arụmụka megide ihe akaebe a na-ekwukarị maka arụmụka na-akwado Juda n'ime ndị ọkàikpe niile, mana Serge Frolov (2007) gbalịrị ịgbagha nkọwa ya, na-ekwubi: 'Isiokwu mmeghe nke ndị ọkàikpe gosipụtara Juda dị ka onye nwere ike pụrụ iche ịmepụta mgbalị agha na-aga nke ọma n'aha Israel dum (... N'ozuzu, dị ka ndị ọkàikpe kwesịrị iru eru ịbụ onye na-elekọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gụnyere agbụrụ niile nke Israel, n' n'akụkụ abụọ nke eze Israel .Ọnọdụ a bụ n'aka ya kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Deuteronomistic, na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ọ bụ nanị usoro ndị eze Devid.Enwere ikike ịchị n'Izrel (2 Samuel 7) na ilele alaeze Ugwu (onye isi ya bụ ụlọ Josef), dịka ógbè nnupụisi (lee 2 Ndị Eze 17,21-23).

== Ndepụta obodo ==

: ''Nke a '''na-abụghị''' ndepụta nke ihe mgbe ochie na Middle East nke oge a. Nke a na-atụle ndepụta a kapịrị ọnụ dị na Bible.''

=== Ihe ịga nke ọma ===
Agbụrụ Juda weere:

* Ala ugwu, Negev na ala ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Ndị Ikpe 1:9; Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 
* Gaza, Ascalon na Ekrọn (dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoretic nke ndị Ikpe nke Hibru 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Hebron (Kiriath Arba), ebe Keleb chụpụrụ ụmụ atọ nke Anak (Ndị Ikpe 1:2) 
* Debir (Kiriath Sepher), nke Othniel weere (Ndị Ikpe 1:11-13) 

Agbụrụ Simiọn na nke Juda bibiri:

* [[Hormah|Horma]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hormah&quot;&gt;Zepata, nke ha gbanwere aha ya bụ Hormah (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''mbibi'') 

Agbụrụ Josef (nke nwere &quot;ọkara agbụrụ&quot; abụọ: Agbụrụ Efrayim na Agbụrụ Manase) weere:

* Betel, na-egbu ndị niile bi na ya ma e wezụga nwoke ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nke gosiri ha otu esi abanye n'obodo ahụ (1:22-26) 

=== Ọdịda ===
N'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere ''Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè'', ebo Juda enweghị ike iburu:

* Gaza, Ascalon, Ekrọn na Ashdod (dị ka nsụgharị Septuagint Grik nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm &quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;]. ''Biblehub.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;) 
* Ala Dị larịị (Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 

Agbụrụ Benjamin enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị bi na:

* [[Jerusalem]] (nke a makwaara dị ka Jebus) (Ndị Ikpe 1:21). Otú ọ dị, Ndị Ikpe 1:8 kọrọ na ndị Juu (dịlarị?) weghaara Jerusalem, gbuo onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Agbụrụ Manase enweghị ike ịchụpụ Ndị Kenan na:

* Beit She'an (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Taanach (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Dor (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Ibleam (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Megido (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 

NoAgbụrụ Efrayim enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Gezer (Ndị Ikpe 1:29) 

Agbụrụ Zebulọn enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Kitron (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 
* [[Nahalol]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 

Agbụrụ Asher enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Akko (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Siddon (place)|Siddon]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Ahlab (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Aczib]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Helba (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Aphek (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Rehob (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 

Agbụrụ Naftali enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan bi na ya:

* Beth Shemesh (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 
* Beth Anath (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 

Ndị Amori nọ n'ala ugwu ma ha enweghị ike ijide ha:

* [[Mount Heres|Ugwu Heres]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Aijalon (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Shaalbim (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35).

== Ihe edeturu ==
1 Ndị Ikpe 1:28 na-ekwu na ‘mgbe Izrel siri ike, ha kpagidere ndị Kenan ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ha achụpụghị ha kpam kpam (NiV) amaokwu  30,33 Na  35 kwukwara kpọmkwem ihe atụ nke ebo ndị Kenan bụ́ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ mmanye
2.Okwu 'judahite' na jud(a) ean'a bu adjectives yiri Maka Juda.t Nke mbụ dabere na Hibru Juu (lee ala-eze nke ndị ikpe) ebe nke ikpeazụ sitere na Latin sitere na ludaea,(lee Judia (ógbè Rom) ndị ọkà mmụta họọrọ th Okwu Judahite mgbe a na-ekwu maka oge ahụ tupu oge Rom..{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}

== Ihe edeturu ==
A. Akwụkwọ niile nke ndị ikpe na-efu na Codex sinaiticus dị ugbu a.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Fitzmyer|first=Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph Fitzmyer|title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC|year=2008|isbn=9780802862419|location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Christine|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC|isbn=978-0300188271}}
* {{Cite book|author=Niditch|first=Susan|chapter=10. Judges|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|year=2007|pages=176–191|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15809/showrashi/true Shoftim - Ndị Ikpe - Isi nke 1 (Judaica Press)] . Ihe odide Hibru na nsụgharị Bekee [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org
* Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]:
** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=7&amp;chapter=1&amp;version=9 Ndị Ikpe Isi nke 1. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible]</text>
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'''Ndị Ikpe 1''' bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe, akwụkwọ nke asaa nke Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie, ederede dị nsọ na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. Ewezuga amaokwu mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta amatala ma mụọ ihe yiri isi nke 1 nke Ndị Ikpe na isi nke 13 ruo 19 n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa bu ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ na-enye akụkọ yiri nke ahụ banyere mmeri Ndị Izrel oge ochie meriri Kenan. Ndị Ikpe 1 na [[Jọshụa]] 15-19 gosipụtara akụkọ abụọ banyere mmeri dị nwayọ, nke na-aga n'ihu, na nke na-enweghị isi site n'otu agbụrụ ndị Izrel, nke e meriri site na mmeri, n'ụzọ dị iche na isi Nke 10 na nke 11 nke Akwụkwọ Jọshụa, nke gosipụtara mmeri ngwa ngwa na nke zuru ezu nke ndị agha Israel jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru iwu Jọshu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu 36.

=== Ndị akaebe ederede ===
Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [3] A c iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) na amaokwu 10-12 dị ugbu a.  [4][6]

Ihe odide oge ochie ndị dị ug'''B''' '''A''' nke nsụgh&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; Koine Grik a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga &lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 


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&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;A; narị afọ nke ise).[7][a]

== Nnyocha ==

=== Ihe ndị dị na ya ===

==== Nchịkọta ====
Ndị Ikpe 1 na-akọwa otú ebo Juda, nke ga-emesị guzobe Alaeze Juda nke ndịda, si buru ụzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ala site n'aka ndị Kenan, ebe karịsịa agbụrụ ndị mechara guzobe Alaeze nke Israel nke ugwu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda, na ndị Kenan na-egbochi mwakpo ndị Israel na obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frolov|first=Serge|date=2007|title=Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601171005|journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1080/09018320601171005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaokwu 17-36 nke Ndị Ikpe 1 gụnyere ndepụta nke obodo ndị Kenan nke e weghaara ma ọ bụ na e weghaghị n'ihi ọdịda na ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha agha nke agbụrụ Israel dị iche iche na mgbalị ha iji merie Kenan. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọdịda, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-ekwu na agbụrụ ndị Israel mechara merie ndị Kenan n'Ọrụ mmanye.[ihe odide 1] Dị ka ndị Ikpe 2:1-5 na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, chi ndị Izrel bụ Yahweh mere mkpagbu ndị ọzọ n'ime ndị Ikpe ahụ n'elu ndị Izrel (n'ebe ugwu) n'ihi na ha emeghị ka agbụrụ ndị Kenan kpochapụ kpamkpam n'agbanyeghị iwu ya dị ka nke megidere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jiri ya tụnyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-egosi ndị Judah dị ka ndị mmeri nwere ike, ọbụnakwa ebe Judah dara, a na'enye ihe ngọpụ - ndị bi na ya nwere ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ Bible na-ahụ ndepụta ahụ dị ka nke na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na nke a kpachaara anya mee, site n'aka onye edemede si n'Alaeze Juda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;

==== Agbụrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha ====
Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndepụta ahụ bụ na ọ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ iri na otu nke ndị Israel aha, ya bụ Kayin (Ndị Kenite), Simiọn, Juda, Keleb, Benjamin, Manase, Efrayim, Zebulọn, Asher, Napthali, na Dan. Ọ bụghị naanị na iri na otu a na-emegide echiche ọdịnala na e nwere ebo iri na abụọ nke Israel, kamakwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a maghị Kayin na Keleb dị ka ụmụ Jekọb, ha apụtaghịkwa na ndepụta ọ bụla ọzọ nke agbụrụ ndị Izrel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot; /&gt; Ndị Ikpe 1 akọwaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ niile, ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ Livaị (nke a na-agụnyekarị) aha (ndị ụkọchukwu na-enweghị ala), ma ọ bụ Isakar, ma ọ bụghị Gad, ma ọ bụrụ Rubeni. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-egosikwa ndị Rechabites na ndị Jerahmeelites dị ka agbụrụ ndị Israel n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Bible Hibru mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Max Weber (na ''Okpukpe ndị Juu oge ochie'') na Ronald M. Glassman (2017) kwubie na ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-ewere echiche ahụ na e nwere agbụrụ iri na abụọ mgbe niile dị ka akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo ntọala mba Israel: ọnụọgụ 12 abụghị ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, nke nwere ihe nnọchianya na ọdịbendị ndị dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na usoro ịgụta iri na abụọ, nke gụnyere elekere iri na abụọ nke oge a sitere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glassman|first=Ronald M.|chapter=Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan|date=2017|title=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNgoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA632|location=Cham|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-51695-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmeri e meriri Jeruselem ====
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem dị ka akọwapụtara na Ndị Ikpe 1:7-8: ndị Juu jidere Adoni-Bezek ma kpọga ya Jerusalem, e gburu onye ọ bụla nọ ebe ahụ ma gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Ndị Ikpe 1:21 na-akọ na e merighị Jerusalem ma nwee Ndị Jebusite ''ruo taa'' (nke Jọshụa 15:63 kwadoro). Ndị Ikpe 19:11-12 na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ obodo ndị Jebus, na-enweghị ndị Izrel. Ka e mesịrị na 2 Samuel 5:6-10, Devid nwedịrị ike weghara Jerusalem n'aka ndị Jebus iji mee ya isi obodo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst nke Bible gbalịrị idozi nsogbu a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere na-egosi na amaokwu 8 na-ezo aka na mwakpo ndị Juu gara nke ọma na Jerusalem, mana na ndị Jebusite tụfuru obodo ahụ ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị; ma ọ bụ na amaokwu nke 8 na-akọwa naanị nnọchibido, ọ bụghị mmeri; ma ọ bụghị na ndị Juda weghaara naanị akụkụ ndị nkịtị nke obodo ahụ, mana ndị Jebusites nọgidere n'ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Jerusalem ruo mgbe Devid mechara weghara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 5:13-6:27 na-akọ Agha Jeriko dị ka mmeri mbụ a ma ama na mmeri nke Kenan, Ndị Ikpe 1 ekwughị Jeriko, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nsụgharị Bible na-akọwa &quot;Obodo nkwụ&quot; a kpọtụrụ aha na Ndị Ikpe 1:16 na Jeriko. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, amaokwu ahụ egosighi na ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa obodo mbụ ndị Izrel meriri dị ka Ndị Ikpe 1 si kwuo, nke malitere site na mmeri nke eze Adoni-Bezek nke ebe a na-amaghị aha ya &quot;Bezek&quot; (Ndị Ikpe 1:4-7), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eche na e weghaara Jerusalem ma kwatuo ya (Ndị Ikde 1:8). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Judges 1 NIV|author=|work=biblehub.com|date=|accessdate=4 May 2022|url=https://biblehub.com/niv/judges/1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mgbagha Hibru/Grik na Ndị Ikpe 1:18 ====
[[Faịlụ:Septuagint-Tischendorf-1880-IA.pdf|page=375|thumb|Tischendorf's 1880 edition of the Septuagint, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod[note 3]]]
Dị ka Akwụkwọ Masoretic nke Hibru (MT) nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, &quot;Judas weghaara Gaza na ụsọ oké osimiri ya, na Askelon na ụsọ mmiri ya, na Ekrọn na ụsọ Oké Osimiri ya. &quot; (King James Version).[ihe odide ala ala peeji [note 4]] Otú ọ dị, Septuagint Grik (LXX) sụgharịrị Ndị Ikpe 1:18 dị ka: &quot;Ma Judas eketaghị Gaza ma ọ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri ya, ma ọ bụ Ascalon ma ọ bụ ọnụ oké osimiri ya.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/sepd/judges/1.htm|title=Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation|work=Biblehub.com|date=1844|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;[note 3]

Mgbagha a agbagwojuwo ndị ọkà mmụta anya, ebe ọ bụghị naanị na ederede Grik na-agbakwunye Ashdod (Azotus) na ndepụta nke obodo, mana ọ na-agọnahụ kpọmkwem na ndị Juda meriri (n'ụzọ nkịtị &quot;keta&quot;) obodo ndị a, ebe ederede Hibru na-ekwu na ha mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brug|first=John Frederick|date=1978|title=A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjdmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=9780860543374|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị Bible Bekee na-agbaso ederede Masoretic n'ozuzu ya n'ikwu na ndị Juu weghaara obodo atọ ahụ,  ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nsụgharị Grik dị ka nke ka elu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga na-eji &quot;ndị bi n'obodo anọ a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri&quot; tụnyere &quot;ndị dị larị&quot; n'amaokwu na-esote, bụ ndị chụpụrụ ndị Juu site na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Parallel|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|date=1985|title=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NxAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|location=|publisher=American Research Center in Egypt|isbn=|accessdate=24 May 2021|quote=Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, Septuagint nwere ike 'idozi' ederede Hibru, ebe ihe akaebe ederede ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-egosi na obodo ndị ahụ adaghị n'aka ndị Izrel ruo mgbe e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dothan|first=Trude|date=1992|title=People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780025322615|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Ellicott kwuru na Josephus nwere ngwọta dị iche, na-azọrọ na Antiquities of the Jews (Mpịakọta 2, paragraf 4) na 'Askelon na Ashdod weghaara n'agha, mana na Gaza na Ekron gbapụrụ, n'ihi na ọnọdụ ha na mbara ala mere ka ha nwee ike iji ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha; ma na 3, paragraf 1, ọ na-ekwu na ndị Kenan meriri Askelon na Ekron.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọdịdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
David M. Gunn (2) kwuru na ndị ntụgharị ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ leghaara ndị Ikpe 1-2 anya, mana ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ile ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Jọshụa na ndị Ikpe anya dị ka nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 10-11 gosipụtara ndị Izrel dị n'otu nke Jọshịa dị ka ndị na-ebibi ndị Kenan niile ma weghara ma ọ bụ bibie obodo ha niile, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a ka na-eguzo ma bụrụ ndị ndị Kenan bi na ha bụ ndị na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị agbụrụ ndị Izrel dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Voltaire (1776), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke Thomas Woolston, kwuru na ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ Joshua ma ọ bụ Book of Judges ga-abụ ụgha, dịka 'ìgwè a nke mgbagha enweghị ike nkwado.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

George Foot Moore (1895) kwuru na akụkọ ndị ọka ikpe 1 banyere mmeri ndị Israel meriri Kenan bụ 'nke bara uru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa Jọshụa 10-11, dịka mmeri 'nke nta nke nta na nke nta' nke ala ahụ kwekọrọ na ihe niile ọzọ a maara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Izrel na ndị Kenan na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe 'akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe niile nke narị afọ ndị a agaghị aghọta ya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-eche na ọ malitere site na mmeri dị otú ahụ nke Kenan dị ka a kọrọ n'Akwụkwọ Jọshọa'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; G. Ernest Wright (19) kwuru na, n'oge ya, ndị na-akatọ ederede n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na e dere ndị Ikpe 1 na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE (nke amaokwu 1 &quot;Mgbe ọnwụ Jọshụa...&quot; 'onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-agbakwunye ya') na 'nke nkwupụta dị na Jọshụa 10-19 kwadoro', ebe Jọshu 10 ka Deuteronomist dere ya (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 6 BCE) wee were ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Wright kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere Joshua 10-11 dị ka ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ha lekwasịrị anya n'amaokwu 10:40-41: 'O doro anya na ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na e gburu onye ọ bụla bi na ya. (...) Mbelata nkwupụta ahụ na ala, na ihe niile ọ na-azọrọ bụ na Joshua weere ala ugwu Judia na Negeb na Shephela.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ebo Moore na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ebubo na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọkàikpe 1, ebe ọ na-adịghị agbagwoju anya, na echiche dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt;

A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot; /&gt; Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of Canaan during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010|author=van Bekkum|first=Koert|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-066-1|pages=525–548|editor=Galil|series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament|chapter=Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/2496890}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikike ịkpa ókè megide Juda ===
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Marc Zvi Brettler kwubiri na Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ nchịkọta nke Jọshụa 13-19, mana K. Lawson Younger kwuru na ọbụna Juda na-akatọ ya na ndị Ikpe 1, na ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe gosipụtara Juda n'otu ụzọ ọjọọ dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile, ọ dịkwa ka isi atọ mbụ nke Ndị Ikpe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ahụ nke ndị editọ na-agbakwunyeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) guzobere arụmụka megide ihe akaebe a na-ekwukarị maka arụmụka na-akwado Juda n'ime ndị ọkàikpe niile, mana Serge Frolov (2007) gbalịrị ịgbagha nkọwa ya, na-ekwubi: 'Isiokwu mmeghe nke ndị ọkàikpe gosipụtara Juda dị ka onye nwere ike pụrụ iche ịmepụta mgbalị agha na-aga nke ọma n'aha Israel dum (... N'ozuzu, dị ka ndị ọkàikpe kwesịrị iru eru ịbụ onye na-elekọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gụnyere agbụrụ niile nke Israel, n' n'akụkụ abụọ nke eze Israel .Ọnọdụ a bụ n'aka ya kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Deuteronomistic, na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ọ bụ nanị usoro ndị eze Devid.Enwere ikike ịchị n'Izrel (2 Samuel 7) na ilele alaeze Ugwu (onye isi ya bụ ụlọ Josef), dịka ógbè nnupụisi (lee 2 Ndị Eze 17,21-23).

== Ndepụta obodo ==

: ''Nke a '''na-abụghị''' ndepụta nke ihe mgbe ochie na Middle East nke oge a. Nke a na-atụle ndepụta a kapịrị ọnụ dị na Bible.''

=== Ihe ịga nke ọma ===
Agbụrụ Juda weere:

* Ala ugwu, Negev na ala ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Ndị Ikpe 1:9; Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 
* Gaza, Ascalon na Ekrọn (dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoretic nke ndị Ikpe nke Hibru 1:18, lee n'el&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;) 
* Hebron (Kiriath Arba), ebe Keleb chụpụrụ ụmụ atọ nke Anak (Ndị Ikpe 1:2) 
* Debir (Kiriath Sepher), nke Othniel weere (Ndị Ikpe 1:11-13) 

Agbụrụ Simiọn na nke Juda bibiri:

* [[Hormah|Horma]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hormah&quot;&gt;Zepata, nke ha gbanwere aha ya bụ Hormah (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''mbibi'') 

Agbụrụ Josef (nke nwere &quot;ọkara agbụrụ&quot; abụọ: Agbụrụ Efrayim na Agbụrụ Manase) weere:

* Betel, na-egbu ndị niile bi na ya ma e wezụga nwoke ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nke gosiri ha otu esi abanye n'obodo ahụ (1:22-26) 

=== Ọdịda ===
N'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere ''Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè'', ebo Juda enweghị ike iburu:

* Gaza, Ascalon, Ekrọn na Ashdod (dị ka nsụgharị Septuagint Grik nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;) 
* Ala Dị larịị (Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 

Agbụrụ Benjamin enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị bi na:

* [[Jerusalem]] (nke a makwaara dị ka Jebus) (Ndị Ikpe 1:21). Otú ọ dị, Ndị Ikpe 1:8 kọrọ na ndị Juu (dịlarị?) weghaara Jerusalem, gbuo onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Agbụrụ Manase enweghị ike ịchụpụ Ndị Kenan na:

* Beit She'an (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Taanach (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Dor (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Ibleam (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Megido (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 

NoAgbụrụ Efrayim enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Gezer (Ndị Ikpe 1:29) 

Agbụrụ Zebulọn enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Kitron (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 
* [[Nahalol]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 

Agbụrụ Asher enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Akko (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Siddon (place)|Siddon]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Ahlab (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Aczib]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Helba (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Aphek (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Rehob (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 

Agbụrụ Naftali enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan bi na ya:

* Beth Shemesh (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 
* Beth Anath (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 

Ndị Amori nọ n'ala ugwu ma ha enweghị ike ijide ha:

* [[Mount Heres|Ugwu Heres]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Aijalon (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Shaalbim (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35).

== Ihe edeturu ==
1 Ndị Ikpe 1:28 na-ekwu na ‘mgbe Izrel siri ike, ha kpagidere ndị Kenan ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ha achụpụghị ha kpam kpam (NiV) amaokwu  30,33 Na  35 kwukwara kpọmkwem ihe atụ nke ebo ndị Kenan bụ́ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ mmanye
2.Okwu 'judahite' na jud(a) ean'a bu adjectives yiri Maka Juda.t Nke mbụ dabere na Hibru Juu (lee ala-eze nke ndị ikpe) ebe nke ikpeazụ sitere na Latin sitere na ludaea,(lee Judia (ógbè Rom) ndị ọkà mmụta họọrọ th Okwu Judahite mgbe a na-ekwu maka oge ahụ tupu oge Rom..{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}

== Ihe edeturu ==
A. Akwụkwọ niile nke ndị ikpe na-efu na Codex sinaiticus dị ugbu a.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Fitzmyer|first=Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph Fitzmyer|title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC|year=2008|isbn=9780802862419|location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Christine|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC|isbn=978-0300188271}}
* {{Cite book|author=Niditch|first=Susan|chapter=10. Judges|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|year=2007|pages=176–191|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15809/showrashi/true Shoftim - Ndị Ikpe - Isi nke 1 (Judaica Press)] . Ihe odide Hibru na nsụgharị Bekee [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org
* Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]:
** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=7&amp;chapter=1&amp;version=9 Ndị Ikpe Isi nke 1. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible]</text>
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    </revision>
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'''Ndị Ikpe 1''' bụ isi nke mbụ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe, akwụkwọ nke asaa nke Bible Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie, ederede dị nsọ na [[Judaism|Okpukpe ndị Juu]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. Ewezuga amaokwu mbụ, ndị ọkà mmụta amatala ma mụọ ihe yiri isi nke 1 nke Ndị Ikpe na isi nke 13 ruo 19 n'Akwụkwọ Jọshụa bu ụzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Younger, Jr.|first=K. Lawson|date=1995|title=The Configuring of Judicial Preliminaries: Judges 1.1-2.5 and Its Dependence On the Book of Joshua|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/030908929502006805|journal=[[Journal for the Study of the Old Testament]]|volume=20|issue=68|pages=75–87|doi=10.1177/030908929502006805}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha abụọ na-enye akụkọ yiri nke ahụ banyere mmeri Ndị Izrel oge ochie meriri Kenan. Ndị Ikpe 1 na [[Jọshụa]] 15-19 gosipụtara akụkọ abụọ banyere mmeri dị nwayọ, nke na-aga n'ihu, na nke na-enweghị isi site n'otu agbụrụ ndị Izrel, nke e meriri site na mmeri, n'ụzọ dị iche na isi Nke 10 na nke 11 nke Akwụkwọ Jọshụa, nke gosipụtara mmeri ngwa ngwa na nke zuru ezu nke ndị agha Israel jikọtara ọnụ n'okpuru iwu Jọshu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=G. Ernest|date=1946|title=The Literary and Historical Problem of Joshua 10 and Judges 1|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/542372|journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies]]|volume=5|issue=2|pages=105–114|doi=10.1086/370775|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
E dere isiakwụkwọ a na mbụ n'Asụsụ Hibru. E kewara ya na'amaokwu 36.

=== Ndị akaebe ederede ===
Ụfọdụ ihe odide oge ochie nwere ederede nke isi a na Hibru bụ nke ọdịnala Masoretic Text, nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke iri), na Codex Leningradensis (1008). [3] A c iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isi a n'asụsụ Hibru n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ gụnyere XJudges (XJudg, X6, 4QJudgc?; 50 BCE) na amaokwu 10-12 dị ugbu a.  [4][6]

Ihe odide oge ochie ndị dị ug'''B''' '''A''' nke nsụgh&lt;sup&gt;A&lt;/sup&gt; Koine Grik a maara dị ka Septuagint (nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga &lt;sup&gt;B&lt;/sup&gt;) gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;B; narị afọ nke anọ) na Codex Alexandrinus (A; 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;G 


&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}} 

&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;A; narị afọ nke ise).[7][a]

== Nnyocha ==

=== Ihe ndị dị na ya ===

==== Nchịkọta ====
Ndị Ikpe 1 na-akọwa otú ebo Juda, nke ga-emesị guzobe Alaeze Juda nke ndịda, si buru ụzọ ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ala site n'aka ndị Kenan, ebe karịsịa agbụrụ ndị mechara guzobe Alaeze nke Israel nke ugwu nwere ọtụtụ ọdịda, na ndị Kenan na-egbochi mwakpo ndị Israel na obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Frolov|first=Serge|date=2007|title=Fire, Smoke, and Judah in Judges: A Response to Gregory Wong|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09018320601171005|journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1080/09018320601171005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaokwu 17-36 nke Ndị Ikpe 1 gụnyere ndepụta nke obodo ndị Kenan nke e weghaara ma ọ bụ na e weghaghị n'ihi ọdịda na ihe ịga nke ọma nke agha agha nke agbụrụ Israel dị iche iche na mgbalị ha iji merie Kenan. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke ọdịda, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-ekwu na agbụrụ ndị Israel mechara merie ndị Kenan n'Ọrụ mmanye.[ihe odide 1] Dị ka ndị Ikpe 2:1-5 na-aga n'ihu si kwuo, chi ndị Izrel bụ Yahweh mere mkpagbu ndị ọzọ n'ime ndị Ikpe ahụ n'elu ndị Izrel (n'ebe ugwu) n'ihi na ha emeghị ka agbụrụ ndị Kenan kpochapụ kpamkpam n'agbanyeghị iwu ya dị ka nke megidere ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Ralph W.|date=2001|title=Joshua Retold: Synoptic Perspectives by A. Graeme Auld|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/7341afc532251c38393395f1de4acf4d/|journal=[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]|volume=120|issue=4|pages=747|doi=10.2307/3268272|accessdate=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jiri ya tụnyere agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, a na-egosi ndị Judah dị ka ndị mmeri nwere ike, ọbụnakwa ebe Judah dara, a na'enye ihe ngọpụ - ndị bi na ya nwere ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ Bible na-ahụ ndepụta ahụ dị ka nke na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na nke a kpachaara anya mee, site n'aka onye edemede si n'Alaeze Juda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frolov&quot; /&gt;

==== Agbụrụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha ====
Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ndepụta ahụ bụ na ọ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ iri na otu nke ndị Israel aha, ya bụ Kayin (Ndị Kenite), Simiọn, Juda, Keleb, Benjamin, Manase, Efrayim, Zebulọn, Asher, Napthali, na Dan. Ọ bụghị naanị na iri na otu a na-emegide echiche ọdịnala na e nwere ebo iri na abụọ nke Israel, kamakwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na a maghị Kayin na Keleb dị ka ụmụ Jekọb, ha apụtaghịkwa na ndepụta ọ bụla ọzọ nke agbụrụ ndị Izrel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot; /&gt; Ndị Ikpe 1 akọwaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ niile, ma ọ bụ kpọtụrụ agbụrụ Livaị (nke a na-agụnyekarị) aha (ndị ụkọchukwu na-enweghị ala), ma ọ bụ Isakar, ma ọ bụghị Gad, ma ọ bụrụ Rubeni. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-egosikwa ndị Rechabites na ndị Jerahmeelites dị ka agbụrụ ndị Israel n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Bible Hibru mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Max Weber (na ''Okpukpe ndị Juu oge ochie'') na Ronald M. Glassman (2017) kwubie na ọ dịghị mgbe e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-ewere echiche ahụ na e nwere agbụrụ iri na abụọ mgbe niile dị ka akụkụ nke Akụkọ ifo ntọala mba Israel: ọnụọgụ 12 abụghị ezigbo ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, nke nwere ihe nnọchianya na ọdịbendị ndị dị nso n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na usoro ịgụta iri na abụọ, nke gụnyere elekere iri na abụọ nke oge a sitere na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glassman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glassman|first=Ronald M.|chapter=Israelite Tribal Confederation Enters Canaan|date=2017|title=The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNgoDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA632|location=Cham|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-51695-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmeri e meriri Jeruselem ====
Ihe ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ mmeri nke Jerusalem dị ka akọwapụtara na Ndị Ikpe 1:7-8: ndị Juu jidere Adoni-Bezek ma kpọga ya Jerusalem, e gburu onye ọ bụla nọ ebe ahụ ma gbaa obodo ahụ ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Ndị Ikpe 1:21 na-akọ na e merighị Jerusalem ma nwee Ndị Jebusite ''ruo taa'' (nke Jọshụa 15:63 kwadoro). Ndị Ikpe 19:11-12 na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ obodo ndị Jebus, na-enweghị ndị Izrel. Ka e mesịrị na 2 Samuel 5:6-10, Devid nwedịrị ike weghara Jerusalem n'aka ndị Jebus iji mee ya isi obodo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=David M.|title=Judges Through the Centuries|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGOJEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA17|pages=17–33|isbn=978-0-631-22252-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọtụtụ narị afọ, mbipụta dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst nke Bible gbalịrị idozi nsogbu a n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere na-egosi na amaokwu 8 na-ezo aka na mwakpo ndị Juu gara nke ọma na Jerusalem, mana na ndị Jebusite tụfuru obodo ahụ ọzọ mgbe e mesịrị; ma ọ bụ na amaokwu nke 8 na-akọwa naanị nnọchibido, ọ bụghị mmeri; ma ọ bụghị na ndị Juda weghaara naanị akụkụ ndị nkịtị nke obodo ahụ, mana ndị Jebusites nọgidere n'ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ ebe e wusiri ike nke Jerusalem ruo mgbe Devid mechara weghara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 5:13-6:27 na-akọ Agha Jeriko dị ka mmeri mbụ a ma ama na mmeri nke Kenan, Ndị Ikpe 1 ekwughị Jeriko, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ nsụgharị Bible na-akọwa &quot;Obodo nkwụ&quot; a kpọtụrụ aha na Ndị Ikpe 1:16 na Jeriko. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, amaokwu ahụ egosighi na ndị agha weghaara obodo ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa obodo mbụ ndị Izrel meriri dị ka Ndị Ikpe 1 si kwuo, nke malitere site na mmeri nke eze Adoni-Bezek nke ebe a na-amaghị aha ya &quot;Bezek&quot; (Ndị Ikpe 1:4-7), mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-eche na e weghaara Jerusalem ma kwatuo ya (Ndị Ikde 1:8). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Judges 1 NIV|author=|work=biblehub.com|date=|accessdate=4 May 2022|url=https://biblehub.com/niv/judges/1.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mgbagha Hibru/Grik na Ndị Ikpe 1:18 ====
[[Faịlụ:Septuagint-Tischendorf-1880-IA.pdf|page=375|thumb|Tischendorf's 1880 edition of the Septuagint, with Judges 1:18 stating that Judah did not 'inherit' Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron nor Ashdod[note 3]]]
Dị ka Akwụkwọ Masoretic nke Hibru (MT) nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, &quot;Judas weghaara Gaza na ụsọ oké osimiri ya, na Askelon na ụsọ mmiri ya, na Ekrọn na ụsọ Oké Osimiri ya. &quot; (King James Version).[ihe odide ala ala peeji [note 4]] Otú ọ dị, Septuagint Grik (LXX) sụgharịrị Ndị Ikpe 1:18 dị ka: &quot;Ma Judas eketaghị Gaza ma ọ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri ya, ma ọ bụ Ascalon ma ọ bụ ọnụ oké osimiri ya.' (Brenton's Septuagint Translation).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/sepd/judges/1.htm|title=Judges 1 Brenton's Septuagint Translation|work=Biblehub.com|date=1844|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;[note 3]

Mgbagha a agbagwojuwo ndị ọkà mmụta anya, ebe ọ bụghị naanị na ederede Grik na-agbakwunye Ashdod (Azotus) na ndepụta nke obodo, mana ọ na-agọnahụ kpọmkwem na ndị Juda meriri (n'ụzọ nkịtị &quot;keta&quot;) obodo ndị a, ebe ederede Hibru na-ekwu na ha mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Commentaries|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brug|first=John Frederick|date=1978|title=A Literary and Archaeological Study of the Philistines, Issues 265–266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjdmAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=British Archaeological Reports|isbn=9780860543374|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị Bible Bekee na-agbaso ederede Masoretic n'ozuzu ya n'ikwu na ndị Juu weghaara obodo atọ ahụ,  ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na a ga-ewere nsụgharị Grik dị ka nke ka elu ma ọ bụrụ na a ga na-eji &quot;ndị bi n'obodo anọ a dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri&quot; tụnyere &quot;ndị dị larị&quot; n'amaokwu na-esote, bụ ndị chụpụrụ ndị Juu site na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://biblehub.com/parallel/judges/1-18.htm|title=Judges 1:18 Parallel|work=Biblehub.com|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=|first=|date=1985|title=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Volumes 22-24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NxAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|location=|publisher=American Research Center in Egypt|isbn=|accessdate=24 May 2021|quote=Judges 1: 18-19 may be an indication, especially if the Septuagint version of Judges 1:18 is taken as superior to the Masoretic text, i.e., that the Israelites were unable to take the valleys and towns, specifically Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron, because the Canaanites had chariots of iron.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, Septuagint nwere ike 'idozi' ederede Hibru, ebe ihe akaebe ederede ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ na-egosi na obodo ndị ahụ adaghị n'aka ndị Izrel ruo mgbe e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dothan|first=Trude|date=1992|title=People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22judges+1:18%22+septuagint+MT|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780025322615|accessdate=24 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Ellicott kwuru na Josephus nwere ngwọta dị iche, na-azọrọ na Antiquities of the Jews (Mpịakọta 2, paragraf 4) na 'Askelon na Ashdod weghaara n'agha, mana na Gaza na Ekron gbapụrụ, n'ihi na ọnọdụ ha na mbara ala mere ka ha nwee ike iji ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha; ma na 3, paragraf 1, ọ na-ekwu na ndị Kenan meriri Askelon na Ekron.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọdịdị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
David M. Gunn (2) kwuru na ndị ntụgharị ndị Juu na Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ leghaara ndị Ikpe 1-2 anya, mana ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị ọkà mmụta amalitela ile ọdịiche dị n'etiti akwụkwọ Jọshụa na ndị Ikpe anya dị ka nsogbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Jọshụa 10-11 gosipụtara ndị Izrel dị n'otu nke Jọshịa dị ka ndị na-ebibi ndị Kenan niile ma weghara ma ọ bụ bibie obodo ha niile, Ndị Ikpe 1 na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị a ka na-eguzo ma bụrụ ndị ndị Kenan bi na ha bụ ndị na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị agbụrụ ndị Izrel dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Voltaire (1776), na-ezo aka na nchọpụta mbụ nke Thomas Woolston, kwuru na ma ọ bụ Akwụkwọ Joshua ma ọ bụ Book of Judges ga-abụ ụgha, dịka 'ìgwè a nke mgbagha enweghị ike nkwado.' &lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

George Foot Moore (1895) kwuru na akụkọ ndị ọka ikpe 1 banyere mmeri ndị Israel meriri Kenan bụ 'nke bara uru n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa Jọshụa 10-11, dịka mmeri 'nke nta nke nta na nke nta' nke ala ahụ kwekọrọ na ihe niile ọzọ a maara banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Izrel na ndị Kenan na narị afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe 'akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe niile nke narị afọ ndị a agaghị aghọta ya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-eche na ọ malitere site na mmeri dị otú ahụ nke Kenan dị ka a kọrọ n'Akwụkwọ Jọshọa'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; G. Ernest Wright (19) kwuru na, n'oge ya, ndị na-akatọ ederede n'ozuzu ha kwenyere na e dere ndị Ikpe 1 na narị afọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ nke 9 BCE (nke amaokwu 1 &quot;Mgbe ọnwụ Jọshụa...&quot; 'onye nchịkọta akụkọ na-agbakwunye ya') na 'nke nkwupụta dị na Jọshụa 10-19 kwadoro', ebe Jọshu 10 ka Deuteronomist dere ya (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 6 BCE) wee were ya dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, Wright kwuru na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dere Joshua 10-11 dị ka ihe na-abụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi na ha lekwasịrị anya n'amaokwu 10:40-41: 'O doro anya na ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè ikwu na e gburu onye ọ bụla bi na ya. (...) Mbelata nkwupụta ahụ na ala, na ihe niile ọ na-azọrọ bụ na Joshua weere ala ugwu Judia na Negeb na Shephela.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-ebo Moore na ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ ebubo na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke ndị ọkàikpe 1, ebe ọ na-adịghị agbagwoju anya, na echiche dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright 1946&quot; /&gt;

A. Graeme Auld (1998) concluded that Judges 1 was not an early document, but composed on the basis of several notes scattered throughout the Book of Joshua, and that the author attributes the northern tribes' troubled history to their failures during the conquest period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klein&quot; /&gt; Similarly, K. Lawson Younger (1995) made the case that the composition of Judges 1 was dependent on text taken from Joshua 13–19 and reused for the author's own purposes: 'Judges 1 recapitulates, recasts and extends the story of the process of Israel's taking possession of the land of Canaan. It utilizes materials from the book of Joshua (esp. Joshua 13–19) with some expansions to explicitly reflect the general success of Judah and the increasing failure of the other Israelite tribes, especially Dan.'&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Younger therefore cautioned against taking Judges 1 as historically reliable just because it seems more credible than Joshua 10–11, because Judges 1 shows clear signs of deliberately twisting the material of Joshua 13–19 in favor of Judah and Joseph at the expense of the other Israelite tribes, and attributes the latter's failures to moral degeneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; More recently, Koert van Bekkum (2012) argued that archaeological evidence indicates that Judges 1 best reflects the historical and geographical realia of Canaan during the 12th-11th centuries BCE, suggesting that the text preserves historical memories from this period.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Ancient Near East in the 12th-10th Centuries BCE: Culture and History : Proceedings of the International Conference, Held at the University of Haifa, 2-5 May, 2010|author=van Bekkum|first=Koert|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|year=2012|isbn=978-3-86835-066-1|pages=525–548|editor=Galil|series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament|chapter=Coexistence as Guilt: Iron I Memories in Judges 1|chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/2496890}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikike ịkpa ókè megide Juda ===
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Marc Zvi Brettler kwubiri na Ndị Ikpe 1 bụ nchịkọta nke Jọshụa 13-19, mana K. Lawson Younger kwuru na ọbụna Juda na-akatọ ya na ndị Ikpe 1, na ndị ọzọ nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Ikpe gosipụtara Juda n'otu ụzọ ọjọọ dị ka agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile, ọ dịkwa ka isi atọ mbụ nke Ndị Ikpe bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akwụkwọ ahụ nke ndị editọ na-agbakwunyeghị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Younger&quot; /&gt; Gregory T.K. Wong (2005) guzobere arụmụka megide ihe akaebe a na-ekwukarị maka arụmụka na-akwado Juda n'ime ndị ọkàikpe niile, mana Serge Frolov (2007) gbalịrị ịgbagha nkọwa ya, na-ekwubi: 'Isiokwu mmeghe nke ndị ọkàikpe gosipụtara Juda dị ka onye nwere ike pụrụ iche ịmepụta mgbalị agha na-aga nke ọma n'aha Israel dum (... N'ozuzu, dị ka ndị ọkàikpe kwesịrị iru eru ịbụ onye na-elekọta otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gụnyere agbụrụ niile nke Israel, n' n'akụkụ abụọ nke eze Israel .Ọnọdụ a bụ n'aka ya kwekọrọ na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Deuteronomistic, na-adabere n'echiche ahụ na ọ bụ nanị usoro ndị eze Devid.Enwere ikike ịchị n'Izrel (2 Samuel 7) na ilele alaeze Ugwu (onye isi ya bụ ụlọ Josef), dịka ógbè nnupụisi (lee 2 Ndị Eze 17,21-23).

== Ndepụta obodo ==

: ''Nke a '''na-abụghị''' ndepụta nke ihe mgbe ochie na Middle East nke oge a. Nke a na-atụle ndepụta a kapịrị ọnụ dị na Bible.''

=== Ihe ịga nke ọma ===
Agbụrụ Juda weere:

* Ala ugwu, Negev na ala ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Ndị Ikpe 1:9; Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 
* Gaza, Ascalon na Ekrọn (dị ka Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoretic nke ndị Ikpe nke Hibru 1:18, lee n'el&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;) 
* Hebron (Kiriath Arba), ebe Keleb chụpụrụ ụmụ atọ nke Anak (Ndị Ikpe 1:2) 
* Debir (Kiriath Sepher), nke Othniel weere (Ndị Ikpe 1:11-13) 

Agbụrụ Simiọn na nke Juda bibiri:

* [[Hormah|Horma]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAXM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hormah&quot;&gt;Zepata, nke ha gbanwere aha ya bụ Hormah (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''mbibi'') 

Agbụrụ Josef (nke nwere &quot;ọkara agbụrụ&quot; abụọ: Agbụrụ Efrayim na Agbụrụ Manase) weere:

* Betel, na-egbu ndị niile bi na ya ma e wezụga nwoke ahụ na ezinụlọ ya nke gosiri ha otu esi abanye n'obodo ahụ (1:22-26) 

=== Ọdịda ===
N'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ nwere ''Ụgbọ ịnyịnya ígwè'', ebo Juda enweghị ike iburu:

* Gaza, Ascalon, Ekrọn na Ashdod (dị ka nsụgharị Septuagint Grik nke Ndị Ikpe 1:18, lee n'elu&lt;ref name=&quot;Judges 1:18 Commentaries&quot; /&gt;) 
* Ala Dị larịị (Ndị Ikpe 1:19) 

Agbụrụ Benjamin enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị bi na:

* [[Jerusalem]] (nke a makwaara dị ka Jebus) (Ndị Ikpe 1:21). Otú ọ dị, Ndị Ikpe 1:8 kọrọ na ndị Juu (dịlarị?) weghaara Jerusalem, gbuo onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunn&quot; /&gt;

Agbụrụ Manase enweghị ike ịchụpụ Ndị Kenan na:

* Beit She'an (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Taanach (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Dor (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Ibleam (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 
* Megido (Ndị Ikpe 1:27) 

NoAgbụrụ Efrayim enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Gezer (Ndị Ikpe 1:29) 

Agbụrụ Zebulọn enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Kitron (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 
* [[Nahalol]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:30) 

Agbụrụ Asher enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan na:

* Akko (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Siddon (place)|Siddon]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Ahlab (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* [[Aczib]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Helba (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Aphek (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 
* Rehob (Ndị Ikpe 1:31) 

Agbụrụ Naftali enweghị ike ịchụpụ ndị Kenan bi na ya:

* Beth Shemesh (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 
* Beth Anath (Ndị Ikpe 1:33) 

Ndị Amori nọ n'ala ugwu ma ha enweghị ike ijide ha:

* [[Mount Heres|Ugwu Heres]] (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Aijalon (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35) 
* Shaalbim (Ndị Ikpe 1:34-35).

== Ihe edeturu ==
1 Ndị Ikpe 1:28 na-ekwu na ‘mgbe Izrel siri ike, ha kpagidere ndị Kenan ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ha achụpụghị ha kpam kpam (NiV) amaokwu  30,33 Na  35 kwukwara kpọmkwem ihe atụ nke ebo ndị Kenan bụ́ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ mmanye
2.Okwu 'judahite' na jud(a) ean'a bu adjectives yiri Maka Juda.t Nke mbụ dabere na Hibru Juu (lee ala-eze nke ndị ikpe) ebe nke ikpeazụ sitere na Latin sitere na ludaea,(lee Judia (ógbè Rom) ndị ọkà mmụta họọrọ th Okwu Judahite mgbe a na-ekwu maka oge ahụ tupu oge Rom..{{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}

== Ihe edeturu ==
A. Akwụkwọ niile nke ndị ikpe na-efu na Codex sinaiticus dị ugbu a.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|author=Fitzmyer|first=Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph Fitzmyer|title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC|year=2008|isbn=9780802862419|location=Grand Rapids, MI}}
* {{Cite book|author=Halley|first=Henry H.|authorlink=Henry Hampton Halley|title=Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary|edition=24th (revised)|publisher=Zondervan Publishing House|date=1965|url=https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr|isbn=0-310-25720-4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Christine|title=Introduction to the Bible|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC|isbn=978-0300188271}}
* {{Cite book|author=Niditch|first=Susan|chapter=10. Judges|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|year=2007|pages=176–191|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
* {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}}
* {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nsụgharị [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]]:
** [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15809/showrashi/true Shoftim - Ndị Ikpe - Isi nke 1 (Judaica Press)] . Ihe odide Hibru na nsụgharị Bekee [na nkọwa Rashi] na Chabad.org
* Nsụgharị [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]:
** Bible Online na GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) 
** [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=7&amp;chapter=1&amp;version=9 Ndị Ikpe Isi nke 1. Ọnụ Ụzọ Bible]</text>
      <sha1>4onh1gicwn5sbtevbqedeiyj2d6ujre</sha1>
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      <text bytes="3579" sha1="hgp9dyjxfy93mnoblcpr5b7g651hckq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Nata Albot|image=Nata Albot - Interpol, July 2016.jpg|caption=Albot in July 2016|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1979|10|26|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Chișinău]], Moldauische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|body_discovered=|monuments=|nationality=|other_names=|citizenship=|education=|alma_mater=[[Moldova State University]]|occupation=[[Journalist]]|years_active=|employer=|agent=|known_for=|notable_works=|style=|height=&lt;!-- {{height|m=}} --&gt;|television=|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|movement=|opponents=|boards=|criminal_charge=&lt;!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --&gt;|criminal_penalty=|criminal_status=|spouse=|partner=|children=4&lt;ref name=&quot;pmd&quot; /&gt;|parents=|relatives=|callsign=|awards=|signature=|signature_size=|module=|website={{URL|nataalbot.md}}|footnotes=}}
[[Faịlụ:Nata Albot - jan 2018.jpg|thumb|Nata Albot]]
'''Nata Albot''' (amụrụ na 26 Ọktoba 1979 na Chișinău) bụ onye na-ede blọgụ, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri TV, onye nta akụkọ na onye njikwa mgbasa ozi si [[Moldova]]. O nweela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi a ma ama na redio na telivishọn na [[Moldova]] kemgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ iwu nke mahadum steeti Moldova. Nata Albot jere ozi dị ka onye na-emepụta Jurnal TV site na Machị 2010 ruo Julaị 2013.  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Radio Pro FM Chișinău, onye nta akụkọ maka Pro TV, onye nduzi ihe ngosi TV &quot;Star Academy&quot; na Prime TV. Ọzọkwa, dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, o mepụtara usoro TV &quot;Aventura Americană&quot; banyere ụmụ akwụkwọ Moldova oge okpomọkụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na njem na United States.

Ya na  Andrei Bolocan, bia buzie otu ,onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV nke Moldova, &lt;ref name=&quot;ea.md&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ea.md/nata-albot-si-andrei-bolocan-vorbesc-despre-relatia-lor-de-cuplu-andrei-eu-sunt-cel-mai-iubit-copil-din-familie/|title=Nata Albot și Andrei Bolocan vorbesc despre relația lor de cuplu. Andrei: &quot;Eu sunt cel mai iubit copil din familie&quot;|date=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma oge mgbu o nugbu R. Uskov, onye ọka iwu(Lauya). &lt;ref name=&quot;vip2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nata Albot &amp; Ruslan Uskov: O casă pentru Bogdan|date=2005|publisher=VIP Magazin|url=http://www.vipmagazin.md/proiect/Nata_Albot_Ruslan_Uskov/|accessdate=2017-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806022153/http://www.vipmagazin.md/proiect/Nata_Albot_Ruslan_Uskov/|archivedate=2016-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Albot nwere ụmụ azi anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://perfecte.md/family/nata-albot-despre-vacantele-cu-cei-mici-va-spun-ceea-ce-mie-nimeni-nu-mi-a-povestit-despre-parenting---2514613.html|title=Nat Albot - despre vacanțele cu cei mici. &quot;Vă spun ceea ce mie nimeni nu mi-a povestit despre parenting.&quot;|date=January 7, 2020|work=perfecte.md|accessdate=January 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2013 ọ si Chișinău gawa Montreal.&lt;ref name=&quot;zn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Daniela|author=Hadei|title=Nata Albot a NĂSCUT o FETIȚĂ. Cum a numit-o pe micuță|date=2015-07-13|publisher=Ziarul Național|url=http://www.ziarulnational.md/nata-albot-a-nascut-astazi-o-fetita-cum-a-numit-o-pe-micuta/|accessdate=2017-01-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==

* Na Disemba 10, 2011, United Nations nyere Nata Albot onyinye maka mkpọsa mgbasa ozi megide enweghị nnwere onwe n'ebe ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ nọ.
* Nwanyị nke Afọ 2010 na Moldova, VIP Magazin 

== Edensibia ==
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'''Mohamed Saad El Din Sherif''' (Egyptian Arabic: محمد سعد الدين شريف d. 1997) jere ozi dị ka ọchịagha nke ndị Aliawran squadron n'oge ọchịchị Gamal Abdel Nasser na Anwar Sadat, jere ozi dị ka Senior Aviation Onye ndụmọdụ Onye isi ala , ma weghara onye isi oche nke People's Assembly ozugbo e gbuchara  Dr. Rifaat el-Mahgoub.

Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Arab Scout Parliamentary Union, yana Onye isi ala Arab Region nke International Fellowship of Excouts and Guides. N'afọ 1996, e nyere ya ihe nrite Wolf Bronze 254, bụ naanị ihe dị iche iche nke Òtù Mba Ụwa nke Scout Movement, Kọmiti Scout World nyere ya ihe nrite a maka ọrụ ya pụrụiche na Scouting world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/list|title=List of recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award|work=scout.org|publisher=WOSM|accessdate=2019-08-21|archivedate=2016-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129145907/https://www.scout.org/BronzeWolfAward/list}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ na afọ 1997 ma e meere ya olili ozu ndị agha nke ndị isi steeti gara. 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* {{Cite web|url=http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/11624/94866/file/Triennial_Report_EN_5.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327024400/http://www.scout.org/en/content/download/11624/94866/file/Triennial_Report_EN_5.pdf|archivedate=2009-03-27|title=In Support of World Scouting|accessdate=2009-03-27}}</text>
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    <title>Carmen Pujals</title>
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'''Carmen Pujals''' (January 13, 1916 - Ọktoba 24, 2003) bụ onye ọka mmụta ihe ọkụkụ nke Argentine. A mụrụ ya na Buenos Aires, Argentina wee kwaga Barcelona mgbe ọ dị afọ ise. Pujals malitere ịmụ bayoloji na Mahadum Barcelona na 1935, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, nna ya kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Buenos Aires na-atụ egwu mmalite nke Agha Obodo. Na 1936 ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Buenos Aires wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na Natural Sciences..&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletin&quot; /&gt;
== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1947, Pujals malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta na ụlọ nyocha nke physicology nke mmiri na Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ 52. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletin&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1851-23722005000100014|title=Carmen Pujals (1916-2003)|journal=Bulletin of the Botanical Society Argentina|year=2005|volume=40|pages=1–2|issn=1851-2372}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Pujals so n'ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị sayensị anọ si Argentina gaa Antarctica na Nọvemba 1968. Ya, ya na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri Irene Bernasconi, onye na-amụ banyere microbiology Maria Adela Caria na onye na na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị dị n'oké mmiri Elena Martinez Fontes, bụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ si Argentina gaa na kọntinent ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Antarctic, Volume 1|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|author=Riffenburgh, Beau|year=2007|pages=1094|isbn=9780415970242}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ nọrọ, ọ mụrụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị n'akụkụ Palmer Archipelago ma chịkọta algae mmiri Antarctic nke echekwara na Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Sciences Museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1851-23722005000100014|title=Carmen Pujals (1916-2003)|journal=Bulletin of the Botanical Society Argentina|year=2005|volume=40|pages=1–2|issn=1851-2372}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Women on the Ice: A History of Women in the Far South|publisher=Melbourne University Press|author=Chipman, Elizabeth|year=1986|pages=93|isbn=9780522843248}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere njem nke abụọ na Antarctica na 1971. N'afọ 1971, Pujals nọrọ otu ọnwa na-anakọta ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na Falkland Islands na arịrịọ nke British Embassy. 

N'oge ọrụ ya, Pujals kọwara ụdị abụọ ọhụrụ ''[[Medeolthamnion]]'' na ''[[Camontagne]]''. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bulletin&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1851-23722005000100014|title=Carmen Pujals (1916-2003)|journal=Bulletin of the Botanical Society Argentina|year=2005|volume=40|pages=1–2|issn=1851-2372}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;

 
== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Ụzọ Catharine Parr</title>
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 [[Faịlụ:Mrs_Catherine_Parr_Traill_by_Topley.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mrs Catharine Parr Traill nke William James Topley]]

Catharine Parr Traill  (amụrụ '''Strickland'''; 9 Jenụwarị 1802 - 29 Ọgọst 1899) bụ onye odee na onye [[Kánada|Canada]] na-ede akwụkwọ gbasara ndụ na Canada, ọkachasị ihe bụ Ontario ugbu a (mgbe ahụ ógbè Upper Canada). N'afọ ndị 1830, Canada kpuchiri mpaghara pere mpe karịa taa. N'oge ahụ, ndị Europe enyochabeghị ọtụtụ n'ime Upper Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP7CH1PA3LE.html|title=The Countryside of the Two Canadas|date=2001|work=Canada: a people's history|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075419/http://www.cbc.ca:80/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP7CH1PA3LE.html|archivedate=6 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ndụ ya niile, Traill dere iji nweta ego iji kwado ezinụlọ ya. O dere akwụkwọ iri abụọ na anọ na-ekpuchi isiokwu site na ndụ ya dị ka onye bi na Ontario ruo akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọkachasị botany. A na-ewere Traill dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Canada.  Site n'ihe odide ya, ọ kọrọ ahụmahụ nke ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị ma kọwaa gburugburu ebe obibi nke Upper Canada maka ndị na-agụ Bekee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Scientists anonymous : great stories of women in science|first=Patricia|author=Fara|date=2007|publisher=Icon|isbn=9781840468403|location=Thriplow|oclc=137222064}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ewere Traill dị ka onye na-amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ, n'ihi na n'oge ahụ, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ọrụ ọkachamara, nke a na-akwụ ụgwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780228013464|title=Flora's Fieldworkers|date=2022-08-09|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|doi=10.1515/9780228013464|isbn=978-0-2280-1346-4|editor=Shteir}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afọ ndị mbụ ==
A mụrụ Catharine Parr Strickland na mpaghara Rotherhithe na Southwark (mgbe ahụ na Surrey, taa akụkụ nke Greater [[London]]) na 1802, nwa nke ise n'ime asatọ, nke Thomas Strickland na Elizabeth Homer..Catharine nwere ụmụnne nwanyị anọ tọrọ - Elizabeth, Agnes, Sarah na Jane Margaret - na nwanne nwanyị nke nta, Susanna, yana ụmụnne abụọ ndị tọrọ, Samuel na Thomas.

Nna Traill lara ezumike nká n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye njikwa Greenland Docks na River Thames wee kwaga ezinụlọ ya n'ime ime obodo dị na Suffolk, obere oge ka a mụsịrị ya.. Ọ tolitere na East Anglia, nke mbụ na nso Bungay, ma mesịa Southwold ma gụọ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iblessyouinmyhea0000trai/page/3|title=I bless you in my heart : selected correspondence of Catharine Parr Traill|author=Traill|first=Catharine Parr Strickland|date=1996|publisher=University of Toronto Press|others=Ballstadt, Carl, 1931-, Hopkins, Elizabeth, BA., Peterman, Michael A., 1942-|isbn=0802008372|location=Toronto|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iblessyouinmyhea0000trai/page/3 3]|oclc=36640963}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe Thomas Strickland nwụrụ na 1818, Catharine na ụmụnne ya nwanyị tụgharịrị gaa n'ide akwụkwọ na ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ dị ka isi ihe na-eweta ego ezinụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Nwanne ndị otu ibe ya bụ Agnes Strickland, Jane Margaret Strickland, Susanna Moodie na Elisabeth Strickland, Traill bụ onye mbụ n'ime ụmụnne ya malitere ide ihe.. Ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ ụmụaka na 1818 mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị. Akwụkwọ mbụ Traill The tell tale: nchịkọta mbụ nke akụkọ omume na nke na-atọ ọchị pụtara n'amaghị aha na 1818; ọ dị naanị afọ iri na isii  E dere akwụkwọ mbụ ya, dị ka Disobedience, ma ọ bụ Mind What Mama Says (1819) na &quot;Happy Because Good&quot;, maka ụmụaka, ma na-ekwukarị banyere uru nke irubere nne na nna ya isi. Onye edemede na-emepụta ihe, ruo mgbe ọ lụrụ di, ọ na-enweta otu akwụkwọ kwa afọ. N'afọ 1832, ọ lụrụ Lieutenant Thomas Traill, onye ọrụ lara ezumike nká nke Agha Napoleon na enyi di nwanne ya nwanyị, John Moodie, n'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka ezinụlọ ya (ma e wezụga Susanna). N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ha lụsịrị, ha hapụrụ Upper Canada, biri nso Peterborough, ebe nwanne ya nwoke Samuel bụ onye nyocha. Nwanne ya nwanyị, Oriakụ Susanna Moodie, kwagara n'oge na-adịghị anya.

Traill kọwara ndụ ọhụrụ ya n'akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma chịkọta ndị a na The Backwoods of Canada (1836), nke a na-aga n'ihu na-agụ dị ka isi iyi dị mkpa nke ozi gbasara mmalite Canada. Ọ na-akọwa ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ime obodo, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Canada, ndị America, na Ndị obodo, ihu igwe, na osisi na anụmanụ dị n'ógbè ahụ. 
[[File:Agnes_Chamberlin_May-apple.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise mmiri nke Agnes Chamberlin maka Studies of Plant Life in Canada, nke Catherine Parr Traill]]
Traill gụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ a chọpụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, Canadian Crusoes (1851). Ọ chịkọtakwara ozi gbasara nkà dị mkpa maka onye ọhụrụ bi na ya, nke e bipụtara na The Female Emigrant's Guide (1854), nke e mechara kpọwa The Canadian Settler's Guide . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/719994672.html|title=The Canadian settler's guide|date=1855|publisher=publisher not identified|isbn=978-0-659-99467-7|location=Toronto?|language=English|oclc=1042017396|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dere &quot;Pearls and Pebbles&quot; na &quot;Cot and Cradle Stories&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of world biography.|date=2004|publisher=Gale Research|others=Gale Research Inc.|isbn=0-7876-2221-4|edition=2nd|location=Detroit|oclc=37813530}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ndakpọ akụ na ụba nke 1836, di Traill bụ Thomas sonyeere ndị agha na 1837 iji lụso Nnupụisi nke Upper Canada ọgụ. N'afọ 1840, n'enweghị afọ ojuju na ndụ dị na &quot;azụ ọhịa&quot;, ma Traills na Moodies kwagara n'obodo Belleville, Ontario. Ọ bụ ezie na Susanna na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndụ ime obodo na nke obodo ukwu, Catharine nọrọ afọ ya na Belleville na-ede banyere gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ na-ese ihe osise banyere ndụ osisi nke Upper Canada, na-ebipụta Canadian Wild Flowers (1868), Studies of Plant Life in Canada (1885) na &quot;Rambles in the Canadian Forest&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Charlotte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuFQjQZEfwUC&amp;q=%22catherine+parr+traill%22|title=Sisters in the Wilderness: The Lives of Susanna Moodie And Catherine Parr Traill|date=2008-06-03|publisher=Penguin Canada|isbn=978-0-14-318130-9|language=en|accessdate=21 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwetara onyinye c. 1899 sitere na Royal Bounty Fund, nke agbakwunyere site na ndenye aha ndị enyi ya na Canada, nke Sir Sandford Fleming na-edu ya. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe obibi ya, &quot;Westove,&quot; na Lakefield, Ontario na 28 Ọgọst 1899.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Morgan|title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada|location=Toronto|publisher=Williams Briggs|date=1903|url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-edebe ọtụtụ albums ya nke nchịkọta osisi na National Herbarium nke Canada na Canadian Museum of Nature.

=== Nkwado ===
Mahadum Trent, nke dị na Peterborough, Ontario, kpọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ha n'etiti obodo aha ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.trentu.ca/colleges/traill|title=Catharine Parr Traill College - Colleges - Trent University|work=www.trentu.ca|accessdate=2020-02-16|archivedate=18 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918145404/https://www.trentu.ca/colleges/traill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Catharine Parr Traill College bụ isi kọleji mahadum maka ọmụmụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ.

=== stampụ e ji eme ncheta ===
Na 8 Septemba 2003, iji mee ncheta afọ 50th nke National Library of Canada, Canada Post wepụtara usoro ncheta pụrụ iche, &quot;The Writers of Canada&quot;, nke Katalina Kovats mere ma gosipụta stampụ Bekee-Canadian abụọ na French-Canadian abụọ. Enyere stampụ nde atọ. E gosipụtara Traill na nwanne ya nwanyị Susanna Moodie n'otu stampụ Bekee-Canadian 

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* Akụkọ A Na-agwa - 1818&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=http://archive.org/details/telltaleoriginal00traiiala|title=The tell-tale : an original collection of moral and amusing stories|date=1823|publisher=London : Harris and Son, St. Paul's Church-Yard, Printed by Cox and Baylis, Great Queen Street)|others=University of California Libraries}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nnupụisi'' - 1819
* ''Ndozigharị'' - 1819
* Akụkọ ifo - 1821&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://archive.org/details/fablesfornursery00traiiala|title=Fables for the nursery: original and select|date=1846|publisher=Grant and Griffith, successors to J. Harris, corner of St. Paul's Churchyard|location=London|language=English|oclc=259977211}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Little Downy - 1822&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moodie|first=Susanna|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/720297071.html|title=Little Downy, or, The history of a field-mouse: a moral tale.|date=1822|publisher=Printed for Dean and Munday|location=London|isbn=9780665421389|language=English|oclc=1042059412|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Igbe okooko osisi'' - 1825
* ''E E E E Gbaghaara Ịkpọasị'' - 1826
* ''Ndị Na-eto Eto Na-akwaga'' - 1826&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://archive.org/details/youngemigrantsor00trai_0|title=The young emigrants, or, Pictures of Canada : calculated to amuse and instruct the minds of youth|date=1826|publisher=London : Harvey and Darton|others=Fisher - University of Toronto}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị Ntorobịa Chefuru M - 1827
* The Step Brothers - 1828&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://archive.org/details/stepbrotherstale00traiiala|title=The step-brothers, a tale|date=1828|publisher=Printed for Harvey and Darton, Gracechurch-street|location=London|language=English|oclc=263166195}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị Keepsake Guineas - 1828
* ''Mgbanwe'' - 1828
* Ihe osise sitere na Nature - 1830
* ''Akwụkwọ eserese nke Onye Ntorobịa'' Na-eto Eto - 1831
* ''Akụkọ banyere Okike'' - 1831  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100592646|title=Narratives of nature, and history book for young naturalists|publisher=Edward Lacey|series=History book for young naturalists.|location=London|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Strickland|first=Agnes|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/154731|title=Narratives of nature, and history book for young naturalists.|date=1845|publisher=E. Lacey|location=London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.154731|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Osisi Backwoods nke Canada - 1836 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=https://archive.org/details/backwoodsofcanad00trai_1|title=The backwoods of Canada: being letters from the wife of an emigrant officer, illustrative of the domestic economy of British America. 4th Edition|date=1839|publisher=C. Knight|location=London|language=English|oclc=1041067827}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị Canada na-akpọ Crusoes - 1852 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/719932676.html|title=Canadian Crusoes: a tale of the Rice Lake plains|date=1859|publisher=A. Hall, Virtue|isbn=978-0-665-27539-5|location=London|language=English|oclc=1042007345|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Akwụkwọ nduzi nke ụmụ nwanyị na-akwaga mba ọzọ - 1854 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/720293223.html|title=The female emigrant's guide, and hints on Canadian housekeeping|date=1854|publisher=Maclear|location=Toronto, C.W. [Ont.|isbn=9780665414176|language=English|oclc=1045375963|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;''
* ''Lady Mary na Nọọsụ Ya'' - 1856&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/716928072.html|title=Lady Mary and her nurse, or, A peep into the Canadian forest|date=1856|publisher=A. Hall, Virtue|location=London|isbn=9780665187285|language=English|oclc=1042019985|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Canadian Wild Flowers - 1868, na ihe osise nke Agnes Dunbar Moodie Fitzgibbon &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|title=North American wild flowers|publisher=J. Lovell|year=1868|isbn=9780665014482|location=Montréal|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.38665|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85987|accessdate=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Afar na Ọhịa; ma ọ bụ, Foto nke Ndụ na Ọhụrụ nke Canada - 1869 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100267258|title=Afar in the forest, or, Pictures of life and scenery in the wilds of Canada|date=1869|publisher=T. Nelson|isbn=978-0-665-37483-8|series=CIHM/ICMH Microfiche series &lt;nowiki&gt;=&lt;/nowiki&gt; CIHM/ICMH collection de microfiches; no. 37483|location=London; Edinburgh|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nnyocha nke ndụ osisi na Canada, ma ọ bụ, Gleanings si n'oké ọhịa, ọdọ mmiri na ala dị larịị'' - 1885 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/66752|title=Studies of plant life in Canada wild flowers, flowering shrubs, and grasses /|date=1906|publisher=W. Briggs|isbn=978-0-665-86908-2|edition=New and rev.|location=Toronto|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.66752|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nkume na Nkume ma ọ bụ Ihe odide nke Onye Ọhụrụ Ochie - 1894&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/55062|title=Pearls and pebbles; or, Notes of an old naturalist.|publisher=S. Low, Marston|year=1895|location=London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.55062|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Traill, Catherine Parr Strickland, (1996). ''Ana m gọzie gị n'obi m: akwụkwọ ozi ahọpụtara nke Catharine Parr Traill ''. Ballstadt, Carl, 1931-, Hopkins, Elizabeth, BA. , Peterman, Michael A., 1942-. Toronto: Mahadum nke Toronto Press. peeji nke 3.  . OCLC 36640963.&amp;nbsp; 
* Cot na Cradle Stories - 1895&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/716988558.html|title=Cot and cradle stories|series=CIHM/ICMH Microfiche series (CIHM/ICMH collection de microfiches) no. 34022|date=1895|publisher=W. Briggs (Toronto); C.W. Coates (Montreal); S.F. Huestis (Halifax)|location=Toronto; Montreal; Halifax, Nova Scotia|isbn=9780665340222|language=English|oclc=1041975686|accessdate=23 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peterman|first=Michael A.|date=1989-11-30|title=Catharine Parr Traill|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&amp;sw=w&amp;issn=10968547&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;id=GALE%7CH1200004445&amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;linkaccess=abs|journal=Canadian Writers Before 1890|language=English|accessdate=9 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060127230713/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/moodie-traill/index-e.html Information about Traill and her sister Moodie from the ''Libraries and Archives Canada''] Archived 27 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine
* Works by Catharine Parr Strickland Traill at Project Gutenberg
* Works by Catharine Parr Traill at Faded Page (Canada)
* Works by or about Catharine Parr Traill at the Internet Archive
* Works by Catharine Parr Traill at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
* Catharine Parr Traill at Find a Grave
* Traill, Catherine Parr Strickland.
** [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055364673D&amp;R=DC-37131055364673D The Canadian Crusoes; a tale of the Rice Lake plains]. New York : C.S. Francis &amp; Co., 1853. Accessed 18 July 2012, in PDF format.
** [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055380711D&amp;R=DC-37131055380711D The female emigrant's guide, and hints on Canadian housekeeping] (also published under title: [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055419964D&amp;R=DC-37131055419964D The Canadian settler's guide] (1855).). Toronto, C.W. : Maclear &amp; Co., 1854. Accessed 18 July 2012, in PDF format.
** [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055359186D&amp;R=DC-37131055359186D The Canadian emigrant housekeeper's guide]. Toronto : Lovell &amp; Gibson, 1862. Accessed 18 July 2012, in PDF format. (Includes some of the material in The female emigrant's guide, with an appendix of official information and statistics to 1861.)
* [http://chamberlin.library.utoronto.ca/%20%7CThe%20Chamberlin%20Digital%20Collection%20with%20botanical%20illustrations%20by%20Catherine%20Parr%20Traill The Chamberlin Digital Collection with books and botanical illustrations]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>YoungJu Choie</title>
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'''YoungJu Choie''' (Korean, amụrụ na Jun 15, 1959)  bụ onye South Korea na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Pohang (POSTECH). Ihe nnyocha na-amasị ya gụnyere nkuzi ọnụọgụ na ụdị modular.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Choie gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ewha Women n'afọ 1982,  wee nweta nzere ọkankuzi ya na 1986 na Mahadum Temple n'okpuru nlekọta nke Marvin Knopp.  Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ nwa oge na Mahadum Ohio State na Mahadum Maryland, ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Colorado n'afọ 1989, wee kwaga POSTECH dị ka prọfesọ zuru oke n'afọ 1990. A họpụtara Choie dị ka prọfesọ Mahadum nke POSTECH site na 2022 ruo 2029. Choie ghọrọ onye òtù American Mathematical Society n'afọ 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list|title=List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society|work=American Mathematical Society|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ ==
Choie na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba dị iche iche nke Jacobi forms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choie|first=YoungJu|date=1998-02-01|title=Rankin–Cohen Operators for Jacobi and Siegel Forms|journal=Journal of Number Theory|volume=68|issue=2|pages=160–177|doi=10.1006/jnth.1997.2203|issn=0022-314X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choie|first=YoungJu|date=1997-05-01|title=Jacobi forms and the heat operator|journal=Mathematische Zeitschrift|language=en|volume=225|issue=1|pages=95–101|doi=10.1007/PL00004603|issn=1432-1823}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na njikọ aka ya na Winfried Kohnen, Ya na Winfried Kohnen, o gosila ókè ndị dị n'elu na mgbanwe akara izizi nke Fourier coefficients nke cusp forms,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Choie|first=YoungJu|date=2009-03-20|title=The first sign change of Fourier coefficients of cusp forms|journal=American Journal of Mathematics|language=en|volume=131|issue=2|pages=517–543|doi=10.1353/ajm.0.0050|issn=1080-6377}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-akọwapụta ọrụ Siegel n'òzùzù.

== Ọrụ ya ndị a họọrọ ==

* Y. Choie, Y. Park na D. Zagier, Oge nke ụdị modular na       Γ    0      (N)      {\displaystyle \Gamma _{0} (N) }    na Ngwaahịa nke Jacobi Theta na-arụ ọrụ, Journal of the European Mathematical Society, Vol. 21, Mbipụta 5, peeji nke 1379-1410 (2019) 
* R. Bruggeman, Y. Choie na N. Diamantis, Holomorphic automorphic forms and cohomology, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 253 (2018), no. 1212, vii+167 pp.   
* D. Bump na Y. Choie, &quot;Schubert Eisenstein series&quot;, American Journal of Mathematics Mpịakọta 136, Nke 6, Dec 2014, 1581-1608.
* Y. Choie na W. Kohnen, &quot;Ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke Fourier coefficients of cusp forms&quot;, American Journal of Mathematics 131 (2009), No. 2, 517-543.
* Y. Choie na D. Zagier, &quot;Rational period functions for PSL (2, Z) &quot;, Contemporary Mathematics, A tribute to Emil Grosswald: Number Theory and Related Analysis, 143, 89-108, 1993.
* (Akwụkwọ) Y. Choie na MH. Lee, &quot;Jacobi-Like Forms, Pseudodifferential Operators, and Quasimodular Forms&quot;, 318 peeji, Springer Monographs in Mathematics on Springer Verlag 2019 (eBook  )  
* (Akwụkwọ) M. Shi, Y. Choie, A. Sharma na P. Sole, &quot;Codes and Modular forms&quot;, World Scientific,   (hardcover) December 2019 Peeji: 232 

== Ije Ozi ya ==
Choie bụrịsị onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke International Journal of Number Theory kemgbe afọ 2004. N'afọ 2010-2011 ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society .  Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke òtù Society of Korean Women in Mathematical Sciences na 2017. Ọrụ Ọha na Eze ndị a họọrọ:

* 2020-2022: NCsoft, onye isi nchịkwana-esoghi na ndị ezege
* 2019-2020: Kansụl ndụmọdụ onye isi ala na sayensị na teknụzụ, onye òtù ịtụ árò, Republic of Korea.
* 2019-2020: Onye ndụmọdụ mahadum, onye nnọchi anya ngalaba na POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
* 2019-2020: osote onye isi oche nke agụmakwụkwọ na Korean Mathematical Society, Korea
* 2018-2021: Onye na-anọghị na Board of Trustees, UNIST (Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology), Korea
* 2018-2020: Onye na-anọghị na Board of Trustees, NRF (National Research Foundation), Korea
* 2018-2020, 2009-2013: Onye nduzi nke Pohang Mathematical Institute, POSTECH, Korea
* 2017.12òtù19.11: Onye òtù, Kọmitii nnyocha zuru oke maka nnyocha agụmakwụkwọ na-akwado ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, Ministri nke Mmụta
* 2017-2018: Science and Technology Innovation Board, Ministry nke Sayensị , Teknụzụ, Ozi na nkwukọrịta
* 2018-2019/2020-2021: osote onye isi oche nke KOFWST/Auditor, Korea 
* 2018-2019: Onye isi nke kọmitii ngalaba nke ọrụ òtù nke KOFWST, Korea
* 2018: Onye ndụmọdụ mahadum nke POSTECH, onye nnọchi anya ngalaba
* 2017: KWMS (Korea Women in Mathematical Sciences), Onye isi, 20170101-20171231
* 2016-2017: KOFWST (Korea Federation of Women's Sciences and Technology Academics) onye otu ndị nlekọta
* 2016-2018: otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya IMU Committee for Women in Mathematics (CWM) 
* 2015-2016: CRB (onye isi nke bọọdụ nnyocha), National Research Foundation
* 2009-2015: Kọmitii nhazi, 2014 Seoul ICM, Seoul, Korea
* 2013-2015: Kọmitii nhazi, ICWM, 2014, Seoul.
* 2008-2009: ICM-2014 kọmitii Seoul Bitteing 
* 2007-2009: Onye isi nke Ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea.
* 2006: Onye òtù WISE Mentoring, 2006 gawa
* 2004-2007, 2012: KWMS (Korean Women in Mathematical Sciences), Board of Trustees:

== Nkwanye Ùgwù ==
Choie enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye nkwanye ùgwù dịka &quot;The best Journal Paper Award (2002) &quot; sitere na Korean Mathematical Society, &quot;Kwon, Kyungwhan&quot; Onye isi oche Prọfesọ (2004) na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Pohang, &quot;Nwanyị Sayensị kachasị mma nke Afọ&quot; (2005) site na Ministrị Sayensị na Teknụzụ, &quot;Nwanyị Sayensị na Teknụzụ kachasị mma nke sitere na Amore-Pacific&quot; (2007), KOFWST (Korea Federation of Woman's Science and Technology Association) na &quot;2014 Distinguished research&quot; sitere na Ministrị Agụmakwụkwọ nke Korea. N'afọ 2013, Choie ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị òtù mmalite nke American Mathematical Society . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list|title=List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society|work=American Mathematical Society|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list &quot;List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society&quot;]. ''American Mathematical Society''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Choie ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ onye òtù Korean Academy of Science and Technology na 2018., nke a  natara na 2018-12-22. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ nke natara (2018) onyinye nkwanye ùgwù agụmakwụkwọ nke Korean Mathematical Society.

== Ebemsidee ==
{{Reflist}}{{authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị]]
[[Otú:Ndị òtù American Mathematical Society]]</text>
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    <title>Elizabeth Coleman White</title>
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      <text bytes="8636" sha1="d0bq9xp2wemp06kx2lit114tw8ckxhh" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Eliz.White---web (6839081234).jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Coleman White ]]
'''Elizabeth Coleman White''' (Ọktoba 5, 1871 - Nọvemba 11, 1954) bụ ọkachamara n'ọrụ ugbo New Jersey bụ onye jikọrọ aka na Frederick Vernon Coville ịzụlite na ịzụ ahịa blueberry akọpụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Elizabeth Coleman White|publisher=[[Burlington County Times]]|date=March 6, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/white-ec.html|title=Distinguished Women of Past and Present: Elizabeth Coleman White|accessdate=2008-03-20|publisher=Distinguished Women}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=How New Jersey Tamed The Wild Blueberry For Global Production|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/08/04/428984045/how-new-jersey-tamed-the-wild-blueberry-for-global-production|work=[[National Public Radio]]|date=August 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ White na October 5, 1871, na New Lisbon, New Jersey. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ nke nne na nna Quaker, Mary A. Fenwick na Joseph Josiah White. Elizabeth gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Enyi Central School na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, na 1887. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe 1887 gachara, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bogs na-enyere aka na-elekọta ndị na-achịkọta kranberị n'ugbo nna ya. N'oge oyi, White gara n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya na nkuzi na enyemaka mbụ, foto, ime uwe, na igwe nri na Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (ugbu a Mahadum Drexel). White so na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere ịbụ nwanyị mbụ ghọrọ onye otu American Cranberry Association na nwanyị mbụ nwetara nturuugo sitere na Ngalaba Agriculture nke New Jersey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Parrott|first=Charles|title=The Woman Who Cultivated a Billion-Dollar Industry|url=http://blogs.usda.gov/2012/03/15/the-woman-who-cultivated-a-billion-dollar-industry/#more-38895|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316234725/http://blogs.usda.gov/2012/03/15/the-woman-who-cultivated-a-billion-dollar-industry/#more%2D38895|archivedate=March 16, 2012|work=United States Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1927, o nyere aka hazie New Jersey Blueberry Cooperative Association . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/white-ec.html|title=Distinguished Women of Past and Present: Elizabeth Coleman White|accessdate=2008-03-20|publisher=Distinguished Women}}&lt;/ref&gt;

White nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na Whitesbog, New Jersey, na Nọvemba 27, 1954, mgbe ọ dị afọ 83. a kpọrọ ozu ya ọkụ na Ewing Crematory na Ewing Township, New Jersey. E ji ụgbọelu kesaa ntụ ya n'elu isi mmiri nke Whitesbog dịka uche ya si dị.

== Ịkọ mkpụrụ osisi Blueberry ==
White nwere mmasị n'ịkọ na iweta blueberries ọhịa ndị toro na gburugburu ugbo kranberị ezinụlọ ya. Ọ chọrọ itolite ha n'ala dị n'etiti kranberị bogs n'oge okpomọkụ ọnwa June na July iji zere ọ bụla esemokwu na ọdịda owuwe ihe ubi nke cranberries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-11-13|title=The Blueberry: Born &amp; Bred in New Jersey|first=Ginny|author=Knackmuhs|work=GardenStateLegacy.com|url=http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf|accessdate=2020-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113102739/http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf|archivedate=2014-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; White kpọtụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na United States Department of Agriculture Frederick Coville mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, &quot;Experiments in Blueberry Culture. &quot;E mere ka Coville kwenye inyere White aka mgbe o nyere ala ezinụlọ ya na-ejighị eme ihe maka Coville iji nwalee. White na-elekọta ala ahụ ma na-achọta osisi blueberry ọhịa iji kọọ ebe Coville nyere ihe ọmụma sayensị.

A tụlere ọtụtụ ihe n'usoro ịhọrọ ụdị blueberries ọhịa ị ga-azụlite, gụnyere ụtọ, ụcha, ọdịdị, na ogologo oge ọ were iji tozuo. White kpọtara ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa n'ógbè ahụ iji nyere ya aka ịchọta ahịhịa ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị kwesịrị ekwesị, na-akwụ ha otu ma ọ bụ atọ dollar maka ahịhịrị ọ bụla ha hụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi nke dịkarịa ala sentimita 5/8 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=S|first=Author|date=2018-07-04|title=Elizabeth Coleman White: Blueberry Queen of the Jersey Pines|url=https://wednesdayswomen.com/elizabeth-coleman-white-blueberry-queen-of-the-jersey-pines/|accessdate=2020-10-07|work=WednesdaysWomen|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ, a na-etinye akara n'osisi ndị ahụ, ma mesịa, Coville gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ma tinye ha. N'ime osisi ọhịa 120 ha chịkọtara, ọ bụ naanị abụọ mezuru ụkpụrụ White na Coville; site na ndị a, ha zụlitere ọtụtụ puku osisi hybrid, nke ha họọrọ ịzụlite iji mepụta blueberries nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;mcphee&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=John|author=McPhee|authorlink=John McPhee|title=[[The Pine Barrens (book)|The Pine Barrens]]|date=1968|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|quote=Of the first hundred and twenty bushes, she and Coville threw away a hundred and eighteen. From the remaining two, they eventually made thirty-five thousand cuttings. Of the resulting bushes, they threw away all but four, from which modern cultivated blueberries, in their numerous varieties, were developed.}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1916, White na Coville nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ blueberry mbụ, na-ere ya n'okpuru aha Tru-Blu-Berries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-blueberries.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012063816/https://www.nj.gov/state/historical/it-happened-here/ihhnj-er-blueberries.pdf|archivedate=2020-10-12|author=[[New Jersey Historical Commission]]|title=IT HAPPENED HERE NEW JERSEY: Elizabeth White and the Blueberry Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; White wetakwara echiche nke itinye blueberries na cellophane mgbe ọ hụchara ka a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe na-ekpuchi ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Minick|first=Jim|date=2016-06-29|title=The Delicious Origins of the Domesticated Blueberry|url=https://daily.jstor.org/delicious-origins-of-domesticated-blueberry/|accessdate=2020-10-08|work=JSTOR Daily|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ọrụ ya dị ukwuu na Pine Barrens, White ghọrọ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ndị nwe ala site n'ịbụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ raara ndụ ha na ọrụ ha nye Pine Barrens kama iji ya naanị dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Learning to Appreciate the Pine Barrens from Elizabeth White {{!}} Discover NJ 350|url=https://discovernjhistory.org/learning-to-appreciate-the-pine-barrens-from-elizabeth-white/|accessdate=2025-09-24|work=discovernjhistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arụmụka ọrụ ụmụaka ==
N'afọ 1910, esemokwu bilitere mgbe onye nnọchi anya National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) wepụtara akụkọ banyere ọrụ ụmụaka na ụlọ ọrụ cranberry. Dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ugbo cranberry bụ nke J.J. White Inc., Elizabeth White dere akwụkwọ ozi ma kwuo okwu megide akụkọ ahụ, na-agbachitere ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nna ya. Arụmụka nke ndị na-eme nchọpụta NCLC bụ na ndị nne na nna kpọrọ ụmụ ha na-erubeghị afọ iri na anọ ka ha rụọ ọrụ awa iri. White rụrụ ụka ma kọọ na ụmụaka na-egwuri egwu n'ikuku dị ọcha ma jiri obi ụtọ rụọ ọrụ na arịrịọ nke ndị nne na nna. Arụmụka ahụ gara n'ihu ruo afọ anọ ruo mgbe NCLC bipụtara ntụgharị na ''Oge Trenton'' Times ma kweta na mbọ White dị ka onye na-eme udo. White kwetara na ụmụaka hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ n'etiti ọnwa Septemba na Ọktoba n'ihi owuwe ihe ubi, ma kwenyere na agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị nke ndị hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ n'ihi ihe a. White na Women's Home Mission Council rụkọtara ọrụ iji nye ụmụaka ọrụ nlekọta ụmụaka na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ na ntụrụndụ maka ndị okenye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Knackmuhs|first=Ginny|title=The Blueberry: Born &amp; Bred in New Jersey|url=http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113102739/http://gardenstatelegacy.com/files/The_Blueberry_Born___Bred_in_NJ_Knackmuhs_GSL5.pdf|archivedate=November 13, 2014|accessdate=May 6, 2015|work=gardenstatelegacy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Alba Zaluar</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Alba Maria Zaluar.JPG|thumb|Alba Zaluar na 2011]]
'''Alba Maria Zaluar''' (2 June 1942 - 19 Decemba 2019) bụbu onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na Brazil, na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ mmadụ n'obodo ukwu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.comunidadesegura.org/es/ARTICULO-policia-de-rio-operacion-orden-en-la-casa|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120724065946/http://www.comunidadesegura.org/es/ARTICULO-policia-de-rio-operacion-orden-en-la-casa|archivedate=24 July 2012|title=Policía de Río: operación 'orden en la casa'|accessdate=15 July 2011|author=Comunidad Segura, Marina Lemle|date=16 February 2011|language=Spanish|quote=&quot;Eso es una buena señal porque sin aceptación de los colegas es imposible gerenciar una corporación con conflictos internos tan graves. Pero lo importante es el hecho de que su imagen interna es el de un oficial honesto. La confianza en la delegada es importante para que se recupere también la confianza de la población en la policía&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mmụta gbasara  ime ihe ike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.libertas.com.br/site/index.php?central=conteudo&amp;id=3263|title=Morte e vida nas favelas|accessdate=15 July 2011|author=Alba Zaluar, Libertas|language=Portuguese}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1984, ọ nwetara PhD ya na Social Anthropology  Mahadum Federal nke Rio de Janeiro . 

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Daughter of Achilles Emílio Zaluar and of Biancolina Pinheiro Zaluar, Alba was born in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, where she studied to complete the degree in Social Sciences at the Faculdade National of Filosofia (FNFi). During this period, she became part of the Centre of Popular Culture of the National Union of the Students. Following the Coup d'état in Brazil of 1964, the opening of an investigation of the Military Police started a period of political persecution of the students of the FNFi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Zaluar was forced in 1965 to flee her country and to stay abroad until 1971. She stayed most of this time in England, where she studied Anthropology and urban sociology. After returning to Brazil, she focused her research on the popular culture, especially to the samba and the carnival of Rio de Janeiro.

Zaluar rụrụ ọrụ dị ka professor a kpọrọ na Mahadum steeti nke Campinas, na dịka professor na Mahaduma Federal nke Rio de Janeiro, ebe ọ na ahazi &quot;Núcleo de Pesquisas da Violência&quot; (NUPEVI), nke dị na Institute of Social Medicine.

Zaluar nwụrụ na ọnwa Disemba 19, 2019 na Rio de Janeiro . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2019/12/morre-aos-77-a-antropologa-e-especialista-em-estudos-da-violencia-alba-zaluar.shtml|title=Morre, aos 77, a antropóloga e especialista em estudos da violência Alba Zaluar|date=2019-12-19|work=Folha de S.Paulo|language=pt-BR|accessdate=2019-12-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==

* Onye ọkà mmụta nleta, Center for Latin American Studies, Mahadum California &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clas.berkeley.edu/People/visiting/fall03-spring04/index.html|title=Visiting Scholars, 2003–04. Research Associates|author=Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS)|date=14 July 2004|editor=University of Berkeley|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720014611/http://www.clas.berkeley.edu/People/visiting/fall03-spring04/index.html|archivedate=20 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2658" sha1="ku5a25hb638lcpw0jifq6oz506tm8l0" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Shabnam Akhtari, Oberwolfach Leibniz Fellows, 2012.jpg|thumb|Shabnam Akhtari na 2012]]
 

'''Shabnam Akhtari''' bụ onye Canada-Iranian {{R|science}} onye na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ na-ahụ maka nchepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ, ọkachasị na Nhazi Diophantine, Nhazi Thue, na geometry nke ọnụ ọgụgụ. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Pennsylvania State . {{R|psu}}

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Akhtari gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Nkà na Ụzụ Sharif, na Tehran, na 2002 na nzere Bachelor of Science na mgbakọ na mwepụ.{{R|shortbio}} O nwetara nzere Master of Science na Mahadum Simon Fraser na 2004, tupu ọ gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum nke British Columbia, na-emecha Ph.D. n'ebe ahụ na 2008. Mike Bennett na-elekọta akwụkwọ edemede ya, Thue Equations and Related Topics.{{R|shortbio|mg}}

Ọ bụ onye nyocha postdoctoral na Mahadum Queen na Kingston na Canada, Max Planck Institute for Mathematics na Germany na Center de Recherches Mathématiques na Canada tupu ọ banye na Mahadum Oregon dị ka onye enyemaka prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na 2012.{{R|shortbio}} Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote prọfesọ n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 2018.{{R|michler}}

== Nkwado ==
Akhtari bụ onye mmeri 2021–2022 nke Ruth I. Michler Memorial Prize nke Association for Women in Mathematics.{{R|michler}}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=mg&gt;{{mathgenealogy|id=127233}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=michler&gt;{{citation|url=https://awm-math.org/awards/ruth-i-michler-prize/michler-prize-2021-2022/|title=Ruth I. Michler Prize 2021-2022|publisher=Association for Women in Mathematics|access-date=2022-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=psu&gt;{{citation|url=https://science.psu.edu/math/people/sma6998|title=Shabnam Akhtari|work=People|publisher=Penn State Eberly College of Science|access-date=2023-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=shortbio&gt;{{citation|url=https://blogs.uoregon.edu/akhtari/bio/|title=Short bio|access-date=2022-04-17|archive-date=2022-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417222416/https://blogs.uoregon.edu/akhtari/bio/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=science&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/building-wall-around-mexican-science-scienceinsider-briefing|title=Building a wall around Mexican science?|publisher=Science|access-date=2022-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://sites.psu.edu/akhtari/ Ebe obibi]
* Shabnam Akhtarimbipụta ndị edepụtara site naOnye Ọkà mmụta Google
{{Authority control|state=collapsed}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhtari, Shabnam}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7005" sha1="hw87g7i8wd5z5hfpbi262h28l00pyxl" xml:space="preserve">N'ihe gbasara Mmekọrịta dọkịta na onye na-arịa  ọrịa, Mmanye na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro bụ usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ebe ọrụ ahụike na-anwa ime ka onye ọrịa gbasoo ọgwụgwọ a chọrọ site na usoro ahụike n'ejighị nrụgide dị ka nkwekọrịta na-enweghị isi jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị uche. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; : 18 Ọmụmataụ nke ọgwụgwọ na-enweghị isi na nlekọta ahụike uche bụ ọgwụ intramuscular na nkeantipsychotic haloperidol.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Violence and aggression: short-term management in mental health, health and community settings: NICE guideline|publisher

Ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-ejikarị mmanye na-abụghị nke akwadoro eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụike uche mana ndị enyi na ezinụlọ nke onye ọrụ na-ejikwa ya eme ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 26 : 26 

== Nkewasị ==
E kewaala ọtụtụ ogo mmanye n'oge. Smuzkler na Appelbaum kọwapụtara ọkwa mmanye nke ọkwa ise: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; : 19 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives|date=2016|others=Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, Tom Burns|isbn=978-0-19-103431-2|location=Oxford|oclc=953456448}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 96 

# nrugide
# iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye
# mkpali
# inyi egwu
# ọgwụgwọ mmanye.

Lidz et al. kọwapụtara ụdị mmanye itoolu na-ezighi ezi :

# nrugide
# mkpali
# iyi egwu
# ngosi  ike
# ime n'ike ahụ
# ike iwu
# arịrịọ maka mmasị n'echiche
# ịnọ na-enye iwu
# aghụghọ.

=== iji mmanye n'ihi mmata onye ===
Ọ bụrụ na onye na-ahụ maka nnata ọgwụgwọ nwere ntụkwasị obi mmetụta uche nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere ike iji ngosipụta nke ndakpọ olileanya na-emetụta onye ọrụ ọrụ. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}&lt;/ref&gt; 19 

=== mkpali&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ===
Enwere ike ịchọ ka onye ọrịa mee ihe onye dọkịta chọrọ iji nweta ngwa ahịa bara uru dị ka ụlọ, ego, ụmụaka, na ikpe mpụ. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 19 Ịnweta ụlọ n'ọnọdụ  bụ ụdị mkpali a na-ahụkarị na mmanye nkịtị, nke pasentị iri na ise ruo iri anọ ndị ojiji na-akọwapụta. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 26  Nnyocha nke mmanye na-ezighi ezi na ntinye ụlọ chọpụtara na pasentị iri isii nke ndị ọrụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na-ewepụ na mmemme ahụ. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 20 Onye ọrụ ahụike nwere ike iji mkpali dị ka sịga, mmanya, ma ọ bụ ngagharị iji mee ka ndị ọrịa kwenye ka ha ṅụọ ọgwụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 2 

=== Iyi Egwu ===
Enwere ike iji iyi egwu nke ntinye aka ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na-akwadoghị aka mee ka ndị na-arịa ọrịa kwenye irube isi n'ejighị mmanye iwu. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pelto-Piri|first=Veikko|date=December 2019|title=Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: a qualitative study|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.pdf|journal=BMC Research Notes|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=787|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x|issn=1756-0500|pmid=31791408}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2 

== Ọganihu ==
Amụmamụ na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche na-etinye mmanye na-ezighi ezi kwa ụbọchị n'ọrụ. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hotzy|first=Florian|date=2016|title=Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment—A Systematic Review|journal=Frontiers in Psychiatry|volume=7|pages=197|doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197|pmid=28018248|issn=1664-0640}}&lt;/ref&gt; 20 Ndị na-eme ihe na-eji mmanye na amaghjị na ha na eme nke a, ma nnyocha gosiri na a na-eleda ya anya. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 26  pasenti iri ABỤỌ NA ITOOLU RUO PASENTỊ iri ise na itoolu nke ndị ọrụ na-akọ mmanye na-ezighi ezi, dịka amụmamụ gbasara mpaghara dị iche iche siri dị. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 18    pasenti iri na otu ruo iri abụọ na atọ  nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ka akọọrọ ikike ikpe, ebe onye ọrụ na-agbaso ọgwụgwọ iji zere usoro iwu. :  26 

== Àgwà ==
pasenti iri ise na ise ruo iri isii na itoolu  nke ndị ọrụ kwuru na ha na-ahụta nlegharị anya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mma yana  pasenti iri anọ na asatọ ruo pasentị iri isii na itoolu ka nke dị irè. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị ọrịa nwere nghọta dị elu ka mma mmanye. Ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia na-ekwukarị na a na-amanye ha, ma ha adịghị ahụta nke a ihe dị mma iji eme ihe. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 26 

Ndị ọrụ inye ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa, dị ka ndị nọọsụ ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mgbaka ụbụrụ, na-akọwapụta mmanye n'oge dị ka ụzọ isi kwalite nnabata, nke ha chere na ọ nwere ike igbochi ngozip&lt;u&gt;ta arịrịa&lt;/u&gt; yana mkpa mmanye iwu. Ndị ọkachamara chere na mmanye n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere ike ịgba ndị mmadụ ume ka ha nwetakwuo ọrụ na ndụ ha. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 20, 26 

N'ime otu elekwasị anya na ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche mba ụwa, ndị ọrụ ka achọpụtara na ha ha hụrụ mmanye na-akwadoghị dị ka ihe ka  dị irè, mana enweghị ahụ iru ala maka ojiji ya. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Valenti|first=Emanuele|date=2015|title=Informal coercion in psychiatry: a focus group study of attitudes and experiences of mental health professionals in ten countries|journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology|language=en|volume=50|issue=8|pages=1297–1308|doi=10.1007/s00127-015-1032-3|issn=0933-7954|pmid=25720809}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5   Ndị ọrụ ahụike chere na mmanye na-akwadoghị ka a na-anakwere n'ọnọdụ nke mania ma ọ bụ nnukwu akparamaagwa . : &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Enwere ogo nghọtahie na gburugburu omume ahụ, ndị ọrụ ahụike kọwara omume dabara na nkọwa nke mmanye n'oge, mana ha na-ala azụ ịkpọ omume ha dị ka mmanye. : &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 8 

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zagorka Golubović</title>
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'''Zagorka Golubović''' (8 Maachị 1930 - 13 Maachị 2019) bubu onye [[Ákọ na Uche|ọkà ihe ọmụma]] Serbia, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

Golubović so n'òtù ndị prọfesọ mahadum asatọ, ndị otu Praxis school &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Nova Hrvatska|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6YrvAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 August 2013|year=1984|publisher=Nova Hrvatska|pages=lxxv|quote=Zagorka Golubović, profesor Beogradskog sveučilišta, koja pripada disidentskoj skupini oko bivšeg časopisa &quot;Praxis&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Mihailo Marković, Ljubomir Tadić, Svetozar Stojanović, [[Miladin Životić]], [[Dragoljub Mićunović]], [[Nebojša Popov]] na Trivo Inđić), bụ ndị a chụpụrụ na ọnwa Jenụwarị 1975 na Mahadum Belgrade's Faculty of Philosophy na dabere nke mkpebi nke SR Serbia People's Assembly.

Ọ bubu onye otu ndị ndụmọdụ na onye na-enye onyinye nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara Yugoslavia nke dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe ''Novi Plamen'' site na 2007. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge mgbe ọ dị afọ 89 na 13 Maachị 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seecult.org/vest/preminula-zagorka-golubovic|title=Preminula Zagorka Golubović &amp;#124; SEEcult.org|work=www.seecult.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a467697/Profesorka-Zagorka-Golubovic.html|title=Preminula profesorka Zagorka Golubović|work=N1 Srbija|accessdate=2019-05-07|archivedate=2019-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507203010/http://rs.n1info.com/Vesti/a467697/Profesorka-Zagorka-Golubovic.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Vera Grabe</title>
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'''Vera Grabe Loewenherz''' bụ onye Colombia but okay mmụta gbasara mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye bụbu onye otu ndị agha Colombia M-19, nke ọ bụkwa onye nchoputa.

== Ọrụ ==
Nne na nna ya si Germany kwaga Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;elpais111223&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na M-19, ọ laghachiri n'obodo site na nkwekọrịta udo nke nyere ndị nnupụisi ohere iwepụ ngwá agha ma ghara ịnata mmegwara ọ bụla site n'aka Gọọmentị. O nwere nzere masta na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum nke Andes na nzere doctorate na Peace, Conflict and Democracy na Mahadum nke Granada, Spain.&lt;ref name=&quot;elpais111223&quot; /&gt;

N'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke M-19 Democratic Alliance, otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke sitere na otu ndị agha mbụ, a họpụtara ya na Congress, nke mbụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ụlọ, mgbe ahụ dị ka Senator nke Colombia. Na Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Colombia nke afọ 2002 ọ gbara ọsọ dị ka osote onye isi ala maka Luis Eduardo Garzón na tiketi Social and Political Front . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=¿Quiénes son los candidatos?|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/elecciones_en_colombia/newsid_1994000/1994387.stm|work=Elecciones en Colombia|publisher=[[BBC Mundo]]|date=18 May 2002|accessdate=26 May 2009|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya  ụlọ ọrụ na ikike mmadụ na Embassy nke Colombia na Spain, only is nke NGO Observatorio para la Paz (1998-1999), prọfesọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye na-akwado udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://universidad.edu.co/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;catid=16:noticias&amp;id=19:las-personalidades-del-plan-decenal-de-educaci|title=Las personalidades del Plan Decenal de Educación (abril)|publisher=El Observatorio de la Universidad Colombiana|accessdate=25 May 2009|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/cvn/1665/article-110596.html|title=Movilización social para la construcción del Plan Decenal de Educación 2006-2015|publisher=Ministerio de Educación Nacional|accessdate=25 May 2009|language=es|archivedate=20 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620203157/http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/cvn/1665/article-110596.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị Colombia họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi mkparita ụka ya na National Liberation Army (ELN) na ọnwa Disemba 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;elpais111223&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vera Grabe es designada como jefe negociadora del Gobierno en la mesa con el ELN|url=https://www.elpais.com.co/colombia/vera-grabe-es-designada-como-jefe-negociadora-del-gobierno-en-la-mesa-con-el-eln-1125.html|work=Noticias de Cali, Valle y Colombia - Periodico: Diario El País|accessdate=13 December 2023|language=spanish|date=11 December 2023}}
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Durán|first=Mauricio García|title=M-19's Journey from Armed Struggle to Democratic Politics: Striving to Keep the Revolution Connected to the People|date=2008|publisher=Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management|isbn=978-3-927783-87-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1O35OwAACAAJ|accessdate=13 December 2023|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|author=Grabe|first=Vera|title=La paz como revolución: M-19|date=2017|publisher=Taller de Edición Rocca|isbn=978-958-56157-4-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psbrtAEACAAJ|accessdate=13 December 2023|language=es}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (novel)</title>
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      <text bytes="4087" sha1="cst2byll321msfrzn7et6ilcavpd10x" xml:space="preserve">'''My Life in the Bush of Ghosts''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tutuola|first=Amos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tri1AwAAQBAJ|title=My Life in the Bush of Ghosts|date=2014-07-01|publisher=Faber &amp; Faber|isbn=978-0-571-31155-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Naijiria bụ [[Amos Tutuola]] dere ma bipụta n'afọ 1954. Ọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa okorobịa si West Africa nke furu efu n'ọzara, nke a maara dị ka ọhịa, mgbe ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye gbapụrụ n'aka ndị ahịa ohu. A na-egosi akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka nchịkọta akụkọ ndị metụtara ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị mgbe niile n'usoro oge, nke na-agbakwunye àgwà ya dị ka nrọ.

A na-egosi onye a kacha pụta ìhè n'akwụkwọ ahụ, onye a na-akpọghị aha n'akwụkwọ ahụ niile dị ka onye na-eto eto na onye na-enweghị ahụmahụ, na-amaghị ihe ize ndụ ndị zoro n'ime ọhịa, gụnyere ndị mmụọ na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ndị mmadụ. Ka ọ na-agafe ebe a dị ịtụnanya dịkwa omimi, ọ na-ezute ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-akpa egwu na-enwekwa ahụmahụ dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sign Up&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=My Life in the Bush of Ghosts|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/1156804-my-life-in-the-bush-of-ghosts|accessdate=2023-04-13|work=Goodreads|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịsụ Bekee Tutuola, site n'echiche nke onye na-akọ akụkọ na-eto eto na-enweghị ihe ọ ma, na-emepụta olu pụrụ iche na nke ziri ezi nke na-agbakwunye na ịma mma na mgbagwoju anya nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.

Dị ka ọrụ mbụ nke Tutuola, The Palm-Wine Drinkard, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts jury na ihe atụ yana Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye ndị mmadụ. Tutuola na-adabere na ahụmịhe nke yana Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Afrịka iji mepụta akụkọ nke na-enyocha isiokwu nke njirimara, ọdịbendị, na ọnọdụ mmadụ. Ọdịdị akụkọ dị iche iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na ihe ndị dị egwu, nke na-echetara Grimms' Fairy Tales, na-enye ya mmetụta nke ụwa ọzọ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ọgụgụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke na-agbagha echiche ọdịnala nke ịkọ akụkọ.

== Mmeghachi omume ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;Sign Up&quot; /&gt;Time Magazin họọrọ My Life in the Bush of Ghosts dị ka otu n'ime &quot;100 Best Fantasy Books of All Time&quot;.

Aha ya ka a họọrọ maka Narrative Strainers n'afọ 1984 site na Premio Grinzane Cavour . &lt;ref name=&quot;Sign Up&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=My Life in the Bush of Ghosts|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/1156804-my-life-in-the-bush-of-ghosts|accessdate=2023-04-13|work=Goodreads|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.goodreads.com/work/1156804-my-life-in-the-bush-of-ghosts &quot;My Life in the Bush of Ghosts&quot;]. ''Goodreads''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-04-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụ́kpá Ekele ==
Aha abọm a nke afọ 1981 My Life in the Bush of Ghosts nke David Byrne na Brian Eno dere si na akwụkwọ akụkọ a. 

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta ==

* {{Cite book|author=Kalliney|first=Peter J.|date=September 2013|chapter=Developing Fictions: Amos Tutuola at Faber and Faber|title=Commonwealth of Letters: British Literary Culture and the Emergence of Postcolonial Aesthetics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199977970|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977970.003.0005}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Lynn|first=Thomas Jay|title='Redemption Song': Slavery's Disruption in Amos Tutuola's ''My Life in the Bush of Ghosts''|journal=English Studies in Africa|volume=59|issue=2|pages=54–63|date=2016|doi=10.1080/00138398.2016.1239418}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Mbembe|first=Achille|title=Life, Sovereignty, and Terror in the Fiction of Amos Tutuola|journal=[[Research in African Literatures]]|volume=34|issue=4|date=2003|pages=1–26|doi=10.2979/RAL.2003.34.4.1}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

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| class=&quot;infobox-data nickname&quot; |Adventist College of West Africa, Adventist Seminary of West Africa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ụkpụrụ nduzi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ihe ọmụma, Eziokwu, Ozi
|-
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| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Private university|Nkeonwe]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |E guzobere ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1959
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Mmekọrịta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Chọọchị Adventist nke Ụbọchị Asaa]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Chairperson|Onye isi oche]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Bassey Effiong Okon Udoh&lt;ref name=&quot;ASTR&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOffice_of_Archives,_Statistics,_and_Research&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;476&quot;&gt;Office of Archives, Statistics, and Research. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;477&quot;&gt;[https://www.adventistyearbook.org/ViewEntity.aspx?EntityID=10133 &quot;Babcock University&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;478&quot;&gt;''Adventist Yearbook''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;479&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 January&lt;/span&gt; 2018&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[University president|Onye isi ala]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Afolarin Ojewole&lt;ref name=&quot;ASTR&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Osote onye isi ala&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Prọfesọ Amanze Philemon, Prọfesụ Haliso Yacob
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Vice-Chancellor|Onye isi ala]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Prọfesọ Afolarin Ojewole&lt;ref name=&quot;ASTR&quot; /&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ụmụ akwụkwọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |20,000+
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ebe
| class=&quot;infobox-data adr&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;locality&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;[[Ilishan-Remo]]&lt;/div&gt;, Ogun State, Nigeria6°53′38′′N 3°43′07′′E / 6.894°N 3.7187°E / 6. 894; 3.7187.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;indicator name=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;coordinates&quot;&gt;[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Babcock_University&amp;params=6.894_N_3.7187_E_ &lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;6°53′38″N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;3°43′07″E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &amp;#xfeff;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;6.894°N 3.7187°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;&amp;#xfeff; / &lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;6.894; 3.7187&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/indicator&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ogige
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Isi Campus [[Ilishan-Remo]], Obere Campus [[Iperu, Remo]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Nkwado gọọmentị
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1999
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[School colors|Agba]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Blue|Azụmaahịa]] na [[Gold (color)|Ọlaedo]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[https://babcock.edu.ng babcock.edu.ng]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;mapframe zoom=&quot;13&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; frameless=&quot;1&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; width=&quot;270&quot;&gt;[
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]&lt;/mapframe&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|}
[[Faịlụ:BABCOCK UNIVERSITY MAIN ENTRANCE.jpg|thumb|Mahadum Babcock]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Mahadum Babcock''' bụ mahadum onwe onye maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nke [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] na Naijiria nke Chọọchị Seventh-Day Adventist na Naijeria nwere ma na-elekota. Mahadum ahụ dị na Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria, n'etiti [[Ibadan]] na Lagos.

N'afọ 2017, mahadum ahụ nwere ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ mbụ ya site na Ben Carson School of Medicine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/excitement-babcock-university-graduates-first-medical-students/|title=Babcock graduates first set of medical students|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/well-graduate-maiden-medical-doctors-december-babcock-vc/|title=We'll graduate maiden doctors by December|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ akụkụ nke usoro agụmakwụkwọ Seventh-day Adventist, nke bụ usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/excitement-babcock-university-graduates-first-medical-students/|title=Babcock graduates first set of medical students|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/well-graduate-maiden-medical-doctors-december-babcock-vc/|title=We'll graduate maiden doctors by December|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Department of Education, Seventh-day Adventist Church|url=http://education.gc.adventist.org/about.html|accessdate=2010-06-18|archivedate=17 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017005947/http://education.gc.adventist.org/about.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2003-03-31/world-church-a-closer-look-at-higher-education/|title=World Church: A Closer Look at Higher Education|first=Wendi|author=Rogers|date=1 April 2003|publisher=[[Adventist News Network]]|accessdate=2020-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ==
A kpọkwasịrị Mahadum Babcock aha onye ozi si mba America aha ya bụ David C. Babcock, onye malitere ọrụ nke Seventh-day Adventist Church na Naịjirịa n'afọ 1914. Ọ biiri na Erunmu na Oyo State, Nigeria.

E guzobere mahadum ahụ dị ka Adventist College of West Africa (ACWA) n'afọ 1959, na-enwe ụmụ akwụkwọ asaa na mbụ; ndị a nabatara n'ụlọ Chief Olufemi Okulaja. N'afọ 1975, ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Adventist Seminary of West Africa (ASWA). E meghere mahadum ahụ na 20 Eprel 1999. 

== Nkewa agụmakwụkwọ ==
Site na ụlọ akwụkwọ anọ mbụ, Mahadum Babcock agbakwunyela ụlọ akwụkwọ postgraduate na nkeji nke atọ nke afọ 2010, na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Jenụwarị 2012. Mgbakwunye ndị ọhụrụ bụ ngalaba Egwu na Educational Foundations na Joel Awoniyi School of Education &amp; Humanities. N'ebe afọ 2013, Babcock nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ asatọ na kọleji abụọ. Ha bụ:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/excitement-babcock-university-graduates-first-medical-students/|title=Babcock graduates first set of medical students|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/well-graduate-maiden-medical-doctors-december-babcock-vc/|title=We'll graduate maiden doctors by December|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwere ngalaba dịka Economics, Social works wdg.
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị nchịkwa  nwere ngalaba dị ka Ịgụ ego, Business Administration and Marketing, Information Resources Management and Finance.
* Kọleji nke Ahụike na Sayensị Ọgwụ
* Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sayensị na Teknụzụ
* School of Computing &amp; Engineering Sciences nwere ngalaba dị ka sayensị kọmputa, injinia ngwanrọ, wdg.
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke agụmakwụkwọ na Ihe Gbasara Mmadụ nwere ngalaba dị ka agụmakwụkwọ, wdg.
* School of Law &amp; Security Studies nwere ngalaba dị ka Law, International law and diplomacy, Security Studies wdg.
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ Nọọsụ nwere ngalaba dị ka Nọọsụ, wdg.
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Public &amp; Applied Health nwere ngalaba dị ka Public Health, wdg.
* College of Post Graduate Studies.

== Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ Na Mahadum a a ma ama ==

* [[Adenike Akinsemolu]], onye na-akwado ndigide gburugburu ebe obibi, onye nkuzi, onye edemede, onye ọchụnta ego mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/excitement-babcock-university-graduates-first-medical-students/|title=Babcock graduates first set of medical students|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Davido]], onye na-eti egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/well-graduate-maiden-medical-doctors-december-babcock-vc/|title=We'll graduate maiden doctors by December|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Debo Ogundoyin, Onye isi oche nke ụlọ nzukọ omeiwu steeti Oyo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/excitement-babcock-university-graduates-first-medical-students/|title=Babcock graduates first set of medical students|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aisha Ochuwa]], onye ọka iwu na onye ọchụnta ego
* [[Beverly Osu]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye a na-elere elere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/well-graduate-maiden-medical-doctors-december-babcock-vc/|title=We'll graduate maiden doctors by December|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Olumide Oworu]], onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Department of Education, Seventh-day Adventist Church|url=http://education.gc.adventist.org/about.html|accessdate=2010-06-18|archivedate=17 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017005947/http://education.gc.adventist.org/about.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Olamide Samuel, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara nchekwa mba ụwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2003-03-31/world-church-a-closer-look-at-higher-education/|title=World Church: A Closer Look at Higher Education|first=Wendi|author=Rogers|date=1 April 2003|publisher=[[Adventist News Network]]|accessdate=2020-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Shola Akinlade]], CEO na onye so guzobe Paystack na onye nwe Sporting Lagos Football Club.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/excitement-babcock-university-graduates-first-medical-students/|title=Babcock graduates first set of medical students|work=[[The Punch]]|author=Adebayo|first=Folashade|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=20 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Ndepụta nke kọleji na mahadum ndị Seventh-day Adventist
* Agumakwọ na Mmụta nke Seventh-Day Adventist
* Chọọchị Seventh-Day Adventist
* Nkà mmụta okpukpeSeventh-Day Adventist 
* Akụkọ mmalite nke Chọọchị Seventh-day Adventist
* Ndepụta nke kọleji na mahadum ndị Seventh-day Adventist

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
{{Adventist Colleges and Universities}}{{Association of African Universities}}{{Universities in Nigeria}}{{authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>nahk8kf2v4a28eyd0bqf0bj6w2nlms9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Arthur Jarvis University</title>
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        <username>NiferO</username>
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      <text bytes="5986" sha1="dvjehl1wj2be1z8p7crqt06cftse50p" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Arthur Jarvis University.jpg|thumb|Arthur Jarvis University]]
'''Mahadum Arthur Jarvis''' (AJU) bụ mahadum onwe onye dị na Akpabuyo, [[Calabar]], Cross River State na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nuc.edu.ng/nigerian-univerisities/private-univeristies/|title=National Universities Commission|publisher=National Universities Commission,Nigeria|accessdate=4 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nan.ng/education/cross-river-arthur-jarvis-university-flagged-off/|title=Cross River: Arthur Jarvis University flagged off|publisher=[[News Agency of Nigeria]]|work=George Odok|accessdate=4 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/government-approves-8-new-private-universities/|title=Government approves 8 new private universities|publisher=Daily Sun|date=2 November 2016|accessdate=4 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;calitown 2023 t862&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Benedict Ita Is New Vice Chancellor Of Arthur Jarvis University|work=calitown|date=11 October 2023|url=https://www.calitown.com/benedict-ita-is-new-vice-chancellor-of-arthur-jarvis-university/|accessdate=24 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeremiah 2023 j262&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|title=C'River : 18 bag first class as Arthur Jarvis University holds maiden convocation|work=Vanguard News|date=8 April 2023|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/criver-18-bag-first-class-as-arthur-jarvis-university-holds-maiden-convocation/|accessdate=24 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheStar 2023 m387&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=18 bag first class at Cross River varsity's maiden convocation|work=TheStar|date=8 April 2023|url=https://www.thestar.ng/18-bag-first-class-at-cross-river-varsitys-maiden-convocation/|accessdate=24 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omuma ==

* Ngalaba nke Sayensị Okike na nke A Na-etinye n'Ọnụ
* Ngalaba nke Humanities Management na Social Sciences
* Ngalaba nke Sayensị Ọgwụ
* Ngalaba Iwu
* Ngalaba Mmụta

== Ngalaba nke Sayensị Okike na nke A Na-etinye n'Ọnụ ==
'''Ngalaba Sayensị Biological'''

* Ihe ndị dị ndụ
* Microbiology
* Sayensị na Biotechnology

'''Ngalaba sayensị kemịkal'''

* Chemistry
* Biochemistry

'''Ngalaba Sayensị Ụwa'''

* Ọdịdị ala
* Geophysics A Na-etinye n'Ọdịdị

'''Ngalaba nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị kọmputa'''

* Sayensị Kọmputa
* [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]]

'''Ngalaba Physics'''

* [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|Physics]]

== Ngalaba nke Humanities Management na Social Sciences ==
'''Ngalaba 0f Accounting na Banking &amp; Finance'''

* Ịgụ Akụkọ
* Ụlọ akụ na ego

'''Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Azụmaahịa'''

* Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa
* Ọmụmụ Ọrụ Azụmaahịa

* Criminology &amp; Security StudiesNnyocha Nchebe

'''Ngalaba Ahịa'''

* Ahịa

'''Ngalaba akụ na ụba'''

* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba

'''Ngalaba Mgbasa Ozi na Mgbasa ozi dijitalụ'''

* Mgbasa Ozi

'''Ngalaba sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'''

* Nchịkwa Ọchịchị
* Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

'''Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ịkpọasị Na Nlekọta Njem'''

* Ịkpọ ọbịa na Nlekọta Njem

'''Ngalaba Sociology / Social Work'''

* Sociology
* Udo na Ngwọta nke AghaNgwọta nke esemokwu

'''Ngalaba Asụsụ na Asụsụ'''

* [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]]

== Ngalaba nke Sayensị Ọgwụ ==
'''Ngalaba nke Anatomy Mmadụ'''

* Anatomy

'''Ngalaba nke Human Physiology'''

* Ọdịdị mmadụ

'''Ngalaba Ahụike Ọha'''

* Ahụike Ọha

'''Ngalaba Nọọsụ'''

* Sayensị Nọọsụ

'''Ngalaba nke Sayensị Laboratory nke Ọgwụ'''

* Sayensị nke ụlọ nyocha ahụike

'''Ngalaba Optometry'''

* Optometry

== Ngalaba Iwu ==
'''Ngalaba Iwu'''

* Iwu

== Ngalaba Mmụta ==
'''Ngalaba nke Nkà na Mmụta Sayensị Ọha'''

* Mmụta/EconomicsỌnọdụ akụ na ụba
* Agụmakwụkwọ/Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

'''Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmụta'''

* Mmụta Nlekọta Ụmụaka
* Nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ
* Nkà na ụzụ agụmakwụkwọ
* Ntuziaka na ndụmọdụ

Mmụta praịmarị

'''Ngalaba Mmụta Sayensị'''

* Mmụta/Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ
* Mmụta/Ọdịdị
* Agụmakwụkwọ/Sayensị Kọmputa

'''Ngalaba nke Ọrụ na Nkà na Ụzụ'''

* Mmụta Azụmaahịa

== Ihe achọrọ maka nnabata ==
Onye na-achọ ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ga-enwerịrị opekata mpe kredit ise (5) na SSCE, GCE, NECO, ma ọ bụ ihe nhata ya, nke gụnyere Asụsụ Bekee, Mgbakọ na Mwepụ, na isiokwu atọ ndị ọzọ dịka e depụtara maka mmemme ọ bụla. A ga-enweta kredit ndị a n'ime oge ule abụọ kachasị. Ọ ga-anọkwa na Jamb Utme ma nwee akara kacha nta achọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fapohunda|first=Olusegun|date=2023-07-04|title=Arthur Jarvis University (AJU) Post-UTME/Direct Entry Screening Form for 2023/2024 Academic Session|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/arthur-jarvis-university-degree-admission/|accessdate=2024-04-24|work=MySchoolGist|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndebanye aha ==
Mahadum ahụ debara aha ụmụ akwụkwọ 120 na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya mgbe e guzobere ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arthur Jarvis Varsity Matriculates 120 students - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/05/24/arthur-jarvis-varsity-matriculates-120-students?amp=1|accessdate=2024-04-24|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mkpọkọta ===
N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2023, mahadum ahụ mere Ememe mkpokọta ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ebe mahadum ahụ kpọrọ ụmụ akwụkwọ 251. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=News Desk|date=2023-04-08|title=18 bag First Class at Arthur Jarvis University maiden convocation in Cross River|url=https://dailynigerian.com/bag-first-class-arthur-jarvis/|accessdate=2024-04-24|work=Daily Nigerian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
Ọ́bá akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na Naijiria

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}} 

{{Universities in Nigeria}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akdamut</title>
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      <text bytes="7471" sha1="je1zadkvxj3hnbni3xh3zptreawha0f" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Akdamut (Mahzor Worms).png|thumb|Akdamut]]
'''''Akdamut''''', ma ọ bụ '''''Akdamus''''' ma ọ bụ '''''''Akdamut'' Milin''''', ma ọ bụrụ '''''Akdomus Milin''''' ([[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]_language&quot; id=&quot;mwEQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Jewish Babylonian Aramaic language&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַקְדָמוּת מִלִּין ''ʾaqdāmûṯ millîn'' &quot;N'okwu mmeghe nke Okwu,&quot; ya bụ Iwu Iri), bụ piyyut a ma ama (&quot;abụ okpukpe&quot;) nke Ndị Juu Ashkenazi na-agụ kwa afọ n'oge ezumike ndị Juu nke Shavuot. Ọ bụ Rabbi Meir bar Yitzchak  (''Nehorai'') nke Orléans dere ya, onye bụ cantor (onye ndú ekpere) na Worms, Germany, (nwụrụ n'ihe dị ka 1095).[he] Akdamut nwere otuto maka Chineke, Torah Ya, na ndị Ya.

A na-agụ Akdamut n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ nzukọ Ashkenazi niile n'ụbọchị mbụ nke Shavuot n'oge ọgụgụ Torah. Omume mbụ bụ ka a gụọ ya mgbe a gụchara amaokwu mbụ (Ọpụpụ 19:1), mana n'ime narị afọ ole na ole gara aga, omume ahụ etolitela n'ọtụtụ ọgbakọ (karịsịa ndị nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Yuropu) na a na-agụ uri ahụ mgbe a kpọchara onye ụkọchukwu ka ọ gụọ Torah, mana tupu ọ gụpụta ngọzi ahụ.

Ihe kpatara omume mbụ ahụ bụ na, site n'oge Bible ruo n'oge etiti oge, amaokwu ọ bụla nke Torah a gụrụ n'asụsụ Hibru ga-esochi nkọwa ya n'asụsụ Aramaic, ya mere ọ ga-adaba adaba, mgbe agụsịrị amaokwu Hibru mbụ, maka onye ọzọ na-agụ iji nye nkọwa Aramaic gụnyere &quot;nkwupụta&quot; a. Otú ọ dị, mgbe a kwụsịrị iji nkọwa Aramaic n'otu oge ahụ mee ihe, ịgụ ''Akdamut'' nọgidere n'etiti amaokwu Hibru nke mbụ na nke abụọ, ebe o yighịzi ka ọ bụ nkwụsịtụ kwesịrị ekwesị, n'ihi ya, a kwagara ya tupu mmalite nke ọgụgụ Torah.

N'ọtụtụ ụlọ nzukọ, a na-agụ ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi: ''Baal keriah'' (onye na-agụ Torah) na-abụ abụ abụọ, ọgbakọ na-azaghachi na amaokwu abụọ sochirinụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ya dị ka &quot;piyyut a ma ama na nke a kacha hụ n'anya nke okpukpe ndị Juu&quot;,  e nwere ụlọ nzukọ ụfọdụ ebe a na-adịghị agụ ya. 

Its adoption into the regular liturgy took some time; it is not mentioned as part of the Shavuot liturgy until the first decade of the 15th century and the earliest prayerbook to contain it was published in 1557.  Some say that it replaced an earlier piyyut, ''Arkin Moshe'', which was a folkloric poem describing the excitement among the angels when  God brought Moses up to Heaven to receive the Ten Commandments, but both piyyutim appear alongside each other in many manuscripts and printed machzorim. The adoption of ''Akdamut'' into the liturgy may have been assisted by a folktale that connected its composition with a miraculous event involving the defeat of an evil sorcerer monk who was using magic to kill countless Jews.

== Ọdịdị ya ==
Uri ahụ dum dị amaokwu iri itoolu n'ogologo. E debere amaokwu iri anọ na anọ mbụ nke Akdamut dị ka mkpụrụedemede abụọ, ahịrị abụọ maka mkpụrụedemede Hibru ọ bụla, wee soro amaokwu iri anọ na isii, mkpụrụedemede mbụ ya na-akọwapụta okwu ndị a, &quot;Meir, nwa Rabbi Isaac, ka o too na Torah na n'omume ọma. Amen. Dị ike ma nwee obi ike.&quot;

Asụsụ Akdamut dị mkpụmkpụ ma dị mgbagwoju anya, o juputara na ntụaka Torah na Talmud. Ahịrị nke ọ bụla nwere mkpụrụokwu iri ma mechie ya na mkpụrụokwu &quot;ta&quot; (תא), nke e ji mkpụrụedemede ikpeazụ (taw) na mkpụrụedemede mbụ (aleph) nke mkpụrụokwu Hibru dee. Ozi e dere n'akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka onye dere ya bụ na onye Juu anaghị akwụsị ịmụ Torah - mgbe mmadụ mechara, onye ahụ ga-amalite ọzọ. E ji ozi a họrọ Shavuot nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na ememme a na-echeta ndị Juu nabatara Iwu Iri ahụ n'Ugwu Saịnaị.

Asụsụ nke uri ahụ bụ Aramaic, - &quot;Aramaic nke atọ, siri ike&quot;  - ma ọ bụ ọbụna &quot;ihe a na-aghọtaghị&quot;. Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ekpere, ọkachasị ndị e bu n'obi iji mee ihe n'Izrel, na-enye nsụgharị na-aga n'ihu site na Aramaic dị ugbu a gaa na Hibru.

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, uri ahụ na-amalite site na ịdị ukwuu nke Chineke, nke karịrị ikike niile ịkọwa ya (amaokwu 1-14), na mgbe ahụ ọtụtụ ndị mmụọ ozi dị iche iche O kere ma na-eleta Ya (15-26). Ndị mmụọ ozi dị iche iche na-eto Chineke dịka ụdị ha si dị, ụfọdụ na-eto Ya n'akwụsịghị akwụsị, ụfọdụ n'oge ugboro ugboro, ụfọdụ naanị otu ugboro (27-42). Mba ndị dị n'ụwa na-achọ inweta Israel iji gbakwunye na ịdị ukwuu nke ha mana Israel na-azaghachi na iguzosi ike n'ihe ya bụ naanị nye Chineke, nke a bụkwa isi iyi nke àgwà na ike nke Israel (43-74). N'ọdịnihu, Leviathan na Behemoth, nnukwu ihe abụọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'Akwụkwọ Nsọ, ga-ejikọta ọnụ, ma gbuo ma kwadebe site n'aka Chineke dị ka oriri maka ndị ezi omume na arịa ndị bara ọgaranya (75-84). Akụkọ ahụ ji ngọzi mechie ma chọọ ka onye na-ege ntị nwee ike ịga otu oriri a, ma mesie ndị na-ege ya ntị obi ike na nke a ga-abụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha nụrụ okwu Torah (85-90).

== Ihe ndị e ji mara egwu ==
Mgbe mbụ e dere Akdamut ma webata ya, ọ bụghị otu abụ. A naghị abụ ya dịka usoro ọ bụla e ji mee ihe na cantillation nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ. Ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ egwu dị iche iche etolitela gburugburu ya n'obodo dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a bụ ụdị yiri nke a na-eji eme emume Kiddush, abụ yiri nke a rụrụ na Simchat Torah maka nsọpụrụ nke &quot;Bridegroom of the Torah&quot; (onye na-agụ ahịrị mmechi nke Deuteronomy) - nke, ebe ọ bụ na ezumike nwere echiche ndị metụtara ya, yiri ka ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, e nwekwara abụ nke oge ochie nke a nakweere site na abụ ọdịnala ndị Germany.

== Ihe ndị yiri ya n'ọrụ ndị ọzọ ==
The reference in ''Akdamut'' to all the seas being ink and all the reeds pens is found in the Talmud, Masechet Sotah in relation to the lack of ability of humans to express the praise of God. This is comparable, and almost certainly borrowed from the Talmud, to verses in the Quran: &quot;Were the sea ink for the words of my Lord, the sea would surely fail before the words of my Lord fail&quot; (Sura 18, verse 109), and &quot;Were the trees that are in the earth pens, were the sea ink with seven more seas to swell its tide, the words of God would not be spent&quot; (Sura 31, verse 27). The third verse of Frederick Martin Lehman's 1917 hymn &quot;[[The Love of God]]&quot; is based on this passage from ''Akdamut''. Medieval Christian sermons  use the same imagery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oztorah.com/2008/06/akdamut-ask-the-rabbi/|title=Akdamut|author=Rabbi Raymond Apple|work=OzTorah|accessdate=2018-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Yetziv Pitgam
* Kinnot
* Piyyut
* Selichot

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [[iarchive:Piyyut-SongsFromTheLiturgy|Akdamut Milin na-agụ ihe nkiri]]
* Akdamut MilinnaYouTube
* [http://es.scribd.com/doc/93229546/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA-Aqdamut-milin-en-español Nsụgharị gaa na Spanish]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Nathalie Björn</title>
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      <text bytes="24235" sha1="2rl8bs30q8ogp2e1j7h9v3uvs5pj8us" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Nathalie_Björn_20181101.jpg|thumb|Björn na-egwuri egwu maka Rosengård megide Slavia Prague, Nọvemba 2018]]
 

'''Gun Nathalie Björn''' (; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DN3EXz1xEMJ/?igsh=MTZkcWo2Z2dvdTg0MA==|title=Chelsea player pronunciations 😅 🗣️|publisher=[[Chelsea F.C. Women]]|work=[[Instagram]]|date=27 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; amụrụ ya na 4 Mee 1997) bụ ọkachamara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ na mba Sweden, onye na-agba bọọlụ dịka onye na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu Super League nke ụmụnwaanyị Chelsea na otu egwuregwu mba Sweden. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nathalie Bjorn is a Blue!|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/nathalie-bjorn-is-a-blue|work=Chelsea F.C.|accessdate=10 January 2024|date=10 January 2024|archivedate=10 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110143946/https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/nathalie-bjorn-is-a-blue}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Björn malitere na Vaksala SK, otu egwuregwu dị na Uppsala, nke ọ gbara bọọlụ na iko mba Sweden mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. Na 2013, dịka nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka IK Sirius na Elilettan, nke bụ ngalaba nke abụọ na bọọlụ mba Sweden nke e hiwere ọhụrụ n'afọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ mechara nke atọ, otu ahụ tụfuru nkwalite na Damallsvenskan. Björn mechara kwaga n'ọkwa nke abụọ AIK wee gbaa bọọlụ maka ha na ngalaba mbụ n'oge sochirinụ, ebe ha zere ịda mba dịka nke atọ site na nke ikpeazụ. N'oge 2015, otu ahụ bịara nke ikpeazụ ma gbadaa ọzọ. Björn mechara kwaga n'ọkwa nke abụọ na Eskilstuna United. Site na nke a, ọ bịara nke atọ na 2016 na 2017 ma sonye na asọmpi UEFA Champions League nke 2016/17, ebe ọ gbara ihe karịrị nkeji iri itoolu na mmeri abụọ megide Glasgow City FC na agba nke iri na isii. Na agba nke iri na isii megide VfL Wolfsburg, a gbanwere ya mgbe nkeji iri asatọ na otu gachara. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Rosengård ===

Mgbe oge abụọ gachara na Eskilstuna, Björn kwagara n'òtù FC Rosengård nke abụọ, onye ya na ya mechara nke atọ n'oge 2018. Na 18 Mee 2018, ọ meriri iko na Rosengård wee merie iko mba mbụ ya. Na 2018/19 Champions League, ọ gbara egwuregwu anọ zuru oke, mana a chụpụrụ ya na agba nke 16 mgbe e meriri ya n'ụlọ 3-2 na mmeri na-enweghị goolu megide Slavia Prague. N'ụbọchị mbụ nke oge 2019, ọ gbara naanị goolu n'egwuregwu ahụ na nkeji 90 megide klọb ochie ya bụ Eskilstuna United, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ goolu mbụ ya n'asọmpi liigi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eskilstuna United vs. Rosengård - 14 April 2019 - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/14/sweden/damallsvenskan/eskilstuna-united/lait-de-beaute-fc-malmo/2952006/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=int.soccerway.com|archivedate=31 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731170357/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/14/sweden/damallsvenskan/eskilstuna-united/lait-de-beaute-fc-malmo/2952006/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-15|title=Björn matchvinnare för FC Rosengård – FC Rosengård|url=https://fcrosengard.se/bjorn-raddade-tre-poang-till-rosengard/|accessdate=2024-01-11|language=sv-SE|archivedate=2019-04-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415143727/https://fcrosengard.se/bjorn-raddade-tre-poang-till-rosengard/}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Everton ===
N'afọ 2021, mgbe egwuregwu asatọ gachara na oge Damallsvenskan, Björn kwagara Everton ebe ọ natara nkwekọrịta afọ atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Björn Joins Everton|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2187253/bjorn-joins-everton|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.evertonfc.com|language=en|archivedate=22 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122163928/https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2187253/bjorn-joins-everton}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke oge 202-22, ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Everton na 1-1 draw megide Brighton. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Björn Strikes As Everton End Season With Draw|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2608976/bjorn-strikes-as-everton-end-season-with-draw|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.evertonfc.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022-23, ọ nọ na pasentị 81 maka tackles n'etiti ndị na-agbachitere etiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-01-13|title=How does Chelsea Women's newest signing Nathalie Björn fit into the side?|url=https://theprideoflondon.com/posts/how-does-chelsea-women-s-newest-signing-nathalie-bjorn-fit-into-the-side-01hkfk0re0d9|accessdate=2024-01-15|work=The Pride of London|language=en-US|archivedate=15 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115100914/https://theprideoflondon.com/posts/how-does-chelsea-women-s-newest-signing-nathalie-bjorn-fit-into-the-side-01hkfk0re0d9}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọrọ ya Player of the Season maka 2022-23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Everton Award Winners Revealed|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3514613/everton-award-winners-revealed|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.evertonfc.com|language=en|archivedate=29 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029160634/https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3514613/everton-award-winners-revealed}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na onye otu ya bụ onye Sweden Hanna Bennison, Björn gara n'ihu na 2023 World Cup nke onye ọ bụla Everton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Downey|first=Sophie|date=2023-09-26|title=Women's Super League 2023-24 previews No 6: Everton|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/sep/26/womens-super-league-2023-24-previews-no-6-everton|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ lọtara site na mmerụ ahụ na mbido ọnwa Nọvemba, ihe ịga nke ọma ya na Aston Villa nyere Everton mmeri 2-1 n'otu n'ime egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya na klọb ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Everton beat Villa to move clear of relegation zone|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67466053|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bjorn: Everton Fight Key For Success|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3799040/bjorn-everton-fight-key-for-success|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.evertonfc.com|language=en|archivedate=11 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111111219/https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3799040/bjorn-everton-fight-key-for-success}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chelsea ===
Na 10 Jenụwarị 2024, Björn bịanyere aka na Chelsea na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na ọkara dị ka onye mbụ bịanyere aha na klọb ahụ n'afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chelsea sign defender Bjorn from Everton|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67932838|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 14 Jenụwarị na mmeri 3-1 FA Cup megide West Ham, na-abịa dị ka onye nọchiri Jess Carter na nkeji nke 59.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chelsea Women v West Ham United Women|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67975007|accessdate=2024-01-15|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; O bidoro nke mbụ ya maka otu ahụ n'izu na-esote, na-egwu nkeji 90 zuru ezu ma na-enyere aka na goolu na mmeri 3-1 megide Manchester United.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=James scores three as Chelsea beat Man Utd|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/67972884|accessdate=2024-01-21|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Machị, ọ malitere ịgba goolu na mmeri 4-0 megide Leicester City na nkeji nke iri atọ na asatọ, goolu mbụ ya maka Chelsea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Macario scores as Chelsea beat Leicester to go top|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68395506|accessdate=2024-03-05|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Mee, ọ malitere ma nyere Chelsea aka idebe akwụkwọ dị ọcha na mmeri 0-6 megide Manchester United na Old Trafford n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke oge ahụ ka klọb ahụ nwetara aha WSL nke ise n'usoro na ọdịiche goolu n'ihu Manchester City. Ọ bụ iko mbụ Björn dị ka onye egwuregwu Chelsea.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chelsea wrapped up a sensational fifth successive Women's Super League title by thrashing Manchester United at Old Trafford in Emma Hayes' final game in charge.|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c51nnyd1970t|accessdate=2024-05-18|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 18 Disemba 2025, e nyere ya onyinye Diamond Ball . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.svt.se/sport/fotboll/nathalie-bjorn-far-diamantbollen-2025|title=Nathalie Björn får Diamantbollen 2025|publisher=SVT Sport|author=André Miettinen Persson|language=Swedish|date=18 December 2025|accessdate=18 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/diamantbollen-till-forsvarsbjassen-forsta-i-karriaren|title=Diamantbollen till försvarsbjässen|publisher=Radiosporten|language=Swedish|date=18 December 2025|accessdate=18 December 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=UEFA.com|title=Israel-Sweden|url=https://www.uefa.com/womensunder19/match/2016635--israel-vs-sweden/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=[[UEFA]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Onye Ukwu ===
N'abalịiri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2016, ọ pụtara nke mbụ ya n'òtù ndị isi mba. Na mmeri 7-0 megide Iran, ndị na-egwu na Europe na nke mbụ ya, ọ nọ na mbido mmalite ma bụrụ otO sonyekwara na agba mbụ maka asọmpi European Championship nke afọ 2016 nke ndị na-erubeghị afọ 19, nke Sweden meriri nke ọma site na mmeri atọ. Agbanyeghị, ọ gbaghị asọmpi kachasị elu na Eprel 2016, ebe a chụpụrụ Sweden. n'ime naanị ndị egwuregwu atọ a na-anọchighị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-21|title=Sverige - Iran - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-iran-landskamper-dam-senior/3472108/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.svenskfotboll.se|language=sv|archivedate=15 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415143727/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/sverige-iran-landskamper-dam-senior/3472108/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara bọọlụ nke abụọ ya na mba ụwa n'egwuregwu na-enweghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ megide Norway, mana a gbanwere ya na nkeji anọ tupu egwuregwu ahụ agwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-24|title=Norge - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/norge-sverige-landskamper-dam-senior/3472109/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.svenskfotboll.se|language=sv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọtụtụ egwuregwu dị ka onyeisi na ndị otu U-23 na 2018, ọ laghachiri na mbido mmalite na 9 Ọktoba 2018 na mmeri 0-1 megide Ịtali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-09|title=Italien - Sverige - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/italien-sverige-landskamper-dam-senior/4095822/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.svenskfotboll.se|language=sv|archivedate=31 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731111554/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/italien-sverige-landskamper-dam-senior/4095822/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bịara dị ka onye nnọchi anya mgbe otu awa gasịrị na mmeri 2-0 megide England na ngwụcha oge mba ụwa. Ọ gbara ihe karịrị nkeji iri itoolu na mmeri 1-2 megide Portugal na 2019 Algarve Cup, ebe ọ gbara goolu mba ụwa mbụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Informação|first=Sul|date=2019-03-01|title=Portugal beats mighty Sweden at the start of the Algarve Cup|url=https://www.sulinformacao.pt/en/2019/03/portugal-vence-poderosa-suecia-no-arranque-da-algarve-cup/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=Sul Informação|language=en|archivedate=11 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111113906/https://www.sulinformacao.pt/en/2019/03/portugal-vence-poderosa-suecia-no-arranque-da-algarve-cup/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Mee, a họpụtara ya maka asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-05-16|title=Gerhardssons VM-trupp presenterad|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/nyheter/landslag/2019/5/dam-vm-trupp/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.svenskfotboll.se|language=sv|archivedate=7 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607141934/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/nyheter/landslag/2019/5/dam-vm-trupp/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na World Cup, e ji ya mee ihe na nke mbụ ya na ngwụcha nke otu megide USA ma kpọọ ihe karịrị nkeji 90. Sweden meriri 2-0, mana ọ banyere na agba nke 16 dị ka onye nke abụọ n'òtù ahụ, ebe ọ bịara dị ka onye na-anọchi anya Canada na nkeji nke 79. Na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ, Sweden meriri egwuregwu asọmpi megide Germany ọzọ mgbe afọ iri abụọ na anọ gasịrị wee si otú a ruo eru maka Egwuregwu Olimpik nke 2020. Björn bịara dị ka onye nnọchi anya nkeji anọ tupu njedebe nke egwuregwu ahụ. Na ọkara ikpeazụ ha meriri ndị mmeri Europe Netherlands mgbe oge gbakwunyere gasịrị, mana ha meriri egwuregwu ahụ maka ọnọdụ nke atọ megide England, ebe ọ laghachiri na mmalite mmalite ma dochie ya mgbe nkeji iri asaa na abụọ gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019™: England - Sweden|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/france2019/match-center/origin1904-p.cxm.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/france2019/match-center/300438257|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.fifa.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtakwara ya maka egwuregwu Olimpik nke afọ 2020, nke e yigharịrị otu afọ n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-29|title=Truppen till OS i Japan|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/nyheter/landslag/2021/06/svenska-os-truppen-2021/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.svenskfotboll.se|language=sv|archivedate=17 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517081431/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/nyheter/landslag/2021/06/svenska-os-truppen-2021/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge egwuregwu ahụ, e ji ya mee ihe n'egwuregwu niile nke otu ya, na-abịa dị ka onye nnọchi anya ugboro abụọ na ọkara nke abụọ. N'egwuregwu penalty ikpeazụ megide Canada, ọ bụ onye Sweden mbụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, mana Sweden meriri nrite ọlaọcha, dịka ọ dị na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Canada wins Olympic gold over Sweden on Julia Grosso penalty in women's soccer final|url=https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/canada-wins-olympic-gold-on-julia-grosso-penalty-in-womens-soccer-final}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na iru eru nke ọma maka Iko Mbaụwa nke 2023, e ji ya mee ihe n'egwuregwu ise, mana ọ bịara dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'oge nkwụsịtụ na egwuregwu mbụ. O nweghị ike isonye n'egwuregwu ahụ na Nọvemba 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-21|title=Larsson ersätter Björn|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/nyheter/landslag/2021/11/bjorn-larsson/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.svenskfotboll.se|language=sv|archivedate=31 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731111556/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/nyheter/landslag/2021/11/bjorn-larsson/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ngwụcha Euro 2022 na England, nke e yigharịrị otu afọ n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, e ji ya mee ihe na egwuregwu ise nke otu ya. Site na mmeri 4-0 megide ndị na-anabata England, e wepụrụ Sweden na ọkara ikpeazụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=England cruise past Sweden to reach Euro 2022 final|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62286243|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2023, a gụnyere ya n'ime ndị egwuregwu iri abụọ na atọ maka iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sweden veteran Seger to play at fifth World Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/65902530|accessdate=2023-06-20|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara bọọlụ isii n'ime egwuregwu asaa nke otu ya, naanị ya na ụfọdụ ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ na-anọkarị n'egwuregwu nke atọ; ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ gaghị ahapụ otu nkeji. N'ihi mmeri 1-2 na ọkara ikpeazụ megide ndị mmeri Spain, ya na ndị otu ya hapụrụ nke ikpeazụ.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; s_national_soccer_team=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;Australia women's national soccer team&quot;&gt;Australia-new-zealand2023/scores-fixtures?intcmp=(p_fifaplus)_(d_)_(c_webheader-fwwc2023)_(sc_scoresandfixtures)_(ssc_)_(da_07072023)_(l_de)&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;amp;country=US&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;amp;wtw-filter=ALL&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;amp;stage=none&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;amp;team=Schweden&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2024-01-11&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;website&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;www.fifa.com&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archive-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;11 January 2024&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archive-url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20240111035735/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/scores-fixtures?intcmp=(p_fifaplus)_(d_)_(c_webheader-fwwc2023)_(sc_scoresandfixtures)_(ssc_)_(da_07072023)_(l_de)&amp;amp;amp;country=US&amp;amp;amp;wtw-filter=ALL&amp;amp;amp;stage=none&amp;amp;amp;team=Schweden&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;url-status&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;live&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAxk\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt109\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAxo\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/scores-fixtures?intcmp=(p_fifaplus)_(d_)_(c_webheader-fwwc2023)_(sc_scoresandfixtures)_(ssc_)_(da_07072023)_(l_de)&amp;amp;amp;country=US&amp;amp;amp;wtw-filter=ALL&amp;amp;amp;stage=none&amp;amp;amp;team=Schweden\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAxs\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;Results &amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;amp; fixtures\&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}' id=&quot;cite_ref-32&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Nathalie_Björn#cite_note-32 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; O meriri ọla nchara site na mmeri 2-0 meriri Australia n'egwuregwu maka ọnọdụ nke atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Game for third place|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/match-centre/match/103/285026/285029/400258555?competitionEntryId=103|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=www.fifa.com|archivedate=19 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819104519/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/de/match-centre/match/103/285026/285029/400258555?competitionEntryId=103}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Mba Nile ===
{{updated|match played 2 December 2025}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nathalie Björn - Sperlarstatistik |url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/nathalie-bjorn/685568a1-3b80-4d6b-92bf-bf3be97ab6f9/ |website=Svensk Fotboll |language=Swedish |access-date=1 October 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223011426/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/spelarfakta/nathalie-bjorn/685568a1-3b80-4d6b-92bf-bf3be97ab6f9/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |Sweden
|2016
|2
|0
|-
|2018
|2
|0
|-
|2019
|13
|3
|-
|2020
|5
|0
|-
|2021
|12
|1
|-
|2022
|12
|0
|-
|2023
|15
|2
|-
|2024
|8
|0
|-
|2025
|13
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!82
!6
|}

: ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Sweden na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Björn ọ bụla gasịrị.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Nathalie Björn gbara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mba.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe a na-anọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Onye mmegide
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe ruru
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ịsọ mpi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref.
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
|1 Machị 2019
|Albufeira Municipal Stadium, Albufeire, Portugal
|{{Fbw|Portugal}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
|2019 Algarve Cup
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Portugal–Sverige – Matchfakta|date=March 2019|url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/portugal-sverige-landskamper-dam-senior/4129095/|publisher=[[Swedish Football Association]]|language=sv|accessdate=24 July 2023|archivedate=24 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724181208/https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/portugal-sverige-landskamper-dam-senior/4129095/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
|9 Eprel 2019
|Motion invest Arena, Maria Enzersdorf, Austria
|{{Fbw|Austria}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
|8 Ọktoba 2019
|Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
|{{Fbw|Slovakia}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7–0
|Ịga eru maka Euro 2022
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sweden-Slovakia|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenseuropeanqualifiers/match/2027319--sweden-vs-slovakia/|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=24 September 2023|archivedate=3 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103204350/https://www.uefa.com/womenseuropeanqualifiers/match/2027319--sweden-vs-slovakia/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|23 Febụwarị 2021
|Hibernians Stadium, Paola, Malta
|{{Fbw|Malta}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ndị nwere omume enyi
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
|16 Febụwarị 2023
|Marbella Football Center, Marbella, Spain
|{{Fbw|China}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sweden Women vs China Women|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/sweden-women-vs-china-women/stats/480713|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|accessdate=24 September 2023|archivedate=3 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103204350/https://www.skysports.com/football/sweden-women-vs-china-women/stats/480713}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|11 Eprel 2023
|Gamla Ullevi, Gothenburg, Sweden
|{{Fbw|Norway}}
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–3
|
|}
'''FC Rosengård'''

* Damallsvenskan: 2019
* Svenska Cupen: 2017–18

'''Chelsea'''

* Super League ụmụ nwanyị: 2023-24, 2024-252024–25
* Iko FA nke ụmụ nwanyị: 2024-252024–25
* FA Women's League Cup: 2024-25&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's League Cup final: Chelsea 2-1 Man City|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cgq9z8xqnj8t|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Sweden U19'''

* UEFA Under-19 Championship: 2015

'''Sweden U17'''

* Onye nke abụọ na UEFA Under-17 Championship: 2013

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Björn na onye na-agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Ịtali bụ Aurora Galli nwere mmekọrịta.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nathalie BjörnnaÒtù Egwuregwu Egwuregwu Egwú nke Sweden  (n'asụsụ Swedish)  
* Nathalie BjörnProfaịlụ otu klọb naSvFF  (n'asụsụ Swedish)  (nke e debere) 
* Nathalie BjörnProfaịlụ otu mba naSvFF  (n'asụsụ Swedish)  (nke e debere) 
* Nathalie Björnn'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ
* https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2187253/bjorn-joins-everton
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Vatanym Tatarstan</title>
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      <text bytes="5071" sha1="clsg5viyvyd087k8n6o5s8o2uot12s0" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Akademicheskaya street 2, Kazan (2023-10-30) 01.jpg|thumb|Vatanym Tatarstan ]]
 

'''{{Lang|tt-Latn|Vatanym Tatarstan}}''' (Tatar: Ватаным Татарстан; ''Our Homeland Tatarstan'') is the main Tatar language newspaper, published in Kazan.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bu ụzọ bipụta na Machị 1918 dị ka {{Lang|tt-Arab|اش}} ({{Lang|tt-Cyrl|Эш}}, Labour) site na Kazan Muslim Commissariat na Xäsän Urmanov  na Şähit Äxmädiyev  dị ka ndị nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;abt&quot; /&gt;{{Lang|tt-Cyrl|Ватаным Татарстан}} Ná mmalite, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị enweghị foto ma jiri usoro İske imlâ nke dabeere na Arabic, wee gbanwee na 1920 gaa na usoro İña imlâ mgbe ọ ghọrọ تاتارستان خەبەرلەری (Татарстан хәбәрләре, Tatarstan News). Site na 1929 ruo 1939, dịka akụkụ nke mbọ iji mee ka ndị Soviet dị na Latin, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka Qzьl Tatarstan na usoro Yañalif. Na Febụwarị 2022, ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ b''Ọrụ'' Tatarstan (Vat{{Lang|tt-Latn|Vatanym Tatarstan}}[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;abt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Газета турында|url=https://vatantat.ru/gazeta-turynda/|accessdate=2022-11-01|work=Ватаным Татарстан|language=tt|archivedate=2024-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110145824/https://vatantat.ru/gazeta-turynda/}}&lt;/ref&gt; about=&quot;#mwt9&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;./Category:Articles_containing_Tatar-language_text&quot; id=&quot;mwFw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:PageProp/Category&quot;/&gt;

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, Vatanym Tatarstan lekwasịrị anya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ọdịbendị na Tatarstan, ọtụtụ ndị nta akụkọ Tatar nwere mmetụta rụrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, gụnyere Fatix Ämirxan, Musa Cälil, Äxmät İsxaq na ĞälĞäliäsğar Kamal] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1970, mgbasa ozi ya eruola 175,000.[2]&lt;ref name=&quot;100years&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Фаттахов|first=И. Ф.|url=https://www.mediagram.ru/netcat_files/99/123/h_888e202026476806b2d0d46fdfe1c751|title=Информационное Поле Современной России: Практики и Эффекты — Сборник статей XIV Международной научно-практической конференции|date=2017|publisher=Изд-во Казан|editor=Баканова|location=Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia|chapter=В Преддверии 100-Летнего Юбилея Газеты «Ватаным Татарстан»|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2010, e dezigharịrị akwụkwọ ahụ na mkpụrụedemede ọgbara ọhụrụ na nkwenye dị ukwuu na foto. A na-ekesa ya n'ozuzu ya dị ka akwụkwọ A2 dị peeji anọ na Fraịdee dị ka akwụkwọ dị peeji 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;press&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Типологические и Национальные Особенности Татароязычной Прессы|author=Гильманова|first=Айгуль Нургаяновна|language=ru|journal=Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики [Philology. Theory &amp; Practice]|issue=12, Part 2|volume=66|date=2016|url=https://www.gramota.net/eng/materials/2/2016/12-2/3.html|issn=1997-2911}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara Sabirova Gölnara dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, nwanyị mbụ nwere aha ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2019-03-19|title=«Ватаным Татарстан» газетасына тарихында беренче тапкыр хатын-кыз баш мөхәррир билгеләнде|language=tt-TT|work=Шахри Казан [Şaxri Qazan]|url=http://shahrikazan.ru/news/kyiskacha-ya%D2%A3alyiklar/vatanym-tatarstan-gazetasyna-tarikhynda-berenche-tapkyr-khatyn-kyz-bash-mkhrrir-bilgelnde|accessdate=2022-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1918-1920: {{Lang|tt-Arab|اش}} / {{Lang|tt-Cyrl|Эш}} (''Ọrụ'') 
* 1920-1922: Tatarstan خەبەرلەری / Tatarstan хәбәрләре (Tatarstan News) 
* 1922-1924: ''Tatarstan'' / Tatarstan (Tatarstan) 
* 1924-1951: {{Lang|tt-Arab|قزل تاتارستان}} / {{Lang|tt-Latn|Qzьl Tatarstan}} / {{Lang|tt-Cyrl|Кызыл Татарстан}} (Red Tatarstan) 
* 1951-1960: Tatarstan Soviet
* 1960-1992: Socialist Tatarstan (Socialist Tataristan) 
* 1992-ugbu a: Tatarstan nke Vatican (My Homeland Tatarstan) 

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221103191414/http://miras.info/projects/mirasxane/periodicals/390-jesh-.html Ash (1919)] - Mirasxanä Center for Written and Musical Heritage (n'asụsụ Tatar) 
* Tatar хәбәрләре (1920) - Mirasxanä Center for Written and Musical Heritage (n'asụsụ Tatar) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221103191414/http://miras.info/projects/mirasxane/periodicals/392-kyzyl-tatarstan-.html Qzьl Tatarstan (1924 ruo 1931)] - Mirasxanä Center for Written and Musical Heritage (n'asụsụ Tatar)</text>
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    <title>Ụlọ Ọrụ Ahụike Ọha nke Chile</title>
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      <text bytes="835" sha1="jy99jsj9k4zkyugyapf4rsj9v8hs5ht" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Instituto de Salud Pública, Ñuñoa, Santiago 20250525 22.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọrụ Ahụike Ọha nke Chile]]
The Public Health Institute of [[Chile]] ('''ISP''') bụ òtù ọha na eze nke na-akwalite ma na-echebe ahụike ọha na eze na Chile.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Public Health Institute of Chile (ISP) / Vaccine Pharmacovigilance|url=https://www.who.int/teams/regulation-prequalification/regulation-and-safety/pharmacovigilance/vaccine-safety-net/vsn-members/public-health-institute-of-chile-vaccine-pharmacovigilance|accessdate=2021-07-17|work=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe afọ 2019, ISP abụrụla onye otu Vaccine Safety Net (VSN), netwọkụ weebụsaịtị zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Òtù Ahụike Ụwa (WHO) guzobere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nimo Boulhan Houssein</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| office1             = Minister of National Education and Higher Learning
| termstart1          = 2009
| termend1            = 2011
| birth_place         = [[Djibouti City]], Djibouti
}}

'''Nimo Boulhan Houssein''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Djibouti. Ọ bụ onye òtù Nzukọ omeiwu nke Djibouti na onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Ụmụ Nwanyị na Nzukọ Omeiwu. Ọ bụụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị na 2009 na Minista nke agụmakwụkwọ mba na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu site na 2009 ruo 2011.

== Ọrụ ==
Houssein bụ onye òtù National Assembly of Djibouti &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-13|title=Nimo Boulhan Houssein {{!}} Réseau International de Connaissances sur les Femmes en Politique|url=https://iknowpolitics.org/fr/learn/interviews/nimo-boulhan-houssein|accessdate=2026-04-29|work=iknowpolitics.org|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye isi Ngalaba Ụmụ Nwanyị na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2026-04-18|title=Djibouti Défend Sa Stabilité Face Aux Turbulences|url=https://www.africa-press.net/djibouti/politique/djibouti-defend-sa-stabilite-face-aux-turbulences|accessdate=2026-04-29|work=Djibouti|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2008, Houssein bụ onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii maka Ihe ndị Ruuru Ụmụaka nke Kọmishọna Ukwu nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]](OHCHR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2008|title=LE COMITÉ DES DROITS DE L'ENFANT EXAMINE LE RAPPORT DE DJIBOUTI|url=https://www.ohchr.org/fr/press-releases/2009/10/committee-rights-child-examines-report-djibouti|accessdate=2026-04-29|work=OHCHR|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị na 2009  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91/NYsQAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Nimo+Houssein&amp;dq=Nimo+Houssein&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=世界知识年鑑|date=2008|publisher=世界知识出版社|language=zh}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Minista nke agụmakwụkwọ mba na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu site na 2009 ruo 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-05-07|title=Séminaire de réflexion sur l’action gouvernementale – Exclusion et pauvreté au centre des débats|url=https://www.adds.dj/seminaire-de-reflexion-sur-laction-gouvernementale-exclusion-et-pauvrete-au-centre-des-debats/|accessdate=2026-04-29|work=Agence Djiboutienne de Développement Social (ADDS)|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Agence Djiboutienne d'Information|url=https://www.adi.dj/index.php/site/Plus/1668|accessdate=2026-04-29|work=www.adi.dj|archivedate=2026-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430144949/https://www.adi.dj/index.php/site/Plus/1668}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Djibouti Ministers|url=https://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Djibouti.htm|accessdate=2026-04-29|work=www.guide2womenleaders.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michèle Pujol</title>
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      <text bytes="8413" sha1="1kn2pfvps2ths7fuk3ofulzjraljhbr" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Michelle Pujol.jpg|thumb|'''Michelle Pujol''']]
'''Michèle Pujol''' (French pronunciation: []) (20 Eprel 1951 - 2 Ọgọst 1997), bụ onye France na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-ahụ Maka akụ na ụba, ọkà mmụta, na onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ. Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Victoria's Department of Women's Studies ma nwee oche na Mahadim Manitoba.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pujol|first=Michèle A.|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantifemi0000pujo|title=Feminism and anti-feminism in early economic thought|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=1992|isbn=1-85278-456-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990, a na-ejikọta Pujol na ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Oge ọ malitere ===
.Njikọ Pujol na Madaoua, Niger.  Ọ bụ nwa ndidi nke onye ụmụaka French na Niger na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụlọ.  Ọ gara amụ na Paris, ebe ọ nkọwa na amụma, wee gaa n'ihu nwetara nzere bachelọ na akụ na-ama.


Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na HEC Jeunes Filles na 1973.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mondedesgrandesecoles.fr/les-femmes-au-coeur-de-la-strategie-de-l%E2%80%99entreprise|title=Les Femmes au cœur de la stratégie de l'entreprise|date=24 November 2014|work=Newletter — Monde des grandes écoles et université|accessdate=2 March 2024|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịbụ onye a dọtara n'ịgba mbọ nke ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ, ọ gara United States iji mezue nzere masta ya na Mahadum Washington State. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate na akụ na ụba na Mahadum Simon Fraser dị na Vancouver, Canada. Pujol ghọrọ prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Manitoba na 1981 wee bụrụ osote prọfesor na Mahadum Victoria, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1990 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. 

=== Ndụ agụmakwụkwọ ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dimand|first=Robert W.|url=http://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_j0n9|title=A biographical dictionary of women economists|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=2000|isbn=978-1-85278-964-0|pages=347–348}}&lt;/ref&gt;Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Pujol dere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na akụ na ụba. Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya na Mahadum Simon Fraser bụ ihe ndabere nke akwụkwọ ya, Feminism and Anti-Feminism in Early Economic Thought . Ọ nyochara ọrụ akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe ọ kpọrọ &quot;malestream&quot; nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị oge ochie nke Britain na akụ na ụba oge ochie.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;N'ide banyere &quot;echiche akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị nke Harriet Taylor (1807-58) &quot; na 1995, Pujol guzobere &quot;nnyocha ihe onwunwe nke na-eme ka Taylor dị iche na ọnọdụ nke Mill. &quot; Pujol gbatịkwara ụkpụrụ nke echiche akụ na ụba gara aga, na-emezi ka onyinye nyocha ụmụ nwanyị na enweghị nhata akụ na ụba site na Taylor, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Eleanor Rath, na William Smart

Na mgbakwunye na ịsụ ụzọ n'ụzọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ anụmanụ nke akụ na nọrọ, Pujol na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Akụ na-ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ nke oge a, na-elebara anya n'ịgbasa usoro.  Ọ na-etinye aka na nyọcha nke mme ihụ iwu see na Canada.  Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Feminist Economics, [1] [2] site na ntọala ya, Pujol, ya na Nancy Folbre, dezi raba ngalaba &quot;Explorations,&quot; na akara ngosi 1996 mgbochi nsogbu ndị na-eche ego mba na ihe na-enweghị ike na-enweta akara.  [3] Pujol bụ onye akwụkwọ International Association for Feminist Economics [1] O dechara akwụkwọ gbasara nchegbu na Canada maka Mahadum Manitoba .  Pujol dechara akwụkwọ edemede nke afọ nke iri na ndụ nke ụmụ ụmụ na-ahụ maka akụ na-ahụ, nke e ịbụ n'asụsụ Bekee mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Madden&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Madden|first=Kirsten|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203482063/bibliography-female-economic-thought-1940-kirsten-madden-michele-pujol-janet-seiz|title=A Bibliography of Female Economic Thought up to 1940|date=2004-12-17|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-48206-3|location=London|doi=10.4324/9780203482063}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndụ onwe onye ===

=== Ọnwụ ===
A chọpụtara na Pujol nwere ọrịa kansa eriri afọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1997, a wasịrị ya ahụ na mbido Eprel, n'oge a chọpụtara ọrịa imeju. Pujol nwụrụ na 2 August 1997, n'ụlọ ya n'akụkụ onye mmekọ ya, Brook Holdack, ọnwa ise mgbe a chọpụtara ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michele Pujol Bursary in Women's Studies|url=https://www.uvic.ca/givingtouvic/award-background-info/p/m_pujol.php|accessdate=8 April 2023|work=University of Victoria}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Atlantis: A Women's Studies Journal,'' bipụtara mbipụta pụrụ iche, &quot;Sexual Economics,&quot; na 1999, na echiche akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị, iji mee emume ndụ na ọrụ Pujol. Onye ọrụ ibe ya, Marjorie Griffin Cohen, dezigharịrị mbipụta ahụ na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mahadum Simon Fraser.

== Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara ==

* {{Cite book|author=Pujol|first=Michèle A.|title=Feminism and anti-feminism in early economic thought|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantifemi0000pujo|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|location=|year=1992|isbn=9781858988849}}

=== Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ ===

*  
*  
*  

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ na isiokwu akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Some factors affecting the career patterns of women faculty at the University of Manitoba|year=1988}}

* {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Gender and class in Marshall's ''Principles of Economics''|journal=[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]]|volume=8|issue=3|pages=217–234|date=September 1984|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035547}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Introduction|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1080/13545709610001707796|date=November 1996}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Forum: research priorities on nonmarket production|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1080/13545709610001707836|date=November 1996}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Introduction: broadening economic data and methods|journal=[[Feminist Economics (journal)|Feminist Economics]]|volume=3|issue=2|pages=119–120|doi=10.1080/135457097338726|date=January 1997}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Griffin Cohen|first=Marjorie|title=Special issue: ''Sexual Economics'' - to celebrate the life and work of Michèle Pujol|journal=Atlantis: A Women's Studies Journal|volume=23|issue=2|date=January 1997|url=http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/issue/view/124/showToc}}

=== Ihe ndị a na-agụ ===
Pujol sonyere na nzukọ kwa afọ nke History of Economics Society na Mahadum nke British Columbia na June 1996 site na ngosi ya na ọtụtụ mpịakọta nke onyinye ụmụ nwanyị nyere na akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị tupu 1900, nke ọ na-edezi maka mbipụta site na Routledge na Thoemmes Continuum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madden&quot; /&gt;

Onye nyere aka na Out of the Margin: Feminist Perspectives on Economic Theory, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203983744/margin-edith-kuiper-jolande-sap-susan-feiner-notburga-ott-zafiris-tzannatos|title=Out of the Margin: Feminist Perspectives on Economics|date=1995-07-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-98374-4|editor=Tzannatos|location=London|doi=10.4324/9780203983744}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pujol gosipụtara ọrụ isi ya na 1996 International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) &lt;ref name=&quot;Bibliog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Switala|first=Kristen|year=1999|title=Feminist Economics|url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004234149/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archivedate=October 4, 1999|accessdate=June 23, 2023|work=Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture @ Virginia Tech}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Washington, D.C.]]

N'afọ 1995, Pujol gosipụtara &quot;Is This Really Economics? Using Qualitative Research Methods in Feminist Economic Research,&quot; na nzukọ International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) ₡ na Tours, France.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1321" sha1="ggirpcd6vh47abhn24lejv90vmk0fie" xml:space="preserve">== Quality translations ==

Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. Take a look at your recent translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&amp;target=Johnnybam&amp;namespace=all&amp;tagfilter=&amp;newOnly=1&amp;start=2026-05-01&amp;end=2026-05-15&amp;limit=1000 here], kindly add the omitted references from the enwiki page to the igwiki article to ensure that content integrity is maintained.

While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and if there are areas to improve or correct. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:03, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:ok sir thanks for your corrections
:I will look into it [[Ojiarụ:Johnnybam|Johnnybam]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Johnnybam|ṅkátá]]) 18:32, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:Good afternoon sir.
:I hope you are doing well.
:Sir, I have completed the corrections as requested. Kindly review the article and let me know if there are any other corrections or improvements I should make.
:Thanks you. [[Ojiarụ:Johnnybam|Johnnybam]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Johnnybam|ṅkátá]]) 12:36, 11 Julaị 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Quality translations */ Zaghachi</comment>
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      <text bytes="1475" sha1="jabp3ivcqbr2mwui3m9692zzax71c6q" xml:space="preserve">== Quality translations ==

Daalu maka translations gi. But there are a lot of omissions. Take a look at your recent translations [https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8Cp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5iche%3AContributions&amp;target=Johnnybam&amp;namespace=all&amp;tagfilter=&amp;newOnly=1&amp;start=2026-05-01&amp;end=2026-05-15&amp;limit=1000 here], kindly add the omitted references from the enwiki page to the igwiki article to ensure that content integrity is maintained.

While translating, do well to proofread and be sure that there are no omissions or incorrectly translated words before finally publishing. And after publishing, go through the article again to verify the references and if there are areas to improve or correct. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:03, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:ok sir thanks for your corrections
:I will look into it [[Ojiarụ:Johnnybam|Johnnybam]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Johnnybam|ṅkátá]]) 18:32, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:Good afternoon sir.
:I hope you are doing well.
:Sir, I have completed the corrections as requested. Kindly review the article and let me know if there are any other corrections or improvements I should make.
:Thanks you. [[Ojiarụ:Johnnybam|Johnnybam]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Johnnybam|ṅkátá]]) 12:36, 11 Julaị 2026 (UTC)
::@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] [[Ojiarụ:Johnnybam|Johnnybam]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Johnnybam|ṅkátá]]) 12:37, 11 Julaị 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Moira Roth</title>
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      <text bytes="9741" sha1="iexj0l9osk7d1fl414w2wckg7wmmlir" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:MoiraRothPassportPhoto1970.jpg|thumb|Moira Roth]]
 

'''Moira Roth''' (née '''Moira Shannon'''; 1933-2021) bụ onye Amerịca na-akọ akụkọ ihe nkà mere eme, onye  nkatọ nkà ụmụ nwanyị na onye nkuzi. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ ya dị ka Moira Shannon na Julaị , na London, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Amelia|date=2021-06-29|title=Remembering Moira Roth 'a truly maverick feminist art historian'|url=https://forarthistory.org.uk/moira-roth/|accessdate=2024-05-11|work=For Art History, Association for Art History UK|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma a zụlitere ya na Cornwall  England. Nne ya bụ Eve Shannon bụ onye si Canada kwabata, onye nabatara ndị Juu gbara ọsọ ndụ na London.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ si England kwaga Washington, D.C., ka ya na nna ya onye Ireland na-arụ ọrụ na International Monetary Fund (IMF) biri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na London School of Economics dị na England, ma nweta nzere B.A. na sociology; nzere MA na Mahadum New York; na PhD na Mahadum California, Berkeley na 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Moira Roth|url=https://inside.mills.edu/academics/faculty/arth/mroth/mroth_cv.php|work=Mills College|accessdate=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ bụ Trefethen Prọfesọ nke akụkọ nkà mere eme na Mills College na Oakland, California site na 1985 ruo 2017. Ọ kụziri ihe na Mahadum California, San Diego site na 1974 ruo 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 25, 2021|title=Moira Roth (1933–2021)|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/moira-roth-1933-2021-86151|accessdate=2021-06-25|work=[[Artforum]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O deziri akwụkwọ The Amazing Decade: Women and Performance Art in America 1970-1980, A Source Book, nke Astro Artz bipụtara (1983). E bipụtara nchịkọta edemede ya, Difference/Indifference: Musings on Postmodernism, Marcel Duchamp and John Cage, site na nkọwa nke Jonathan D. Katz, na Psychology Press (1998), ma na-enyocha otú e si ewuli nwoke na njirimara ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha. 

Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri Lynn Hershman Leeson ! Women Art Revolution nke afọ 2010 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anon|year=2018|title=Artist, Curator &amp; Critic Interviews|url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326230847/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews|archivedate=March 26, 2018|accessdate=Aug 23, 2018|work=!Women Art Revolution - Spotlight at Stanford|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gbara Roth ajụjụ ọnụ maka ọrụ Smithsonian Archives of American Art Elizabeth Murray Oral History . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Katz|first=Jonathan D.|date=2021-06-29|title=In Memory of Moira Roth|url=https://www.collegeart.org/news/2021/06/29/in-memory-of-moira-roth/|accessdate=2024-05-11|work=CAA News, [[College Art Association]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Roth nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 87 na Juun 14, 2021, na Berkeley, California . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ ==
Ọ natara ihe nrite mmeri ndụ na Women's Caucus for Art na 1997, nakwa ihe nrite  mba maka nnabata nkà site n'aka College Art Association na 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MILLS COLLEGE PROFESSOR MOIRA ROTH RECEIVES NATIONAL ARTS AWARD|url=https://www.mills.edu/academics/faculty/arth/mroth/mroth.php|work=Mills College Newsroom|publisher=Mills College|accessdate=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2006 CWA Annual Recognition Awards|url=http://www.collegeart.org/awards/cwa2006|publisher=College Arts Association|accessdate=27 December 2016|archivedate=28 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228124207/http://www.collegeart.org/awards/cwa2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* Roth dere ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ide mmeghe na ederede (yana nkọwa Jonathan D. Katz), Difference / Indifference: Musings on Postmodernism, Marcel Duchamp na John Cage, 1998 na Critical Voices in Art, Theory and Culture Series, Amsterdam, Holland: Gordon and Breach Publishing Group, 1998&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Roth|first=Moira|title=Difference / Indifference: Musings on Postmodernism, Marcel Duchamp and John Cage|date=2014|publisher=Rutledge|location=London|isbn=9781135221843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9FQAwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Difference%2FIndifference%3A+Musings+on+Postmodernism%2C+Marcel+Duchamp+and+John+Cage%2C+1998.+In+Critical+Voices+in+Art%2C+Theory+and+Culture+Series%2C+Amsterdam%2C+Holland%3A+Gordon+and+Breach+Publishing+Group%2C+1998&amp;pg=PR4|accessdate=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* O dezigharịrị akwụkwọ ndị a, ''Rachel Rosenthal'', Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1997&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Balcalzo|first=Dan|date=1999|title=Book Reviews|journal=Women &amp; Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory|volume=10|issue=1–2|pages=291–313|doi=10.1080/07407709908571307}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Abraham's Daughter: The Life and Times of Rose Hacker, London: Deptford Forum Publishing Ltd., 1996
* Ọ dezigharịrị ma dee mmeghe maka, We Flew Over the Bridge; the Memoirs of Faith Ringgold, Little Brown, November 1995 (e bipụtaghachiri na 2005, Duke University Press) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Moira Roth Talks About Faith Ringgold: Friend, Fellow Traveler, and Colleague|url=http://www.sonomacounty.com/sonoma-events/moira-roth-talks-about-faith-ringgold-friend-fellow-traveler-and-colleague|publisher=Art Museum of Sonoma County|accessdate=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dezigharịrị ma nye aka na-ide Connecting Conversations: Interviews with 28 Bay Area Women Artists, Eucalyptus Press, Mills College, 1988&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Roth|first=Moira|title=Connecting Conversations: Interviews with 28 Bay Area Women Artists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCVKAQAAIAAJ|work=Google Books|publisher=Eucalyptus Press, Mills College|accessdate=27 December 2016|year=1988}}&lt;/ref&gt; na The Amazing Decade: Women and Performance Art in America 1970-1980, A Source Book, Los Angeles: Astro Artz, 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Roth|first=Moira|title=The amazing decade: women and performance art in America, 1970-1980 : women and performance art in America 1970-1980|oclc=709813425}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Edemede ===

* &quot;Interview with Suzanne Lacy&quot; (nke Laura Meyers wepụtara site na mkparịta ụka a na-ebipụtaghị na 1990 nke Roth na Lacy, Smithsonian Archives of American Art, Washington DC), Entering the Picture: Judy Chicago, Fresno Feminist Art Program, na Collective Visions of Women Artists (ed. Jill Fields), New York: Routledge, 2012
* &quot;Villa's Word in Collision: A Study in Four Part , 1976-2007,&quot; Carlos Villa and the Integrity of Spaces (ed. Theodore S. Gonzalez), San Francisco: Meritage Press, 2011
* Introduction, &quot;Martha Wilson: Woman with a Mind of Her Own,&quot; Martha Wilson Sourcebook: 40 Years of Reconsidering Performance, Feminism, Alternative Spaces (ed. Martha Wilson), New York: Independent Curators International, 2011
* &quot;Suzanne Lacy: Three Decades of Performing and Writing/Writing and Performing,&quot; na Leaving Art: Suzanne Lacy's Writings on Performance, Politics and Publics, Durham, North Carolina and London: Duke University Press, 2010, pp.xvii-x1i
* &quot;Allan Kaprow's Tree, a Happening,&quot; Archives of American Art Journal, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.,Spring 2008
* &quot;Women's Rights and History, 1910-2008,&quot; na Ginger Wolfe-Suarez: As Long as I live You Will Live, Mills College Art Museum Catalog, 2008 (5 peeji) 
* &quot;An Interview with John Baldessari (1973),&quot; nke Naomi Sawelson-Gorse dezigharịrị, X-tra, vol. 8, Nke 2, 2005, peeji nke 14-35&amp;nbsp;
* &quot;An Interview with John Cage (1971),&quot; nke Naomi Sawelson-Gorse dezigharịrị, na Etant donné, Paris, No. 6, Fall 2005 (mbipụta asụsụ abụọ na John Cage na Marcel Duchamp), peeji nke 136-161&amp;nbsp;
* &quot;Faith Ringgold: Putting Jones Road on the Map,&quot; Nka, Journal of Contemporary African Art, #13/14, Spring/Summer 2001. [Akụkụ nke 7 nke Traveling Companions/ Fractured Worlds]
* &quot;Suzanne Lacy, Between Aesthetics and Politics&quot; (na ajụjụ ọnụ), Flintridge Foundation Awards for Visual Artists, 1991-2000, nke Noriko Gambin na Karen Jacobson dezigharịrị, Pasadena: Flintrridge Foundation, 2000
* &quot;Of Self and History: Exchanges with Linda Nochlin&quot; Art Journal, Fall 2000, nke e bipụtara na Aruna d'Souza, ed. , Of Self and History, N'ịsọpụrụ Linda Nochlin, Thames and Hudson 2001. [Akụkụ nke 5 nke Traveling Companions/Fractured Worlds]
* &quot;The Aesthetic of Indifference,&quot; Artforum, November, 1977. E bipụtaghachiri ya (na postscript) na And (mbipụta Bekee), Fall 1990. E bipụtaghachiri ya na Dancing Around the Bride: Cage, Cunningham, Rauschenberg, na Duchamp, nke Carlos Basualdo na Erica F. Battle dezigharịrị, Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2012.

== Ihe nkiri ==

* ! Women Art Revolution (2010) nke Lynn Hershman Leeson duziri

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-moira-roth-15938 Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Moira Roth, 2011 Eprel 22-24], Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
* {{Cite web|author=Anon|year=2018|url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews|title=Artist, Curator &amp; Critic Interviews|work=!Women Art Revolution - Spotlight at Stanford|accessdate=Aug 23, 2018|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326230847/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews|archivedate=March 26, 2018}}</text>
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    <title>Ndala Ibrahim</title>
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&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gombeunitedfc.com/gombepage.asp?id=9|title=Gombe United Football Club|publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2018|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425144350/http://www.gombeunitedfc.com/gombepage.asp?id=9|url-status=dead|archivedate=25 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425144350/http://www.gombeunitedfc.com/gombepage.asp?id=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naijafootball247.com/2011_01_14_archive.html|title=Naija Premier League: NPL January Transfer Update|publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2018|archivedate=15 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043942/http://www.naijafootball247.com/2011_01_14_archive.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.naijafootball247.com/2011_01_14_archive.html|title=Naija Premier League: NPL January Transfer Update|publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2018|archivedate=15 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043942/http://www.naijafootball247.com/2011_01_14_archive.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

'''Andella Ibrahim''' (amụrụ na 2 Mee 1985&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mtnupgrade.ensight.ws/international/fifa-world-cup-2010/2010/destination-sa/&amp;period=day&amp;year=2012&amp;month=5&amp;day=2|title=Football Calendar prev next May - MTN Football|publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Lokoja]], Kogi Steeti) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ gbara oge afọ 2012 na Niger Tornadoes F.C..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://nationalmirroronline.net/sports/sport-new/38362.html|title=National Mirror - Tornadoes' skipper plays down crisis reports|accessdate=14 May 2018|work=[[National Mirror]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nọchite anya otu ya dị ka onyeisi ndị otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://westafricanfootball.com/2012/10/03/niger-tornadoes-fc-season-review/|title=NIGER TORNADOES FC – SEASON REVIEW|date=3 October 2012|publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-agbachitere ahụ hapụrụ Jigawa Golden Stars F.C. na Machị 2013.  wee bịanye aka na Kaduna United F.C..C . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/120930/Ibrahim_gnashes_teeth|title=Ibrahim gnashes teeth|publisher=|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sportsdayonline.com/nig_pre_league_games/1296/display Ndala, Ayuba Storm Kaduna]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Mba Nile ===
Ibrahim nọchitere anya mba ya Nigeria na 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship na [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad na Tobago]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://de.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=182481/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225015016/http://de.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=182481/index.html|archivedate=February 25, 2012|title=FIFA-Turniere Spieler &amp; Trainer - Ndala IBRAHIM|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michael Tayo</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Michael Tayo''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Eprel) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa nke na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Southern Samity na Calcutta Football League dịka onye etiti etiti. Ọ nọchitere anya SC Goa na Air India FC. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20131016092701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-29/top-stories/27933575_1_mohammedan-sporting-jothi-kumar-calcutta-football-league Mohammedan hold Air India in I-League] from Times of India&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* https://web.archive.org/web/20120905112620/http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/nigeria/25055/michael-tayo
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Mmetọ ikuku na Naịjiria</title>
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      <text bytes="6475" sha1="i9dxgze22wzcg76vy6rafno1ce9uddt" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Mmetọ ikuku]] na Naịjirịa''' bụ nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu n'ebe obibi na ahụike ọhaneze nke sitere na anwụrụ  ụgbọ ala, ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, ịgba ọkụ, na ojiji nke mmanụ siri ike maka isi nri. Obodo mepere emepe ndị dị ka [[Lagos]], [[Abuja]], na [[Kano]] na-enwe oke mmetọ, na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọrịa iku ume na ọnwụ mberede. Dị ka ụlọ akụ ụwa si kwuo, ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke mmetọ ikuku na Lagos naanị e mere atụmatụ na ihe karịrị ijeri $2 n'afọ 2018. N'agbanyeghị iwu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ugbu a, mmanye ka na-adịghị ike, na mmepe obodo ngwa ngwa na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ikuku dị njọ na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Cost of Air Pollution in Lagos|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/publication/the-cost-of-air-pollution-in-lagos|accessdate=2025-10-25|work=World Bank|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pona|first=Hyellai Titus|date=2021-03-23|title=Environmental health situation in Nigeria: current status and future needs|journal=Heliyon|volume=7|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06330|issn=2405-8440|pmid=33851039}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iqair.com/us/nigeria|title=Nigeria Air Quality Index (AQI) and Air Pollution information|publisher=IQAir|accessdate=2026-05-05|archivedate=2024-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907221536/https://www.iqair.com/us/nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe na-akpata mmetọ ikuku na Naịjiria ==
Ụfọdụ ihe na-akpata mmetọ ikuku na Naịjirịa bu:

=== Mmanụ ala na-esi n'ụgbọala apụta ===
Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụgbọala bụ ndị oge ochie, a na-elekọta ha nke ọma, ma na-agba ọsọ na gas dị ala. Ụgbọala ndị a na-ewepụta Carbon monoxide (CO) nke bụ gas na-egbu egbu, nke dị njọ ná ndụ [[People|ndị mmadụ]]. mmebi ozuzo acid na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na nitrogen oxides (NOx). Particulate matter (PM): ụmụ irigiri ihe na-emebi obi na [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa ume]]. A na-emepụta Ozone dị n'ala mgbe NOx na volatile organic compounds (VOCs) jikọtara ọnụ. Otu gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-akpali Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ carbon dioxide (CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwLQ&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;).

Mgbasa ikuku na-aghọ nchegbu ka ukwuu maka ahụike ọha na eze n'ihi ụgbọ ala ochie, na ụkpụrụ mmanụ ụgbọala dị ala. Nke a nwere njikọ na mmụba nke ọrịa iku ume n'obodo ndị dị ka [[Lagos]], [[Abuja]], na [[Kano]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Cost of Air Pollution in Lagos|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/environment/publication/the-cost-of-air-pollution-in-lagos|accessdate=2025-10-10|work=World Bank|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mgbasa ozi ụlọ ọrụ ===
Ihe nke abụọ na-akpata mmetọ ikuku bụ mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ. A na-ahụ oke mmetọ na mpaghara azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịka [[Apapa]], [[Idumota Market|Idumota]], [[Ikeja]], na Odogunyan, nke bụ ebe ụlọ ọrụ na-eshipụta mmanụ, ígwè, simenti, kemịkalụ, na azụmahịa ngwa ụlọ. A na-emepụta mmetọ dị ukwuu site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ ọrụ simenti, ụlọ nrụpụta ihe, na ebe a na-egwupụta okwute.

Ịkụ ọkụ nke gas sitere n'okike bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ nke na-ewepụta CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, na mmetọ ndị ọzọ. Dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo, mmetọ ikuku gburugburu ebe obibi na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos Steeti]] mere ka e nwee ihe ruru ijeri $2.1 n'afọ 2018. Ọnụọgụgụ a na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 2.1% nke Gross Domestic Product (GDP) nke steeti ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmetụta [[Health|ahụike]] nke mmetọ ikuku, gụnyere mmụba nke ọrịa na ọnwụ mberede, nke metụtara mmepụta nke ndị ọrụ ma tinye ibu arọ ndị ọzọ na Usoro nlekọta ahụike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria has highest number of air pollution-related child pneumonia deaths in the world|url=https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/press-releases/nigeria-has-highest-number-air-pollution-related-child-pneumonia-deaths-world|accessdate=2025-10-10|work=www.unicef.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ==

=== Mmetọ ikuku ===
[[Mmetọ ikuku]] bụ nsogbu ahụike ọhaneze na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], ọkachasị maka ụmụaka (n'okpuru afọ ise). A na-ebo mmetọ ikuku ebubo maka ọnwụ 67,416 metụtara oyi bara ya n'ahụ n'ime ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise n'afọ 2019. Mmetọ ikuku n'ụlọ, nke ka ukwuu site na nri n'ime ụlọ na Ojiji mmanụ ụgbọala siri ike eme ihe, kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 78% nke ọnwụ oyi bara ya n'ahụ metụtara mmetọ. Ogologo oge nke mmetọ ikuku ejikọtakwala na ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke nsogbu obi, ọrịa kansa, na nsonaazụ ime ime na-adịghị mma, yana ọnọdụ iku ume dị ka ụkwara ume na ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala (COPD). Dabere na nnyocha, ọkwa [[Ọnọdụ ikuku ime ụlọ|Mmetọ ime ụlọ]] na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ndị dị na mpaghara obodo mepere emepe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nwere ike ịdị elu karịa ọkwa mpụga, nke na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike dịkwuo njọ maka ndị ọrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe ịma aka na ihe ndị aga emechi ==

* Ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Naịjirịa enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nlekota ikuku dị elu, nke na-eme ka o sie ike ịnakọta data zuru ezu maka nyocha ziri ezi na ime iwu.
* Mmejuputa iwu na-adịghị ike: N'agbanyeghị ịdị adị nke iwu nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ikuku, mmanye ka dị ala, na ngwongwo ikuku na-abụkarị nke oge ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Mmepe obodo ngwa ngwa na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ: Obodo na-eto ngwa ngwa karịa ka akụrụngwa nwere ike ijikwa, nke na-amụba ikuku sitere na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, ụgbọala, na owuwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mahmud|first=Khaled|date=2023-12-01|title=Temporal assessment of air quality in major cities in Nigeria using satellite data|journal=Atmospheric Environment: X|volume=20|doi=10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100227|issn=2590-1621}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enweghị ọkụ eletrik: Enweghị ike eletrik na-eme ugboro ugboro na-eduga n'ịdabere na mmanụ dizel na igwe na-enye ọkụ, nke na-ebuli oke mmetọ ikuku n'obodo ukwu.

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Mykhailo Holubets</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = Merited Science and Technology Functionary
| name                = Mykhailo Holubets
| native_name         = {{nobold|Михайло Голубець}}
| native_name_lang    = uk
| image               = Голубець Михайло Андрійович.jpg
| caption             = Holubets in 2006
| office              = [[People's Deputy of Ukraine]]
| term_start          = 15 May 1990
| term_end            = 10 May 1994
| predecessor         = ''Position established''
| successor           = [[Volodymyr Mulyava]]
| constituency        = [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]], [[Kalush, Ukraine|Kalush]]
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1930|10|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Velykyi Liubin|Lubień Wielki]], Poland (now Velykyi Liubin, Ukraine)
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2016|08|14|1930|10|30|df=yes}}
| death_place         = [[Lviv]], Ukraine
| party               = {{ill|Congress of National-Democratic Forces|uk|Конгрес національно-демократичних сил}}
| otherparty          = {{plainlist|
* [[People's Movement of Ukraine]] (1989–1990)
* [[Democratic Bloc (Ukraine)|Democratic Bloc]]
}}
| alma_mater          = [[Lviv National Agrarian University]]
| occupation          = Politician, environmental scientist
| awards              = State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology, Order of Merit 3rd Class
}}
Mykhailo Andriiovych Holubets (onye Ukraine: Михайло Андрійович Голубець; 30 Ọktoba 1930 – 14 Ọgọst 2016) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ukraine nke jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya ndị mmadụ nke Ukraine site na Kalush n'etiti 1990 na 1994. Ọ bụ onye otu National Academy of Sciences nke Ukraine. . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Народні депутати України 1-го скликання (1990–1994)|url=https://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/new/NEWSAIT/DEPUTAT1/spisok1.htm|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=static.rada.gov.ua}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Holubets bụ onye nwetara ihe nrite steeti nke Ukraine na Sayensị na Teknụzụ, o jerekwa ozi dịka osote onyeisi oche nke Forestry Academy of Sciences nke Ukraine. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa dịka onye nduzi nsọpụrụ nke NASU Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817134447/http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archivedate=2013-08-17|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=nbuv.gov.ua}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa dọkịta nsọpụrụ nke Ivan Franko National University of Lviv.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=https://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/new/NEWSAIT/DEPUTAT1/198.htm|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=static.rada.gov.ua}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lnu.edu.ua/research/honorary-doctors-of-the-university/|title=Почесні доктори Університету|work=Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка|accessdate=2016-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207205853/http://www.lnu.edu.ua/research/honorary-doctors-of-the-university/|archivedate=2016-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna nke Orest Holubets.

== Mbido ndụ na ọrụ sayensị ==
A mụrụ Mykhailo Holubets na 30 Ọktoba 1930, n'obodo Velykyi Liubin, nke bụ akụkụ nke mba Poland nke abụọ (nke dị ugbu a na Lviv Oblast, Ukraine). Na 1953, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị elu na Lviv Agricultural Institute, ọkachamara na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọhịa, yana asambodo injinia ọhịa. Ọ malitere ọrụ sayensị ya na 1953 dịka nwa akwụkwọ postgraduate, ma mechaa, site na 1954 ruo 1957, dịka onye nkuzi na Lviv Agricultural Institute na Mahadum Oke Ọhịa Mba Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=https://lnu.edu.ua/research/honorary-doctors-of-the-university/mykhailo-holubets/|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка|language=uk|archivedate=2023-10-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014203045/https://lnu.edu.ua/research/honorary-doctors-of-the-university/mykhailo-holubets/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1960, Holubets gbachitere edemede ya iji nweta akara ugo mmụta nke Sayensị Ọrụ Ugbo. Ruo 1962, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha dị obere na onye isi na Research Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry nke Western Regions nke Ukraine SSR. Site na 1962, Mykhailo Holubets rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ sayensị nke Academy of Sciences nke Ukraine SSR. O jere ozi na mbụ dị ka onye nyocha dị elu na Research Institute of Natural Sciences, ma mesịa bụrụ onye nyocha dị elu na Ngalaba Experimental Ecology and Biocenology na M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany nke Ukraine SSR Academy of Sciences. O jikwa ọkwa dị ka onyeisi ngalaba na onye nduzi nke State Museum of Natural History. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=http://archive.mdct.ru/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210054131/http://archive.mdct.ru/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archivedate=2014-12-10|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=archive.mdct.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1969, ọ gbachitere akwụkwọ edemede ya akpọrọ &quot;Spruce Forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians&quot; iji nweta nzere Doctor of Biological Sciences na ọkachamara na botany. Ọ gbachitere akwụkwọ edemede ya na M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Site na 1974, Mykhailo Holubets jere ozi dị ka osote onye nduzi maka Ọrụ Sayensị na M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany nke Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences ma duzie alaka Lviv nke ụlọ ọrụ a. N'otu oge ahụ, site na 1974 ruo 1995, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na Ngalaba nke Plant Morphology na Systematics na Ivan Franko Lviv State University . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Na 1978, Holubets ghọrọ prọfesọ ma họpụta ya dịka onye otu Academy of Sciences nke Ukraine. Site na 1991 ruo 2007, ọ bụ onyeisi NASU Institute of Ecology nke Carpathians, sitekwa na 2008, ọ nọ n'ọkwa nsọpụrụ nke onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ahụ.

N'afọ 1990, Holubets ghọrọ onye nkuzi nke National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-12-13|title=Академік Голубець передав заповіднику &amp;quot;Розточчя&amp;quot; сертифікат ЮНЕСКО|url=https://vgolos.ua/news/akademik-golubets-peredav-zapovidnyku-quot-roztochchya-quot-sertyfikat-yunesko_75804.html|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=Інформаційне агентство Вголос/Vgolos|language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zụrụ ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba nke gburugburu ebe obibi, botany, na ọhịa. Holubets bụ onye otu nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, gụnyere ''Studia Biologica'', ''Ecology na Noosphereology'', Scientific Works of the Forestry Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, na Ukrainian Botanical Journal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=http://archive.mdct.ru/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210054131/http://archive.mdct.ru/institutions/iek/golubets.html|archivedate=2014-12-10|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|title=Із глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 14 серпня ц.р. на 86-му році пішов із життя видатний учений – геоботанік, еколог, лісознавець, геосоціосистемолог, визначний громадський і політичний діяч академік НАН України Михайло Андрійович Голубець|url=http://www.nas.gov.ua/UA/Messages/Pages/View.aspx?MessageID=2481|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=www.nas.gov.ua|language=uk-UA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha bụ isi nke Holubets gụnyere nhazi na nhazi nke usoro okike na usoro okike nke ala, yana atụmanya maka ijikwa usoro sociospheric. Ọ lekọtara ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1965. N'okpuru nduzi ya, a gbachitere 5 doctoral na 17 candidate dissertations.

O lekwasịrị anya n'okwu dị iche iche na eidology.

Mykhailo Holubets dere ihe dịka akwụkwọ sayensị 500, gụnyere akwụkwọ iri na itoolu, ma jee ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ iri atọ.

Ọrụ sayensị ahọpụtara site na Mykhailo Andriiovych Holubets gụnyere:

* &quot;Spruce forests of the Ukrainian Carpathians&quot; (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1978) - 264 peeji.
* &quot;The Film of Life&quot; (Lviv: Polli, 1997) - peeji 185.
* &quot;From Biosphere to Sociosphere&quot; (Lviv: Polli, 1997) - peeji 252.
* &quot;Current Issues in Ecology&quot; (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1982) - peeji 158 (n'asụsụ Russian).
* &quot;Ecosystemology&quot; (Lviv: Polli, 2000) - peeji 316.
* &quot;Ecological Potential of Terrestrial Ecosystems&quot; (Lviv: Polli, 2003) - peeji 180.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bioweb.lnu.edu.ua/ecology/ecology/golybec/|title=Праці академіка Голубця М.А.|author=М.А.|first=Праці академіка Голубця|work=bioweb.lnu.edu.ua|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-17|archivedate=18 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318085132/http://bioweb.lnu.edu.ua/ecology/ecology/golybec/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Holubets sonyeere People's Movement of Ukraine, otu mmegide na-emegide ndị Kọmunist, n'afọ 1989. O mechara hapụ nzukọ ahụ na 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Site na 1990 ruo 1994, ọ bụ Osote Ndị Mmadụ nke Yukren site na obodo Kalush dị na Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke obere kọmitii na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ma sonyere na mmepe na ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta Belovezha.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; O mechara sonye na Congress of National-Democratic Forces .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Голубець Михайло Андрійович|url=https://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/new/NEWSAIT/DEPUTAT1/198.htm|accessdate=19 February 2025|work=[[Verkhovna Rada]]|language=uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti 1995 na 1996 Holubets bụ onye otu Lviv Oblast Council. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Lviv City Council site na 1996 ruo 2002, ọ bụkwa osote onyeisi oche nke Lviv Oblast Organisation nke Congress of Ukrainian Intelligentsia . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

O bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara People's Movement of Ukraine (1998), Belovezha Agreements (2001), ihe si na nhazi asụsụ Ukraine pụta (2006), &quot;Osisi Ndụ&quot; (2008) na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.xic.com.ua/z-zhyttja/11-intervju/39-myhajlo-golubec-lkryza-dovkillja-naslidok-duhovnoji-degradaciji-i-devalvaciji-moralnyh-cinnostejr|title=Михайло Голубець: &quot;Криза довкілля&amp;nbsp;— наслідок духовної деградації і девальвації моральних цінностей&quot; {{!}} Суспільно-релігійний часопис &quot;Християнин і світ&quot;|author=|work=www.xic.com.ua|accessdate=2016-08-16|archivedate=2016-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911231156/http://xic.com.ua/z-zhyttja/11-intervju/39-myhajlo-golubec-lkryza-dovkillja-naslidok-duhovnoji-degradaciji-i-devalvaciji-moralnyh-cinnostejr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye Ukraine na-ahụ maka ọrụ MAB-6a n'ime Man and the Biosphere Programme ma bụrụ onyeisi ngalaba na Basic and Applied Problems of Ecology nke Kansụl Sayensị na Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mmepe Na-adịgide adịgide nke National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine na Ecology, General Biology, na Nchekwa Okike nke Kansụtụrụndụl Sayensi nke Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. Holubets nwụrụ na 14 Ọgọst 2016, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, e lie ya n'ili ezinụlọ ya na 59th Field of Yaniv Cemetery na Lviv. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Із глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 14 серпня ц.р. на 86-му році пішов із життя видатний учений – геоботанік, еколог, лісознавець, геосоціосистемолог, визначний громадський і політичний діяч академік НАН України Михайло Андрійович Голубець|url=http://www.nas.gov.ua/UA/Messages/Pages/View.aspx?MessageID=2481|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=www.nas.gov.ua|language=uk-UA}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nas.gov.ua/UA/Messages/Pages/View.aspx?MessageID=2481 &quot;Із глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 14 серпня ц.р. на 86-му році пішов із життя видатний учений – геоботанік, еколог, лісознавець, геосоціосистемолог, визначний громадський і політичний діяч академік НАН України Михайло Андрійович Голубець&quot;]. ''www.nas.gov.ua'' (in Ukrainian)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-12-11|title=Михайло Голубець: &quot;Приїхали на полювання – і зруйнували Совєтський Союз&quot;|url=https://glavcom.ua/digest/mihaylo-golubec-prijihali-na-polyuvannya-i-zruynuvali-sovjetskiy-soyuz-387431.html|accessdate=2023-10-12|work=Glavcom|language=uk}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://glavcom.ua/digest/mihaylo-golubec-prijihali-na-polyuvannya-i-zruynuvali-sovjetskiy-soyuz-387431.html &quot;Михайло Голубець: &quot;Приїхали на полювання – і зруйнували Совєтський Союз&quot;&quot;]. ''Glavcom'' (in Ukrainian). 11 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 October&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==</text>
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{{Reflist|30em}}'''Ndị [[Asụsụ Maasai|Maa]]''' (/ˈmɑːsaɪ,mɑːˈsaɪ/) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm|title=Lexicon|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=June 30, 2020|archivedate=June 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630153408/https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maasai|title=Maasai|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|accessdate=December 9, 2019|archivedate=August 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808161610/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maasai}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ agbụrụ Nilotic nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke sitere na mpaghara ugwu, etiti na ndịda [[Kenya]] gụnyere ugwu [[Tanzania]], na nso mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa.  Asụsụ ala ha bụ Maa,  [[Nilotic languages|Asụsụ Nilotic]] metụtara [[Asụsụ Dinka|Dinka]], Kalenjin na [[Nuer language|Nuer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot; /&gt; Alaka dị n'ime ezinụlọ Nile-Sahara. Ewezuga ụfọdụ ndị okenye bi n'ime ime obodo, ihe ka ọtụtụ na ndị Maasai na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọchịchị nke Kenya na Tanzania - [[Swahili language|Swahili]] na [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Berntsen|first=John L.|date=Autumn 1976|title=The Maasai and Their Neighbors: Variables of Interaction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601509|journal=[[African Economic History]]|issue=2|pages=1–11|doi=10.2307/3601509|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akọpụtara  ọnụọgụgụ ndị Maasai dịka 1,189,522 na Kenya na ngụkọ n'afọ 2019 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 377,089 na ngụkọ  n'afọ 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2019 Population and Housing Census - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/kenya-census-2019/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125150218/https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/kenya-census-2019/|archivedate=25 November 2025|accessdate=2026-01-24|work=www.knbs.or.ke|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ndị Maasai bị na mpaghara nnukwu Great Lakes nke Africa wee si na [[South Sudan]] rute. Ndị Maasai, ndị Turkana na ndị Samburu, bụ [[Ịzụ atụrụ|Ndị na-azụ anụ]] ma bụrụ ndị ama ama dịka ndị dike na-atụ egwu na ndị na achị ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Okothndaloh&quot; /&gt; Ndị Maasai na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka anabatala omenala na omume sitere n'aka ndị agbata obi na-asụ Asụsụ Cushitic, gụnyere usoro afọ nke nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ibi úgwù, na okwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Robert O.|author=Collins|title=The southern Sudan in historical perspective|publisher=Transaction Publishers|date=2006|pages=9–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Maasai na abata chụpụrụ ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị guzobere ebe obibi na mpaghara ahụ bụ ndị ndị Maasai na-abata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Maasai People|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/print_savanna_peopleM1.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị Southern Cushitic, sonyere n'etiti ndị Maasai. Ndị nna nna Nilotic nke Kalenjin n'otu aka ahụ mịrị ụfọdụ ndị Cushitic oge ochie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=International Labour Office|title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|date=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_man,_Eastern_Serengeti,_October_2006.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwoke Maasai]]

=== Ebe obibi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka ===
Ókeala Maasai rutere n'oke kasị ukwuu n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 ma kpuchiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Great Rift Valley na ala ndị dị n'akụkụ site na Ugwu Marsabit n'ebe ugwu ruo Dodoma n'ebe ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar|first=Phillip|author=Briggs|date=2006|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=1-84162-146-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ndị Maasai, yana nnukwu ìgwè Nilotic ha so na ya, na-azu ehi ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ rụọ n'ụsọ oke mmiri Tanga na Tanganyika (nke bụzi ala Tanzania). Ndị na-agba ọsọ na-eji ube na ọta mana a na-atụkarị egwu maka ịtụ ụtarị (orinka) nke e nwere ike ịtụpụ ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi site na 70 nzọụkwụ. N'afọ 1852, e nwere akụkọ banyere ndị agha Maasai 800 na-agagharị n'ebe bụ Kenya ugbu a. N'afọ 1857, mgbe ha wepụsịrị &quot;ọzara Wakuafi&quot; nke dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya ugbu a, ndị agha Maasai yiri Mombasa egwu n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQJjYC74tu8C&amp;pg=PA183|title=Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed|author=Falola|first=Toyin|year=2003|publisher=Boydell &amp; Brewer|isbn=978-1-58046-134-4|pages=2, 18|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0556,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Massaikrieger.jpg|thumb|Maasai warriors in German East Africa, c. 1906–1918]]
N'ihi mbata a, ndị Maasai bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Nilotic n'ebe ndịda. Oge mgbasawanye ahụ sochiri Maasai &quot;Emutai&quot; nke 1883-1902. Oge a gosipụtara ọrịa na-efe efe nke bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest (lee 1890s African rinderpest epizootic) na kịtịkpa. Atụmatụ mbụ nke onye isi ala Germany na ihe bụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Tanganyika n'oge ahụ bụ na 90% nke ehi na ọkara anụ ọhịa nwụrụ site na ọrịa na-egbu egbu. Ndị dọkịta German nọ n'otu mpaghara ahụ kwụrụ na &quot;nke abụọ ọbụla&quot; Afrịka nwere ịhụ akara na-akpa ihi kịtịkpa. Oge a dabara na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo n'afọ 1897 rụọ n'afọ 1898. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ecology/news/news.asp?id=192|title=Ecology Books and Journals|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003192715/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ecology/news/news.asp?id=192|archivedate=3 October 2012|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye [[Austria|Austrian]] na-eme nchọpụta Oscar Baumann mere njem n'ala Maasai n'etiti afọ 1891 rụọ n'afọ 1893 wee kọwaa ebe obibi Maasai ochie na [[Ngorongoro District|Ngorongoro]]_Conservation_Area&quot; id=&quot;mwjg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ngorongoro Conservation Area&quot;&gt;Ngorongoro Crater n'akwụkwọ 1894 {{Lang|de|Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle}} (Site n'ala ndị Maasai ruo isi iyi nke Naịl). Site n'otu atụmatụ, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị Maasai nwụrụ n'oge a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00526.html|title=Rinderpest|date=14 February 1997|publisher=Ntz.info|accessdate=28 February 2012|archivedate=20 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520053942/https://ntz.info/gen/n00526.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitumusote.org/history|title=History of the Maasai|author=Kitumusote|publisher=Kitumusote|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429093833/http://www.kitumusote.org/history|archivedate=29 April 2017|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A chụpụrụ ndị Maasai na Tanganyika (nke bụzi ala Tanzania) n'ala ndị na-eme nri n'etiti Ugwu Meru na Ugwu Kilimanjaro na ọtụtụ n'ime ugwu ndị na-emepụta nri dị nso na Ngorongoro n'afọ ndị 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion|first=Jonathan S.|author=Adams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWtWDN0BWt0C&amp;q=maasai+ears&amp;pg=PA42|date=1996|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-20671-1|accessdate=2020-11-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; E weghaara ala ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa na ogige ntụrụndụ mba: Ogige Ntụrụndụ Amboseli, Ogige Ntụ Nairobi, Maasai Mara, Ogige Mba Samburu, Ogige ntụrụntụ Lake Nakuru na Tsavo na Kenya; na Ọdọ Mmiri Manyara, Ogige Nchekwa Ngorongoro, Tarangire  na Ogige Ntọala Serengeti n'ihe bụ Tanzania ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/tarangire.htm|date=14 August 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814101508/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/tarangire.htm|archivedate=14 August 2007|accessdate=28 February 2012|title=Tarangire National Park|work=Tanzania Parks Adventure}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maasai bụ ndị na-azụ anụ ma jụọ ntule  nke ndị ọchịchị Tanzania na Kenya ka ha na-ebi ndụ dị jụụ. Ha arịọla ikike ịta nri n'ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba abụọ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Singo|first=Leiyo|date=2022-08-03|title=When Maasaiphobia Became Policy|url=https://republic.com.ng/august-september-2022/maasai-predicament-ngorongoro/|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=The Republic|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Maasai guzoro megide ịgba ohu, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla akwadoro okporo ụzọ  mmadụ, ndị si mba ndị ọzọ na-achọ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ohu zere ndị Maasai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Africa's Great Rift Valley|first=Nigel|author=Pavitt|date=2001|publisher=Harry N. Abrams Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-0602-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụzọ bụ isi, enwere mpaghara  iri abụọ na abụọ ma ọ bụ ebi dị iche iche nke obodo Maasai, nke ọ bụla nwere omenala, ọdịdị ya, ndụ ya na olumba ya. A maara nkewa ndị a dịka 'mba' ma ọ bụ 'iloshon' n'[[Asụsụ Maasai|Asụsụ Maa]]: Keekonyokie, Ildamat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Ilkisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Ilooldokilani, Ilkaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, Samburu, Ilchamus, Lapiak, Loitokoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket na Parakuyo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/facts.html|title=archived copy of laleyio.com|date=27 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212003604/http://www.laleyio.com/facts.html|archivedate=12 February 2009|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ==
Ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa enyerela aka mee ka e nwee nghọta banyere ethnogenesis nke ndị Maasai. Genealogy, ngwá ọrụ nke na-eji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị mmadụ nke oge a achọpụta mmalite agbụrụ na ala ha, enyekwara aka mee ka ndabere nke ndị Maasai nke oge a doo anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Maasai Tribe - Maasai History And Culture - Kenya Travel Guide|url=http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html|work=www.siyabona.com|accessdate=24 May 2020|archivedate=22 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922171353/http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== DNA nke onwe ===
A nyochara [[Dna|DNA]] autosomal nke Maasai na nyocha zuru oke nke Tishkoff et al. (2009) gbasara njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị dị iche iche n'Africa. Dị ka ndị dere nnyocha ahụ si kwuo, ndị Maasai &quot;nọgidere na-enwe ọdịbendị ha n'ihu nnukwu mmegide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tishkoff2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tishkoff|first=Sarah A.|title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=324|issue=5930|pages=1035–44|year=2009|doi=10.1126/science.1172257|pmid=19407144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tishkoff et al. na-egosikwa na: &quot;Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Nilo-Saharan n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, dị ka ndị Maasai, na-egosi ọtụtụ ọrụ ụyọkọ sitere na Nilo-Daharan [...] na Cushitic [...] AACs, n'ikwekọ na ihe akaebe asụsụ nke mmetọ Nilotic ugboro ugboro nke Cushites n'ime afọ 3000 gara aga yana oke nke mgbanwe dị n'East Africa metụtara lactose tolerance&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tishkoff2009&quot; /&gt;

Maasai na-egosipụta nnukwu ngwakọta West-Eurasian na ihe dịka ~ 20%. Ụdị ndị nna nna West-Eurasian a ruru 40-50% n'etiti ndị mmadụ ụfọdụ nke Horn of Africa, ọkachasị n'etiti Amharas. Ihe omuma ihe omuma na ihe akaebe nke ihe ochie na-egosi na ndị na-azụ anụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka natara ndị nna nna West Eurasian (~25%) site n'ìgwè ndị na-asụ Afroasiatic si Northern Africa ma ọ bụ Arabian Peninsula, ma mesịa gbasaa akụkụ nna nna a n'ebe ndịda n'ime ụfọdụ Ndị Khoisan ihe dị ka afọ 2,000 gara aga, na-akpata ~5% ndị nna nna ọdịda anyanwụ Eurasia n'etiti ndị na-achụ nta na ndị Southern Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dobon|first=Begoña|date=2015-05-28|title=The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1038/srep09996|pmid=26017457|issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pickrell|first=Joseph K.|date=2014-02-18|title=Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=111|issue=7|pages=2632–2637|doi=10.1073/pnas.1313787111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24550290}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha archaeogenetic nke afọ 2019 gosipụtara ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'oge ochie site n'aka ndị bi na Tanzania na Kenya, ma chọpụta na ha nwere njikọ siri ike na ndị Horn of Africa nke oge a. Ha gosipụtara obodo Maasai dịka ndị nwere ndị nna nna nke nwere ~47% Pastoral Neolithic Cushitic-related na ~53% Sudanese Dinka-related.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Prendergast|first=Mary E.|date=2019-07-05|title=Ancient DNA Reveals a Multi-Step Spread of the First Herders into Sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Science|volume=365|issue=6448|doi=10.1126/science.aaw6275|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31147405}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha Y chromosome nke Wood et al. (2005) nwalere ndị bi na Sub-Saharan dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị ikom Maasai 26 si Kenya, maka usoro nna. Ndị dere ya hụrụ haplogroup E1b1b-M35 (ọ bụghị M78) na 35% nke ndị Maasai a mụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Elizabeth T.|author=Wood|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/WoodEJHG2005.pdf|title=Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes|journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]]|date=2005|volume=13|issue=7|pages=867–876|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408|pmid=15856073}}&lt;/ref&gt; E1b1b-M35-M78 na 15%, nna nna ha na ndị Cushitic nọ n'ebe ugwu, ndị nwere haplogroup na oke ugboro&lt;ref name=&quot;Cruciani2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cruciani|date=May 2004|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)64365-1?large_figure=true|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|doi=10.1086/386294|pmid=15042509}}&lt;/ref&gt; biri ihe karịrị afọ 13,000 gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://e-v22.net/the-phylogenetic-tree-based-on-snp-data/|title=The phylogenetic tree based on SNP data – Y-DNA haplogroup E-V22|accessdate=2020-01-30|archivedate=2020-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216132256/http://e-v22.net/the-phylogenetic-tree-based-on-snp-data/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ nna nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị Maasai bụ Haplogroup A3b2, nke a na-achọtakarị na ndị Nilotic, dị ka Alur; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wood2005&quot; /&gt;  a hụrụ ya na 27% nke ndị Maasai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hassan|year=2008|title=Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history.|journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]|volume=137|issue=3|pages=316–23|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876|pmid=18618658}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi DNA nna nke atọ a na-ahụkarị na Maasai bụ E1b1a1-M2 (E-P1), nke a na-emekarị na mpaghara Sub-Saharan; a chọtara ya na 12% nke ihe nlele Maasai. A hụkwara Haplogroup B-M60 na 8% nke ndị Maasai amụrụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;Wood2005&quot; /&gt; nke a na-ahụkwa na 30% (16/53) nke Southern Sudanese Nilotes. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan&quot; /&gt;

=== Mitochondrial DNA ===
Dịka ọmụmụ mtDNA  sitere na Castri et al. (2008), nke nwalere ndị Maasai nọ na Kenya, usoro ọmụmụ nne dị n'etiti ndị Maasai dị iche iche mana ha yiri nke a na-ahụ na ndị Nilo-Hamitic ndị ọzọ si mpaghara, dịka Samburu. Ọtụtụ n'ime Maasai nwalere bụ nke dị iche iche macro-haplogroup L sub-clades, gunyere L0, L2, L3, L4 na L5. A kọkwara ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke nne si  North na Northeast Africa, ọkachasị site na ọnụnọ mtDNA  haplogroup M lineages n'ihe dịka 12.5% nke ihe nlele Maasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Castrí&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Loredana|author=Castrì|year=2008|title=Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa.|url=http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Contents/2008%20vol86/12_Castri.pdf|journal=Journal of Anthropological Science|volume=86|pages=189–92|pmid=19934476|accessdate=2010-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;[34]
[[Faịlụ:Crocuta_vs_Maasai_2.png|thumb|Ndị agha Maasai na-eche hyena nwere ntụpọ ihu, anụ na-eri anụ ụlọ, dị ka e sere foto na In Wildest Africa (1907) ]]
Ndị Maasai na-efe Otu chi a na-akpọ ''E''Nkai'''', Nkai&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Maasai People|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/print_savanna_peopleM1.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ''Engai''. Engai nwere ọdịdị abụọ, nke agba abụọ na-anọchite anya ya: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Engai Narok (Chi ojii) bụ onye obiọma, na Engai Na-nyokie (Chineke uhie) bụ onye na-abọ ọbọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.institut.veolia.org/en/cahiers/water-symbolism/water-myths/africa-water.aspx|title=African water symbolism and its consequences|publisher=Institut.veolia.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010202033/http://www.institut.veolia.org/en/cahiers/water-symbolism/water-myths/africa-water.aspx|archivedate=10 October 2007|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwekwara ogidi abụọ ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi nke ndị Maasai: Oodo Mongi, Red Cow na Orok Kiteng, Black Cow nwere nkewa nke agbụrụ ise ma ọ bụ Osisi ezinụlọ. Ndị Maasai nwekwara anụmanụ totemic, nke bụ ọdụm. Ndị Maasai na-eji igbu ọdụm eme ihe n'ememe nke ịgafe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUlpBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=maasai+people+shamanism&amp;pg=PT260|title=Talking to the Shaman Within: Musings on Hunting|author=Vries|first=Manfred F. R. Kets de|date=17 June 2014|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4917-3151-2|language=en|accessdate=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ugwu nke Chineke&quot;, Ol Doinyo Lengai, dị n'ebe ugwu Tanzania ma enwere ike ịhụ ya site na Ọdọ Mmiri Natron na ndịda Kenya. Onye isi mmadụ n'usoro okpukpe Maasai bụ ''' ''' onye ọrụ ya gụnyere ọgwụgwọ shamanistic, ịgba afa na amụma, na ijide n'aka na ọ ga-aga nke ọma n'agha ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo zuru oke. Taa, ha nwekwara ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi nkwalite nke ndị isi. Ike ọ bụla onye laibon nwere bụ ọrụ nke àgwà kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860|title=Society-MASAI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970504081734/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860|archivedate=4 May 1997|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai anabatala [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] ma ọ bụ Islam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.shadowsofafrica.com/travel-africa/kenyan-tribes-religions/|title=Kenyan Tribes &amp; Religions {{!}} Travel to Africa|work=www.shadowsofafrica.com|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042714/http://www.shadowsofafrica.com/travel-africa/kenyan-tribes-religions/|archivedate=23 December 2017|accessdate=22 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Maasai na-emepụta ọla dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-ere ihe ndị a nye ndị njem nleta.[40]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_Enkang_and_Hut.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị Maasai na ụlọ ndị nwere ihe mgbochi enkang n'ihu - ọwụwa anyanwụ Serengeti, 2006]]
[[Faịlụ:Open_air_classroom_for_Maasai_children_in_Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Maasai na Tanzania]]
[[Faịlụ:Flickr_-_don_macauley_-_Maasai_Girl.jpg|thumb|Mkpịsị aka agbọghọ Maasai n'ọnụ ya]]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_woman_with_stretched_ears.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai nwere ntị gbatịrị agbatịoghere ntị gbatịrị agbatị]]
Ịkpọpu na ịgbatị ntị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị Maasai dịka ọ dị n'ebo ndị ọzọ, ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom na-eyi hoops ígwè na ntị ha gbatịpụrụ. A na-eji ihe dị iche iche eme ihe ma na-agbatị ma lobes, gụnyere ogwu maka ịpị, alaka, ụyọkọ alaka, nkume, akụkụ nke ezé enyí na ihe nkiri efu. Ụmụnwanyị na-eyi ụdị ihe ịchọ mma dị iche iche na ntị na obere ntutu n'elu ntị. N'etiti ụmụnwoke Maasai, a na-eme ibi úgwù dịka emume nke mgbanwe site na nwata gaa na nwoke. A na-ebipụtakwa ụmụnwanyị úgwù (dị ka akọwapụtara n'okpuru na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya).

Nkwenye na omume a abụghị naanị maka ndị Maasai. N'ime ime obodo Kenya, a nyochara otu ìgwè ụmụaka 95 dị n'agbata ọnwa isii na afọ abụọ n'afọ 1991/92. A chọpụtara na pasent 87 wepụrụ otu ma ọ bụ karịa ezé ezé. N'ime ndị okenye (afọ 3-7), 72% nke ụmụaka 111 nyochara gosipụtara nkịta mandibular ma ọ bụ maxillary deciduous.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=Apr 1995|title=Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in Kenyan rural Maasai|journal=East Afr Med J|volume=72|issue=4|pages=207–9|pmid=7621751}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=Apr 1992|title=Missing primary teeth due to tooth bud extraction in a remote village in Tanzania|journal=Int J Paediatr Dent|volume=2|issue=1|pages=31–4|doi=10.1111/j.1365-263x.1992.tb00005.x|pmid=1525129}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dịka omenala si dị, ndị Maasai na-eme emume dị iche iche nke na-agụnye ịwa ahụ iji belata akụkụ ahụ iji mee ka ụmụaka bụrụ ndị toro eto. A na-eji okwu Maa maka ibi úgwù, &quot;emorata,&quot; eme ihe maka ememe a maka ụmụnwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm|title=English - Maa|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2017-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901172726/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ndị okenye na-emekarị emume a, ndị na-eji mma dị nkọ na bandeeji akpụkpọ ehi eme ihe maka usoro ahụ.[46]

Ememe nwoke na-ezo aka na mwepụ nke prepuce (foreskin). N'ememe nwoke, a na-atụ anya na nwata nwoke ahụ ga-atachi obi na ịwa ahụ n'emeghị mkpọtụ. Ngosipụta nke ihe mgbu na-ewetara ya ihere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị nwa oge. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, mkpu ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mmegharị a na-atụghị anya ya n'akụkụ nwata nwoke ahụ nwere ike ime ka okenye mejọọ ihe na usoro dị nro ma na-agwụ ike, nke nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ, dysfunction, na ihe mgbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027143838/http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;[48]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027143838/http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụagbọghọ na-enwetakwa nkwarụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị dịka akụkụ nke ememe a na-akpọ &quot;Emuatare,&quot; ememe nke na-eme ka ụmụagbọghọ Maasai bụrụ ndị toro eto site na nkwarụ na alụmdi na nwunye a haziri n'oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.orato.com/world-affairs/maasai-ritual-of-female-circumcision|title=Maasai Ritual of Female Circumcision: Genital Cutting Practiced throughout Africa and Middle East|publisher=Orato.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807211153/http://www.orato.com/world-affairs/maasai-ritual-of-female-circumcision|archivedate=2011-08-07|accessdate=2012-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Maasai kwenyere na igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị dị mkpa na ndị ikom Maasai nwere ike ịjụ nwanyị ọ bụla na-enwetabeghị ya dịka onye na-enweghị ike ịlụ di ma ọ bụ onye kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ nwanyị dị ala. N'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, a pụrụ ibo ụmụnwanyị a na-ebighị ebi úgwù, ọbụnadị ndị omeiwu gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu dịka [[Linah Kilimo]], ebubo na ha tozuru oke iji were ha kpọrọ ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;irinnews.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=15&amp;ReportId=62462|title=In-depth: Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation|date=March 2005|publisher=IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdate=2012-05-05|archivedate=2012-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418212459/http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=15&amp;ReportId=62462}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye Maasai na-eme ngagharị iwe Agnes Pareyio na-eme mkpọsa megide omume ahụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, emume ụmụnwanyị na-eme njem na-eme ka a gbanwee ya n'oge na'oge ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe na emume &quot;ịkpụcha okwu&quot; nke gụnyere ịbụ abụ na ịgba egwú n'ọnọdụ ya. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe na iwu na agụmakwụkwọ, omume ahụ ka gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike, nke a na-eji akpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu ma bụrụ nke ndị otu ọdịbendị na-eme n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shell-Duncan|first=Bettina|date=2013-12-01|title=Legislating Change? Responses to Criminalizing Female Genital Cutting in Senegal|journal=Law &amp; Society Review|volume=47|issue=4|pages=803–835|doi=10.1111/lasr.12044|issn=0023-9216|pmid=24771947}}&lt;/ref&gt;[54]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_woman.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai nwere ntutu dị mkpụmkpụ]]
Mgbe ọ ruru afọ 3 &quot;ọnwa&quot;, a na-akpọ nwa ahụ aha ma na-akpụ isi ya dị ọcha ma e wezụga ntutu isi, nke yiri cockade, site n'olu n'olu ruo n'egedege ihu.

N'etiti ndị ikom, ndị agha bụ naanị ndị otu Maasai na-eyi ogologo ntutu, nke ha na-akpa n'ime eriri ndị dị nro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey|first=Elizabeth L.|author=Gilbert|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|isbn=0-87113-840-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngụsị akwụkwọ site na onye agha ruo onye okenye na-ewere ọnọdụ na nnukwu nnọkọ a maara dị ka Eunoto. A na-akpụ akpụ ogologo ntutu nke ndị bụbu ndị agha; ndị okenye ga-eyi ntutu ha dị mkpụmkpụ. A na-asọpụrụ ndị agha na-esoghị ụmụnwanyị na-enwetabeghị emume &quot;Emuatare&quot; karịsịa na nnọkọ Eunoto.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://maasai-association.org/maasai.html|title=Maasai People, Kenya|publisher=Maasai-association.org|accessdate=28 February 2012|archivedate=18 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518202543/http://www.maasai-association.org/maasai.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;[57]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey|first=Elizabeth L.|author=Gilbert|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|isbn=0-87113-840-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụbọchị abụọ tupu e bi ụmụnwoke úgwù, a na-akpụ isi ha. Mgbe ndị agha na-agafe ''Eunoto'' ma ghọọ ndị okenye, a na-akpụ akpụ ogologo ntutu ha.[64]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai-Adumu.jpg|thumb|Egwú ịgba ọsọ ọdịnala]]
[[Faịlụ:Danza_de_bienvenida_de_mujeres_masái.webm|thumb|Egwú na abụ nnabata ụmụ nwanyị Maasai n'ime obodo, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Amboseli, Kenya.]]
Egwú Maasai na-agụnye ụda nke ndị na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ mgbe onye ndu abụ, ma ọ bụ olaranyani, na-abụ egwú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilmurran.com/|title=ilMurran|date=1999-12-04|publisher=ilMurran|language=fi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428050356/http://www.ilmurran.com/|archivedate=2007-04-28|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/music.html|title=Maasai Music|publisher=laleyio.com|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104184707/http://www.laleyio.com/music.html|archivedate=November 4, 2011|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka, ndị Maasai na-eji polyphony drone eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.

Ụmụnwanyị na-abụ abụ lullabies, abụ na abụ na-eto ụmụ ha. Ndị Namba,  usoro nkwekọrịta oku na nzaghachi, ikwughachi ahịrịokwu ndị na-enweghị isi, abụ monophonic, ahịrịokwu a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro na-esote amaokwu ọ bụla a na-abụ n'ogo na-agbadata, na ndị na-abụ abụ na-azaghachi amaokwu ha bụ ihe e ji mara abụ ụmụnwanyị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texth/Homophonic.html|title=Homophonic|date=2011-11-17|publisher=Music.vt.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2014-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027034300/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texth/Homophonic.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/homophony.html|title=What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.?|publisher=Medieval.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520054121/http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/homophony.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/songstructure.html|title=Song Structure of Maasai Music|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226032314/http://www.laleyio.com/songstructure.html|publisher=laleyio.com|archivedate=February 26, 2005|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;[71] Mgbe ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị Maasai gbakọtara ọnụ, ha na-abụ abụ ma na-agba egwú n'etiti onwe ha.  

Eunoto, emume ntolite nke onye agha, nwere ike ịgụnye ụbọchị iri ma ọ bụ karịa nke ịbụ abụ, ịgba egwu na ememe. Ndị agha nke Il-Oodokilani na-eme ụdị March-past yana '''Adumu''', ma ọ bụ aigus, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya &quot;agba egwu na-awụli elu&quot; site n'aka ndị na-abụghị ndị Masai.  (Ma adumu ma aigus bụ ngwaa Maa nke pụtara &quot;ịwụli elu&quot; na adumu nke pụtara &quot;Ịwụli elu na ala na ịgba egwú&quot;.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/performance.html|title=performance of Maasai Music|publisher=laleyio.com|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306032559/http://www.laleyio.com/performance.html|archivedate=2008-03-06|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;[77] ) 

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg|thumb|224x224px|Onye na-azụ anụ Maasai na-azụ ehi ya n'ime Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania]]
Dịka omenala si dị, nri ndị Maasai bụ anụ a na-esighị esi, mmiri ara ehi, mmanụ aṅụ na ọbara a na-esi n'ụmụ ehi apụta - rịba ama na ehi ndị Maasai sitere na ụdị Zebu. Ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala ndị Maasai na-elekwasị anya n'ụmụ ehi ha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Savanna: Folklore|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/savanna_folklore_lo.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke bụ isi ihe oriri ha. Ha na-eri anụ ha, na-aṅụ mmiri ara ha kwa ụbọchị, ma na-ahapụ ọbara ha mgbe ụfọdụ.

N'omenala nna ochie nke na-ele ụmụnwanyị anya dịka ihe onwunwe, a na-atụle akụ na ụba nwoke na ehi, ndị nwunye na ụmụaka. Ìgwè ehi iri ise bụ ihe a na-akwanyere ùgwù, ka ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ụmụ na-aka mma. A na-ewere nwoke nwere ọtụtụ ma ọ bụghị nke ọzọ dị ka ogbenye.

Ndị Maasai na-azụkwa ewu na atụrụ, gụnyere atụrụ Red Maasai, nakwa ehi ndị  dị oké ọnụ ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/4202/ILCA_SS_4.pdf?sequence=1|title=Maasai herding: An analysis of the livestock production system of Maasai pastoralists in eastern Kajiado District, Kenya|date=1991|editor=Bekure|format=PDF|accessdate=2020-02-02|publisher=International Livestock Centre for Africa|archivedate=2021-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711081909/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/4202/ILCA_SS_4.pdf?sequence=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; [82] A na-egbu oke ehi, ewu na nwa atụrụ maka anụ na mmemme pụrụ iche na ememe.
[[Faịlụ:Musoke_Deo_MDK-MUSO_A_Traditional_Medicines_&amp;_Herbs_Hawker_from_Masaai_Tribe.png|thumb|Onye na-ere ọgwụ na ahịhịa ọdịnala nke Maasai]]
A na-eri ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri ara ehi dịka mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi (ihe a na-emepụta site na ime bọta). Ọnụọgụgụ mmiri ara ehi dị elu site na ụkpụrụ ọ bụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E07.htm|title=The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries|publisher=Fao.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227061816/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E07.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.taa.org.uk/TAAScotland/LivestockasfoodforpastoralistsinAfrica2001.htm|title=Livestock as food for pastoralists in Africa|author=Suttie|first=J.M.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311031855/http://www.taa.org.uk/TAAScotland/LivestockasfoodforpastoralistsinAfrica2001.htm|archivedate=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eri mkpụrụ osisi dị ka nri na-atọ ụtọ. Ha mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke nri ụmụaka na ụmụnwanyị na-elekọta ehi yana ndị agha Maasai (''morans'') na-eto eto na-eri n'ime ọhịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001266/126660e.pdf|title=Ethnobotany of the Loita Maasai: towards community management of the Forest of the Lost Child; experiences from the Loita Ethnobotany Project; People and plants working paper; Vol.:8; 2001|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607222155/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001266/126660e.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [86]

Ụzọ ndụ niile nke ndị Maasai dabere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ehi ha, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi anọwo na-ebelata n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ndị Maasai na-adabere na nri dịka [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]], osikapa, poteto na cabbage (nke ndị Maasai maara dị ka akwụkwọ ewu).  Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 banyere nri ndị Maasai chọpụtara na ihe karịrị 58% nke nri ndị Ma Masai nke oge a bụ nri osisi, ọkachasị [[ugali]] na ọka. Nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara na nri ndị Maasai bụ mmiri ara ehi (ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ esi) na ugali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Knoll|first=Nadja|date=19 August 2011|title=High content of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in red blood cells of Kenyan Maasai despite low dietary intake|journal=Lipids in Health and Disease|volume=10|issue=141|doi=10.1186/1476-511X-10-141|pmid=21854590}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu echiche na-ezighi ezi banyere ndị Maasai bụ na nwa okorobịa ọ bụla kwesịrị igbu [[Odúm|ọdụm]] tupu e bi ya úgwù ma banye n'oge okenye. Ịchụ ọdụm bụ ọrụ n'oge gara aga, mana a machibidoro ya n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka - ma a ka na-achụ ọdụm mgbe ha na-egbu anụ ụlọ Maasai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maasai-association.org/lion.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618044327/http://www.maasai-association.org/lion.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lionconservation.org/LionKillinginAmboseliregion2000-May2006.pdf|title=Lion Killing in the Amboseli-Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001–2006, and its Implications for Kenya's Lion Population|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220706/http://www.lionconservation.org/LionKillinginAmboseliregion2000-May2006.pdf|archivedate=February 24, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka o sina dị, igbu ọdụm na-enye mmadụ nnukwu uru na ọnọdụ a ma ama na obodo.  [93]

=== Ọgwụ na nlekọta ahụike ===
Ndị Maasai na-ejikarị gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe mgbe ha na-eme ọgwụ ha, ọtụtụ ka na-eme, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ọgwụgwọ ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a site na osisi, obere osisi, ogwe osisi, mgbọrọgwụ, wdg. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ gụnyere isi ha sie na ofe ma rie ha iji melite mgbari na ime ka ọbara dị ọcha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ryan|first=Kathleen|date=2000|title=Edible Wild Plants as Digestive Aids|url=https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/42-3/Science.pdf|journal=Ethnoarchaeology in Maasailand|volume=42|issue=3|accessdate=2 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pụkwara iji ụfọdụ n'ime ọgwụgwọ ndị a mee ihe na ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ mgbochi ọrịa. Ndị Maasai na-agbakwunye ahịhịa na nri dị iche iche iji zere nsogbu afọ ma nye enyemaka mgbari nri. Ojiji nke ọgwụ sitere na osisi ka bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Maasai.

Ịkụziri ụmụnwanyị Maasai ka ha jiri ụlọọgwụ na ụlọ ọgwụ mgbe ha dị ime enyerela ụmụ ọhụrụ aka idị ndụ. A na-ahụ nke a na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.[96] A na-ahụ ozu nke ndị na-eri ihe jụrụ dị ka nke nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya, ma nwee ike ịkpata ihere ọha na eze; ya mere, ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ka abụba na ọbara sitere na ehi e gburu egbu kpuchie ozu.

=== Ebe mgbaba ===
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_shelter.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe mgbaba e ji nsị ehi kpuchie maka igbochi mmiri]]
{{Reflist|30em}} &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Wide image/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Uwe ===
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_Woman_Meeyu_Sale_Wearing_her_Finest.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai na-eyi uwe ya kachasị mma]]
Uwe ndị Maasai na-anọchi anya ịbụ onye otu agbụrụ, ụdị ndụ ọzụzụ atụrụ, ya na ọnọdụ mmadụ. Site na nke a, ha nwere ike ikpebi ọrụ ha na-arụ maka agbụrụ ahụ. Ihe ịchọ mma nwekwara ike igosi okike, ọnọdụ mmekọrịta, na afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Kotowicz |first=Allison |date=2013 |title=Maasai Identity in the 21st Century |type=MS thesis |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] |page=78 |url= https://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1720&amp;context=etd |via=African Studies Commons}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọdịnala ndị Maasai bụ ụzọ isi mata agbụrụ na ihe nnọchianya: ụmụ okorobịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eyi oji rụọ ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe e bichara ha úgwù.

Ndị Maasai malitere iji ákwà owuwe ihe ubi dochie akpụkpọ anụ, Akpụkpọ nwa ehi na akpụkpọ atụrụ n'afọ ndị 1960. 

Shúkà bụ okwu [[Asụsụ Maasai|Maa]] maka [[Ákwà akwa|ákwà]] ndị a na-eyi ma kechie gburugburu ahụ. Ndị a na-acha [[Ūfie|uhie]] uhie, mgbe ụfọdụ jikọtara ya na [[Àgwà|agba]] na ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/categories/main.htm|title=Maa (Maasai) Dictionary|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182446/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/categories/main.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu uwe a maara dịka kanga, okwu [[Swahili language|Swahili]], bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.glcom.com/hassan/kanga_history.html|title=Kanga history|publisher=Glcom.com|accessdate=2012-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217212401/http://www.glcom.com/hassan/kanga_history.html|archivedate=2012-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maasai dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ike iyi kikoi, uwe yiri sarong nke na-abịa n'ọtụtụ agba na akwa dị iche iche &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kmatculture.htm|title=East Africa Living Encyclopedia|publisher=Africa.upenn.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022112308/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kmatculture.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/beads/essay3.html|title=Klumpp 1987, 105, 30, 31, 67|publisher=Smithsonianeducation.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715184107/http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/beads/essay3.html|archivedate=2007-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetụta sitere na ụwa dị n'èzí ===
[[Faịlụ:Ludzie06(js).jpg|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị Maasai na-arụzi ụlọ na Maasai Mara (1996) ]]
Ụzọ ndụ nke ịzụ atụrụ ọdịnala aghọwo ihe siri ike n'ihi mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke oge a. Akụkọ Garrett Hardin na-akọwa &quot;ọdachi nke ndị nkịtị&quot;, yana &quot;ụlọ ehi&quot; nke Melville Herskovits metụtara ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-eme iwu banyere mmerụ ahụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ Maasai na-akpata n'ala ịkpa anụ savannah. Nke a mechara bụrụ nke ụfọdụ Ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ụmụ mmadụ gbaghara. Ndị na-eme iwu ọchịchị mba Briten n'afọ 1951 wepụrụ ndị Maasai niile na ogige Serengeti  ma nyefee ha na mpaghara na gburugburu Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA).
[[Faịlụ:Lo'o_Paa'pai.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị Maasai na-eyi ihe mkpuchi nchebe n'oge ọrịa COVID-19.]]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_man_riding_a_motorcycle_(close_up).jpg|thumb|Ndị Maasai na-agba ọgba tum tum (2014) ]]
N'ihi ọnụọgụgụ na arị elu, ọnwụ nke ehi n'ihi ọrịa, na enweghị ebe a na-azụ anụ n'ihi ókèala ogige ọhụrụ na asọmpi sitere n'ebo ndị ọzọ, a manyere ndị Maasai ịmepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji kwado onwe ha. Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai malitere ịkọ ọka na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ihe ịga nke ọma, omume a na-ele anya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ụmụnwanyị WaArusha na WaMeru ndị lụrụ ụmụnwoke Maasai mere ka ndị Maasai mara ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-04-25|title=THE MAASAI|url=https://africultures.data.blog/2022/04/25/the-maasai-2/|accessdate=2025-03-11|work=Africulture|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1975, mpaghara Nchekwa Ngorongoro machibidoro ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ, na-amanye ebe ahụ isonye na akụnaụba Tanzania. Ha ga-ere anụmanụ na ọgwụ ọdịnala iji zụta nri. E wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ịkụ ihe n'afọ 1992 wee bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Maasai ọzọ. Oke ogige na ịwepu ala ka a na-amachi na-egbochi ebe anụ ụlọ Maasai na-ata ahịhịa.

Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọrụ dị iche iche agbalịwo inyere ndị Maasai aka. Ọrụ ndị a na-enyere aka ịchọta ụzọ isi chekwaa ọdịnala  Maasai ma na-agbakwa ụmụ ume mmụta ọgbara ọhụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html|title=The Maasai Tribe, East Africa|author=Siyabona Africa|work=Siyabona Africa|accessdate=20 April 2018|archivedate=22 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922171353/http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ na-apụta n'etiti ndị Maasai gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, azụmaahịa, na ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ na mpaghara ọha na nke onwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/infoecon/docs/790/F2096573592/Pastoralists.pdf|title=Challenges To Traditional Livelihoods And Newly Emerging Employment Patterns Of Pastoralists In Tanzania|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924104436/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/infoecon/docs/790/F2096573592/Pastoralists.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-24|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai esiwokwa n'ịakwagharị ndụ pụọ gaa n'ọkwá na azụmahịa na ndị ọchịchị. 

== Ịchụpụ n'ala nna nna ya ==
A na-akọ na a na-elekwasị ndị Maasai anya na mgbọ na gas na-agba mmiri n'ọnwa Juun 2022 na [[Tanzania]], na atụmatụ ndị ọchịchị iji weghara ala Maasai maka mmepe okomoko nke onwe. Ndị ọka iwu, òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nke mere ka okwu ahụ pụta ìhè kwuru na ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tanzania gbalịrị ịchụpụ ndị Maasai n'ala nna nna ha maka nguzobe ebe nchekwa egwuregwu okomoko site na Otterlo ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa (OBC) maka ndị eze na-achị [[United Arab Emirates]]. Ka ọ na-erule ụbọchị 18 Juun afọ 2022, ihe dị ka ndị Maasai 30 merụrụ ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye nwụrụ, n'aka  ndị ọchịchị Tanzania Field Force Unit (FFU) mgbe ha na-eme mkpesa maka atụmatụ ndị ọchịchị maka ihe ọ na-azọrọ na ha na-ekewa ala 1500 sq km dị ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, iwu nke na-emebi iwu ụlọ ikpe ikpe nke East Africa (EACJ) nke 2018 na esemokwu ala ahụ, site na ndị na-eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Site n'ịgbanwe mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, ndị ọchịchị bu n'uche ịnapụ ebe obibi ndị Maasai na ịta nri n'ógbè ahụ, ndị ọkachamara dọrọ aka ná ntị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-06-14|title=Maasai protesters shot, beaten as Tanzania moves forward with wildlife game reserve|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/maasai-protesters-shot-beaten-as-tanzania-moves-forward-with-wildlife-game-reserve/|accessdate=2022-07-29|work=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710175359/https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/maasai-protesters-shot-beaten-as-tanzania-moves-forward-with-wildlife-game-reserve/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nke a abụghị oge mbụ a wakporo ala ndị Maasai. Ụlọ ọrụ na-achụ nta nnukwu egwuregwu na ndị ọchịchị awakpowo ìgwè ndị ahụ ogologo oge. Mwakpo n'afọ 2022 bụ mmụba kachasị ọhụrụ, nke hapụrụ ihe karịrị ndị Maasai 150,000 si n'ógbè Loliondo na Ngorongoro dịka United Nations si kwuo. OBC nwere ikike ịchụ nta nke dị na Loliondo, ụlọ ọrụ a na-ekwu na ọ na-ejikọta ya na Ezinụlọ eze Emirati bara ọgaranya dịka ndị ọka iwu Tanzania, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi yana ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ si kwuo. Anuradha Mittal, onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, Oakland ụlọ ọrụ kwuru na OBC abụghị &quot;ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa maka onye ọ bụla, ọ nwere ọrụ maka ezinụlọ eze&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1fbcc5c4-579a-47db-b736-cf368ccee40a|title=Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land|accessdate=18 June 2022|work=Financial Times|date=18 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkọ United Nations nke afọ 2019 kọwara OBC dịka ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta egwuregwu &quot;nke dị na United Arab Emirates&quot; nke ndị ọchịchị Tanzania nyere ikike ịchụ nta n'afọ 1992 na-enye &quot;ezinụlọ eze UAE ohere ịhazi njem ịchụ nta onwe onye&quot; na mgbakwunye na ịgọnarị ndị Maasai ịnweta ala na mmiri nna ha maka ịzụ ehi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24872|title=Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment; the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples; and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons|accessdate=11 October 2019|work=OHCHR|archivedate=9 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609080146/https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a bịa kwutere ya, ndị ọchịchị UAE jụrụ inye nkwupụta ọ bụla. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị OBC kwuru okwu banyere okwu ahụ n'ekwughị banyere njikọ a na-ebo ya na ndị eze Emirati, na-ekwu na &quot;enweghị nchụpụ na Loliondo&quot; ma na-akpọ ya &quot;ebe nchekwa ala&quot; nke ndị ọchịchị nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1fbcc5c4-579a-47db-b736-cf368ccee40a|title=Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land|accessdate=18 June 2022|work=Financial Times|date=18 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị Maasai a ma ama ==

* Linus Kaikai - onye nta akụkọ Kenya na Onye isi oche nke Kenya Editors Guild
* Francis Ole Kaparo - Onye bụbu Onye isi oche nke National Assembly of Kenya
* James Ole Kiyiapi - osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Moi na odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ministri nke Mmụta na Gọọmentị Obodo
* Olekina Ledama - Onye guzobere, Nchọpụta Mmụta Maasai
* Stanley Shapashina Oloitiptip - Onye bụbu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya na minista
* Josephine Lemoyan - ọkà mmụta sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye otu Tanzania nke 2017-2022 East African Legislative Assembly &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=Newest 'Kids' in Tanzania's Political Block|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/newest-kids-in-tanzania-s-political-block-2588788|accessdate=31 January 2024|work=[[Mwananchi Communications|The Citizen]]|date=15 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nice Nailantei Lengete - Nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na kansụl ndị okenye Maasai na Ugwu Kilimanjaro, ma mee ka kansụl ahụ machibido igbu ọkpụkpụ ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ndị Maasai gafee Kenya na Tanzania
* Joseph Ole Lenku - odeakwụkwọ nke Kenya maka ime obodo na nhazi nke gọọmentị mba site na 2012 ruo 2014
* Mbatian - Onye Amụma nke a gụrụ Batian Peak, ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Kenya,
* Katoo Ole Metito - Onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Kajiado South
* Joseph Nkaissery - Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke Kenya maka ime obodo na nhazi nke gọọmentị mba site na 2014 ruo ọnwụ ya na 2017
* William Ole Ntimama - Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya na onye ndú nke obodo Maa
* Damaris Parsitau - onye na-akwado ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na ọkà mmụta
* David Rudisha - onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa nke mita 800
* George Saitoti - onye bụbu osote onye isi ala nke Kenya
* Moses ole Sakuda - onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya
* Jackson Ole Sapit - Achịbishọp nke isii na Onyeisi nke Chọọchị Anglịkan nke Kenya
* Edward Sokoine - Praịm Minista nke Tanzania site na 1977 ruo 1980 na ọzọ site na 1983 ruo 1984
* [[Sanaipei Tande]] - onye na-eti egwu na Kenya

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Asụsụ Maasai]]
* Okpukpe Maasai
* Nzukọ nke Maa Civil Society
* Ụnwụ nri 1899 na etiti Kenya

== Ebensibịa ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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{{Reflist|30em}}'''Ndị [[Asụsụ Maasai|Maa]]''' (/ˈmɑːsaɪ,mɑːˈsaɪ/) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm|title=Lexicon|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=June 30, 2020|archivedate=June 30, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630153408/https://pages.uoregon.edu/maasai/Maa%20Lexicon/lexicon/main.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maasai|title=Maasai|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|accessdate=December 9, 2019|archivedate=August 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808161610/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maasai}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ agbụrụ Nilotic nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke sitere na mpaghara ugwu, etiti na ndịda [[Kenya]] gụnyere ugwu [[Tanzania]], na nso mpaghara Great Lakes nke Africa.  Asụsụ ala ha bụ Maa,  [[Nilotic languages|Asụsụ Nilotic]] metụtara [[Asụsụ Dinka|Dinka]], Kalenjin na [[Nuer language|Nuer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;&gt; Alaka dị n'ime ezinụlọ Nile-Sahara. Ewezuga ụfọdụ ndị okenye bi n'ime ime obodo, ihe ka ọtụtụ na ndị Maasai na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọchịchị nke Kenya na Tanzania - [[Swahili language|Swahili]] na [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Berntsen|first=John L.|date=Autumn 1976|title=The Maasai and Their Neighbors: Variables of Interaction|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601509|journal=[[African Economic History]]|issue=2|pages=1–11|doi=10.2307/3601509|accessdate=2021-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akọpụtara  ọnụọgụgụ ndị Maasai dịka 1,189,522 na Kenya na ngụkọ n'afọ 2019 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 377,089 na ngụkọ  n'afọ 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2019 Population and Housing Census - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/kenya-census-2019/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125150218/https://www.knbs.or.ke/reports/kenya-census-2019/|archivedate=25 November 2025|accessdate=2026-01-24|work=www.knbs.or.ke|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ndị Maasai bị na mpaghara nnukwu Great Lakes nke Africa wee si na [[South Sudan]] rute. Ndị Maasai, ndị Turkana na ndị Samburu, bụ [[Ịzụ atụrụ|Ndị na-azụ anụ]] ma bụrụ ndị ama ama dịka ndị dike na-atụ egwu na ndị na achị ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Okothndaloh&quot;&gt;A. Okoth &amp; A. Ndaloh, ''Peak Revision K.C.P.E. Social Studies'', East African, p.60–61.&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Maasai na ndị ọzọ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka anabatala omenala na omume sitere n'aka ndị agbata obi na-asụ Asụsụ Cushitic, gụnyere usoro afọ nke nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ibi úgwù, na okwu okwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collins&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Robert O.|author=Collins|title=The southern Sudan in historical perspective|publisher=Transaction Publishers|date=2006|pages=9–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Maasai na abata chụpụrụ ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị guzobere ebe obibi na mpaghara ahụ bụ ndị ndị Maasai na-abata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Maasai People|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/print_savanna_peopleM1.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị Southern Cushitic, sonyere n'etiti ndị Maasai. Ndị nna nna Nilotic nke Kalenjin n'otu aka ahụ mịrị ụfọdụ ndị Cushitic oge ochie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=International Labour Office|title=Traditional occupations of indigenous and tribal peoples: emerging trends|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|date=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_man,_Eastern_Serengeti,_October_2006.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwoke Maasai]]

=== Ebe obibi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka ===
Ókeala Maasai rutere n'oke kasị ukwuu n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 ma kpuchiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Great Rift Valley na ala ndị dị n'akụkụ site na Ugwu Marsabit n'ebe ugwu ruo Dodoma n'ebe ndịda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar|first=Phillip|author=Briggs|date=2006|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=1-84162-146-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge a, ndị Maasai, yana nnukwu ìgwè Nilotic ha so na ya, na-azu ehi ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ rụọ n'ụsọ oke mmiri Tanga na Tanganyika (nke bụzi ala Tanzania). Ndị na-agba ọsọ na-eji ube na ọta mana a na-atụkarị egwu maka ịtụ ụtarị (orinka) nke e nwere ike ịtụpụ ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi site na 70 nzọụkwụ. N'afọ 1852, e nwere akụkọ banyere ndị agha Maasai 800 na-agagharị n'ebe bụ Kenya ugbu a. N'afọ 1857, mgbe ha wepụsịrị &quot;ọzara Wakuafi&quot; nke dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya ugbu a, ndị agha Maasai yiri Mombasa egwu n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQJjYC74tu8C&amp;pg=PA183|title=Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed|author=Falola|first=Toyin|year=2003|publisher=Boydell &amp; Brewer|isbn=978-1-58046-134-4|pages=2, 18|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0556,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Massaikrieger.jpg|thumb|Maasai warriors in German East Africa, c. 1906–1918]]
N'ihi mbata a, ndị Maasai bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Nilotic n'ebe ndịda. Oge mgbasawanye ahụ sochiri Maasai &quot;Emutai&quot; nke 1883-1902. Oge a gosipụtara ọrịa na-efe efe nke bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest (lee 1890s African rinderpest epizootic) na kịtịkpa. Atụmatụ mbụ nke onye isi ala Germany na ihe bụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Tanganyika n'oge ahụ bụ na 90% nke ehi na ọkara anụ ọhịa nwụrụ site na ọrịa na-egbu egbu. Ndị dọkịta German nọ n'otu mpaghara ahụ kwụrụ na &quot;nke abụọ ọbụla&quot; Afrịka nwere ịhụ akara na-akpa ihi kịtịkpa. Oge a dabara na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri ozuzo n'afọ 1897 rụọ n'afọ 1898. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ecology/news/news.asp?id=192|title=Ecology Books and Journals|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003192715/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ecology/news/news.asp?id=192|archivedate=3 October 2012|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye [[Austria|Austrian]] na-eme nchọpụta Oscar Baumann mere njem n'ala Maasai n'etiti afọ 1891 rụọ n'afọ 1893 wee kọwaa ebe obibi Maasai ochie na [[Ngorongoro District|Ngorongoro]]_Conservation_Area&quot; id=&quot;mwjg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ngorongoro Conservation Area&quot;&gt;Ngorongoro Crater n'akwụkwọ 1894 {{Lang|de|Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle}} (Site n'ala ndị Maasai ruo isi iyi nke Naịl). Site n'otu atụmatụ, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị Maasai nwụrụ n'oge a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00526.html|title=Rinderpest|date=14 February 1997|publisher=Ntz.info|accessdate=28 February 2012|archivedate=20 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520053942/https://ntz.info/gen/n00526.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitumusote.org/history|title=History of the Maasai|author=Kitumusote|publisher=Kitumusote|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429093833/http://www.kitumusote.org/history|archivedate=29 April 2017|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A chụpụrụ ndị Maasai na Tanganyika (nke bụzi ala Tanzania) n'ala ndị na-eme nri n'etiti Ugwu Meru na Ugwu Kilimanjaro na ọtụtụ n'ime ugwu ndị na-emepụta nri dị nso na Ngorongoro n'afọ ndị 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation Without Illusion|first=Jonathan S.|author=Adams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWtWDN0BWt0C&amp;q=maasai+ears&amp;pg=PA42|date=1996|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-20671-1|accessdate=2020-11-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; E weghaara ala ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa na ogige ntụrụndụ mba: Ogige Ntụrụndụ Amboseli, Ogige Ntụ Nairobi, Maasai Mara, Ogige Mba Samburu, Ogige ntụrụntụ Lake Nakuru na Tsavo na Kenya; na Ọdọ Mmiri Manyara, Ogige Nchekwa Ngorongoro, Tarangire  na Ogige Ntọala Serengeti n'ihe bụ Tanzania ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/tarangire.htm|date=14 August 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814101508/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/tarangire.htm|archivedate=14 August 2007|accessdate=28 February 2012|title=Tarangire National Park|work=Tanzania Parks Adventure}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maasai bụ ndị na-azụ anụ ma jụọ ntule  nke ndị ọchịchị Tanzania na Kenya ka ha na-ebi ndụ dị jụụ. Ha arịọla ikike ịta nri n'ọtụtụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba abụọ ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Singo|first=Leiyo|date=2022-08-03|title=When Maasaiphobia Became Policy|url=https://republic.com.ng/august-september-2022/maasai-predicament-ngorongoro/|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=The Republic|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Maasai guzoro megide ịgba ohu, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla akwadoro okporo ụzọ  mmadụ, ndị si mba ndị ọzọ na-achọ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ohu zere ndị Maasai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Africa's Great Rift Valley|first=Nigel|author=Pavitt|date=2001|publisher=Harry N. Abrams Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-0602-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụzọ bụ isi, enwere mpaghara  iri abụọ na abụọ ma ọ bụ ebi dị iche iche nke obodo Maasai, nke ọ bụla nwere omenala, ọdịdị ya, ndụ ya na olumba ya. A maara nkewa ndị a dịka 'mba' ma ọ bụ 'iloshon' n'[[Asụsụ Maasai|Asụsụ Maa]]: Keekonyokie, Ildamat, Purko, Wuasinkishu, Siria, Laitayiok, Loitai, Ilkisonko, Matapato, Dalalekutuk, Ilooldokilani, Ilkaputiei, Moitanik, Ilkirasha, Samburu, Ilchamus, Lapiak, Loitokoki, Larusa, Salei, Sirinket na Parakuyo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/facts.html|title=archived copy of laleyio.com|date=27 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212003604/http://www.laleyio.com/facts.html|archivedate=12 February 2009|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ==
Ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa enyerela aka mee ka e nwee nghọta banyere ethnogenesis nke ndị Maasai. Genealogy, ngwá ọrụ nke na-eji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị mmadụ nke oge a achọpụta mmalite agbụrụ na ala ha, enyekwara aka mee ka ndabere nke ndị Maasai nke oge a doo anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Maasai Tribe - Maasai History And Culture - Kenya Travel Guide|url=http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html|work=www.siyabona.com|accessdate=24 May 2020|archivedate=22 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922171353/http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== DNA nke onwe ===
A nyochara [[Dna|DNA]] autosomal nke Maasai na nyocha zuru oke nke Tishkoff et al. (2009) gbasara njikọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndị dị iche iche n'Africa. Dị ka ndị dere nnyocha ahụ si kwuo, ndị Maasai &quot;nọgidere na-enwe ọdịbendị ha n'ihu nnukwu mmegide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tishkoff2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tishkoff|first=Sarah A.|title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=324|issue=5930|pages=1035–44|year=2009|doi=10.1126/science.1172257|pmid=19407144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tishkoff et al. na-egosikwa na: &quot;Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Nilo-Saharan n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, dị ka ndị Maasai, na-egosi ọtụtụ ọrụ ụyọkọ sitere na Nilo-Daharan [...] na Cushitic [...] AACs, n'ikwekọ na ihe akaebe asụsụ nke mmetọ Nilotic ugboro ugboro nke Cushites n'ime afọ 3000 gara aga yana oke nke mgbanwe dị n'East Africa metụtara lactose tolerance&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Tishkoff2009&quot; /&gt;

Maasai na-egosipụta nnukwu ngwakọta West-Eurasian na ihe dịka ~ 20%. Ụdị ndị nna nna West-Eurasian a ruru 40-50% n'etiti ndị mmadụ ụfọdụ nke Horn of Africa, ọkachasị n'etiti Amharas. Ihe omuma ihe omuma na ihe akaebe nke ihe ochie na-egosi na ndị na-azụ anụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka natara ndị nna nna West Eurasian (~25%) site n'ìgwè ndị na-asụ Afroasiatic si Northern Africa ma ọ bụ Arabian Peninsula, ma mesịa gbasaa akụkụ nna nna a n'ebe ndịda n'ime ụfọdụ Ndị Khoisan ihe dị ka afọ 2,000 gara aga, na-akpata ~5% ndị nna nna ọdịda anyanwụ Eurasia n'etiti ndị na-achụ nta na ndị Southern Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dobon|first=Begoña|date=2015-05-28|title=The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1038/srep09996|pmid=26017457|issn=2045-2322}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pickrell|first=Joseph K.|date=2014-02-18|title=Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=111|issue=7|pages=2632–2637|doi=10.1073/pnas.1313787111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24550290}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha archaeogenetic nke afọ 2019 gosipụtara ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'oge ochie site n'aka ndị bi na Tanzania na Kenya, ma chọpụta na ha nwere njikọ siri ike na ndị Horn of Africa nke oge a. Ha gosipụtara obodo Maasai dịka ndị nwere ndị nna nna nke nwere ~47% Pastoral Neolithic Cushitic-related na ~53% Sudanese Dinka-related.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Prendergast|first=Mary E.|date=2019-07-05|title=Ancient DNA Reveals a Multi-Step Spread of the First Herders into Sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Science|volume=365|issue=6448|doi=10.1126/science.aaw6275|issn=0036-8075|pmid=31147405}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha Y chromosome nke Wood et al. (2005) nwalere ndị bi na Sub-Saharan dị iche iche, gụnyere ndị ikom Maasai 26 si Kenya, maka usoro nna. Ndị dere ya hụrụ haplogroup E1b1b-M35 (ọ bụghị M78) na 35% nke ndị Maasai a mụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wood2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Elizabeth T.|author=Wood|url=https://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/WoodEJHG2005.pdf|title=Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes|journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]]|date=2005|volume=13|issue=7|pages=867–876|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408|pmid=15856073}}&lt;/ref&gt; E1b1b-M35-M78 na 15%, nna nna ha na ndị Cushitic nọ n'ebe ugwu, ndị nwere haplogroup na oke ugboro&lt;ref name=&quot;Cruciani2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cruciani|date=May 2004|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(07)64365-1?large_figure=true|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|doi=10.1086/386294|pmid=15042509}}&lt;/ref&gt; biri ihe karịrị afọ 13,000 gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://e-v22.net/the-phylogenetic-tree-based-on-snp-data/|title=The phylogenetic tree based on SNP data – Y-DNA haplogroup E-V22|accessdate=2020-01-30|archivedate=2020-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216132256/http://e-v22.net/the-phylogenetic-tree-based-on-snp-data/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ nna nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị Maasai bụ Haplogroup A3b2, nke a na-achọtakarị na ndị Nilotic, dị ka Alur; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wood2005&quot; /&gt;  a hụrụ ya na 27% nke ndị Maasai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hassan|year=2008|title=Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history.|journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]|volume=137|issue=3|pages=316–23|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876|pmid=18618658}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi DNA nna nke atọ a na-ahụkarị na Maasai bụ E1b1a1-M2 (E-P1), nke a na-emekarị na mpaghara Sub-Saharan; a chọtara ya na 12% nke ihe nlele Maasai. A hụkwara Haplogroup B-M60 na 8% nke ndị Maasai amụrụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;Wood2005&quot; /&gt; nke a na-ahụkwa na 30% (16/53) nke Southern Sudanese Nilotes. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan&quot; /&gt;

=== Mitochondrial DNA ===
Dịka ọmụmụ mtDNA  sitere na Castri et al. (2008), nke nwalere ndị Maasai nọ na Kenya, usoro ọmụmụ nne dị n'etiti ndị Maasai dị iche iche mana ha yiri nke a na-ahụ na ndị Nilo-Hamitic ndị ọzọ si mpaghara, dịka Samburu. Ọtụtụ n'ime Maasai nwalere bụ nke dị iche iche macro-haplogroup L sub-clades, gunyere L0, L2, L3, L4 na L5. A kọkwara ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke nne si  North na Northeast Africa, ọkachasị site na ọnụnọ mtDNA  haplogroup M lineages n'ihe dịka 12.5% nke ihe nlele Maasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Castrí&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Loredana|author=Castrì|year=2008|title=Kenyan crossroads: migration and gene flow in six ethnic groups from Eastern Africa.|url=http://www.isita-org.com/jass/Contents/2008%20vol86/12_Castri.pdf|journal=Journal of Anthropological Science|volume=86|pages=189–92|pmid=19934476|accessdate=2010-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;[34]
[[Faịlụ:Crocuta_vs_Maasai_2.png|thumb|Ndị agha Maasai na-eche hyena nwere ntụpọ ihu, anụ na-eri anụ ụlọ, dị ka e sere foto na In Wildest Africa (1907) ]]
Ndị Maasai na-efe Otu chi a na-akpọ ''E''Nkai'''', Nkai&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Maasai People|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/print_savanna_peopleM1.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ ''Engai''. Engai nwere ọdịdị abụọ, nke agba abụọ na-anọchite anya ya: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Engai Narok (Chi ojii) bụ onye obiọma, na Engai Na-nyokie (Chineke uhie) bụ onye na-abọ ọbọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.institut.veolia.org/en/cahiers/water-symbolism/water-myths/africa-water.aspx|title=African water symbolism and its consequences|publisher=Institut.veolia.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010202033/http://www.institut.veolia.org/en/cahiers/water-symbolism/water-myths/africa-water.aspx|archivedate=10 October 2007|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nwekwara ogidi abụọ ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi nke ndị Maasai: Oodo Mongi, Red Cow na Orok Kiteng, Black Cow nwere nkewa nke agbụrụ ise ma ọ bụ Osisi ezinụlọ. Ndị Maasai nwekwara anụmanụ totemic, nke bụ ọdụm. Ndị Maasai na-eji igbu ọdụm eme ihe n'ememe nke ịgafe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUlpBAAAQBAJ&amp;q=maasai+people+shamanism&amp;pg=PT260|title=Talking to the Shaman Within: Musings on Hunting|author=Vries|first=Manfred F. R. Kets de|date=17 June 2014|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4917-3151-2|language=en|accessdate=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Ugwu nke Chineke&quot;, Ol Doinyo Lengai, dị n'ebe ugwu Tanzania ma enwere ike ịhụ ya site na Ọdọ Mmiri Natron na ndịda Kenya. Onye isi mmadụ n'usoro okpukpe Maasai bụ ''' ''' onye ọrụ ya gụnyere ọgwụgwọ shamanistic, ịgba afa na amụma, na ijide n'aka na ọ ga-aga nke ọma n'agha ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo zuru oke. Taa, ha nwekwara ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi nkwalite nke ndị isi. Ike ọ bụla onye laibon nwere bụ ọrụ nke àgwà kama ọ bụ ọnọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860|title=Society-MASAI|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970504081734/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7860|archivedate=4 May 1997|accessdate=28 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai anabatala [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] ma ọ bụ Islam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.shadowsofafrica.com/travel-africa/kenyan-tribes-religions/|title=Kenyan Tribes &amp; Religions {{!}} Travel to Africa|work=www.shadowsofafrica.com|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042714/http://www.shadowsofafrica.com/travel-africa/kenyan-tribes-religions/|archivedate=23 December 2017|accessdate=22 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Maasai na-emepụta ọla dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-ere ihe ndị a nye ndị njem nleta.[40]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_Enkang_and_Hut.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị Maasai na ụlọ ndị nwere ihe mgbochi enkang n'ihu - ọwụwa anyanwụ Serengeti, 2006]]
[[Faịlụ:Open_air_classroom_for_Maasai_children_in_Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ akwụkwọ Maasai na Tanzania]]
[[Faịlụ:Flickr_-_don_macauley_-_Maasai_Girl.jpg|thumb|Mkpịsị aka agbọghọ Maasai n'ọnụ ya]]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_woman_with_stretched_ears.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai nwere ntị gbatịrị agbatịoghere ntị gbatịrị agbatị]]
Ịkpọpu na ịgbatị ntị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị Maasai dịka ọ dị n'ebo ndị ọzọ, ma ndị ikom ma ndị inyom na-eyi hoops ígwè na ntị ha gbatịpụrụ. A na-eji ihe dị iche iche eme ihe ma na-agbatị ma lobes, gụnyere ogwu maka ịpị, alaka, ụyọkọ alaka, nkume, akụkụ nke ezé enyí na ihe nkiri efu. Ụmụnwanyị na-eyi ụdị ihe ịchọ mma dị iche iche na ntị na obere ntutu n'elu ntị. N'etiti ụmụnwoke Maasai, a na-eme ibi úgwù dịka emume nke mgbanwe site na nwata gaa na nwoke. A na-ebipụtakwa ụmụnwanyị úgwù (dị ka akọwapụtara n'okpuru na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya).

Nkwenye na omume a abụghị naanị maka ndị Maasai. N'ime ime obodo Kenya, a nyochara otu ìgwè ụmụaka 95 dị n'agbata ọnwa isii na afọ abụọ n'afọ 1991/92. A chọpụtara na pasent 87 wepụrụ otu ma ọ bụ karịa ezé ezé. N'ime ndị okenye (afọ 3-7), 72% nke ụmụaka 111 nyochara gosipụtara nkịta mandibular ma ọ bụ maxillary deciduous.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=Apr 1995|title=Removal of deciduous canine tooth buds in Kenyan rural Maasai|journal=East Afr Med J|volume=72|issue=4|pages=207–9|pmid=7621751}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=Apr 1992|title=Missing primary teeth due to tooth bud extraction in a remote village in Tanzania|journal=Int J Paediatr Dent|volume=2|issue=1|pages=31–4|doi=10.1111/j.1365-263x.1992.tb00005.x|pmid=1525129}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dịka omenala si dị, ndị Maasai na-eme emume dị iche iche nke na-agụnye ịwa ahụ iji belata akụkụ ahụ iji mee ka ụmụaka bụrụ ndị toro eto. A na-eji okwu Maa maka ibi úgwù, &quot;emorata,&quot; eme ihe maka ememe a maka ụmụnwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm|title=English - Maa|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2017-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901172726/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ndị okenye na-emekarị emume a, ndị na-eji mma dị nkọ na bandeeji akpụkpọ ehi eme ihe maka usoro ahụ.[46]

Ememe nwoke na-ezo aka na mwepụ nke prepuce (foreskin). N'ememe nwoke, a na-atụ anya na nwata nwoke ahụ ga-atachi obi na ịwa ahụ n'emeghị mkpọtụ. Ngosipụta nke ihe mgbu na-ewetara ya ihere, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị nwa oge. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, mkpu ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mmegharị a na-atụghị anya ya n'akụkụ nwata nwoke ahụ nwere ike ime ka okenye mejọọ ihe na usoro dị nro ma na-agwụ ike, nke nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ, dysfunction, na ihe mgbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027143838/http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;[48]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027143838/http://maasai-association.org/ceremonies.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụmụagbọghọ na-enwetakwa nkwarụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị dịka akụkụ nke ememe a na-akpọ &quot;Emuatare,&quot; ememe nke na-eme ka ụmụagbọghọ Maasai bụrụ ndị toro eto site na nkwarụ na alụmdi na nwunye a haziri n'oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.orato.com/world-affairs/maasai-ritual-of-female-circumcision|title=Maasai Ritual of Female Circumcision: Genital Cutting Practiced throughout Africa and Middle East|publisher=Orato.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807211153/http://www.orato.com/world-affairs/maasai-ritual-of-female-circumcision|archivedate=2011-08-07|accessdate=2012-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Maasai kwenyere na igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị dị mkpa na ndị ikom Maasai nwere ike ịjụ nwanyị ọ bụla na-enwetabeghị ya dịka onye na-enweghị ike ịlụ di ma ọ bụ onye kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ nwanyị dị ala. N'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, a pụrụ ibo ụmụnwanyị a na-ebighị ebi úgwù, ọbụnadị ndị omeiwu gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu dịka [[Linah Kilimo]], ebubo na ha tozuru oke iji were ha kpọrọ ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;irinnews.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=15&amp;ReportId=62462|title=In-depth: Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation|date=March 2005|publisher=IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdate=2012-05-05|archivedate=2012-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418212459/http://www.irinnews.org/IndepthMain.aspx?IndepthId=15&amp;ReportId=62462}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye Maasai na-eme ngagharị iwe Agnes Pareyio na-eme mkpọsa megide omume ahụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, emume ụmụnwanyị na-eme njem na-eme ka a gbanwee ya n'oge na'oge ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe na emume &quot;ịkpụcha okwu&quot; nke gụnyere ịbụ abụ na ịgba egwú n'ọnọdụ ya. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe na iwu na agụmakwụkwọ, omume ahụ ka gbanyesiri mkpọrọgwụ ike, nke a na-eji akpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu ma bụrụ nke ndị otu ọdịbendị na-eme n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shell-Duncan|first=Bettina|date=2013-12-01|title=Legislating Change? Responses to Criminalizing Female Genital Cutting in Senegal|journal=Law &amp; Society Review|volume=47|issue=4|pages=803–835|doi=10.1111/lasr.12044|issn=0023-9216|pmid=24771947}}&lt;/ref&gt;[54]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_woman.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai nwere ntutu dị mkpụmkpụ]]
Mgbe ọ ruru afọ 3 &quot;ọnwa&quot;, a na-akpọ nwa ahụ aha ma na-akpụ isi ya dị ọcha ma e wezụga ntutu isi, nke yiri cockade, site n'olu n'olu ruo n'egedege ihu.

N'etiti ndị ikom, ndị agha bụ naanị ndị otu Maasai na-eyi ogologo ntutu, nke ha na-akpa n'ime eriri ndị dị nro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey|first=Elizabeth L.|author=Gilbert|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|isbn=0-87113-840-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngụsị akwụkwọ site na onye agha ruo onye okenye na-ewere ọnọdụ na nnukwu nnọkọ a maara dị ka Eunoto. A na-akpụ akpụ ogologo ntutu nke ndị bụbu ndị agha; ndị okenye ga-eyi ntutu ha dị mkpụmkpụ. A na-asọpụrụ ndị agha na-esoghị ụmụnwanyị na-enwetabeghị emume &quot;Emuatare&quot; karịsịa na nnọkọ Eunoto.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://maasai-association.org/maasai.html|title=Maasai People, Kenya|publisher=Maasai-association.org|accessdate=28 February 2012|archivedate=18 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518202543/http://www.maasai-association.org/maasai.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;[57]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Broken Spears - a Maasai Journey|first=Elizabeth L.|author=Gilbert|date=2003|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|isbn=0-87113-840-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụbọchị abụọ tupu e bi ụmụnwoke úgwù, a na-akpụ isi ha. Mgbe ndị agha na-agafe ''Eunoto'' ma ghọọ ndị okenye, a na-akpụ akpụ ogologo ntutu ha.[64]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai-Adumu.jpg|thumb|Egwú ịgba ọsọ ọdịnala]]
[[Faịlụ:Danza_de_bienvenida_de_mujeres_masái.webm|thumb|Egwú na abụ nnabata ụmụ nwanyị Maasai n'ime obodo, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Amboseli, Kenya.]]
Egwú Maasai na-agụnye ụda nke ndị na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ mgbe onye ndu abụ, ma ọ bụ olaranyani, na-abụ egwú ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilmurran.com/|title=ilMurran|date=1999-12-04|publisher=ilMurran|language=fi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428050356/http://www.ilmurran.com/|archivedate=2007-04-28|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/music.html|title=Maasai Music|publisher=laleyio.com|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104184707/http://www.laleyio.com/music.html|archivedate=November 4, 2011|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka, ndị Maasai na-eji polyphony drone eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.

Ụmụnwanyị na-abụ abụ lullabies, abụ na abụ na-eto ụmụ ha. Ndị Namba,  usoro nkwekọrịta oku na nzaghachi, ikwughachi ahịrịokwu ndị na-enweghị isi, abụ monophonic, ahịrịokwu a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro na-esote amaokwu ọ bụla a na-abụ n'ogo na-agbadata, na ndị na-abụ abụ na-azaghachi amaokwu ha bụ ihe e ji mara abụ ụmụnwanyị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texth/Homophonic.html|title=Homophonic|date=2011-11-17|publisher=Music.vt.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2014-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027034300/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/texth/Homophonic.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/homophony.html|title=What is monophony, polyphony, homophony, monody etc.?|publisher=Medieval.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520054121/http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/misc/homophony.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/songstructure.html|title=Song Structure of Maasai Music|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226032314/http://www.laleyio.com/songstructure.html|publisher=laleyio.com|archivedate=February 26, 2005|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;[71] Mgbe ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị Maasai gbakọtara ọnụ, ha na-abụ abụ ma na-agba egwú n'etiti onwe ha.  

Eunoto, emume ntolite nke onye agha, nwere ike ịgụnye ụbọchị iri ma ọ bụ karịa nke ịbụ abụ, ịgba egwu na ememe. Ndị agha nke Il-Oodokilani na-eme ụdị March-past yana '''Adumu''', ma ọ bụ aigus, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya &quot;agba egwu na-awụli elu&quot; site n'aka ndị na-abụghị ndị Masai.  (Ma adumu ma aigus bụ ngwaa Maa nke pụtara &quot;ịwụli elu&quot; na adumu nke pụtara &quot;Ịwụli elu na ala na ịgba egwú&quot;.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.laleyio.com/performance.html|title=performance of Maasai Music|publisher=laleyio.com|date=2008-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306032559/http://www.laleyio.com/performance.html|archivedate=2008-03-06|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;[77] ) 

=== Nri ===
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg|thumb|224x224px|Onye na-azụ anụ Maasai na-azụ ehi ya n'ime Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania]]
Dịka omenala si dị, nri ndị Maasai bụ anụ a na-esighị esi, mmiri ara ehi, mmanụ aṅụ na ọbara a na-esi n'ụmụ ehi apụta - rịba ama na ehi ndị Maasai sitere na ụdị Zebu. Ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala ndị Maasai na-elekwasị anya n'ụmụ ehi ha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Savanna: Folklore|url=https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/africa/explore/savanna/savanna_folklore_lo.html|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=[[WNET|THIRTEEN]]|publisher=[[PBS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke bụ isi ihe oriri ha. Ha na-eri anụ ha, na-aṅụ mmiri ara ha kwa ụbọchị, ma na-ahapụ ọbara ha mgbe ụfọdụ.

N'omenala nna ochie nke na-ele ụmụnwanyị anya dịka ihe onwunwe, a na-atụle akụ na ụba nwoke na ehi, ndị nwunye na ụmụaka. Ìgwè ehi iri ise bụ ihe a na-akwanyere ùgwù, ka ọtụtụ ndị nwunye na ụmụ na-aka mma. A na-ewere nwoke nwere ọtụtụ ma ọ bụghị nke ọzọ dị ka ogbenye.

Ndị Maasai na-azụkwa ewu na atụrụ, gụnyere atụrụ Red Maasai, nakwa ehi ndị  dị oké ọnụ ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/4202/ILCA_SS_4.pdf?sequence=1|title=Maasai herding: An analysis of the livestock production system of Maasai pastoralists in eastern Kajiado District, Kenya|date=1991|editor=Bekure|format=PDF|accessdate=2020-02-02|publisher=International Livestock Centre for Africa|archivedate=2021-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711081909/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/4202/ILCA_SS_4.pdf?sequence=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; [82] A na-egbu oke ehi, ewu na nwa atụrụ maka anụ na mmemme pụrụ iche na ememe.
[[Faịlụ:Musoke_Deo_MDK-MUSO_A_Traditional_Medicines_&amp;_Herbs_Hawker_from_Masaai_Tribe.png|thumb|Onye na-ere ọgwụ na ahịhịa ọdịnala nke Maasai]]
A na-eri ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri ara ehi dịka mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi (ihe a na-emepụta site na ime bọta). Ọnụọgụgụ mmiri ara ehi dị elu site na ụkpụrụ ọ bụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E07.htm|title=The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries|publisher=Fao.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-02-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227061816/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0251e/T0251E07.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.taa.org.uk/TAAScotland/LivestockasfoodforpastoralistsinAfrica2001.htm|title=Livestock as food for pastoralists in Africa|author=Suttie|first=J.M.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311031855/http://www.taa.org.uk/TAAScotland/LivestockasfoodforpastoralistsinAfrica2001.htm|archivedate=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eri mkpụrụ osisi dị ka nri na-atọ ụtọ. Ha mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke nri ụmụaka na ụmụnwanyị na-elekọta ehi yana ndị agha Maasai (''morans'') na-eto eto na-eri n'ime ọhịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001266/126660e.pdf|title=Ethnobotany of the Loita Maasai: towards community management of the Forest of the Lost Child; experiences from the Loita Ethnobotany Project; People and plants working paper; Vol.:8; 2001|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607222155/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001266/126660e.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; [86]

Ụzọ ndụ niile nke ndị Maasai dabere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na ehi ha, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi anọwo na-ebelata n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ndị Maasai na-adabere na nri dịka [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]], osikapa, poteto na cabbage (nke ndị Maasai maara dị ka akwụkwọ ewu).  Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 banyere nri ndị Maasai chọpụtara na ihe karịrị 58% nke nri ndị Ma Masai nke oge a bụ nri osisi, ọkachasị [[ugali]] na ọka. Nnyocha ọzọ chọpụtara na nri ndị Maasai bụ mmiri ara ehi (ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ esi) na ugali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Knoll|first=Nadja|date=19 August 2011|title=High content of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in red blood cells of Kenyan Maasai despite low dietary intake|journal=Lipids in Health and Disease|volume=10|issue=141|doi=10.1186/1476-511X-10-141|pmid=21854590}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu echiche na-ezighi ezi banyere ndị Maasai bụ na nwa okorobịa ọ bụla kwesịrị igbu [[Odúm|ọdụm]] tupu e bi ya úgwù ma banye n'oge okenye. Ịchụ ọdụm bụ ọrụ n'oge gara aga, mana a machibidoro ya n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka - ma a ka na-achụ ọdụm mgbe ha na-egbu anụ ụlọ Maasai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maasai-association.org/lion.html|title=Maasai Association|publisher=Maasai Association|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2012-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618044327/http://www.maasai-association.org/lion.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lionconservation.org/LionKillinginAmboseliregion2000-May2006.pdf|title=Lion Killing in the Amboseli-Tsavo Ecosystem, 2001–2006, and its Implications for Kenya's Lion Population|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224220706/http://www.lionconservation.org/LionKillinginAmboseliregion2000-May2006.pdf|archivedate=February 24, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka o sina dị, igbu ọdụm na-enye mmadụ nnukwu uru na ọnọdụ a ma ama na obodo.  [93]

=== Ọgwụ na nlekọta ahụike ===
Ndị Maasai na-ejikarị gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe mgbe ha na-eme ọgwụ ha, ọtụtụ ka na-eme, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ọgwụgwọ ọdịda anyanwụ. A na-enweta ọgwụ ndị a site na osisi, obere osisi, ogwe osisi, mgbọrọgwụ, wdg. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ gụnyere isi ha sie na ofe ma rie ha iji melite mgbari na ime ka ọbara dị ọcha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ryan|first=Kathleen|date=2000|title=Edible Wild Plants as Digestive Aids|url=https://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/42-3/Science.pdf|journal=Ethnoarchaeology in Maasailand|volume=42|issue=3|accessdate=2 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pụkwara iji ụfọdụ n'ime ọgwụgwọ ndị a mee ihe na ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ mgbochi ọrịa. Ndị Maasai na-agbakwunye ahịhịa na nri dị iche iche iji zere nsogbu afọ ma nye enyemaka mgbari nri. Ojiji nke ọgwụ sitere na osisi ka bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Maasai.

Ịkụziri ụmụnwanyị Maasai ka ha jiri ụlọọgwụ na ụlọ ọgwụ mgbe ha dị ime enyerela ụmụ ọhụrụ aka idị ndụ. A na-ahụ nke a na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.[96] A na-ahụ ozu nke ndị na-eri ihe jụrụ dị ka nke nwere ihe na-adịghị mma na ya, ma nwee ike ịkpata ihere ọha na eze; ya mere, ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ka abụba na ọbara sitere na ehi e gburu egbu kpuchie ozu.

=== Ebe mgbaba ===
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_shelter.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe mgbaba e ji nsị ehi kpuchie maka igbochi mmiri]]
{{Reflist|30em}} &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Wide image/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;

=== Uwe ===
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_Woman_Meeyu_Sale_Wearing_her_Finest.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwanyị Maasai na-eyi uwe ya kachasị mma]]
Uwe ndị Maasai na-anọchi anya ịbụ onye otu agbụrụ, ụdị ndụ ọzụzụ atụrụ, ya na ọnọdụ mmadụ. Site na nke a, ha nwere ike ikpebi ọrụ ha na-arụ maka agbụrụ ahụ. Ihe ịchọ mma nwekwara ike igosi okike, ọnọdụ mmekọrịta, na afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Kotowicz |first=Allison |date=2013 |title=Maasai Identity in the 21st Century |type=MS thesis |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]] |page=78 |url= https://dc.uwm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1720&amp;context=etd |via=African Studies Commons}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọdịnala ndị Maasai bụ ụzọ isi mata agbụrụ na ihe nnọchianya: ụmụ okorobịa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eyi oji rụọ ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe e bichara ha úgwù.

Ndị Maasai malitere iji ákwà owuwe ihe ubi dochie akpụkpọ anụ, Akpụkpọ nwa ehi na akpụkpọ atụrụ n'afọ ndị 1960. 

Shúkà bụ okwu [[Asụsụ Maasai|Maa]] maka [[Ákwà akwa|ákwà]] ndị a na-eyi ma kechie gburugburu ahụ. Ndị a na-acha [[Ūfie|uhie]] uhie, mgbe ụfọdụ jikọtara ya na [[Àgwà|agba]] na ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/categories/main.htm|title=Maa (Maasai) Dictionary|publisher=Darkwing.uoregon.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2011-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628182446/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/categories/main.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu uwe a maara dịka kanga, okwu [[Swahili language|Swahili]], bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.glcom.com/hassan/kanga_history.html|title=Kanga history|publisher=Glcom.com|accessdate=2012-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217212401/http://www.glcom.com/hassan/kanga_history.html|archivedate=2012-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maasai dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ike iyi kikoi, uwe yiri sarong nke na-abịa n'ọtụtụ agba na akwa dị iche iche &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kmatculture.htm|title=East Africa Living Encyclopedia|publisher=Africa.upenn.edu|accessdate=2012-02-28|archivedate=2019-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022112308/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/kmatculture.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/beads/essay3.html|title=Klumpp 1987, 105, 30, 31, 67|publisher=Smithsonianeducation.org|accessdate=2012-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715184107/http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/migrations/beads/essay3.html|archivedate=2007-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetụta sitere na ụwa dị n'èzí ===
[[Faịlụ:Ludzie06(js).jpg|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị Maasai na-arụzi ụlọ na Maasai Mara (1996) ]]
Ụzọ ndụ nke ịzụ atụrụ ọdịnala aghọwo ihe siri ike n'ihi mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke oge a. Akụkọ Garrett Hardin na-akọwa &quot;ọdachi nke ndị nkịtị&quot;, yana &quot;ụlọ ehi&quot; nke Melville Herskovits metụtara ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-eme iwu banyere mmerụ ahụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ Maasai na-akpata n'ala ịkpa anụ savannah. Nke a mechara bụrụ nke ụfọdụ Ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ụmụ mmadụ gbaghara. Ndị na-eme iwu ọchịchị mba Briten n'afọ 1951 wepụrụ ndị Maasai niile na ogige Serengeti  ma nyefee ha na mpaghara na gburugburu Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA).
[[Faịlụ:Lo'o_Paa'pai.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị Maasai na-eyi ihe mkpuchi nchebe n'oge ọrịa COVID-19.]]
[[Faịlụ:Maasai_man_riding_a_motorcycle_(close_up).jpg|thumb|Ndị Maasai na-agba ọgba tum tum (2014) ]]
N'ihi ọnụọgụgụ na arị elu, ọnwụ nke ehi n'ihi ọrịa, na enweghị ebe a na-azụ anụ n'ihi ókèala ogige ọhụrụ na asọmpi sitere n'ebo ndị ọzọ, a manyere ndị Maasai ịmepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji kwado onwe ha. Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai malitere ịkọ ọka na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ihe ịga nke ọma, omume a na-ele anya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ụmụnwanyị WaArusha na WaMeru ndị lụrụ ụmụnwoke Maasai mere ka ndị Maasai mara ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-04-25|title=THE MAASAI|url=https://africultures.data.blog/2022/04/25/the-maasai-2/|accessdate=2025-03-11|work=Africulture|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1975, mpaghara Nchekwa Ngorongoro machibidoro ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ, na-amanye ebe ahụ isonye na akụnaụba Tanzania. Ha ga-ere anụmanụ na ọgwụ ọdịnala iji zụta nri. E wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ịkụ ihe n'afọ 1992 wee bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ ndị Maasai ọzọ. Oke ogige na ịwepu ala ka a na-amachi na-egbochi ebe anụ ụlọ Maasai na-ata ahịhịa.

Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọrụ dị iche iche agbalịwo inyere ndị Maasai aka. Ọrụ ndị a na-enyere aka ịchọta ụzọ isi chekwaa ọdịnala  Maasai ma na-agbakwa ụmụ ume mmụta ọgbara ọhụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html|title=The Maasai Tribe, East Africa|author=Siyabona Africa|work=Siyabona Africa|accessdate=20 April 2018|archivedate=22 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922171353/http://www.siyabona.com/maasai-tribe-east-africa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ na-apụta n'etiti ndị Maasai gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, azụmaahịa, na ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ na mpaghara ọha na nke onwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/infoecon/docs/790/F2096573592/Pastoralists.pdf|title=Challenges To Traditional Livelihoods And Newly Emerging Employment Patterns Of Pastoralists In Tanzania|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924104436/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/infoecon/docs/790/F2096573592/Pastoralists.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-24|accessdate=2012-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị Maasai esiwokwa n'ịakwagharị ndụ pụọ gaa n'ọkwá na azụmahịa na ndị ọchịchị. 

== Ịchụpụ n'ala nna nna ya ==
A na-akọ na a na-elekwasị ndị Maasai anya na mgbọ na gas na-agba mmiri n'ọnwa Juun 2022 na [[Tanzania]], na atụmatụ ndị ọchịchị iji weghara ala Maasai maka mmepe okomoko nke onwe. Ndị ọka iwu, òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nke mere ka okwu ahụ pụta ìhè kwuru na ndị ọrụ nchekwa Tanzania gbalịrị ịchụpụ ndị Maasai n'ala nna nna ha maka nguzobe ebe nchekwa egwuregwu okomoko site na Otterlo ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa (OBC) maka ndị eze na-achị [[United Arab Emirates]]. Ka ọ na-erule ụbọchị 18 Juun afọ 2022, ihe dị ka ndị Maasai 30 merụrụ ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye nwụrụ, n'aka  ndị ọchịchị Tanzania Field Force Unit (FFU) mgbe ha na-eme mkpesa maka atụmatụ ndị ọchịchị maka ihe ọ na-azọrọ na ha na-ekewa ala 1500 sq km dị ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, iwu nke na-emebi iwu ụlọ ikpe ikpe nke East Africa (EACJ) nke 2018 na esemokwu ala ahụ, site na ndị na-eme ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Site n'ịgbanwe mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu, ndị ọchịchị bu n'uche ịnapụ ebe obibi ndị Maasai na ịta nri n'ógbè ahụ, ndị ọkachamara dọrọ aka ná ntị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-06-14|title=Maasai protesters shot, beaten as Tanzania moves forward with wildlife game reserve|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/maasai-protesters-shot-beaten-as-tanzania-moves-forward-with-wildlife-game-reserve/|accessdate=2022-07-29|work=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710175359/https://news.mongabay.com/2022/06/maasai-protesters-shot-beaten-as-tanzania-moves-forward-with-wildlife-game-reserve/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nke a abụghị oge mbụ a wakporo ala ndị Maasai. Ụlọ ọrụ na-achụ nta nnukwu egwuregwu na ndị ọchịchị awakpowo ìgwè ndị ahụ ogologo oge. Mwakpo n'afọ 2022 bụ mmụba kachasị ọhụrụ, nke hapụrụ ihe karịrị ndị Maasai 150,000 si n'ógbè Loliondo na Ngorongoro dịka United Nations si kwuo. OBC nwere ikike ịchụ nta nke dị na Loliondo, ụlọ ọrụ a na-ekwu na ọ na-ejikọta ya na Ezinụlọ eze Emirati bara ọgaranya dịka ndị ọka iwu Tanzania, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi yana ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ si kwuo. Anuradha Mittal, onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, Oakland ụlọ ọrụ kwuru na OBC abụghị &quot;ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa maka onye ọ bụla, ọ nwere ọrụ maka ezinụlọ eze&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1fbcc5c4-579a-47db-b736-cf368ccee40a|title=Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land|accessdate=18 June 2022|work=Financial Times|date=18 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkọ United Nations nke afọ 2019 kọwara OBC dịka ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta egwuregwu &quot;nke dị na United Arab Emirates&quot; nke ndị ọchịchị Tanzania nyere ikike ịchụ nta n'afọ 1992 na-enye &quot;ezinụlọ eze UAE ohere ịhazi njem ịchụ nta onwe onye&quot; na mgbakwunye na ịgọnarị ndị Maasai ịnweta ala na mmiri nna ha maka ịzụ ehi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24872|title=Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment; the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health; the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples; and the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons|accessdate=11 October 2019|work=OHCHR|archivedate=9 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609080146/https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe a bịa kwutere ya, ndị ọchịchị UAE jụrụ inye nkwupụta ọ bụla. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị OBC kwuru okwu banyere okwu ahụ n'ekwughị banyere njikọ a na-ebo ya na ndị eze Emirati, na-ekwu na &quot;enweghị nchụpụ na Loliondo&quot; ma na-akpọ ya &quot;ebe nchekwa ala&quot; nke ndị ọchịchị nwere.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1fbcc5c4-579a-47db-b736-cf368ccee40a|title=Tanzanian Maasai battle eviction from ancestral land|accessdate=18 June 2022|work=Financial Times|date=18 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị Maasai a ma ama ==

* Linus Kaikai - onye nta akụkọ Kenya na Onye isi oche nke Kenya Editors Guild
* Francis Ole Kaparo - Onye bụbu Onye isi oche nke National Assembly of Kenya
* James Ole Kiyiapi - osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Moi na odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ministri nke Mmụta na Gọọmentị Obodo
* Olekina Ledama - Onye guzobere, Nchọpụta Mmụta Maasai
* Stanley Shapashina Oloitiptip - Onye bụbu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya na minista
* Josephine Lemoyan - ọkà mmụta sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, onye otu Tanzania nke 2017-2022 East African Legislative Assembly &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=Newest 'Kids' in Tanzania's Political Block|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/newest-kids-in-tanzania-s-political-block-2588788|accessdate=31 January 2024|work=[[Mwananchi Communications|The Citizen]]|date=15 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nice Nailantei Lengete - Nwanyị mbụ kwuru okwu na kansụl ndị okenye Maasai na Ugwu Kilimanjaro, ma mee ka kansụl ahụ machibido igbu ọkpụkpụ ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ndị Maasai gafee Kenya na Tanzania
* Joseph Ole Lenku - odeakwụkwọ nke Kenya maka ime obodo na nhazi nke gọọmentị mba site na 2012 ruo 2014
* Mbatian - Onye Amụma nke a gụrụ Batian Peak, ugwu kachasị elu nke Ugwu Kenya,
* Katoo Ole Metito - Onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Kajiado South
* Joseph Nkaissery - Onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke Kenya maka ime obodo na nhazi nke gọọmentị mba site na 2014 ruo ọnwụ ya na 2017
* William Ole Ntimama - Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya na onye ndú nke obodo Maa
* Damaris Parsitau - onye na-akwado ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na ọkà mmụta
* David Rudisha - onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa nke mita 800
* George Saitoti - onye bụbu osote onye isi ala nke Kenya
* Moses ole Sakuda - onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya
* Jackson Ole Sapit - Achịbishọp nke isii na Onyeisi nke Chọọchị Anglịkan nke Kenya
* Edward Sokoine - Praịm Minista nke Tanzania site na 1977 ruo 1980 na ọzọ site na 1983 ruo 1984
* [[Sanaipei Tande]] - onye na-eti egwu na Kenya

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Asụsụ Maasai]]
* Okpukpe Maasai
* Nzukọ nke Maa Civil Society
* Ụnwụ nri 1899 na etiti Kenya

== Ebensibịa ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Netwọk ike okpomọkụ''' (TEN) bụ ụdị usoro kpo ọkụ na ịjụ oyi nke mpaghara nke mmiri na-agbanwere okpomọkụ n'ala, ndị ọzọ site na oghere okpomọkụ dị omimi, yana njikọ na ọtụtụ ụlọ nke na-eji mgbapụta okpomọkụ maka okpomọkụ, ịjụ oyi, na ikekwe okpomọkụ mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling|work=[[United States Department of Energy]]|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụkpụrụ ANSI / CSA / IGSHPA C448 Design and Installation standard, a na-akpọ usoro ndị a ''Usoro ike distrikti'' 

N'adịghị ka usoro okpomọkụ nke mpaghara nke na-ekesa mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri okpomọkụ dị elu site na ụlọ ọrụ etiti, netwọk ike okpomọkụ na-agbasa mmiri na okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu. Ụlọ ọ bụla na-eji mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ iji bulie ma ọ bụ belata okpomọkụ maka okpomọkụ, ịjụ oyi, na mgbe ụfọdụ mmiri ọkụ n'ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;N'akwụkwọ teknụzụ na iwu, a na-akọwakarị netwọk ike okpomọkụ dị ka akụkụ nke Ọgbọ nke ise nke okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Netwọk ike okpomọkụ bụ teknụzụ zuru oke nke sistem ike ikuku nke netwọk dabere na ihe okpomọkụ dịnụ ihe ọ bụla ha bụ. Gụnyere ma usoro ọgbọ nke ise dịka etinyere n'ọtụtụ obodo ugbu a na usoro okpomọkụ nke ọgbọ nke isii na-arụkọ ọrụ ugbu a site na nyocha gaa na mmejuputa.

== Ambient okpomọkụ akaghị ==
Isi ihe dị n'ime TEN bụ okpọkọ okpoko okpomọkụ nke na ebuga mmiri ọkụ n'etiti isi mmalite ọkụ dị iche iche na sinks. Okwu a kapịrị ọnụ &quot;Ambient Temperature Loop (ATL) &quot; nwekwara ike izo aka na nhazi ọkpọkọ 1 nke ụfọdụ mahadum, obodo, na ọrụ na-anakwere. 

Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ bụ 1-pipe geothermal netwọk nke na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eme ka Mahadum Colorado Mesa dị jụụ (CMU) . Ihe ọzọ bụ akụrụngwa 1st arụnyere TEN na Framingham, MA.

== Ọkwụ ọkụ ==
Okwu eji eme ihe maka netwọk ike okpomọkụ dịgasị iche site na ikike na isi iyi. N'akwụkwọ injinia, a na-akọwa usoro ndị yiri ya dị ka ''Usoro ike distrikti'', usoro ike geothermal distrikti, ''Mpaghara okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi'', na usoro okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi nke ọgbọ nke ise.

Na mgbasa ozi US, iwu, na ọnọdụ enyemaka, akọwakwala usoro ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ''netwọk geothermal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt;

== Imepụta na ọrụ ==
E mebere  netwọk ike thermal ka ọ bụrụ ebumnuche nke ntụkwasị obi, nkwusi ike, arụmọrụ / ọnụ ahịa, yana mbelata ọnụahịa n'ihu. A na-achọpụta ihe niile dị na okpomọkụ na isi iyi / mmiri, mgbe ahụ, a na-ahọrọ isi iyi na mmiri kachasị ọnụ. 

Otu isi iyi / sink na-abụkarị ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na  n'ala, a.k.a &quot;geothermal&quot;. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ala bụ nnukwu okpomọkụ nke enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dịka batrị okpomọkụ iji nyefee ike site n'otu oge gaa na nke ọzọ. Isi iyi / mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara, ọdọ mmiri na-achịkwa idei mmiri, okpomọkụ anyanwụ, snow na-agbaze, na batrị okpomọkụ nke ime ụlọ na ala.

Netwọk ike okpomọkụ na-agụnye eriri e liri n'ala na-ebu mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta mmiri na-egbochi oyi, usoro nke oghere okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ isi iyi okpomọkụ ndị ọzọ na ndị na-agbanwe njikọ, mgbapụta na njikwa, na mgbapụta okpomọkụ nke mmiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling|work=United States Department of Energy|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling &quot;Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling&quot;]. ''United States Department of Energy''. Office of Geothermal&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọtụtụ atụmatụ, loop netwọk na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ okpomọkụ ala karịa na okpomọkụ dị elu nke e ji mee ihe na usoro okpomọkụ distrikti mbụ. Ụlọ ndị chọrọ okpomọkụ na-ewepụta ya site na mgbapụta okpomọkụ, ebe ụlọ ndị chọrọ ịjụ oyi na-ewepụ okpomọkụ n'ime mgbapụta ahụ. N'ihi na okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi nwere ike ime n'oge dị iche iche gafee mpaghara, a na-emepụta usoro ụfọdụ iji gbanwere okpomọkụ n'etiti ụlọ na iji ala maka Nchekwa ike okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nchekwa ike okike oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Figueira|first=J. S.|title=Shallow geothermal energy systems for district heating and cooling networks: Review and technological progression through case studies|journal=Renewable Energy|date=2024|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124015040}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFigueira2024&quot;&gt;Figueira, J. S. (2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124015040 &quot;Shallow geothermal energy systems for district heating and cooling networks: Review and technological progression through case studies&quot;]. ''Renewable Energy''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọganihu nke Okpomọkụ ==
Sistemụ kpo ọkụ na igwe jụrụ oyi nke mpaghara na ebute ụzọ  na nso nso nke okwu netwọk ike thermal , mana echiche ahụ nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu na 2020s dịka akụkụ nke iwu nrụpụta decarbonization na United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling|work=United States Department of Energy|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling &quot;Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling&quot;]. ''United States Department of Energy''. Office of Geothermal&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=District-Scale Geothermal Energy Pilots|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/district-scale-geothermal-energy-pilots|work=United States Department of Energy|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Massachusetts, Eversource Energy mepụtara usoro ụgbọelu nke ọgbọ nke ise nke geothermal thermal network ike na Framingham, Massachusetts. Akụkọ ''PBS NewsHour'' nke afọ 2025 kọwara ya dịka usoro otu kilomita nke jikọtara ihe dị ka ụlọ iri na abụọ na ụlọ obodo na mpaghara geothermal.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; Akụkọ onwe onye nke ''Grist'' kọwakwara ọrụ Framingham dịka usoro okpomọkụ na-ejere ụlọ obibi na ụlọ ahịa ozi site na akụrụngwa dị n'okpuru ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Simon|first=Matt|title=The secret to decarbonizing buildings might be right beneath your feet|url=https://grist.org/climate-energy/decarbonizing-buildings-geothermal-network-solutions/|work=Grist|date=2024-06-27|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ọrụ Framingham na akụkọ dịka ule mbụ nke ma ndị ọrụ gas nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ nke azụmahịa ha site na nkesa gas sitere n'okike gaa na akụrụngwa okpomọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=St. John|first=Jeff|title=Massachusetts kicks off first pilot to shift gas utilities to clean heat|url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/geothermal/massachusetts-kicks-off-first-pilot-to-shift-gas-utilities-to-clean-heat|work=Canary Media|date=2024-06-04|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iwu na iwu ==
Na United States, a na-ekwuwanye okwu netwọk geothermal n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ịba uru, mgbanwe ọrụ, na ụlọ eletrik. N'afọ 2022, New York wepụtara Iwu Utility Thermal Energy Network and Jobs Act, na-eweputa usoro iwu na nhazi maka netwọk ọkụ eletrik.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NY State Assembly Bill 2021-A10493|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A10493|work=New York State Senate|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwu ahụ kọwara netwọk ike ikuku dịka okpomọkụ mmiri na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ụlọ na isi mmalite ike, na ndị nwe ụlọ na-ejigide site na mgbapụta okpomọkụ nke mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị 2024, New York State Public Service Commission nakweere iwu mbụ maka netwọk ọkụ eletrik. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; Maryland weputara iwu na 2024 na-enye ikike usoro netwọk ọkụ eletrik. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Legislation - HB0397|url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/hb0397?ys=2024RS|work=Maryland General Assembly|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Massachusetts nyere ntụziaka steeti maka ọrụ geothermal netwọk na 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DPU Establishes Network Geothermal Guidelines|url=https://www.mass.gov/news/dpu-establishes-network-geothermal-guidelines|work=Mass.gov|date=2024-07-31|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngwa ==
A tụwo aro ma ọ bụ tinye netwọk ọkụ eletrik na mahadum  , mmepe eji eme ihe, ụlọ obibi, na ndị na-anya ụgbọelu na mpaghara.  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling|work=United States Department of Energy|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling &quot;Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling&quot;]. ''United States Department of Energy''. Office of Geothermal&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt; Dị ka ''PBS NewsHour'' si kwuo, onye na-anya ụgbọelu Framingham jere ozi n'ụlọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ yana ụlọ nchịkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọkụ, na mmepe ụlọ ọha.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=O'Brien|first=Miles|title=Unlikely alliance builds cleaner geothermal energy network in Massachusetts community|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/unlikely-alliance-builds-cleaner-geothermal-energy-network-in-massachusetts-community|work=PBS NewsHour|date=2025-10-10|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO'Brien2025&quot;&gt;O'Brien, Miles (October 10, 2025). [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/unlikely-alliance-builds-cleaner-geothermal-energy-network-in-massachusetts-community &quot;Unlikely alliance builds cleaner geothermal energy network in Massachusetts community&quot;]. ''PBS NewsHour''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji usoro ndị a eme ihe maka okpomọkụ, ikuku oyi, mmiri ọkụ n'ụlọ, na nguzozi ibu n'etiti ụlọ nwere mkpa okpomọkụ dị iche iche.

== Usoro okpomọkụ nke Ọgbọ nke isii ==
Ọgbọ nke isii na-apụta na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi TEN na-eme ka ubi ahụ nwee mmekọrịta DER na-arụ ọrụ iji tinye ihe nchekwa ike okpomọkụ nke usoro ahụ iji mịkọrọ ma zere ike na njikọ ya na ụgwọ ike grid. Isi ihe maka usoro ndị a bụ iji &quot;batrị okpomọkụ&quot; dị obere karịa batrị okpomike ala nke bụ onye na-agbanwe okpomọkụ ala. GHEX bụ usoro nchekwa okpomọkụ dị irè kwa afọ. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eji nwayọ na-agba ọsọ ma na-eji nwayọọ na-agbapụta. Mmekọrịta grid chọrọ ụgwọ okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa na ịgba ọsọ, ya mere batrị okpomọkụ e mere maka ịgba ọsọ okpomọkụ dị mkpirikpi. Ọrụ nke ORNL's Thermal Energy Storage Research Group  bụ isi na usoro TEN nke ọgbọ nke isii.

== Ihe mgbochi na ihe ndị a na-atụle ==
Arụmọrụ na akụnaụba nke netwọk geothermal na-adabere na geology mpaghara, ọnọdụ mkpọpu mmiri, ibu dị iche iche, ihe nrụpụta ụlọ chọrọ, na usoro ego.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Figueira|first=J. S.|title=Shallow geothermal energy systems for district heating and cooling networks: Review and technological progression through case studies|journal=Renewable Energy|date=2024|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124015040}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFigueira2024&quot;&gt;Figueira, J. S. (2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124015040 &quot;Shallow geothermal energy systems for district heating and cooling networks: Review and technological progression through case studies&quot;]. ''Renewable Energy''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Okwu ndị ọzọ a tụlere n'akwụkwọ gụnyere ọnụahịa isi obodo, igwu ala n'okporo ámá na ihe mgbochi, nhazi n'etiti ndị nwe ala na ndị ọrụ, na nhazi nke ọrụ okpomọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=PSC Adopts Initial Utility Thermal Energy Networks Rules|url=https://dps.ny.gov/news/psc-adopts-initial-utility-thermal-energy-networks-rules|work=New York State Department of Public Service|date=2024-07-18|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dps.ny.gov/news/psc-adopts-initial-utility-thermal-energy-networks-rules &quot;PSC Adopts Initial Utility Thermal Energy Networks Rules&quot;]. ''New York State Department of Public Service''. July 18, 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị mkpa na a na-eji nlezianya emepụta usoro TEN iji zere ụgwọ ma ọ bụ nsogbu arụmọrụ.

== Hụkwa ==

* Okpomọkụ distrikti
* Mmiri oyi nke mpaghara
* Pumpụ okpomọkụ sitere n'ala
* Okpomọkụ nke ala
* Nchekwa ike okpomọkụ
* Nchekwa ike okpomọkụ n'oge

== Ebensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Vidio: Geothermal Energy Networks: Transforming Our Thermal Energy System, MIT Open Courseware (January 2025) 
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'''Netwọk ike okpomọkụ''' (TEN) bụ ụdị usoro kpo ọkụ na ịjụ oyi nke mpaghara nke mmiri na-agbanwere okpomọkụ n'ala, ndị ọzọ site na oghere okpomọkụ dị omimi, yana njikọ na ọtụtụ ụlọ nke na-eji mgbapụta okpomọkụ maka okpomọkụ, ịjụ oyi, na ikekwe okpomọkụ mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling|work=[[United States Department of Energy]]|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụkpụrụ ANSI / CSA / IGSHPA C448 Design and Installation standard, a na-akpọ usoro ndị a ''Usoro ike distrikti'' 

N'adịghị ka usoro okpomọkụ nke mpaghara nke na-ekesa mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri okpomọkụ dị elu site na ụlọ ọrụ etiti, netwọk ike okpomọkụ na-agbasa mmiri na okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu. Ụlọ ọ bụla na-eji mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ iji bulie ma ọ bụ belata okpomọkụ maka okpomọkụ, ịjụ oyi, na mgbe ụfọdụ mmiri ọkụ n'ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;N'akwụkwọ teknụzụ na iwu, a na-akọwakarị netwọk ike okpomọkụ dị ka akụkụ nke Ọgbọ nke ise nke okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite report |last=Simpson |first=J. G. |title=National Modeling of Geothermal District Energy Systems with Ambient-Temperature Loops Using dGeo: Preprint |publisher=National Renewable Energy Laboratory |date=2024 |url=https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy25osti/90324.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Netwọk ike okpomọkụ bụ teknụzụ zuru oke nke sistem ike ikuku nke netwọk dabere na ihe okpomọkụ dịnụ ihe ọ bụla ha bụ. Gụnyere ma usoro ọgbọ nke ise dịka etinyere n'ọtụtụ obodo ugbu a na usoro okpomọkụ nke ọgbọ nke isii na-arụkọ ọrụ ugbu a site na nyocha gaa na mmejuputa.

== Ambient okpomọkụ akaghị ==
Isi ihe dị n'ime TEN bụ okpọkọ okpoko okpomọkụ nke na ebuga mmiri ọkụ n'etiti isi mmalite ọkụ dị iche iche na sinks. Okwu a kapịrị ọnụ &quot;Ambient Temperature Loop (ATL) &quot; nwekwara ike izo aka na nhazi ọkpọkọ 1 nke ụfọdụ mahadum, obodo, na ọrụ na-anakwere. 

Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ bụ 1-pipe geothermal netwọk nke na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eme ka Mahadum Colorado Mesa dị jụụ (CMU) . Ihe ọzọ bụ akụrụngwa 1st arụnyere TEN na Framingham, MA.

== Ọkwụ ọkụ ==
Okwu eji eme ihe maka netwọk ike okpomọkụ dịgasị iche site na ikike na isi iyi. N'akwụkwọ injinia, a na-akọwa usoro ndị yiri ya dị ka ''Usoro ike distrikti'', usoro ike geothermal distrikti, ''Mpaghara okpomọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi'', na usoro okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi nke ọgbọ nke ise.

Na mgbasa ozi US, iwu, na ọnọdụ enyemaka, akọwakwala usoro ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ''netwọk geothermal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt;

== Imepụta na ọrụ ==
E mebere  netwọk ike thermal ka ọ bụrụ ebumnuche nke ntụkwasị obi, nkwusi ike, arụmọrụ / ọnụ ahịa, yana mbelata ọnụahịa n'ihu. A na-achọpụta ihe niile dị na okpomọkụ na isi iyi / mmiri, mgbe ahụ, a na-ahọrọ isi iyi na mmiri kachasị ọnụ. 

Otu isi iyi / sink na-abụkarị ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na  n'ala, a.k.a &quot;geothermal&quot;. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ala bụ nnukwu okpomọkụ nke enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dịka batrị okpomọkụ iji nyefee ike site n'otu oge gaa na nke ọzọ. Isi iyi / mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara, ọdọ mmiri na-achịkwa idei mmiri, okpomọkụ anyanwụ, snow na-agbaze, na batrị okpomọkụ nke ime ụlọ na ala.

Netwọk ike okpomọkụ na-agụnye eriri e liri n'ala na-ebu mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta mmiri na-egbochi oyi, usoro nke oghere okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ isi iyi okpomọkụ ndị ọzọ na ndị na-agbanwe njikọ, mgbapụta na njikwa, na mgbapụta okpomọkụ nke mmiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling|work=United States Department of Energy|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling &quot;Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling&quot;]. ''United States Department of Energy''. Office of Geothermal&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọtụtụ atụmatụ, loop netwọk na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ okpomọkụ ala karịa na okpomọkụ dị elu nke e ji mee ihe na usoro okpomọkụ distrikti mbụ. Ụlọ ndị chọrọ okpomọkụ na-ewepụta ya site na mgbapụta okpomọkụ, ebe ụlọ ndị chọrọ ịjụ oyi na-ewepụ okpomọkụ n'ime mgbapụta ahụ. N'ihi na okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi nwere ike ime n'oge dị iche iche gafee mpaghara, a na-emepụta usoro ụfọdụ iji gbanwere okpomọkụ n'etiti ụlọ na iji ala maka Nchekwa ike okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nchekwa ike okike oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Figueira|first=J. S.|title=Shallow geothermal energy systems for district heating and cooling networks: Review and technological progression through case studies|journal=Renewable Energy|date=2024|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124015040}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFigueira2024&quot;&gt;Figueira, J. S. (2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124015040 &quot;Shallow geothermal energy systems for district heating and cooling networks: Review and technological progression through case studies&quot;]. ''Renewable Energy''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọganihu nke Okpomọkụ ==
Sistemụ kpo ọkụ na igwe jụrụ oyi nke mpaghara na ebute ụzọ  na nso nso nke okwu netwọk ike thermal , mana echiche ahụ nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu na 2020s dịka akụkụ nke iwu nrụpụta decarbonization na United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling|work=United States Department of Energy|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling &quot;Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling&quot;]. ''United States Department of Energy''. Office of Geothermal&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=District-Scale Geothermal Energy Pilots|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/district-scale-geothermal-energy-pilots|work=United States Department of Energy|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Massachusetts, Eversource Energy mepụtara usoro ụgbọelu nke ọgbọ nke ise nke geothermal thermal network ike na Framingham, Massachusetts. Akụkọ ''PBS NewsHour'' nke afọ 2025 kọwara ya dịka usoro otu kilomita nke jikọtara ihe dị ka ụlọ iri na abụọ na ụlọ obodo na mpaghara geothermal.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;/&gt; Akụkọ onwe onye nke ''Grist'' kọwakwara ọrụ Framingham dịka usoro okpomọkụ na-ejere ụlọ obibi na ụlọ ahịa ozi site na akụrụngwa dị n'okpuru ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Simon|first=Matt|title=The secret to decarbonizing buildings might be right beneath your feet|url=https://grist.org/climate-energy/decarbonizing-buildings-geothermal-network-solutions/|work=Grist|date=2024-06-27|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ọrụ Framingham na akụkọ dịka ule mbụ nke ma ndị ọrụ gas nwere ike ịgbanwe akụkụ nke azụmahịa ha site na nkesa gas sitere n'okike gaa na akụrụngwa okpomọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=St. John|first=Jeff|title=Massachusetts kicks off first pilot to shift gas utilities to clean heat|url=https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/geothermal/massachusetts-kicks-off-first-pilot-to-shift-gas-utilities-to-clean-heat|work=Canary Media|date=2024-06-04|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iwu na iwu ==
Na United States, a na-ekwuwanye okwu netwọk geothermal n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ịba uru, mgbanwe ọrụ, na ụlọ eletrik. N'afọ 2022, New York wepụtara Iwu Utility Thermal Energy Network and Jobs Act, na-eweputa usoro iwu na nhazi maka netwọk ọkụ eletrik.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NY State Assembly Bill 2021-A10493|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2021/A10493|work=New York State Senate|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iwu ahụ kọwara netwọk ike ikuku dịka okpomọkụ mmiri na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ụlọ na isi mmalite ike, na ndị nwe ụlọ na-ejigide site na mgbapụta okpomọkụ nke mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Julaị 2024, New York State Public Service Commission nakweere iwu mbụ maka netwọk ọkụ eletrik. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt; Maryland weputara iwu na 2024 na-enye ikike usoro netwọk ọkụ eletrik. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Legislation - HB0397|url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/hb0397?ys=2024RS|work=Maryland General Assembly|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Massachusetts nyere ntụziaka steeti maka ọrụ geothermal netwọk na 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DPU Establishes Network Geothermal Guidelines|url=https://www.mass.gov/news/dpu-establishes-network-geothermal-guidelines|work=Mass.gov|date=2024-07-31|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ngwa ==
A tụwo aro ma ọ bụ tinye netwọk ọkụ eletrik na mahadum  , mmepe eji eme ihe, ụlọ obibi, na ndị na-anya ụgbọelu na mpaghara.  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling|url=https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling|work=United States Department of Energy|publisher=Office of Geothermal|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.energy.gov/hgeo/geothermal/geothermal-heating-cooling &quot;Geothermal Heating &amp; Cooling&quot;]. ''United States Department of Energy''. Office of Geothermal&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;/&gt; Dị ka ''PBS NewsHour'' si kwuo, onye na-anya ụgbọelu Framingham jere ozi n'ụlọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ yana ụlọ nchịkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọkụ, na mmepe ụlọ ọha.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=O'Brien|first=Miles|title=Unlikely alliance builds cleaner geothermal energy network in Massachusetts community|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/unlikely-alliance-builds-cleaner-geothermal-energy-network-in-massachusetts-community|work=PBS NewsHour|date=2025-10-10|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO'Brien2025&quot;&gt;O'Brien, Miles (October 10, 2025). [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/unlikely-alliance-builds-cleaner-geothermal-energy-network-in-massachusetts-community &quot;Unlikely alliance builds cleaner geothermal energy network in Massachusetts community&quot;]. ''PBS NewsHour''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji usoro ndị a eme ihe maka okpomọkụ, ikuku oyi, mmiri ọkụ n'ụlọ, na nguzozi ibu n'etiti ụlọ nwere mkpa okpomọkụ dị iche iche.

== Usoro okpomọkụ nke Ọgbọ nke isii ==
Ọgbọ nke isii na-apụta na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi TEN na-eme ka ubi ahụ nwee mmekọrịta DER na-arụ ọrụ iji tinye ihe nchekwa ike okpomọkụ nke usoro ahụ iji mịkọrọ ma zere ike na njikọ ya na ụgwọ ike grid. Isi ihe maka usoro ndị a bụ iji &quot;batrị okpomọkụ&quot; dị obere karịa batrị okpomike ala nke bụ onye na-agbanwe okpomọkụ ala. GHEX bụ usoro nchekwa okpomọkụ dị irè kwa afọ. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eji nwayọ na-agba ọsọ ma na-eji nwayọọ na-agbapụta. Mmekọrịta grid chọrọ ụgwọ okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa na ịgba ọsọ, ya mere batrị okpomọkụ e mere maka ịgba ọsọ okpomọkụ dị mkpirikpi. Ọrụ nke ORNL's Thermal Energy Storage Research Group  bụ isi na usoro TEN nke ọgbọ nke isii.

== Ihe mgbochi na ihe ndị a na-atụle ==
Arụmọrụ na akụnaụba nke netwọk geothermal na-adabere na geology mpaghara, ọnọdụ mkpọpu mmiri, ibu dị iche iche, ihe nrụpụta ụlọ chọrọ, na usoro ego.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Figueira|first=J. S.|title=Shallow geothermal energy systems for district heating and cooling networks: Review and technological progression through case studies|journal=Renewable Energy|date=2024|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124015040}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFigueira2024&quot;&gt;Figueira, J. S. (2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124015040 &quot;Shallow geothermal energy systems for district heating and cooling networks: Review and technological progression through case studies&quot;]. ''Renewable Energy''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Okwu ndị ọzọ a tụlere n'akwụkwọ gụnyere ọnụahịa isi obodo, igwu ala n'okporo ámá na ihe mgbochi, nhazi n'etiti ndị nwe ala na ndị ọrụ, na nhazi nke ọrụ okpomọkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=PSC Adopts Initial Utility Thermal Energy Networks Rules|url=https://dps.ny.gov/news/psc-adopts-initial-utility-thermal-energy-networks-rules|work=New York State Department of Public Service|date=2024-07-18|accessdate=2026-03-17}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dps.ny.gov/news/psc-adopts-initial-utility-thermal-energy-networks-rules &quot;PSC Adopts Initial Utility Thermal Energy Networks Rules&quot;]. ''New York State Department of Public Service''. July 18, 2024&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;March 17,&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dị mkpa na a na-eji nlezianya emepụta usoro TEN iji zere ụgwọ ma ọ bụ nsogbu arụmọrụ.

== Hụkwa ==

* Okpomọkụ distrikti
* Mmiri oyi nke mpaghara
* Pumpụ okpomọkụ sitere n'ala
* Okpomọkụ nke ala
* Nchekwa ike okpomọkụ
* Nchekwa ike okpomọkụ n'oge

== Ebensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Vidio: Geothermal Energy Networks: Transforming Our Thermal Energy System, MIT Open Courseware (January 2025) 
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    <title>Mpaghara Dowa South East</title>
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'''Mpaghara ndịda ebe ọ wụwa anyanwụ Dowa'''  bụ mpaghara ntuli aka nke ndị omeiwu mba Malawi, nke dị na mpaghara Dowa na mpaghara etiti nke Malawi.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 2016, e hiwere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ ndịda ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Dowa  iji nyere aka n'ịkụziri ụmụ agbọghọ ihe n'ọrụ ugbo. E tinyere ego maka Virginia Gildersleeve, onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na Amerịka, kwadoro ọrụ a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dowa South East Girls Education Project|url=https://tawina.org/portfolio/dowa-south-east/|accessdate=2026-06-20|work=Teams Advancing Women in Agriculture (TAWINA)|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, onye ome iwu [[Harry Njoka Chipeni|Harry Njoka Chipeni,]] toro atụmatụ Ndị otu na-aga n'ihu na ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ ugbo (TAWINA) iji melite agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ na mpaghara ntuli aka ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;schem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-05-23|title=MP applauds TAWINA, Dowa-South East Girls Education Project|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/mp-applauds-tawina-dowa-south-east-girls-education-project/|accessdate=2026-05-16|work=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sere okwu na pati ya ma bo Malawi Congress Party (MCP) ebubo na ha na-akwado onye bụbu Minista Halima Dauda . &lt;ref name=&quot;dispute&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-12|title=Chiefs urge Chakwera to solve MCP primaries wrangle in Dowa South East|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chiefs-urge-chakwera-to-solve-mcp-primaries-wrangle-in-dowa-south-east/|accessdate=2026-05-16|work=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2018, e nwere esemokwu gbasara nha nke ndị ome iwu ahụ. Ndị isi obodo degaara MCP akwụkwọ na-arịọ ha ka ha dozie esemokwu ahụ. Ha tụrụ egwu na esemokwu ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ime ihe ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;dispute&quot;/&gt;

A họpụtara Hope Tionge Zamba n'afọ 2025. &lt;ref name=&quot;hope&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=30 September 2025|title=MEC commissioner declares ...|url=https://www.facebook.com/100089127267556/posts/the-malawi-electoral-commissioner-has-declared-the-following-as-winners-of-the-s/805376762443225/|work=Dowa Council}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara mbọ dịka onye nọọrọ onwe ya, ihe ndị e nwetara n'oge gara aga gosiri na o nwetara ihe karịrị votu puku iri abụọ na isii ebe onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa a, Halima Daud, nwetara ihe na-erughị votu puku anọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kandiado|first=Kondwani|date=2025-09-22|title=Independent MP candidates‘leading’ in Dowa District|url=https://mwnation.com/independent-mp-candidatesleading-in-dowa-district/|accessdate=2026-06-20|work=Nation Online|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daud meriri Zamba na ntuliaka praịmarị, mana Zamba ekweghị na DPP ga-emeri na-enweghị nkwado pati. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mwale|first=Joseph|date=2025-04-30|title=DPP, MCP big wigs win in primaries|url=https://mwnation.com/dpp-mcp-big-wigs-win-in-primaries/|accessdate=2026-05-16|work=Nation Online|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị omeiwu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ntuli aka
! MP
! Oriri
! Ihe ndetu
! Ntụaka
|-
| 2009
| Halima Daud &lt;ref name=&quot;e2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hon. Halima Daud – PWC Malawi|url=https://pwcmalawi.org/hon-halima-daud/|accessdate=2024-12-26|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226234132/https://pwcmalawi.org/hon-halima-daud/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| DPP
| Sistemụ ọtụtụ ndị otu
|
|-
|
| [[Harry Njoka Chipeni]] &lt;ref name=&quot;schem&quot;/&gt;
| DPP
| Sistemụ ọtụtụ ndị otu
|
|-
| 2019
| Halima Daud &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chauwa|first=Alfred|date=2015-07-27|title=Malawi: MCP Boost! Chakwera Welcomes Back Gwengwe, Kayembe, Zulu, Kalazi Mbewe|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201507271511.html|accessdate=2024-12-26|work=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| MCP
| Sistemụ ọtụtụ ndị otu
|
|-
| 2025
| Olileanya Tionge Zamba &lt;ref name=&quot;hope&quot;/&gt;
| (ghọọrọ DPP)
| Sistemụ ọtụtụ ndị otu
|
|}

== Edensibia ==</text>
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    <title>Fred Singer</title>
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'''Siegfried Fred Singer''' (September 27, 1924 - April 6, 2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dr. S. Fred Singer, R.I.P.|url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/dr-s-fred-singer-rip|accessdate=April 7, 2020|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụbụ onye ọka mmụta sayensị na America a mụrụ na Austria na prọfesọ emeritus nke sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Virginia, zụrụ azụ dịka onye physics ikuku. A maara ya maka ịjụ nkwekọrịta sayensị n'ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe,   njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụgụ melanoma,  mmebi ozone stratospheric nke chlorofluoro compounds, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka refrigerants,  na ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2013|author=Dunlap|first=R. E.|title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection|journal=The American Behavioral Scientist|volume=57|issue=6|pages=699–731|pmid=24098056|doi=10.1177/0002764213477096}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/naomi-oreskes-a-lightning-rod-in-a-changing-climate.html|title=Naomi Oreskes, a Lightning Rod in a Changing Climate|work=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2015|author=Gillis|first=Justin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), na Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). O deekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Unstoppable Global Warming: Kwa afọ 1,500 Years (2007)  na Dennis Avery, na Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) na Craig Idso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|title=S. Fred Singer, Ph.D.|accessdate=March 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045629/http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|archivedate=January 25, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-abụ abụ nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, na-eje ozi na ndị agha, gọọmentị, na agụmakwụkwọ. O rụrụ ogbunigwe maka ndị agha mmiri US n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, tupu ọ nweta Ph.D. ya na physics na Mahadum Princeton n'afọ 1948 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta sayensị na U.S. Embassy na London. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na nyocha mbara igwe mbụ, na-etinye aka na mmepe nke satellites na-ahụ maka ụwa, n'afọ 1962 guzobere National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mahadum nke Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences n'afọ 1964, ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị, gụnyere osote osote onye nchịkwa maka Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na onye isi sayensị maka Ngalaba Transportation. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia site n'afọ 1971 ruo n'afọ 1994, na Mahadum George Mason ruo n'afọ 2000.

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project,   n'afọ 2006 ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Canada kpọrọ ya aha dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole kwuru na ha na-emepụta nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot; /&gt; Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru, n'ụzọ megidere nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọ nweghị ihe aka ebe na okpomọkụ ụwa bụ n'ihi mmụba nke carbon dioxide ikuku sitere na mmadụ, nakwa na ụmụ mmadụ ga-erite uru ma ọ bụrụ na okpompe arịgo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Louise Gray|title=Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6592414/Fred-Singer-to-speak-at-climate-change-sceptics-conference.html|accessdate=October 4, 2019|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|date=November 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-emegide Kyoto Protocol, ma kwuo na ụdị ihu igwe anaghị adabere na eziokwu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe. A na-ebo onye na-abụ abụ ebubo ịjụ ihe aka ebe sayensị nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara ma kwado n'onwe ya na nkwupụta ya gbasara ahụike ọha na eze na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2010|isbn=9781596916104}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singer, S. Fred 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Singer|first=S. Fred|chapter=The Revelle-Gore Story: Attempted Political Suppression of Science|editor=Gough|chapterurl=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817939326_283.pdf|title=Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking|publisher=Hoover Press|date=2003|accessdate=May 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ onye na-abụ abụ na Vienna, Austria, n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ọla na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbe Anschluss gasịrị n'etiti Nazi Germany na Austria n'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Austria, onye na-abụ abụ wee soro ụmụaka ndị Juu ndị ọzọ banye n'ụgbọ okporo igwe ụmụaka. Ọ gara England, ebe ọ biri na Northumberland, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye na-ahụ maka anya n'afọ iri na ụma. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ kwagara Ohio wee ghọọ nwa amaala America n'afọ 1944.  Ọ natara nzere Bachelor nke Injinia Eletrik (B.E.E.) na Mahadum steeti Ohio n'afọ 1943. Ọ kụziri physics na Princeton mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na masters ya na doctorate ya, na-enweta Ph.D. ya n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1948.  A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, &quot;The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air shoers&quot;.  Onye nlekọta ya bụ John Archibald Wheeler, na kọmitii edemede ya gụnyere J. Robert Oppenheimer na Niels Bohr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer, S. Fred|year=1949|title=The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air showers|journal=American Doctoral Dissertations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== 1950: Ndị Agha Mmiri nke United States ===
Mgbe nna ya ukwu gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ sonyeere ndị agha, na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States na agha ogbunigwe na mgbochi site n'afọ 1944 ruo n'afọ 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na Naval Ordnance Laboratory, ọ mepụtara ihe arithmetic maka Kọmputa dijitalụ nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;ụbụrụ eletrọniki&quot;. A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 1946 wee sonye na Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory na Silver Spring, Maryland, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1950. O lekwasịrị anya na ozone, cosmic rays, na ionosphere, niile a tụrụ site na balloons na rocket ndị sitere na White Sands, New Mexico, ma ọ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri. [[Rachel White Scheuering]] dere na maka otu ọrụ iji gbaa rọket, ọ ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa [[Arktik|Arctic]], ma na-agbapụ rọket site na ụgbọ mmiri na equator.

Site n'afọ 1950 ruo n'afọ 1953, ọ nọ na U.S. Embassy na London dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta sayensị na Office of Naval Research, ebe ọ mụrụ mmemme nyocha na Europe na radiation cosmic na physics nuklia. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya asatọ nwere nzụlite na ọrụ Ngwá agha ndị a na-eduzi iji kwuo okwu na Nzukọ nke anọ nke International Congress of Astronautics na Zurich n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1953, n'oge, dịka ''The New York Times'' kọrọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị hụrụ ụgbọ elu dịka akụkọ sayensị zoro ezo.
[[Faịlụ:MOUSE_(Fred_Singer).jpg|thumb|188x188px|Satellite Singer's MOUSE, nke o mepụtara na mbido afọ 1950 ]]
Onye na-abụ abụ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ gbara ume ka a tụọ satellites ụwa maka nyocha sayensị n'oge afọ 1950.  N'afọ 1951 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1952, ọ tụrụ aro MOUSE (&quot;Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth&quot;), satịlaịtị 100 pounds (45 kg) nke ga-enwe Geiger counters maka ịlele ụzarị mbara igwe, mkpụrụ ndụ foto maka inyocha ụwa, telemetry electronics maka iziga data azụ n'ụwa, ngwaọrụ nchekwa data magnetic, na mkpụrụ ndụ ike anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na MOUSE enwetụbeghị ụgbọelu, ''Baltimore News-Post'' kọrọ n'afọ 1957 na arụmụka Singer banyere mkpa maka satellites ka a na-ege ntị, US gaara emeri Russia site na ịmalite Satellite mbụ nke ụwa. Ọ tụkwara aro (ya na R. C. Wentworth) na enwere ike iji nyocha satellite nke ultraviolet backscatter mee ihe dịka usoro iji tụọ profaịlụ ozone ikuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer|first=S. F|title=A method for the determination of the vertical ozone distribution from a satellite|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=June 1957|volume=62|issue=2|pages=299–308|doi=10.1029/JZ062i002p00299|issn=2156-2202}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara jiri usoro a mee ihe na Satellite ihu igwe mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Zerefos|title=Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer|date=2000|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4353-0|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792365136|series=Nato Science Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=[[Dordrecht]]|isbn=978-0-7923-6513-6|quote=Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1953: Mahadum nke Maryland ===
Onye na-abụ abụ laghachiri na United States n'afọ 1953, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ dịka prọfesọ na physics na Mahadum Maryland, ma n'otu oge ahụ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Scheuering dere na ọrụ ya gụnyere ịme nnwale na rọket na satellites, remote sensing, radiation belts, [[magnetosphere]], na meteorites. Ọ mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ịtụba rọket na mbara igwe: ịgba ha site na ụgbọ elu na-efe elu, ma na-enweghị onye na-anya ụgbọelu. Ndị agha mmiri nabatara echiche ahụ ma Singer lekọtara ọrụ ahụ. Ọ natara White House Special Commendation site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower n'afọ 1954 maka ọrụ ya. 

Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu 12 nke American Astronautical Society, otu e guzobere n'afọ 1954 iji nọchite anya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia 300 na-eduga na mpaghara nke mgbọ ogbunigwe - ọ bụ otu n'etiti ndị otu asaa gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa disemba 1956 mgbe usoro esemokwu banyere ntụziaka na njikwa nke otu ahụ. 

N'ọnwa nọvemba afọ 1957, onye na-abụ abụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ nọ na mahadum ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma gbaa bọmbụ &quot;Oriole&quot; ọhụrụ atọ na Virginia Capes. Rocket ndị ahụ dị ihe na-erughị pounds 25 (11 kg) ma nwee ike iwu ya maka ihe dịka $ 2000. A chụpụrụ ha site na LSM Navy a gbanwere agbanwe, ha nwere ike iru n'ịdị elu nke 50,000 feet (15,000 m) ma nwee usoro telemetry zuru oke iji zipụ ozi gbasara cosmic, ultraviolet na X-rays. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ịgba égbè ahụ debere &quot;nnyocha nke mbara igwe dị elu na rọket dị elu n'otu ihe ahụ, ọnụahịa na mgbalị, dị ka ọnụọgụ ikuku dị ala na balloons ihu igwe. Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, anyị nwere ike ịgba ọtụtụ puku rọket ndị a n'ụwa niile na obere ego&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1958, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi nke otu cosmic ray nke ngalaba physics nke Mahadum Maryland, ọ natara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower maka &quot;ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru na mmepe nke satellites maka ebumnuche sayensị&quot;.  N'ọnwupụta n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958. A họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Kọmitii Nhọrọ Ụlọ na Astronautics na Space Exploration, nke na-akwadebe ịnwe ntị na aro Onye isi alaisenhower maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iji jikwaa nyocha mbara igwe mee nchọpụta, otu ọnwa ka ọ nwetakwuo ihe nrite Distinguished Alumnus nke Mahadụ. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na Maryland n'afọ 1959, ma họrọ ya n'afọ ahụ site na United States Junior Chamber of Commerce dịka otu n'ime ụmụ okorobịa iri pụtara ìhè na mba ahụ.

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1960 na American Physical Society, Singer depụtara ọhụụ ya banyere ihe gburugburu ụwa nwere ike ịgụnye, na-agbasa ruo 40,000 kilomita (64,000 km) n'ime mbara igwe. A maara ya maka amụma mbụ ya banyere njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri eletrik ndị tọrọ n'ụwa, nke nchọpụta ndị e mechara chọpụta na nnwale satellite. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1960, ọ tụrụ aro ịdị adị nke mkpokoro ájá a na-ahụ anya gburugburu ụwa ihe dịka 600 ruo 1,000 kilomita (1,600 km)  na mbara igwe, karịa nke e nwere obere ihe, micrometer ma ọ bụ obere n'obosara, na-agbasa 2,000 ruo 4,000 kilomita (6,400 km).  N'ọnwa Maachị 1961, onye na-abụ abụ na onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka physics na Mahadum Maryland, E. J. Opik, nyere onyinye $ 97,000 site na NASA iji mee nyocha afọ atọ nke gas na uzuzu interplanetary.

=== 1960: Echiche nke Phobos aka mere ===
N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Astronautics nke afọ 1960, onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na echiche Iosif Shklovsky  na usoro ọnwa Phobos na-atụ aro na ọ bụ oghere, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ nke aka mere. onye na-abụ abụ dere, sị: &quot;Nkwupụta m dị, ebe a ka m kwadoro Shklovsky, na ọ bụrụ na satellite na agbagharị n'ime dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha nke mbara Egwu, mgbe ahụ enwere obere ihe ọzọ maka echiche ahụ na ọ bụ oghere ma ya mere e mere na Mars. Nnukwu 'ọ bụrụ' dị na nyocha nke astronomical; ha nwere ike ịbụ na ha na-ezighị ezi. Ebe ọ bụ na ha dabere na ọtụtụ usoro nke ndị na-ekiri dị iche iche na-ekiri ihe dị iche iche jiri ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iche iche mee ihe, njehie nwere ike ịmetụta ha. &quot; Foto site na nyocha malitere n'afọ 1972 na-egosi elu nkume sitere n'okike nwere oghere.  Ndị na-ahụ maka Ufology na-aga n'ihu na-egosi onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye na-akwado echiche Phobos nke Shklovsky. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|title=Andrew Kelleher, &quot;Phobos: the odd moon of Mars&quot;, in Alienation News #211 Nov 2002.|accessdate=May 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902064151/http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|archivedate=September 2, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mag Time dere n'afọ 1969 na onye na-abụ abụ nwere mmasị ndụ ya niile na Phobos na ọnwa nke abụọ nke Mars, Deimos. Ọ gwara o''''ge'''' na ọ nwere ike ikwe omume ịdọrọ Deimos n'ime usoro ụwa ka e wee nwee ike inyocha ya. N'oge nnọkọ mbara igwe mba ụwa n'ọnwa Mee 1966, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbara igwe si United States na Soviet Union bịara, ọ bu ụzọ kwuo na ịdakwasị ndị mmadụ n'ọnwa Martian ga-abụ nzọụkwụ ezi uche dị na ya mgbe ndị mmadụ rutere n'ọnwụrụ ụwa. O kwuru na obere nha nke Phobos na Deimos - ihe dịka  iri na anọ na asatọ (23 na 13 km) n'obosara na ikike ndọda nke sub milli-g - ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ụgbọ mbara igwe mfe ịdakwasị ma bido ọzọ.

=== 1962: National Weather Center na Mahadum Miami ===
N'afọ 1962, o''ge'' ọ nọ na ezumike na mahadum ahụ, a kpọrọ Singer dịka onye nduzi mbụ nke ọrụ satellite ihu igwe maka National Weather Satellite Center, nke bụzi akụkụ nke National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ma duzie mmemme maka iji satellites ịkọ ihu igwe. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1964. Ọ gwara magazin Time n'afọ 1969 na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịgagharị. &quot;Njem ọ bụla nyere m echiche ọhụrụ&quot;, ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ bụrụ na m nọdụrụ ala, ma eleghị anya m ka na-atụle ụzarị mbara igwe, isiokwu nke thesis m na Princeton. Nke ahụ bụ ihe na-eme ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. &quot;  Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị dịka onye nduzi, ọ natara ihe nrite Gold Medal nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa maka Ọrụ Federal. 

N'afọ 1964,  ọ ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Environmental and Planetary Sciences na University of Miami n'afọ 1964, ụlọakwụkwọ mbụ nke ụdị ya na mba ahụ, raara onwe ya nye nyocha nke afọ.. N'ọnwa Disemba 1965, akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times kọrọ banyere otu ogbako Singer kwadoro na Miami Beach n'oge nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ise, na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị onwe ha, gosipụtara nyocha nke na-egosi ihe ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe foduru nke ọkụ primordial nke mere mgbe a mụrụ eluigwe na ụwa..

=== 1967–1994 ===
N'afọ 1967, ọ nakweere ọkwa osote odeakwụkwọ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Obodo nke United States, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ịdị mma mmiri na nyocha. Mgbe e guzobere [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] na 1970, ọ ghọrọ osote osote onye nchịkwa iwu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=S. Fred Singer (1924 - 2020)|url=https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer/|accessdate=2025-03-27|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer|title=S. FRED SINGER (1924 - 2020)|publisher=Heartland Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1987 he took up a two-year post as chief scientist at the U.S. Department of Transportation, and in 1989 joined the [[Institute of Space Science and Technology]] in Gainesville, Florida where he contributed to a paper on the results from the Interplanetary Dust Experiment using data from the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite. When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.

Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway na-ekwu na Singer tinyere aka na mbọ gọọmentị Reagan na-agba iji gbochie usoro nchịkwa iji belata mmiri ozuzo acid.

== Arụmụka ọha na eze ==

=== Ide ihe ===
N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, Singer na-ede ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''The New York Times'', The Washington Post, na Wall Street Journal, na-ekwukarị n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ese okwu n'echiche. Ọnọdụ ya n'ozuzu ya bụ otu n'ime enweghị ntụkwasị obi na iwu gọọmentị etiti na nkwenye siri ike na ịdị irè nke ahịa nweere onwe ya. O kwenyere na ihe Rachel White Scheuering na-akpọ &quot;nwere onwe ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi&quot;: na ụkpụrụ ahịa na ihe mkpali kwesịrị ezu iji duga na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị n'isiokwu ya bụ ike, mmachibido iwu mmanụ, OPEC, Iran, na ọnụahịa na-arị elu. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o belatara echiche nke Nsogbu ike ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&gt; N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na 1990s na 2000s, ọ kpughere ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ megide isi, na-ajụ njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụ melanoma, na nke dị n'agbata CFCs na ọnwụ ozone stratospheric.

YArụmụka ọha na eze nke Singer nwetara ọtụtụ nkatọ bụ maka anwụrụ ọkụ na okpomọkụ ụwa. Ọ jụrụ njikọ dị n'etiti anwụrụ ọkụ na ọrịa kansa akpa ume, ọ bụkwa onye na-emegide echiche sayensị gbasara Mgbanwe ihu igwe; ọ rụrụ ụka na enweghị ihe akaebe na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomọkụ ụwa na okpomọkụ nke ụwa agbanweela mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; Ihe ngosi CBC Fifth Estate na 2006 jikọtara arụmụka abụọ a, na-akpọ Singer dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara abụọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt; Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway kpọrọ Singer n'akwụkwọ ha, Merchants of Doubt, dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atọ na-emegide onwe ha - tinyere Fred Seitz na Bill Nierenberg - bụ ndị na-etinye onwe ha n'ime arụmụka ọha na eze banyere okwu sayensị na-ese okwu, na-etinye ha n'ọnọdụ dị ka ndị na-enwe obi abụọ, echiche ha na-enweta ike n'ihi na mgbasa ozi na-enye ha oge hà nhata n'ihi echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Seth|date=2010-06-01|title='Merchants of Doubt' delves into contrarian scientists|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083553/https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archivedate=2010-06-01|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dịka [[David Biello]] na John si kwuo na Scientific American, a maara onye na-abụ abụ nke ọma maka ịgọnahụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga. O sonyere n'afọ 1994 dịka onye edemede na onye nyocha nke akụkọ banyere okwu ahụ site na Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, ebe ọ bụ onye isi. Akụkọ ahụ katọrọ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) maka nyocha ha n'afọ 1993 banyere ihe ize ndụ cancer nke ịṅụ sịga, na-akpọ ya &quot;sayensị mkpofu&quot;. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC's Ụlọ nke ise n'afọ 2006 na ọ kwụsiri ike n'ọnọdụ na EPA &quot;esiri data&quot; iji gosi na anwụrụ ọkụ nke abụọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa akpa ume. CBC kwuru na ego ụtaba akwụla ụgwọ maka nyocha onye na-abụ abụ na nkwalite ya, nakwa na ọ bụ APCO haziri ya. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche ebe ego ahụ si. &quot;Ha anaghị ebu akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ego dollar na-asị 'Nke a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba,'&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla amaghị m banyere ya, ajụghịkwa m APCO ebe ha na-enweta ego ha. Nke ahụ abụghị azụmahịa m. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|title=The Denial Machine|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050126/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|archivedate=October 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 2003 degara ''Financial Times'', Onye na-abụ abụ dere na &quot;enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ihu igwe ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'ezie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Climate concern is just a tax ruse|author=Singer|first=S.|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=November 26, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, CBC's Fifth Estate kpọrọ onye na-abụ abụ dị ka otu n'ime obere ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kpọrọ nkwụsị nke na-emebi nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpomọkụ ụwa. .&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;  N'afọ sochirinụ ọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ British Channel 4 ''The Great Global Warming Swindle''. Onye na-abụ abụ na-arụ ụka na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ebili na ọ ga-adị mma maka mmadụ. Ọ gwara CBC: &quot;Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ otu puku afọ gara aga karịa ka ọ dị taa. Vikings biri Greenland. Nke ahụ ọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ? Echere m na ọ dị mma. Ha na-eto mmanya na England, n'ebe ugwu England. echere m na nke ahụ dị mma. Ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ndị na-eche otú ahụ.&quot; &quot;Anyị na-etinyekwu carbon dioxide na ikuku, &quot;ka ọ gwara Daily Telegraph na 2009. Otú ọ dị, ikuku dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya na mmadụ enweghị ike ịrụ ụka na nnị n'ihi na CO2 bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpat okpomọkụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; O kwenyere na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebiga ihe ókè na-ekwubiga okwu ókè. &quot;Mgbalị dị n'okpuru ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ iji okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji belata iji ike eme ihe,&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ dị nnọọ mfe: ọ bụrụ na ị belata iji ike eme ihe, mgbe ahụ, ị na-ebelata ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ma kwere ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, e nwere ndị mmadụ n'ụwa kwenyere na anyị agafewo oke na ụba akụ na ụba.&quot;

Echiche ndị na-agụ egwú na-emegide nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;The MIT Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren|editor=DiMento|year=2007|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-54193-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime/page/n82 65]–66|chapter=The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|quote=The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together|publisher=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|title=CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227220848/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|archivedate=February 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe enwere nkwekọrịta siri ike maka okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ kpatara, yana njikọ dị n'etiti oke carbon dioxide na okpomọkụ nke ụwa, yana nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na ihu igwe ga-enwe ihe dị ize ndụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stern&quot;&gt;
{{Cite book|title=The Economics of Climate Change — The Stern Review|first=Nicholas Herbert|author=Stern|authorlink=Nicholas Stern|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70080-1|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/climatology-and-climate-change/economics-climate-change-stern-review|accessdate=February 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news|title=How Dangerous Is Global Warming?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=April 14, 2007|date=June 17, 2001|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/74167018.html?dids=74167018:74167018&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+17%2C+2001&amp;author=&amp;pub=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=M.3&amp;desc=DIALOGUE}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, magazin nne Jones kọwara Singer dị ka &quot;nna nna nke ịGọnahụ okpomọkụ ụwa&quot;.  Otú ọ dị, onye na-abụ abụ kọwara onwe ya dị ka &quot;onye na-enwe obi abụọ&quot; kama ịbụ &quot;onye na'agọnahụ&quot; mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mj200505&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank|title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank|date=May 2005|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) iji rụrịta ụka megide usoro mgbochi megide okpomọkụ ụwa. Mgbe 1991 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit, onye na-abụ abụ malitere ide ma kwuo okwu iji mee ka obi abụọ na sayensị. O buru amụma na ọdachi akụ na ụba sitere na mgbochi ọ bụla na ojiji mmanụ ala, ma kwuo na ụwa okike na usoro ihu igwe ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ nke a na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, nakwa na a maghị ihe gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ site n'oké osimiri gaa na ikuku, ma ọ bụ ọrụ igwe ojii. Ka nkwekọrịta sayensị na-eto, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka site na ọnọdụ na-eleghara anya. Ọ katọrọ ụdị ihu igwe nke na-ebu amụma okpomọkụ ụwa ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1994, o jiri nsonaazụ ihe nlereanya tụnyere okpomọkụ a hụrụ ma chọpụta na okpomọkụ e buru n'amụma maka  afọ 1950 rụọ afọ 1980 si na okpompe nke mere n'ezie, nke o kwubiri na kọlụm ya na The Washington Times - na isiokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ &quot;Mkpesa ihu igwe na-ada n'okpuru ọkụ Sayensị na-egbuke egbuke&quot; - na ụdị ihu igwe adịghị mma. N'afọ 2007, ọ rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha nke chọpụtara na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tropospheric nke ụdị &quot;Ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke 20&quot;&quot; dị iche na nyocha satellite site na okpukpu abụọ nke ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ejighị n'aka.

Rachel White Scheuering dere na, mgbe SEPP malitere, ọ nwere njikọ na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke onye isi Unification Church Sun Myung Moon guzobere. Akụkọ n'afọ 1990 maka Cato Institute gosipụtara onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye nduzi nke ọrụ sayensị na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, na ezumike site na Mahadum Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;Singer, S. Fred. {{Cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|title=Environmental Strategies with Uncertain Science|accessdate=January 15, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110224712/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|archivedate=January 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scheuering dere na Singer akwụsịla mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kwadoro ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;&lt;ref&gt; O dere na ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ARCO, ExxonMobil, Shell, Sun Oil Company, na Unocal, nakwa na SEPP natara enyemaka site na ExxonMobil. Singer kwuru na mmekọrịta ego ya emetụtaghị nyocha ya. Scheuering na-ekwu na nkwubi okwu ya kwekọrọ na ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-akwụ ya ụgwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ chọrọ ịhụ mbelata na nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ''Newsweek'' kọrọ na n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1998, mmadụ iri na abụọ sitere n'ihe ọ kpọrọ &quot;ngwunye ịgọnahụ&quot; zutere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ American Petroleum Institute na Washington. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere otu onye na-abụ abụ, George C. Marshall Institute, na ExxonMobil. ''Newsweek'' kwuru na, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi dị peeji asatọ nke e wepụtara, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro mkpọsa nde $ 5 iji mee ka ọha na eze kwenye na sayensị nke okpomọkụ ụwa bụ arụmụka na ejighị n'aka. A kọọrọ ndị nta akụkọ atụmatụ ahụ ma ọ dịghị mgbe a rụzuru ya. N'izu mgbe akụkọ ahụ gasịrị, Newsweek bipụtara echiche dị iche site n'aka Robert Samuelson, otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, onye kwuru na akụkọ nke igwe na agọnahụ ego bụ nke e chepụtara echepụta ma na-eduhie eduhie. ABC News kọrọ na Machị 2008 na onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ọ bụghị na ụgwọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ike, mana ọ kwetara na SEPP natara otu onyinye ebere a na-arịọghị arịrịọ nke $ 10,000 site na ExxonMobil, nakwa na ọ bụ otu pasent nke onyinye niile natara. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na njikọ ya na Exxon dịka ịnọ na ndepụta ozi ha karịa ịnwe ọnọdụ a kwụrụ ụgwọ. Mmekọrịta ahụ emebiwo nyocha Singer n'etiti ndị otu sayensị, dị ka Scheuering si kwuo. Onye omebe iwu Lynn Rivers jụrụ ntụkwasị obi onye na-abụ abụ n'oge a na-ege ya ntị n'afọ 1995, na-ekwu na o nweghị ike ibipụta ihe ọ bụla na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ ya maka afọ 15 gara aga, ma e wezụga otu nkọwa teknụzụ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michaels|first=P. J.|title=Analyzing Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Is There a Trend?|journal=Science|date=May 27, 1994|volume=264|issue=5163|pages=1341–1342|doi=10.1126/science.264.5163.1341|pmid=17780851}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nkatọ nke IPCC ====
 
N'afọ 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) wepụtara [[Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha|akụkọ]] na-egosipụta nkwekọrịta ''Sayensị'' na nguzozi nke ihe akaebe na-egosi na enwere mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa. Onye na-abụ abụ ji akwụkwọ ozi zaghachi na sayensị na-ekwu na akụkọ IPCC gosipụtara ihe ahọpụtara. O dere, sị: &quot;Nchịkọta ahụ ekwughị na afọ iri na asatọ nke data satellite ihu igwe nke na-egosi obere ọnọdụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emegide ụdị niile nke okpomọkụ ihu igwe. &quot;  Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ kwetara na thermometers nke elu site na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na-egosi okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ekwu na satellites na-enye data ka mma n'ihi na nha ha na-ekpuchi ogidi na ogidi.  Dịka Edward Parson na Andrew Dessler si kwuo, data satịlaịtị egosighi okpomọkụ elu ozugbo, mana a ghaghị idozi ya site na iji ụdị. Mgbe emere mgbanwe maka ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe, data ahụ gosipụtara obere okpomọkụ, na nyocha tụrụ aro na ọdịiche dị n'etiti data elu na nke satellite bụ nsogbu dị ka odịiche dị na satellite.

Onye na-abụ abụ dere &quot;Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change in the U.S.&quot; n'afọ 1995, na emelite ya n'afọ 1997 iji gbaghaa Kyoto Protocol. [[Nkwekọrịta Kyoto]] bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa nke e mere na Kyoto, Japan, n'oge ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe kwetara belata gas ha na-eme ka okpomọkụ. Nkwupụta onye na-abụ abụ na-agụ, sị: &quot;Ike dị mkpa maka uto akụ na ụba ... Anyị ghọtara ihe na-akpali iwepụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nwee ike; mana anyị kwenyere na Kyoto Protocol - iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na naanị akụkụ nke obodo ụwa dị ize ndụ, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ, ma na-ebibi akụ na ụba na ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ndụ. &quot;

Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ gbasara nke a na United States na Europe ma kpọkọta 100 ndị bịanyere aka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu na a na-enyo ụfọdụ n'ime asambodo ndị bịa nyekwara aka enyo. Ọ dịkarịa ala 20 bụ ndị nta akụkọ ihu igwe televishọn, ụfọdụ enweghị nzere sayensị, na  ụbọchị iri na anọ edepụtara dịka ndị prọfesọ n'ekwughị otu mpaghara. Dịka Scheuering si kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mechara kwuo na ha kwenyere na ha na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ iji kwado ime ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) n'afọ 2004 mgbe 2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Milan. NIPCC haziri ogbako ihu igwe mba ụwa na Vienna n'ọnwa eprel afọ 2007, &lt;ref name=&quot;nature1&quot;&gt;Singer, S. Fred (ed.). [http://www.odlt.org/dcd/docs/singer_Nature_Not%20Human%20Activity,%20Rules%20the%20Climate.pdf &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, March 2, 2008, accessed May 17, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; iji nye ihe ha kpọrọ nyocha onwe onye nke ihe akaebe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.  Singer kwadebere akụkọ NIPCC akpọrọ &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate,&quot; nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Heartland Institute bipụtara n'ọnwa maachị 2008.  ABC Ozi kwuru n'otu ọnwa ahụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe a na-akpọghị aha sitere na NASA, Stanford, na Princeton bụ ndị gwara ABC okwu banyere akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ya dị ka &quot;ihe nzuzu efu&quot;. N'akwụkwọ ozi mkpesa o degaara ABC Ozi, Singer kwuru na akwụkwọ ha jiri &quot;okwu ajọ mbunobi, eziokwu gbagọrọ agbagọ, nkwutọ, na nkwutọ na-amaghị aha&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Septemba 18, 2013, e bipụtara akụkọ nke anọ nke NIPCC, nke akpọrọ Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020171042/http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-20|title=Summary for Policymakers|publisher=[[The Heartland Institute]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka akụkọ NIPCC gara aga, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ ya mgbe e bipụtara ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, David Suzuki dere na ọ &quot;jupụtara na nkwupụta a na ekwughị, gụnyere na ikuku carbon dioxide dị mma n'ihi na ha na-akpali ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/david-suzuki/climate-change-deniers_b_3984750.html|title=Climate Change Deniers Don't Deserve an Equal Voice|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014|author=Suzuki, David}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe akụkọ ahụ nwetara akụkọ dị mma site n'aka Doug McKelway nke Fox News Channel,  ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth na Michael Oppenheimer katọrọ akụkọ a, Trenberth kpọrọ ya &quot;ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị isi&quot; na Oppenheims na-akpọ ya &quot;ihe na-ezighi ezi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-study-says-threat-of-man-made-global-warming-greatly-exaggerated|title=New study says threat of man-made global warming greatly exaggerated|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=September 19, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/09/18/fox-equates-faux-un-climate-report-with-the-rea/195947|title=Fox Equates Faux UN Climate Report With The Real Thing|work=[[Media Matters for America]]|date=September 18, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ====
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, mgbe esemokwu email nke Climatic Research Unit gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ dere otu echiche maka Reuters nke o kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ejirila Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, rụgidere ndị editọ ka ha gbochie mbipụta nke echiche ndị ọzọ, ma mebie ndị mmegide. O kwukwara na ozi ịntanetị ndị a na-agbapụta gosipụtara na &quot;ihe ọmụma okpomọkụ nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]] dabere na ya dabere na data na algọridim gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agaghị ekerịta. &quot; O kwuru na ihe omume ahụ kpughere usoro na-adịghị mma, nakwa na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-aga n'okpuru ọbụna ka gas ndị na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAvA&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-abawanye na ikuku. O dere, sị: &quot;Njikọ a na-adịghị mma na-emegide nsonaazụ nke ụdị nke IPCC dabere na ya ma na-egosi na okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ (AGW) dị obere,&quot; na-ekwubi &quot;ma ugbu a ọ na-apụta na okpomanya ụwa nwere ike ịbụ 'mmadụ mere' n'ezie. &quot;  Kọmitii British House of Commons Science and Technology Select mechara wepụta akụkọ nke wepụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/science/earth/08climate.html|author=Gillis|first=Justin|title=British Panel Clears Climate Scientists|date=July 8, 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 23, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kọmitii asatọ nyochara ebubo ahụ, na-enweghị ihe aka ebe nke aghụghọ ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ sayensị. 

== Ọnwụ ==
N'ọnwa Eprel 6, 2020, onye na-abụ abụ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi na Rockville, Maryland. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Sayensị dịpụrụ adịpụ
* Ịṅụ sịga nke abụọ
* ''Ike nke Nnukwu Mmanụ''

== Ihe edeturu ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721005121/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/merchants-of-doubt-9781596916104/ Oreskes, Naomi na Erik Conway. 2010. Ndị na-ere ahịa nke obi abụọ: Otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kpuchie eziokwu na nsogbu site na anwụrụ sịga ruo okpomọkụ ụwa. Bloomsbury] E debere ya na July 21, 2017, na Wayback Machine

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Siegfried Fred Singer''' (September 27, 1924 - April 6, 2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dr. S. Fred Singer, R.I.P.|url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/dr-s-fred-singer-rip|accessdate=April 7, 2020|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụbụ onye ọka mmụta sayensị na America a mụrụ na Austria na prọfesọ emeritus nke sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Virginia, zụrụ azụ dịka onye physics ikuku. A maara ya maka ịjụ nkwekọrịta sayensị n'ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe,   njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụgụ melanoma,  mmebi ozone stratospheric nke chlorofluoro compounds, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka refrigerants,  na ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2013|author=Dunlap|first=R. E.|title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection|journal=The American Behavioral Scientist|volume=57|issue=6|pages=699–731|pmid=24098056|doi=10.1177/0002764213477096}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/naomi-oreskes-a-lightning-rod-in-a-changing-climate.html|title=Naomi Oreskes, a Lightning Rod in a Changing Climate|work=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2015|author=Gillis|first=Justin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), na Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). O deekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Unstoppable Global Warming: Kwa afọ 1,500 Years (2007)  na Dennis Avery, na Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) na Craig Idso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|title=S. Fred Singer, Ph.D.|accessdate=March 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045629/http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|archivedate=January 25, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-abụ abụ nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, na-eje ozi na ndị agha, gọọmentị, na agụmakwụkwọ. O rụrụ ogbunigwe maka ndị agha mmiri US n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, tupu ọ nweta Ph.D. ya na physics na Mahadum Princeton n'afọ 1948 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta sayensị na U.S. Embassy na London. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na nyocha mbara igwe mbụ, na-etinye aka na mmepe nke satellites na-ahụ maka ụwa, n'afọ 1962 guzobere National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mahadum nke Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences n'afọ 1964, ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị, gụnyere osote osote onye nchịkwa maka Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na onye isi sayensị maka Ngalaba Transportation. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia site n'afọ 1971 ruo n'afọ 1994, na Mahadum George Mason ruo n'afọ 2000.

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project,   n'afọ 2006 ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Canada kpọrọ ya aha dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole kwuru na ha na-emepụta nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot; /&gt; Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru, n'ụzọ megidere nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọ nweghị ihe aka ebe na okpomọkụ ụwa bụ n'ihi mmụba nke carbon dioxide ikuku sitere na mmadụ, nakwa na ụmụ mmadụ ga-erite uru ma ọ bụrụ na okpompe arịgo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Louise Gray|title=Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6592414/Fred-Singer-to-speak-at-climate-change-sceptics-conference.html|accessdate=October 4, 2019|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|date=November 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-emegide Kyoto Protocol, ma kwuo na ụdị ihu igwe anaghị adabere na eziokwu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe. A na-ebo onye na-abụ abụ ebubo ịjụ ihe aka ebe sayensị nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara ma kwado n'onwe ya na nkwupụta ya gbasara ahụike ọha na eze na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2010|isbn=9781596916104}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singer, S. Fred 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Singer|first=S. Fred|chapter=The Revelle-Gore Story: Attempted Political Suppression of Science|editor=Gough|chapterurl=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817939326_283.pdf|title=Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking|publisher=Hoover Press|date=2003|accessdate=May 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ onye na-abụ abụ na Vienna, Austria, n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ọla na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbe Anschluss gasịrị n'etiti Nazi Germany na Austria n'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Austria, onye na-abụ abụ wee soro ụmụaka ndị Juu ndị ọzọ banye n'ụgbọ okporo igwe ụmụaka. Ọ gara England, ebe ọ biri na Northumberland, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye na-ahụ maka anya n'afọ iri na ụma. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ kwagara Ohio wee ghọọ nwa amaala America n'afọ 1944.  Ọ natara nzere Bachelor nke Injinia Eletrik (B.E.E.) na Mahadum steeti Ohio n'afọ 1943. Ọ kụziri physics na Princeton mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na masters ya na doctorate ya, na-enweta Ph.D. ya n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1948.  A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, &quot;The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air shoers&quot;.  Onye nlekọta ya bụ John Archibald Wheeler, na kọmitii edemede ya gụnyere J. Robert Oppenheimer na Niels Bohr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer, S. Fred|year=1949|title=The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air showers|journal=American Doctoral Dissertations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== 1950: Ndị Agha Mmiri nke United States ===
Mgbe nna ya ukwu gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ sonyeere ndị agha, na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States na agha ogbunigwe na mgbochi site n'afọ 1944 ruo n'afọ 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na Naval Ordnance Laboratory, ọ mepụtara ihe arithmetic maka Kọmputa dijitalụ nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;ụbụrụ eletrọniki&quot;. A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 1946 wee sonye na Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory na Silver Spring, Maryland, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1950. O lekwasịrị anya na ozone, cosmic rays, na ionosphere, niile a tụrụ site na balloons na rocket ndị sitere na White Sands, New Mexico, ma ọ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri. [[Rachel White Scheuering]] dere na maka otu ọrụ iji gbaa rọket, ọ ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa [[Arktik|Arctic]], ma na-agbapụ rọket site na ụgbọ mmiri na equator.

Site n'afọ 1950 ruo n'afọ 1953, ọ nọ na U.S. Embassy na London dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta sayensị na Office of Naval Research, ebe ọ mụrụ mmemme nyocha na Europe na radiation cosmic na physics nuklia. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya asatọ nwere nzụlite na ọrụ Ngwá agha ndị a na-eduzi iji kwuo okwu na Nzukọ nke anọ nke International Congress of Astronautics na Zurich n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1953, n'oge, dịka ''The New York Times'' kọrọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị hụrụ ụgbọ elu dịka akụkọ sayensị zoro ezo.
[[Faịlụ:MOUSE_(Fred_Singer).jpg|thumb|188x188px|Satellite Singer's MOUSE, nke o mepụtara na mbido afọ 1950 ]]
Onye na-abụ abụ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ gbara ume ka a tụọ satellites ụwa maka nyocha sayensị n'oge afọ 1950.  N'afọ 1951 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1952, ọ tụrụ aro MOUSE (&quot;Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth&quot;), satịlaịtị 100 pounds (45 kg) nke ga-enwe Geiger counters maka ịlele ụzarị mbara igwe, mkpụrụ ndụ foto maka inyocha ụwa, telemetry electronics maka iziga data azụ n'ụwa, ngwaọrụ nchekwa data magnetic, na mkpụrụ ndụ ike anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na MOUSE enwetụbeghị ụgbọelu, ''Baltimore News-Post'' kọrọ n'afọ 1957 na arụmụka Singer banyere mkpa maka satellites ka a na-ege ntị, US gaara emeri Russia site na ịmalite Satellite mbụ nke ụwa. Ọ tụkwara aro (ya na R. C. Wentworth) na enwere ike iji nyocha satellite nke ultraviolet backscatter mee ihe dịka usoro iji tụọ profaịlụ ozone ikuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer|first=S. F|title=A method for the determination of the vertical ozone distribution from a satellite|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=June 1957|volume=62|issue=2|pages=299–308|doi=10.1029/JZ062i002p00299|issn=2156-2202}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara jiri usoro a mee ihe na Satellite ihu igwe mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Zerefos|title=Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer|date=2000|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4353-0|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792365136|series=Nato Science Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=[[Dordrecht]]|isbn=978-0-7923-6513-6|quote=Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1953: Mahadum nke Maryland ===
Onye na-abụ abụ laghachiri na United States n'afọ 1953, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ dịka prọfesọ na physics na Mahadum Maryland, ma n'otu oge ahụ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Scheuering dere na ọrụ ya gụnyere ịme nnwale na rọket na satellites, remote sensing, radiation belts, [[magnetosphere]], na meteorites. Ọ mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ịtụba rọket na mbara igwe: ịgba ha site na ụgbọ elu na-efe elu, ma na-enweghị onye na-anya ụgbọelu. Ndị agha mmiri nabatara echiche ahụ ma Singer lekọtara ọrụ ahụ. Ọ natara White House Special Commendation site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower n'afọ 1954 maka ọrụ ya. 

Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu 12 nke American Astronautical Society, otu e guzobere n'afọ 1954 iji nọchite anya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia 300 na-eduga na mpaghara nke mgbọ ogbunigwe - ọ bụ otu n'etiti ndị otu asaa gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa disemba 1956 mgbe usoro esemokwu banyere ntụziaka na njikwa nke otu ahụ. 

N'ọnwa nọvemba afọ 1957, onye na-abụ abụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ nọ na mahadum ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma gbaa bọmbụ &quot;Oriole&quot; ọhụrụ atọ na Virginia Capes. Rocket ndị ahụ dị ihe na-erughị pounds 25 (11 kg) ma nwee ike iwu ya maka ihe dịka $ 2000. A chụpụrụ ha site na LSM Navy a gbanwere agbanwe, ha nwere ike iru n'ịdị elu nke 50,000 feet (15,000 m) ma nwee usoro telemetry zuru oke iji zipụ ozi gbasara cosmic, ultraviolet na X-rays. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ịgba égbè ahụ debere &quot;nnyocha nke mbara igwe dị elu na rọket dị elu n'otu ihe ahụ, ọnụahịa na mgbalị, dị ka ọnụọgụ ikuku dị ala na balloons ihu igwe. Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, anyị nwere ike ịgba ọtụtụ puku rọket ndị a n'ụwa niile na obere ego&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1958, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi nke otu cosmic ray nke ngalaba physics nke Mahadum Maryland, ọ natara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower maka &quot;ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru na mmepe nke satellites maka ebumnuche sayensị&quot;.  N'ọnwupụta n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958. A họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Kọmitii Nhọrọ Ụlọ na Astronautics na Space Exploration, nke na-akwadebe ịnwe ntị na aro Onye isi alaisenhower maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iji jikwaa nyocha mbara igwe mee nchọpụta, otu ọnwa ka ọ nwetakwuo ihe nrite Distinguished Alumnus nke Mahadụ. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na Maryland n'afọ 1959, ma họrọ ya n'afọ ahụ site na United States Junior Chamber of Commerce dịka otu n'ime ụmụ okorobịa iri pụtara ìhè na mba ahụ.

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1960 na American Physical Society, Singer depụtara ọhụụ ya banyere ihe gburugburu ụwa nwere ike ịgụnye, na-agbasa ruo 40,000 kilomita (64,000 km) n'ime mbara igwe. A maara ya maka amụma mbụ ya banyere njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri eletrik ndị tọrọ n'ụwa, nke nchọpụta ndị e mechara chọpụta na nnwale satellite. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1960, ọ tụrụ aro ịdị adị nke mkpokoro ájá a na-ahụ anya gburugburu ụwa ihe dịka 600 ruo 1,000 kilomita (1,600 km)  na mbara igwe, karịa nke e nwere obere ihe, micrometer ma ọ bụ obere n'obosara, na-agbasa 2,000 ruo 4,000 kilomita (6,400 km).  N'ọnwa Maachị 1961, onye na-abụ abụ na onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka physics na Mahadum Maryland, E. J. Opik, nyere onyinye $ 97,000 site na NASA iji mee nyocha afọ atọ nke gas na uzuzu interplanetary.

=== 1960: Echiche nke Phobos aka mere ===
N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Astronautics nke afọ 1960, onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na echiche Iosif Shklovsky  na usoro ọnwa Phobos na-atụ aro na ọ bụ oghere, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ nke aka mere. onye na-abụ abụ dere, sị: &quot;Nkwupụta m dị, ebe a ka m kwadoro Shklovsky, na ọ bụrụ na satellite na agbagharị n'ime dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha nke mbara Egwu, mgbe ahụ enwere obere ihe ọzọ maka echiche ahụ na ọ bụ oghere ma ya mere e mere na Mars. Nnukwu 'ọ bụrụ' dị na nyocha nke astronomical; ha nwere ike ịbụ na ha na-ezighị ezi. Ebe ọ bụ na ha dabere na ọtụtụ usoro nke ndị na-ekiri dị iche iche na-ekiri ihe dị iche iche jiri ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iche iche mee ihe, njehie nwere ike ịmetụta ha. &quot; Foto site na nyocha malitere n'afọ 1972 na-egosi elu nkume sitere n'okike nwere oghere.  Ndị na-ahụ maka Ufology na-aga n'ihu na-egosi onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye na-akwado echiche Phobos nke Shklovsky. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|title=Andrew Kelleher, &quot;Phobos: the odd moon of Mars&quot;, in Alienation News #211 Nov 2002.|accessdate=May 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902064151/http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|archivedate=September 2, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mag Time dere n'afọ 1969 na onye na-abụ abụ nwere mmasị ndụ ya niile na Phobos na ọnwa nke abụọ nke Mars, Deimos. Ọ gwara o''''ge'''' na ọ nwere ike ikwe omume ịdọrọ Deimos n'ime usoro ụwa ka e wee nwee ike inyocha ya. N'oge nnọkọ mbara igwe mba ụwa n'ọnwa Mee 1966, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbara igwe si United States na Soviet Union bịara, ọ bu ụzọ kwuo na ịdakwasị ndị mmadụ n'ọnwa Martian ga-abụ nzọụkwụ ezi uche dị na ya mgbe ndị mmadụ rutere n'ọnwụrụ ụwa. O kwuru na obere nha nke Phobos na Deimos - ihe dịka  iri na anọ na asatọ (23 na 13 km) n'obosara na ikike ndọda nke sub milli-g - ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ụgbọ mbara igwe mfe ịdakwasị ma bido ọzọ.

=== 1962: National Weather Center na Mahadum Miami ===
N'afọ 1962, o''ge'' ọ nọ na ezumike na mahadum ahụ, a kpọrọ Singer dịka onye nduzi mbụ nke ọrụ satellite ihu igwe maka National Weather Satellite Center, nke bụzi akụkụ nke National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ma duzie mmemme maka iji satellites ịkọ ihu igwe. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1964. Ọ gwara magazin Time n'afọ 1969 na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịgagharị. &quot;Njem ọ bụla nyere m echiche ọhụrụ&quot;, ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ bụrụ na m nọdụrụ ala, ma eleghị anya m ka na-atụle ụzarị mbara igwe, isiokwu nke thesis m na Princeton. Nke ahụ bụ ihe na-eme ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. &quot;  Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị dịka onye nduzi, ọ natara ihe nrite Gold Medal nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa maka Ọrụ Federal. 

N'afọ 1964,  ọ ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Environmental and Planetary Sciences na University of Miami n'afọ 1964, ụlọakwụkwọ mbụ nke ụdị ya na mba ahụ, raara onwe ya nye nyocha nke afọ.. N'ọnwa Disemba 1965, akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times kọrọ banyere otu ogbako Singer kwadoro na Miami Beach n'oge nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ise, na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị onwe ha, gosipụtara nyocha nke na-egosi ihe ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe foduru nke ọkụ primordial nke mere mgbe a mụrụ eluigwe na ụwa..

=== 1967–1994 ===
N'afọ 1967, ọ nakweere ọkwa osote odeakwụkwọ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Obodo nke United States, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ịdị mma mmiri na nyocha. Mgbe e guzobere [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] na 1970, ọ ghọrọ osote osote onye nchịkwa iwu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=S. Fred Singer (1924 - 2020)|url=https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer/|accessdate=2025-03-27|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer|title=S. FRED SINGER (1924 - 2020)|publisher=Heartland Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1987 he took up a two-year post as chief scientist at the U.S. Department of Transportation, and in 1989 joined the [[Institute of Space Science and Technology]] in Gainesville, Florida where he contributed to a paper on the results from the Interplanetary Dust Experiment using data from the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite. When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.

Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway na-ekwu na Singer tinyere aka na mbọ gọọmentị Reagan na-agba iji gbochie usoro nchịkwa iji belata mmiri ozuzo acid.

== Arụmụka ọha na eze ==

=== Ide ihe ===
N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, Singer na-ede ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''The New York Times'', The Washington Post, na Wall Street Journal, na-ekwukarị n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ese okwu n'echiche. Ọnọdụ ya n'ozuzu ya bụ otu n'ime enweghị ntụkwasị obi na iwu gọọmentị etiti na nkwenye siri ike na ịdị irè nke ahịa nweere onwe ya. O kwenyere na ihe Rachel White Scheuering na-akpọ &quot;nwere onwe ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi&quot;: na ụkpụrụ ahịa na ihe mkpali kwesịrị ezu iji duga na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị n'isiokwu ya bụ ike, mmachibido iwu mmanụ, OPEC, Iran, na ọnụahịa na-arị elu. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o belatara echiche nke Nsogbu ike ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&gt; N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na 1990s na 2000s, ọ kpughere ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ megide isi, na-ajụ njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụ melanoma, na nke dị n'agbata CFCs na ọnwụ ozone stratospheric.

YArụmụka ọha na eze nke Singer nwetara ọtụtụ nkatọ bụ maka anwụrụ ọkụ na okpomọkụ ụwa. Ọ jụrụ njikọ dị n'etiti anwụrụ ọkụ na ọrịa kansa akpa ume, ọ bụkwa onye na-emegide echiche sayensị gbasara Mgbanwe ihu igwe; ọ rụrụ ụka na enweghị ihe akaebe na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomọkụ ụwa na okpomọkụ nke ụwa agbanweela mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; Ihe ngosi CBC Fifth Estate na 2006 jikọtara arụmụka abụọ a, na-akpọ Singer dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara abụọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt; Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway kpọrọ Singer n'akwụkwọ ha, Merchants of Doubt, dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atọ na-emegide onwe ha - tinyere Fred Seitz na Bill Nierenberg - bụ ndị na-etinye onwe ha n'ime arụmụka ọha na eze banyere okwu sayensị na-ese okwu, na-etinye ha n'ọnọdụ dị ka ndị na-enwe obi abụọ, echiche ha na-enweta ike n'ihi na mgbasa ozi na-enye ha oge hà nhata n'ihi echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Seth|date=2010-06-01|title='Merchants of Doubt' delves into contrarian scientists|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083553/https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archivedate=2010-06-01|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dịka [[David Biello]] na John si kwuo na Scientific American, a maara onye na-abụ abụ nke ọma maka ịgọnahụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga. O sonyere n'afọ 1994 dịka onye edemede na onye nyocha nke akụkọ banyere okwu ahụ site na Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, ebe ọ bụ onye isi. Akụkọ ahụ katọrọ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) maka nyocha ha n'afọ 1993 banyere ihe ize ndụ cancer nke ịṅụ sịga, na-akpọ ya &quot;sayensị mkpofu&quot;. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC's Ụlọ nke ise n'afọ 2006 na ọ kwụsiri ike n'ọnọdụ na EPA &quot;esiri data&quot; iji gosi na anwụrụ ọkụ nke abụọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa akpa ume. CBC kwuru na ego ụtaba akwụla ụgwọ maka nyocha onye na-abụ abụ na nkwalite ya, nakwa na ọ bụ APCO haziri ya. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche ebe ego ahụ si. &quot;Ha anaghị ebu akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ego dollar na-asị 'Nke a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba,'&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla amaghị m banyere ya, ajụghịkwa m APCO ebe ha na-enweta ego ha. Nke ahụ abụghị azụmahịa m. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|title=The Denial Machine|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050126/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|archivedate=October 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 2003 degara ''Financial Times'', Onye na-abụ abụ dere na &quot;enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ihu igwe ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'ezie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Climate concern is just a tax ruse|author=Singer|first=S.|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=November 26, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, CBC's Fifth Estate kpọrọ onye na-abụ abụ dị ka otu n'ime obere ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kpọrọ nkwụsị nke na-emebi nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpomọkụ ụwa. .&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;  N'afọ sochirinụ ọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ British Channel 4 ''The Great Global Warming Swindle''. Onye na-abụ abụ na-arụ ụka na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ebili na ọ ga-adị mma maka mmadụ. Ọ gwara CBC: &quot;Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ otu puku afọ gara aga karịa ka ọ dị taa. Vikings biri Greenland. Nke ahụ ọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ? Echere m na ọ dị mma. Ha na-eto mmanya na England, n'ebe ugwu England. echere m na nke ahụ dị mma. Ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ndị na-eche otú ahụ.&quot; &quot;Anyị na-etinyekwu carbon dioxide na ikuku, &quot;ka ọ gwara Daily Telegraph na 2009. Otú ọ dị, ikuku dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya na mmadụ enweghị ike ịrụ ụka na nnị n'ihi na CO2 bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpat okpomọkụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; O kwenyere na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebiga ihe ókè na-ekwubiga okwu ókè. &quot;Mgbalị dị n'okpuru ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ iji okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji belata iji ike eme ihe,&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ dị nnọọ mfe: ọ bụrụ na ị belata iji ike eme ihe, mgbe ahụ, ị na-ebelata ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ma kwere ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, e nwere ndị mmadụ n'ụwa kwenyere na anyị agafewo oke na ụba akụ na ụba.&quot;

Echiche ndị na-agụ egwú na-emegide nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;The MIT Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren|editor=DiMento|year=2007|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-54193-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime/page/n82 65]–66|chapter=The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|quote=The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together|publisher=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|title=CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227220848/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|archivedate=February 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe enwere nkwekọrịta siri ike maka okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ kpatara, yana njikọ dị n'etiti oke carbon dioxide na okpomọkụ nke ụwa, yana nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na ihu igwe ga-enwe ihe dị ize ndụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stern&quot;&gt;
{{Cite book|title=The Economics of Climate Change — The Stern Review|first=Nicholas Herbert|author=Stern|authorlink=Nicholas Stern|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70080-1|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/climatology-and-climate-change/economics-climate-change-stern-review|accessdate=February 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news|title=How Dangerous Is Global Warming?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=April 14, 2007|date=June 17, 2001|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/74167018.html?dids=74167018:74167018&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+17%2C+2001&amp;author=&amp;pub=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=M.3&amp;desc=DIALOGUE}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, magazin nne Jones kọwara Singer dị ka &quot;nna nna nke ịGọnahụ okpomọkụ ụwa&quot;.  Otú ọ dị, onye na-abụ abụ kọwara onwe ya dị ka &quot;onye na-enwe obi abụọ&quot; kama ịbụ &quot;onye na'agọnahụ&quot; mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mj200505&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank|title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank|date=May 2005|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) iji rụrịta ụka megide usoro mgbochi megide okpomọkụ ụwa. Mgbe 1991 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit, onye na-abụ abụ malitere ide ma kwuo okwu iji mee ka obi abụọ na sayensị. O buru amụma na ọdachi akụ na ụba sitere na mgbochi ọ bụla na ojiji mmanụ ala, ma kwuo na ụwa okike na usoro ihu igwe ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ nke a na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, nakwa na a maghị ihe gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ site n'oké osimiri gaa na ikuku, ma ọ bụ ọrụ igwe ojii. Ka nkwekọrịta sayensị na-eto, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka site na ọnọdụ na-eleghara anya. Ọ katọrọ ụdị ihu igwe nke na-ebu amụma okpomọkụ ụwa ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1994, o jiri nsonaazụ ihe nlereanya tụnyere okpomọkụ a hụrụ ma chọpụta na okpomọkụ e buru n'amụma maka  afọ 1950 rụọ afọ 1980 si na okpompe nke mere n'ezie, nke o kwubiri na kọlụm ya na The Washington Times - na isiokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ &quot;Mkpesa ihu igwe na-ada n'okpuru ọkụ Sayensị na-egbuke egbuke&quot; - na ụdị ihu igwe adịghị mma. N'afọ 2007, ọ rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha nke chọpụtara na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tropospheric nke ụdị &quot;Ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke 20&quot;&quot; dị iche na nyocha satellite site na okpukpu abụọ nke ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ejighị n'aka.

Rachel White Scheuering dere na, mgbe SEPP malitere, ọ nwere njikọ na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke onye isi Unification Church Sun Myung Moon guzobere. Akụkọ n'afọ 1990 maka Cato Institute gosipụtara onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye nduzi nke ọrụ sayensị na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, na ezumike site na Mahadum Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;Singer, S. Fred. {{Cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|title=Environmental Strategies with Uncertain Science|accessdate=January 15, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110224712/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|archivedate=January 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scheuering dere na Singer akwụsịla mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kwadoro ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;&lt;ref&gt; O dere na ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ARCO, ExxonMobil, Shell, Sun Oil Company, na Unocal, nakwa na SEPP natara enyemaka site na ExxonMobil. Singer kwuru na mmekọrịta ego ya emetụtaghị nyocha ya. Scheuering na-ekwu na nkwubi okwu ya kwekọrọ na ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-akwụ ya ụgwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ chọrọ ịhụ mbelata na nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ''Newsweek'' kọrọ na n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1998, mmadụ iri na abụọ sitere n'ihe ọ kpọrọ &quot;ngwunye ịgọnahụ&quot; zutere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ American Petroleum Institute na Washington. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere otu onye na-abụ abụ, George C. Marshall Institute, na ExxonMobil. ''Newsweek'' kwuru na, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi dị peeji asatọ nke e wepụtara, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro mkpọsa nde $ 5 iji mee ka ọha na eze kwenye na sayensị nke okpomọkụ ụwa bụ arụmụka na ejighị n'aka. A kọọrọ ndị nta akụkọ atụmatụ ahụ ma ọ dịghị mgbe a rụzuru ya. N'izu mgbe akụkọ ahụ gasịrị, Newsweek bipụtara echiche dị iche site n'aka Robert Samuelson, otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, onye kwuru na akụkọ nke igwe na agọnahụ ego bụ nke e chepụtara echepụta ma na-eduhie eduhie. ABC News kọrọ na Machị 2008 na onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ọ bụghị na ụgwọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ike, mana ọ kwetara na SEPP natara otu onyinye ebere a na-arịọghị arịrịọ nke $ 10,000 site na ExxonMobil, nakwa na ọ bụ otu pasent nke onyinye niile natara. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na njikọ ya na Exxon dịka ịnọ na ndepụta ozi ha karịa ịnwe ọnọdụ a kwụrụ ụgwọ. Mmekọrịta ahụ emebiwo nyocha Singer n'etiti ndị otu sayensị, dị ka Scheuering si kwuo. Onye omebe iwu Lynn Rivers jụrụ ntụkwasị obi onye na-abụ abụ n'oge a na-ege ya ntị n'afọ 1995, na-ekwu na o nweghị ike ibipụta ihe ọ bụla na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ ya maka afọ 15 gara aga, ma e wezụga otu nkọwa teknụzụ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michaels|first=P. J.|title=Analyzing Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Is There a Trend?|journal=Science|date=May 27, 1994|volume=264|issue=5163|pages=1341–1342|doi=10.1126/science.264.5163.1341|pmid=17780851}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nkatọ nke IPCC ====
 
N'afọ 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) wepụtara [[Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha|akụkọ]] na-egosipụta nkwekọrịta ''Sayensị'' na nguzozi nke ihe akaebe na-egosi na enwere mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa. Onye na-abụ abụ ji akwụkwọ ozi zaghachi na sayensị na-ekwu na akụkọ IPCC gosipụtara ihe ahọpụtara. O dere, sị: &quot;Nchịkọta ahụ ekwughị na afọ iri na asatọ nke data satellite ihu igwe nke na-egosi obere ọnọdụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emegide ụdị niile nke okpomọkụ ihu igwe. &quot;  Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ kwetara na thermometers nke elu site na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na-egosi okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ekwu na satellites na-enye data ka mma n'ihi na nha ha na-ekpuchi ogidi na ogidi.  Dịka Edward Parson na Andrew Dessler si kwuo, data satịlaịtị egosighi okpomọkụ elu ozugbo, mana a ghaghị idozi ya site na iji ụdị. Mgbe emere mgbanwe maka ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe, data ahụ gosipụtara obere okpomọkụ, na nyocha tụrụ aro na ọdịiche dị n'etiti data elu na nke satellite bụ nsogbu dị ka odịiche dị na satellite.

Onye na-abụ abụ dere &quot;Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change in the U.S.&quot; n'afọ 1995, na emelite ya n'afọ 1997 iji gbaghaa Kyoto Protocol. [[Nkwekọrịta Kyoto]] bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa nke e mere na Kyoto, Japan, n'oge ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe kwetara belata gas ha na-eme ka okpomọkụ. Nkwupụta onye na-abụ abụ na-agụ, sị: &quot;Ike dị mkpa maka uto akụ na ụba ... Anyị ghọtara ihe na-akpali iwepụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nwee ike; mana anyị kwenyere na Kyoto Protocol - iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na naanị akụkụ nke obodo ụwa dị ize ndụ, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ, ma na-ebibi akụ na ụba na ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ndụ. &quot;

Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ gbasara nke a na United States na Europe ma kpọkọta 100 ndị bịanyere aka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu na a na-enyo ụfọdụ n'ime asambodo ndị bịa nyekwara aka enyo. Ọ dịkarịa ala 20 bụ ndị nta akụkọ ihu igwe televishọn, ụfọdụ enweghị nzere sayensị, na  ụbọchị iri na anọ edepụtara dịka ndị prọfesọ n'ekwughị otu mpaghara. Dịka Scheuering si kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mechara kwuo na ha kwenyere na ha na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ iji kwado ime ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) n'afọ 2004 mgbe 2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Milan. NIPCC haziri ogbako ihu igwe mba ụwa na Vienna n'ọnwa eprel afọ 2007, &lt;ref name=&quot;nature1&quot;&gt;Singer, S. Fred (ed.). [http://www.odlt.org/dcd/docs/singer_Nature_Not%20Human%20Activity,%20Rules%20the%20Climate.pdf &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, March 2, 2008, accessed May 17, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; iji nye ihe ha kpọrọ nyocha onwe onye nke ihe akaebe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.  Singer kwadebere akụkọ NIPCC akpọrọ &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate,&quot; nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Heartland Institute bipụtara n'ọnwa maachị 2008.  ABC Ozi kwuru n'otu ọnwa ahụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe a na-akpọghị aha sitere na NASA, Stanford, na Princeton bụ ndị gwara ABC okwu banyere akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ya dị ka &quot;ihe nzuzu efu&quot;. N'akwụkwọ ozi mkpesa o degaara ABC Ozi, Singer kwuru na akwụkwọ ha jiri &quot;okwu ajọ mbunobi, eziokwu gbagọrọ agbagọ, nkwutọ, na nkwutọ na-amaghị aha&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Septemba 18, 2013, e bipụtara akụkọ nke anọ nke NIPCC, nke akpọrọ Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020171042/http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-20|title=Summary for Policymakers|publisher=[[The Heartland Institute]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka akụkọ NIPCC gara aga, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ ya mgbe e bipụtara ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, David Suzuki dere na ọ &quot;jupụtara na nkwupụta a na ekwughị, gụnyere na ikuku carbon dioxide dị mma n'ihi na ha na-akpali ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/david-suzuki/climate-change-deniers_b_3984750.html|title=Climate Change Deniers Don't Deserve an Equal Voice|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014|author=Suzuki, David}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe akụkọ ahụ nwetara akụkọ dị mma site n'aka Doug McKelway nke Fox News Channel,  ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth na Michael Oppenheimer katọrọ akụkọ a, Trenberth kpọrọ ya &quot;ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị isi&quot; na Oppenheims na-akpọ ya &quot;ihe na-ezighi ezi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-study-says-threat-of-man-made-global-warming-greatly-exaggerated|title=New study says threat of man-made global warming greatly exaggerated|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=September 19, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/09/18/fox-equates-faux-un-climate-report-with-the-rea/195947|title=Fox Equates Faux UN Climate Report With The Real Thing|work=[[Media Matters for America]]|date=September 18, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ====
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, mgbe esemokwu email nke Climatic Research Unit gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ dere otu echiche maka Reuters nke o kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ejirila Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, rụgidere ndị editọ ka ha gbochie mbipụta nke echiche ndị ọzọ, ma mebie ndị mmegide. O kwukwara na ozi ịntanetị ndị a na-agbapụta gosipụtara na &quot;ihe ọmụma okpomọkụ nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]] dabere na ya dabere na data na algọridim gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agaghị ekerịta. &quot; O kwuru na ihe omume ahụ kpughere usoro na-adịghị mma, nakwa na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-aga n'okpuru ọbụna ka gas ndị na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAvA&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-abawanye na ikuku. O dere, sị: &quot;Njikọ a na-adịghị mma na-emegide nsonaazụ nke ụdị nke IPCC dabere na ya ma na-egosi na okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ (AGW) dị obere,&quot; na-ekwubi &quot;ma ugbu a ọ na-apụta na okpomanya ụwa nwere ike ịbụ 'mmadụ mere' n'ezie. &quot;  Kọmitii British House of Commons Science and Technology Select mechara wepụta akụkọ nke wepụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/science/earth/08climate.html|author=Gillis|first=Justin|title=British Panel Clears Climate Scientists|date=July 8, 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 23, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kọmitii asatọ nyochara ebubo ahụ, na-enweghị ihe aka ebe nke aghụghọ ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ sayensị. 

== Ọnwụ ==
N'ọnwa Eprel 6, 2020, onye na-abụ abụ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi na Rockville, Maryland. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Sayensị dịpụrụ adịpụ
* Ịṅụ sịga nke abụọ
* ''Ike nke Nnukwu Mmanụ''

== Ihe edeturu ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721005121/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/merchants-of-doubt-9781596916104/ Oreskes, Naomi na Erik Conway. 2010. Ndị na-ere ahịa nke obi abụọ: Otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kpuchie eziokwu na nsogbu site na anwụrụ sịga ruo okpomọkụ ụwa. Bloomsbury] E debere ya na July 21, 2017, na Wayback Machine

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Siegfried Fred Singer''' (September 27, 1924 - April 6, 2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dr. S. Fred Singer, R.I.P.|url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/dr-s-fred-singer-rip|accessdate=April 7, 2020|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụbụ onye ọka mmụta sayensị na America a mụrụ na Austria na prọfesọ emeritus nke sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Virginia, zụrụ azụ dịka onye physics ikuku. A maara ya maka ịjụ nkwekọrịta sayensị n'ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe,   njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụgụ melanoma,  mmebi ozone stratospheric nke chlorofluoro compounds, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka refrigerants,  na ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2013|author=Dunlap|first=R. E.|title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection|journal=The American Behavioral Scientist|volume=57|issue=6|pages=699–731|pmid=24098056|doi=10.1177/0002764213477096}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/naomi-oreskes-a-lightning-rod-in-a-changing-climate.html|title=Naomi Oreskes, a Lightning Rod in a Changing Climate|work=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2015|author=Gillis|first=Justin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), na Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). O deekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Unstoppable Global Warming: Kwa afọ 1,500 Years (2007)  na Dennis Avery, na Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) na Craig Idso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|title=S. Fred Singer, Ph.D.|accessdate=March 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045629/http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|archivedate=January 25, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-abụ abụ nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, na-eje ozi na ndị agha, gọọmentị, na agụmakwụkwọ. O rụrụ ogbunigwe maka ndị agha mmiri US n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, tupu ọ nweta Ph.D. ya na physics na Mahadum Princeton n'afọ 1948 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta sayensị na U.S. Embassy na London. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na nyocha mbara igwe mbụ, na-etinye aka na mmepe nke satellites na-ahụ maka ụwa, n'afọ 1962 guzobere National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mahadum nke Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences n'afọ 1964, ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị, gụnyere osote osote onye nchịkwa maka Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na onye isi sayensị maka Ngalaba Transportation. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia site n'afọ 1971 ruo n'afọ 1994, na Mahadum George Mason ruo n'afọ 2000.

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project,   n'afọ 2006 ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Canada kpọrọ ya aha dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole kwuru na ha na-emepụta nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot; /&gt; Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru, n'ụzọ megidere nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọ nweghị ihe aka ebe na okpomọkụ ụwa bụ n'ihi mmụba nke carbon dioxide ikuku sitere na mmadụ, nakwa na ụmụ mmadụ ga-erite uru ma ọ bụrụ na okpompe arịgo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Louise Gray|title=Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6592414/Fred-Singer-to-speak-at-climate-change-sceptics-conference.html|accessdate=October 4, 2019|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|date=November 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-emegide Kyoto Protocol, ma kwuo na ụdị ihu igwe anaghị adabere na eziokwu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe. A na-ebo onye na-abụ abụ ebubo ịjụ ihe aka ebe sayensị nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara ma kwado n'onwe ya na nkwupụta ya gbasara ahụike ọha na eze na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2010|isbn=9781596916104}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singer, S. Fred 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Singer|first=S. Fred|chapter=The Revelle-Gore Story: Attempted Political Suppression of Science|editor=Gough|chapterurl=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817939326_283.pdf|title=Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking|publisher=Hoover Press|date=2003|accessdate=May 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ onye na-abụ abụ na Vienna, Austria, n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ọla na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbe Anschluss gasịrị n'etiti Nazi Germany na Austria n'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Austria, onye na-abụ abụ wee soro ụmụaka ndị Juu ndị ọzọ banye n'ụgbọ okporo igwe ụmụaka. Ọ gara England, ebe ọ biri na Northumberland, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye na-ahụ maka anya n'afọ iri na ụma. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ kwagara Ohio wee ghọọ nwa amaala America n'afọ 1944.  Ọ natara nzere Bachelor nke Injinia Eletrik (B.E.E.) na Mahadum steeti Ohio n'afọ 1943. Ọ kụziri physics na Princeton mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na masters ya na doctorate ya, na-enweta Ph.D. ya n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1948.  A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, &quot;The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air shoers&quot;.  Onye nlekọta ya bụ John Archibald Wheeler, na kọmitii edemede ya gụnyere J. Robert Oppenheimer na Niels Bohr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer, S. Fred|year=1949|title=The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air showers|journal=American Doctoral Dissertations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== 1950: Ndị Agha Mmiri nke United States ===
Mgbe nna ya ukwu gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ sonyeere ndị agha, na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States na agha ogbunigwe na mgbochi site n'afọ 1944 ruo n'afọ 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na Naval Ordnance Laboratory, ọ mepụtara ihe arithmetic maka Kọmputa dijitalụ nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;ụbụrụ eletrọniki&quot;. A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 1946 wee sonye na Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory na Silver Spring, Maryland, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1950. O lekwasịrị anya na ozone, cosmic rays, na ionosphere, niile a tụrụ site na balloons na rocket ndị sitere na White Sands, New Mexico, ma ọ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri. [[Rachel White Scheuering]] dere na maka otu ọrụ iji gbaa rọket, ọ ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa [[Arktik|Arctic]], ma na-agbapụ rọket site na ụgbọ mmiri na equator.

Site n'afọ 1950 ruo n'afọ 1953, ọ nọ na U.S. Embassy na London dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta sayensị na Office of Naval Research, ebe ọ mụrụ mmemme nyocha na Europe na radiation cosmic na physics nuklia. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya asatọ nwere nzụlite na ọrụ Ngwá agha ndị a na-eduzi iji kwuo okwu na Nzukọ nke anọ nke International Congress of Astronautics na Zurich n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1953, n'oge, dịka ''The New York Times'' kọrọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị hụrụ ụgbọ elu dịka akụkọ sayensị zoro ezo.
[[Faịlụ:MOUSE_(Fred_Singer).jpg|thumb|188x188px|Satellite Singer's MOUSE, nke o mepụtara na mbido afọ 1950 ]]
Onye na-abụ abụ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ gbara ume ka a tụọ satellites ụwa maka nyocha sayensị n'oge afọ 1950.  N'afọ 1951 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1952, ọ tụrụ aro MOUSE (&quot;Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth&quot;), satịlaịtị 100 pounds (45 kg) nke ga-enwe Geiger counters maka ịlele ụzarị mbara igwe, mkpụrụ ndụ foto maka inyocha ụwa, telemetry electronics maka iziga data azụ n'ụwa, ngwaọrụ nchekwa data magnetic, na mkpụrụ ndụ ike anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na MOUSE enwetụbeghị ụgbọelu, ''Baltimore News-Post'' kọrọ n'afọ 1957 na arụmụka Singer banyere mkpa maka satellites ka a na-ege ntị, US gaara emeri Russia site na ịmalite Satellite mbụ nke ụwa. Ọ tụkwara aro (ya na R. C. Wentworth) na enwere ike iji nyocha satellite nke ultraviolet backscatter mee ihe dịka usoro iji tụọ profaịlụ ozone ikuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer|first=S. F|title=A method for the determination of the vertical ozone distribution from a satellite|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=June 1957|volume=62|issue=2|pages=299–308|doi=10.1029/JZ062i002p00299|issn=2156-2202}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara jiri usoro a mee ihe na Satellite ihu igwe mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Zerefos|title=Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer|date=2000|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4353-0|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792365136|series=Nato Science Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=[[Dordrecht]]|isbn=978-0-7923-6513-6|quote=Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1953: Mahadum nke Maryland ===
Onye na-abụ abụ laghachiri na United States n'afọ 1953, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ dịka prọfesọ na physics na Mahadum Maryland, ma n'otu oge ahụ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Scheuering dere na ọrụ ya gụnyere ịme nnwale na rọket na satellites, remote sensing, radiation belts, [[magnetosphere]], na meteorites. Ọ mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ịtụba rọket na mbara igwe: ịgba ha site na ụgbọ elu na-efe elu, ma na-enweghị onye na-anya ụgbọelu. Ndị agha mmiri nabatara echiche ahụ ma Singer lekọtara ọrụ ahụ. Ọ natara White House Special Commendation site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower n'afọ 1954 maka ọrụ ya. 

Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu 12 nke American Astronautical Society, otu e guzobere n'afọ 1954 iji nọchite anya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia 300 na-eduga na mpaghara nke mgbọ ogbunigwe - ọ bụ otu n'etiti ndị otu asaa gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa disemba 1956 mgbe usoro esemokwu banyere ntụziaka na njikwa nke otu ahụ. 

N'ọnwa nọvemba afọ 1957, onye na-abụ abụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ nọ na mahadum ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma gbaa bọmbụ &quot;Oriole&quot; ọhụrụ atọ na Virginia Capes. Rocket ndị ahụ dị ihe na-erughị pounds 25 (11 kg) ma nwee ike iwu ya maka ihe dịka $ 2000. A chụpụrụ ha site na LSM Navy a gbanwere agbanwe, ha nwere ike iru n'ịdị elu nke 50,000 feet (15,000 m) ma nwee usoro telemetry zuru oke iji zipụ ozi gbasara cosmic, ultraviolet na X-rays. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ịgba égbè ahụ debere &quot;nnyocha nke mbara igwe dị elu na rọket dị elu n'otu ihe ahụ, ọnụahịa na mgbalị, dị ka ọnụọgụ ikuku dị ala na balloons ihu igwe. Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, anyị nwere ike ịgba ọtụtụ puku rọket ndị a n'ụwa niile na obere ego&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1958, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi nke otu cosmic ray nke ngalaba physics nke Mahadum Maryland, ọ natara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower maka &quot;ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru na mmepe nke satellites maka ebumnuche sayensị&quot;.  N'ọnwupụta n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958. A họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Kọmitii Nhọrọ Ụlọ na Astronautics na Space Exploration, nke na-akwadebe ịnwe ntị na aro Onye isi alaisenhower maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iji jikwaa nyocha mbara igwe mee nchọpụta, otu ọnwa ka ọ nwetakwuo ihe nrite Distinguished Alumnus nke Mahadụ. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na Maryland n'afọ 1959, ma họrọ ya n'afọ ahụ site na United States Junior Chamber of Commerce dịka otu n'ime ụmụ okorobịa iri pụtara ìhè na mba ahụ.

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1960 na American Physical Society, Singer depụtara ọhụụ ya banyere ihe gburugburu ụwa nwere ike ịgụnye, na-agbasa ruo 40,000 kilomita (64,000 km) n'ime mbara igwe. A maara ya maka amụma mbụ ya banyere njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri eletrik ndị tọrọ n'ụwa, nke nchọpụta ndị e mechara chọpụta na nnwale satellite. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1960, ọ tụrụ aro ịdị adị nke mkpokoro ájá a na-ahụ anya gburugburu ụwa ihe dịka 600 ruo 1,000 kilomita (1,600 km)  na mbara igwe, karịa nke e nwere obere ihe, micrometer ma ọ bụ obere n'obosara, na-agbasa 2,000 ruo 4,000 kilomita (6,400 km).  N'ọnwa Maachị 1961, onye na-abụ abụ na onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka physics na Mahadum Maryland, E. J. Opik, nyere onyinye $ 97,000 site na NASA iji mee nyocha afọ atọ nke gas na uzuzu interplanetary.

=== 1960: Echiche nke Phobos aka mere ===
N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Astronautics nke afọ 1960, onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na echiche Iosif Shklovsky  na usoro ọnwa Phobos na-atụ aro na ọ bụ oghere, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ nke aka mere. onye na-abụ abụ dere, sị: &quot;Nkwupụta m dị, ebe a ka m kwadoro Shklovsky, na ọ bụrụ na satellite na agbagharị n'ime dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha nke mbara Egwu, mgbe ahụ enwere obere ihe ọzọ maka echiche ahụ na ọ bụ oghere ma ya mere e mere na Mars. Nnukwu 'ọ bụrụ' dị na nyocha nke astronomical; ha nwere ike ịbụ na ha na-ezighị ezi. Ebe ọ bụ na ha dabere na ọtụtụ usoro nke ndị na-ekiri dị iche iche na-ekiri ihe dị iche iche jiri ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iche iche mee ihe, njehie nwere ike ịmetụta ha. &quot; Foto site na nyocha malitere n'afọ 1972 na-egosi elu nkume sitere n'okike nwere oghere.  Ndị na-ahụ maka Ufology na-aga n'ihu na-egosi onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye na-akwado echiche Phobos nke Shklovsky. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|title=Andrew Kelleher, &quot;Phobos: the odd moon of Mars&quot;, in Alienation News #211 Nov 2002.|accessdate=May 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902064151/http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|archivedate=September 2, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mag Time dere n'afọ 1969 na onye na-abụ abụ nwere mmasị ndụ ya niile na Phobos na ọnwa nke abụọ nke Mars, Deimos. Ọ gwara o''''ge'''' na ọ nwere ike ikwe omume ịdọrọ Deimos n'ime usoro ụwa ka e wee nwee ike inyocha ya. N'oge nnọkọ mbara igwe mba ụwa n'ọnwa Mee 1966, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbara igwe si United States na Soviet Union bịara, ọ bu ụzọ kwuo na ịdakwasị ndị mmadụ n'ọnwa Martian ga-abụ nzọụkwụ ezi uche dị na ya mgbe ndị mmadụ rutere n'ọnwụrụ ụwa. O kwuru na obere nha nke Phobos na Deimos - ihe dịka  iri na anọ na asatọ (23 na 13 km) n'obosara na ikike ndọda nke sub milli-g - ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ụgbọ mbara igwe mfe ịdakwasị ma bido ọzọ.

=== 1962: National Weather Center na Mahadum Miami ===
N'afọ 1962, o''ge'' ọ nọ na ezumike na mahadum ahụ, a kpọrọ Singer dịka onye nduzi mbụ nke ọrụ satellite ihu igwe maka National Weather Satellite Center, nke bụzi akụkụ nke National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ma duzie mmemme maka iji satellites ịkọ ihu igwe. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1964. Ọ gwara magazin Time n'afọ 1969 na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịgagharị. &quot;Njem ọ bụla nyere m echiche ọhụrụ&quot;, ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ bụrụ na m nọdụrụ ala, ma eleghị anya m ka na-atụle ụzarị mbara igwe, isiokwu nke thesis m na Princeton. Nke ahụ bụ ihe na-eme ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. &quot;  Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị dịka onye nduzi, ọ natara ihe nrite Gold Medal nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa maka Ọrụ Federal. 

N'afọ 1964,  ọ ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Environmental and Planetary Sciences na University of Miami n'afọ 1964, ụlọakwụkwọ mbụ nke ụdị ya na mba ahụ, raara onwe ya nye nyocha nke afọ.. N'ọnwa Disemba 1965, akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times kọrọ banyere otu ogbako Singer kwadoro na Miami Beach n'oge nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ise, na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị onwe ha, gosipụtara nyocha nke na-egosi ihe ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe foduru nke ọkụ primordial nke mere mgbe a mụrụ eluigwe na ụwa..

=== 1967–1994 ===
N'afọ 1967, ọ nakweere ọkwa osote odeakwụkwọ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Obodo nke United States, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ịdị mma mmiri na nyocha. Mgbe e guzobere [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] na 1970, ọ ghọrọ osote osote onye nchịkwa iwu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=S. Fred Singer (1924 - 2020)|url=https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer/|accessdate=2025-03-27|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer|title=S. FRED SINGER (1924 - 2020)|publisher=Heartland Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1987 he took up a two-year post as chief scientist at the U.S. Department of Transportation, and in 1989 joined the [[Institute of Space Science and Technology]] in Gainesville, Florida where he contributed to a paper on the results from the Interplanetary Dust Experiment using data from the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite. When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.

Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway na-ekwu na Singer tinyere aka na mbọ gọọmentị Reagan na-agba iji gbochie usoro nchịkwa iji belata mmiri ozuzo acid.

== Arụmụka ọha na eze ==

=== Ide ihe ===
N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, Singer na-ede ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''The New York Times'', The Washington Post, na Wall Street Journal, na-ekwukarị n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ese okwu n'echiche. Ọnọdụ ya n'ozuzu ya bụ otu n'ime enweghị ntụkwasị obi na iwu gọọmentị etiti na nkwenye siri ike na ịdị irè nke ahịa nweere onwe ya. O kwenyere na ihe Rachel White Scheuering na-akpọ &quot;nwere onwe ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi&quot;: na ụkpụrụ ahịa na ihe mkpali kwesịrị ezu iji duga na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị n'isiokwu ya bụ ike, mmachibido iwu mmanụ, OPEC, Iran, na ọnụahịa na-arị elu. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o belatara echiche nke Nsogbu ike ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;úscheuering2004&gt; N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na 1990s na 2000s, ọ kpughere ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ megide isi, na-ajụ njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụ melanoma, na nke dị n'agbata CFCs na ọnwụ ozone stratospheric.

YArụmụka ọha na eze nke Singer nwetara ọtụtụ nkatọ bụ maka anwụrụ ọkụ na okpomọkụ ụwa. Ọ jụrụ njikọ dị n'etiti anwụrụ ọkụ na ọrịa kansa akpa ume, ọ bụkwa onye na-emegide echiche sayensị gbasara Mgbanwe ihu igwe; ọ rụrụ ụka na enweghị ihe akaebe na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomọkụ ụwa na okpomọkụ nke ụwa agbanweela mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; Ihe ngosi CBC Fifth Estate na 2006 jikọtara arụmụka abụọ a, na-akpọ Singer dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara abụọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt; Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway kpọrọ Singer n'akwụkwọ ha, Merchants of Doubt, dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atọ na-emegide onwe ha - tinyere Fred Seitz na Bill Nierenberg - bụ ndị na-etinye onwe ha n'ime arụmụka ọha na eze banyere okwu sayensị na-ese okwu, na-etinye ha n'ọnọdụ dị ka ndị na-enwe obi abụọ, echiche ha na-enweta ike n'ihi na mgbasa ozi na-enye ha oge hà nhata n'ihi echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Seth|date=2010-06-01|title='Merchants of Doubt' delves into contrarian scientists|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083553/https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archivedate=2010-06-01|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dịka [[David Biello]] na John si kwuo na Scientific American, a maara onye na-abụ abụ nke ọma maka ịgọnahụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga. O sonyere n'afọ 1994 dịka onye edemede na onye nyocha nke akụkọ banyere okwu ahụ site na Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, ebe ọ bụ onye isi. Akụkọ ahụ katọrọ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) maka nyocha ha n'afọ 1993 banyere ihe ize ndụ cancer nke ịṅụ sịga, na-akpọ ya &quot;sayensị mkpofu&quot;. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC's Ụlọ nke ise n'afọ 2006 na ọ kwụsiri ike n'ọnọdụ na EPA &quot;esiri data&quot; iji gosi na anwụrụ ọkụ nke abụọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa akpa ume. CBC kwuru na ego ụtaba akwụla ụgwọ maka nyocha onye na-abụ abụ na nkwalite ya, nakwa na ọ bụ APCO haziri ya. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche ebe ego ahụ si. &quot;Ha anaghị ebu akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ego dollar na-asị 'Nke a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba,'&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla amaghị m banyere ya, ajụghịkwa m APCO ebe ha na-enweta ego ha. Nke ahụ abụghị azụmahịa m. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|title=The Denial Machine|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050126/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|archivedate=October 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 2003 degara ''Financial Times'', Onye na-abụ abụ dere na &quot;enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ihu igwe ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'ezie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Climate concern is just a tax ruse|author=Singer|first=S.|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=November 26, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, CBC's Fifth Estate kpọrọ onye na-abụ abụ dị ka otu n'ime obere ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kpọrọ nkwụsị nke na-emebi nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpomọkụ ụwa. .&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;  N'afọ sochirinụ ọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ British Channel 4 ''The Great Global Warming Swindle''. Onye na-abụ abụ na-arụ ụka na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ebili na ọ ga-adị mma maka mmadụ. Ọ gwara CBC: &quot;Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ otu puku afọ gara aga karịa ka ọ dị taa. Vikings biri Greenland. Nke ahụ ọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ? Echere m na ọ dị mma. Ha na-eto mmanya na England, n'ebe ugwu England. echere m na nke ahụ dị mma. Ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ndị na-eche otú ahụ.&quot; &quot;Anyị na-etinyekwu carbon dioxide na ikuku, &quot;ka ọ gwara Daily Telegraph na 2009. Otú ọ dị, ikuku dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya na mmadụ enweghị ike ịrụ ụka na nnị n'ihi na CO2 bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpat okpomọkụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; O kwenyere na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebiga ihe ókè na-ekwubiga okwu ókè. &quot;Mgbalị dị n'okpuru ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ iji okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji belata iji ike eme ihe,&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ dị nnọọ mfe: ọ bụrụ na ị belata iji ike eme ihe, mgbe ahụ, ị na-ebelata ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ma kwere ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, e nwere ndị mmadụ n'ụwa kwenyere na anyị agafewo oke na ụba akụ na ụba.&quot;

Echiche ndị na-agụ egwú na-emegide nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;The MIT Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren|editor=DiMento|year=2007|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-54193-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime/page/n82 65]–66|chapter=The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|quote=The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together|publisher=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|title=CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227220848/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|archivedate=February 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe enwere nkwekọrịta siri ike maka okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ kpatara, yana njikọ dị n'etiti oke carbon dioxide na okpomọkụ nke ụwa, yana nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na ihu igwe ga-enwe ihe dị ize ndụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stern&quot;&gt;
{{Cite book|title=The Economics of Climate Change — The Stern Review|first=Nicholas Herbert|author=Stern|authorlink=Nicholas Stern|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70080-1|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/climatology-and-climate-change/economics-climate-change-stern-review|accessdate=February 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news|title=How Dangerous Is Global Warming?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=April 14, 2007|date=June 17, 2001|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/74167018.html?dids=74167018:74167018&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+17%2C+2001&amp;author=&amp;pub=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=M.3&amp;desc=DIALOGUE}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, magazin nne Jones kọwara Singer dị ka &quot;nna nna nke ịGọnahụ okpomọkụ ụwa&quot;.  Otú ọ dị, onye na-abụ abụ kọwara onwe ya dị ka &quot;onye na-enwe obi abụọ&quot; kama ịbụ &quot;onye na'agọnahụ&quot; mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mj200505&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank|title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank|date=May 2005|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) iji rụrịta ụka megide usoro mgbochi megide okpomọkụ ụwa. Mgbe 1991 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit, onye na-abụ abụ malitere ide ma kwuo okwu iji mee ka obi abụọ na sayensị. O buru amụma na ọdachi akụ na ụba sitere na mgbochi ọ bụla na ojiji mmanụ ala, ma kwuo na ụwa okike na usoro ihu igwe ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ nke a na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, nakwa na a maghị ihe gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ site n'oké osimiri gaa na ikuku, ma ọ bụ ọrụ igwe ojii. Ka nkwekọrịta sayensị na-eto, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka site na ọnọdụ na-eleghara anya. Ọ katọrọ ụdị ihu igwe nke na-ebu amụma okpomọkụ ụwa ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1994, o jiri nsonaazụ ihe nlereanya tụnyere okpomọkụ a hụrụ ma chọpụta na okpomọkụ e buru n'amụma maka  afọ 1950 rụọ afọ 1980 si na okpompe nke mere n'ezie, nke o kwubiri na kọlụm ya na The Washington Times - na isiokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ &quot;Mkpesa ihu igwe na-ada n'okpuru ọkụ Sayensị na-egbuke egbuke&quot; - na ụdị ihu igwe adịghị mma. N'afọ 2007, ọ rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha nke chọpụtara na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tropospheric nke ụdị &quot;Ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke 20&quot;&quot; dị iche na nyocha satellite site na okpukpu abụọ nke ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ejighị n'aka.

Rachel White Scheuering dere na, mgbe SEPP malitere, ọ nwere njikọ na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke onye isi Unification Church Sun Myung Moon guzobere. Akụkọ n'afọ 1990 maka Cato Institute gosipụtara onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye nduzi nke ọrụ sayensị na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, na ezumike site na Mahadum Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;Singer, S. Fred. {{Cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|title=Environmental Strategies with Uncertain Science|accessdate=January 15, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110224712/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|archivedate=January 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scheuering dere na Singer akwụsịla mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kwadoro ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;&lt;ref&gt; O dere na ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ARCO, ExxonMobil, Shell, Sun Oil Company, na Unocal, nakwa na SEPP natara enyemaka site na ExxonMobil. Singer kwuru na mmekọrịta ego ya emetụtaghị nyocha ya. Scheuering na-ekwu na nkwubi okwu ya kwekọrọ na ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-akwụ ya ụgwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ chọrọ ịhụ mbelata na nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ''Newsweek'' kọrọ na n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1998, mmadụ iri na abụọ sitere n'ihe ọ kpọrọ &quot;ngwunye ịgọnahụ&quot; zutere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ American Petroleum Institute na Washington. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere otu onye na-abụ abụ, George C. Marshall Institute, na ExxonMobil. ''Newsweek'' kwuru na, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi dị peeji asatọ nke e wepụtara, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro mkpọsa nde $ 5 iji mee ka ọha na eze kwenye na sayensị nke okpomọkụ ụwa bụ arụmụka na ejighị n'aka. A kọọrọ ndị nta akụkọ atụmatụ ahụ ma ọ dịghị mgbe a rụzuru ya. N'izu mgbe akụkọ ahụ gasịrị, Newsweek bipụtara echiche dị iche site n'aka Robert Samuelson, otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, onye kwuru na akụkọ nke igwe na agọnahụ ego bụ nke e chepụtara echepụta ma na-eduhie eduhie. ABC News kọrọ na Machị 2008 na onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ọ bụghị na ụgwọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ike, mana ọ kwetara na SEPP natara otu onyinye ebere a na-arịọghị arịrịọ nke $ 10,000 site na ExxonMobil, nakwa na ọ bụ otu pasent nke onyinye niile natara. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na njikọ ya na Exxon dịka ịnọ na ndepụta ozi ha karịa ịnwe ọnọdụ a kwụrụ ụgwọ. Mmekọrịta ahụ emebiwo nyocha Singer n'etiti ndị otu sayensị, dị ka Scheuering si kwuo. Onye omebe iwu Lynn Rivers jụrụ ntụkwasị obi onye na-abụ abụ n'oge a na-ege ya ntị n'afọ 1995, na-ekwu na o nweghị ike ibipụta ihe ọ bụla na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ ya maka afọ 15 gara aga, ma e wezụga otu nkọwa teknụzụ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michaels|first=P. J.|title=Analyzing Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Is There a Trend?|journal=Science|date=May 27, 1994|volume=264|issue=5163|pages=1341–1342|doi=10.1126/science.264.5163.1341|pmid=17780851}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nkatọ nke IPCC ====
 
N'afọ 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) wepụtara [[Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha|akụkọ]] na-egosipụta nkwekọrịta ''Sayensị'' na nguzozi nke ihe akaebe na-egosi na enwere mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa. Onye na-abụ abụ ji akwụkwọ ozi zaghachi na sayensị na-ekwu na akụkọ IPCC gosipụtara ihe ahọpụtara. O dere, sị: &quot;Nchịkọta ahụ ekwughị na afọ iri na asatọ nke data satellite ihu igwe nke na-egosi obere ọnọdụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emegide ụdị niile nke okpomọkụ ihu igwe. &quot;  Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ kwetara na thermometers nke elu site na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na-egosi okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ekwu na satellites na-enye data ka mma n'ihi na nha ha na-ekpuchi ogidi na ogidi.  Dịka Edward Parson na Andrew Dessler si kwuo, data satịlaịtị egosighi okpomọkụ elu ozugbo, mana a ghaghị idozi ya site na iji ụdị. Mgbe emere mgbanwe maka ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe, data ahụ gosipụtara obere okpomọkụ, na nyocha tụrụ aro na ọdịiche dị n'etiti data elu na nke satellite bụ nsogbu dị ka odịiche dị na satellite.

Onye na-abụ abụ dere &quot;Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change in the U.S.&quot; n'afọ 1995, na emelite ya n'afọ 1997 iji gbaghaa Kyoto Protocol. [[Nkwekọrịta Kyoto]] bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa nke e mere na Kyoto, Japan, n'oge ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe kwetara belata gas ha na-eme ka okpomọkụ. Nkwupụta onye na-abụ abụ na-agụ, sị: &quot;Ike dị mkpa maka uto akụ na ụba ... Anyị ghọtara ihe na-akpali iwepụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nwee ike; mana anyị kwenyere na Kyoto Protocol - iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na naanị akụkụ nke obodo ụwa dị ize ndụ, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ, ma na-ebibi akụ na ụba na ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ndụ. &quot;

Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ gbasara nke a na United States na Europe ma kpọkọta 100 ndị bịanyere aka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu na a na-enyo ụfọdụ n'ime asambodo ndị bịa nyekwara aka enyo. Ọ dịkarịa ala 20 bụ ndị nta akụkọ ihu igwe televishọn, ụfọdụ enweghị nzere sayensị, na  ụbọchị iri na anọ edepụtara dịka ndị prọfesọ n'ekwughị otu mpaghara. Dịka Scheuering si kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mechara kwuo na ha kwenyere na ha na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ iji kwado ime ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) n'afọ 2004 mgbe 2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Milan. NIPCC haziri ogbako ihu igwe mba ụwa na Vienna n'ọnwa eprel afọ 2007, &lt;ref name=&quot;nature1&quot;&gt;Singer, S. Fred (ed.). [http://www.odlt.org/dcd/docs/singer_Nature_Not%20Human%20Activity,%20Rules%20the%20Climate.pdf &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, March 2, 2008, accessed May 17, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; iji nye ihe ha kpọrọ nyocha onwe onye nke ihe akaebe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.  Singer kwadebere akụkọ NIPCC akpọrọ &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate,&quot; nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Heartland Institute bipụtara n'ọnwa maachị 2008.  ABC Ozi kwuru n'otu ọnwa ahụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe a na-akpọghị aha sitere na NASA, Stanford, na Princeton bụ ndị gwara ABC okwu banyere akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ya dị ka &quot;ihe nzuzu efu&quot;. N'akwụkwọ ozi mkpesa o degaara ABC Ozi, Singer kwuru na akwụkwọ ha jiri &quot;okwu ajọ mbunobi, eziokwu gbagọrọ agbagọ, nkwutọ, na nkwutọ na-amaghị aha&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Septemba 18, 2013, e bipụtara akụkọ nke anọ nke NIPCC, nke akpọrọ Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020171042/http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-20|title=Summary for Policymakers|publisher=[[The Heartland Institute]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka akụkọ NIPCC gara aga, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ ya mgbe e bipụtara ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, David Suzuki dere na ọ &quot;jupụtara na nkwupụta a na ekwughị, gụnyere na ikuku carbon dioxide dị mma n'ihi na ha na-akpali ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/david-suzuki/climate-change-deniers_b_3984750.html|title=Climate Change Deniers Don't Deserve an Equal Voice|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014|author=Suzuki, David}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe akụkọ ahụ nwetara akụkọ dị mma site n'aka Doug McKelway nke Fox News Channel,  ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth na Michael Oppenheimer katọrọ akụkọ a, Trenberth kpọrọ ya &quot;ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị isi&quot; na Oppenheims na-akpọ ya &quot;ihe na-ezighi ezi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-study-says-threat-of-man-made-global-warming-greatly-exaggerated|title=New study says threat of man-made global warming greatly exaggerated|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=September 19, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/09/18/fox-equates-faux-un-climate-report-with-the-rea/195947|title=Fox Equates Faux UN Climate Report With The Real Thing|work=[[Media Matters for America]]|date=September 18, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ====
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, mgbe esemokwu email nke Climatic Research Unit gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ dere otu echiche maka Reuters nke o kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ejirila Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, rụgidere ndị editọ ka ha gbochie mbipụta nke echiche ndị ọzọ, ma mebie ndị mmegide. O kwukwara na ozi ịntanetị ndị a na-agbapụta gosipụtara na &quot;ihe ọmụma okpomọkụ nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]] dabere na ya dabere na data na algọridim gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agaghị ekerịta. &quot; O kwuru na ihe omume ahụ kpughere usoro na-adịghị mma, nakwa na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-aga n'okpuru ọbụna ka gas ndị na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAvA&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-abawanye na ikuku. O dere, sị: &quot;Njikọ a na-adịghị mma na-emegide nsonaazụ nke ụdị nke IPCC dabere na ya ma na-egosi na okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ (AGW) dị obere,&quot; na-ekwubi &quot;ma ugbu a ọ na-apụta na okpomanya ụwa nwere ike ịbụ 'mmadụ mere' n'ezie. &quot;  Kọmitii British House of Commons Science and Technology Select mechara wepụta akụkọ nke wepụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/science/earth/08climate.html|author=Gillis|first=Justin|title=British Panel Clears Climate Scientists|date=July 8, 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 23, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kọmitii asatọ nyochara ebubo ahụ, na-enweghị ihe aka ebe nke aghụghọ ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ sayensị. 

== Ọnwụ ==
N'ọnwa Eprel 6, 2020, onye na-abụ abụ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi na Rockville, Maryland. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Sayensị dịpụrụ adịpụ
* Ịṅụ sịga nke abụọ
* ''Ike nke Nnukwu Mmanụ''

== Ihe edeturu ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721005121/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/merchants-of-doubt-9781596916104/ Oreskes, Naomi na Erik Conway. 2010. Ndị na-ere ahịa nke obi abụọ: Otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kpuchie eziokwu na nsogbu site na anwụrụ sịga ruo okpomọkụ ụwa. Bloomsbury] E debere ya na July 21, 2017, na Wayback Machine

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Siegfried Fred Singer''' (September 27, 1924 - April 6, 2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Dr. S. Fred Singer, R.I.P.|url=https://www.heartland.org/news-opinion/news/dr-s-fred-singer-rip|accessdate=April 7, 2020|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụbụ onye ọka mmụta sayensị na America a mụrụ na Austria na prọfesọ emeritus nke sayensị gburugburu na Mahadum Virginia, zụrụ azụ dịka onye physics ikuku. A maara ya maka ịjụ nkwekọrịta sayensị n'ọtụtụ okwu, gụnyere Mgbanwe ihu igwe,   njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụgụ melanoma,  mmebi ozone stratospheric nke chlorofluoro compounds, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dịka refrigerants,  na ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2013|author=Dunlap|first=R. E.|title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection|journal=The American Behavioral Scientist|volume=57|issue=6|pages=699–731|pmid=24098056|doi=10.1177/0002764213477096}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/16/science/naomi-oreskes-a-lightning-rod-in-a-changing-climate.html|title=Naomi Oreskes, a Lightning Rod in a Changing Climate|work=The New York Times|date=June 15, 2015|author=Gillis|first=Justin}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), na Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). O deekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Unstoppable Global Warming: Kwa afọ 1,500 Years (2007)  na Dennis Avery, na Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) na Craig Idso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|title=S. Fred Singer, Ph.D.|accessdate=March 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125045629/http://sepp.org/about%20sepp/bios/singer/cvsfs.html|archivedate=January 25, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-abụ abụ nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, na-eje ozi na ndị agha, gọọmentị, na agụmakwụkwọ. O rụrụ ogbunigwe maka ndị agha mmiri US n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, tupu ọ nweta Ph.D. ya na physics na Mahadum Princeton n'afọ 1948 ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta sayensị na U.S. Embassy na London. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na nyocha mbara igwe mbụ, na-etinye aka na mmepe nke satellites na-ahụ maka ụwa, n'afọ 1962 guzobere National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Mahadum nke Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences n'afọ 1964, ma nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa gọọmentị, gụnyere osote osote onye nchịkwa maka Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na onye isi sayensị maka Ngalaba Transportation. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia site n'afọ 1971 ruo n'afọ 1994, na Mahadum George Mason ruo n'afọ 2000.

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project,   n'afọ 2006 ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Canada kpọrọ ya aha dịka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole kwuru na ha na-emepụta nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe ihu igwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot; /&gt; Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru, n'ụzọ megidere nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọ nweghị ihe aka ebe na okpomọkụ ụwa bụ n'ihi mmụba nke carbon dioxide ikuku sitere na mmadụ, nakwa na ụmụ mmadụ ga-erite uru ma ọ bụrụ na okpompe arịgo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Louise Gray|title=Fred Singer to speak at climate change sceptics conference|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/copenhagen-climate-change-confe/6592414/Fred-Singer-to-speak-at-climate-change-sceptics-conference.html|accessdate=October 4, 2019|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|date=November 18, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-emegide Kyoto Protocol, ma kwuo na ụdị ihu igwe anaghị adabere na eziokwu ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe. A na-ebo onye na-abụ abụ ebubo ịjụ ihe aka ebe sayensị nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara ma kwado n'onwe ya na nkwupụta ya gbasara ahụike ọha na eze na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. &lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt; &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores|location=New York|publisher=Bloomsbury Press|date=2010|isbn=9781596916104}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singer, S. Fred 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Singer|first=S. Fred|chapter=The Revelle-Gore Story: Attempted Political Suppression of Science|editor=Gough|chapterurl=http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817939326_283.pdf|title=Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking|publisher=Hoover Press|date=2003|accessdate=May 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ onye na-abụ abụ na Vienna, Austria, n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu. Nna ya bụ onye na-ere ọla na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbe Anschluss gasịrị n'etiti Nazi Germany na Austria n'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Austria, onye na-abụ abụ wee soro ụmụaka ndị Juu ndị ọzọ banye n'ụgbọ okporo igwe ụmụaka. Ọ gara England, ebe ọ biri na Northumberland, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye na-ahụ maka anya n'afọ iri na ụma. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ kwagara Ohio wee ghọọ nwa amaala America n'afọ 1944.  Ọ natara nzere Bachelor nke Injinia Eletrik (B.E.E.) na Mahadum steeti Ohio n'afọ 1943. Ọ kụziri physics na Princeton mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na masters ya na doctorate ya, na-enweta Ph.D. ya n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1948.  A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, &quot;The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air shoers&quot;.  Onye nlekọta ya bụ John Archibald Wheeler, na kọmitii edemede ya gụnyere J. Robert Oppenheimer na Niels Bohr. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer, S. Fred|year=1949|title=The density spectrum and latitude dependence of extensive cosmic ray air showers|journal=American Doctoral Dissertations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== 1950: Ndị Agha Mmiri nke United States ===
Mgbe nna ya ukwu gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ sonyeere ndị agha, na-arụ ọrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States na agha ogbunigwe na mgbochi site n'afọ 1944 ruo n'afọ 1946. Mgbe ọ nọ na Naval Ordnance Laboratory, ọ mepụtara ihe arithmetic maka Kọmputa dijitalụ nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;ụbụrụ eletrọniki&quot;. A tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 1946 wee sonye na Upper Atmosphere Rocket Program na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory na Silver Spring, Maryland, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1950. O lekwasịrị anya na ozone, cosmic rays, na ionosphere, niile a tụrụ site na balloons na rocket ndị sitere na White Sands, New Mexico, ma ọ bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri na oké osimiri. [[Rachel White Scheuering]] dere na maka otu ọrụ iji gbaa rọket, ọ ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa [[Arktik|Arctic]], ma na-agbapụ rọket site na ụgbọ mmiri na equator.

Site n'afọ 1950 ruo n'afọ 1953, ọ nọ na U.S. Embassy na London dị ka onye ọrụ mmekọrịta sayensị na Office of Naval Research, ebe ọ mụrụ mmemme nyocha na Europe na radiation cosmic na physics nuklia. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya asatọ nwere nzụlite na ọrụ Ngwá agha ndị a na-eduzi iji kwuo okwu na Nzukọ nke anọ nke International Congress of Astronautics na Zurich n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1953, n'oge, dịka ''The New York Times'' kọrọ, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị hụrụ ụgbọ elu dịka akụkọ sayensị zoro ezo.
[[Faịlụ:MOUSE_(Fred_Singer).jpg|thumb|188x188px|Satellite Singer's MOUSE, nke o mepụtara na mbido afọ 1950 ]]
Onye na-abụ abụ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ gbara ume ka a tụọ satellites ụwa maka nyocha sayensị n'oge afọ 1950.  N'afọ 1951 ma ọ bụ n'afọ 1952, ọ tụrụ aro MOUSE (&quot;Minimal Orbital Unmanned Satellite, Earth&quot;), satịlaịtị 100 pounds (45 kg) nke ga-enwe Geiger counters maka ịlele ụzarị mbara igwe, mkpụrụ ndụ foto maka inyocha ụwa, telemetry electronics maka iziga data azụ n'ụwa, ngwaọrụ nchekwa data magnetic, na mkpụrụ ndụ ike anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na MOUSE enwetụbeghị ụgbọelu, ''Baltimore News-Post'' kọrọ n'afọ 1957 na arụmụka Singer banyere mkpa maka satellites ka a na-ege ntị, US gaara emeri Russia site na ịmalite Satellite mbụ nke ụwa. Ọ tụkwara aro (ya na R. C. Wentworth) na enwere ike iji nyocha satellite nke ultraviolet backscatter mee ihe dịka usoro iji tụọ profaịlụ ozone ikuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Singer|first=S. F|title=A method for the determination of the vertical ozone distribution from a satellite|journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=June 1957|volume=62|issue=2|pages=299–308|doi=10.1029/JZ062i002p00299|issn=2156-2202}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mechara jiri usoro a mee ihe na Satellite ihu igwe mbụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Zerefos|title=Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer|date=2000|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-4353-0|url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9780792365136|series=Nato Science Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=[[Dordrecht]]|isbn=978-0-7923-6513-6|quote=Recent studies have demonstrated a link between ozone changes caused by human activities and changing UV levels at the Earth's surface, as well as a link to climate through changes in radiative forcing and links to changes in chemical composition.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1953: Mahadum nke Maryland ===
Onye na-abụ abụ laghachiri na United States n'afọ 1953, ebe ọ malitere ọrụ dịka prọfesọ na physics na Mahadum Maryland, ma n'otu oge ahụ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Atmospheric and Space Physics. Scheuering dere na ọrụ ya gụnyere ịme nnwale na rọket na satellites, remote sensing, radiation belts, [[magnetosphere]], na meteorites. Ọ mepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke ịtụba rọket na mbara igwe: ịgba ha site na ụgbọ elu na-efe elu, ma na-enweghị onye na-anya ụgbọelu. Ndị agha mmiri nabatara echiche ahụ ma Singer lekọtara ọrụ ahụ. Ọ natara White House Special Commendation site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower n'afọ 1954 maka ọrụ ya. 

Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị otu 12 nke American Astronautical Society, otu e guzobere n'afọ 1954 iji nọchite anya ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia 300 na-eduga na mpaghara nke mgbọ ogbunigwe - ọ bụ otu n'etiti ndị otu asaa gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọnwa disemba 1956 mgbe usoro esemokwu banyere ntụziaka na njikwa nke otu ahụ. 

N'ọnwa nọvemba afọ 1957, onye na-abụ abụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ nọ na mahadum ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma gbaa bọmbụ &quot;Oriole&quot; ọhụrụ atọ na Virginia Capes. Rocket ndị ahụ dị ihe na-erughị pounds 25 (11 kg) ma nwee ike iwu ya maka ihe dịka $ 2000. A chụpụrụ ha site na LSM Navy a gbanwere agbanwe, ha nwere ike iru n'ịdị elu nke 50,000 feet (15,000 m) ma nwee usoro telemetry zuru oke iji zipụ ozi gbasara cosmic, ultraviolet na X-rays. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ịgba égbè ahụ debere &quot;nnyocha nke mbara igwe dị elu na rọket dị elu n'otu ihe ahụ, ọnụahịa na mgbalị, dị ka ọnụọgụ ikuku dị ala na balloons ihu igwe. Site ugbu a gaa n'ihu, anyị nwere ike ịgba ọtụtụ puku rọket ndị a n'ụwa niile na obere ego&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1958, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi nke otu cosmic ray nke ngalaba physics nke Mahadum Maryland, ọ natara otuto pụrụ iche site n'aka Onye isi ala Eisenhower maka &quot;ihe ndị pụtara ìhè ọ rụzuru na mmepe nke satellites maka ebumnuche sayensị&quot;.  N'ọnwupụta n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1958. A họpụtara ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ na Kọmitii Nhọrọ Ụlọ na Astronautics na Space Exploration, nke na-akwadebe ịnwe ntị na aro Onye isi alaisenhower maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iji jikwaa nyocha mbara igwe mee nchọpụta, otu ọnwa ka ọ nwetakwuo ihe nrite Distinguished Alumnus nke Mahadụ. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke na Maryland n'afọ 1959, ma họrọ ya n'afọ ahụ site na United States Junior Chamber of Commerce dịka otu n'ime ụmụ okorobịa iri pụtara ìhè na mba ahụ.

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1960 na American Physical Society, Singer depụtara ọhụụ ya banyere ihe gburugburu ụwa nwere ike ịgụnye, na-agbasa ruo 40,000 kilomita (64,000 km) n'ime mbara igwe. A maara ya maka amụma mbụ ya banyere njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri eletrik ndị tọrọ n'ụwa, nke nchọpụta ndị e mechara chọpụta na nnwale satellite. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1960, ọ tụrụ aro ịdị adị nke mkpokoro ájá a na-ahụ anya gburugburu ụwa ihe dịka 600 ruo 1,000 kilomita (1,600 km)  na mbara igwe, karịa nke e nwere obere ihe, micrometer ma ọ bụ obere n'obosara, na-agbasa 2,000 ruo 4,000 kilomita (6,400 km).  N'ọnwa Maachị 1961, onye na-abụ abụ na onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka physics na Mahadum Maryland, E. J. Opik, nyere onyinye $ 97,000 site na NASA iji mee nyocha afọ atọ nke gas na uzuzu interplanetary.

=== 1960: Echiche nke Phobos aka mere ===
N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Astronautics nke afọ 1960, onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na echiche Iosif Shklovsky  na usoro ọnwa Phobos na-atụ aro na ọ bụ oghere, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ nke aka mere. onye na-abụ abụ dere, sị: &quot;Nkwupụta m dị, ebe a ka m kwadoro Shklovsky, na ọ bụrụ na satellite na agbagharị n'ime dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha nke mbara Egwu, mgbe ahụ enwere obere ihe ọzọ maka echiche ahụ na ọ bụ oghere ma ya mere e mere na Mars. Nnukwu 'ọ bụrụ' dị na nyocha nke astronomical; ha nwere ike ịbụ na ha na-ezighị ezi. Ebe ọ bụ na ha dabere na ọtụtụ usoro nke ndị na-ekiri dị iche iche na-ekiri ihe dị iche iche jiri ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche iche iche mee ihe, njehie nwere ike ịmetụta ha. &quot; Foto site na nyocha malitere n'afọ 1972 na-egosi elu nkume sitere n'okike nwere oghere.  Ndị na-ahụ maka Ufology na-aga n'ihu na-egosi onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye na-akwado echiche Phobos nke Shklovsky. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|title=Andrew Kelleher, &quot;Phobos: the odd moon of Mars&quot;, in Alienation News #211 Nov 2002.|accessdate=May 26, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902064151/http://www.sema4.com.au/an/211-AN.pdf|archivedate=September 2, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mag Time dere n'afọ 1969 na onye na-abụ abụ nwere mmasị ndụ ya niile na Phobos na ọnwa nke abụọ nke Mars, Deimos. Ọ gwara o''''ge'''' na ọ nwere ike ikwe omume ịdọrọ Deimos n'ime usoro ụwa ka e wee nwee ike inyocha ya. N'oge nnọkọ mbara igwe mba ụwa n'ọnwa Mee 1966, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbara igwe si United States na Soviet Union bịara, ọ bu ụzọ kwuo na ịdakwasị ndị mmadụ n'ọnwa Martian ga-abụ nzọụkwụ ezi uche dị na ya mgbe ndị mmadụ rutere n'ọnwụrụ ụwa. O kwuru na obere nha nke Phobos na Deimos - ihe dịka  iri na anọ na asatọ (23 na 13 km) n'obosara na ikike ndọda nke sub milli-g - ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ụgbọ mbara igwe mfe ịdakwasị ma bido ọzọ.

=== 1962: National Weather Center na Mahadum Miami ===
N'afọ 1962, o''ge'' ọ nọ na ezumike na mahadum ahụ, a kpọrọ Singer dịka onye nduzi mbụ nke ọrụ satellite ihu igwe maka National Weather Satellite Center, nke bụzi akụkụ nke National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, ma duzie mmemme maka iji satellites ịkọ ihu igwe. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo n'afọ 1964. Ọ gwara magazin Time n'afọ 1969 na ọ na-atọ ya ụtọ ịgagharị. &quot;Njem ọ bụla nyere m echiche ọhụrụ&quot;, ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ bụrụ na m nọdụrụ ala, ma eleghị anya m ka na-atụle ụzarị mbara igwe, isiokwu nke thesis m na Princeton. Nke ahụ bụ ihe na-eme ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. &quot;  Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị dịka onye nduzi, ọ natara ihe nrite Gold Medal nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa maka Ọrụ Federal. 

N'afọ 1964,  ọ ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Environmental and Planetary Sciences na University of Miami n'afọ 1964, ụlọakwụkwọ mbụ nke ụdị ya na mba ahụ, raara onwe ya nye nyocha nke afọ.. N'ọnwa Disemba 1965, akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times kọrọ banyere otu ogbako Singer kwadoro na Miami Beach n'oge nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ise, na-arụ ọrụ n'adabereghị onwe ha, gosipụtara nyocha nke na-egosi ihe ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe foduru nke ọkụ primordial nke mere mgbe a mụrụ eluigwe na ụwa..

=== 1967–1994 ===
N'afọ 1967, ọ nakweere ọkwa osote odeakwụkwọ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Obodo nke United States, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ịdị mma mmiri na nyocha. Mgbe e guzobere [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] na 1970, ọ ghọrọ osote osote onye nchịkwa iwu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=S. Fred Singer (1924 - 2020)|url=https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer/|accessdate=2025-03-27|work=The Heartland Institute|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/s-fred-singer|title=S. FRED SINGER (1924 - 2020)|publisher=Heartland Institute|language=en-US|accessdate=October 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1987 he took up a two-year post as chief scientist at the U.S. Department of Transportation, and in 1989 joined the [[Institute of Space Science and Technology]] in Gainesville, Florida where he contributed to a paper on the results from the Interplanetary Dust Experiment using data from the Long Duration Exposure Facility satellite. When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.

Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway na-ekwu na Singer tinyere aka na mbọ gọọmentị Reagan na-agba iji gbochie usoro nchịkwa iji belata mmiri ozuzo acid.

== Arụmụka ọha na eze ==

=== Ide ihe ===
N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, Singer na-ede ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''The New York Times'', The Washington Post, na Wall Street Journal, na-ekwukarị n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ese okwu n'echiche. Ọnọdụ ya n'ozuzu ya bụ otu n'ime enweghị ntụkwasị obi na iwu gọọmentị etiti na nkwenye siri ike na ịdị irè nke ahịa nweere onwe ya. O kwenyere na ihe Rachel White Scheuering na-akpọ &quot;nwere onwe ahịa gburugburu ebe obibi&quot;: na ụkpụrụ ahịa na ihe mkpali kwesịrị ezu iji duga na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe. Isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị n'isiokwu ya bụ ike, mmachibido iwu mmanụ, OPEC, Iran, na ọnụahịa na-arị elu. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o belatara echiche nke Nsogbu ike ma kwuo na ọ bụ ihe omume mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&gt; N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na 1990s na 2000s, ọ kpughere ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ megide isi, na-ajụ njikọ dị n'etiti UV-B na ọnụọgụ melanoma, na nke dị n'agbata CFCs na ọnwụ ozone stratospheric.

YArụmụka ọha na eze nke Singer nwetara ọtụtụ nkatọ bụ maka anwụrụ ọkụ na okpomọkụ ụwa. Ọ jụrụ njikọ dị n'etiti anwụrụ ọkụ na ọrịa kansa akpa ume, ọ bụkwa onye na-emegide echiche sayensị gbasara Mgbanwe ihu igwe; ọ rụrụ ụka na enweghị ihe akaebe na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomọkụ ụwa na okpomọkụ nke ụwa agbanweela mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; Ihe ngosi CBC Fifth Estate na 2006 jikọtara arụmụka abụọ a, na-akpọ Singer dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara abụọ ahụ, ma ọ bụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt; Naomi Oreskes na Erik Conway kpọrọ Singer n'akwụkwọ ha, Merchants of Doubt, dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atọ na-emegide onwe ha - tinyere Fred Seitz na Bill Nierenberg - bụ ndị na-etinye onwe ha n'ime arụmụka ọha na eze banyere okwu sayensị na-ese okwu, na-etinye ha n'ọnọdụ dị ka ndị na-enwe obi abụọ, echiche ha na-enweta ike n'ihi na mgbasa ozi na-enye ha oge hà nhata n'ihi echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Seth|date=2010-06-01|title='Merchants of Doubt' delves into contrarian scientists|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601083553/https://www.usatoday.com/money/books/reviews/2010-06-01-deathmerchants01_ST_N.htm|archivedate=2010-06-01|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dịka [[David Biello]] na John si kwuo na Scientific American, a maara onye na-abụ abụ nke ọma maka ịgọnahụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke ịṅụ sịga. O sonyere n'afọ 1994 dịka onye edemede na onye nyocha nke akụkọ banyere okwu ahụ site na Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, ebe ọ bụ onye isi. Akụkọ ahụ katọrọ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) maka nyocha ha n'afọ 1993 banyere ihe ize ndụ cancer nke ịṅụ sịga, na-akpọ ya &quot;sayensị mkpofu&quot;. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC's Ụlọ nke ise n'afọ 2006 na ọ kwụsiri ike n'ọnọdụ na EPA &quot;esiri data&quot; iji gosi na anwụrụ ọkụ nke abụọ na-akpata ọrịa kansa akpa ume. CBC kwuru na ego ụtaba akwụla ụgwọ maka nyocha onye na-abụ abụ na nkwalite ya, nakwa na ọ bụ APCO haziri ya. Onye na-abụ abụ gwara CBC na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche ebe ego ahụ si. &quot;Ha anaghị ebu akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ego dollar na-asị 'Nke a sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba,'&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla amaghị m banyere ya, ajụghịkwa m APCO ebe ha na-enweta ego ha. Nke ahụ abụghị azụmahịa m. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|title=The Denial Machine|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 15, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026050126/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/video.html|archivedate=October 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ozi n'afọ 2003 degara ''Financial Times'', Onye na-abụ abụ dere na &quot;enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya na ihu igwe ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'ezie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Climate concern is just a tax ruse|author=Singer|first=S.|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=November 26, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, CBC's Fifth Estate kpọrọ onye na-abụ abụ dị ka otu n'ime obere ìgwè ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kpọrọ nkwụsị nke na-emebi nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpomọkụ ụwa. .&lt;ref name=&quot;CBCsmoking&quot;/&gt;  N'afọ sochirinụ ọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ British Channel 4 ''The Great Global Warming Swindle''. Onye na-abụ abụ na-arụ ụka na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mmụba nke carbon dioxide nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ebili na ọ ga-adị mma maka mmadụ. Ọ gwara CBC: &quot;Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ otu puku afọ gara aga karịa ka ọ dị taa. Vikings biri Greenland. Nke ahụ ọ dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ? Echere m na ọ dị mma. Ha na-eto mmanya na England, n'ebe ugwu England. echere m na nke ahụ dị mma. Ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụfọdụ ndị na-eche otú ahụ.&quot; &quot;Anyị na-etinyekwu carbon dioxide na ikuku, &quot;ka ọ gwara Daily Telegraph na 2009. Otú ọ dị, ikuku dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya na mmadụ enweghị ike ịrụ ụka na nnị n'ihi na CO2 bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpat okpomọkụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray2009&quot;/&gt; O kwenyere na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebiga ihe ókè na-ekwubiga okwu ókè. &quot;Mgbalị dị n'okpuru ebe a yiri ka ọ bụ iji okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ihe ngọpụ iji belata iji ike eme ihe,&quot; ka o kwuru. &quot;Ọ dị nnọọ mfe: ọ bụrụ na ị belata iji ike eme ihe, mgbe ahụ, ị na-ebelata ọganihu akụ na ụba. Ma kwere ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, e nwere ndị mmadụ n'ụwa kwenyere na anyị agafewo oke na ụba akụ na ụba.&quot;

Echiche ndị na-agụ egwú na-emegide nkwekọrịta sayensị banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, &lt;ref name=&quot;The MIT Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren|editor=DiMento|year=2007|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-54193-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime/page/n82 65]–66|chapter=The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?|author=Oreskes|first=Naomi|url=https://archive.org/details/climatechangewha00dime}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|quote=The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together|publisher=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|title=CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=March 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227220848/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_SPMcorr2.pdf|archivedate=February 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe enwere nkwekọrịta siri ike maka okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ kpatara, yana njikọ dị n'etiti oke carbon dioxide na okpomọkụ nke ụwa, yana nkwekọrịta na mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na ihu igwe ga-enwe ihe dị ize ndụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stern&quot;&gt;
{{Cite book|title=The Economics of Climate Change — The Stern Review|first=Nicholas Herbert|author=Stern|authorlink=Nicholas Stern|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70080-1|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/earth-and-environmental-science/climatology-and-climate-change/economics-climate-change-stern-review|accessdate=February 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news|title=How Dangerous Is Global Warming?|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=April 14, 2007|date=June 17, 2001|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/74167018.html?dids=74167018:74167018&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jun+17%2C+2001&amp;author=&amp;pub=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;edition=&amp;startpage=M.3&amp;desc=DIALOGUE}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, magazin nne Jones kọwara Singer dị ka &quot;nna nna nke ịGọnahụ okpomọkụ ụwa&quot;.  Otú ọ dị, onye na-abụ abụ kọwara onwe ya dị ka &quot;onye na-enwe obi abụọ&quot; kama ịbụ &quot;onye na'agọnahụ&quot; mgbanwe ihu igwe ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mj200505&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2005/05/put-tiger-your-think-tank|title=Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank|date=May 2005|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1990, onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Science &amp; Environmental Policy Project (SEPP) iji rụrịta ụka megide usoro mgbochi megide okpomọkụ ụwa. Mgbe 1991 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Earth Summit, onye na-abụ abụ malitere ide ma kwuo okwu iji mee ka obi abụọ na sayensị. O buru amụma na ọdachi akụ na ụba sitere na mgbochi ọ bụla na ojiji mmanụ ala, ma kwuo na ụwa okike na usoro ihu igwe ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ nke a na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, nakwa na a maghị ihe gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ site n'oké osimiri gaa na ikuku, ma ọ bụ ọrụ igwe ojii. Ka nkwekọrịta sayensị na-eto, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ụka site na ọnọdụ na-eleghara anya. Ọ katọrọ ụdị ihu igwe nke na-ebu amụma okpomọkụ ụwa ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1994, o jiri nsonaazụ ihe nlereanya tụnyere okpomọkụ a hụrụ ma chọpụta na okpomọkụ e buru n'amụma maka  afọ 1950 rụọ afọ 1980 si na okpompe nke mere n'ezie, nke o kwubiri na kọlụm ya na The Washington Times - na isiokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ &quot;Mkpesa ihu igwe na-ada n'okpuru ọkụ Sayensị na-egbuke egbuke&quot; - na ụdị ihu igwe adịghị mma. N'afọ 2007, ọ rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha nke chọpụtara na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tropospheric nke ụdị &quot;Ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke 20&quot;&quot; dị iche na nyocha satellite site na okpukpu abụọ nke ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ejighị n'aka.

Rachel White Scheuering dere na, mgbe SEPP malitere, ọ nwere njikọ na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke onye isi Unification Church Sun Myung Moon guzobere. Akụkọ n'afọ 1990 maka Cato Institute gosipụtara onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye nduzi nke ọrụ sayensị na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, na ezumike site na Mahadum Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;Singer, S. Fred. {{Cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|title=Environmental Strategies with Uncertain Science|accessdate=January 15, 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110224712/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/reg13n1-singer.html|archivedate=January 10, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scheuering dere na Singer akwụsịla mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ kwadoro ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;&lt;ref&gt; O dere na ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ARCO, ExxonMobil, Shell, Sun Oil Company, na Unocal, nakwa na SEPP natara enyemaka site na ExxonMobil. Singer kwuru na mmekọrịta ego ya emetụtaghị nyocha ya. Scheuering na-ekwu na nkwubi okwu ya kwekọrọ na ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-akwụ ya ụgwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ chọrọ ịhụ mbelata na nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;scheuering2004&quot;&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ''Newsweek'' kọrọ na n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1998, mmadụ iri na abụọ sitere n'ihe ọ kpọrọ &quot;ngwunye ịgọnahụ&quot; zutere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ American Petroleum Institute na Washington. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere otu onye na-abụ abụ, George C. Marshall Institute, na ExxonMobil. ''Newsweek'' kwuru na, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi dị peeji asatọ nke e wepụtara, nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro mkpọsa nde $ 5 iji mee ka ọha na eze kwenye na sayensị nke okpomọkụ ụwa bụ arụmụka na ejighị n'aka. A kọọrọ ndị nta akụkọ atụmatụ ahụ ma ọ dịghị mgbe a rụzuru ya. N'izu mgbe akụkọ ahụ gasịrị, Newsweek bipụtara echiche dị iche site n'aka Robert Samuelson, otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, onye kwuru na akụkọ nke igwe na agọnahụ ego bụ nke e chepụtara echepụta ma na-eduhie eduhie. ABC News kọrọ na Machị 2008 na onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na ọ bụghị na ụgwọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ike, mana ọ kwetara na SEPP natara otu onyinye ebere a na-arịọghị arịrịọ nke $ 10,000 site na ExxonMobil, nakwa na ọ bụ otu pasent nke onyinye niile natara. Onye na-abụ abụ kwuru na njikọ ya na Exxon dịka ịnọ na ndepụta ozi ha karịa ịnwe ọnọdụ a kwụrụ ụgwọ. Mmekọrịta ahụ emebiwo nyocha Singer n'etiti ndị otu sayensị, dị ka Scheuering si kwuo. Onye omebe iwu Lynn Rivers jụrụ ntụkwasị obi onye na-abụ abụ n'oge a na-ege ya ntị n'afọ 1995, na-ekwu na o nweghị ike ibipụta ihe ọ bụla na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ ya maka afọ 15 gara aga, ma e wezụga otu nkọwa teknụzụ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michaels|first=P. J.|title=Analyzing Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Is There a Trend?|journal=Science|date=May 27, 1994|volume=264|issue=5163|pages=1341–1342|doi=10.1126/science.264.5163.1341|pmid=17780851}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nkatọ nke IPCC ====
 
N'afọ 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) wepụtara [[Akụkọ nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCCnyocha|akụkọ]] na-egosipụta nkwekọrịta ''Sayensị'' na nguzozi nke ihe akaebe na-egosi na enwere mmetụta mmadụ a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe ụwa. Onye na-abụ abụ ji akwụkwọ ozi zaghachi na sayensị na-ekwu na akụkọ IPCC gosipụtara ihe ahọpụtara. O dere, sị: &quot;Nchịkọta ahụ ekwughị na afọ iri na asatọ nke data satellite ihu igwe nke na-egosi obere ọnọdụ oyi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emegide ụdị niile nke okpomọkụ ihu igwe. &quot;  Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ kwetara na thermometers nke elu site na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe na-egosi okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-ekwu na satellites na-enye data ka mma n'ihi na nha ha na-ekpuchi ogidi na ogidi.  Dịka Edward Parson na Andrew Dessler si kwuo, data satịlaịtị egosighi okpomọkụ elu ozugbo, mana a ghaghị idozi ya site na iji ụdị. Mgbe emere mgbanwe maka ihe omume ndị na-agafe agafe, data ahụ gosipụtara obere okpomọkụ, na nyocha tụrụ aro na ọdịiche dị n'etiti data elu na nke satellite bụ nsogbu dị ka odịiche dị na satellite.

Onye na-abụ abụ dere &quot;Leipzig Declaration on Global Climate Change in the U.S.&quot; n'afọ 1995, na emelite ya n'afọ 1997 iji gbaghaa Kyoto Protocol. [[Nkwekọrịta Kyoto]] bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa nke e mere na Kyoto, Japan, n'oge ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe kwetara belata gas ha na-eme ka okpomọkụ. Nkwupụta onye na-abụ abụ na-agụ, sị: &quot;Ike dị mkpa maka uto akụ na ụba ... Anyị ghọtara ihe na-akpali iwepụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe nwee ike; mana anyị kwenyere na Kyoto Protocol - iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na naanị akụkụ nke obodo ụwa dị ize ndụ, ọ naghị arụ ọrụ, ma na-ebibi akụ na ụba na ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ndụ. &quot;

Scheuering dere na onye na-abụ abụ gbasara nke a na United States na Europe ma kpọkọta 100 ndị bịanyere aka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekwu na a na-enyo ụfọdụ n'ime asambodo ndị bịa nyekwara aka enyo. Ọ dịkarịa ala 20 bụ ndị nta akụkọ ihu igwe televishọn, ụfọdụ enweghị nzere sayensị, na  ụbọchị iri na anọ edepụtara dịka ndị prọfesọ n'ekwughị otu mpaghara. Dịka Scheuering si kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime ha mechara kwuo na ha kwenyere na ha na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ iji kwado ime ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Onye na-abụ abụ guzobere Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) n'afọ 2004 mgbe 2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Milan. NIPCC haziri ogbako ihu igwe mba ụwa na Vienna n'ọnwa eprel afọ 2007, &lt;ref name=&quot;nature1&quot;&gt;Singer, S. Fred (ed.). [http://www.odlt.org/dcd/docs/singer_Nature_Not%20Human%20Activity,%20Rules%20the%20Climate.pdf &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, March 2, 2008, accessed May 17, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; iji nye ihe ha kpọrọ nyocha onwe onye nke ihe akaebe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.  Singer kwadebere akụkọ NIPCC akpọrọ &quot;Nature, Not Human Activity, Rules the Climate,&quot; nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Heartland Institute bipụtara n'ọnwa maachị 2008.  ABC Ozi kwuru n'otu ọnwa ahụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe a na-akpọghị aha sitere na NASA, Stanford, na Princeton bụ ndị gwara ABC okwu banyere akụkọ ahụ jụrụ ya dị ka &quot;ihe nzuzu efu&quot;. N'akwụkwọ ozi mkpesa o degaara ABC Ozi, Singer kwuru na akwụkwọ ha jiri &quot;okwu ajọ mbunobi, eziokwu gbagọrọ agbagọ, nkwutọ, na nkwutọ na-amaghị aha&quot;. 

N'ọnwa Septemba 18, 2013, e bipụtara akụkọ nke anọ nke NIPCC, nke akpọrọ Climate Change Reconsidered II: Physical Science.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020171042/http://heartland.org/media-library/pdfs/CCR-II/Summary-for-Policymakers.pdf|archivedate=2013-10-20|title=Summary for Policymakers|publisher=[[The Heartland Institute]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka akụkọ NIPCC gara aga, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ ya mgbe e bipụtara ya; dịka ọmụmaatụ, David Suzuki dere na ọ &quot;jupụtara na nkwupụta a na ekwughị, gụnyere na ikuku carbon dioxide dị mma n'ihi na ha na-akpali ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/david-suzuki/climate-change-deniers_b_3984750.html|title=Climate Change Deniers Don't Deserve an Equal Voice|work=[[Huffington Post]]|date=September 25, 2013|accessdate=March 14, 2014|author=Suzuki, David}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe akụkọ ahụ nwetara akụkọ dị mma site n'aka Doug McKelway nke Fox News Channel,  ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth na Michael Oppenheimer katọrọ akụkọ a, Trenberth kpọrọ ya &quot;ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enweghị isi&quot; na Oppenheims na-akpọ ya &quot;ihe na-ezighi ezi&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/new-study-says-threat-of-man-made-global-warming-greatly-exaggerated|title=New study says threat of man-made global warming greatly exaggerated|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=September 19, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mediamatters.org/blog/2013/09/18/fox-equates-faux-un-climate-report-with-the-rea/195947|title=Fox Equates Faux UN Climate Report With The Real Thing|work=[[Media Matters for America]]|date=September 18, 2013|accessdate=March 16, 2014|author=McKelway, Doug}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ====
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, mgbe esemokwu email nke Climatic Research Unit gasịrị, onye na-abụ abụ dere otu echiche maka Reuters nke o kwuru na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ejirila Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, rụgidere ndị editọ ka ha gbochie mbipụta nke echiche ndị ọzọ, ma mebie ndị mmegide. O kwukwara na ozi ịntanetị ndị a na-agbapụta gosipụtara na &quot;ihe ọmụma okpomọkụ nke [[Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe|IPCC]] dabere na ya dabere na data na algọridim gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agaghị ekerịta. &quot; O kwuru na ihe omume ahụ kpughere usoro na-adịghị mma, nakwa na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-aga n'okpuru ọbụna ka gas ndị na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAvA&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-abawanye na ikuku. O dere, sị: &quot;Njikọ a na-adịghị mma na-emegide nsonaazụ nke ụdị nke IPCC dabere na ya ma na-egosi na okpomọkụ ụwa nke mmadụ (AGW) dị obere,&quot; na-ekwubi &quot;ma ugbu a ọ na-apụta na okpomanya ụwa nwere ike ịbụ 'mmadụ mere' n'ezie. &quot;  Kọmitii British House of Commons Science and Technology Select mechara wepụta akụkọ nke wepụrụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2010/07/08/science/earth/08climate.html|author=Gillis|first=Justin|title=British Panel Clears Climate Scientists|date=July 8, 2010|work=The New York Times|accessdate=August 23, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kọmitii asatọ nyochara ebubo ahụ, na-enweghị ihe aka ebe nke aghụghọ ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ sayensị. 

== Ọnwụ ==
N'ọnwa Eprel 6, 2020, onye na-abụ abụ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ndị agadi na Rockville, Maryland. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Sayensị dịpụrụ adịpụ
* Ịṅụ sịga nke abụọ
* ''Ike nke Nnukwu Mmanụ''

== Ihe edeturu ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721005121/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/merchants-of-doubt-9781596916104/ Oreskes, Naomi na Erik Conway. 2010. Ndị na-ere ahịa nke obi abụọ: Otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kpuchie eziokwu na nsogbu site na anwụrụ sịga ruo okpomọkụ ụwa. Bloomsbury] E debere ya na July 21, 2017, na Wayback Machine

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="37290" sha1="b782a9ioopr67ie0naocgr8b8y7c8b9" xml:space="preserve">{{Reflist|30em}}'''Dysprosium''' bụ ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ; ọ nwere akara Dy na atomic nọmba 66. Ọ bụ ihe na-adịghi ahukebe n'ụwa n'Usoro lanthanide nke nwere ọla ọcha. A naghị ahụ Dysprosium n'okike dịka ihe nweere onwe ya, ọ bụ ezie na, dị ka lanthanides ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụ ya na mineral dị iche iche, dịka xenotime. Dysprosium na-apụta n'okike nwere isotopes asaa, nke kachasị n'ime ha bụ &lt;sup&gt;164&lt;/sup&gt;.

Dysprosium bụ nke mbụ Paul Émile Lecoq nke Boisbaudran chọpụtara n'afọ 1886, mana ewepụghị ya n'ụdị dị ọcha rụọ mgbe mmepe nke usoro mgbanwe ion na 1950s. A na-eji Dysprosium emepụta magnet neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) , nke dị oke mkpa maka injin ụgbọ ala eletrik na ọrụ dị irè nke turbines ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;SFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Navigating the Dysprosium Market|url=https://www.sfa-oxford.com/rare-earths-and-minor-metals/rare-earths-elements/dysprosium-market-and-dysprosium-price-drivers/|work=SFA Oxford|accessdate=24 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ya eme ihe maka oke okpomọkụ neutron absorption cross-section n'ime njikwa njikwa na reactors nuklia, maka nnukwu magnetic susceptibility ya ({{Érèkọbalà|χ{{sub|''v''}} ≈ {{val|5.44|e=-3}}}}) na ngwa nchekwa data, yana dịka akụkụ nke Terfenol-D (ihe magnetostrictive). Mmiri nnu dysprosium a na-agbaze agbaze nwere obere nsí, ebe a na-ewere nnu ndị a na-adịghị agbaze dị ka ndị na-enweghị nsí.

== Ihe ndị e ji mara ya ==

=== Ihe onwunwe ===
[[Faịlụ:Dysprosium.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe nlele nke dysprosium]]
Dysprosium bụ ihe dị ụkọ n'ụwa ma nwee ọla, ọlaọcha na-egbuke egbuke. Ọ dị nro ma nwee ike ịkpụpụta ya n'enweghị ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na a zere oke okpomọkụ. Ọdịdị anụ ahụ nke Dysprosium nwere ike imetụta ya nke ukwuu ọbụna obere ihe na-adịghị ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Lide, David R.|chapter=Dysprosium|year=2007–2008|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|location=New York|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-0488-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dysprosium na holmium nwere ike magnetik kachasị elu nke ihe ndị ahụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;nbb&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&amp;pg=PA131|pages=129–132|isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; karịsịa na okpomọkụ dị ala. &lt;ref name=&quot;krebs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements|author=Krebs, Robert E.|chapter=Dysprosium|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/234 234–235]|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-313-30123-0|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb|url=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/234}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dysprosium nwere usoro ferromagnetic dị mfe na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru Okpomọkụ Curie ya nke 90.5  , ebe ọ na-agafe mgbanwe nke mbụ site na orthorhombic crystal structure gaa na hexagonal close-packed (hcp).  Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwere ọnọdụ antiferromagnetic helical, nke oge magnetik atọm niile dị n'otu ala dị n'akụkụ ma na-eche ihu n'otu akụkụ na oge nke ọkwa ndị dị n'okpuru. antiferromagnetism a na-adịghị ahụkebe na-agbanwe n'ọnọdụ aghara aghara (paramagnetic) na 179 K (−94 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=IRM Quarterly|year=2000|volume=10|issue=3|author=Jackson, Mike|url=http://www.irm.umn.edu/quarterly/irmq10-3.pdf|title=Wherefore Gadolinium? Magnetism of the Rare Earths|accessdate=2009-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-agbanwe site na mpaghara hcp gaa na mpaghara cubic nke dị n'etiti ahụ na 1,654  . &lt;ref name=&quot;Arblaster 2018&quot;&gt;

=== Ihe ndị e ji eme ya ===
Dysprosium metal na-ejigide ọkụ ya na ikuku kpọrọ nkụ, mana ọ ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi  ikuku. Ọ na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa iji mepụta dysprosium (III) oxide:

: 4 Dy + &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; → &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Dy2O3

Dysprosium bụ nnọọ electropositive na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emeghachi omume na mmiri oyi (na ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ) na-etolite dysprosium hydroxide:

: &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Dy (s) + 6 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (l) → 2 Dy (OH) &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; (aq) + 3 H2 (g) 

Dysprosium hydroxide na-agbaze iji mepụta DyO (OH) na elu okpomọkụ, nke mgbe ahụ na-agbaji ọzọ na dysprosium (III) oxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S092583881202052X|doi=10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.11.068|pages=333–337|title=Controlled synthesis and characterization of large-scale, uniform sheet-shaped dysprosium hydroxide nanosquares by hydrothermal method|volume=553|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|date=March 2013|issn=0925-8388|accessdate=2018-06-13|author=Junyang Jin, Yaru Ni, Wenjuan Huang, Chunhua Lu, Zhongzi Xu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dysprosium metal na-emeghachi omume n'ụzọ siri ike na halogens niile n'elu 200 °C: &amp;nbsp; 

: &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Dy (s) + &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; F2 (g) → 2 DyF3 (s) [akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ]
: &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Dy (s) + &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Cl2 (g) → 2 DyCl3 (s) [acha ọcha]
: &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Dy (s) + &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Br2 (l) → 2 DyBr3 (s) [acha ọcha]
: &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Dy (s) + &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; I2 (g) → 2 DyI3 (s) [akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ]

Dysprosium na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na dilute 9&quot; href=&quot;./Sulfuric_acid&quot; id=&quot;mwng&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Sulfuric acid&quot;&gt;sulfuric acid iji mepụta ihe ngwọta nwere ion Dy (III) odo, nke dị dịka [Dy (OH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) 9]&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; mgbagwoju anya: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webelements.com/dysprosium/chemistry.html|title=Chemical reactions of Dysprosium|publisher=Webelements|accessdate=2012-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Dy (s) + 3 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (aq) → 2 Dy&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; (aq) + 3 SO2−4 (aq).

Ngwakọta a na-emepụta, dysprosium (III) sulfate, bụ paramagnetic doro anya.

=== Ihe ndị mejupụtara ===
[[Faịlụ:Dysprosium(III)_sulfate_octahydrate.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|2&quot; href=&quot;./Dysprosium_sulfate&quot; id=&quot;mwtA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Dysprosium sulfate&quot;&gt;Dysprosium sulfate, Dy2 (SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
Dysprosium halides, dịka DyF&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwvA&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na DyBr&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwvg&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, na-enwekarị ụcha odo. Dysprosium oxide, nke a makwaara dị ka dysprosia, bụ ntụ ọcha nke nwere ike magnetik nke ukwuu, karịa iron oxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;krebs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements|author=Krebs, Robert E.|chapter=Dysprosium|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/234 234–235]|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-313-30123-0|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb|url=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/234}}&lt;/ref&gt;

7&quot; href=&quot;./Dysprosium_monosulfide&quot; id=&quot;mwyg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Dysprosium monosulfide&quot;&gt;DyS na-ejikọta ya na ihe dị iche iche na-abụghị ọla na okpomọkụ dị elu iji mepụta ngwakọta abụọ nwere ọdịdị dịgasị iche iche na ọnọdụ oxidation +&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; na mgbe ụfọdụ +&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;, dịka DyN, DyP, DyH2 na DyH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;; DyS, DyS2, Dy2S&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwzg&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na Dy&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;; DyB2, DyB&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, DyB&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; na DyB&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;, yana Dy3C na Dy2C3.&lt;ref name=&quot;patnaik&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Patnaik|first=Pradyot|year=2003|title=Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=289–290|isbn=978-0-07-049439-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC&amp;pg=PA243|accessdate=2009-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dysprosium carbonate, Dy&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, na dysprosium sulfate, Dy&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;,sitere na mmeghachi omume ndị yiri ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;heiserman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds|author=Heiserman, David L.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis/page/236 236]–238|publisher=TAB Books|isbn=978-0-8306-3018-9|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ ogige dysprosium na-agbaze na mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na dysprosium carbonate tetrahydrate (Dy2 (CO3) 3 · 4H2O) nadysprosium oxalate decahydrate (Dy2 (C2O4) 3 · 10H2O) bụ ihe na-adịghị edozi na mmiri..&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Inorganic Compounds|author=Perry, D. L.|pages=152–154|year=1995|isbn=978-0-8493-8671-8|publisher=CRC Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Zur Kenntnis der Verbindungen des Dysprosiums|pages=1274–1280|first=G.|author=Jantsch|doi=10.1002/cber.19110440215|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|volume=44|issue=2|year=1911|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426439}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abụọ nke kasị ukwuu dysprosium carbonates, Dy2 (CO3) 3 · 2-3H2O (yiri mineral tengerite- (Y)), na DyCO3 (OH) (yiri mineral kozoite- (La) na kozoite (Nd)), na-mara na-etolite site a emezighituri nyere iwu (amorphous) precursor na-adọ na a usoro nke 32 (CO3). Nke a amorphous precursor nwere nanoparticles nke okirikiri mmiri nwere mmiri dị ukwuu nke dayameta 10–20 nm bụ nke kwụsiri ike n'okpuru ọgwụgwọ akọrọ na gburugburu na oke okpomọkụ.[.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vallina, B., Rodriguez-Blanco, J.D., Brown, A.P., Blanco, J.A. and Benning, L.G.|year=2013|title=Amorphous dysprosium carbonate: characterization, stability and crystallization pathways|journal=Journal of Nanoparticle Research|volume=15|issue=2|doi=10.1007/s11051-013-1438-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dysprosium na-emepụta ọtụtụ intermetallics, gụnyere dysprosium stannides.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Okamoto|first=H.|date=2005-04-01|title=Dy-Sn (Dysprosium-Tin)|url=http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/cgi?ini=xref&amp;body=linker&amp;reqdoi=10.1361/15477030523247|journal=Journal of Phase Equilibria &amp; Diffusion|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=200–202|doi=10.1361/15477030523247}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isotopes ===
Dysprosium na-apụta n'okike nwere isotopes asaa: &lt;sup&gt;156&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;158&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;160&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;161&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;162&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;163&lt;/sup&gt;, na &lt;sup&gt;164&lt;/sup&gt;. A na-ewere ihe ndị a niile dịka ndị kwụsiri ike, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị abụọ ikpeazụ kwụsiri oke: ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnwe alpha decay. N'ime isotopes ndị na-apụta n'okike, &lt;sup&gt;164&lt;/sup&gt; bụ nke kachasị na 28%, &lt;sup&gt;162&lt;/sup&gt; na-esote na 26%; nke kachasị dị ụkọ bụ &lt;sup&gt;156&lt;/sup&gt; na 0.06%.[7] Dysprosium bụ ihe kachasị arọ iji nwee isotopes ndị kwụsiri ike karịa naanị isotopes kwụsiri oke nke a na-ebu amụma na ha ga-abụ radiation.

E mepụtara iri abụọ na itoolu radioisotopes, na-agbanwe n'ịdị arọ nke atọm site n'afọ 138 ruo afọ 173. Nke kachasị kwụsie ike n'ime ndị a bụ &lt;sup&gt;154&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;, nke nwere ọkara ndụ nke 1.40 &quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;e&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:E&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwASs&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 .15em 0 .25em&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;× 106 afọ, &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;159&lt;/sup&gt; sochiri ya na ọkara ndụ ya nke ụbọchị 144.4. Dịka iwu n'ozuzu, isotopes ndị dị arọ karịa isotopes kwụsiri ike na-emebi site na β + decay, ọ bụ ezie na &lt;sup&gt;154&lt;/sup&gt; na-eme ka ọ daa site na alpha emission na &lt;sup&gt;152&lt;/sup&gt; na &lt;sup&gt;159&lt;/sup&gt; naanị site na electron capture, ebe ndị dị arịrịọ na-emepe site na β− decay.[7] Dysprosium nwekwara ma ọ dịkarịa ala 11 metastable isomers, na-agbanwe na atomic mass site na 140 ruo 165. Nke kachasị kwụsie ike n'ime ndị a bụ &lt;sup&gt;165m&lt;/sup&gt;, nke nwere ọkara ndụ nke nkeji 1.257.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 1878, a chọpụtara na erbium ore nwere oxides nke holmium na thulium. Onye France na-emepụta kemịkal Paul Émile Lecoq nke Boisbaudran, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na holmium oxide, kewara [./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= dysprosium_oxide&quot; id=&quot;mwAUY&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Dysprosium oxide&quot;&gt;dysprosium oxide] na ya na Paris na 1886. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeKosky&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Spectroscopy and the Elements in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Work of Sir William Crookes|first=Robert K.|author=DeKosky|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|volume=6|issue=4|date=1973|pages=400–423|doi=10.1017/S0007087400012553}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Comptes Rendus|volume=143|pages=1003–1006|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3058f/f1001.chemindefer|title=L'holmine (ou terre X de M Soret) contient au moins deux radicaux métallique (Holminia contains at least two metal)|language=fr|year=1886|author=de Boisbaudran, Paul Émile Lecoq}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro ya maka ikewapụ dysprosium gụnyere ịgbaze dysprosius oxide na acid, wee gbakwunye ammonia iji mee ka hydroxide dị. O nwere ike ike ikewapụ dysprosium site na oxide ya mgbe ihe karịrị mgbalị 30 na usoro ya. Mgbe ọ gara nke ọma, ọ kpọrọ ihe dysprosium site na Greek dysprositos (δυσπρόσιτος), nke pụtara &quot;ike siri ike inweta&quot;. E wepụghị ihe ahụ n'ụdị dị ọcha ruo mgbe Frank Spedding mepụtara usoro Mgbanwe ion na Mahadum steeti Iowa na mbido afọ 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbb&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&amp;pg=PA131|pages=129–132|isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Weeks&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements|date=1956|publisher=Journal of Chemical Education|location=Easton, PA|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp|edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Due to its role in permanent magnets used for wind turbines, it has been argued  that dysprosium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy. But this perspective has been criticised for failing to recognise that most wind turbines do not use permanent magnets and for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Overland|first=Indra|date=2019-03-01|title=The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths|journal=Energy Research &amp; Social Science|volume=49|pages=36–40|doi=10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018|issn=2214-6296}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klinger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Klinger|first=Julie Michelle|title=Rare earth frontiers: from terrestrial subsoils to lunar landscapes|date=2017|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=978-1-5017-1460-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, e nwetara Bose-Einstein condensate nke Dy atọms nke mbụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=Mingwu|date=October 2011|title=Strongly Dipolar Bose-Einstein Condensate of Dysprosium|url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.190401|journal=Physical Review Letters|language=en|volume=107|issue=19|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.190401|pmid=22181585}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, a gbanwere Dy ka ọ bụrụ gas supersolid nke nwere akụkụ abụọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Norcia|first=Matthew A.|date=August 2021|title=Two-dimensional supersolidity in a dipolar quantum gas|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03725-7|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7872|pages=357–361|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03725-7|pmid=34408330|issn=1476-4687}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe mere ==
[[Faịlụ:Xenotímio1.jpeg|thumb|Xenotime]]
Ọ bụ ezie na dysprosium adịghị mgbe a hụrụ ya dịka ihe efu, a na-ahụ ya n'ọtụtụ mineral, gụnyere xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, blomstrandine, monazite na bastnäsite, mgbe mgbe na erbium na holmium ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ n'ụwa. Enweghị mineral dysprosium-dominant (ya bụ, na dysprosius na-achịkwa ala ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ n'ihe mejupụtara ya) achọtala.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org|author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy|date=1993–2018|work=www.mindat.org|accessdate=14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ụdị dị elu nke ndị a, dysprosium bụ nke kachasị n'ime lanthanides dị arọ, nke nwere ihe ruru 7-8% nke concentrate (ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dịka 65% maka yttrium).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals|year=2008|volume=49|issue=1|pages=14–22|title=Review of the World Market of Rare-Earth Metals|first=A. V.|author=Naumov|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227326809|doi=10.1007/s11981-008-1004-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths|first=C. K.|author=Gupta|publisher=CRC Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-33340-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0Bte_XhzoAC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Dy na mkpo ụwa bụ ihe dịka 5.2 mg / kg na mmiri oké osimiri 0.9 ng / L.&lt;ref name=&quot;patnaik&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Patnaik|first=Pradyot|year=2003|title=Handbook of Inorganic Chemical Compounds|publisher=McGraw-Hill|pages=289–290|isbn=978-0-07-049439-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqj-TTzkvTEC&amp;pg=PA243|accessdate=2009-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Mmepụta ==
A na-enweta Dysprosium karịsịa site na ájá monazite, ngwakọta nke phosphate dị iche iche. A na-enweta ọla ahụ dịka ihe a na-emepụta na mmepụta ahịa nke 3&quot; href=&quot;./Yttrium&quot; id=&quot;mwAZ4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Yttrium&quot;&gt;yttrium. N'iwepụ dysprosium, enwere ike iwepụ ọtụtụ n'ime ọla ndị a na-achọghị site na magnet ma ọ bụ site na usoro flotation. Enwere ike ikewapụ Dysprosium na ọla ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ site na usoro Mgbanwe ion. Ions dysprosium ndị na-esi na ya apụta nwere ike imeghachi omume na Fluorine ma ọ bụ chlorine iji mepụta dysprosium fluoride, DyF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, ma ọ bụ dysprosium chloride, DyCl3. Enwere ike ibelata ngwakọta ndị a site na iji ma ọ bụ calcium ma ọ bụ lithium metals na mmeghachi omume ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;heiserman&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds|author=Heiserman, David L.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis/page/236 236]–238|publisher=TAB Books|isbn=978-0-8306-3018-9|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Ca + &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; DyF3 → 2 Dy + 3 CaF2
: &lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Li + DyCl3 → Dy + 3 LiCl

About 3100 tonnes of dysprosium were produced worldwide in 2021, with 40% of that total produced in China, 31% in Myanmar, and 20% in Australia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Raw Materials Profiles - Dysprosium|url=https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/rmp/Dysprosium|year=2021|accessdate=2025-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dysprosium prices have climbed over time, from $7 per pound in 2003, to $130 a pound in late 2010,&lt;ref name=&quot;Bradsher, Keith&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/30/business/global/30smuggle.html?pagewanted=2&amp;_r=1&amp;emc=eta1|title=In China, Illegal Rare Earth Mines Face Crackdown|author=Bradsher, Keith|work=The New York Times|date=December 29, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; to $1,400/kg in 2011 and then falling to $240/kg in 2015, largely due to illegal production in China which circumvented government restrictions.  {{As of|2025|4}} the price is around US$203/kg.&lt;ref name=&quot;smm-price&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dysprosium Oxide Price, USD/kg|url=https://www.metal.com/en/prices/201102250247|work=Shanghai Metal Market|accessdate=6 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China.&lt;ref name=&quot;China rare&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/26/business/global/26rare.html|title=Earth-Friendly Elements, Mined Destructively|work=The New York Times|author=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=December 25, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2018|11}} the Browns Range Project pilot plant, 160&amp;nbsp;km south east of Halls Creek, Western Australia, is producing 50 tonnes (49 long tons) per annum.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc-net-au2018-11-30-rare-earth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2018-11-30/rare-earth-mineral-find-to-boost-electric-vehicle-sector/10562460|title=Rare earth mineral discovery set to make Australia a major player in electric vehicle supply chain|author=Major|first=Tom|date=30 November 2018|work=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Australia rare&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2011/s3377547.htm|title=Halls Creek turning into a hub for rare earths|author=Brann|first=Matt|date=November 27, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ike na United States si kwuo, ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ya ugbu a na ihe a na-atụ anya ya, tinyere enweghị ihe ọ bụla kwesịrị ekwesị, na-eme ka dysprosium bụrụ otu ihe kachasị njọ maka teknụzụ ike dị ọcha; ọbụna atụmatụ ha kachasị echebara echiche buru amụma na dysprosius ga-ada mbà tupu afọ . Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe (gụnyere dysprosium) na Australia.

== Ngwa ==
A na-eji Dysprosium, na njikọ ya na vanadium na ihe ndị ọzọ, n'ime ihe laser na ọkụ azụmahịa. N'ihi oke okpomọkụ nke dysprosium, a na-eji dysprosiam-oxide-nickel cermets eme ihe na njikwa njikwa neutron na reactors nuklia.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbb&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&amp;pg=PA131|pages=129–132|isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Development of Dysprosium Titanate Based Ceramics|first=Sinha|author=Amit|journal=Journal of the American Ceramic Society|volume=88|issue=4|year=2005|pages=1064–1066|doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00211.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides bụ isi iyi nke radiation infrared, nke bara uru maka ịmụ mgbanwe kemịkal.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Lide, David R.|chapter=Dysprosium|year=2007–2008|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|location=New York|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-0488-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na dysprosium na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya nwere ike ịnweta magnetization, a na-eji ha eme ihe na ngwa nchekwa data dị iche iche, dịka na diski ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;lagowski&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chemistry Foundations and Applications|editor=Lagowski, J. J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemistryfoundat0000unse/page/267 267–268]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-02-865724-0|publisher=Thomson Gale|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryfoundat0000unse/page/267}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dysprosium na-arịwanye elu maka magnet ndị na-adịgide adịgide eji eme ihe na moto eletrik  na ndị na-emepụta ikuku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/business/autos/dyspro-what-why-an-obscure-element-has-the-ev-industry-in-a-panic-70623bf4?mod=hp_featst_pos4|title=Dyspro-what? Why an Obscure Element Has the EV Industry in a Panic|first=Sean|author=McLain|work=WSJ|date=27 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MIT-TechRev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bourzac|first=Katherine|title=The Rare Earth Crisis|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/423730/the-rare-earth-crisis/|publisher=MIT Technology Review|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=18 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magnet Neodymium-iron-boron nwere ike ịnwe ihe ruru 6% nke neodymium dochie anya dysprosium &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics|title=Modeling of magnetic properties of heat treated Dy-doped NdFeB particles bonded in isotropic and anisotropic arrangements|author=Shi|first=Fang, X.|year=1998|volume=34|issue=4|pages=1291–1293|doi=10.1109/20.706525|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232140}}&lt;/ref&gt; iji bulie coercivity maka ngwa siri ike, dị ka motors na-akwọ ụgbọala maka ụgbọala eletrik na generators maka turbines ifufe. Mgbanwe a ga-achọ ihe ruru 100 gram nke dysprosium kwa ụgbọ ala eletrik emepụtara. Dabere na Toyota na-atụ anya nde 2 kwa afọ, ojiji nke dysprosium na ngwa ndị dị ka nke a ga-eme ka ngwa ngwa gwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Supply and Demand, Part 2|first=Peter|author=Campbell|publisher=Princeton Electro-Technology, Inc.|date=February 2008|url=http://www.magnetweb.com/Col05.htm|accessdate=2008-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604005700/http://www.magnetweb.com/Col05.htm|archivedate=June 4, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe dysprosium nwekwara ike ịba uru na ngwa ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka nguzogide corrosion nke magnet dị mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials|volume=283|issue=2–3|year=2004|pages=353–356|doi=10.1016/j.jmmm.2004.06.006|title=Effects of Dy and Nb on the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of sintered NdFeB|first=L. Q.|author=Yu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Dysprosium bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara Terfenol-D, tinyere ígwè na terbium. Terfenol-D nwere magnetostriction kachasị elu nke ihe ọ bụla a maara, &lt;ref name=&quot;etrema&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Terfenol-D?|url=http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/|publisher=ETREMA Products, Inc.|year=2003|accessdate=2008-11-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510114041/http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/|archivedate=2015-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke a na-eji na transducers, nnukwu band mechanical resonators, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Wide Band Tunable Mechanical Resonator Employing the Δ''E'' Effect of Terfenol-D|author=Kellogg, Rick|journal=Journal of Intelligent Material Systems &amp; Structures|volume=15|issue=5|pages=355–368|date=May 2004|doi=10.1177/1045389X04040649}}&lt;/ref&gt; na injectors mmiri-fuel dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Take Terfenol-D and call me|author=Leavitt, Wendy|journal=Fleet Owner|volume=95|issue=2|date=February 2000|url=http://fleetowner.com/mag/fleet_terfenold_call|accessdate=2008-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji Dysprosium eme ihe na dosimeters maka ịlele radiation ionizing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/dysprosium-properties-and-applications.html|title=Dysprosium: Properties and Applications|author=Loewen|first=Eric|work=Standford Advanced Materials|accessdate=Sep 15, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinye kristal nke calcium sulfate ma ọ bụ calcium fluoride na dysprosium. Mgbe a na-ekpughe kristal ndị a na radiation, atọm dysprosium na-akpali akpali ma na-enwu gbaa. Enwere ike ịlele [[luminescence]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAj4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Luminescent&quot;&gt;luminescent iji chọpụta ogo nke ikpughe nke dosimeter.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbb&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&amp;pg=PA131|pages=129–132|isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanofibers nke dysprosium compounds nwere ike dị elu na nnukwu ebe dị elu. Ya mere, enwere ike iji ha mee ka ihe ndị ọzọ sie ike ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali. Enwere ike ịmepụta eriri nke dysprosium oxide fluoride site na ikpo ọkụ mmiri nke DyBr&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; na NaF rụọ 450 °C na 450 bars maka awa 17. Ihe a siri ike nke ukwuu, na-adị ndụ ihe karịrị 100 awa na mmiri dị iche iche na okpomọkụ karịrị 400 °C na-enweghị redissolving ma ọ bụ aggregate. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnl.gov/supercriticalfluid/tech_oxidation.stm|title=Supercritical Water Oxidation/Synthesis|publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory|accessdate=2009-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420144601/http://www.pnl.gov/supercriticalfluid/tech_oxidation.stm|archivedate=2008-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://availabletechnologies.pnl.gov/technology.asp?id=152|title=Rare Earth Oxide Fluoride: Ceramic Nano-particles via a Hydrothermal Method|publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory|accessdate=2009-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527103533/http://availabletechnologies.pnl.gov/technology.asp?id=152|archivedate=2010-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Unusual dysprosium ceramic nano-fiber growth in a supercritical aqueous solution|author=Hoffman, M. M.|journal=J. Mater. Sci.|volume=35|year=2000|doi=10.1023/A:1004875413406|issue=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Mgbakwunye, nke a, ejirila dysprosium mepụta ihe siri ike abụọ na gburugburu ụlọ nyocha. A na-atụ anya na supersolid ga-egosipụta ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, gụnyere superfluidity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/first-2d-supersolid.html|title=Physicists give weird new phase of matter an extra dimension|publisher=Live Science|date=18 August 2021|accessdate=18 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A na-eji Dysprosium iodide na dysprosium bromide mee ihe n'ime oriọna dị elu nke metal-halide. Ngwakọta ndị a na-ekewa n'akụkụ etiti ọkụ nke oriọna ahụ, na-ahapụ atọm dysprosium dịpụrụ adịpụ. Nke ikpeazụ na-ewepụta ìhè n'akụkụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọbara ọbara nke spectrum, si otú a na-emepụta ìhè na-egbuke egbuke.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbb&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&amp;pg=PA131|pages=129–132|isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Elements|author=Gray, Theodore|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray/page/152 152–153]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-57912-814-2|publisher=Black Dog and Leventhal Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsvisualex0000gray/page/152}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ paramagnetic crystal nnu nke dysprosium (dysprosium gallium garnet, DGG; dysprosius aluminium garnet, DAG; dys Prosium iron garnet, DyIG) eme ihe na friji adiabatic demagnetization.

A mụọla trivalent dysprosium ion (Dy&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;) n'ihi njirimara luminescence ya na-agbada. Dy-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Dy:YAG) nwere obi ụtọ na mpaghara ultraviolet nke electromagnetic spectrum na-eme ka mmepụta nke photons nke ogologo oge na mpaghara a na-ahụ anya. Echiche a bụ ihe ndabere maka ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke UV-pumped white light-emitting diodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Carreira|first=J. F. C.|title=YAG:Dy – Based single white light emitting phosphor produced by solution combustion synthesis|journal=Journal of Luminescence|date=2017|volume=183|pages=251–258|doi=10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.11.017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Isotopes kwụsiri ike nke dysprosium ka agbazela laser cooled wee kpọchie ya na ọnyà magneto-optical traps&lt;ref name=&quot;DyMOT&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=M.|date=2010|title=Trapping Ultracold Dysprosium: A Highly Magnetic Gas for Dipolar Physics|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=104|issue=6|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.104.063001|pmid=20366817}}&lt;/ref&gt; maka nnwale  [[Quantum mechanics|quantum physics]] . Nke mbụ Bose na Fermi  quantum degenerate gases nke open shell lanthanide mepere emepe ka ejiri dysprosium mebere.&lt;ref name=&quot;DyBec&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=M.|date=2011|title=Strongly Dipolar Bose–Einstein Condensate of Dysprosium|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=107|issue=19|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.107.190401|pmid=22181585}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DyFermi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lu|first=M.|date=2012|title=Quantum Degenerate Dipolar Fermi Gas|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=108|issue=21|doi=10.1103/physrevlett.108.215301|pmid=23003275}}&lt;/ref&gt;  N'ihi na dysprosium bụ nnukwu magnetik-n'ezie ọ bụ ihe ndọta fermionic kachasị na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kechie ya na terbium maka ọtụtụ atom bosonic &lt;ref name=&quot;NIST&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Martin|first=W C|title=Atomic energy levels - the rare earth elements.|date=January 1978|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6507735|accessdate=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; gasị ndị dị otú ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ndabere maka quantum simulation siri ike dipolar na atoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;DipolarRev&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Chomaz|first=L.|date=2022|title=Dipolar physics: a review of experiments with magnetic quantum gases|journal=Rep. Prog. Phys.|volume=86|issue=2|doi=10.1088/1361-6633/aca814|pmid=36583342}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi ihe ndọta ya siri ike, a na-eji alloys dysprosium eme ihe na usoro ụgbọ mmiri na-eme ka ụda (SONAR). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/lanthanide.html|title=What Are the Lanthanide Series?|author=Lowen|first=Eric|work=Stanford Advanced Materials|accessdate=Aug 2, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntinye nke alloys dysprosium na imewe nke SONAR transducers na ndị nata nwere ike imeziwanye mmetụta na izi ezi site n'inye ebe magnetik siri ike ma dị irè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Charles Sherman, John Butler|year=2007|title=Transducers and Arrays for Underwater Sound|publisher=Springer New York|chapter=Chapter 2 - Electroacoustic Transduction|isbn=978-0-387-33139-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nlezianya ==
Dika ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ, dysprosium ntụ ntụ nwere ike inye ihe egwu mgbawa mgbe a gwakọtara ya na ikuku na mgbe ihe na-enye ọkụ dị. A pụkwara iji ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik na-eguzogide ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na-egbochi ihe ahụ. A pụghị iji mmiri gbanyụọ ọkụ Dysprosium. Ọ nwere ike imeghachi omume na mmiri iji mepụta gas Hydrogen na-ere ọkụ.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwasi=&quot;&quot;&gt;3&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;publisher&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;Electronic Space Products International&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;access-date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2008-10-20&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;archive-url&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20150922145520/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium.htm&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;archive-date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2015-09-22&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwBjY\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt255\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFDierks,_Steve200&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Dierks, Steve (January 2003). &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-ESPI_68-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Dysprosium#cite_note-ESPI-68 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Enwere ike iji mmiri gbanyụọ ọkụ Dysprosium chloride.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dysprosium Chloride|work=Material Safety Data Sheets|url=http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Chloride.htm|author=Dierks, Steve|date=January 1995|publisher=Electronic Space Products International|accessdate=2008-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922145520/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Chloride.htm|archivedate=2015-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dysprosium fluoride na dysprosium oxide anaghị ere ọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dysprosium Fluoride|work=Material Safety Data Sheets|url=http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Fluoride.htm|author=Dierks, Steve|date=December 1995|publisher=Electronic Space Products International|accessdate=2008-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922145520/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Fluoride.htm|archivedate=2015-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dysprosium Oxide|work=Material Safety Data Sheets|url=http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Oxide.htm|author=Dierks, Steve|date=November 1988|publisher=Electronic Space Products International|accessdate=2008-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922145520/http://www.espi-metals.com/msds%27s/Dysprosium%20Oxide.htm|archivedate=2015-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dysprosium nitrate, Dy (NO3) 3, bụ ihe na-emeputa ike na-eme ka ọ dị ike ma na-agbanye  ngwa ngwa kọntatị na ihe ndị dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;krebs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements|author=Krebs, Robert E.|chapter=Dysprosium|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/234 234–235]|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-313-30123-0|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb|url=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure00kreb/page/234}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnu dysprosium soluble, dịka dysprosium chloride na dysprosium nitrate na-adi egbu mgbe a na-eri ya. Dabere na nsị nke dysprosium chloride na ụmụ oke, a na-eme atụmatụ na iri gram 500 ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike igbu mmadụ (cf. ọgwụ na-egbu egbu nke gram 300 nke nnu table maka mmadụ 100 kilogram). Mmanụ a na-adịghị agbaze agbaze anaghị egbu egbu.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbb&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&amp;pg=PA131|pages=129–132|isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Hụkwa ==

* Lanthanide
* Ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa
* Magnet nke Neodymium
* Terfenol-D
* Monazite
* Akụkụ F

== Ebensibịa ==

[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>b782a9ioopr67ie0naocgr8b8y7c8b9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohammed Sani Sami</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Mohammed Sani Sami
| honorific_prefix    = [[Major General]]
| image               = 
| width               = 150px
| office1             = [[Governor of Bauchi State]]
| termstart1          = January 1984
| termend1            = August 1985
| predecessor1        = [[Tatari Ali]]
| successor1          = [[Chris Abutu Garuba]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=y|1943|10|24}}
| birth_place         = [[Zuru]], Northern Nigeria, Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|8|16|1943|10|24}}
| death_place         = London, England
| party               = none (Military)
| allegiance          = {{NGR}}
| branch              = {{army|Nigeria}}
| rank                = [[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-7.svg|20px]] [[Major General]]
}}
'''Mohammed Sani Sami''' (24 Ọktoba 1943 - 16 Ọgọst afọ 2025) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ Gọvanọ nke Bauchi Steeti, Naijiria malite na Jenụwarị  afọ 1984 ruo Ọgọstụ afọ 1985 n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha nke Major General Muhammadu Buhari. &lt;ref name=&quot;.C. 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=.C.|first=victor chiemela|title=THE CLASS OF 24 THAT PRODUCED 2 PRESIDENTS,4 GOVERNORS &amp; 2 MINISTERS.|work=FlashInfoNg|date=2020-06-28|url=https://flashinfong.com/the-class-of-24-that-produced-2-presidents4-governors-2-ministers/21563/|accessdate=2023-06-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Mohammed Sani Sami na Zuru na Northern Naịjirịa. Ọ sonyeere ndị agha na 10 n'ọnwa Disemba  afọ 1962, wee gaa ọmụmụ ọzụzụ na [[Ibrahim Babangida]]. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Mons Officer Cadet School na Aldershot, England ma nye ya ọrụ na 25 Julaị afọ 1963. General Murtala Muhammed, onye isi ala site na Julaị afọ 1975 ruo Febrụwarị afọ 1976, họpụtara Lieutenant Colonel Sani Sami ka ọ bụrụ ọchịagha nke Brigade of Guards.&lt;ref name=&quot;dawodu&quot; /&gt;

A họpụtara ya dịka gọvanọ nke Bauchi Steeti mgbe nnupụisi ọchịchị na 31 ọnwa Disemba afọ 1983 nke mere ka General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] chịa. Ọ nọ n'ọkwa ruo n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1985, mgbe General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] nọchiri Buhari. Ọ meziwanyere ụlọ ọgwụ, ma mee nnukwu mmemme mmepe ugbo akpọrọ &quot;ịlaghachi n'ala&quot;. N'oge ọ bụ gọvanọ, e mere asọmpi bọọlụ aka nke ụwa na Bauchi Steeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;stategov&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1984, mgbe ọ na-eche oke okpukpe ọhụrụ ihu, ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị na mmachibido iwu maka ikwusa ozi ọma okpukpe n'èzí ka dị. Ọ sịkwara na mkpebi a kwaturu ụfọdụ ụka Ndị Kraịst iji mee ụzọ mgbanaka ọhụrụ abụghị n'ụzọ ọ bụla mbuso agha megide okpukpe ahụ, ma kwuo na gọọmentị ekenyela ala maka ndị ọrụ Katọlik iwu ụlọ ụka ọhụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA367026.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604024207/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA367026&amp;Location=U2&amp;doc=GetTRDoc.pdf|archivedate=June 4, 2011|title=Religious Fanatics Said Gaining Ground|author=Abunakar Buhari|publisher=Kano Sunday Triumph|accessdate=2010-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sami lara ezumike nká dị ka onye isi ọchịagha na 3 n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;dawodu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui47.htm|title=Military Rebellion of July 29, 1975: The Coup Against Gowon - Epilogue|author=Nowa Omoigui|publisher=Dawodu|accessdate=2010-01-12}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNowa_Omoigui&quot;&gt;Nowa Omoigui. [http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui47.htm &quot;Military Rebellion of July 29, 1975: The Coup Against Gowon - Epilogue&quot;]. Dawodu&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 January&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara bụrụ Emir nke Zuru, na Kebbi Steeti . &lt;ref name=&quot;stategov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bauchistategov.org/pastexecutivecouncil.html|title=Past Executive Council: Brigadier Mohammed Sani Sami (1983 – 1985)|publisher=Bauchi State Government|accessdate=2010-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725042938/http://www.bauchistategov.org/pastexecutivecouncil.html|archivedate=2011-07-25}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. Bauchi State Government. Archived from [http://www.bauchistategov.org/pastexecutivecouncil.html the original] on 25 July 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 January&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Sami nwụrụ mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa nwa oge na London, na 16 ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 81. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Emir of Zuru dies in London after 'brief illness'|url=https://www.thecable.ng/emir-of-zuru-dies-in-london-after-brief-illness/|accessdate=18 August 2025|date=17 August 2025|work=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{BauchiStateGovernors}}{{Nigeria Buhari Governors}} </text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Toxic_Algae_Bloom_in_Lake_Erie.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Nnukwu okooko osisi algae na Lake Erie, North America, nke a pụrụ ịhụ site na mbara igwe]]
Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae bụ mmụba ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nchịkọta nke algae na Mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ usoro mmiri mmiri. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ okooko osisi algae na-adịghị emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-emerụ ahụ.

A na-ahụkarị okooko osisi ''algae'' site na mgbanwe agba na mmiri site na ihe na-enye agba nke algae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ferris|first=Robert|date=26 July 2016|title=Why are there so many toxic algae blooms this year|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/26/why-are-there-so-many-toxic-algae-blooms-this-year.html|work=[[CNBC]]|accessdate=27 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okwu algae na-agụnye ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ime mmiri, ma ihe ndị na'ime mmiri dị iche iche dị ka seaweed na ihe ndị na na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ dị ka cyanobacteria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Algae: Anatomy, Biochemistry, And Biotechnology|author=Barsanti|first=Laura|publisher=CRC Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4398-6733-4|location=Boca Raton, FL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na-ezo aka na uto ngwa ngwa nke microscopic unicellular algae, ọ bụghị macroscopic algae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smayda1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Smayda|first=Theodore J.|authorlink=Theodore J. Smayda|date=July 1997|title=What is a bloom? A commentary|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|volume=42|issue=5part2|pages=1132–1136|doi=10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe atụ nke nnukwu okooko algal bụ Oké ọhịa kelp.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae bụ nsonaazụ nke ihe na-edozi ahụ, dị ka nitrogen ma ọ bụ phosphorus sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (dịka ihe atụ fatịlaịza ma ọ bụ ụdị mmetọ ihe ndị ọzọ), na-abanye na usoro mmiri ma na-akpata uto gabigara ókè nke algae. Okooko osisi algal na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dum.

Nsonaazụ na-adị site na mmetụta dị mma, dị ka inye nri nke ọkwa trophic dị elu, na mmetụta ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ dị ka igbochi ìhè anyanwụ iru ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ, na-akpata mbelata nke ọkwa oxygen na mmiri, na, dabere na ihe dị ndụ, ịhapụ nsí n'ime mmiri. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, algae na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa site n'ịmepụta ihe dịka 70% nke ikuku oxygen nke ụwa&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:DisplaySpace&quot; id=&quot;mwMg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, nke na-akwado ndụ ụwa. Okooko osisi ndị nwere ike imerụ ụmụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị okooko osisi ndị ahụ ebe algae na-ewepụta nsí, a na-akpọkarị ha &quot; okooko osisi algal na-emerụ ahụ&quot; (HAB), ma nwee ike iduga na ọnwụ azụ, obodo na-egbochi mmiri nye ndị bi na ya, ma ọ bụ steeti na-emechi azụ. A na-akpọ usoro nke inyefe ihe oriri na-eduga na uto algae na mbelata oxygen eutrophication.

Algal na okooko osisi bacteria anọgidewo na-enye aka na mkpochapụ buru ibu nke okpomọkụ ụwa mere n'oge gara aga, dịka n'oge mkpochapụ Permian nke Siberian Traps na-akpali na n'oge mgbake nke biotic na-esote mkpochapụ (site na igbu oge mgbake). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mays|first=Chris|date=17 September 2021|title=Lethal microbial blooms delayed freshwater ecosystem recovery following the end-Permian extinction|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-25711-3|pmid=34535650}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
A na-akọwa okwu Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae n'ụzọ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe dabere na ngalaba sayensị, ọ pụkwara ịdị site na &quot;minibloom&quot; [mgbe akọwapụtara dị ka?] nke ''algae'' na-adịghị emerụ ahụ ruo nnukwu ihe omume okooko osisi na-emerụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Smayda|first=Theodore J.|date=1997|title=What is a bloom? A commentary|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|volume=42|issue=5part2|pages=1132–1136|doi=10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1132|issn=1939-5590}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na algae bụ okwu sara mbara gụnyere ihe ndị dị ndụ dịgasị iche iche, ọnụego uto, na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, ọ nweghị ọkwa a ma ama maka ihe akọwapụtara dị ka okooko osisi. N'ihi na enweghị nkwekọrịta sayensị, enwere ike ịkọwa okooko osisi ma kọwaa ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: nha nke algal biomass ọhụrụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na-acha uhie uhie, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmetụta ọjọọ nke okooko osisi, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke algae ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkọwa nke okooko osisi gụnyere: 

* oke nke chlorophyll karịrị 100 μg / L, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tett|first=P|date=1987|title=The Ecophysiology of Exceptional Blooms|journal=Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer|volume=187|pages=47–60}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* oke nke chlorophyll karịrị 5 μg / L, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jonsson|first=Per R.|date=7 July 2009|title=Formation of harmful algal blooms cannot be explained by allelopathic interactions|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=27|pages=11177–11182|doi=10.1073/pnas.0900964106|issn=0027-8424|pmid=19549831}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* njupụta nke ụdị ndị a na-ewere na ha na-ama ifuru karịa 1000 mkpụrụ ndụ / ml,  na&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kim|first=H.G.|date=1993|chapter=Population cell volume and carbon content in monospecific dinoflagellate blooms|title=Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the sea|publisher=Elsevier|series=Developments in Marine Biology|pages=769–773}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mgbakọta nke ụdị algae na-esi na uto ya dị mma pụọ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Parker|first=M|date=1987|title=Exceptional Plankton Blooms Conclusion of Discussions: Convener's Report|journal=Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer|volume=187|pages=108–114}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Okooko osisi bụ nsonaazụ nke ihe na-edozi ahụ nke algae dị mkpa na-ewebata na usoro mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe oriri a na-egbochi uto bụ nitrogen ma ọ bụ phosphorus, mana ọ pụkwara ịbụ iron, vitamin, ma ọ bụ amino acid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E nwere ọtụtụ usoro maka ịgbakwunye ihe ndị a na mmiri. N'oké osimiri na-emeghe na n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri, ịrị elu site na ifufe na ihe ndị dị n'ala oké osimiri nwere ike ịdọrọ ihe oriri na photic, ma ọ bụ mpaghara anwụ na-acha nke oké osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Manual on harmful marine microalgae|date=2004|publisher=UNESCO|author=Hallegraeff|first=Gustaaf M.|isbn=92-3-103948-2|edition=Second revised|location=Paris|oclc=493956343}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na usoro mmiri dị ọcha, ọrụ ugbo, obodo, na nsị mmiri nwere ike ịkpata okooko osisi algae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gilbert|first=Patricia M.|date=2005|title=The Global Complex Phenomena of Harmful Algal Blooms|url=https://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=35332&amp;pt=2&amp;p=28251|journal=Oceanography|volume=8|issue=2|pages=130–141}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okooko osisi algal, ọkachasị nnukwu okooko osisi algae, nwere ike belata nghọta nke mmiri ma nwee ike imebi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na mkpụrụ ndụ algal, dị ka chlorophyll na ihe na-echebe foto, na-ekpebi ụcha nke okooko algal. Dabere na ihe dị ndụ, ihe na-acha ya, na omimi dị na kọlụm mmiri, okooko osisi algal nwere ike ịbụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ọbara ọbara, nchara nchara, ọla edo, ma ọ bụ odo odo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Okooko osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na usoro mmiri na-atọ ụtọ na-abụkarị nsonaazụ nke cyanobacteria (nke a maara dị ka &quot;algae na-acha anụnụ anụnụ&quot;) dịka ''Microcystis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jacoby|first=Jean M|date=2000|title=Environmental factors associated with a toxic bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=57|issue=1|pages=231–240|doi=10.1139/f99-234|issn=0706-652X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okooko osisi nwekwara ike ịnwe ụdị macroalgal (na-abụghịphytoplanktonic). A na-amata okooko osisi ndị a site na nnukwu blades nke algae nke nwere ike ịsa n'ikperé mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Dongyan|date=1 June 2009|title=World's largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=58|issue=6|pages=888–895|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.01.013|pmid=19261301|issn=0025-326X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ozugbo ihe na-edozi ahụ dị na mmiri, algae na-amalite ito ngwa ngwa karịa ka ọ dịbu. Na obere okooko osisi, uto ngwa ngwa a na-abara gburugburu ebe obibi niile uru site n'inye nri na ihe oriri maka ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Carstensen|first=Jacob|date=January 2007|title=Summer algal blooms in shallow estuaries: Definition, mechanisms, and link to eutrophication|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|volume=52|issue=1|pages=370–384|doi=10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0370|issn=0024-3590|url=https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/168864}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCarstensenHenriksenHeiskanen2007&quot;&gt;Carstensen, Jacob; Henriksen, Peter; Heiskanen, Anna-Stiina (January 2007). . ''Limnology and Oceanography''. '''52''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;370–&lt;/span&gt;384. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007LimOc..52..370C 2007LimOc..52..370C]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0370|10.4319/lo.2007.52.1.0370]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3590 0024-3590]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15978578 15978578]. Archived from &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240623110556/https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/168864 the original]&lt;/span&gt; on 23 June 2024.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe dị ịrịba ama bụ okooko osisi algal na-emerụ ahụ (HABs), nke bụ ihe omume okooko osisi na-emetụta ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ ihe na-emerụrụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ike ịkpata okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ. Dị ka ihe atụ,

* ''Gymnodinium nagaakiense'' nwere ike ịkpata oke mmiri na-emerụ ahụ.
* dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polygramma nwere ike ịkpata mbelata oxygen ma kpatara nnukwu igbu azụ.
* cyanobacteria ''Microcystis aeruginosa'' nwere ike ime nsí, na
* diatom ''Chaetoceros convolutus'' nwere ike imebi gills azụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hallegraef|first=G.M.|date=1993|title=A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243776284|journal=Phycologia|volume=32|issue=2|pages=79–99|doi=10.2216/i0031-8884-32-2-79.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;170&quot; style=&quot;float:center&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Ocean_phytoplankton_bloom_feed_by_the_Amazon_River.jpg|alt=Rivers, such as the Amazon, deposit nutrients from land into South America's tropical ocean waters, leading to thick blooms along the coastline |Osimiri, dịka Amazon, na-ebubata nri ndị na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ (nutrients) sitere n'ala banye n'ime mmiri oke osimiri nke mpaghara okpomọkụ (tropical) nke South America. Nke a na-ebute mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae (algal bloom), na-eme ka ha kpuchie nnukwu akụkụ nke ụsọ osimiri. 
Faịlụ:Algal_blooms_at_the_mouth_of_the_Amazon_River.jpg|Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae (algal bloom) na-eto nke ọma n'ime nnukwu iyi mmiri gbara ọchịchịrị nke jupụtara na nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ (nutrients), nke na-asọpụta site n'ọnụ Osimiri Amazon, dịka satịlaịtị Aqua&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA2012&quot;&gt;[https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10971 Super Blooms] ''NASA Visualization Explorer'', 8 May 2012. {{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke NASA si hụ ya.
Faịlụ:Coastal_phytoplankton_bloom_change_2003–2020.jpg|Mgbanwe n'ịmụba phytoplankton n'akụkụ ụsọ osimiri n'agbata afọ 2003 na 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dai|first=Yanhui|title=Coastal phytoplankton blooms expand and intensify in the 21st century|journal=Nature|volume=615|issue=7951|date=2023-03-01|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05760-y|pages=280–284|pmid=36859547}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na mmiri dị ọcha ==
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[[Faịlụ:Lago_de_coatepeque_de_color.jpg|thumb|Ọrụ cyanobacteria na-agbanwe ọdọ mmiri Coatepeque Caldera ka ọ bụrụ ụcha turquoise.]]
Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae n'ime mmiri dị ụtọ (freshwater algal blooms) na-esite [[Nri mmetọ|n'ịba ụba nke nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ]], (nutrients), nke kachasị bu phosphates &lt;ref name=&quot;Phytoplankton Blooms: The Basics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Diersling|first=Nancy|title=Phytoplankton Blooms: The Basics|url=http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/scisummaries/wqpb.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015162930/http://floridakeys.noaa.gov/scisummaries/wqpb.pdf|archivedate=15 October 2011|publisher=NOAA|work=Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary|accessdate=26 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lake Scientist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Hochanadel|first=Dave|title=Limited amount of total phosphorus actually feeds algae, study finds|url=http://www.lakescientist.com/2010/limited-amount-of-total-phosphorus-actually-feeds-algae-study-finds|publisher=Lake Scientist|access-date=10 June 2012|date=10 December 2010|quote=[B]ioavailable phosphorus&amp;nbsp;– phosphorus that can be utilized by plants and bacteria&amp;nbsp;– is only a fraction of the total, according to Michael Brett, a UW engineering professor ...}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nri ndị a karịrị akarị nwere ike isi na fatịlaịza a na-etinye n'ala maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ebe ntụrụndụ pụta. Ha nwekwara ike isi na ngwaahịa e ji ehicha ụlọ nke nwere phosphorus.

Ibelata ọnụọgụ phosphorus na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị mkpa iji belata ma ọ bụ gbochie mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae nwere cyanobacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Higgins|first1=Scott N.|last2=Paterson|first2=Michael J.|last3=Hecky|first3=Robert E.|last4=Schindler|first4=David W.|last5=Venkiteswaran|first5=Jason J.|last6=Findlay|first6=David L.|date=September 2018|title=Biological Nitrogen Fixation Prevents the Response of a Eutrophic Lake to Reduced Loading of Nitrogen: Evidence from a 46-Year Whole-Lake Experiment|journal=Ecosystems|language=en|volume=21|issue=6|pages=1088–1100|doi=10.1007/s10021-017-0204-2|bibcode=2018Ecosy..21.1088H|s2cid=26030685|issn=1432-9840}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị na-ekewa n'ígwé n'oge okpomọkụ, ngwakọta mmiri na-eme n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ (autumn turnover) nwere ike ịhapụ nnukwu phosphorus nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike iji. Nke a nwere ike ịkpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae ozugbo ìhè zuru ezu maka fotosintesis (photosynthesis) dị.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/IW/article/viewFile/738/439|publisher=Freshwater Biological Association|title=Storm-triggered, increased supply of sediment-derived phosphorus to the epilimnion in a small freshwater lake|access-date=26 October 2019|date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026222134/https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/IW/article/viewFile/738/439|archive-date=26 October 2019|accessdate=27 June 2026|archivedate=26 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026222134/https://www.fba.org.uk/journals/index.php/IW/article/viewFile/738/439}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ gabigara ókè nwere ike ịbanye n'ime  [[:en:Drainage_basin|mpaghara mmiri na-anakọta]](watersheds) site n'ịsọpụ mmiri n'elu ala (water runoff).&lt;ref name=&quot;phosphorus&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lathrop|first1=Richard C.|last2=Carpenter|first2=Stephen R.|last3=Panuska|first3=John C.|last4=Soranno|first4=Patricia A.|last5=Stow|first5=Craig A.|date=1 May 1998|title=Phosphorus loading reductions needed to control blue-green algal blooms in Lake Mendota|journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences|volume=55|issue=5|pages=1169–1178|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6c4b981906ad8b22c3e827c9120b31b7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar|access-date=13 April 2008|doi=10.1139/cjfas-55-5-1169|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-enyekwa [[:en:Carbon|carbon]] na [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]] gabigara ókè dị ka ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae. [[:en:Residual_Sodium_Carbonate_Index|Ọnụnọ sodium carbonate]] fọdụrụ n'ime mmiri nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dịka ihe na-akwalite (catalyst) mmụba algae, n'ihi na ọ na-enye carbon dioxide agbazere n'ime mmiri, nke na-eme ka fotosintesis (photosynthesis) bawanye mgbe nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ dị n'ime mmiri. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mgbe phosphate batara n'ime usoro mmiri, ịba ụba ya nwere ike ime ka algae na ahịhịa mmiri too ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, and Controls in Aquatic Ecosystems {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/eutrophication-causes-consequences-and-controls-in-aquatic-102364466/?error=cookies_not_supported&amp;code=7ea6cfed-c7d0-4314-820f-d63c9016e9fa|website=www.nature.com|access-date=2026-01-29|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Algae na-etokarị ngwa ngwa mgbe nri na-edozi ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ukwuu. Ma algae ọ bụla anaghị adị ndụ ogologo oge, ya mere, mgbe ha nwụrụ, ha na-ahapụ nnukwu ihe ndị sitere n'ihe ndị dị ndụ nwụrụ anwụ (organic matter). Ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'onwe ha (natural decomposers) dị n'ime mmiri na-amalite ire ere ihe ndị a, karịsịa algae nwụrụ anwụ. N'oge usoro a, ha na-eji oxygen agbazere n'ime mmiri (dissolved oxygen). Nke a nwere ike ime ka ọnụ ọgụgụ oxygen dị n'ime mmiri belata nke ukwuu, na-eme ka ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ n'ime mmiri ghara inweta oxygen zuru ezu. Mgbe oxygen agbazere n'ime mmiri ezughị, azụ, anụmanụ ndị ọzọ bi n'ime mmiri, na ụfọdụ ahịhịa mmiri nwere ike ịnwụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu. A na-akpọ ụdị mpaghara mmiri a nke oxygen ya dị oke ala ma ọ bụ na-adịghịzi ezu [[:en:Dead_zone_(ecology)|mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ]]. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339209495_Impacts_of_Phosphates_on_Water_Quality_and_Aquatic_Life|title=Impacts of Phosphates on Water Quality and Aquatic Life|author=Badamasi|first=Hamza|date=January 2019|journal=[[Chemistry Research Journal]]|issue=3|volume=4|pages=124:125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A pụrụ ịhụ mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae n'ime  [[:en:Freshwater_aquarium|akwarium mmiri dị ụtọ]](freshwater aquarium) mgbe a na-enye azụ nri karịrị akarị, ma ahịhịa mmiri adịghị eji nri ndị fọdụrụ amịkọrọ. Nke a na-abụkarị ihe na-emerụ azụ ahụ. A pụrụ idozi nsogbu a site n'ịgbanwe mmiri dị n'ime akwarium ahụ, ma belatakwa oke nri a na-enye azụ. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ihe okike na-akpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae ===
Ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka mmetọ mmadụ na-akpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na usoro mmiri dị ọcha ma a hụla na ọ na-eme n'ụzọ okike na ọdọ mmiri eutrophic na oligotrophic. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ebe obibi nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-edozi ahụ dị ka nitrogen na phosphates nke na-eme ka ohere maka okooko osisi dịkwuo elu. Ọdọ mmiri Oligotrophic enweghị ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-edozi ahụ. A na-akọwa ọdọ mmiri Oligotrophic site na ogo dị iche iche nke ụkọ. Nchịkọta steeti trophic (TSI) na-atụle ihe oriri na usoro mmiri dị ọcha na TSI n'okpuru 30 na-akọwa mmiri oligotrophic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Monitoring|url=https://www.nfcrwd.org/index.asp?SEC=B69A2E42-4283-4752-9A2E-9B730349E2DA&amp;Type=B_BASIC#:~:text=Definitions:,three%20layers%20during%20the%20summer.|accessdate=2024-12-09|work=www.nfcrwd.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A hụwokwa okooko osisi algae n'ime mmiri oligotrophic. Nke a bụ n'ihi cyanobacteria nke na-akpata okooko osisi na ọdọ mmiri eutrophic na ọdọ mmiri oligotrophic n'agbanyeghị na nke ikpeazụ nwere enweghị ihe oriri sitere n'okike na nke mmadụ.

==== Nri na-edozi ahụ na cyanobacteria ====
Ihe na-akpata mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na gburugburu ebe ndị na-enweghị ihe oriri na-abịa n'ụdị ihe oriri. Cyanobacteria agbanweela ka ha nwee ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke ọma na mmiri oligotrophic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Cyanobacteria na-eji nitrogen na phosphates eme ihe na usoro ndụ ha. N'ihi nke a, a maara cyanobacteria dị mkpa na nitrogen na phosphate fixing cycle na mmiri oligotrophic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Cyanobacteria nwere ike idozi nitrogen site na ịnweta nitrogen ikuku () nke a gbazere na mmiri ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ nitrogen nke ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịnweta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ nitrogen a dị elu nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe nnukwu okooko osisi algae na mmiri oligotrophic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Cyanobacteria nwere ike ijigide nnukwu phosphorus na enweghị ihe oriri nke na-enyere ha aka ịga nke ọma na gburugburu oligotrophic. Ụdị cyanobacteria dị ka ''D. lemmermannii'' nwere ike ịgagharị n'etiti hypolimnion nke bara ọgaranya na ihe oriri dịka phosphates na metalimnion na-enweghị ihe oriri nke na-enweghị phosphatas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Reinl|first=Kaitlin L.|date=2021|title=Cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic lakes: Shifting the high-nutrient paradigm|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/fwb.13791|journal=Freshwater Biology|language=en|volume=66|issue=9|pages=1846–1859|doi=10.1111/fwb.13791|issn=1365-2427}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFReinlBrookesCareyHarris2021&quot;&gt;Reinl, Kaitlin L.; Brookes, Justin D.; Carey, Cayelan C.; Harris, Ted D.; Ibelings, Bas W.; Morales-Williams, Ana M.; De Senerpont Domis, Lisette N.; Atkins, Karen S.; Isles, Peter D. F.; Mesman, Jorrit P.; North, Rebecca L.; Rudstam, Lars G.; Stelzer, Julio A. A.; Venkiteswaran, Jason J.; Yokota, Kiyoko (2021). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/fwb.13791 &quot;Cyanobacterial blooms in oligotrophic lakes: Shifting the high-nutrient paradigm&quot;]. ''Freshwater Biology''. '''66''' (9): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1846–&lt;/span&gt;1859. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/fwb.13791|10.1111/fwb.13791]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:20.500.11755/033c1a62-eff9-4252-b9b3-7aec1f012317|20.500.11755/033c1a62-eff9-4252-b9b3-7aec1f012317]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2427 1365-2427].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-eme ka a na-eweta phosphates na metalimnion ma nye ihe ndị dị ndụ ọtụtụ phosphats, na-emewanye ohere maka okooko osisi algal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cottingham|first=Kathryn L.|date=2015|title=Cyanobacteria as biological drivers of lake nitrogen and phosphorus cycling|url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES14-00174.1|journal=Ecosphere|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=art1|doi=10.1890/ES14-00174.1|issn=2150-8925}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCottinghamEwingGreerCarey2015&quot;&gt;Cottingham, Kathryn L.; Ewing, Holly A.; Greer, Meredith L.; Carey, Cayelan C.; Weathers, Kathleen C. (2015). [https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES14-00174.1 &quot;Cyanobacteria as biological drivers of lake nitrogen and phosphorus cycling&quot;]. ''Ecosphere''. '''6''' (1): art1. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1890/ES14-00174.1|10.1890/ES14-00174.1]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:10919/89390|10919/89390]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2150-8925 2150-8925].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mmiri na-edozi ahụ ====
Ihe omume na-eme ka mmiri na-edozi ahụ dị ka phosphates na nitrogen na-esi na hypolimnion na-edochi ahụ gaa na metalimnion na-adịghị edozi ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Nke a na-eme n'ihi usoro ala dị ka mgbanwe oge mgbe ọdọ mmiri na-agbaze ma ọ bụ na-agbaji, na-akpali ngwakọta n'ihi mgbanwe nke mmiri na-agwakọta ihe ndị mejupụtara limnion na ịgwakọta ihe oriri gburugburu usoro ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-09|title=Harmful Algal Blooms|url=https://www.adkwatershed.org/harmful-algal-blooms|accessdate=2024-12-09|work=Adirondack Watershed Institute|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-eri nri na-eduga n'ịma ifuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae nime mmiri ==
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[[Faịlụ:Competing_scientific_hypothesis_of_plankton_variability.png|alt=|thumb|350x350px|Echiche na-asọ mpi nke mgbanwe nke plankton ]]
Oké ifufe na-eme ka oké osimiri dị n'oge ọkọchị, na-agbakwunye ihe oriri na mmiri anwụ na-acha n'akụkụ elu. Nke a na-akpali oriri na-egbu egbu n'oge opupu ihe ubi ọ bụla nke na-ebute nnukwu okooko osisi phytoplankton. Obere molecules a hụrụ n'ime osisi ndị a na-enweta ike dị mkpa site na ìhè anyanwụ site na photosynthesis. Ihe ndị sitere n'okike, nke a na-akpọ chlorophyll, na-enye ohere ka phytoplankton too n'oké osimiri nke ụwa ma mee ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochaa okooko osisi site na mbara igwe.

Satellites na-ekpughe ọnọdụ na ụbara nke phytoplankton site na ịchọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chlorophyll dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mmiri mepere emepe - ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu, ka okooko osisi ahụ buru ibu. Nnyocha na-egosi na okooko osisi na-adịkarị ruo na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi ma ọ bụ mmalite oge okpomọkụ, mgbe ihe oriri na-ebelata ma anụmanụ na-eri ibe ya na-amalite ịta nri. Ihe ngosi dị n'aka ekpe n'okpuru ebe a na-eji data NASA SeaWiFS eme map nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-agbasa.

Nnyocha NAAMES nke e mere n'etiti afọ 2015 na 2019 nyochara akụkụ nke phytoplankton dynamics na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké osimiri, yana otu ụdị dynamics ahụ si emetụta ikuku, igwe ojii, na ihu igwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Behrenfeld2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Behrenfeld|first=Michael J.|date=22 March 2019|title=The North Atlantic Aerosol and Marine Ecosystem Study (NAAMES): Science Motive and Mission Overview|journal=Frontiers in Marine Science|volume=6|doi=10.3389/fmars.2019.00122|issn=2296-7745}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na France, a na-arịọ ndị obodo ka ha kọọ mmiri nwere agba site na oru PHENOMER.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phenomer|url=https://www.phenomer.org/|access-date=22 February 2022|website=www.phenomer.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enyere ịghọta etu okike nke uto mmiri si na-eme. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ọkụ Ọhịa nwere ike ịkpata okooko osisi phytoplankton site na itinye ọkụ ọkụ n'oké osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tang|first=Weiyi|title=Widespread phytoplankton blooms triggered by 2019–2020 Australian wildfires|journal=Nature|date=September 2021|volume=597|issue=7876|pages=370–375|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03805-8|pmid=34526706|language=en|issn=1476-4687|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354614634}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na-emerụ ahụ ==
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[[Faịlụ:Van_Gogh_from_Space.jpg|thumb|Foto satellite nke phytoplankton na-agba gburugburu agwaetiti Gotland nke Sweden na Baltic Sea, 2005]]
Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na-emerụ ahụ (HAB) bụ Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae nke na-akpata mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ site na mmepụta nke nsí sitere n'okike, mmebi igwe na ihe ndị ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ site n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Ụdị dị iche iche nke HABs ndị a na-eme ka ha sie ike ịchịkwa, ma na-eweta ọtụtụ nsogbu, ọkachasị na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Donald|title=Prevention, control and mitigation of harmful algal blooms: multiple approaches to HAB management|work=ResearchGate|date=January 2004|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255649174|accessdate=26 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikọkarị HABs na nnukwu ọnwụ mmiri ma jikọta ya na ụdị nsị shellfish dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hab/redtide/|title=Harmful Algal Blooms: Red Tide: Home|publisher=cdc.gov|accessdate=23 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827120347/http://www.cdc.gov/hab/redtide/|archivedate=27 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ ha na akụ na ụba na ahụike, a na-enyocha HABs nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute|title=Red Tide Current Status Statewide Information|url=http://research.myfwc.com/features/view_article.asp?id=9670|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822163316/http://research.myfwc.com/features/view_article.asp?id=9670|archivedate=22 August 2009|accessdate=23 August 2009|publisher=research.myfwc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Red Tide Index|url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/redtide/|accessdate=23 August 2009|publisher=Tpwd.state.tx.us}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

E gosipụtara na HAB na-emerụ ụmụ mmadụ ahụ. Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe algae na-egbu egbu site na iri nri mmiri nwere nsí, igwu mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị ọzọ na mmiri, na iku ume obere mmiri na ikuku nwere nsí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 September 2021|title=Illness and Symptoms: Marine (Saltwater) Algal Blooms {{!}} Harmful Algal Blooms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/habs/illness-symptoms-marine.html|accessdate=10 January 2022|work=CDC|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi na mmadụ nwere ike ikpughe site na iri ihe oriri nke nwere nsí nke algae HAB chụpụrụ, ọrịa ndị na-ebute nri dị ma nwee ike imetụta usoro akwara, nri, iku ume, imeju, akpụkpọ ahụ, na obi n'ime ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Berdalet|first=Elisa|date=2015|title=Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century|journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|volume=2015|pages=61–91|doi=10.1017/S0025315415001733|issn=0025-3154|pmid=26692586}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụsọ osimiri na-enwekarị ọrịa iku ume elu, anya na imi, ahụ ọkụ, ma na-achọkarị nlekọta ahụike iji gwọọ ha. Mmetụta nsị azụ Ciguatera (CFP) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị site na ikpughe nke okooko osisi algal. Ọrịa ndị mmiri na-ebute dịkwa ebe ọ bụ na cyanotoxins nwere ike imerụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ anyị.

Ọ bụrụ na mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae na-emerụ ahụ (HAB) eme ka algae baa ụba nke ukwuu, mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe agba ma ọ bụ ghọọ mmiri na-adịghị doo anya (murky). Agba ya nwere ike ịdị iche site na odo odo gbara ọchịchịrị ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pink, mana agba a na-ahụkarị bụ ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae niile na-adị ukwuu nke na ha ga-eme ka agba mmiri gbanwee.. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mmụpụta ìhè sitere n'ihe ndị dị ndụ ===
''Dinoflagellates bụ ụmụ nje eukaryote (microbial eukaryotes) ndị na-ejikọta mmụpụta ìhè sitere n'ihe ndị dị ndụ (bioluminescence) na mmepụta nsí n'oge mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae (algal blooms). Ha na-eji mmeghachi omume kemịkal dị n'etiti luciferin na luciferase emepụta ìhè na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. E nwere ụdị nsí dinoflagellates iri na asaa (17) bụ isi. N'ime ha, Saxitoxin na Yessotoxin bụ ụdị nsí abụọ na-emepụta ìhè (bioluminescent) ma bụrụkwa ndị na-egbu egbu (toxic). A chọpụtara na ụdị abụọ a na-ebikarị n'otu ụdị ebe obibi n'akụkụ ụsọ osimiri. Mgbe dinoflagellates bara ụba n'abalị, ha na-emepụta ìhè na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ nke na-enwu n'elu mmiri. Ma n'ehihie, ha na-eme ka mmiri yie agba ọbara ọbara na aja aja. Nke a bụ ihe mere e ji akpọ ụfọdụ mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae &quot;Red Tides&quot; (ebili mmiri ọbara ọbara). A kọwawo na dinoflagellates bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata nsị sitere n'iri nri mmiri (seafood poisoning), n'ihi neurotoxin ha na-emepụta, nke nwere ike imerụ usoro akwara mmadụ.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Da-Zhi|date=June 2008|title=Neurotoxins from Marine Dinoflagellates: A Brief Review|url=http://www.mdpi.org/marinedrugs/list08.htm#10.3390_md20080016|journal=Marine Drugs|volume=6|issue=2|pages=349–371|doi=10.3390/md20080016|pmid=18728731}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nlekọta na amụma ==
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ịkọ ọdịdị algal na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nnwale mmiri anụ ahụ na modeling hydrodynamic. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ziri ezi, usoro ndị a nwere ike ịba ụba ma na-agbasi mbọ ike iji dozie ngwa ngwa dị mgbagwoju anya, na-agbanwe agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi ya, amụma nke oge a na-ejikọwanye mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ na mmụta igwe iji gbakwunye ụdị anụ ahụ ọdịnala.

Omume sayensị mepere emepe enyerela aka mee ka usoro algorithmic ndị a dị ngwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge 2019 NASA International Space Apps Challenge, otu ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ gosipụtara otu netwọkụ akwara nwere ike isi nyochaa data satellite iji buo amụma cyanobacteria ruo otu ọnwa tupu oge eruo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Students from Poznań show how to predict cyanobacteria blooms and win NASA competition|url=https://scienceinpoland.pl/en/news/news%2C80748%2Cstudents-poznan-show-how-predict-cyanobacteria-blooms-and-win-nasa-competition.html|publisher=Science in Poland|date=6 February 2020|accessdate=24 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akwụkwọ sayensị, usoro ndị na-adịbeghị anya na-eji mmụta miri emi na-enyocha onwe ya iji jikọta data satellite multi-sensor na hyperspectral. Ụdị ndị a na-enyere aka ịmepụta usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge maka obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ụlọ ọgwụ mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LaHaye|first=Nicholas J.|title=Fusing Multi- and Hyperspectral Satellite Data for Harmful Algal Bloom Monitoring With Self-Supervised and Hierarchical Deep Learning|journal=Earth and Space Science|year=2026|doi=10.1029/2025EA004881}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị a, amụma satellite na-eche njedebe dị iche iche ihu. Algorithmic ziri ezi na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ịkọwapụta ihe ndị dị n'ógbè, dị ka eutrophication mpaghara ma ọ bụ mgbanwe okpomọkụ mmiri na mberede. Ọzọkwa, a na-egbochi nyocha satellite anya ugboro ugboro site na mkpuchi igwe ojii, na-achọ ka ụdị amụma dabere na interpolation data iji dozie oghere ndị na-efu efu.

== Nchịkwa ==
E nwere ụdị atọ dị mkpa maka njikwa okooko osisi algal nke nwere ibelata, mgbochi, na njikwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Donald M.|date=July 2009|title=Approaches to monitoring, control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs)|journal=Ocean &amp; Coastal Management|language=en|volume=52|issue=7|pages=342–347|doi=10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.04.006|pmid=20161650}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime mbelata, a na-etinye usoro nlekota oge niile maka nsí na shellfish maka ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge  na nlekota zuru oke nke mpaghara ahụ iji nyochaa ma chọpụta okooko algal na-emerụ ahụ.  A ga-ekpebi ọkwa HAB nke shellfish ma nwee ike ijikwa ihe mgbochi iji gbochie shellfish emetọ n'ahịa nri. Ịkwaga pensụl azụ site na okooko osisi algal bụkwa ụdị ọzọ nke ibelata. 

N'ime mgbochi, anyị nwere ike belata mmiri na-ebu ihe oriri karịrị akarị site n'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elu na ahịhịa. Ebe ndị na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-enyere aka ịmịkọrọ mmiri tupu ọ banye n'ụzọ mmiri. Anyị nwere ike itinye okporo ámá na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke na-enyere aka ikwe ka mmetọ sitere na ụgbọala na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ ka a na-etinye ya na / ma ọ bụ belata ya.

Ahịhịa na-enyocha, na-amịkọrọ, ma na-ebelata mmiri nke na-enyekwa aka belata oke ihe oriri na-abanye n'ụzọ mmiri. Ihe atụ nke ahịhịa a kụrụ iji nyere aka belata mmiri ozuzo gụnyere ogige mmiri ozuzo, iji ahịhịhịa dochie ahịhụ, ịkụ osisi n'ogige na n'akụkụ ụzọ mmiri, na ọbụna ogige n'elu ụlọ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike belata mmetụta ha na ụzọ mmiri anyị site n'ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ, ịkụ ihe mgbochi ọhịa, belata ojiji ha na-eji fatịlaịza eme ihe, na itinye mgbidi iji gbochie anụ ụlọ pụọ na iyi.

N'ime njikwa, enwere njikwa igwe, nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke kemịkal, nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Nchịkwa igwe na-agụnye ịgbasa ụrọ n'ime mmiri iji gbakọta na HAB na-eduga na obere HAB ndị a iji gafee usoro sedimentation. Nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dịgasị iche iche ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe site na pheromones ma ọ bụ ịtọhapụ ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị amị amị iji belata ọmụmụ. Nchịkwa kemịkal na-eji ọgwụ na-egbu egbu eme ihe. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu nke ọnwụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị a na-elekwasị anya. Nchịkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-agụnye ụdị injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mere eme na nnagide gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro ọmụmụ. Agbanyeghị, enwere nsogbu nke imerụ ụmụ amaala. Maka njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ nwere ike iji nrugharị mmiri na ikuku.

== Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi ma bụrụ nsogbu na-akawanye njọ nke na-agbasa n'ógbè ahụ. Obere ihe na-acha nchara nchara nke a na-ejikarị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ US na South Africa eme ihe ugbu a, na-akpata nnukwu okooko osisi n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke China nke yiri nke mmiri ndị ọzọ na-acha ọbara ọbara. HABs nwere ike iduga na gburugburu ebe obibi anaerobic (enweghị ikuku oxygen) nke nwere ike igbu ihe ọ bụla dị ndụ na mmiri, nsị azụ, nsogbu iku ume na ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-aga n'ụsọ osimiri.

HABs nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Great Lakes St. Lawrence River Basin. A na-ejikọta zebra na quagga mussels na mmetụta ha na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Creed, Irena|first=Friedman, Kathryn|date=January 1, 2020|title=&quot;Harmful Algal Blooms in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence River Basin: Is It Time fro a Binational Sub-Federal Approach?&quot;|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2704&amp;context=cuslj|journal=Canada United States Law Journal|volume=45|issue=|pages=126–143}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mussels ndị a na-eme ka cycling nke phosphorus nke mere na-emewanye okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ n'ebe ha nọ. Okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-emetụta mmiri na Binational Great Lakes Basin na n'ihi mgbake ụwa site na ọrịa COVID-19, idozi nsogbu ahụ aghọwo ihe dị ala. Nsogbu akụ na ụba a aghọwo akụkụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na United States, ebe na mba ndị jikọrọ aka dị ka Canada enwere nchegbu dị ala.

Mmetụta nke okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndụ mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, uto nke algae na-egbu egbu, ''Pseudo-nitzschia'', n'ụsọ oké osimiri California na-eme ka ọdụm oké osimiri na-arịa ọrịa ma na-eme ihe ike nye ndị na-aga n'ụsara osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fisheries|first=NOAA|date=2024-04-11|title=Toxic Algal Bloom Spreads Along California Coast, Poisoning Sea Lions {{!}} NOAA Fisheries|url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/toxic-algal-bloom-spreads-along-california-coast-poisoning-sea-lions|accessdate=2024-12-09|work=NOAA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na nke a bụ ihe na-eme n'oge. Uto nke ''Pseudo-nitzschia'' na-eduga na mmepụta nke Dominic acid nke na-agbakọta na azụ dịka sardines, anchovies, na squids.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=July 4, 2023|title=A toxic algal bloom off Southern California is blamed for making sea lions sick|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/04/1185922760/a-toxic-algal-bloom-off-southern-california-is-blamed-for-making-sea-lions-sick|accessdate=December 8, 2024|work=npr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-emetụta nri na isi nri nke ọdụm mmiri. Ozugbo a na-ebufe nsí site na iri nri, ha nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi, mmerụ ahụ ụbụrụ, na ọnwụ nye anụmanụ ahụ. N'oge mmụba a, ndị mmadụ kọrọ na ọ tara na omume obi ọjọọ sitere n'aka ọdụm mmiri ndị butere ọrịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-06-29|title=Sea lions aren't acting like themselves — they're more aggressive because of algae bloom in California|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/animal-news/sea-lions-aggressive-algae-bloom-california-rcna91912|accessdate=2024-12-09|work=NBC News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnọdụ a na-arịa ọrịa, ọdụm mmiri na-atụ egwu ma na-eme ihe n'ihi egwu iji chebe onwe ha. Ọdụm mmiri ndị dị ime bụ ndị na-ahụkarị nsị algae na-egbu egbu ma o yikarịrị ka ha ga-anwụ site na mmetụta ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ==
N'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ike na ọbịbịa nke okooko osisi algae amụbaala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=New research into the impacts of climate change on harmful algal blooms in lakes {{!}} UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology|url=https://www.ceh.ac.uk/news-and-media/blogs/new-research-impacts-climate-change-harmful-algal-blooms-lakes|accessdate=2026-05-12|work=www.ceh.ac.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a bụ n'ihi okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri na mmiri ndị ọzọ, nke na-akpali uto algae, &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; ma gbatịkwuo oge uto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-11-22|title=Causes of harmful algal blooms: Understanding the factors behind the phenomenon|url=https://colsa.unh.edu/blog/2023/11/causes-harmful-algal-blooms-understanding-factors-behind-phenomenon|accessdate=2026-05-12|work=College of Life Sciences and Agriculture|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe ihu igwe nwekwara ike ibute mbelata nke okooko osisi algae, n'ihi nnukwu mmiri ozuzo nke nwere ike iwepụ okooko osisi site na mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

Ọzọkwa, e buru amụma na nkesa nke okooko osisi algae ga-agbasa n'ebe ugwu, ọkachasị na North Sea, na narị afọ na-esote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Townhill|first=Bryony L|date=2018-12-01|title=Harmful algal blooms and climate change: exploring future distribution changes|url=https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/75/6/1882/5094977|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|language=en|volume=75|issue=6|pages=1882–1893|doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsy113|issn=1054-3139}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntinye aka nke mmadụ ==
N'akụkụ mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmụba nke okooko algae nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi omume mmadụ. N'ọrụ ugbo, ojiji nke fatịlaịza nwere ike inye ihe oriri dị mkpa maka uto algae, ma banye n'usoro mmiri site na nsị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe ndekọ fossil ==
mmụba ngwa ngwa nke algae mbụ n'ụwa bụ ''Eoseira wilsonii''. N'ịlaghachi azụ na Eocene, ọ bụ naanị diatom a maara nke nwere okooko algal a hụrụ na Horsefly Shale na Eocene Okanagan Highlands.

== Hụkwa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category}}

* [http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/hab/ FAQ banyere Harmful Algal Blooms] (NOAA) 
{{plankton}}{{marine pollution}}{{aquatic ecosystem topics}}{{fishery science topics}}{{Underwater diving|scidiv}}{{authority control}}
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      <text bytes="23387" sha1="j1imdp8je89aqelq6kgb6yn3m3zc39y" xml:space="preserve">[[Naijiria|Nigeria]] anaghị amata alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na nwanyị ma ọ bụ otu ndị obodo. [[Nwoke idina nwoke|Homosexuality]] n'etitioke, a na-ata ha ahụhụ ruo afọ iri na anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'akụkụ ndịda Naịjirịa, ebe a na-ata ha ahụhụ ọnwụ n'akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ dịka iwu Sharia siri dị. Ndị mmadụ &quot;na-eme, na-agba akaebe, na-enyere aka ma ọ bụ na-akwado&quot; alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị maọbu nwanyị na nwanyị nwere ike ihu ntaramahụhụ siri ike.
 

== Akụkọ iwu ==

=== Iwu Alụmdi Nwoke na Nwoke na Nwanyị na Nwanyị (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013 ===
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==== Omume iwu ====
Na Jenụwarị 18, 2007, Kansụl Ndị Isi nke Federal tụpụtara iwu nke machibidoro alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke ma gbaa ndị omeiwu mba ume ka ha mee ya ngwa ngwa. Dịka Minista nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi si kwuo, Bayo Ojo, Onyeisiala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] kwadoro iwu ahụ mgbe e mechara Mgbakọ Mba Nile Maka Ọrịa AIDS na Ọrịa Ndị A Na-ebute n'Imekọahụ n'Afrịka (ICASA) na [[Abuja]] na 2005. Iwu a gaara enye iwu mkpọrọ afọ ise maka onye ọ bụla &quot;na-eme, sọ eme, na-agba akaebe, na-enyere aka, ma ọ bụ na-akwado&quot; alụmdi nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị. Ọ gaarakwa amachibido igosipụta &quot;mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n'etiti nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị&quot; na ịkute ụmụaka site n'aka ndị nwoke na-edina nwoke ma ọ bụ ndị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị. Iwu ahụ enwetaghị mmegide ọ bụla na nzuko omeiwu. Ọ gaara enye ohere mkpọrọ afọ ise maka itinye aka na nkwado ọha na eze ma ọ bụ otu ndị na-akwado ikike nke ndị LGBT, gụnyere mmachibido iwu maka ụdị mmekọrịta ọ bụla na onye nwoke idina nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sogunro|first=Ayo|title=Why You Should Be Worried About Nigeria's Anti-Gay Law|date=2 June 2013|url=http://ayosogunro.com/2013/06/02/why-you-should-be-worried-about-nigerias-anti-gay-law-by-ayo-sogunro/|publisher=ayosogunro.com|accessdate=20 March 2014|archivedate=20 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320113404/http://ayosogunro.com/2013/06/02/why-you-should-be-worried-about-nigerias-anti-gay-law-by-ayo-sogunro/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Febụwarị afọ 2006, Ngalaba Mba Amerịka katọrọ iwu ahụ. Na Machị 2006, otu mba ụwa iri na isii nke ndị na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi ha na-akatọ iwu ahụ, na-akpọ ya mmebi nke nnwere onwe nke okwu, njikọ aka na nzukọ nke iwu mba ụwa na [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]], tinyekwara ihe mgbochi nye ọgụ megide [[HIV/AIDS]]. Ihe dị ka nde mmadụ atọ bi na Naịjirịa nwere HIV/AIDS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=HIV epidemiology in Nigeria|date=2018|first=Awoyemi|author=Abayomi Awofala|doi=10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.03.006|journal=Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences|volume=25|issue=4|pages=697–703|pmid=29740232}}&lt;/ref&gt; E meghị iwu ahụ tupu ntuli aka nke afọ 2007.

E tinyere akwụkwọ iwu yiri nke ahụ n'afọ 2013. O kwuru sị: &quot;Onye debanyere aha, na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-esonye na klọb ndị nwoke idina nwoke, ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ òtù dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ gosi n'ihu ọha na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị na Naịjirịa na-eme mpụ ma a ga ama ya ikpe ruo afọ iri.&quot; O gafere ndị omeiwu na obere mmegide,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/13/nigerian-president-signs-anti-gay-law|title=Nigeria's president signs law imposing up to 14 years' jail for gay relationships|work=The Guardian|date=13 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma Onyeisiala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] bịanyere aka na ya ka ọ bụrụ iwu na Jenụwarị 7, 2014 dịka ''[[Iwu Mmadụ ịlụ ibe ya (Mmachibido Iwu) 2013|Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013]]'' (SSMPA). Iwu ahụ kagburu nkwekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwoke maọbu nwanyị na nwanyị ma machibido ndị mmadụ &quot;inye aka na ịkwado&quot; alụmdi nke nwoke na nwoke na nwaanyị na nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52f4d9cc4.pdf|title=Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013|work=www.refworld.org|accessdate=18 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akwado iwu a kwuru na okwukwe ha nke Ndị Kraịst maọbụ nke Ndị Alakụba kwadoro iwu ahụ, ebe ndị nkatọ kwuru na omenala obodo anaghị egbochi alụmdi nwoke na nwoke na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke.

==== Ihe si na ya pụta na njide ====
[[Faịlụ:African_homosexuality_laws.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|'''Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị iwu'''&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Legend/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{legend|#002255|Same-sex marriage}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Legend/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{legend|#CAF|Limited recognition (foreign residency rights)}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Legend/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{legend|#cccccc|No recognition of same-sex couples}}'''Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị iwu na-akwadoghị'''&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Legend/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{legend|#f9dc36|Prison but not enforced}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Legend/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{legend|#ec8028|Prison}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Legend/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{leftlegend|#cc6633|Death penalty on books but not enforced}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Legend/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{leftlegend|#800000|Enforced death penalty}}]]
Ikpe, Maazị Teriah Joseph Ebah megide Federal Republic of Nigeria, nke na-ama aka na iwu ahụ bụ ihe megidere iwu kwadoro, bụ nke akagburu n'ụlọikpe ukwu nke Federal Court n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014 maka enweghị mkpebi siri ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/documents/reprohealth/nigeria_2014_same-sex_comment.pdf|title=Nigerian High Court avoided constitutional scrutiny of anti-gay laws.|accessdate=18 January 2023|work=www.law.utoronto.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2018, ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado LGBT kwuru na dịka ha maara, e jighị iwu ahụ maa onye ọ bụla ikpe metụtara alụmdi nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị. Dịka ndị na-akwado echiche ahụ si kwuo, nke a bụ n'ihi na iwu ahụ &quot;adịghị ekwenye ekwenye&quot;, ọtụtụ ikpe metụtara ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ ndị LGBT enweghị ihe akaebe kwesịrị ekwesị, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ &quot;ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume maka ndị ọkaiwu igosi ikpe nwere ike imeri ma gosi na e meela mpụ ọ bụla&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://76crimes.com/2018/12/15/6-surprising-facts-about-nigerias-anti-gay-marriage-law/|title=6 surprising facts about Nigeria's anti-gay-marriage law – Erasing 76 Crimes|date=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, &quot;n'ihi iwu a, ndị uwe ojii na-emeso ndị mmadụ ihe n'ụzọ ọ bụla masịrị ha. Ha na-ata ndị mmadụ ahụhụ, na-amanye ha ikwupụta ihe ha kwuru, mgbe ha nụrụ maka otu ìgwè mmadụ, ha na-abịa ijide ha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/10/20/tell-me-where-i-can-be-safe/impact-nigerias-same-sex-marriage-prohibition-act|work=Human Rights Watch|date=20 October 2016|title=&quot;Tell Me Where I Can Be Safe&quot; The Impact of Nigeria's Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, e jidere otu ìgwè mmadụ dị mmadụ iri anọ na asaa na Lagos maka ebubo na a &quot;malitere ha n'òtù ndị na-edina nwoke ibe ha&quot;. Ndị ikom ahụ kwuru na ha na-aga oriri ncheta ọmụmụ. A na-ahụta ikpe a dị ka ihe a ga-anwale ma a ga-eji iwu ahụ kpee ikpe. Ọkaikpe Rilwan Aikawa nke Ụlọikpe Ukwu nke Federal kagburu ikpe ahụ maka enweghị ihe akaebe na Ọktoba 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-lgbt-idUSKBN27C1TZ|work=Reuters|date=27 October 2020|first=Alexis|author=Akwagyiram|title=Nigerian judge throws out case against 47 men facing homosexuality charge}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2020, ndị na-akwado LGBT jikwa ngagharị iwe End SARS na Naịjirịa kwuo ka a kwụsị ịkpa ókè n'etiti ndị LGBT na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=C.J|first=Nelson|date=2020-10-15|title=How Nigeria's queer youth are fighting to #EndSARS|url=https://i-d.co/article/nigerias-queer-youth-and-the-endsars-protests/|accessdate=2021-12-31|work=i-D|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Hisbah nke steeti Kano nwụchiri ụmụ okorobịa iri na abụọ na Jenụwarị 2015 na Kano maka ebubo na ha na-eme atụmatụ agbamakwụkwọ nwoke na nwoke. Ndị ikom ahụ gọrọ ebubo ahụ, na-ekwu na ha na-eme atụmatụ maka emume ncheta ọmụmụ enyi ha. N'otu aka ahụ, ndị uwe ojii nwụchiri ụmụ agbọghọ iri na otu n'afọ 2018 maka ebubo ha na ha na-eme atụmatụ agbamakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ gọnarịrị ebubo ahụ, na-ekwu na ha na-eme emume maka nhọpụta onyeisi oche nke klọb ịgba egwu ha. Na Disemba 2022, e jidere mmadụ iri na itoolu maka ebubo yiri nke ahụ. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ikpe ndị a mere ka a maa ya ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/12/20/police-raid-gay-wedding-in-nigeria-arrest-19/|title=Police raid 'gay wedding' in Nigeria, arrest 19|work=Africanews|date=20 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, e jidere mmadụ iri isii na itoolu na Warri maka ebubo isonye na alụmdi nwoke na nwoke. Ndị uwe ojii gosipụtara njide ahụ ozugbo na peeji Facebook ha, nke bụ omume Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Federal kpebiri na iwu akwadoghị na 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/30/nigerian-police-arrest-dozens-alleged-gay-wedding|work=Human Rights Watch|date=30 August 2023|title=Nigerian Police Arrest Dozens for Alleged Gay Wedding}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tọhapụrụ ha n'oge mgbapụta n'ọnwa sochirinụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigerian-court-frees-bail-dozens-arrested-over-alleged-gay-wedding-lawyer-2023-09-19/|title=Nigeria frees on bail 69 arrested over alleged gay wedding|first=Tife|author=Owolabi|date=19 September 2023|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, ejidere mmadụ 76 na Gombe State maka ebubo na ha na-eme atụmatụ agbamakwụkwọ nwoke na nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/nscdc-arrests-76-for-same-sex-marriage-in-gombe/|title=METRONSCDC arrests 76 for same-sex marriage in Gombe|date=22 October 2023|work=[[Ripples Nigeria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/10/23/nigeria-76-people-arrested-for-organising-a-gay-wedding/|title=Nigeria: 76 people arrested for organising a &quot;gay wedding|work=africanews|date=13 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; E jidere mmadụ iri abụọ na ise na Kano n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/hisbah-arrests-25-over-alleged-gay-wedding-in-kano/|date=26 October 2025|title=Hisbah arrests 25 over alleged gay wedding in Kano|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iwu steeti ===
Na Septemba 2025, Gọvanọ [[Abba Kabir Yusuf]] webatara iwu na Ụlọ Mgbakọ nke Steeti Kano iji machibido alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke n'ụzọ doro anya dịka iwu steeti si dị. &quot;N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, anyị agaghị ekwe ka ihe ndị megidere okpukperechi na omenala anyị gbanye mkpọrọgwụ na Kano. Ọchịchị a bụ ọrụ ichekwa ezi omume nke obodo anyị&quot;, Yusuf kwuru, onye kwukwara na iwu ahụ ga-amachibido alụmdi nke nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị kpọmkwem ma manye ntaramahụhụ siri ike maka omume &quot;omume rụrụ arụ&quot;, gụnyere liwadi (nwoke idina nwoke) na madugo (nwanyị idina nwunye).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/kano-proposes-bill-to-criminalise-same-sex-marriage-immoral-practices/|title=Kano proposes bill to criminalise same-sex marriage, ‘immoral practices’|date=12 September 2025|work=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://gazettengr.com/kano-gov-yusuf-moves-to-ban-same-sex-marriage-immoral-practices/|title=Kano: Gov Yusuf moves to ban same-sex marriage, immoral practices|date=12 September 2025|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala ==
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ omenala Naịjirịa nke oge a na-eme ihe n'oge gara aga ịlụ ọtụtụ nwunye, ọ dịghị ndekọ nke alụmdi na nwunye nke nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị na-eme n'omenala obodo dịka esi akọwa ha na Sistemụ Iwu Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Agbanyeghị, e nwere ihe akaebe maka njirimara na omume ndị a pụrụ itinye na ụdị LGBT. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iya sango () bụ onye ụkọchukwu nwanyị nke Shango, chi nke égbè eluigwe na àmụ̀mà n'okpukpe Yoruba, onye n'oge a na-enwe mmekọahụ, a naghịzi ele ya anya dị ka nwanyị, a na-ahụkwa ya ka ọ lụrụ Shango n'ọkwa metaphysical, wee ghọọ nwoke. Nwoke iya sango ga-eyi uwe &quot;uwe ụmụ nwanyị, ihe ịchọ mma, na ọla na uwe egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị mgbe a ga-enwe ha&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|date=28 June 2013|volume=60|title=Same-Sex Relationships in Yorùbá Culture and Orature|first=George|author=Olusola Ajibade|issue=7|pages=965–983|doi=10.1080/00918369.2013.774876|pmid=23808346}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;murray&quot; /&gt; N'omenala ndị Hausa,re e ụmụ nwoke na-egosipụta àgwà ụmụ nwanyị ma na-enwe mmasị mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ na-akpachi anya na ụmụ nwoke ndị ọzọ, nke a maara dị ka ''ƴan daudu'' (Hausa: [jan daudu:]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hausa Concepts of Masculinity and the ʼYan Daudu|journal=African Masculinities|date=2005|first=Frank|author=Salamone|volume=5|pages=75–86|doi=10.1057/9781403979605_5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwoke yan daudu amụbaala n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nke ha na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmụba nke okpukperechi n'etiti ndị Hausa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mark|first=Monica|date=2013-06-10|title=Nigeria's ʼyan daudu face persecution in religious revival|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/10/nigeria-yan-daudu-persecution|accessdate=2023-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'etiti ndị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]], e nwere ọnọdụ ebe a na-ewere alụmdi na nwunye n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị, dịka mgbe nwanyị na-enweghị nwa, di ya anwụọkwa, ọ lụrụ &quot;nwunye&quot; (Igbo: nwunye ọkpọrọ) iji mee ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ya dịkwuo mma ma mee ka ihe nketa na ezinụlọ ya dịgide. Ụmụ sitere na alụmdi na nwunye nwanyị na nwanyị (alụmalụ nwaanyị na nwaanyị) na-akwado ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke nwanyị bụ &quot;di&quot; site n'ịnọgide na-enwe ikike ya ibi n'ihe onwunwe nke ụmụ ya ketara&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;cadigan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://media.smith.edu/media/assistivetech/atlibrary/cardigan_woman.pdf|title=Woman-to-woman marriage: practices and benefits in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=1998|issue=1|volume=29|first=R. Jean|author=Cadigan|journal=Journal of Comparative Family Studies|pages=89–98|doi=10.3138/jcfs.29.1.89}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-emekwa alụmdi na nwunye ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ndị Yoruba, Nupe, na Ijaw,&lt;ref name=&quot;murray&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://newuniversityinexileconsortium.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Africa-homosexuality.pdf|title=Boy-Wives and Female Husbands|first=Stephen O.|author=Murray|publisher=SUNY Press|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; nakwa tupu ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Roman Katọlik na Anglican abịa na Naịjirịa na narị afọ nke 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Igwe|first=Leo|date=19 June 2009|title=Tradition of same gender marriage in Igboland|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/19062009/opinion.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111010506/http://www.tribune.com.ng/19062009/opinion.html|archivedate=11 January 2010|work=Nigerian Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://therustintimes.com/2018/05/15/woman-woman-marriage-in-pre-colonial-igboland-revised/|title=Woman-woman marriage in Pre-Colonial Igboland|first=Rafeeat|author=Aliyu|date=15 May 2018|work=The Rustin Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, omume ọdịnala a apụọla nwayọ nwayọ n'ihi mmetụta nke chọọchị Ndị Kraịst, ntuli aka na-egosikwa na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị anaghị anabata ụdị ihe ahụ ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;cadigan&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ okpukpe ==
Na Disemba 2023, Holy See bipụtara akwụkwọ Fiducia supplicans, nkwupụta nke na-enye ndị ụkọchukwu Katọlik ohere ịgọzi di na nwunye ndị a na-ewereghị dị ka ndị lụrụ di na nwunye dịka ozizi chọọchị si dị, tinyere ngọzi nke di na nwunye bụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Flynn|first=JD|date=2023-12-22|title=Is the 'false narrative' narrative a false narrative?|url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/is-the-false-narrative-narrative|accessdate=2023-12-23|work=[[The Pillar]]|language=en|archivedate=23 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223121603/https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/is-the-false-narrative-narrative}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, [[Catholic Church in Nigeria]] katọrọ nkwupụta ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchukwu Naịjirịa kwukwara na ha agaghị agọzi di na nwunye nwoke na nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/12/25/nigerian-catholics-reject-popes-approval-for-same-sex-couple-blessings/|title=Nigerian catholics reject Pope's approval for same-sex couple blessings|work=AfricaNews|date=30 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2023-12-29/in-nigeria-and-much-of-africa-catholic-same-sex-couples-see-no-blessings-soon|title=In Nigeria and Much of Africa, Catholic Same-Sex Couples See No Blessings Soon|work=U.S. News|date=29 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/nigerian-catholics-see-no-same-145838949.html|title=Nigerian Catholics see no same-sex blessings soon|work=Yahoo! News|date=29 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ Ndị Bishọp Katọlik nke Naịjirịa wepụtara nkwupụta na Disemba 20 katọrọ nkwupụta ahụ ma kwuo na &quot;ọ dịghị ihe ga-ekwe omume n'ime Chọọchị nke ịgọzi mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwoke na ihe omume dị iche iche. Nke ahụ ga-emegide iwu Chineke, ozizi nke Chọọchị, iwu nke mba anyị na echiche omenala nke ndị anyị.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/fiducia-supplicans-whos-saying-what|title='Fiducia supplicans': Who's saying what?|work=The Pillar|first=Luke|author=Coppen|date=19 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ụka nke Naijiria|Church of Nigeria]], akụkụ nke Ọgbakọ Anglican, na-emegide alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke. O kwusiri okwu ike megide mkpebi ndị ụka Anglican ndị ọzọ mere iji gọzie otu alụmdi nke nwoke na nwoke na nke nwanyị na nwanyị ma ọ bụ ịnabata ndị ụkọchukwu n'òtù ndị obodo raara onwe ha nye. O kewapụtara onwe ya na &quot;mmekọrịta rụrụ arụ&quot; na  Episcopal Church nke United States na 21 Nọvemba 2003 n'ihi nhọpụta nke nwoke n'eme mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, Gene Robinson, dị ka bishọp nke Diocese of New Hampshire. Na 2005, Primate Peter Akinola katọrọ Church of England maka ikwe ka ndị ụkọchukwu nwee mmekọrịta obodo n'etiti nwoke na nwoke, na-ekwu na &quot;[ọ] na-atụ aro alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke 'n'ihe niile ma e wezụga aha'&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/africa.anglicans.criticise.church.of.england.over.new.direction.on.homosexuals/3913.htm|title=Africa Anglicans Criticise Church of England Over New Direction on Homosexuals|work=Christian Today|date=9 September 2005|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; O megidekwara nhọpụta nke Sarah Mullally dịka Archbishop of Canterbury n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2025. Primate Henry Ndukuba kwuru, &quot;Bishọp Sarah Mullally bụ onye na-akwado alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke dịka o gosiri n'okwu ya n'afọ 2023, mgbe a tụchara votu iji kwado ngọzi nke ndị nwoke idina nwoke mgbe ọ kọwara nsonaazụ ya dị ka 'oge olileanya maka Chọọchị'&quot;, na-ekwu n'ụzọ ụgha na Mullally kwadoro alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/sarah-mullally-s-election-to-archbishop-of-canterbury-described-as-devastating|title=Church of Nigeria calls appointment of first female Archbishop of Canterbury ‘devastating’|date=15 October 2025|first=Rachel|author=Huston|work=Premier Christian News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Mullally egosila nkwado maka &quot;nlekọta ndị okenye na itinye ndị LGBT+ n'ọrụ na ndụ nke obodo ụka anyị&quot;, o kwughachiri ozizi chọọchị gbasara alụmdi na nwunye na 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 February 2022|title=LGBT+ History Month|url=https://www.london.anglican.org/articles/lgbt-history-month/|accessdate=15 March 2022|work=Diocese of London|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Echiche ọha na eze ==
[[Faịlụ:Youths'_Views_on_Same-sex_Marriage_(2016).png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkwado maka alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị dị afọ 18-21 dị ka nnyocha 2016 sitere na Varkey Foundation si kwuoNtọala Varkey]]
Ntuli aka echiche nke afọ 2015 nke NOIPolls mere na mmekorita ya na Initiative for Equal Rights na [[Bisi Alimi Foundation]] gosiri na pasentị iri asatọ na asaa nke ndị Naịjirịa kwadoro ''Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2013''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://noi-polls.com/a-year-and-half-after-legislation-nigerians-still-support-anti-same-sex-marriage-law/|title=A Year-And-Half After Legislation, Nigerians Still Support Anti-Same Sex Marriage Law|work=NOIPolls|date=30 June 2015|accessdate=28 June 2026|archivedate=28 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128042238/https://noi-polls.com/a-year-and-half-after-legislation-nigerians-still-support-anti-same-sex-marriage-law/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, nkwado maka alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke dị elu karịa n'etiti ndị na-eto eto. Nnyocha nke Varkey Foundation mere na Septemba ruo Ọktoba 2016 gosiri na pasentị iri na isii nke ndị dị afọ iri na asatọ ruo iri abụọ na otu kwadoro alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/media/4487/global-young-people-report-single-pages-new.pdf|title=What The World's Young People Think And Feel|work=Varkey Foundation|date=January 2017|author=Broadbent|first=Emma|accessdate=14 April 2021|archivedate=20 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820230036/https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/media/4487/global-young-people-report-single-pages-new.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha Pew Research Center mere n'etiti Febụwarị na Mee 2023 gosiri na pasentị abụọ nke ndị Naịjirịa kwadoro alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke, pasentị iri itoolu na asaa megidere ya, pasentị otu amaghị maọbụ jụ ịza ya. Ndị Kraịst (97%) na ndị Alakụba (98%) nwekwara ike imegide alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/06/13/how-people-in-24-countries-view-same-sex-marriage/|title=How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage|work=Pew Research Center|date=13 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ikike LGBTQ na Naịjirịa|Ikike LGBT na Naịjirịa]]
* Nkwado maka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị n'Africa
* Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na ọdịbendị ụmụ amaala Naijiria

== Ihe edeturu ==
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== Edensibia ==
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  <page>
    <title>Nitrate</title>
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{{Chembox|ImageFile1=Nitrate-3D-balls.png|ImageAlt1=[[Ball-and-stick model]] of the nitrate ion|ImageClass1=bg-transparent|ImageFileR1=&lt;!-- filename lost in history?  (then L1/R1 together))--&gt;|ImageAltR1=[[Space-filling model]] of the nitrate ion|SystematicName=Nitrate|IUPACName=|OtherNames=|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 14797-55-8
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII = T93E9Y2844
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| PubChem = 943
| SMILES = [N+](=O)([O-])[O-] 
| ChemSpiderID = 918
| InChI = 1/NO3/c2-1(3)4/q-1
| InChIKey = NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYAI
| StdInChI = 1S/NO3/c2-1(3)4/q-1
| StdInChIKey = NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| RTECS = 
| MeSHName = 
| ChEBI = 17632}}|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;
| N=1|O=3
| Appearance =
| Solubility = 
| ConjugateAcid = [[Nitric acid]]}}|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
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| AutoignitionPt = }}}}No&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple issues/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Chembox|ImageFile1=Nitrate-3D-balls.png|ImageAlt1=[[Ball-and-stick model]] of the nitrate ion|ImageClass1=bg-transparent|ImageFileR1=&lt;!-- filename lost in history?  (then L1/R1 together))--&gt;|ImageAltR1=[[Space-filling model]] of the nitrate ion|SystematicName=Nitrate|IUPACName=|OtherNames=|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 14797-55-8
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| UNII = T93E9Y2844
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| PubChem = 943
| SMILES = [N+](=O)([O-])[O-] 
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| StdInChIKey = NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| MeSHName = 
| ChEBI = 17632}}|Section2={{Chembox Properties
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'''Nitrate''' bụ [[ion]]&quot; id=&quot;mwDw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Polyatomic ion&quot;&gt;polyatomic ion nwere Usoro kemịkal NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;. A na-akpọ nnu nwere ion a '''nitrates'''. Nitrates bụ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na fetịlaịza na bọmbụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nitrates niile na-adịghị ndụ na-agbaze na [[mmiri]]. Ihe atụ nke nitrate na-adịghị agwakọta (inorganic) bụ bismuth oxynitrate.

N'okike, ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria na-emepụta nitrates na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ammonia ma ọ bụ urea dị ka ebe ha si enweta nitrogen na ike ha ji arụ ọrụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-emepụta ngwakọta nitrate ndị e ji arụ ntụ ọkụ n'akụkọ mmalite, na enweghị isi iyi nke mineral nitrate, site na usoro ịgbaze dị iche iche site na iji mamịrị na nsị mgbe a na-enweghị ebe e si enweta nitrate sitere n'okwute ma ọ bụ n'ala, site n'usoro dị iche iche nke ịgba ụka (fermentation) nke a na-esi na mamịrị na nsị anụmanụ enweta. Mmepụta nitrate nke oge a na-elekwasị anya na nkeputa [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] na mmepụta kemịkal maka ngwa dị iche iche, dị ka njikọ ọgwụ, ceramics na ichekwa anụ. Kwa afọ, a na-eji ihe dị ka nitrogen fetịlaịza nde otu narị na iri na ise eme ihe n'ụwa niile, na nitrates mejupụtara akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ọnụọgụgụ a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global fertilizer consumption by nutrient 1965-2021|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/438967/fertilizer-consumption-globally-by-nutrient/|accessdate=2024-04-20|work=Statista|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi na nitrates na-agbaze ma dị mfe mmiri ozuzo ịwụchapụ ya n'ala,  a na-atụnyere iji ya n'ọrụ ugbo n'ụzọ gabigara ókè na nsị nri, mmetọ mmiri, na mmụba nke ebe mmiri nwụrụ anwụ. Ikpughe nitrates n'onwe ya nye ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta na ahụike: iribiga nitrates na anụ a gwọrọ agwọ ókè nwere mmetụta n'ọrịa kansa eriri afọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Corliss|first=Julie|date=2022-02-01|title=Nitrates in food and medicine: What's the story?|url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/nitrates-in-food-and-medicine-whats-the-story|accessdate=2025-12-24|work=Harvard Health|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị kemịkal ==
[[Faịlụ:Nitrate-ion-with-partial-charges-2D.png|thumb|150x150px|Nitrate ion na ụgwọ ndị egosiri]]
Mitrate anion bụ conjugate base nke jikọtara nitric acid, nke nwere otu nitrogen atom n'etiti ya, ebe atọm oxygen  gbara ya gburugburu ma jikọta ya n'otu ụzọ na-eme ka ọdịdị ya yie nhazi trigonal planar &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McEwen|date=1961|title=Electronic Structures and Spectra of Some Nitrogen-Oxygen Compounds|journal=Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=34|issue=2|pages=547–555|doi=10.1063/1.1700981|url=https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jcp/article-abstract/34/2/547/207635/Electronic-Structures-and-Spectra-of-Some-Nitrogen?redirectedFrom=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitrate na-ebu formal charge of −1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=PubChem|title=Nitrate|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/943|accessdate=2025-11-14|work=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; chaji a na-esite n'ịgbakọta ụgwọ eletrik nkịtị dị n'ime ya,  chaji eletrik a na-esite n'ịgbakọta chaji eletrik nkịtị dị iche iche ebe nke ọ bụla n'ime atọm oksijin atọ ahụ na-eburu ụgwọ nke −⅔, ebe atọm nitrogen ahụ na-eburu chaji nke +1, Ngụkọta nke chaji ndị a niile na-enye iọn nitrate, nke bụ iọn nwere ọtụtụ atọm, chaji eletrik nkịtị nke −1. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A na-ejikarị nhazi a eme ihe atụ nke resonance. Dị ka isoelectronic carbonate ion, e nwere ike iji usoro resonance atọ nọchite anya ion nitrate:&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;[[Faịlụ:Nitrate-ion-resonance-2D.png|400x400px|Canonical resonance structures for the nitrate ion]]&lt;/div&gt;

== Ihe ndị mejupụtara kemịkal na biokemịkal ==
Na NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; anion, Ọnọdụ oxidation nke atọm nitrogen dị n'etiti bụ V (+5). Nke a dabara n'ọnụọgụgụ oxidation kachasị elu nke nitrogen. Nitrate bụ oxidịza nwere ike dị ike dị ka egosipụtara site na omume ihe na-agbawa agbawa na okpomọkụ dị elu mgbe a na-agbanye ya na ammonium nitrate, ma ọ bụ ntụ ojii, nke ụzarị nke ihe na-awụ akpata oyi. N'adịghị ka [[nitric acid]]&quot;&gt;red fuming nitric acid (/N2O4), ma ọ bụ concentrated nitric acid, HNO3), nitrate na mmiri mmiri na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ pH dị elu bụ naanị ihe na-adịghị ike oxidizing na redox mmeghachi omume nke reducant anaghị emepụta hydrogen ion (dị ka mercury na-aga calomel). Otú ọ dị, ọ ka bụ oxidizer siri ike mgbe reducant na-emepụta hydrogen ion, dịka na oxidation nke hydrogen n'onwe ya. Nitrate kwụsiri ike na enweghị microorganisms, ma ọ bụ reductants dị ka organic matter. N'ezie, gas nitrogen na-akwụsi ike na thermodynamically na ọnụnọ nke 1 atm nke oxygen naanị n'ọnọdụ acid, ma ọ bụghị ya ga-ejikọta ya iji mepụta nitrate. A na-egosi nke a site na iwepu mmeghachi omume oxidation abụọ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=[[Marcel Pourbaix]] and N. [[Zubov|de Zoubov]]|editor=Marcel Pourbaix|title=Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions|date=1974|pages=49, 497, 500|url=http://sunlight.caltech.edu/aic/pourbaix.pdf|chapter=Nitrogen}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

: &lt;nowiki&gt;N2 + 6 H2O → 2 NO−3 + 12 H+ + 10 e−       E    0     = 1.246 − 0.0709    pH    +     0.0591 10     [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]       (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na    N    O    3     −       )     2       P      N    2            {\displaystyle \qquad E_{0}=1.246-0.0709{\text{ pH }}+{\frac {0.0591}{10}}\log {\frac { (\mathrm {NO_{3}^{-}}) ^{2}}{P_{\mathrrm {N_{2}}}}    &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;math&gt;\qquad E_0 = 1.246-0.0709 \text{ pH } + \frac {0.0591} {10} \log\frac{(\mathrm{NO_3^-})^2}{P_{\mathrm{N_2}}}&lt;/math&gt;

: &lt;nowiki&gt;2 H2O → O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e−       E    0     = 1.228 − 0.0591    pH    +     0.0591 4     [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]     P      O    2           {\displaystyle \qquad \qqued \qquada E_{0}=1.228-0.0591{\text{ pH }}+{\frac {0.0591}{4}}\log {P_{\mathrm {O_{2}} }}}    &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;math&gt;\qquad\qquad\qquad E_0 = 1.228-0.0591 \text{ pH } + \frac {0.0591} 4 \log{P_{\mathrm{O_2}}}&lt;/math&gt;

Iji 0.0118 kewaa ma hazigharịa na-enye mmekọrịta nguzozi:

: &lt;math&gt;\log\frac{(\mathrm{NO_3^-})}{P_{\mathrm{N_2}}^{1/2}P_{\mathrm{O_2}}^{5/4}}=\text{ pH }-1.5&lt;/math&gt;

Otú ọ dị, n'eziokwu, nitrogen, oxygen, na mmiri anaghị agwakọta ozugbo iji mepụta nitrate. Kama nke ahụ, ihe na-ebelata dị ka hydrogen na nitrogen na-emeghachi omume iji mepụta &quot;nitrogen kwụ ọtọ&quot; dị ka ammonia, nke a na-emezi ka ọ bụrụ oxidized, site n'ịgbakwunye oxygen nke na-agbanwe ghọọ nitrate. Nitrate anaghị anọkọ n'ogo dị elu n'okike n'ihi na ọ na-emeghachi omume na ihe ndị na-ewepu oxygen site na usoro a na-akpọ denitrification (lee Nitrogen cycle).

Nje bacteria ndị na-eme denitrification na-eji nitrate dị ka ihe na-anabata elektrọn n'ikpeazụ, nke na-enyere ha aka inweta ike ha ji ebi ndụ ma na-eto nke ọma.. N'okpuru &lt;sub data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&quot; href=&quot;./Hypoxia_(environmental)&quot; id=&quot;mwkg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Hypoxia (environmental)&quot;&gt;Ọnọdụ anaerobic, nitrate bụ ihe na-anabata electron kachasị ike nke 4&quot; href=&quot;./Prokaryote&quot; id=&quot;mwkw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Prokaryote&quot;&gt;prokaryote microorganisms (bacteria na archaea) maka iku ume. Di na nwunye redox NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;/N2 dị n'elu ọkwa redox maka iku ume anaerobic, n'okpuru di na nwunye oxygen (CO=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;./Oxygen&quot; id=&quot;mwnQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Oxygen&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;O2/ ), mana n'elu di na nwunye Mn (IV) /Mn (II), Fe (III) /Fe (II), SO42&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;/ , CO2/ . N'ime mmiri okike nke microorganisms bi, nitrate bụ ụdị kemịkal na-adịghị akwụsi ike na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi na ọ na-agbari site na nje bacteria. A ghaghị idebe ihe nnwale mmiri maka nyocha nitrate / nitrite na 4 °C n'ime ụlọ njuoyi dị ma nyochaa ya ngwa ngwa o kwere mee iji belata ọnwụ nitrate.   &amp;nbsp;

Na nzọụkwụ mbụ nke usoro denitrification, nitrate a gbazere agbaze (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) na-e2&quot; href=&quot;./Redox&quot; id=&quot;mwrg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Redox&quot;&gt;belata na nitrite (NO2&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) site na Ọrụ enzymatic nke nje bacteria. N'ime mmiri, nitrite a gbazere agbaze, N (III), bụ oxidizer dị ike karịa nitrate, N (V), n'ihi na ọ ga-anabata obere electrons na mbelata ya anaghị egbochi karịa nke nitrate.

A makwaara mbelata Electrochemical nke nitrate nke ọma, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Yixiao|date=April 2025|title=Relationships among structure, composition, and selectivity in the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate ions|journal=Current Opinion in Electrochemistry|language=en|volume=50|doi=10.1016/j.coelec.2025.101643}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na ojiji ya maka nchekwa ike na denitrification emepebeghị emepe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Du|first=Na|date=December 2025|title=A hidden role of the nitrate ions in nitrate-based energy storage materials|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352152X25036199|journal=Journal of Energy Storage|language=en|volume=139|doi=10.1016/j.est.2025.118906}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge usoro denitrification nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, mbelata ọzọ nke nitrite na-emekwa ka ihe ọzọ dị ike oxidizing: nitric oxide (NO). NO nwere ike idozi na myoglobin, na-eme ka ụcha ọbara ọbara ya pụta ìhè. NO bụ ihe dị mkpa na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ pụta ìhè ma na-etinye aka na usoro vasodilation. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ nwekwara ike ịmepụta free radicals na anụ ahụ, na-eme ka ha na-emebi ngwa ngwa na usoro ịka nká. Ụdị oxygen na-emeghachi omume (ROS) nke NO na-emepụta na-enye aka na nrụgide oxidative, ọnọdụ metụtara dysfunction vascular na atherogenesis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lubos2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide in atherothrombosis|journal=Frontiers in Bioscience|volume=13|issue=13|pages=5323–5344|date=May 2008|pmid=18508590|doi=10.2741/3084}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchọpụta dị na nyocha kemịkal ==
A na-enyocha anion nitrate na mmiri site na ion chromatography (IC) yana anions ndị ọzọ dịkwa na ngwọta ahụ. Isi uru nke IC bụ ịdị mfe ya na nyocha n'otu oge nke anions niile dị na sampụlụ mmiri. Kemgbe mpụta nke ngwá ọrụ IC na 1980s, usoro nkewa a, tinyere ọtụtụ ihe nchọpụta, aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị na ụlọ nyocha kemịkal ma bụrụ usoro kachasị amasị na nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka nyocha nitrite.&lt;ref name=&quot;Michalski2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Michalski|first=Rajmund|date=2006|title=Ion chromatography as a reference method for determination of inorganic ions in water and wastewater|journal=Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry|volume=36|issue=2|issn=1040-8347|doi=10.1080/10408340600713678|pages=107–127}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge gara aga, mkpebi nitrate dabere na spectrophotometric na colorimetric mgbe agbakwunyere otu reagent na ngwọta iji kpughee àgwà pụrụ iche (ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ihi na ọ na-amịkọrọ ìhè a na-ahụ anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ). N'ihi mgbochi na agba nchara nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze (DOM: humic na fulvic acid) na-adịkarị na mmiri oghere ala, ihe ndị e ji mee ihe nwere ike imetụta uru absorbance n'ụzọ dị mfe. N'ihe banyere mgbochi na-adịghị ike, ihe na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke nwere naanị ihe nlele mmiri na-acha nchara nchara nwere ike zuo iji wepụ ihe ndabere a na-achọghị site na ihe nlele a tụrụ. Ọ bụrụ na agba nchara DOM siri ike, a ghaghị idozi ihe nlele mmiri, a ghaghịkwa ikewapụ ụdị nitrogen na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla tupu a tụọ ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, maka ihe nlele mmiri doro anya, ngwá ọrụ colorimetric na-ejigide uru nke ịdị ọnụ ala na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ebugharị ha, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ dị ọnụ ala maka njikwa ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nha ubi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Syamaladevi|first=Nandu Ashtaman‐Pillai|date=November 2025|title=Transport Matters: The Critical Role of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) in Accelerating Electrochemical Nitrate to Ammonia Conversion|url=https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/advs.202506733|journal=Advanced Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=44|doi=10.1002/advs.202506733|issn=2198-3844|pmid=40985268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụzọ colorimetric maka nchọpụta  nke nitrate kpọmkwem (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) na-adabere na ntụgharị ya gaa na nitrite (NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) sochiri nyocha nitrite. mbelata nke nitrate na nitrite nwere ike ime site na ọla kọpa-cadmium alloy, metallic zinc, &lt;ref name=&quot;daAscencao2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=da Ascenção|first=Wellington Diego|date=2024-05-23|title=A simple, ecofriendly, and fast method for nitrate quantification in bottled water using visible spectrophotometry|journal=Toxics|volume=12|issue=6|issn=2305-6304|pmid=38922063|doi=10.3390/toxics12060383}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma ọ bụ hydrazine. Ihe kachasị ewu ewu n'ime nyocha ndị a bụ Ule Griess, ebe a na-agbanwe nitrite ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-acha uhie uhie nke dabara adaba maka nyocha UV-vis spectrophotometry. Usoro a na-eji mmeghachi omume nke nitrous acid () nke sitere na acidisation nke nitrite. Nitrous acid na-ahọrọ na-emeghachi omume na amines aromatic iji nye nnu diazonium, nke na-ejikọta ya na reagent nke abụọ iji nye [[azo dye]]&quot;&gt;azo dye. Ogologo nchọpụta bụ 0.02 ruo 2 μM.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moorcroft2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Detection and determination of nitrate and nitrite: a review|journal=Talanta|volume=54|issue=5|pages=785–803|date=June 2001|pmid=18968301|doi=10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00323-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ emeela ka ha kwekọọ na ihe nlele nke ihe ndị dị ndụ  na ihe nlere ala.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ellis1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nitrite and nitrate analyses: a clinical biochemistry perspective|journal=Clinical Biochemistry|volume=31|issue=4|pages=195–220|date=June 1998|pmid=9646943|doi=10.1016/S0009-9120(98)00015-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guiot1975&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guiot|first=J.|date=1975|title=Estimation of soil nitrogen reserves by determination of mineral nitrogen|url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19751922999|journal=Revue de l'Agriculture (Bruxelles)|volume=28|issue=5|pages=1117–1132}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Na usoro 2&quot; href=&quot;./Dimethylphenol&quot; id=&quot;mwAQ4&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Dimethylphenol&quot;&gt;dimethylphenol, a na-agbakwunye 1 mL nke sulfuric acid () na 200 μL nke ihe ngwọta a na-anwale maka nitrate. N'okpuru ọnọdụ acid siri ike, nitrate ion na-emeghachi omume na 2,6-dimethylphenol, na-emepụta ngwakọta odo, 4-nitro-2,6-dimethylephenol. Nke a na-eme site na electrophilic aromatic substitution ebe etiti nitronium (+NO2) ion na-awakpo mgbanaka aromatic nke dimethylphenol. A na-enyocha ngwaahịa a na-emepụta (ortho- ma ọ bụ para-nitro-dimethylphenol) site na iji UV-vis spectrophotometry na 345 nm dịka Iwu Lambert-Beer si dị.&lt;ref name=&quot;dimethylphenol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=US-EPA|title=Approved method for water and wastewater analysis, 40 CFR part 136; and drinking water, 40 CFR part 141.23.|url=https://downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OW-2011-0413-0018/content.pdf|accessdate=2025-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HachTNTplus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hach Company|title=TNTplus 835/836 nitrate method 10206. Spectrophotometric measurement of nitrate in water and wastewater|url=https://downloads.regulations.gov/EPA-HQ-OW-2011-0413-0018/content.pdf|year=2025|accessdate=2025-04-14}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &amp;nbsp;

Usoro ọzọ nke colorimetric dabere na Chromotropic acid (dihydroxynaphthalene-disulfonic acid) ka West na Lyles mepụtara na 1960 maka mkpebi spectrophotometric nke nitrate anions.&lt;ref name=&quot;WestLyles1960&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=West|first=Philip W.|date=1960|title=A new method for the determination of nitrates|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003267060800578|journal=Analytica Chimica Acta|volume=23|pages=227–232|doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(60)80057-8|issn=0003-2670}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụrụ na agbakwunye formic acid na ngwakọta nke brucine (alkaloid metụtara strychnine) na potassium nitrate (), ụcha ya na-acha ọbara ọbara ozugbo. A na-eji mmeghachi omume a eme ihe maka Nchọpụta colorimetric nke nitrates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baker1967&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Baker|first=Aaron Sidney|date=1967-05-01|title=Colorimetric determination of nitrate in soil and plant extracts with brucine|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf60153a004|accessdate=2025-03-01|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=15|issue=5|pages=802–806|language=EN|doi=10.1021/jf60153a004}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Maka nyocha kemịkal n'ịntanetị site na iji usoro na-agafe agafe, a na-ewebata ihe nnwale mmiri site na mgbapụta peristaltic na nyocha injection, a na'ejikọkwa nitrate ma ọ bụ nsị nitrite na-esi na ya apụta na reagent maka nchọpụta colorimetric ya.

== Mpụta ihe ya na mmepụta ==
A na-ahụ nnu nitrate n'ụzọ okike n'ụwa n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ dị ka nnukwu nkwakọba ihe, ọkachasị nke nitratine, isi iyi nke sodium nitrate.

A na-emepụta Nitrates site n'iwere ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria dị na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ammonia ma ọ bụ urea dị ka isi iyi nke nitrogen na isi iyi nke ike ha na-enweta n'enweghị enyemaka nke ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-emepụta ihe ndị dị na nitrate maka ntụ ọkụ n'akụkọ mmalite, na-enweghị isi iyi nke mineral nitrate, site n'usoro ịgbaze dị iche iche n'iji mamịrị na nsị.

Mgbe àmụ̀mà na-agba n'ikuku ụwa nke jupụtara na nitrogen na oksijin, ọ na-emepụta ngwakọta dị iche iche nke oxide nitrogenn, nke na-emepụta nitrous ion na nitrate ion, nke mmiri ozuzo na-awụchapụ site n'ikuku.

A na-esite na nitric acid emepụta Nitrates n'ụlọ ọrụ.

== Ojiji ya ==

=== Ọrụ ugbo ===
Nitrate bụ kemịkalụ nke na-eje ozi dị ka ụdị nitrogen bụ isi maka ọtụtụ osisi. Ihe oriri a dị mkpa na-eji osisi emepụta protein, nucleic acid, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Expected and Unexpected Roles of Nitrate Transporters in Plant Abiotic Stress Resistance and Their Regulation|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=19|issue=11|date=November 2018|pmid=30423982|doi=10.3390/ijms19113535}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe nke nitrogen ikuku n'ime nitrate na-esite na ụfọdụ nje bacteria na àmụ̀mà dị na okirikiri nitrogen, nke na-egosipụta ikike okike nwere iji gbanwee molekụl na-adịghị arụ ọrụ n'ụdị dị oke mkpa maka mmepụta ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2018-11-26|title=Insight on transformation pathways of nitrogen species and functional genes expression by targeted players involved in nitrogen cycle.|journal=Impact|language=en|volume=2018|issue=8|pages=58–59|doi=10.21820/23987073.2018.8.58|issn=2398-7073}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji nitrates eme [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fetịlaịza]] n'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] n'ihi nnukwu ike ha nwere ịgbaze n'ime mmiri na ịdị mfe ha ịlaghachi n'okike site n'ọrụ nje na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ. Isi fetịlaịza nitrate ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, na nnu magnesium. A na-emepụta ọtụtụ ijeri kilogram kwa afọ maka ebumnuche a. Ihe nitrate pụtara karịrị ọrụ ya dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbaàmà nye osisi, na-achịkwa usoro dịka uto mgbọrọgwụ, okooko osisi, na uto  akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nitrate regulation of lateral root and root hair development in plants|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=71|issue=15|pages=4405–4414|date=July 2020|pmid=31796961|doi=10.1093/jxb/erz536}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na nitrate bara uru maka ọrụ ugbo ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-eme ka ala na-eme nri na ihe ọkụkụ, ojiji ya gabigara ókè nwere ike ibute ịsachapụ nri ndị dị n'ala, mmetọ mmiri, na ịbawanye mpaghara mmiri nwụrụ anwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Concerns and Threats of Contamination on Aquatic Ecosystems|date=2020|title=Bioremediation and Biotechnology|pages=1–26|location=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-35691-0_1|isbn=978-3-030-35690-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere, usoro ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide nke na-eme ka mmepụta ihe na nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa. Mkpa Nitrate dị na gburugburu ebe obibi pụtara ìhè ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-akwado uto na mmepe nke osisi, na-enye aka na ụdị dị iche iche na nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Possibilities for reducing nitrate leaching from agricultural land|journal=Ambio|volume=31|issue=5|pages=404–408|date=August 2002|pmid=12374048|doi=10.1579/0044-7447-31.5.404}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwá Agha ===
A na-eji nitrate eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-agbaze, ọkachasị na bọmbụ, ebe ngwa ngwa oxidation nke ogige carbon na-atọhapụ nnukwu gas (lee ntụ ọkụ dị ka ihe atụ).

=== Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ===
A na-eji sodium nitrate ewepụ ikuku site na iko a gbazere agbaze na ụfọdụ ceramics. A na-eji ngwakọta nke nnu a gbazere agbaze eme ka elu nke ọla ụfọdụ sie ike.

=== Ojiji ya n'ọgwụ na imeputa ọgwụ ===
N'ihe gbasara ahụike, organic esters e nwetara na nitrate, dị ka glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, na isosorbide mononitrate, eme ihe na prophylaxis na nlekọta nke acute coronary syndrome, Myocardial infarction, acute pulmonary oedema.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The role of organic nitrates in the optimal medical management of angina|journal=e-Journal of Cardiology Practice|date=April 2017|volume=15|issue=2|url=https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/The-role-of-organic-nitrates-in-the-optimal-medical-management-of-angina|accessdate=2023-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ụdị ọgwụ a, nke amyl nitrite sokwa na ya, dị ka nitrovasodilators.

== Mmetụta na nchekwa ==
Akụkụ abụọ nke kwesịrị ilebara anya na mmetụta nitrate bụ ndị a:

* nitrate belatara site na ọrụ microbial nke nitrate reducing bacteria bụ ihe na-ebute nitrite na mmiri na n'okpuru eriri afọ. Nitrite bụ ihe na-ebute nitrosamines na-akpata carcinogenic, na;
* site na mmepụta nke nitrite, nitrate na-emetụta [[Hemoglobin]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAZ0&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Methemoglobinemia&quot;&gt;methemoglobinemia, nsogbu nke hemoglobin na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, karịsịa na-emetụ ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka site na iri nitrates na mmiri ọṅụṅụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=When does nitrate become a risk for humans?|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|volume=37|issue=2|pages=291–295|year=2008|pmid=18268290|doi=10.2134/jeq2007.0177|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/102}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=The Merck Veterinary Manual|title=Nitrate and Nitrite Poisoning: Introduction|url=http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/212300.htm|accessdate=2008-12-27|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001633/http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/212300.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Methemoglobinemia ===
Otu n'ime ihe kachasị akpata methemoglobinemia n'ime ụmụaka ọhụrụ bụ iri nitrate na nitrite site na mmiri ma ọ bụ nri.

N'ezie, nitrates (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), nke na-adịkarị n'ọtụtụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, bụ naanị ụdị kemịkal na-ebute nitrites (NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;), ezigbo ndị kpatara metHemoglobin. Nitrite nke a na-emepụta site na Mbelata nke nitrate (n'ụzọ ziri ezi na mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe usoro mgbari nri nke nwa ọhụrụ riri ya) bụ ndị na-eme ka oxidizers dị ike karịa nitrates ma bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka oxidation nke Fe&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime Fe&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; na tetrapyrrole heme nke hemoglobin. N'ezie, anions nitrate bụ ndị oxidizers na-adịghị ike na mmiri iji nwee ike ozugbo, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ngwa ngwa, oxidize Fe2+ n'ime Fe3+, n'ihi njedebe kinetics.

Ụmụaka na-erubeghị ọnwa anọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu n'ihi na ha na-aṅụ mmiri karịa n'ibu ọ bụla ha buru, ha nwere ọrụ NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase dị ala, ha nwekwara ọkwa dị elu nke hemoglobin nwa ọhụrụ nke na-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị mfe na methemoglobin. Tụkwasị na nke a, ụmụ ọhụrụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu mgbe ha nwesịrị gastroenteritis n'ihi mmepụta nke nitrites site na nje bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Chapter 489: Hemoglobinopathies|title=Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics|edition=21st|date=2000|publisher=Elsevier Inc.|pages=2540–2558|isbn=978-0-323-52950-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nitrates nwekwara ike imetụta ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị dị ime.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00344.x|title=Nitrate and human health|journal=Soil Use and Management|volume=20|issue=2|pages=98–104|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10379005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Infantile methemoglobinemia: reexamining the role of drinking water nitrates|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=107|issue=7|pages=583–6|date=July 1999|pmid=10379005|doi=10.1289/ehp.99107583}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ezie, ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka Ọrịa obi cyanotic, nkwarụ obi a mụrụ na-akpata nke na-akpatakwa ikuku oxygen dị ala n'ọbara,  ma ọ bụ iwe afọ, dị ka ọrịa afọ ọsịsa, enweghị ike ịnagide protein, mmetụta metal dị arọ, wdg. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Nitrates in drinking water and methemoglobin levels in pregnancy: a longitudinal study|language=En|journal=Environmental Health|volume=9|issue=1|date=October 2010|pmid=20946657|doi=10.1186/1476-069x-9-60}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ===
Site na Iwu na-achị Mmiri Ọṅụṅụ Dị Mma, [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States]] setịpụrụ ọkwa kachasị elu nke 10 mg / L ma ọ bụ 10 ppm nke nitrate na mmiri ọṅụṅụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://safewater.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/211401718-4-What-are-EPA-s-drinking-water-regulations-for-nitrate-|title=4. What are EPA's drinking water regulations for nitrate?|work=Ground Water &amp; Drinking Water|date=20 September 2016|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Kọmitii Ọkachamara Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị A Na-etinye n'Nri nke FAO na WHO (JECFA) wepụtara oke nitrate ion a na-anabata ka mmadụ na-aṅụ kwa ụbọchị (ADI), nke dị n'agbata 0 ruo 3.7 mg kwa kilogram ibu ahụ n'otu ụb. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Composite of Cu metal nanoparticles-multiwall carbon nanotubes-reduced graphene oxide as a novel and high performance platform of the electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate|journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials|volume=324|issue=Pt B|pages=762–772|date=February 2017|pmid=27894754|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.055}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Mmetụta na-egbu egbu n'ime mmiri ===
[[Faịlụ:Annual_mean_sea_surface_nitrate_(World_Ocean_Atlas_2009).png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nitrate n'elu oké osimiri sitere na Atlas nke Oké Osimiri ỤwaAtụmatụ Oké Osimiri Ụwa]]
Na Mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ usoro estuarine dị nso n'ala, nitrate nwere ike iru ogo nke na-egbu azụ. Ọ bụ ezie na nitrate bụ ihe na-egbu egbu karịa ammonia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Acute toxicity of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and potassium chloride and their effects on the hemolymph composition and gill structure of early juvenile blue swimmer crabs(Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758) (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae)|journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry|volume=26|issue=9|pages=1955–1962|date=September 2007|pmid=17705664|doi=10.1897/07-144r.1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọkwa karịrị ppm nitrate iri atọ nwere ike igbochi uto, mebie usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ ma kpatara nrụgide na ụfọdụ ụdị mmiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://freshaquarium.about.com/od/watercare/a/nitrates.htm|title=Nitrates in the Aquarium|work=About.com|accessdate=October 30, 2013|author=Sharpe, Shirlie|archivedate=July 24, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724135608/http://freshaquarium.about.com/od/watercare/a/nitrates.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nitrate toxicity ka bụ isiokwu arụmụka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of potassium on nitrate mediated alterations of osmoregulation in marine crabs|journal=Aquatic Toxicology|volume=85|issue=3|pages=202–208|date=December 2007|pmid=17942166|doi=10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.09.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nke oke nitrate na usoro mmiri, isi ihe bụ mmiri na-adịghị mma, ya na mmiri na-agbapụta n'elu site na ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ebe ndị mara mma nke natara fatịlaịza nitrate karịrị akarị. eutrophication na algae na-akpata anoxia na mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ. N'ihi ya, ka nitrate na-emepụta akụkụ nke ihe siri ike, a na-eji ha eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe na-egosi [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

== Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ntinye nitrate ==
[[Faịlụ:Nitrate_and_Phosphate_Pacific_Ocean.jpg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ nitrate na phosphate karịrị akarị nke a tụrụ n'Oké Osimiri Pacific &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Saichun|first=Tan|date=2016|title=Satellite-Observed Transport of Dust to the East China Sea and the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: Contribution of Dust to the Increase in Chlorophyll during Spring 2010|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/7/11/152|journal=Atmosphere|language=en|volume=7|issue=11|doi=|issn=2073-4433}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Nitrate deposition n'ime ecosystems amụbaala nke ukwuu n'ihi ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ, ọkachasị site na itinye [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] nitrogen bara ụba n'ọrụ ugbo na ikuku sitere na ọkụ ọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Past, Present and Future Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|volume=73|issue=5|pages=2039–2047|date=May 2016|pmid=32747838|doi=10.1175/JAS-D-15-0278.1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa afọ, a na-eji ihe dị ka nde 195 nke nitrogen fatịlaịza eme ihe n'ụwa niile, na nitrates mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke ego a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global fertilizer consumption by nutrient 1965-2021|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/438967/fertilizer-consumption-globally-by-nutrient/|accessdate=2024-04-20|work=Statista|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ógbè ndị nwere ọrụ ugbo siri ike, dị ka akụkụ nke US, China, na India, ojiji nke fatịlaịza nitrogen nwere ike ịgafe 200 kilogram kwa hekta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mmetụta nke mmụba nke nitrate na-agbasa karịa obodo osisi iji metụta Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ irighiri ihe n'ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effects of nitrogen input on soil bacterial community structure and soil nitrogen cycling in the rhizosphere soil of ''Lycium barbarum'' L|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=13|date=2023-01-10|pmid=36704567|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2022.1070817}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe na kemịkalụ ala na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nwere ike imebi usoro okike nke nitrogen fixation, nitrification, na denitrification, nke na-eduga na mgbanwe nke usoro na ọrụ nke obodo microbial. Mgbanwe a nwere ike imetụta usoro nri na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Disruption of the global nitrogen cycle: A grand challenge for the twenty-first century: This article belongs to Ambio's 50th Anniversary Collection. Theme: Eutrophication|journal=Ambio|volume=50|issue=4|pages=759–763|date=April 2021|pmid=33534057|doi=10.1007/s13280-020-01429-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nitrate dị n'ime nri a na-eri ==
Isi iyi nke nitrate na nri mmadụ na-esite na iri nri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, dị ka spinach na arugula. NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; nwere ike ịdị na mmiri beetroot. Mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-anọchite anya isi iyi nitrate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hord2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=90|issue=1|pages=1–10|date=July 2009|pmid=19439460|doi=10.3945/ajcn.2008.27131}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nitrate a na-eri eri na-eme ka plasma nitrate dịkwuo elu site na abụọ ruo atọ, a pụkwara ịnọgide na-enwe nitrate dị elu karịa izu 2. Mmụba nke plasma nitrate na-eme ka mmepụta nke nitric oxide, NO. Nitric oxide bụ ihe mgbaàmà nke na-etinye aka, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, na-achịkwa ọbara na iku ume mitochondrial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Food, Nutrition and Sports Performance III|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-62792-4|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụ a gwọrọ ma chekwaa ka ọ ghara imebi ngwa ngwa ===
''Ogo nitrite (NO₂⁻) mmadụ na-eri na-adaberekarị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ndị a haziri n'ụlọ ọrụ mmadụ na-eri, nakwa n'ogo nitrate''  (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) agbakwunyere na anụ ndị a (becon, sausage...) iji chekwaa ha ma mee ka ha ghara imebi ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụ ezie na nitrites bụ ụdị nitrogen a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ọgwụgwọ anụ, a na-eji nitrates eme ihe ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ nitrite site na microorganisms, ma ọ bụ na usoro mgbari nri, malite site na mgbasa ha na asọ na njikọ ha na microbiota nke ọnụ. Nitrites na-eduga n'ịmepụta nitrosamines na-akpata carcinogenic.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12421881&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Effect of white versus red meat on endogenous N-nitrosation in the human colon and further evidence of a dose response|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|volume=132|issue=11 Suppl|pages=3522S–3525S|date=November 2002|pmid=12421881|doi=10.1093/jn/132.11.3522S}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike igbochi mmepụta nke nitrosamines site na iji vitamin C Antioxidants na ụdị alpha-tocopherol nke vitamin E n'oge ọgwụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22464105&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Sodium nitrite: the &quot;cure&quot; for nitric oxide insufficiency|journal=Meat Science|volume=92|issue=3|pages=274–279|date=November 2012|pmid=22464105|doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.03.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahazi anụ na-ekwu na anụ ha (dịka bacon) bụ &quot;anụ a na-agwọghị&quot; – ma  nke a bụ naanị ụzọ mgbasa ozi ahịa, n'ihi na ọ nweghị ezigbo ihe ndabere ya: N'eziokwu, ọ dịghị ihe dịka &quot;bacon a na-agwọghị,&quot; (n'ihi na ụdị bacon a ga-abụ afọ anụ ezi e bere n'ibe ma bụrụ nke a na-emebeghị nhazi ma ọ bụ nchekwa ọ bụla).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1132614/is-there-a-difference-between-cured-and-uncured-bacon/|title=Is There a Difference Between Cured and Uncured Bacon?|date=9 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2023)&quot;&gt;better&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;source&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; N'eziokwu, &quot;anụ a na-akpọ uncured&quot; bụkwa anụ e ji nitrite gwọọ ma chekwaa, ebe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche n'usoro nhazi ya. Naanị ọdịiche dị bụ ihe iwu ịkpọ aha ngwaahịa nke USDA chọrọ n'etiti nitrite sitere n'osisi akwukwo nri (dịka celery) na sodium nitrite a na-emepụta n'ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ (&quot;synthetic&quot;). Ihe atụ yiri nke a bụ &quot;sea salt&quot; vs. sodium chloride – ha abụọ bụ otu kemịkalụ ahụ kpọmkwem, naanị oke ndịiche dị n'etiti ha bụ isi mmalite ha.

Nri ndị na-egbochi ọbara mgbali elu, dị ka Nri DASH, na-enwekarị ọkwa nitrate dị elu, nke a na-ebu ụzọ belata na nitrite na asọ, dịka achọpụta na nyocha asọ, tupu ịmepụta nitric oxide (NO). &lt;ref name=&quot;Hord2009&quot;/&gt;

== Nri anụ ụlọ ==
Mgbaàmà nke nsị nitrate n'ime anụ ụlọ gụnyere mmụba obi na iku ume; n'ọnọdụ ndị dị elu, ọbara na anụ ahụ nwere ike ịghọ acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ nchara nchara. Enwere ike ịnwale nri maka nitrate; ebe ọgwụgwọ gụnyere iwere nitrate dị ala dochie nri dị ugbu a. Ogo nitrate a na-ewere dị ka nke dị mma maka ụdị anụ ụlọ dị iche iche bụ ndị a: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/faq8911|title=Nitrate Risk in Forage Crops - Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Government of Alberta|work=Agriculture and Rural Development|accessdate=October 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ụdị
!%NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
!%NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-N
!%KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;
!Mmetụta
|-
|1
|&lt; 0.5&amp;nbsp;
|&lt; 0.12&amp;nbsp;
|&lt; 0.81&amp;nbsp;
|N'ozuzu, ọ dị mma maka ehi na atụrụ
|-
|2
|0.5–1.0
|0.12–0.23
|0.81–1.63
|Ịdọ aka ná ntị: ụfọdụ mgbaàmà ndị na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịpụta na ịnyịnya dị ime, atụrụ na ehi dị ime
|-
|3
|1.0
|0.23
|1.63
|Nsogbu nitrate dị elu: ọnwụ na ite ime nwere ike ime na ehi na atụrụ
|-
|4
|&lt; 1.23&amp;nbsp;
|&lt; 0.28&amp;nbsp;
|&lt; 2.00&amp;nbsp;
|Ọnọdụ kachasị mma maka ịnyịnya. Ejila nri dị elu nke nitrate nye ụmụ nne dị ime
|}
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e nyere n'elu dabeere na ihe na-enweghị mmiri.

== Nnu na ihe ndị e si na ya nweta nke nwere njikọ covalent ==
Ọdịdị nke nitrate na ihe ndị dị na tebụl oge:{{nitrates}}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ammonium
* Eutrophication
* f-ratio na oceanography
* Ihe osise oyi
* Nitrification
* Nitratin
* Nitrite, anion NO2&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;
* Nitrogen oxide
* Nitrogen trioxide, nke na-anọpụ iche NO3
* Peroxynitrate, OONO2&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;
* Sodium nitrate

== Edensibịa ==
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      <text bytes="1899" sha1="4726mi0ol6sc7e5clus4ubpx8exjxbp" xml:space="preserve">Mohammed Sani Idriss bụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Naịjirịa si Yobe State, Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ kọmishọna agụmakwụkwọ na Ministri nke agụmakwụkwọ mbụ na nke sekọndrị nke Yobe State mgbe Mai Mala Buni, gọvanọ steeti Yobe họpụtara ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Usman|first=Shehu|date=2021-03-01|title=Yobe Education Commissioner explains why state shut down schools|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/03/01/yobe-education-commissioner-explains-why-state-shut-down-schools/|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Yusuf|first=Yusuf A.|date=2022-05-17|title=Yobe'll soon rank among top 10 in education – Commissioner|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/yobell-soon-rank-among-top-10-in-education-commissioner/|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Voice|first=Muslim|date=2021-12-05|title=Yobe State Commissioner of Education Spent Night in State Owned Boarding School {{!}} The Muslim Voice, Nigeria|url=https://muslimvoice.com.ng/2021/12/05/yobe-state-commissioner-of-education-spent-night-in-state-owned-boarding-school/|accessdate=2022-12-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Luckson|first=Cara Gift|date=2021-09-08|title=Commissioner of education pays surprise visit to 5 schools in Yobe, finds principals absent|url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2021/09/08/commissioner-of-education-pays-surprise-visit-to-5-schools-in-yobe-finds-no-principal-on-duty/|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=Neptune Prime|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225103925/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2021/09/08/commissioner-of-education-pays-surprise-visit-to-5-schools-in-yobe-finds-no-principal-on-duty/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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  <page>
    <title>Nick Eze</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="15888" sha1="jnanzpl4cddpd55hj8xtxdv87wrn7uw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Nicholas Chika Ezeh''' (born November 5, 1963) is a Nigerian political economist, politician and entrepreneur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NICK citation.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1WFk6B-JoU3aX1TRvOlUrmB4cEZbHY0oW/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ede|first=Raphael|date=2022-11-08|title=Legislature should be part-time - Enugu APC senatorial candidate|url=https://punchng.com/legislature-should-be-part-time-enugu-apc-senatorial-candidate/|accessdate=2025-06-07|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezeh wrote the commercialization proposal for the [[Lagos International Trade Fair]] Complex at Lagos in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-23|title=Iyaloja, others hail concessionaire’s exploits at Lagos Trade Fair complex|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/23/iyaloja-others-hail-concessionaires-exploits-at-lagos-trade-fair-complex/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe e bipụtara Iwu Nke 68 nke afọ 1993 nke hiwere Lagos International Trade Fair Complex Management Board (LITFCMB), ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchite anya nke Lagos International Trade Fair Complex na 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;unreliable source?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|date=2021-03-01|title=N10trn investments threatened by Lagos Trade fair concession – Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/n10trn-investments-threatened-by-lagos-trade-fair-concession/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-09-06|title=Aulic, Lagos Trade Fair concessionaire faults VP, NCP over ‘announced’ revocation|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/09/06/aulic-lagos-trade-fair-concessionaire-faults-vp-ncp-over-announced-revocation/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ bụ onye hiwere otu ụlọ ọrụ Aulic Group nke nwere mmasị na Infrastructural Investment/Development na Economic Management.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aulic boss dismisses FG’s revocation of Trade Fair concession as untrue – Prime Time Reporters|url=https://primetimereporters.com/2017/09/aulic-boss-dismisses-fgs-revocation-of-trade-fair-concession-as-untrue/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=primetimereporters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2017-12-12|title=Igbo coalition faults BPE on concession of Lagos Trade Fair Complex|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/igbo-coalition-faults-bpe-concession-lagos-trade-fair-complex/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=LITFC: FG Terminates Concession Agreement with Aulic Nigeria over Alleged Contract Breach|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/01/litfc-fg-terminates-concession-agreement-with-aulic-nigeria-over-alleged-contract-breach/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezeh was the first president of Sun-Rise Club of Inyi town in [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu State]], noted for noticeably developing the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Role_of_Sunrise_Club_in_Strategic_Capacity_Building_for_Sustainable_Development_of_Inyi_Autonomous_Communities.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ic8RwDWKlcdXLybVdSivb-agUrY-cOr6/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onyeisi oche na onye guzobere Institute of African Studies na International Personnel Academy, Kiev- Ukraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;unreliable source?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọ bụ onyeisi oche mba nke Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Obodo Ndị Uwe Ojii (PCRC), Naịjirịa..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-06-16|title=PCRC National Headquarters Felicitates Newly Promoted Senior Police Officers, Thumbs Up Police Service Commission (PSC)|url=https://newscontinental.com.ng/pcrc-national-headquaters-felicitates-newly-promoted-senior-police-officers-thumbs-up-police-service-commission-psc/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=NewsContinental|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He is the National Deputy Chairman (South), Police Community Relations Committee (PCRC), Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reporters|first=NewsGlobal|date=2022-12-04|title=Prof. Nick Ezeh Emerges PCRC Deputy National Chairman South|url=https://newsglobal.com.ng/prof-nick-ezeh-emerges-pcrc-deputy-national-chairman-south/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=News Global International – Latest news in nigeria now|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NIGERIA @64: Professor Nick Ezeh Calls for more Synergy, intelligence Sharing among Security agencies in Tackling Insecurity|url=https://afriquecast.com/blog/1289/nigeria-at-64-professor-nick-ezeh-calls-for-more-synergy-intelligence-sharing-among-security-agencies-in-tackling-insecurity|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=afriquecast.com|language=en|archivedate=2025-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216062838/https://afriquecast.com/blog/1289/nigeria-at-64-professor-nick-ezeh-calls-for-more-synergy-intelligence-sharing-among-security-agencies-in-tackling-insecurity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezeh was Senatorial Candidate under Labour Party, Enugu West, during the [[2011 Nhọrọ Senate nke Naijiria na Enugu Steeti|2011 Nigerian Senate elections in Enugu State]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gatmash|date=2022-11-08|title=Legislature should be part-time – Enugu APC senatorial candidate|url=https://gatmash.com/2022/11/08/legislature-should-be-part-time-enugu-apc-senatorial-candidate/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Gatmash – Exclusive Breaking News|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222033458/https://gatmash.com/2022/11/08/legislature-should-be-part-time-enugu-apc-senatorial-candidate/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also Senatorial Candidate under the [[All Progressives Congress]] party, Enugu West, during the 2023 Nigerian Senate elections in Enugu State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Abuchi|first=Joe|date=2023-01-10|title=2023-Prof. Nick Eze Campaign Organization welcomes Buhari to Enugu.|url=https://authorityngr.com/2023/01/10/2023-prof-nick-eze-campaign-organization-welcomes-buhari-to-enugu/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=‘APC ‘ll Defeat PDP in Enugu West’|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/10/20/apc-ll-defeat-pdp-in-enugu-west/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ugwueze|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-10-21|title=Enugu West ranks among least developed zones in Nigeria – APC chieftain, Ezeh|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/21/enugu-west-ranks-among-least-developed-zones-in-nigeria-apc-chieftain-ezeh/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was awarded &quot;honorary professor&quot; by the Academic Council of the International Personnel Academy, Kiev- [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] on May 17, 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Ezeh na Nọvemba 5, 1963, site n'aka Sir Thomas Ezeh na Lady Cecilia Ezeh. Ọ bụ onye Ozegu-Enugu Inyi, in Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2024)&quot;&gt;unreliable source?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ogbete Primary School, Enugu, na Tolu Secondary School, Lagos, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma nweta PGD na Industrial/Transport Engineering, Munich-Germany na 1993.and a Master of Science degree in Economic Science from Odessa State University, Ukraine in 1995. Ezeh also earned a PGD in Industrial Rubber Engineering, Munich-Germany in 2001. O nwetara nzere PhD atọ na Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa na Evangel Christian University of America, Monroe, Louisiana USA in 2004; in Public Governance from International Open University, Ukraine in 2013; na nchịkwa ọchịchị ọha site na International Personnel Academy, Kiev-Ukraine na 2013. Na Mee 17, 2010, e nyere ya &quot;Prọfesọ nsọpụrụ&quot; nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mba ụwa, International Personnel Academy, Kiev-Ukraine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Ezeh guzobere Aulic Group of Companies, nke nwetara ikike site na Gọọmentị Federal nke Naijiria maka Lagos Trade Fair Complex na 2007 n'okpuru Gọọmentụ Federal's Privatization and commercialization Programme.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-24|title=How Aulic revolutionized Lagos Trade Fair complex to world class|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/24/how-aulic-revolutionized-lagos-trade-fair-complex-to-world-class/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; National Council on Privatization (NCP) kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ahụ na 2017,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=FG signs agreement to re-concession Lagos trade fair complex|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/592883-fg-signs-agreement-to-re-concession-lagos-trade-fair-complex.html|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na Ezeh megidere omume a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2017-10-24|title=Nick Ezeh, Lagos trade fair concessionaire not in Custody—EFCC|url=https://businesshilights.com.ng/2017/10/24/nick-ezeh-lagos-trade-fair-concessionaire-not-in-custody-efcc/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Business Hilights|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aulic boss dismisses FG’s revocation of Trade Fair concession as untrue – Prime Time Reporters|url=https://primetimereporters.com/2017/09/aulic-boss-dismisses-fgs-revocation-of-trade-fair-concession-as-untrue/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=primetimereporters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezeh bụkwa onye guzobere Global Association for Industrialization and Commercialization in Nigeria (GAINCIN). Ọ gbara ọsọ maka ndị omeiwu Naịjirịa na 2011 na 2023.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Nick Ezeh Urged The Media to be Fair, Objective and Balance in line of their Duties.|url=https://www.urbanradio945.com/professor-nick-ezeh-urged-the-media-to-be-fairobjective-and-balance-in-line-of-their-duies/|accessdate=2024-10-02|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Nick Ezeh, has Vowed to Pursue an All-Inclusive Template.|url=https://www.urbanradio945.com/professor-nick-ezeh-has-vowed-to-pursue-an-all-inclusive-template/|accessdate=2024-10-04|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2022-10-19|title=Negligence by elected representatives fuel allegation of marginalisation in South East, says Ezeh|url=https://guardian.ng/news/negligence-by-elected-representatives-fuel-allegation-of-marginalisation-in-south-east-says-ezeh/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkọ e bipụtara, mkpọsa ya, nke e hiwere na Nọvemba 2022,  o lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọwapụta ihe owuwu ndị a na-ekwu na ha mebiri emebi na mpaghara ndị omeiwu Enugu-West nke Steeti Enugu.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nweze|first=Chuks|date=2022-11-06|title=Enugu West race: Ezeh flags off campaign, inaugurates ‘mandate team’|url=https://blueprint.ng/enugu-west-race-ezeh-flags-off-campaign-inaugurates-mandate-team/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ogbodo-Iwu|first=Patience|date=October 18, 2022|title=2023: I Will Provide Quality, Result Driven Leadership – Ezeh, APC Senatorial Candidate|url=https://independent.ng/2023-i-will-provide-quality-result-driven-leadership-ezeh-apc-senatorial-candidate/|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Abuchi|first=Joe|date=2022-10-23|title=Enugu West senatorial district is among the least developed senatorial zones, says Prof.Nick Ezeh, Enugu West APC candidate.|url=https://authorityngr.com/2022/10/23/enugu-west-senatorial-district-is-among-the-least-developed-senatorial-zones-says-prof-nick-ezeh-enugu-west-apc-candidate/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=ANUKWUOJI|first=REGIS|date=2022-10-19|title=Enugu: Candidate laments poor state of infrastructure in senatorial district|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/enugu-candidate-laments-poor-state-of-infrastructure-in-senatorial-district/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezeh bụbu Onye isi oche nke Federal Capital Territory Command nke Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Ndị Uwe Ojii (PCRC), Naijiria,  na Onye isi oche mba nke Kọmiti Mmekọrịta Mmekọrịta ndị Uwe Ojii, (PCRC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-03-26|title=‘Police, PCRC collaboration fruitful in bursting crimes in Apo’|url=https://dailytrust.com/police-pcrc-collaboration-fruitful-in-bursting-crimes-in-apo/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-06-08|title=PCRC National Headquarters Lauds National Assembly for Passage of Bill Exempting Police from Pension Scheme|url=https://newscontinental.com.ng/pcrc-national-headquarters-lauds-national-assembly-for-passage-of-bill-exempting-police-from-pension-scheme/|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=NewsContinental|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị otu ==
Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Institute of Directors (NID); Institute of Corporate Managers &amp; Public Administrators of Nigeria; Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria (REDAN); America Home Builders Association, U.S.A (HBA); Paul Harris Fellow, Rotary International (RI); Ambassador of Peace of the International Peace Federation.  (IPF 2008); Institute of Renewable Energy/Energy Management Ukraine; na, International Academy of Ecology, Kiev, Ukraine/Canada.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Nkwado ==

* Onye isi obodo nke Holy Ghost Parish, Enugu-Inyi na Osimiri Oji LGA nke Enugu Steeti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=SKJ|date=2022-11-01|title=Prof. Nick Ezeh Confers With Mayor Holy Ghost Parish – News Global International – Latest news in Nigeria now|url=https://newsglobal.com.ng/prof-nick-ezeh-confers-with-mayor-holy-ghost-parish/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=News Global International – Latest news in Nigeria now|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị Naijiria na Diaspora Organization (NIDO) Germany Leadership Service Award (2014). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2014-10-04|title=The 2nd Nigerians In Diaspora Organization (NIDO) Germany Leadership Service Awards Recipients|url=https://www.africanheritagemagazine.de/2059/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=African Heritage Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye isi / Onye isi ọchịchị, National Advisory Council of the Alaigbo Great Igbo Achievers Legacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COMMENTARY: Great Igbo Achievers Advisory Council For Legacy Day Celebration|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2024/09/29/commentary-great-igbo-achievers-advisory-council-for-legacy-day-celebration-2/|accessdate=2024-10-02|work=Heartbeat of the East|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ==

* Na-egwu njakịrị nke Privatization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Playing The Joke Of Privatization.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NGS7EnnN2rsNC8puYDZzzxCKBpMK41HF/view?usp=sharing|accessdate=2024-10-04|work=Adulbert Legal Services}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Mohammed Barkindo
| native_name         = {{nobold|محمد باركينطو}}
| native_name_lang    = ar
| image               = Mohammed Barkindo September 2016 (29604098012) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Barkindo in 2017
| office              = 28th [[Secretary General of OPEC]]
| term_start          = 1 August 2016
| term_end            = 5 July 2022
| predecessor         = [[Abdallah Salem el-Badri]]
| successor           = [[Haitham al-Ghais]]
| birth_name          = Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1959|04|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]], [[Colonial Nigeria|Nigeria]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2022|07|05|1959|04|20|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Abuja]], Nigeria
| party               = 
| alma_mater          = {{ubl|[[Ahmadu Bello University]] ([[Zaria]], Nigeria)|[[Southeastern University (Washington, D.C.)|Southeastern University]] (Washington, D.C., US)}}
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo''' {{Audio|Ha-Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo.ogg|pronunciation}} (20 Eprel 1959 - 5 Julaị 2022) Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Site na 1 Ọgọst 2016 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Mba Ndị Na-ebupụ Mmanụ Ala. O nyere aka mepụta njikọ OPEC+ n'etiti ndị otu OPEC na mba ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mmanụ.

Barkindo bụbu osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu na 2006. Ọ duru ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nke Naịjirịa site na 2009 ruo 2010, ma duru ndị nnọchiteanya teknụzụ nke Naịjirịa na mkparịta ụka UN gbasara ihu igwe malite na 1991.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Barkindo na 20 Eprel 1959 na [[Yola]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf|accessdate=|work=[[OPEC]]|archivedate=15 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barkindo gụsịrị nzere bachelọ ya na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] (Zaria, Nigeria) na 1981 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; na nzere Master of Business Administration na Mahadim Southeastern (Washington, D.C.) na 1991. Tupu MBA ya, ọ nwetara diplọma postgraduate na Petroleum Economics na Mahadum Oxford na 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 August 2016|title=Barkindo CV|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184953/http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archivedate=12 September 2016|publisher=OPEC|accessdate=24 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Barkindo malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 1982 na Nigerian Mining Corporation (NMC), nke ọ hapụrụ n'afọ 1986 n'ọkwa onyeisi nchịkwa. Obere oge tupu ọ hapụ NMC, e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke [[Rilwanu Lukman]], Minista Naịjirịa nke Mmanụ na Ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Shehu|first=Idris|date=6 July 2022|title=OBITUARY: Mohammed Barkindo, the political scientist who became a star at OPEC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-mohammed-barkindo-the-political-scientist-who-became-a-star-at-opec|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa a ruo afọ 1989, ebe ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi oche na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) nke steeti ahụ nwere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Akpan|first=Udeme|date=6 July 2022|title=The Man Mohammad Barkindo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/the-man-mohammad-barkindo/|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụchara MBA ya, Barkindo gara n'ihu jiri ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na NNPC. Ọ bụ onye njikwa nke ngalaba dị iche iche, gụnyere onye njikwa izugbe of the [[London]] Office. N'afọ 2007, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nhazi ọrụ pụrụ iche, nke gụnyere ilekọta ọrụ niile gọọmentị etiti nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi njikwa otu (GMD) nke NNPC site na Jenụwarị 2009 ruo Eprel 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2010, Barkindo kwagara [[Washington, D.C.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Said|first=Summer|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo Dies|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-dies-11657090828|accessdate=9 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nyocha na Mahadum George Mason site na 2014 ruo 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke UN ===
Site na 1991, Barkindo bụ onye ndu ndị nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa na Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu gbasara Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe. Ọ bụ naanị onye nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa gara nzukọ ogbako Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu site na 1995 ruo 2010. A họpụtara ya osote onyeisi oche nke Mgbakọ Ndị Omeiwu na 2007, 2008, na 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== OPEC ===
Barkindo ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Naijiria na nzukọ ndị minista OPEC na 1986. Na afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nnọchite anya Naịjirịa na bọọdụ kọmishọna akụ na ụba OPEC (ECB). &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ọ nọgidere na ndị isi oche ruo 2008, nakwa dịka onye nnọchite anya ruo 2010. Site na 2009 ruo 2010, ọ bụ Gọvanọ Naịjirịa na OPEC Board of Governors. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf|accessdate=|work=[[OPEC]]|archivedate=15 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf &quot;Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[OPEC]]''. Archived from [https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 15 May 2022.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2006, Barkindo rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke OPEC. N'ọkwa a, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke ECB. N'ọgbakọ nke otu UN Commission on Sustainable Development nke afọ sochirinụ, Barkindo bụ onyeisi oche nke otu OPEC Task Force.&lt;ref name=&quot;cv&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=15th session of the Commission on Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/intergovernmental/csd15|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Odeakwụkwọ ukwu ====
[[Faịlụ:Außenminister_Alexander_Schallenberg_empfängt_OPEC-GS_Mohammed_Sanusi_14.04.2021.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|300x300px|Nzukọ Barkindo na Minista Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-eme ná Mba Ọzọ nke Austria Alexander Schallenberg na 2021]]
Ná mmalite nke ọnwa Juun afọ 2016, a họpụtara Barkindo ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke OPEC ruo afọ atọ. Ọ ga-amalite ọrụ na 1 Ọgọst 2016, na-anọchi onye Libya Abdallah Salem el-Badri, onye bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu kemgbe 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2 June 2016|title=Le Nigérian Mohammed Barkindo nommé à la tête de l'OPEP|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/06/02/le-nigerian-mohammed-barkindo-nomme-a-la-tete-de-l-opep_4931641_3212.html|accessdate=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere Barkindo dị ka onye na-anọpụ iche. Naịjirịa anaghị akpọ oku ka iwu mmepụta ihe bulie ọnụ ahịa, ọ bụghịkwa onye tinyere aka kpọmkwem n'esemokwu dị n'etiti Saudi Arabia, Iraq, na Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 June 2016|title=Pétrole: le Nigérian Mohammed Barkindo nommé à la tête de l'Opep|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/economie/20160602-petrole-le-nigerian-mohammed-barkindo-nomme-tete-opep|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=RFI|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'okwu mbụ ya banyere nhọpụta ahụ, Barkindo kwetara na ọnọdụ ahụ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-enwe olileanya na ndị otu ahụ ga-adị njikere &quot;ịnọdụ ala ma kwuo okwu&quot; maka ọdịiche iwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2 June 2016|title=Incoming OPEC Sec-Gen Says Group Intent on Stronger Unity|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/angolaNews/idAFL8N18U5I2?sp=true|accessdate=13 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji mezuo nke a, o bu n'uche ịzụlite mmekọrịta onwe onye na ndị isi mba na mba ndị so na OPEC, ọkachasị Saudi Arabia na Iran.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Site na mkparịta ụka ya na Russia na mba itoolu ndị ọzọ na-abụghị OPEC, Barkindo mere ka ọ dịrị aka n'ịmepụta njikọ aka a na-akpọ OPEC+. Njikọ ọhụrụ a, nke na-achịkwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara mmepụta mmanụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, malitere ọrụ n'otu n'otu na 2017.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Saadi|first=Dania|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary General Barkindo, who helped forge alliance with Russia, dies|url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/070622-opec-secretary-general-barkindo-who-helped-forge-alliance-with-russia-dies|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.spglobal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barkindo zụlitere mmekọrịta ya na ndị isi sitere na ndị na-emepụta mmanụ na US, bụ ndị na-ele OPEC anya dị ka onye na-asọmpi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Grant|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammad Barkindo Dies in Nigeria|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-06/opec-secretary-general-mohammad-barkindo-dies-officials-say|accessdate=12 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya maka oge nke abụọ na 2019,  ma mee OPEC + n'otu afọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kenney|first=Nina|date=12 July 2019|title=OPEC secretary general Mohammed Barkindo re-appointed|url=https://iclg.com/alb/9825-opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-re-appointed|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=ALB Legal and Business Issues from Africa|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barkindo gara n'ihu na-aga nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke UN, nke ọ ga-ekwu maka OPEC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OPEC : OPEC Statements to the COP|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/317.htm|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.opec.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ duziri nzukọ ndị European Union na 2020  na 2022, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Joint Press Release - 14th High-Level Meeting of the EU-OPEC Energy Dialogue|url=https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-11/joint_pr_on_14th_eu-opec_energy_dialogue_final_0.pdf|work=ec.europa.eu|accessdate=2 July 2026|archivedate=20 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920023951/https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-11/joint_pr_on_14th_eu-opec_energy_dialogue_final_0.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma kwuo okwu dị mkpa na 23rd annual World Petroleum Congress na Houston, Texas na ngwụcha 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 April 2022|title=Commissioner Simson participates in 15th EU-OPEC Energy Dialogue|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/commissioner-simson-participates-15th-eu-opec-energy-dialogue-2022-apr-12_en|work=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hasty transition to leave 'scars' on markets: Barkindo – Argus Metals|url=https://www.argusmedia.com/metals-platform/newsandanalysis/article/2281434-Hasty-transition-to-leave--scars--on-markets--Barkindo|accessdate=2023-11-01|work=www.argusmedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barkindo jụrụ onyinye nke ogologo oge, ya mere a họpụtara Haitham al-Ghais nke Kuwait site na otuto dị ka onye nọchiri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wang|first=Herman|date=3 January 2022|title=OPEC elects Kuwait's Haitham al-Ghais as new secretary general|url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/010322-opec-elects-kuwaits-haitham-al-ghais-as-new-secretary-general|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.spglobal.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Barkindo kwetara ịghọ onye a ma ama na Global Energy Center nke Atlantic Council mgbe ọ gwụchara oge ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu  na 31 Julaị 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dzirutwe|first=Macdonald|date=6 July 2022|title=Nigeria's Barkindo, OPEC leader and oil diplomat, dies at 63|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/opecs-barkindo-dies-nigerian-oil-official-says-2022-07-06/|accessdate=9 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Barkindo nwụrụ na [[Abuja]] na 5 Julaị 2022, mgbe ọ dị afọ 63. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Asadu|first=Chinedu|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC secretary-general dies, just weeks shy of departure|language=en|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-nigeria-opec-772d7f858128c8136baecebfa2770c1d|accessdate=7 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi nchịkwa nke Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, [[Mele Kyari]] mara ọkwa ọnwụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;tvc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=OPEC Secretary General, Mohammed Barkindo is dead|work=TVC News|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2022/07/breaking-opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-is-dead/?|date=6 July 2022|accessdate=6 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=OPEC Secretary-General, Mohammad Barkindo of Nigeria, is dead|date=6 July 2022|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/541116-opec-secretary-general-mohammad-barkindo-of-nigeria-is-dead.html|accessdate=6 July 2022|work=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/barkindo-may-have-died-of-heart-attack-not-covid-19/|title='Barkindo may have died of heart attack, not COVID-19'|date=9 July 2022|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
E nyere Barkindo Doctor of Science ''honoris causa'' site na Federal University of Technology Yola na 2010. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barkindo bags {{as written|hono|urary &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93;}} doctorate degree, Dedicates it to staff|url=http://www.nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/NNPCinthenews/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/169/BARKINDO-BAGS-HONOURARY-DOCTORATE-DEGREE-Dedicates-it-to-staff.aspx|work=Nnpcgroup.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606175829if_/http://www.nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/NNPCinthenews/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/169/BARKINDO-BAGS-HONOURARY-DOCTORATE-DEGREE-Dedicates-it-to-staff.aspx#federation=archive.wikiwix.com|archivedate=6 June 2016|accessdate=3 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, Lamido nke Adamawa nyere ya utu aha nsọpụrụ nke ''Wali'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Atonko|first=Ben|date=24 July 2011|title=Adamawa honours Bakindo with 'Wali' title|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201107250669.html|accessdate=8 July 2022|work=Daily Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah International Foundation for Energy and Sustainable Development nyere Barkindo &quot;Lifetime Achievement Award for the Advancement of OPEC&quot; na 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alumni - Al-Attiyah Foundation|url=https://www.abhafoundation.org/|accessdate=12 July 2022|publisher=Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah International Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, Barkindo natara Grand Decoration of Honour na Silver na Sash maka Ọrụ na Republic of Austria (Austrian German: Grosse Silberne Ehrenzeichen am Bande für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich) maka iwusi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti OPEC na mba Austria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 June 2022|title=OPEC Secretary General receives special decoration from host country Austria|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/6924.htm|accessdate=10 July 2022|publisher=OPEC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Mohammed Barkindo ghọrọ Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-2023-national-honours-recipients/|title=Full list of 2023 National Honours recipients|date=28 May 2023|accessdate=31 August 2024|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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== Njikọ mpụga ==
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*  
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barkindo, Mohammed}}
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    <title>Musa Usman</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Musa Usman
| image               = Brig. Musa Usman.png
| caption             = 
| office2             = Governor, [[North-Eastern State]], [[Nigeria]]
| termstart2          = 28 May 1967
| termend2            = July 1975
| predecessor2        = [[Hassan Katsina]]&lt;br&gt;(Northern Region)
| successor2          = [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
| birth_date          = 
| birth_place         = 
| death_date          = 
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| occupation          = 
| profession          = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
| allegiance          = {{NGR}}
| branch              = {{air force|Nigeria}}
| rank                = [[Brigadier General]]
}}
Brigadier (nke ndị agha ikuku) Musa Usman bụ gọvanọ mbụ nke North-Eastern Steeti na Naịjirịa, site n'ọnwa Mee afọ 1967 ruo Julaị afọ 1975, mgbe e kewapụrụ steeti ahụ n'akụkụ nke Northern Region n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha nke General Yakubu Gowon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|publisher=WorldStatesmen|title=Nigeria States|accessdate=2010-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neptune Prime 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Late Brigadier Musa Usman: First Governor of North Eastern Nigeria|work=Neptune Prime|date=2020-04-12|url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2020/04/12/late-brigadier-musa-usman-first-governor-of-north-eastern-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-06-07|archivedate=2023-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607015559/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2020/04/12/late-brigadier-musa-usman-first-governor-of-north-eastern-nigeria/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usman gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha bụ́ Royal Military Academy Sandhurst dị na England, ebe e nyere ya ọkwa onye ọchịagha n'afọ 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawodu.com/barrack7.htm|title=BARRACKS: THE HISTORY BEHIND THOSE NAMES|date=June 14, 2003|author=Nowa Omoigui|work=Dawodu|accessdate=2010-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Major Usman so na nnupụisi ọchịchị nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 1966, mgbe e wepụrụ Major General Aguiyi Ironsi n'ọchịchị ma General Yakubu Gowon nọchie ya.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html|title=OPERATION 'AURE': The Northern Military Counter-Rebellion of July 1966|author=Nowa Omoigui|work=Africa Masterweb|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723181411/http://www.africamasterweb.com/CounterCoup.html|archivedate=2008-07-23}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Gọvanọ nke North-East State n'ọnwa Mee afọ 1967, Usman malitere ọrụ iwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta simenti nke Ashaka, nke Major-General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua mechara meghee n'ụbọchị nke 19 n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 1979.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=http://ashakacem.com/history.htm|title=History|publisher=Ashaka Cement Works|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130194650/http://ashakacem.com/history.htm|archivedate=2010-01-30}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1975, o sonyere n'mkparịta ụka udo ya na mba Cameroon iji dozie okwu gbasara oke ala dị n'etiti mba ahụ na Naịjirịa. Ọ kwadoro, n'ụzọ kpachapụrụ anya, echiche ahụ bụ na gọọmentị ndị agha kwesịrị ibufe ọchịchị n'aka ndị nkịtị n'afọ 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Soldiers and oil: the political transformation of Nigeria|author=S. K. Panter-Brick, Simone K. Panter-Brick|publisher=Routledge|year=1978|isbn=0-7146-3098-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, e nyere ya ebe obibi n'ógbè Jabi Street a ma ama na Kaduna. Ka oge na-aga, Usman ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Bank of the North.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://globip.com/pdf_pages/african-vol4-article5.pdf|title=IMPACT OF POLITICAL AFFILIATION ON BANK PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIA|author=Uhomoibhi Toni Aburime|publisher=University of Nigeria|accessdate=2010-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222091415/http://www.globip.com/pdf_pages/african-vol4-article5.pdf|archivedate=2009-12-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

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    <title>Moses Shipi</title>
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| name                = Moses Godia Shipi
| width               = 
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| image               = Moses shipi.jpg
| office1             = National Chairman of the [[All Blending Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/list-registered-political-parties-headquarters-addresses-principal-officers/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=List of all Registered Political Parties, their Headquarters addresses and Principal Officers/| date=20 January 2018 |accessdate=20 January 2018|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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| spouse              = Angela Bulus Godia Shipi
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'''Moses Godia Shipi''' (amụrụ n'ọnwa Machị 2, afọ 1979) bụ onye ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka onwe onye bụbu gọvanọ nke Bauchi steeti Alh.  (Dọkịta)  Malam Isa Yuguda A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi oche mba nke All Blending Party (ABP) na onye bụbu onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala n'etiti ndị 79 na-azọrọ ịbụ onye isi ala Naijiria na ntuli aka Naijiria nke afọ 2019.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Moses Godia Shipi n'ọnwa Machị 2, afọ 1979, n'Obodo Boi, Bogoro &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mindat.org|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-2346906.html|accessdate=2022-04-04|work=www.mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obodo Gọọmentị nke Bauchi Steeti, Naịjirịa. Nna ya bụ Moses Dawaki Shipi. Agụmakwụkwọ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata bịara na Boi Central Primary School, Bogoro LGA, Bauchi Steeti na Gonerit Memorial College Tuwan Kabwir, Kanke LGA nke Plateau Steeti. O nwere nzere bachelọ na nyocha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ site na Mahadum Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.

== Ọrụ ==
Moses bụ onye otu People's Democratic Party (PDP). Site n'afọ 2007 ruo afọ 2010 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka onwe onye nke Alh.  (Dọkịta)  Malam Isa Yuguda tupu e guzobe All Blending Party (ABP) n'afọ 2017. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche mba nke ABP, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ndị isi oche pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba iri itoolu na otu (91) kwadoro na Naịjirịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/12/24/abp-dissolves-plateau-executive-council/|title=abp dissolves plateau executive candidate|work=[[P.M. News]]|date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theinterview.ng/2018/11/23/know-your-candidate-moses-shipi-abp/|title=know your candidate moses shipi abp|work=theinterview.ng|date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/number-of-political-parties-rises-to-91/|title=political parties rises to 91|work=[[The Punch]]|date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala nke All Blending Party.
[[Faịlụ:Conventions_ABP.jpg|thumb|Shipi na Nzukọ nke Òtù]]
Ọ bụ onye isi oche (CEO) nke La Shipson Construction Nigeria Limited, La Ship son Oil &amp; Gas Nigeria Limited na La Shipsen Shipping Company Nigeria Limited, la Shipson Hotel &amp; Suits, la Shipsson Travels and Tours, Moses Godia Shipi Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thesheet.ng/2019-why-rigging-is-the-only-option-available-to-buhari-by-reuben-abati/|title=2019 why rigging is the only option available to buhari|work=thesheet.ng|date=2018|accessdate=2026-07-02|archivedate=2020-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506224913/https://thesheet.ng/2019-why-rigging-is-the-only-option-available-to-buhari-by-reuben-abati/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/will-the-best-candidate-win/|title=will the best candidate win|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.efccnigeria.org/efcc/news/2133-efcc-docks-man-for-n6-5m-fraud|title=efcc docks man for 6-5m|work=efccnigeria.org|date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ Angela Bulus Godia Shipi na ya mụrụ  ụmụ abụọ, Queenkyra Moses shipi na King-Kendrick Moses shipi.

== Edensibia ==
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Osimiri Naịl Ọcha (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') bụ osimiri dị n'Ebe Ugwu na Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Ọ dị obere obere, mana ọ dị ogologo (ma gbasawanye ma dịkwa omimi), n'ime nnukwu mmiri abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl, nke buru ibu bụ Osimiri Naịl Blue. Aha &quot;Ọcha&quot; sitere na ájá ụrọ e ji mmiri buo nke na-eme ka mmiri ahụ dị ka agba na-acha ọcha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=clay&amp;pg=PA362|title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12|date=1867|accessdate=30 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe doro anya, &quot;Nsi Nile Ọcha&quot; na-ezo aka n'osimiri e guzobere n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, na njikọta nke Osimiri Bahr al Jabal na Bahr el Ghazal. N'ụzọ sara mbara, &quot;Nlaị ọcha&quot; na-ezo aka n'akụkụ niile nke osimiri na-asọpụta site na Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ruo na njikọta ya na Blue Nile: &quot;Nlaị Victoria&quot; site na Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria site na Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga bụbụ &quot;Albert Nile&quot; ruo ókèala South Sudan, wee ruo &quot;Ugwu Naịl&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Bahr-al-Jabal&quot; ruo ọdọ mmiri nke No.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dumont|first=Henri J.|title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use|date=2009|pages=344–345|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=9781402097263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&amp;q=Kyoga&amp;pg=PA345|accessdate=30 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot; aịle ike ịgụnye isi mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, nke kachasị dị anya bụ kilomita 3,700 (maịlụ 2,300) site na Osimiri Blue.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc-clio&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Penn|first=James R.|title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook|date=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576070420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&amp;q=Luvironza&amp;pg=PA299|accessdate=30 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:White_and_Blue_Nile-en.svg|thumb|Maapụ na-egosi Osimiri Ọcha na Osimiri Naịl Anụnụ Naịl Anụnụ Naịl dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.]]

== Usoro ọmụmụ ==

=== Isi mmiri ===
[[Faịlụ:RusumoFalls2.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Rusumo Falls]]
Osimiri Kagera, nke na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị nso n'obodo Tanzania nke Bukoba, bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo maka nri ọdọ mmiri Victoria, ọ bụ ezie na isi mmalite ekwekọrịtaghị na nke bụ mmiri kachasị ogologo nke Kagera, nke bụkwa isi iyi kachasị anya nke Naịl.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|accessdate=4 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A pụrụ iwere isi iyi nke Naịl dị ka Ruvyironza, nke na-apụta na Bururi Province, Burundi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html|title=Nile River|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html|archivedate=10 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; (nke dịdebere Bukirasaz), ma ọ bụ Nyabarongo, nke si n’ọhịa Nyungwe na Rwanda na-asọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|accessdate=4 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri abụọ a na-azụ ihe na-ezukọ n'akụkụ Rusumo Falls n'ókè dị n'etiti Rwanda na Tanzania. A maara mmiri ndị a maka ihe omume mere n'etiti 28-29 Eprel 1994, mgbe mmadụ 250,000 si Rwanda gafere àkwà mmiri Rusumo na-abanye n'ime Ngara, Tanzania, n'ime awa 24, n'ihe Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ kpọrọ &quot;mpụga ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị ọsọ n'oge a&quot;. Kagera bụ akụkụ nke ókèala Rwanda-Tanzania na Tanzania-Uganda tupu ọ banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.

=== Na Uganda ===
[[Faịlụ:Flipping_raft_in_Bujagali_falls,_Uganda.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Rafter na-efegharị n'ime Mmiri Bujagali dị nso n'ọnụ ọnụ mmiri Victoria Nile]]
Aha osimiri ọcha dị na Uganda bụ &quot;Victoria Nile&quot; site na Lake Victoria site na Lake Kyoga ruo Lake Albert, wee bụrụ &quot;Albert Nile&quot; site na ebe ahụ ruo ókèala ya na South Sudan.

==== Victoria Nile ====
[[Faịlụ:Victoria_Nile_River,_Uganda_(15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]
Osimiri Victoria na-amalite site na nsọtụ ọdọ mmiri Victoria, na Jinja, Uganda, n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fishery&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1|year=1990|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations|isbn=92-5-102983-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA291|author=vanden Bossche|first=J.-P.|accessdate=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ala ala site na Ọdụ Ike Nalubaale na Ọdụ Ike Kiira dị na nsọtụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ gafere Mmiri Mmiri Bujagali (ebe ọdụ ọkụ Bujagali dị) ihe dị ka kilomita iri na ise (mile itoolu na ọkara) site na Jinja. Osimiri ahụ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na Uganda ruo Lake Kyoga dị n'etiti obodo ahụ, wee si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Lake Albert.

Na Karuma Falls, osimiri ahụ na-asọ n'okpuru àkwà mmiri Karuma (2°14'45.40°N 32°15'9.05&quot;E) n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Murchison Falls National Park. N'oge ọtụtụ nnupụisi nke Lord's Resistance Army, Karuma Bridge, nke e wuru na 1963 iji nyere ndị na-emepụta owu aka, bụ ebe kacha mkpa n'ụzọ na-aga Gulu, ebe ụgbọala gbakọtara n'ime ndị agha tupu e nye ha ndị agha iso ha gaa ebe ikpeazụ ha ga-agbaga n'ebe ugwu. Na afọ 2009, gọọmentị Uganda kwupụtara atụmatụ ha ịrụ ọrụ ike mmiri nke nwere ike megawatt 750, ọtụtụ kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke àkwà mmiri ahụ, nke e mere atụmatụ imecha na 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508|first=Hereward|author=Holland|date=8 May 2009|accessdate=18 April 2014|work=[[Reuters]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508|archivedate=19 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akụ ụwa kwadoro inye obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke nwere ike megawatt 200, mana Uganda họọrọ ọrụ buru ibu karị, nke ndị Uganda ga-akwụ ụgwọ n'ime obodo ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Joe|author=Wacha|publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online|url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967|date=29 October 2011|accessdate=18 April 2014|title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967|archivedate=19 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tupu ha abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert, a kpọchiri osimiri ahụ n'ime ụzọ dị mita asaa n'obosara na Murchison Falls, nke na-egosi na ọ banyere n'alaka ọdịda anyanwụ nke East Africa Rift. Osimiri ahụ wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert nke dị n'akụkụ Ugwu Blue dị na Democratic Republic of the Congo.

A na-akpọkwa akụkụ osimiri site na Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert &quot;Nịl Kyoga&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law|date=1980|publisher=M.K. Nawaz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ|language=en|accessdate=5 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Albert Nile ====
[[Faịlụ:A_track_and_pedestrians_cross_the_Albert_Nile_bridge_in_Northern_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Àkwà mmiri dị na Albert Nile]]
A na-akpọ osimiri ahụ nke na-asọpụta site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert n'ebe ugwu &quot;Albert Nile&quot;. Ọ na-ekewa mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke Uganda na mba ndị ọzọ dị na mba ahụ. Àkwà mmiri gafere Albert Nile dị nso n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata ya na Mpaghara Nebbi, mana arụbeghị àkwà mmiri ọzọ n'elu akụkụ a. Ụgbọ mmiri na-ejikọ ụzọ dị n'etiti Adjumani na Moyo, ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-eji obere ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri eme njem n'osimiri ahụ.

=== Na mba Saụt Sudan na mba Sudan ===
[[Faịlụ:Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Njikọta nke Osimiri Blue na White dị nso na Khartoum]]
Site n'ebe osimiri ahụ si Uganda bata na South Sudan, osimiri ahụ na-abanye n'okpuru aha &quot;Ugwu Naịl&quot;. Site n'Ọdọ Mmiri No na South Sudan, osimiri ahụ ghọrọ &quot;Nsi Mmiri Ọcha&quot; n'ụzọ siri ike, ya mere ọ na-aga n'ebe ugwu ruo Sudan ebe ọ na-akwụsị na njikọ ya na Blue Nile.

==== Ugwu Naịl ====
[[Faịlụ:White_Nile_River_(30741802592).jpg|thumb|Osimiri ọcha Naịl nke Uganda]]
Site na Nimule dị na South Sudan, nke dị nso na ókèala ya na Uganda, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ &quot;Ugwu Naịl&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Baḥr al-Jabal&quot; (nke bụkwa &quot;Baḥr el-Jebel&quot;,), n'ụzọ nkịtị &quot;Osimiri Ugwu&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Osimiri Ugwu&quot;.[14] A maara steeti ndịda Sudan nke Central Equatoria nke osimiri ahụ na-esi na ya agafe dị ka Bahr al-Jabal ruo 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073|work=[[Sudan Tribune]]|date=16 April 2006|accessdate=4 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073|archivedate=4 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ gafere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri tupu ọ ruo n'ala dị larịị nke Sudan na nnukwu apịtị dị n'okpuru mmiri. Ọ na-aga n'Ọdọ Mmiri No, ebe ọ na-ejikọta na Bahr el Ghazal wee mepụta Osimiri Naịl Ọcha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parsons&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Parsons|first=Ellen C.|title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa|date=1905|publisher=Macmillan Company|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281|language=en|accessdate=5 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |language=en |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri anabranch nke a na-akpọ Bahr el Zeraf na-asọpụta site na Bahr al-Jabal na Sudd, wee banye na White Nile. Ugwu Naịl na-asọpụta site na obere ndagwurugwu na n'elu ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri nke gụnyere Fula (Fola) Rapids.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org|url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain|accessdate=2020-08-20|work=www.waterbodies.org|language=en|archivedate=21 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Mmiri Naịl ọcha na Naịl nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-ejikọ aka na Khartoum, isi obodo nke Sudan.]]

==== Ebe kwesịrị ekwesị maka Nile Ọcha ====
Nye ụfọdụ ndị, Osimiri Ọcha na-amalite site na njikọ nke Ugwu Naịl na Bahr el Ghazal na Ọdọ Mmiri No.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parsons&quot;/&gt;

Ọdọ Mmiri White Nile dị kilomita 120 nke na-asọga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri No ruo n'ọnụ Sobat dị nro ma na-ejide ọtụtụ apịtị na ọdọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shahin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shahin|first=Mamdouh|title=Hydrology of the Nile Basin|date=1985|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780444424334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhRHvYmTPqQC|language=en|accessdate=5 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe idei mmiri gasịrị, ọdọ mmiri Sobat River na-ebu nnukwu mmiri mmiri, na-agbakwụnye nke ukwuu na agba ọcha nke Naịl Ọcha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426|title=Sobat River|accessdate=21 January 2008|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'obodo Malakal nke abụọ dị na South Sudan, osimiri ahụ na-asọ nwayọ nwayọ mana ọ naghị apịtị abanye na Sudan, wee ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Khartoum. N'ala Malakal, Kodok dị, ebe ihe mere na 1898 Fashoda mere, nke gosipụtara njedebe nke Scramble for Africa.

Na Sudan, osimiri ahụ nwetara aha ya na steeti Sudan nke White Nile, tupu ya esonye na nnukwu Blue Nile na Khartoum wee mepụta Osimiri Naịl.

== Ụzọ mmiri dị n'ime ime obodo ==
Osimiri Naịl Ọcha bụ ụzọ mmiri a na-esi aga site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Albert ruo Khartoum site na Ọdọ Mmiri Jebel Aulia. Agbanyeghị, naanị n'etiti Juba na Uganda chọrọ nkwalite ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri iji mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-agagharị.

N'ime oge ụfọdụ n'afọ, a na-eji mmiri aga osimiri ruo Gambela, Etiopia, na Wau, South Sudan.

== Leekwa ==

* Ndepụta osimiri nke Sudan
* Ndepụta osimiri nke South Sudan

== Edensibia ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034329/http://atlas.nilebasin.org/treatise/inland-waterway-transport/ Nile inland Waterways]
* [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+South+Sudan+Waterways+Assessment South Sudan Waterway Assessment] Archived 9 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
* [https://content.unops.org/publications/South-Sudan-River-Barge-System-Feasibility-Report-2018.pdf?mtime=20180309110200 Feasibility study river barge system] (Cranes on trucks/loader cranes and pallets can increase efficiency)
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nnia Nwodo</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Nnia Nwodo
| office              = 9th President-General of [[Ọhanaeze Ndigbo]]
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1952|12|11|df=y}}
| birth_place         = Igboetiti, [[Enugu State]], Nigeria
| death_place         = 
| resting_place       = 
| resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline}} --&gt;
| education           = University of London, University of Ibadan
| occupation          = Lawyer, economist, politician
| term_start          = January 2017
| predecessor         = [[Iduma Igariwey Enwo]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ojoye |first1=Taiwo |title=Nwodo emerges President of Ohanaeze Ndigbo |url=https://punchng.com/nwodo-emerges-president-ohanaeze-ndigbo/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=January 11, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| successor           = [[George Obiozor]]
| spouse              = 
| partner             = 
| children            = 
| parents             = 
| awards              = 
| term_end            = January 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ndujihe |first1=Clifford |title=OHANAEZE LEADER: George Obiozor emerges as consensus candidate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/ohanaeze-leader-george-obiozor-emerges-as-consensus-candidate/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=5 January 2025 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=November 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''John Nnia Nwodo''' bụ ọkaiwu Naịjirịa na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụnụba. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke itoolu nke Ọhanaeze Ndigbo, George Obiozor nọchiri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.leadership.ng/news/569991/ohanaeze-ndigbo-under-nwodo-and-burden-of-igbo-agitation|title=Ohanaeze Ndigbo Under Nwodo And Burden Of Igbo Agitation {{!}}|work=www.leadership.ng|accessdate=19 February 2017|archivedate=21 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105649/http://www.leadership.ng/news/569991/ohanaeze-ndigbo-under-nwodo-and-burden-of-igbo-agitation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.ng/tag/john-nnia-nwodo|title=Latest news about John Nnia Nwodo from Nigeria &amp; world {{!}} TODAY.ng|work=www.today.ng|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Nwodo, nwa nwoke nke atọ n'ezinụlọ ya, amụrụ na 1952 na Enugu Steeti, Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.authorityngr.com/2016/11/The-AUTHORITY-ICON--JOHN-NNIA-NWODO-JNR/|title=The AUTHORITY ICON: JOHN NNIA NWODO JNR|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na Enugu Steeti. N'afọ 1971, a nabatara ya na Mahadum nke Ibadan . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UIAA Enugu State Branch|url=http://www.uiaaenugu.net/|work=www.uiaaenugu.net|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=2020-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220024118/http://uiaaenugu.net/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gara London School of Economics wee laghachi Naịjirịa na 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elombah.com/index.php/press-statements/14027-we-welcome-john-nnia-nwodo-to-ohanaeze-apga-think-tank?showall=1|title=We Welcome John Nnia Nwodo To Ohanaeze – APGA Think-Tank|author=Ibiam|first=Okwukwe|work=E-max|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'oge mba nke abụọ, n'okpuru ọchịchị na nchịkwa nke [[Shehu Shagari]], Nwodo jere ozi dị ka Minista nke Civil Aviation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/01/22/ohanaeze-election-nwodo-and-igbo-unity/|title=Ohanaeze Election: Nwodo and Igbo Unity|author=Editor|first=Online|date=22 January 2017|work=[[This Day]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'okpuru ọchịchị [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], Nwodo jere ozi dị ka Minista nke Ozi na Ọdịbendị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://newsbreakers.ng/former-minister-of-information-nwodo-now-president-general-of-ohaneze-ndigbo/|title=Former Minister of Information, Nwodo, now President-General of Ohaneze Ndigbo {{!}} {{!}} NewsBreakers|work=NewsBreakers|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, Nwodo meriri ntuli aka nke kpebiri onye isi oche nke itoolu nke [[Igbo language|Igbo]]&quot; id=&quot;mwPg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Ohanaeze Ndigbo&quot;&gt;Ohanaeze Ndigbo, otu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọdịbendị nke na-anọchite anya obodo ọ bụla na-asụ Igbo, ma na-echebe ikike na ọdịmma nke [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CISA - Council of Igbo States in Americas - CISA is a USA-based nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Igbo culture worldwide|url=https://www.cisandiigbo.com/|work=CISA - Council of Igbo States in Americas|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; O meriri na ngụkọta nke vootu 242 ebe onye mmegide ya, onye bụbu osote onye isi nke [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]] State University of Technology, Prọfesọ Chiweyete Ejike, nwere vootu 13.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/nwodo-wins-ohanaeze-presidency-okwukwu-secretary-general/|title=Nwodo wins Ohanaeze Presidency, Okwukwu Secretary General – Vanguard News|date=10 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/nwodo-emerges-president-general-ohanaeze-says-ill-die-ndigbo/|title=Nwodo emerges President-General of Ohanaeze, says I'll die for Ndigbo – Vanguard News|date=11 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nwodo lụrụ Regina Nwodo, onye bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Enugu Steeti ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://thecitizenng.com/eulogies-as-justice-nwodo-is-laid-to-rest/|title=Eulogies, as Justice Nwodo is laid to rest {{!}} TheCitizen – Nigeria's Leading Online Newspaper|work=thecitizenng.com|accessdate=19 February 2017|archivedate=23 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043324/http://thecitizenng.com/eulogies-as-justice-nwodo-is-laid-to-rest/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/09/from-silver-spoon-to-silver-spoon-a-tribute-to-justice-nwodo/|title=From silver spoon to silver spoon... a tribute to Justice Nwodo – Vanguard News|date=26 September 2013|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naịjirịa]]

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Ndị Luo</title>
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      <text bytes="57836" sha1="2rzbggev3g6mv67gw1lzriq2y4p0z4o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Ndi mbà||image=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luo dansers in krijgskostuum tijdens de Eldoret Agricultural Show TMnr 20014318.jpg|caption=A traditional Luo village at Kisumu museum, located in Kisumu.|group=Luo|population=|popplace=Western [[Kenya]] and northern [[Tanzania]]|region1={{flag|Kenya}}|pop1=5,066,966 (2019)&lt;ref name =Census2019&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&amp;wpdmdl=5730&amp;ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics
 |access-date=24 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;|region2={{flag|Tanzania}}|rels=[[Christianity]], [[African Traditional Religion]], [[Islam]]|langs=[[Dholuo]], [[English language|English]], and [[Swahili language|Swahili]]|related=Other [[Luo peoples]], especially [[Adhola people|Adhola]] and [[Alur people|Alur]]}}
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;background:#fff6d9;color:inherit;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |Luo
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#fee8ab;color:inherit;&quot; |Onye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |'''Ja''' (m) /'''Nya''' (f) 
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#fee8ab;color:inherit;&quot; |Ndị mmadụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Joluo
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#fee8ab;color:inherit;&quot; |Asụsụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Dholuo
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background:#fee8ab;color:inherit;&quot; |Mba
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |'''Piny''' Luo/Nam Lolwe
|}
  
Ndị '''Luo''' bụ agbụrụ Western Nilotic nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ [[Kenya]] na mpaghara Mara nke dị n&quot;ebe ugwu [[Tanzania]]&quot; id=&quot;mwFQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Tanzania&quot;&gt;Tanzania. Ndị Luo bụ agbụrụ nke anọ kachasị ukwuu nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 5,066,966 na-anọchite anya ihe dịka (~10.6%) nke ngụkọta ndị Kenya mgbe [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] (~14%) site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics - Kenya's Top Data Site|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR&amp;wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&amp;wpdmdl=5730|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220115330/https://www.knbs.or.ke/?ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR&amp;wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&amp;wpdmdl=5730|archivedate=2025-12-20|accessdate=2026-01-24|work=www.knbs.or.ke|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ha bụ akụkụ nke otu nnukwu ìgwè ndị Luo yiri ibe ha bi n'ógbè sitere na [[South Sudan]], ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Uganda]], ndịda anyanwụ Kenya, na ugwu Tanzania, na-eme ka ha bụrụ otu n'ime agbụrụ kachasị ukwuu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa.[3]

Ha na-asụ asụsụ Luo, nke a makwaara dị ka Dholuo, nke sitere na ngalaba Western Nilotic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Nilotic na ezinụlọ asụsụ Nilo-Saharan sara mbara. Dholuo nwere nnukwu myirịta na asụsụ Nilotic nke ndị Luo ndị ọzọ na-asụ.[1] Ndị Luo si Uganda kwaga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya n'etiti narị afọ nke 15 na 20 na ebili mmiri anọ. Ha na ndị Luo dị na Uganda nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya, ọkachasị ndị Acholi na Padhola. Ka ha na-abanye na Kenya na Tanzania, ha nwere mgbanwe mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na omenala ka ha zutere obodo ndị ọzọ e hiwere ogologo oge na mpaghara ahụ.[5][2] Na omenala, ndị Luo na-eme usoro akụ na ụba agwakọta nke ịzụ ehi, ịkọ mkpụrụ na ịkụ azụ site na ịchụ nta.[7] Taa, ndị Luo nwere obere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na ndị ọrụ nka n'ọrụ dị iche iche. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka ịkụ azụ ndị nwe ụlọ, obere ọrụ ugbo, na ọrụ ime obodo. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]

Ndị Luo na ndị sitere na ndị agbulu Luo enyela aka dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na mmepeanya nke oge a. Tom Mboya na Nigel N. Mwangi bụ ndị isi na ọgụ mba Afrịka.  [8] Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Luo, dị ka Thomas Risley Odhiambo Nandy (onye guzobere International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology na onye mmeri nke UNESCO Albert Einstein medal na afọ1991) na Washington Yotto I Ochieng (ọ̄nye mmeri nke Harold Spencer-Jones Gold Medal na afọ 2019 site na Royal Institute of Navigation enwetala otuto mba ụwa maka onyinye ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Thomas Odhiambo Visionary entomologist harnessing science for Africa's poor|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jun/23/guardianobituaries.highereducation1|work=The Guardian|first=Ehsan|author=Masood|date=23 June 2003|accessdate=9 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home - Professor Washington Yotto Ochieng, FREng|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/w.ochieng|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=www.imperial.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard S. Odingo bụ osote onyeisi oche nke Intergovernmental Panel on mgbanwe ihu igwe , mgbe ọ natara nrite udo dị ebube na afọ puku abuọ na asaa na Al Gore.&lt;ref name=&quot;odingo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nobel Prizes 2022|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2007/ipcc/26114-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-nobel-lecture-2007/|accessdate=2023-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Barack Obama]], Ọnye isi ojii mbụ nke mba Amerika na onye mmeri nrite udo dị ebube, bụ onye nna onye Kenya Luo, Barack Obama Sr.  Lupita Nyong'o ghọrọ onye isi ojii Africa mbụ meriri onyinye Academy n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ.  Ndị Luo bụ ndị malitere ọtụtụ ụdị egwu a ma ama gụnyere Benga na ohangla. Benga bụ otu n'ime ụdị kachasị ewu ewu n' Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2015-07-09|title=Remembering benga: Kenya's infectious musical gift to Africa|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/09/music-benga-kenya-guitar-finger-picking|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe ==
Obodo ala obibi nke Kenya na Tanzanian Luo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] - ''Nam Lolwe'' na mpaghara Nyanza nke dị na Western Kenya na mpaghara Mara nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Tanzania. Mpaghara a na-ada n'ime latitudes okpomọkụ ma na-agafe n'etiti etiti. Mpaghara a na-enwetakwa nkezi mmiri ozuzo. Nkezi ịdị elu dị n'agbata 3,700 na 6,000 ụkwụ n'elu oke osimiri.

== Mmalite ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Mmalite ya ===
[[Faịlụ:Luo_Language.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map nke ụfọdụ ndị Luo]]
Ndị Luo nke Kenya na Tanzania mejupụtara ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Nilotic.[17] N'oge ndị Briten na-achị, a maara ha dị ka Nilotic Kavirondo .  Ezigbo ebe ndị Nilotic si bụ arụmụka mana ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-etinye mmalite ha n'etiti [[Sudan]])&quot; id=&quot;mwmg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Bahr el Ghazal (region of [[South Sudan]])&quot;&gt;Bahr-el-Ghazal na Eastern Equatoria na South Sudan. Ha na-eme ngwakọta akụ na ụba nke ịkpa ehi, ịkụ azụ na ịkọ mkpụrụ.[7] Ụfọdụ n'ime nchọpụta ihe ochie kachasị ochie, nke na-akọwa ọdịbendị yiri nke a site n'otu mpaghara ahụ, dị na Kadero, kilomita 48 (30 kilomita) n'ebe ugwu Khartoum na Sudan, ma malite na 3000 BC. Kadero nwere ihe fọdụrụnụ nke omenala ndị na-azụ ehi yana ili ozu nwere ọkpụkpụ na-egosi ụdị ndị Afrịka ndịda Sahara. O nwekwara ihe akaebe nke anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, nka, azụmahịa dị anya, ịkụ mkpụrụ na iri azụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krzyzaniak|first=Lech|title=The Archaeological Site of Kadero, Sudan|journal=Current Anthropology|date=December 1976|volume=17|issue=4|doi=10.1086/201823}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marshall|first=Fiona|title=Cattle Before Crops: The Beginnings of Food Production in Africa|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|date=2002|volume=16|issue=2|pages=99–143|doi=10.1023/A:1019954903395}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krzyzaniak|first=Lech|title=New Light on Early Food-Production in the Central Sudan|journal=The Journal of African History|date=April 1978|volume=19|issue=2|pages=159–172|doi=10.1017/S0021853700027572}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na asụsụ egosila na Ndị Nubian nọ n'ebe Ugwu Sudan na Ndịda Ijipt bụ otu ngwakọta nke malitere dị ka ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị Nilotic.  &lt;ref name=&quot;hollfelder&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hollfelder|first=Nina|title=Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations|journal=PLOS Genetics|date=24 August 2017|volume=13|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976|pmid=28837655}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rilly|first=Claude|title=The Wadi Howar Diaspora and its role in the spread of East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millennia BCE|journal=Faits de Langues|date=2016|volume=47|issue=1|pages=151–163|doi=10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị a mechara nweta nnukwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na Middle East na ndị ọzọ bi n&quot;ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;hollfelder&quot; /&gt; A na-ewere ndị Nubian dị ka ụmụ nke ndị mbụ bi na ndagwurugwu Naịl bụ ndị mesịrị guzobe alaeze Kush nke gụnyere Kerma na [[Meroë|Meroe]] na alaeze ndị Kraịst nke oge ochie nke Makuria, Nobatia na Alodia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Cooper|first=Julien|title=Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubia until the Common Era|journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies|date=2017|volume=4|doi=10.5070/d64110028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ndị a na-egosi na ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị Nilotic biri na ndagwurugwu Naịl ruo n'ebe ndịda Ijipt n'oge ochie.

N'ihi ihe dị iche iche, njem ndị Nilotic Luo ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na ọtụtụ ọgbọ sitere na South Sudan banye Uganda na ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya site na opekata mpe Otu puku AD na-aga n'ihu ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.[26]. Ụfọdụ ndị ode akwụkwọ kwuru na usoro mmalite nke mgbasawanye a dabara na ọdịda nke alaeze Nubian nke Ndị Kraịst nke Makuria na Alodia, ntinye nke ndị Arab na etiti Sudan yana nnabata Nilotic nke teknụzụ Iron Age.[1][2]. Ọtụtụ ndị Luo nke ugwu - ndị Shilluk - gara n'ihu n'ebe ugwu n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl na narị afọ nke 16, na-emeri ókèala ruo Khartoum nke oge a.[3] Ha hiwere ala eze Shilluk.[30][4] Na narị afọ nke 15, ndị Luo kwagara n'alaeze Bunyoro-Kitara wee guzobe usoro ndị eze Babiito na Uganda. Otu a jikọtara na omenala Bantu.[30]

A na-ahazi [[Asụsụ Southern Luo|Ndịda Luo]] nke [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]] dị ka ndị Southern Luo.[32] na ha bụ naanị 'ọdọ mmiri Nilotes' kwagara ma biri n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl. Ha banyere Kenya na Tanzania site na [[Uganda]] site na mpaghara [[South Sudan]])&quot;&gt;Bahr el-Ghazal na [[South Sudan]]. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Luo ndị kwagara Kenya sitere n'ìgwè anọ na-asụrụ asụsụ Luo: ndị [[Acholi people|Acholi]]_people&quot; id=&quot;mwAQg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Acholi people&quot;&gt;Acholi, Adhola na Alur (Site na [[Uganda]] na akụkụ nke South Sudan na Eastern Congo), karịsịa Acholi na Padhola.  [5] A na-eme atụmatụ na Dholuo nwere pesenti iri iteghete yiri Lep Alur ([[Asụsụ Alur]]); pesenti iri asato na atọ  na Lep Achol (Asụsụ Acholi); pesenti iri iteghete na atọ na Dhopadhola (asụsụ Padhola), iri asaa na anọ na [[Anuak language|Anuak]], na pesenti iri isii na iteghete na Jurchol (Luwo) na Dhi-Pari (Pari). &lt;ref name=&quot;hammer&quot; /&gt;

A na-akpọkwa Luo nke Kenya na Tanzania '''Joluo''' ma ọ bụ '''Jonagi''' / Onagi (onye e wepụrụ ezé isii ya dị ka emume nke ịgafe n'oge uto), otu '''Jaluo''', '''Jaonagi''' ma ọ bụ '''Joramogi''' / '''Nyikwaramogi''', nke pụtara &quot;ndị nketa Ramogi. &quot; A na- kpọrọ agbụrụ Luo nke Kenya ma ọ bụ Tanzania '''Ororo''', ebe a na-akpọ ha '''Liel''' n'etiti ndị Nuer. N'ebo Dinka, a na-akpọ ndị Luo '''Jur-Chol'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Odhiambo, Atieno.|title=Siaya: the Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape|date=1989|publisher=J. Currey|oclc=1096480559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị Kenya Luo nke oge a nwere agbụrụ iri abụọ na asaa, nke ọ bụla n'otu n'otu nwere agbụrụ dị iche iche na obere agbụrụ  (&quot;Jo-&quot; na-egosi &quot;ndị&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ogot, Bethwell A.|title=History of the Southern Luo: Volume I, Migration and Settlement, (Series: Peoples of East Africa)|publisher=[[East African Publishing House]], Nairobi|year=1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịkwaga Kenya ===
[[Faịlụ:Nyanza_in_Kenya.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ógbè Nyanza nke dị na Kenya]]
A na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe akaebe nke usoro ọmụmụ eme ihe iji tụọ usoro oge nke mgbasawanye Luo n'ime na n'ime [[Kenya]] na Tanzania. A na-ahụ nnukwu ebili mmiri anọ nke ịkwaga n'ime mpaghara Nyanza mbụ na Kenya, malite na ndị Jok (''Joka Jok''), nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ malitere n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1490- ruo n'afọ 1517.[35] ''Joka Jok'' bụ ndị mbụ na ndị kasị ukwuu kwagara n'ebe ugwu Nyanza. Ndị mbịarambịa a biri n'ebe a na-akpọ Ramogi Hill, wee gbasaa gburugburu Northern Nyanza. Ndị Owiny' (''Jok'Owiny'') na ndị Omolo (Jok 'Omolo) sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya (bido n'afọ 1598- wee ruo n'afọ 1625). [5] Otu ìgwè dị iche iche nke Suba, Sakwa, Asembo, Uyoma na Kano sochiri. Ndị Suba bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bantu na mbụ bụ ndị sonyere na omenala Luo. Ha gbapụrụ n'[[Uganda]]_Kingdom&quot; id=&quot;mwAUo&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Buganda Kingdom&quot;&gt;Alaeze Buganda dị na Uganda mgbe esemokwu obodo nke sochiri ogbugbu nke 24th Kabaka nke Buganda n'etiti narị afọ nke 18 wee biri na South Nyanza, ọkachasị na agwaetiti Rusinga na Mfangano.[36] Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Luo gafere Winam Gulf nke Lake Victoria site na Northern Nyanza gaa South Nyanza malite na mmalite narị afọ nke 17.[5]

Ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Luo kwagara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, ha zutere ụmụ nke ndị mmadụ dị iche iche bi n'ógbè ahụ ogologo oge. E biri na mpaghara Great Lakes kemgbe mmalite oge nkume.[37] A na-eche na ọdịbendị Kanysore, nke dị na Gogo Falls na Migori county, bụ ndị na-achụ nta na-achịkọta ihe mbụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka iji mepụta ite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dale|first=Darla|title=Holocene hunter-fisher-gatherer communities: new perspectives on Kansyore Using communities of Western Kenya|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|date=April 2010|volume=45|issue=1|pages=24–48|doi=10.1080/00672700903291716}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na Ndị Twa mepụtara ihe osise nkume dị na Mfangano Island.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-12-15|title=Kenya - Trust For African Rock Art|url=https://africanrockart.org/kenya/|accessdate=2023-08-01|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eche na Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bantu, ndị mbịarambịa mbụ si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, rutere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya site na 1000 BC. Ha wetara ha teknụzụ ịkpụ ígwè na usoro ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ, na-agbanwe mpaghara nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'Africa na mpaghara ndị mbụ na-agbaze ígwè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ehret|first=Christopher|title=Bantu Expansions: Re-Envisioning a Central Problem of Early African History|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2001|volume=34|issue=1|pages=5–41|doi=10.2307/3097285}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọdịbendị Urewe na-achịkwa site na 650 BC ruo 550 BC. A chọtara ọdịbendị a n'ebe ugwu Nyanza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lane|first=Paul|title=New Dates for Kansyore and Urewe Wares from Northern Nyanza, Kenya|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|date=January 2006|volume=41|issue=1|pages=123–138|doi=10.1080/00672700609480438}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgwè ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bantu a hụrụ na ọdọ mmiri Victoria taa gụnyere Luhya, Suba, Kunta, Kuria na Kisii. A hụkwara ndị na-asụ Southern Nilotic, ndị Nandi, Kipsigis na [[Ndị Maasai]] n'ógbè a.[5]
[[Faịlụ:Thimlich_Ohinga_Cultural_Landscape-_Kenya.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Thimlich Ohinga na Migori County, South Nyanza, Kenya]]
Mgbasawanye Luo n'ime ebe ndị a bibu na ha dugara na azụmahịa, esemokwu, mmeri, alụmdi na nwunye na omenala. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Luo chụpụrụ ndị bi na mbụ ruo ókèala ha ugbu a.[42] A chụpụrụ ndị Luhya n'ebe dị elu. A chụpụrụ ndị Kuria n'ebe ndịda n'etiti ókèala Kenya na Tanzania. A chụpụrụ ndị Nandi na Kipsigis n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shipton|first=Parker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9jZqdbAKa8C|title=Mortgaging the Ancestors: Ideologies of Attachment in Africa|date=6 January 2009|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-15274-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Reflist}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shipton|first=Parker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9jZqdbAKa8C|title=Mortgaging the Ancestors: Ideologies of Attachment in Africa|date=6 January 2009|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-15274-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ndị Luo kwagara n'ógbè Nyanza, ndị Bantu nọ n'óù ahụ kwụsịrị ibi úgwù ka ha na-anabatawanye omenala Luo. Ụmụ nwanyị keere òkè dị mkpa n'imeri mmachibido iwu maka alụmdi na nwunye site na ịgbanwe omume ibi úgwù na omenala ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ nwanyị Luo gwara ndị ikom Bantu nọ n'ógbè ahụ, &quot;Ọ bụrụ na pesenti ị chọrọ ịlụ anyị ị ga-akwụsị ibi úgwù ma tinye ezé gị n'okpuru, ka ị wee yie anyị ma anyị nwee ike ịlụ gị. &quot;Ndị Suba na ndị ọzọ Bantu nwere mmasị na ndị nwunye Luo n'ihi na ọgaranya ha dị ala ma ọ bụ na-adịghị. Ụmụ nwanyị Luo bi n'obodo Suba gwara ụmụ ha na Luo okwu, bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ. Asụsụ Luo gbasara ngwa ngwa n'ụzọ a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shetler|first=Jan Bender|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kOdDwAAQBAJ|title=Claiming Civic Virtue: Gendered Network Memory in the Mara Region, Tanzania|date=9 July 2019|publisher=University of Wisconsin Pres|isbn=978-0-299-32290-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omenala na omume Luo gbanwekwara ka ha na-anabata omenala nke obodo ndị ha na ha na-emekọrịta ihe.[42] Esemokwu na mwakpo n'ógbè a dịgasị iche iche dugara na mmepe nke ụlọ savanna na-echebe onwe ya, nke a na-ahụkarị na mkpọmkpọ ebe nkume, Thimlich Ohinga na South Nyanza.[46] Neville Chittick, onye nduzi nke British Institute of History and Archaeology na East Africa bụ onye mbụ kwusiri ike na o yikarịrị ka e wuru ebe ahụ tupu ndị na-asụ asụsụ Luo abịarute.[46] Otú ọ dị, nkwupụta a enweghị nkwado dị mma site na nkà mmụta ihe ochie, n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe owuwu ndị e ji mgbidi nkume rụọ bụ n'ime oge mgbasawanye Luo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Odede&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Secrets in stone|journal=Kenya Past and Present|date=1 January 2006|volume=36|issue=1|pages=67–72|url=https://journals.co.za/content/kenya/36/1/AJA02578301_479}}&lt;/ref&gt; [48] Ka o sina dị, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Luo nọgidere na Thimlich Ohinga ma gaa n'ihu na omenala nke iwu ụlọ elu ndị e ji nkume rụọ (''Ohingni'') yana ọrụ ala nchebe (''Gunda Bur'') na Northern na Southern Nyanza. Ọrụ ala ndị a na-echebe ga-agba gburugburu ebe obibi ndị gbara ha gburugburu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe owuwu ndị a na-echebe ọtụtụ narị ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;gunda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Luo Exhibition Settlements Pitt Rivers Museum|url=http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/Luo/luo/page/exhibition-settlements/index.html|accessdate=2024-07-10|work=web.prm.ox.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ihe mgbe ochie na ethnographic nke saịtị ndị ahụ egosila na nhazi nke ihe owuwu ndị a yiri nke ọma nhazi nke ebe obibi ọdịnala Luo. Nnyocha ceramic na-egosikwa ịga n'ihu n'etiti ndị mbụ bi na saịtị ndị a na ndị na-asụ Luo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odede&quot; /&gt; Site na mbata nke ndị Europe, a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụ ebe ndị a ka nchịkwa ọchịchị na-eme udo na mpaghara ahụ. Ezinụlọ ndị bi n'ogige ahụ kwagara n'ụlọ ndị dị iche iche site na iji euphorbia kama nkume dị ka ihe mgbidi. Mgbidi bụ ihe owuwu nke na-ekpuchi mpaghara, nke na-adịkarị n'èzí na-emepụta ókèala, a na-ejikarị post ndị ejiri bọọdụ jikọọ. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, a gbahapụrụ ha niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Odede&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gunda&quot; /&gt;

=== Oge ndị ọchịchị na-achị ===
Mmekọrịta mbụ nke Ndị Britain na ndị Luo bụ nke na-apụtaghị ìhè na nke na-aga n'ihu. Mmekọrịta siri ike naanị mgbe mmezu nke Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Uganda gosipụtara ebumnuche ndị Britain ma wepụ mkpa maka njikọ aka mpaghara. N'afọ 1896, e mere njem ntaramahụhụ iji kwado onye ọchịchị Wanga Mumia na Ugenya megide ezinụlọ Kager nke Ochieng Ger III, nke a makwaara dị ka Gero. Ihe karịrị narị abuọ nwụrụ ngwa ngwa site na Mgbọ Maxim. Mmadụ nari atọ ọzọ nọ na nguzogide Uyoma nwụrụ site na njem nke Sir Charles Horbley (Bwana Obila Muruayi) duziri mgbe ha na-anapụ ehi Luo iji nyere ndị ọrụ India na-ewu ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Uganda aka. Mgbe esemokwu ndị a gasịrị, ndị isi ime mmụọ Luo dụrụ ndị mmadụ ọdụ ka ha na ndị Briten rụkọọ ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, onye isi Luo bụ Odera na-enye ndị na-ebugharị 1,500 maka njem ndị Briten megide ndị Nandi.[50] Ndị Briten guzobere isi ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara mbụ na Mumias mgbe ahụ na Kisumu. Ha rụrụ ọrụ iji mee ka ndị Luo nọrọ n'okpuru nchịkwa na nchịkwa. N'ime iri afọ ole na ole, ndị isi ọdịnala na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ndị isi ọchịchị na-anọchi.
[[Faịlụ:Luo_dancer_ostrich_plume.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mgirango Jaluo na ejiji ịgba egwú]]
Ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke ụka Seventh-day Adventist so n'ime ndị ozi ala ọzọ mbụ nke Ndị Kraịst na-eme ka ndị Luo gbanwee. Arthur Carscallen, onye Canadian Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) bụ onye Adventist mbụ rụrụ ọrụ na Kenya na Peter Nyambo, si Nyasaland (Malawi ugbu a). E meghere ozi mbụ site n'enyemaka nke onye ozi ala ọzọ Germany Abraham C. Enns, na Nọvemba n'afọ1906 na Gendia Hill, Kendu Bay. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ a guzobere ọdụ na Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karung, Kisii na Kamagambo. Ndị a niile dị na South Nyanza. E mere ndị Luo SDA mbụ a tọghatara baptizim na 21 Mee 1911. Carscallen bụ onye mbụ belatara [[Dholuo]] ka ọ bụrụ ihe ederede. O wepụtara akwụkwọ nkuzi nke ụtọ asụsụ wee malite ịsụgharị Bible n'asụsụ Dholuo. Ndị ozi ala ọzọ Katọlik na ndị ozi ala ọzọ Anglican site na Church Mission Society (CMS)  na-arụkwa ọrụ na Nyanza dum, mana ha lekwasịrị anya na Northern Nyanza.

Ọ ka bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka ma ndị '''Luo''' ọ bụ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi nrụgide nke ndị ọchịchị ma ọ bụ na ha nabatara akụkụ nke ọdịbendị ọdịda anyanwụ. Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1930, ụzọ ndụ Luo agbanweela nke ukwuu ma ghọọ nke ọdịda anyanwụ. Ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na mgbalị nke ndị isi (Ruoth) dịka ''Odera Akang'o'' keere òkè na nke a. N'afọ 1915, Gọọmentị Colonial zigara Odera Akang'o, onye na-ahụ maka Gem, na Kampala, Uganda. Ndị Briten bi n'ebe ahụ masịrị ya ma mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ, ọ malitere usoro a manyere ya ịnakwere ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ nke &quot;ụlọ akwụkwọ, uwe na ịdị ọcha&quot;. Nke a mere ka agụmakwụkwọ ngwa ngwa nke ndị Luo n'asụsụ Bekee na ụzọ Bekee. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Residents protest the demolition of Odera Akang'o's cell|date=6 September 2020|url=https://www.kenyanews.go.ke/residents-protest-the-demolition-of-odera-akangos-cell/|accessdate=2023-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmụta ndị Europe nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst na-arụkwa ọrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Luo.&lt;ref name=&quot;jananga&quot; /&gt;

Nkwado doro anya nke ọchịchị ndị Britain mebiri site na otu a maara dị ka Mumboism nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na South Nyanza. N'afọ 1913, Onyango Dunde nke etiti Kavirondo kwupụtara na ọ bụ ndị chi agwọ nke Lake Victoria, Mumbo zitere ya iji gbasaa ozizi ya. Gọọmentị na-achị mba ahụ ghọtara mmegharị a dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye ikike ha n'ihi nkwenkwe Mumbo. Mumbo kwere nkwa ịchụpụ ndị na-achị ala na ndị na-akwado ha ma katọọ okpukpe ha. Ebe ọ bụ na e gosipụtara na mmegide ime ihe ike bụ ihe efu ka ndị Afrịka meriri na teknụzụ, mmegharị a lekwasịrị anya n'ịtụ anya njedebe nke ọchịchị ala ọzọ, kama ịkpali ya. A na-ahazi òtù a dị ka òtù nzuzo nke puku afọ. Mumboism gbasara n'etiti ndị Luo na Ndị Kisii. Ndị ọchịchị na-achị mba ahụ gbochiri òtù ahụ site n'ịchụpụ na ịtụ ndị na-eso ụzọ mkpọrọ n'afọ ndị 1920 na 1930. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shadle|first=Brett L.|title=Patronage, Millennialism and the Serpent God Mumbo in South-West Kenya, 1912–34|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|date=2002|volume=72|issue=1|pages=29–54|doi=10.2307/3556798}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa nke oge a na Kenya Colony chọrọ ime mkpesa megide iwu ndị bi na ya, ma mụbaa ụtụ isi na ndị Afrịka na ''Kipande'' a na-eleda anya (Ịmata eriri ígwè a na-eyi n'olu). Ndị Luo nọ na Kavirondo na Ndị Kikuyu nọ na Nairobi haziri nzukọ ọha na eze iche. Ọ bụ Daudi Basudde haziri ọgbaghara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi CMS dị na Maseno. O welitere nchegbu banyere mmetụta na-emebi ihe na ala Afrịka site na ịgbanwere site na East African Protectorate gaa na Kenya Colony. Usoro nzukọ a na-akpọ ''Piny Owacho'' (Olu nke Ndị Mmadụ) ruru n'ókè na nnukwu nzukọ e nwere na Disemba 1921 na-akwado maka ọrụ aha onye ọ bụla, iwepụ usoro ''Kipande'' na usoro ụtụ isi ziri ezi. N'ịbụ onye otu nchegbu ahụ jidere, James Beauttah, otu n'ime ndị guzobere Kikuyu Central Association malitere njikọ aka n'etiti obodo Kikuyu na Luo.[56] Archdeacon Walter Edwin Owen, onye ozi ala ọzọ Anglican na onye nkwado a ma ama maka ihe omume Africa, kwadoro ma mee ka ''Piny' Owacho'' (Olu nke Ndị Mmadụ) bụrụ otu. Ndị ọchịchị na-achị mba ahụ ga-eto ya dị ka onye duziri usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ oge. Otú ọ dị, ndị obodo ahụ weere ya dị ka onye na-akwado ha. Ọ malitere Kavirondo Taxpayers Welfare Association wee bụrụ onye isi oche ya, na-enye ndị Afrịka ụzọ ha ga-esi dozie mkpesa ha. Otú ọ dị, o lekwasịrị anya n'ihe gbasara ọdịmma ma zere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ga-ewe iwe ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Nancy Uhlar|title=Archdeacon W. E. Owen: Missionary as Propagandist|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=1982|volume=15|issue=4|pages=653–670|doi=10.2307/217849}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnupụisi Mau Mau ===
[[Faịlụ:Acheing_Oneko_(cropped).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Achieng Oneko Otu n'ime Kapenguria Isii]]
Ndị ọcha na-ebi n'ala ha anaghị anapụ ndị Luo n'ozuzu ha, na-ezere ọdịnihu nke dakwasịrị ndị agbụrụ na-azụ atụrụ bi na &quot;White Highlands&quot; nke Kenya. Ọtụtụ ndị Luo keere òkè dị mkpa n'ọgụ maka nnwere onwe Kenya, mana ndị mmadụ etinyeghị aka na Mau Mau Uprising (1952-60). Kama nke ahụ, ha jiri agụmakwụkwọ ha mee ihe iji kwalite ebumnuche nke nnwere onwe n'udo. Mgbasa mgbasa ozi siri ike nke gọọmentị na-achị mba ahụ mere ka obodo ndị ọzọ nke Kenya, ndị bi na mba ụwa ghara inwe ọmịiko na mmegharị ahụ site n'ịkwado omume obi ọjọọ nke Mau Mau mere. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị Europe tụfuru ndụ ha ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị Afrịka n'oge nnupụisi ahụ, a kpọsara ọnwụ ọ bụla nke ndị Europe n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na-ekwusi ike na ihe ndị metụtara aghụghọ na mmekọahụ anụmanụ. N'ihi ya, ndị Kikuyu kwadoro ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ ndị malitere nnupụisi ahụ. A tụkwara ndị Luo na-akwado Mau Mau na ndị gọọmentị na-achị ala ahụ weere na ha ga-akwado ya. Karịsịa, Ramogi Achieng Oneko, onye ndu KAU na otu n'ime Kapenguria isii. Nna nna [[Barack Obama]], Hussein Onyango Obama, sonyere n'òtù ndị mba Afrịka. Ndị ọchịchị na-achị mba ahụ tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ma mekpọọ ya ọnụ n'ihi na a na-enyo ya enyo na ọ na-etinye aka na Nnupụisi Mau Mau.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Orengoh|first=Ben Macintyre and Paul|date=2023-07-31|title=Beatings and abuse made Barack Obama's grandfather loathe the British|work=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/beatings-and-abuse-made-barack-obamas-grandfather-loathe-the-british-zg8qnn7jbrg|accessdate=2023-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkaiwu Luo Argwings Kodhek, onye mbụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'iwu, ghọrọ onye a maara dị ka onye ọka iwu Mau Mau ka ọ ga-agbachitere ndị Afrịka a na-ebo ebubo mpụ Mau pro bono.[61]
[[Faịlụ:Tom_Mboya_1962_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Tom Mboya]]
Nhọrọ mbụ maka ndị otu African nke Kansụl Iwu (MLCs) bụ na 1957. A họpụtara Tom Mboya na Oginga Odinga.[67] Na June 1958, Oginga Odinga kpọrọ oku ka a tọhapụ Jomo Kenyatta onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ mgbe a machibidoro nnupụisi Mau Mau. O mere oku a na arụmụka kansụl iwu. Ọ tachiri obi ọtụtụ ọnwa nke mkpagbu maka iwere nguzo a tupu ọ ghọọ oku maka mmeghachi omume mba Afrịka.[68] E mere Nzukọ nke Lancaster House na London iji kwurịta nnwere onwe Kenya na usoro iwu. Tom Mboya na Oginga Odinga nwetara enyemaka nke Thurgood Marshall, onye ọka iwu America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ iji dee iwu mbụ.  [69]

Mgbe Kenya nweere onwe ya na 12 Disemba 1963, Oginga Odinga jụrụ ịbụ onye isi ala nke Kenya ma kweta iwere osote onye isi ala na Jomo Kenyatta dị ka onye isi ala. Ọchịchị ha nọchitere anya otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya African National Union (KANU). Ndị Luo na ndị Kikuyu ketara ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ ndị mbụ mgbe Kenya nweere onwe ya na 1963.  Otú ọ dị, esemokwu ya na Kenyatta mere ka Odinga si n'òtù ahụ pụọ ma hapụ ọkwa osote onye isi ala na 1966. Agha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Agha Nzuzo na-arụ ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya.[70] Ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ na-achọsi ike imetụta ime iwu obodo ma merie ndị enyi na-akpata agha oyi na Kenya. Ọchịchị obodo ahụ jupụtara na nkewa echiche nke agha oyi. Odinga na Bildad Kaggia, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kikuyu na onye ndú Mau, katọrọ gọọmentị Kenyatta maka ịnakwere iwu nkesa ala rụrụ arụ nke na-abaghị uru ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ala. E gburu Pio Gama Pinto, onye a ma ama na-emegide ọchịchị, onye isi na-eme atụmatụ na njikọ ya na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Odinga na 25 Febụwarị 1965 n'ihe a ghọtara dị ka ogbugbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ nke Kenya. Odinga nọgidere na-anọpụ iche na gọọmentị ma mesịa bụrụ onye a manyere ịgba arụkwaghịm ma malite otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ya - Kenya People's Union (KPU) .  Kenya People's Union (KPU)  nwere nkwado siri ike n'etiti ndị Luo.[73] Gọọmentị Kenyatta kpagburu pati a. E mere iwu nchekwa na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na July 1966 nke nyere gọọmentị ohere ijide mmadụ n'enweghị ikpe iji mee ka iwu na usoro dị n'ọnọdụ ebe a na-eyi iwu ugbu a egwu. E ji Iwu a mee ihe ozugbo megide ndị otu KPU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Conboy|first=Kevin|title=Detention Without Trial in Kenya|journal=Georgia Journal of International &amp; Comparative Law|date=11 February 2016|volume=8|issue=2|url=https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/gjicl/vol8/iss2/9/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1966, ndị uwe ojii gọọmentị jidere ndị òtù Luo KPU a ma ama gụnyere Ochola Mak'Anyengo (odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Kenya Petroleum Oil Workers Union), Oluande Koduol (odeakwụkwọ onwe onye nke Oginga Odinga) na Peter Ooko (odeakwụkwọ isi nke East African Common Services Civil Servants Union) ma jide ha n'ebughị ụzọ kpee ha ikpe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1966-08-05|title=5 opposition leaders seized|page=1|work=Pasadena Independent|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pasadena-independent-5-opposition-leader/15272844/|accessdate=2023-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agha Nzuzo ahụ ruru n'ókè ha kachasị elu na 1969. Kemgbe Odinga hapụrụ KANU, ndị Luo nọgidere na-abụ ndị a chụpụrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Argwings Kodhek, onye ọka iwu Mau Mau nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'ọnọdụ dị omimi na 29 Jenụwarị 1969. E gburu Tom Mboya, onye a na-akpọkarị onye ga-anọchi Kenyatta, ọnwa isii ka nke ahụ gasịrị na 5 Julaị 1969. Esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dugara na ogbugbu Kisumu mgbe ndị nche onye isi ala na ndị uwe ojii nke Kenyatta gbara ọtụtụ ndị nkịtị égbè ma gbuo ha na Kisumu Town, isi obodo Nyanza Province. Mgbe ogbugbu a gasịrị, a machibidoro KPU iwu, na-eme ka Kenya bụrụ steeti otu. E jidere ndị otu KPU niile ma jide ha n'ebughị ụzọ kpee ha ikpe, gụnyere Oginga Odinga. Mgbukpọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mpaghara Nyanza kara njọ ma gaa n'ihu n'okpuru ọchịchị Moi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Odinga, Oginga.|title=Not yet Uhuru: the autobiography of Oginga Odinga.|date=1977|publisher=Heinemann|isbn=0-435-90038-2|oclc=264794347}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-28|title=Dark Saturday in 1969 when Jomo's visit to Kisumu turned bloody|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/dark-saturday-in-1969-when-jomo-s-visit-to-kisumu-turned-bloody-101870|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Nation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A tọhapụrụ Oginga Odinga n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'afọ 1971. Gọọmentị gara n'ihu na-egbochi ya itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi na ọ pụghị ịzọ ọkwa na Ntuli aka nke afọ 1974. &lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kenya - Colonialism, Mau Mau, Independence {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya/World-War-II-to-independence|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1982, Odinga nwara ịmalite otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ - Kenya African Socialist Alliance .[80] Akụkụ nke 2A nke usoro Iwu Kenya gbanwere na-eme ka Kenya bụrụ otu steeti n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ya wee gbochie mbọ Odinga. Mgbalị ndị agha Kenya Air Force mere n'otu afọ ahụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, nke onye Luo, Hezekiah Ochuka duziri, kụrụ afọ n'ala. Oginga Odinga na nwa ya nwoke Raila Odinga e boro ebubo itinye aka ma jide ha n'ebughị ụzọ kpee ha ikpe ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.[80]&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica.com&quot; /&gt; Ihe omume ndị a dugara n'ọtụtụ afọ nke nchụpụ nke obodo Luo. E mere ka echiche nke ịpụ iche site na ogbugbu nke Robert Ouko, Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ na 1990.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2010-12-09|title=Robert Ouko 'killed in Kenya State House'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-11962534|accessdate=2024-03-01|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbukpọ akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke obodo na njikwa akụ na ụba ọdachi na Kenya, ọkachasị n'okpuru nchịkwa nke KANU nke steeti ọhụrụ ahụ, nwere ọdachi nye ndị Kenya. N'agbanyeghị ikike akụ na ụba nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] dị nso, Kenya na-aga n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ na ịda ogbenye na HIV / AIDS.

Mmetụta obodo na nke mba ụwa na mbido afọ 1990 mere ka Gọọmentị m kagbuo mmezigharị nke ngalaba 2A nke iwu. Ya mere, e nyere ikike ka e nwee ọtụtụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Kenya. E guzobere Forum for Restoration of Democracy (FORD), otu ndị na-emegide ọtụtụ agbụrụ nke Oginga Odinga, Kenneth Matiba na Martin Shikuku duziri. Òtù a kewara n'ihi esemokwu dị n'ime òtù ndị na-emegide agbụrụ - FORD-Asili (nke Matiba duziri) na FORD-Kenya (nke Oginga Odinga duziri). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Stephen|title=Authoritarian leaders and multiparty elections in Africa: How foreign donors help to keep Kenya's Daniel arap Moi in power|journal=Third World Quarterly|date=October 2001|volume=22|issue=5|pages=725–739|doi=10.1080/01436590120084575}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oginga Odinga nwụrụ na 1994.

Ford-Kenya mechara kewaa ma nwa Odinga, Raila Odinga malitere National Development Party of Kenya (NDP) nke nwere nkwado Luo dị ukwuu. Òtù a sonyeere KANU n'afọ 2002, obere oge tupu ntuli aka.  A na-eto Raila Odinga n'ọtụtụ ebe maka ime ka [[Mwai Kibaki]]&quot;&gt;Mwai Kibaki merie ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2002 site na nkwado nke Liberal Democratic Party ya. Mmekọrịta a ghọrọ ihe na-adịghị mma ma Raila Odinga duziri ntuli aka megide Mwai Kibaki na ntuli aka iwu Kenya nke 2005 nke a ghọtara n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ntuli aka gegn Kibaki. Ihe karịrị otu puku mmadụ nwụrụ na 600,000 gbara ọsọ ndụ na nsogbu Kenya nke 2007-2008 na-esote ntuli aka nke afọ 2007. A na-eme mkpọsa na oge ntuli aka n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ụzọ agbụrụ. Raila Odinga duziri Orange Democratic Movement megide Mwai Kibaki's Party of National Unity .  Nkwekọrịta ịkekọrịta ike nke Kofi Annan mere ka gọọmentị jikọọ aka na Raila Odinga nata ọkwa ọhụrụ nke praịm minista. Asọmpi agbụrụ dị n'etiti ndị Kikuyu na ndị Luo na-emesi okwu akụkọ ihe mere eme gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ike nke metụtara ịnweta ihe onwunwe na ike. Asọmpi a na-aga n'ihu na-akpụzi usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kenya.

Tishkoff et al. na 2009 bipụtara nnyocha kachasị ukwuu e mere iji gosipụta ọdịiche dị iche iche na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'Africa. Ha nyochara ndị Afrịka 121, ndị Afrịka America 4 na ndị na-abụghị ndị Afrịka 60. Nsonaazụ ha gosipụtara ogo dị elu nke ndị nna nna na-egosipụta ihe omume nke ịkwaga. N'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, ndị niile a nyochara nwere akụkụ nke ndị nna nna Nilotic, Cushitic na Bantu, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, na ogo dịgasị iche iche. Ha chọpụtakwara na, n'ozuzu, ụyọkọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwekọrọ na nhazi asụsụ, na ndị a ma ama gụnyere Luo nke Kenya. N'agbanyeghị na ha bụ ndị na-asụ Nilotic, ndị Luo na ndị na-ekwu Bantu gbara ha gburugburu. Ha na-atụ aro na nke a na-egosi na ngwakọta dị elu mere n'oge ngafe ndịda nke Southern Luo.&lt;ref name=&quot;tishkoff&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tishkoff|first=S. A.|title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans|journal=Science|date=22 May 2009|volume=324|issue=5930|pages=1035–1044|doi=10.1126/science.1172257|pmid=19407144}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ nyocha nke David Reich kwukwara nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ. Ha chọpụtara na ọnụọgụ mgbanwe na Luo yiri nke ndị na-asụ Asụsụ Bantu gbara ya gburugburu. Ha tụrụ aro na ndị na-asụ asụsụ Luo n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ọganihu mgbe niile ka ha kwagara n'ókèala ndị na-ekwu okwu Bantu bi. Nke a na-agbaso akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke na-ekwusi ike na nnukwu ìgwè ndị na-asụ asụsụ Bantu nabatara asụsụ Luo, ọdịbendị na omenala ndị na-achịkwa n'oge ahụ.[94]

== Omenala na omenala ==

=== Usoro ọchịchị ọdịnala ===
Dị ka omenala si dị, ndị Luo bụ ndị nna ochie nwere usoro ọchịchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Grigorenko, Elena L.|title=The organisation of Luo conceptions of intelligence: a study of implicit theories in a Kenyan village|date=2001|publisher=The International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development|oclc=842972252}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nna ma ọ bụ nwunye mbụ (''mikayi'') ma ọ bụ nwa nwoke na-eduzi ezinụlọ ahụ mgbe nna na-anọghị ya. Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị metụtara site na ndị nna nna ha guzobere otu agbụrụ (''Anuola''). Ọtụtụ agbụrụ jikọtara ọnụ mepụta obodo (gweng), nke onye okenye obodo (''dodo'' ma ọ bụ kajong kaj) duziri. Onye okenye obodo ahụ chịrị site n'enyemaka nke ndị okenye ndị ọzọ bụ ndị bụbu ndị ikom nwere ọnọdụ site na azụmahịa, akụ na ụba, agha, ma ọ bụ ikwu okwu. Ọtụtụ obodo nta jikọtara ọnụ mepụta obere agbụrụ (''piny'', nke a sụgharịrị dị ka &quot;mba agbụrụ&quot;). A ''piny'' na-eduzi site na onye isi nketa nke dabeere na uru site na nwa nwoke nke okenye (ruoth).

Onye na-akọ ọdịnihu (''jabilo'') bụ onye bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ ime mmụọ na nke agha, kpuwere ya okpueze. Ọdịdị gọọmentị Luo siri ike na steeti n'okpuru ọchịchị, ndị nwere kansụl ndị okenye (''Gallamoro mar jodongo'' ma ọ bụ jodong gad), site n'obodo niile dị n'ókèala ha. Ndị Luos haziri nchebe na nchekwa ha na mpaghara agbụrụ nke onye ọchịagha (''osumba mirwayi'') duziri, onye so na kansụl ndị okenye. Kansụl ahụ nwekwara ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị kansụl ahụ n'ihe gbasara gọọmentị na nzukọ ahịa obodo, okpukpe, na emume ọdịnala nke ndị a na-eduzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Odenyo|first=Amos O.|title=Conquest, Clientage, and Land Law among the Luo of Kenya|journal=Law &amp; Society Review|date=1973|volume=7|issue=4|pages=767–778|doi=10.2307/3052969}}&lt;/ref&gt;[97]

Mmekọrịta agbụrụ na ibe ya bụ ad hoc, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị otu onye na-achị ndị Luo. Obere agbụrụ gbakọtara n'oge ọdachi, agha, na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ụnwụ nri, na idei mmiri iji nyere ibe ha aka. ''Sumo'', omume nke ịkekọrịta ihe oriri na ndị ụnwụ nri dakwasịrị, bụ omenala a na-ahụkarị, ebe Kisumo bụ otu n'ime ahịa ndị a ma ama ebe ndị ụnụrụ dakwasịrị na-enwekarị nkwado site na mmesapụ aka nke ndị ibe ha Luo.

Echiche nke onye ọchịchị Luo a na-akpọ ''ker'' bụ nke Jaramogi Oginga Odinga chepụtara n'oge e guzobere Luo Union na 1947 nke ebumnuche ya bụ ijikọ ndị niile sitere na Luo n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Jaramogi Oginga Odinga bụ onye Luo ker mbụ. Dị ka akụkụ nke ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti onye ndú agbụrụ na onye ndú mba, akụkụ nke ọnọdụ ahụ bụ na onye Luo ker agaghị abanye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba; mgbe Jaramogi Oginga Odinga banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ego mba na 1957, ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ onye ker.

==== Lu nke abụọ ====
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị otu dị iche iche nke kansụl ndị okenye Luo na-azọrọ oche Luo ker nke malitere site na nhọpụta nke Willis Opiyo Otondi site na Raila Odinga na 2010 iji dochie Ker Riaga Ogalo. Dị ka omenala si dị, ọ bụ Council of Elders na-ahọpụta ker ma a họpụtaghị ya dịka ọ mere na Opondo Otondi, na Luo ker nwere ike ịhapụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ abụọ, ịgba arụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. Ker Riaga Ogalo kwuru na ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma ọ bụ nwụọ iji nye ikike nhọpụta nke onye ọzọ, ebe Opiyo Otondi kwuru na ọ bụ onye a họpụtara nke ọma nke ndị Luo. Ker Riaga Ogalo nọchitere anya Raila n'ọtụtụ nnọkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma nyere aka wuo ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Raila Odinga megidere ihe kansụl chọrọ n'oge ha na-ekwu okwu nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/336367-struggle-power-splits-luo-council-elders-3-factions.html|title=Struggle for power splits Luo council of elders into 3 factions|date=23 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eto Ker Riaga Ogalo maka inwe echiche na-aga n'ihu nke ndị eze Luo niile nke oge a site n'ịkwado ibi úgwù nke ndị ikom Luo iji nyere aka n'ọgụ megide HIV / AIDS. Ibi úgwù bụ ihe na-abụghị omenala Luo mana idu ndú ya mere ọtụtụ obi ịnabata mgbanwe ọhụrụ ahụ. Ker Riaga Ogalo jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke National Council of Elders. N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ọchịchị ya, o kwuru na Raila na-egbochi ndị Luo itolite n'ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na akụ na ụba site na ụdị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Ker Riaga Ogalo nwụrụ n'afọ 2015 mgbe ọ butere ọrịa akụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ mba Kenyatta. Esemokwu nke Kansụl ahụ gara n'ihu mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na Willis Opiyo Otondi ka na-azọrọ na ọ bụ onye ziri ezi nke Ker Nyandiko Ong'adi bụ onye Kansụl Ndị okenye Luo họpụtara na 2015 iji dochie anya ker Riaga Ogalo.

Onye na-achị ugbu a bụ Jaduong Odungi Randa, onye e kpuwere okpueze na 22 Disemba 2023 ka ọ bụrụ onye nke itoolu nke Luo. Mgbalị iji mee ka ndị Luo nọ n'okpuru otu ikike dị mfe n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme ha na usoro gọọmentị dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/nyanza/2020-08-18-unity-in-sight-as-one-luo-council-faction-quits/|title=Unity in sight as one Luo council faction quits}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Omenala nke ịgafe ===
Dị ka omenala si dị, aha ndị a na-enye ụmụaka na-egosipụtakarị ọnọdụ nke ime ime ime ma ọ bụ ịmụ nwa (gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, oge ma ọ bụ oge). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|author=Danver, Steven L.|date=2013|publisher=M.E. Sharpe, Inc|oclc=1026939363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọzọkwa, ndị Luos ewepụla ezé ala isii n'ihi ọrịa akpịrị nke metụtara ala Luo

=== Nri ===
Nri Luo a ma ama na-agụnye azụ̀ (rech) karịsịa tilapia (ngege) na omenala, nke a na-ejikarị [[ugali]] (nke a na-akpọ__hau____hau____hau__ na Dholuo) na akwụkwọ nri ọdịnala dị ka Osuga na [[Mulukhiyah|apoth]]. Nri ọdịnala ndị Luo bụ ihe a na-eme site na sorghum ma ọ bụ millet tinyere azụ, anụ, ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Johns|first=Timothy|title=Food Plants of the Luo of Siaya District, Kenya|journal=Economic Botany|date=1991|volume=45|issue=1|pages=103–113|doi=10.1007/BF02860055}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Omenala okpukpe ===
Chọọchị ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere ''Legio Maria'', ''Roho'', ''Nomiya'' na ''Fweny'' na ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kustenbauder|first=Matthew|title=Believing in the Black Messiah: The Legio Maria Church in an African Christian Landscape|journal=Nova Religio|date=1 August 2009|volume=13|issue=1|pages=11–40|doi=10.1525/nr.2009.13.1.11|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11073735}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere obodo ndị Alakụba Luo, nwere otu a ma ama bi na Kisumu, Kenya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Becker|first=Felicitas|date=2018-06-25|title=The History of Islam in East Africa|url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-151|accessdate=2021-12-02|work=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.151}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Omenala alụmdi na nwunye ===
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-eme ka di na nwunye mata ibe ha, mana nke a abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ugbu a. Dị ka ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ na Kenya, omume alụmdi na nwunye n'etiti ndị Luo anọwo na-agbanwe ma ụfọdụ ndị na-apụ n'ụzọ ọdịnala nke ime ihe.

=== Egwú ===
[[Faịlụ:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Luo_dansers_in_krijgskostuum_tijdens_de_Eldoret_Agricultural_Show_TMnr_20014319.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ndị na-agba egwú Luo na Eldoret, Kenya]]
Egwú Luo sitere n'ụzọ ndụ zuru oke, ụdị ndụ, na usoro ndụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu obodo a. N'ihi nke ahụ, egwu ahụ nwere njirimara nke mere ka ọ dị iche na nke obodo ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịhụ nke a, nụ ya, ma nụ ya na abụ ha, ụda, usoro ngosi na ịgba egwú, mmegharị, na nhazi.

Egwú ndị dị na egwu Luo bụ abụ, nwere ọtụtụ ihe ịchọ mma olu. Ihe ịchọ mma ndị a pụtara n'ụzọ doro anya, karịsịa mgbe egwu ahụ bu ozi dị mkpa. A na-eji ọtụtụ syncopation na mmalite acrusic mara ụda ha. A na-egosikarị abụ ndị a n'ụdị nzaghachi onwe onye, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ bụ egwu onwe onye. Ụdị kachasị ewu ewu nke solo performances bụ abụ. Abụ ndị a bụ ndị na-agụ egwú na-enweghị isi na ahịrịokwu, nke na-ebu ozi siri ike. A na-eji abụ ndị a eme ihe ka ọtụtụ n'egwú Luo. Otu ihe atụ bụ ịgba egwu dudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=A.M.|date=1973|title=Luo music and its rhythm|journal=African Music: Journal of the African Music Society|volume=5|issue=3|pages=43–54|doi=10.21504/amj.v5i3.1658|url=http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/1658}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ọzọ pụrụ iche na egwu Luo bụ iwebata abụ ọzọ n'etiti egwu egwu. Abụ na-akwụsị, ụda nke ngwá egwú na-agbadata ma na-agba egwú na'enweghị ike ka onye ọ bụla na-ewere arụmọrụ bụ otuto onwe ya. A na-akpọ nke a '''''Pakrok'''''. E nwekwara ụdị ululation pụrụ iche, '''''Sigalagala''''', nke gosipụtara njedebe nke arụmọrụ egwu. Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-emekarị Sigalagalagala.

Ụdị ịgba egwú n'egwú ọdịnala Luo mara mma ma dị mma. Ha na-agụnye ma ọ bụ mmegharị nke otu ụkwụ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ na úkwù na-aga n'ihu na ụda nke egwu ma ọ bụ ịma jijiji nke ubu n'ụzọ siri ike, na-abụkarị na ụda nke nyatiti, ngwá egwu nwere eriri asatọ.

Adamson (1967) kwuru na Luos yi uwe ọdịnala ha na ihe ịchọ mma kwesịrị aha ha dị ka ndị kacha mara mma na Kenya. N'oge ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi ha, ndị Luo na-eyi ejiji ma na-achọ onwe ha mma ọ bụghị naanị iji mara mma, kamakwa iji bulie mmegharị ha. Uwe ndị a gụnyere akwa sisal ('''''owalo'''''), beads ('''''Ombulu / tigo''''') nke a na-eyi n'olu na úkwù, na ụrọ na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ nke na-acha ọcha nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eyi. Uwe ụmụ nwoke ahụ gụnyere '''''[[kuodi]]''''' ma ọ bụ '''''Chieno''''', akpụkpọ anụ a na-eyi site n'ubu ma ọ bụ site n'úkwù iji kpuchie ọtọ ha, '''''Ligisa''''', okpu isi, ọta na ube, okpu ahịhịa, na mkpara, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-eji ihe ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ eme uwe na ihe ịchọ mma ndị a niile.

Ndị Luo nwekwara ọtụtụ ngwá egwú nke sitere na ụda (ụbọ, clappers, mgbaaka ígwè, '''''ongeng'o ma ọ bụ gara''''', shakers), eriri (dịka, '''''nyatiti''''', ụdị lyre; '''''orutu''''', ụdị fiddle), ifufe ('''''tung''''', mpi, '''''Asili''''', ọjà, '''''A bu-!''''', na otu ụdị opi).
[[Faịlụ:Nyatiti.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Nyatiti]]
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ejikọta ndị Luo na ụdị egwu ''Benga''. Ọ bụ ụdị dị egwu nke a na-abụ abụ na [[Dholuo]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], ma ọ bụ Bekee na-abụ na guitar riff. Ọ malitere na 1950s na ndị egwu Luo dị ka George Ramogi na Ochieng 'Kabaselle na-anwa ime ka egwu egwu ọdịnala ha kwekọọ na ngwá egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. Guitar (acoustic, mgbe e mesịrị eletrik) dochiri nyatiti dị ka ngwá egwu eriri. ''Benga'' aghọwo ihe a ma ama nke na ndị egwu si n'agbụrụ niile na-akpọ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Rateng&amp;#39|title=The Luo Nation-History, Origin and Culture of Luo People of Kenya|url=https://www.academia.edu/11787831|language=en|isbn=978-9966-123-13-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-agụ egwu Luo na onye na-egwu egwu nyatiti bụ Ayub Ogada nwetara ihe ngosi zuru oke na 2005 mgbe abụọ n'ime egwu ya gosipụtara na Alberto Iglesias 'Academy Award-nominated score for [[Fernando Mereilles]]' film adaptation of The Constant Gardener.

Ndị egwu Luo ndị ọzọ, n'ụdị dị iche iche, bụ [[Akothee]], [[Suzanna Owíyo|Suzanna Owiyo]], Daniel Owino Misiani, [[Collela Mazee]], Achieng 'Abura, George Ramogi, Musa Juma, Tony Nyadundo na Onyi Papa Jey.

=== Ezinụlọ, ezinụlọ, na ihe nketa ===
Ocholla Ayayo dere na &quot;Traditional Ideology and Ethics among the southern Luo&quot;: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Welbourn|first=F. B.|title=Traditional Ideology and Ethics among the Southern Luo|journal=Journal of Religion in Africa|date=1978|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.2307/1581402|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-754}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;When the time of the inheritance comes the ideology of seniority is respected: the elder son receives the largest share, followed in the order of seniority. If it is the land to be divided, for instance, the land of the old grandfather's homestead, the senior son gets the middle piece, the second the land to the right hand side of the homestead, and the third son takes the land on the left hand side. After the father's death the senior son takes over the responsibilities of leadership. These groups when considered in terms of genealogy, are people of the same grandfather, and are known in Dholuo as Jokakwaro. They share sacrifices under the leadership of the senior brother. If the brother is dead the next brother in seniority takes the leadership of senior brother. The responsibility and prestige position of leadership is that it puts one into the primary position in harvesting, cultivation, as well as in eating specified parts of the animal killed, usually the best parts. It is the senior brother, who is leading in the group, who can first own the fishing boat. Since it is he who will be communicating with the ancestors of their father or grandfather, it is he who will conduct or lead the sacrifices of religiousity of the boat, as we have noted earlier. [...] The system of the allocation of land by the father while he is still alive is important since it will coincide with the system of inheritance of land. The principle of the division of the land in monogamous families is rather simple and straightforward. [...] The senior son takes the centre portion of all the land of the homestead up to and beyond the gate or to the buffer zone; the second son then has the remainder of the land to divide with the other brothers. If the land is divided among the elder sons after they are married, and take to live in their lands, it often happens that a youngest son remains in the village of the father to care for him in his old age. His inheritance is the last property, called Mondo and the remaining gardens of his mother. [...] In the case of a polygamous village, the land is divided along the same lines, except that within the village, the sons claim the area contiguous to the houses of their mother. Each wife and her children are regarded as if the group constituted was the son of a single woman.By that I mean the children of the senior wife, Mikayi, are given that portion of the total area which could have been given to the senior son in a monogamous family. The sons of Nyachira, the second wife, and the sons of Reru, the third wife, lay claim to those portions which would have fallen to the second and third sons of Mikayi in a monogamous village&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Traditional ideology and ethics among the southern Luo – DiVA {{Cite web|url=http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:280191/FULLTEXT01|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2013-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014150155/http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:280191/FULLTEXT01|archivedate=2013-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Paul Hebinck na Nelson Mango na-akọwa n'ụzọ zuru ezu usoro ezinụlọ na ihe nketa nke Luo na edemede ha &quot;Land and embedded rights: An analysis of land conflicts in Luoland, Western Kenya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/13060/ASC-075287668-1014-01.pdf?sequence=2|title=Dilemmas of Development: Conflicts of Interest and Their Resolutions in Modernizing Africa|isbn=978-90-5448-081-5|accessdate=2013-10-09|author=Abbink|first=J.|year=2008|publisher=African Studies Centre}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parker MacDonald Shipton na-edekwa ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ikwu, ezinụlọ na ihe Nketa n'etiti ndị Luo n'akwụkwọ ya &quot;Mortgaging the Ancestors: Ideologies of Attachment in Africa&quot;:

&quot;N'èzí ogige obibi, ma ọ bụ (ebe ọ na-enweghị ogige ọzọ) n'èzí na n'ihu ụlọ ya, ndị Luo enweela mmasị na nhazi nke ubi nke n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-egosipụta ogige ụlọ n'ime. Usoro na-esonụ, dị ka akọwapụtara n'ọrụ Gordon Wilson site na 1950s, ka a ka na-ahụ n'oge anyị - ọ bụghị naanị na eserese nke ndị na-enye ihe ọmụma nke ala ha, kamakwa n'ebe ọzọ ebe ogige na-esote nyere ohere ohere ohere, ọ bụ nna ya, ọ ga-enweta ihe karịrị otu nwa ya nwoke nke anọ ka aka ekpe.

== Ihe odide ==

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    <title>Neodymium</title>
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      <text bytes="64696" sha1="i0t6muus3dokl6k41qrtnjcb6uk7ohv" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Neodym 1.jpg|thumb|Neodym]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt; '''Neodymium''' bụ kemịkalụ; ọ nwere akara '''Nd''' na nọmba atọm 60. Ọ bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide ma a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ọla ndị dị ụkọ. Ọ bụ ígwè siri ike, nke a na-agbatịtụ, ọlaọcha nke na-emebi ngwa ngwa na ikuku na mmiri. Mgbe oxidized, neodymium na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa, na-emepụta pink, purple / blue, na yellow compounds na +2, +3 na +4 oxidation states. A na-ewere ya n'ozuzu ya dị ka nke nwere otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Werbowy|first=Slawomir|title=Studies of Landé gJ-factors of singly ionized neodymium isotopes (142, 143 and 145) at relatively small magnetic fields up to 334 G by collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy|journal=The European Physical Journal D|date=2017|volume=71|doi=10.1140/epjd/e2016-70641-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium chọpụtara na 1885 site n'aka onye Austria na-emepụta kemịkal Carl Auer von Welsbach, onye chọpụtakwara praseodymium. Neodymium dị n'ọtụtụ na mineral monazite na bastnäsite. A naghị ahụ Neodymium n'ụzọ okike n'ụdị ígwè ma ọ bụ na-agwakọtaghị ya na lanthanides ndị ọzọ, a na-emekarị ka ọ dị mma maka iji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu. Neodymium bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị - ihe dị ka cobalt, nickel, ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa - ma na-ekesa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime mkpo ụwa. A na-egwupụta ọtụtụ neodymium azụmahịa n'ụwa na China, dịka ọ dị na ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ.

A na-eji ngwakọta Neodymium eme ihe na mbụ dị ka ihe na-acha odo odo na 1927 ma nọgide na-abụ ihe mgbakwunye a ma ama. Agba nke neodymium compounds sitere na Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ion ma na-abụkarị na-acha uhie uhie. Agba a na-agbanwe na ụdị ọkụ n'ihi mmekọrịta nke bands na-amịkọrọ ìhè nke neodymium na ìhè gburugburu ebe obibi nke bara ọgaranya na bands na'ahụ anya nke mercury, trivalent europium ma ọ bụ Terbium. A na-eji ugogbe anya ndị e ji neodymium mee ihe na lasers nke na-ewepụta infrared na wavelengths n'etiti 1046 na 1062 nanometers. A na-eji lasers ndị a eme ihe na ngwa ike dị elu, dị ka inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikwa Neodymium na kristal ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dị ka yttrium aluminum garnet na Nd:YAG laser.

A na-eji alloys neodymium eme ihe iji mee ka Magnet neodymium dị elu, nke bụ Magnet na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Herbst|first=J.F.|date=Nov 1991|title=Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets|journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials|volume=100|issue=1–3|pages=57–78|doi=10.1016/0304-8853(91)90812-o|issn=0304-8853}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji magnet ndị a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dị ka microphones, ụdaolu ọkachamara, ekweisi ntị, ihe ntụrụndụ DC eletrik dị elu, na draịvụ diski ike nke kọmputa, ebe a chọrọ obere magnet (ma ọ bụ olu) ma ọ bụ ebe magnetik siri ike. A na-eji nnukwu magnets neodymium mee ihe na motors eletrik nwere oke ike na ịdị arọ (dịka, na Ụgbọala hybrid) na generators (dịka ụgbọelu na ndị na-emepụta eletrik). 

== Ihe onwunwe ==
Neodymium ọla nwere ihe ọla na-egbuke egbuke, nke na-acha ọlaọcha. Neodymium na-adikarị n'ụdị allotropic abụọ, ya na mgbanwe site na hexagonal abụọ gaa na  body-centered cubic structure nke etiti ahụ na-eme ihe dị ka 863&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;/&gt; Neodymium, dịka ọtụtụ lanthanides, bụ paramagnetic na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ọ na-aghọ antiferromagnet mgbe ojuru oyi na okpụrụ  20 K (−253.2 °C).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Andrej Szytula|title=Handbook of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tgM8oAQcdcC&amp;pg=PA1|date=8 March 1994|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-4261-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Below this transition N'okpuru okpomọkụ mgbanwe a, ọ na e gosipụta na usoro na usoro nke magnetik dị mgbagwoju anya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zochowski|first=S W|title=Magnetic phase diagrams of neodymium|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=3|issue=41|date=1991|issn=0953-8984|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/3/41/007|pages=8079–8094}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lebech|first=B|title=Magnetic phase transitions in double hexagonal close packed neodymium metal-commensurate in two dimensions|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=6|issue=27|date=1994|issn=0953-8984|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/6/27/029|pages=5201–5222}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke nwere oge ntụrụndụ ogologo na omume spin glass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kamber|first=Umut|title=Self-induced spin glass state in elemental and crystalline neodymium|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6494|date=2020|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.aay6757|pmid=32467362}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium bụ metal dị ụkọ nke dị na mischmetal ochie na mkpokọta ihe dịka  18%. Iji mepụta neodymium magnets, a na-agwakọta ya na iron, nke bụ ferromagnet.

=== Nhazi eletrọn ===
Neodymium bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide. Na tebụl oge, ọ na-apụta n'etiti lanthanides praseodymium n'aka ekpe ya na ihe na-emepụta radiation promethium n'akụkụ aka nri ya, na n'elu actinide 2&quot; href=&quot;./Uranium&quot; id=&quot;mwqg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Uranium&quot;&gt;uranium. A na-ahazi electrons 60 ya na 4&quot; href=&quot;./Electron_configuration&quot; id=&quot;mwqw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Electron configuration&quot;&gt;nhazi [Xe]4f46s2, nke electrons 6f na 6s bụ Valencia. Dị ka ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ na usoro lanthanide, neodymium na-ejikarị electrons atọ dị ka valence electrons, dịka mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, electrons 4f fọdụrụ na-ejikọta nke ọma: nke a bụ n'ihi na 4f orbitals na-abanye n'ime isi nke electrons na nucleus, 5d na 6s sochiri, nke a na-abawanye na ụgwọ ion dị elu. Neodymium ka nwere ike ịhapụ electron nke anọ n'ihi na ọ na-abịa n'oge na lanthanides, ebe ụgwọ nuklia ka dị ala na ike 4f subshell dị elu iji kwe ka ewepụ valence electrons ndị ọzọ.[19]

&lt;nowiki&gt;Neodymium nwere ebe ịgbaze nke &lt;spall about=&quot;#mwt114&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;convert&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Convert&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1024&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;C&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;F&quot;},&quot;abbr&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;on&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwtg&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;1,024   na ebe ọ na-esi nke 3,074  . Dị ka lanthanides ndị ọzọ, ọ na-enwekarị Ọnọdụ oxidation +3, mana ọ pụkwara ịmepụta na +2 na +4 ọnọdụ oxidation, na ọbụna, n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, +0. Neodymium metal na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'ọnọdụ gburugburu,  na-emepụta oyi oxide dị ka nchara ígwè nke nwere ike ịgbasa ma kpughee metal ka ọ na-agbaji; ihe nlele dị sentimita nke neodymium na-agbacha kpamkpam n'ihe dị ka otu afọ.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;/&gt; Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; na-agbaze na mmiri. Dị ka onye agbata obi ya praseodymium, ọ na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa na ihe dị ka 150 °C iji mepụta neodymium (III) oxide; oxide ahụ wee pụọ, na-ekpughe nnukwu ígwè ahụ na oxidation ọzọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Neodymium bụ ihe electropositive, ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmiri oyi, ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ, iji mepụta neodymium (III) hydroxide: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Neodymium na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na dilute sulfuric acid iji mepụta ihe ngwọta nwere lilac Nd (III) ion. Ndị a dị ka [Nd (OH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; complexes: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webelements.com/neodymium/chemistry.html|title=Chemical reactions of Neodymium|publisher=Webelements|accessdate=2012-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe ndị mejupụtara ===
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
[[Faịlụ:Neodym(III)sulfat.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Neodymium (III) sulfate]]

* halides: NdF&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQQ&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdCl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQY&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdCl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQg&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdBr&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQo&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdI&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQw&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdI&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQ4&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* oxides: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* hydroxide: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* carbonate: Nd&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARk&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARo&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARs&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* sulfate: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* acetate: Nd (CH3COO) 3Nd (CH&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwASI&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwASM&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Magnet neodymium (Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)  

==== Ihe ndị mejupụtara organoneodymium ====
Organoneodymium compounds bụ compounds nwere njikọ neodymium-carbon. Ngwakọta ndị a yiri nke lanthanides ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akọwa site na enweghị ike ịgafe π backbonding. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na cyclopentadienides ionic (isostructural na nke lanthanum) na alkyls na aryls dị mfe, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịbụ polymer.[23]

== Isotopes ==
 
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
Neodymium na-apụ''t'' n't-linkid=&quot;1184&quot; href=&quot;./Natural_abundance&quot; id=&quot;mwAWg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Natural abundance&quot;&gt;ụba okike (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) nwere isotopes ise - &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt; na &lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;, ebe &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; bụ nke kachasị ukwuu (27.2% nke oke okike) - na radioisotopes abụọ nwere ọkara ndụ dị ogologo, &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (alpha decay na ọkara ndụ (t&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;) nke 2.29Nd×1015 afọ) na &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (double beta decay, t1/2 ≈ 9.3×1018 afọ). N'ozuzu, achọpụtala 35 radioisotopes nke neodymium ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ebe radioisotops kachasị kwụsie ike bụ ndị na-apụta n'okike: 144Nd na 150Nd. All nke fọdụrụ radioactive isotopes nwere ọkara ndụ nke dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ụbọchị iri na abụọ, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nwere ọkara oge nke dị mkpirikpi karịa 70 sekọnd; isotope aka kacha kwụsie ike bụ &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; na ọkara ndụ ya nke ụbọchị 10.98.&amp;nbsp;

Neodymium nwekwara 15 a maara me''t'' iso''t'', nke kachasị kwụsie ike bụ &lt;sup&gt;139m&lt;/sup&gt; (''t''&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; = 5.5 awa), &lt;sup&gt;135m&lt;/sup&gt; (t1/2 = 5.5 nkeji) na &lt;sup&gt;133m1&lt;/sup&gt; (t 1/2 ~ 70 sekọnd). Ụzọ mbu nke ire ure tupu isotope kachasị mma, &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;, bụ Njide electron na ire ure positron, na ụzọ mbu nke mbu mgbe beta na-ewepu ire ure. Ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi na-emebi tupu &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; bụ isotopes praseodymium, na ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi mgbe &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; gasịrị bụ isotops promethium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Karlewski|first=T.|title=Decay of the heaviest isotope of neodymium:154Nd|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=322|issue=1|date=1985|issn=0340-2193|doi=10.1007/BF01412035|pages=177–178}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anọ n'ime ise na-akwụsi ike isotopes bụ naanị na-akwụsịghị ike, nke pụtara na a na-atụ anya na ha ga-enwe mmebi nke radiation, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ọkara ndụ ogologo iji were ya dị ka nke kwụsiri ike maka ebumnuche bara uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;rare decays&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Belli|first=P.|title=Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays|date=2019|journal=[[European Physical Journal A]]|volume=55|pages=4–6 &lt;!--data table--&gt;|doi=10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-ebu amụma na ụfọdụ isotopes nke samarium ga-emebi na isotopes of neodymium.&lt;ref name=&quot;rare decays&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A na-eji iso''t'' neodymium eme ihe na ọrụ sayensị dị iche iche. A na-eji &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; emepụta isotopes dị mkpirikpi nke thulium na ytterbium. A tụwo aro &lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt; maka mmepụta nke &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;, nke bụ isi iyi nke ike radiation. E jirila ọtụtụ isotopes neodymium mee ihe maka mmepụta nke isotopes promethium ndị ọzọ. Mmebi site na &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; (t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.06×1011 y) gaa na &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt; na-enye ohere maka oge samarium-neodymium.&lt;ref name=&quot;DePaolo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Depaolo|first=D. J.|title=Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=3|year=1976|doi=10.1029/GL003i005p00249|issue=5|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/41937/1/grl330.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikwa &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt; mee ihe iji mụọ mbibi beta okpukpu abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Barabash|first=A. S.|title=Double beta decay of &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;Nd to the First 0&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; excited state of &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;Sm|journal=Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters|date=2004|volume=79|issue=1|pages=10–12|doi=10.1134/1.1675911|url=https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1675911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 1751, onye Sweden na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala bụ Axel Fredrik Cronstedt chọpụtara ihe ndị dị arọ site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Bastnäs, nke e mechara kpọwa cerite. Afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị, Wilhelm Hisinger dị afọ iri na ise, onye otu ezinụlọ nwere ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, zigara Carl Scheele ihe nlele, onye na-achọtaghị ihe ọhụrụ ọ bụla n'ime ya. N'afọ 1803, mgbe Hisinger ghọsịrị onye na-ahụ maka ígwè, ya na Jöns Jacob Berzelius laghachiri na mineral ma wepụta oxide ọhụrụ, nke ha kpọrọ ''ceria'' n'aha obere mbara ala Ceres, nke a chọpụtara afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ.[29] Martin Heinrich Klaproth kewapụrụ Ceria n'otu oge na n'onwe ya na Germany.[30] N'agbata afọ 1839 na 1843, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ na onye na-emepụta ọgwụ na Sweden bụ Carl Gustaf Mosander gosipụtara na ceria bụ ngwakọta nke oxides, onye bi n'otu ụlọ ahụ dị ka Berzelius; ọ kewara oxides abụọ ọzọ, nke ọ kpọrọ ''lanthana'' na ''didymia''. &lt;ref name=&quot;XI&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ed009p1231|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|authorlink=Mary Elvira Weeks|title=The Discovery of the Elements: XI. Some Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium:Zirconium, Titanium, Cerium and Thorium|journal=The Journal of Chemical Education|date=1932|volume=9|issue=7|pages=1231–1243}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Weeks&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements|date=1956|publisher=Journal of Chemical Education|location=Easton, PA|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp|edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marshall|first=James L. Marshall|title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years|journal=The Hexagon|date=2015|pages=72–77|url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20II.pdf|accessdate=30 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mebiri akụkụ nke cerium nitrate site n'ịkpọ ya n'ikuku wee gwọọ oxide na-esi na ya apụta na nitric acid. A na-akpọ ọla ndị mepụtara oxides ndị a ''lanthanum'' na ''didymium''. Didymium mechara gosipụta na ọ bụghị otu ihe mgbe Carl Auer von Welsbach kewara ya n'ime ihe abụọ, praseodymium na neodymium, na Vienna n'afọ 1885.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=v. Welsbach|first=Carl Auer|title=Die Zerlegung des Didyms in seine Elemente|journal=Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften|volume=6|issue=1|year=1885|pages=477–491|doi=10.1007/BF01554643}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths|author=Krishnamurthy|first=N.|publisher=CRC Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-203-41302-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Von Welsbach gosipụtara nkewa site na nyocha spectroscopic, mana ngwaahịa ndị ahụ dị obere. A chọpụtara neodymium dị ọcha n'afọ 1925. Aha neodymium sitere na okwu Grik ''neos'' (νέος), ọhụrụ, na ''didymos'' (διδύμος), ejima.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;XVI&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=9|issue=10|year=1932|doi=10.1021/ed009p1751}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Double nitrate crystallization bụ ụzọ e si eme ka neodymium dị ọcha ruo n'afọ 1950. Lindsay Chemical Division bụ nke mbụ na-azụ ahịa nnu Mgbanwe ion nke neodymium. Malite na 1950s, a na-enweta ịdị ọcha dị elu (&gt;99%) neodymium site na usoro mgbanwe ion site na monazite, mineral jupụtara na ihe ndị dị ụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;/&gt; A na-enweta ọla ahụ site na electrolysis nke nnu Halyde ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ewepụta ọtụtụ neodymium site na bastnäsite ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na iwepụta solvent. A na-eji mkpocha mgbanwe ion eme ihe maka ịdị ọcha kachasị elu (nke a na-ahụkarị &gt;99.99%). Kemgbe ahụ, teknụzụ iko emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma n'ihi ịdị ọcha nke neodymium oxide dị n'ahịa na ọganihu nke teknụzụ enyo n'ozuzu. Ụzọ mbụ nke ikewa lanthanides dabere na fractional crystallization, nke na-enyeghị ohere maka ikewapụ neodymium dị elu ruo mgbe e mepụtara usoro mgbanwe ion a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.

== Ebe ọ pụtara na mmepụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Bastnaesite_-_Kischtimsk,_Ural.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe a na-adịghị ahụkebe]]
A naghị ahụkarị Neodymium n'okike dị ka ihe nweere onwe ya, kama ọ na-apụta na ore dị ka monazite na bastnäsite (nke bụ ìgwè mineral kama otu mineral) nke nwere obere ihe niile dị n'ala. Neodymium anaghị adịkarị na mineral ndị a, ma e wezụga monazite- (Nd) na kozoite- (Nd). &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org|author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy|date=1993–2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala dị na China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, na Australia.

Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ion nwere nha yiri nke nha lanthanides mbụ n'ime otu cerium group (ndị sitere na lanthanum ruo samarium naeuropium). N'ihi nke a, a na-ahụkarị ya ka ọ na eso nyere na ime mineral ndị bụ, phosphate, silicate na carbonate,  dịka monazite (M&lt;sup&gt;III&lt;/sup&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) na bastnäsite (M&lt;sup&gt;III&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F), ebe mkpụrụedemede M na-anochite anya rare-earth ma e wezụga  scandium na radioactive promethium (karịsịa Ce, La, na Y, yana obere Pr na Nd).[41] Bastnäsite anaghị enwekarị  thorium na lanthanides ndị dị arụ, usoro iweputa lanthanides ndị dị mfe na ya adịghịkwa mgbagwoju anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke monazite. Mgbe agbasasịrị ma gwerie nkume ore ahụ, a na-ebu uzo jiri acid sulfuric dị ọku ma sie ike, nke a na-eweputa carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, na silicon tetrafluoride. A na- akpọrọ ihe ahụ pụtara na ya nkụ ma jiri mmiri saa ya, nke na-eme ka ion lanthanide ndị mbụ gụnyere lanthanum nogide na ngwakọta mmiri ahụ.[41] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Source discusses treatment of both ores with HCl etc to produce LnCl3 but not treatment with sulfuric acid. (May 2024)&quot;&gt;failed verification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin-right:15px; margin-down:0; font-size:90%; line-height:11pt; text-align: center&quot;
|+Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro anyanwụ[42]
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ atọm&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&quot;width:45%; text-align: left&quot; |Ihe ndị dị na ya
! style=&quot;padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 10px; text-align: left&quot; |Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|42
|Molybdenum
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |2.771
|-
|47
|Ọlaọcha
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.590
|-
|50
|Tin
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |4.699
|-
|58
|Cerium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |1.205
|-
|59
|Praseodymium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.205
|- style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;
|''60''
|''Neodymium''
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |''1''
|-
|74
|Tungsten
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.054
|-
|90
|Thorium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.054
|-
|92
|Uranium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.022
|}
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Neodymium n'ime Usoro anyanwụ bụ 0.083 ppb (akụkụ kwa ijeri). [42] [b] Ọnụ ọgụgụ a bụ ihe dịka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke platinum, mana okpukpu abụọ na ọkara karịa mercury, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu ise karịa ọlaedo.[42] A naghị ahụkarị lanthanides na mbara igwe, ha dịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime mkpo ụwa.  [42]

A na-ekewa Neodymium dị ka lithophile n'okpuru nhazi Goldschmidt, nke pụtara na a na-ahụkarị ya na oxygen. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nke ọla ndị dị ụkọ, neodymium abụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya n'ime mkpo ụwa bụ ihe dịka 41 mg / kg. Ọ dị ka lanthanum n'ụba.&amp;nbsp;

Mmepụta ụwa nke neodymium bụ ihe dị ka tọn 7,000 na 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;/&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ihe ka ukwuu na mmepụta na ebe nchekwa nke ala ndị dị ụkọ dị na China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rare Earths Statistics and Information {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2016-raree.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184123/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2016-raree.pdf|archivedate=2016-05-06|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=minerals.usgs.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ọnụahịa na nnweta emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ (karịsịa ndị Japan) mepụta magnet na-adịgide adịgide na motors eletrik ndị metụtara ya na obere ọla ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/honda-rareearths-idUST9N18R02G|title=Honda co-develops first hybrid car motor free of heavy rare earth metals|date=12 July 2016|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-12/honda-readies-heavy-rare-earth-free-hybrids-to-sidestep-china|title=Honda's Heavy Rare Earth-Free Hybrid Motors Sidestep China|date=12 July 2016|work=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium is typically 10–18% of the rare-earth content of commercial deposits of the light rare-earth-element minerals bastnäsite and monazite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;/&gt; With neodymium compounds being the most strongly colored for the trivalent lanthanides, it can occasionally dominate the coloration of rare-earth minerals when competing chromophores are absent. It usually gives a pink coloration. Outstanding examples of this include monazite crystals from the tin deposits in Llallagua, Bolivia; ancylite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, [[Quebec]], Canada; or lanthanite from Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania. As with neodymium glasses, such minerals change their colors under the differing lighting conditions. The absorption bands of neodymium interact with the visible emission spectrum of mercury vapor, with the unfiltered shortwave UV light causing neodymium-containing minerals to reflect a distinctive green color. This can be observed with monazite-containing sands or bastnäsite-containing ore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buzhinskii|first=I. M.|date=1971-08-01|title=Influence of specific neodymium-glass absorption bands on generating energy|journal=Journal of Applied Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=15|issue=2|pages=1002–1005|doi=10.1007/BF00607297|issn=1573-8647}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpa maka ihe onwunwe mineral, dị ka ihe ndị dị ụkọ (gụnyere neodymium) na ihe ndị ọzọ dị oke egwu, anọwo na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe achọrọ maka ọha mmadụ nwere obere carbon emeela ka a chọọ teknụzụ na-echekwa ike dịka batrị, motors dị elu, isi mmalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, na sel mmanụ. N'etiti teknụzụ ndị a, a na-ejikarị magnet na-adịgide adịgide emepụta motors dị elu, na magnet neodymium-iron-boron (nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sintered and bonded magnets; ebe a na-akpọ NdFeB magnet) bụ ụdị magnet na-adịghị adịgide adịgide n'ahịa kemgbe ha mepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sagawa|first=M.|title=New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe (Invited)|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|date=1984|volume=55|issue=6|pages=2083–2087|doi=10.1063/1.333572|url=https://doi.org/10.1063/1.333572}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ndFeB magnet eme ihe na ụgbọala eletrik hybrid, Ụgbọala eletrik plug-in, ụgbọala eletriki, ụgbọala cell, turbines ifufe, ngwa ụlọ, kọmputa, na ọtụtụ obere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yongxiang|date=2017-03-01|title=REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=122–149|doi=10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ha dị mkpa maka ịchekwa ike. Iji mezuo ebumnuche nke Nkwekọrịta Paris, a na-atụ anya na ọchịchọ maka ndFeB magnet ga-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot; /&gt;
 
Magnet Neodymium (ihe alloy, Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) bụ magnet kachasị ike na-adịgide adịgide a maara. Magnet neodymium nke iri gram ole na ole nwere ike ibuli otu puku okpukpu nke ịdị arọ ya, ma nwee ike ijikọta ya na ike zuru ezu iji kụwaa ọkpụkpụ. Magnet ndị a dị ọnụ ala, dị mfe, ma sie ike karịa samarium-cobalt magnets. Otú ọ dị, ha abụghị ndị ka elu n'akụkụ ọ bụla, ebe ọ bụ na magnet ndị dabeere na neodymium na-efunahụ magnetism ha na okpomọkụ dị ala &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=W.|title=The Fe-Nd (Iron-Neodymium) system|journal=Journal of Phase Equilibria|date=1992|volume=13|issue=6|pages=645–648|doi=10.1007/BF02667216|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02667216}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-emebi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bala|first=H.|date=1993-10-01|title=Effect of impurities on the corrosion behaviour of neodymium|journal=Journal of Applied Electrochemistry|language=en|volume=23|issue=10|pages=1017–1024|doi=10.1007/BF00266123|issn=1572-8838}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe Magnet samarium-cobalt anaghị emebi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hopp|first=M.|date=2003-04-01|title=Testing the cytotoxicity of metal alloys used as magnetic prosthetic devices|journal=Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=335–345|doi=10.1023/A:1022931915709|pmid=15348458|issn=1573-4838}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, headphones, [[Égwu ahiri|guitar]] and [[bass guitar]] pick-ups, and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. Neodymium is used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric automobiles&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot;/&gt; and in the electricity generators of some designs of commercial wind turbines (only wind turbines with &quot;permanent magnet&quot; generators use neodymium).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanfordmagnets.com/application-of-neodymium-magnets-in-wind-turbine-generators.html|title=Application of Neodymium Magnets in Wind Turbine Generators|author=Marchio|first=Cathy|date=Apr 16, 2024|work=Stanford Magnets|accessdate=Aug 16, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, drive electric motors of each Toyota Prius require one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of neodymium per vehicle.{{R|reu}} Permanent neodymium iron boride ( ) magnets are often made with heavy rare earth elements like [[Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ|dysprosium]] and terbium as substituents to improve their performance in heated conditions, since the magnets lose performance rapidly above room temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rom|first=Christopher L.|date=2024|title=Emerging magnetic materials for electric vehicle drive motors|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4|journal=MRS Bulletin|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=738–750|doi=10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4|issn=0883-7694}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium magnets are used in medical devices such as MRI and treatments for chronic pain and wound healing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yuksel|first=Cengiz|date=September 2018|title=The use of neodymium magnets in healthcare and their effects on health|journal=Northern Clinics of Istanbul|volume=5|issue=3|pages=268–273|doi=10.14744/nci.2017.00483|issn=2536-4553|pmid=30688942}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-emepụta iko Neodymium (Nd:glass) site na itinye 2&quot; href=&quot;./Neodymium(III)_oxide&quot; id=&quot;mwAzQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Neodymium(III) oxide&quot;&gt;neodymium oxide (Nd2O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) na iko agbaze. N'ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ọkụ na-enwu enwu, iko neodymium na-apụta lavender, mana ọ na-apụghị ịcha anụnụ anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ fluorescent. Enwere ike iji Neodymium mee ihe iji mee ka iko na-acha odo odo site na purple ruo na mmanya na-acha ọbara ọbara na ntụ ntụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kondrukevich|first=A. A.|date=2008-05-01|title=Color of porcelain containing neodymium oxide|journal=Glass and Ceramics|language=en|volume=65|issue=5|pages=203–207|doi=10.1007/s10717-008-9039-9|issn=1573-8515}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ojiji azụmahịa mbụ nke neodymium dị ọcha bụ na agba iko, malite na nnwale nke Leo Moser na Nọvemba 1927. Igwe &quot;Alexandrite&quot; nke sitere na ya ka bụ agba nke Moser glassworks ruo taa. Neodymium glass e ṅomiri n'ọtụtụ ebe na mbido afọ 1930 site na ụlọ iko America, ọkachasị Heisey, Fostoria (&quot;wisteria&quot;), Cambridge (&quot;heatherbloom&quot;), na Steuben (&quot;wistería&quot;), na ebe ndị ọzọ (dịka Lalique, na France, ma ọ bụ Murano). Tiffin's &quot;twilight&quot; nọgidere na mmepụta site n'afọ 1950 ruo afọ 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://coloradosprings.yourhub.com/CrippleCreekTellerCounty/Stories/Arts/Story~443258.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403165916/http://coloradosprings.yourhub.com/CrippleCreekTellerCounty/Stories/Arts/Story~443258.aspx|archivedate=2008-04-03|title=Chameleon Glass Changes Color|accessdate=2009-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị a na-enweta ugbu a gụnyere ndị na-emepụta iko na Czech Republic, United States, na China. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=David C.|title=High-Peak-Power Nd: Glass Laser Systems|chapter=Optical-Pump Sources for Nd : Glass Lasers|series=Springer Series in Optical Sciences|date=1981|pages=99–127|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-38508-0_3|isbn=978-3-662-13516-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akara absorption nke neodymium na-eme ka agba iko gbanwee n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọkụ dị iche iche, na-acha uhie uhie na-acha odo odo n'okpuru ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-aṅụrị anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha, na-aghọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'okpuru ọchịchịrị trichromatic. Na njikọta ya na ọlaedo ma ọ bụ [[selenium]], a na-emepụta ụcha uhie. Ebe ọ bụ na agba neodymium na-adabere na mgbanwe &quot;a machibidoro iwu&quot; f-f n'ime atọm ahụ, enwere mmetụta dị nta na agba site na gburugburu kemịkal, yabụ agba ahụ anaghị emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iko ahụ. Otú ọ dị, maka agba kachasị mma, ọ dị mkpa ka e belata ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha nwere ígwè na silica eji eme iko ahụ. Otu ọdịdị a machibidoro iwu nke mgbanwe f-f na-eme ka ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ghara ịdị ike karịa nke ọtụtụ ihe mgbanwe d nyere, yabụ a ga-eji ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe na iko iji nweta ike agba achọrọ. Nchịkọta mbụ nke Moser jiri ihe dị ka 5% nke neodymium oxide mee ihe na iko ahụ gbazere agbaze, nke zuru oke nke Moser zoro aka na ndị a dị ka iko &quot;ụwa-adịghị ahụkebe&quot;. N'ịbụ ntọala siri ike, ọkwa nke neodymium ahụ ga-emetụta ihe ndị na-agbaze nke iko ahụ, na ihe dị na lime nke iko ahụ nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofglas0000bray|title=Dictionary of glass: materials and techniques|author=Bray, Charles|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|date=2001|isbn=0-8122-3619-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìhè a na-ebute site na iko neodymium na-egosi bands absorption dị nkọ n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe; a na-eji iko ahụ eme ihe n'Ọrụ mbara igwe iji mepụta bands dị nkọ nke enwere ike ịhazi akara spectral.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;/&gt; Ntinye ọzọ bụ ịmepụta nzacha ndị na-ahọrọ mbara igwe iji belata mmetụta nke mmetọ ìhè site na sodium na ọkụ fluorescent mgbe ọ na-agafe agba ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ikuku hydrogen-alpha na-acha uhie uhie site na nebulae. A na-ejikwa Neodymium wepụ ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ígwè na iko kpatara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peelman|first=S.|date=2018-06-01|title=Recovery of Neodymium as (Na, Nd)(SO4)2 from the Ferrous Fraction of a General WEEE Shredder Stream|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=276–287|doi=10.1007/s40831-018-0165-5|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium bụ akụkụ nke &quot;didymium&quot; (na-ezo aka na ngwakọta nke nnu nke neodymium na praseodymium) nke a na-eji eme ka iko na-acha iji mee ka ugogbe anya nke onye na-agbanye mmiri na onye na-eme ka iko ghara ịdị ike na 589 nm. Mmetụta yiri nke ahụ nke akara na-acha odo odo nke mercury na 578 nm bụ isi ihe kpatara ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ a hụrụ maka iko neodymium n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha. A na-eji ugegbe Neodymium na didymium eme ihe na nzacha na-eme ka agba dịkwuo mma na foto ime ụlọ, ọkachasị na nzacha ụcha odo site na ọkụ ọkụ. N'otu aka ahụ, iko neodymium na-aghọ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe kpọmkwem na ọkụ ọkụ. Lamps ndị a nwere neodymium n'ime iko iji nyochaa ìhè odo, na-eme ka ìhè na-acha ọcha nke dị ka ìhè anyanwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Liqiang|title=Color-filtered phosphor-in-glass for LED-lit LCD with wide color gamut|journal=Ceramics International|date=August 2019|volume=45|issue=11|pages=14432–14438|doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.04.164}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, a kọrọ na a na-eji enyo didymium ebufe koodu Morse gafee ọgbọ agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;b1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fontani, Marco|title=The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck9jBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA173|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-938334-4|pages=172–173}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ojiji ya na iko, a na-eji nnu neodymium eme ihe dị ka ihe na-acha maka enamels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;/&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== Lasers ===
Enwere ike iji ihe ụfọdụ na-apụta ìhè na obere njupụta nke neodymium ion mee ihe na lasers dị ka mgbasa ozi mmeri maka ogologo oge infrared (105&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-1064 nm), dịka Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YAP (yttrium aluminum Perovskite), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sulc|first=Jan|editor=Hoffman|title=Solid State Lasers XIV: Technology and Devices|chapter=Comparison of diode-side-pumped triangular Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP laser|date=27 April 2005|doi=10.1117/12.588233|chapterurl=https://www.crytur.cz/storage/cryt_UK-General/posters%20laser/Nd_triangl.pdf|accessdate=16 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd: YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate), na Nd:glass. Neodymium-doped crystals (nke a na-ahụkarị Nd:YVO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwA4k&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) na-emepụta ọkụ laser infrared dị elu nke a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ìhè laser na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na laser pointers DPSS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tanjib Atique Khan|date=2012-06-27|title=Solid State Laser &amp; Semiconductor Laser|url=http://dewan.buet.ac.bd/EEE6503/Reports/Report_Chap12-13_SolidStateLasers+SemiconductorLasers.pdf|accessdate=2026-07-06|archivedate=2024-12-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226011057/http://dewan.buet.ac.bd/EEE6503/Reports/Report_Chap12-13_SolidStateLasers+SemiconductorLasers.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Trivalent neodymium ion Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; bụbụ lanthanide mbụ sitere na ihe ndị dị ụkọ eji emepụta radiation laser. Emeputara laser Nd:CaWO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;  n'afọ 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.126.1406|title=Continuous operation of a solid-state optical maser|year=1962|author=Johnson|first=L. F.|journal=Physical Review|volume=126|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ laser nke atọ etinyere n'ọrụ. (nke mbụ bụbụ ruby, nke abụọ bụ laser U&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;:CaF ). Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, laser neodymium  ghọrọ otu n'ime lasers ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ebumnuche ojiji. Ihe ịga nke ọma ion Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; dị na nhazi nke ọkwa ike ya na ihe ndị dị na spectroscopic dabara adaba maka imepụta radiation laser. N'afọ 1964 Geusic et al.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.1753928|title=Laser oscillations in nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets|year=1964|author=Geusic|first=J. E.|journal=Applied Physics Letters|volume=4|issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  gosipụtara ọrụ nke ion neodymium na YAG matrix Y&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;. Ọ bụ laser ọkwa anọ nwere ike ala ma nwee ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ. Maka mgbapụta anya nke ihe a, ọ kere omume iji flashlamp radiation na adịghị ejikọta ọnụ ma ọ bụ ihe na agbanwe agbanwe diode.

Laser dị ugbu a na UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodymium) 1-terawatt neodymium-glass laser, nwere ike ịnweta etiti nke mpaghara nrụgide na okpomọkụ ma jiri ya nweta data maka imepụta otu njupụta, okpomọkụ, na nrụgide si emekọrịta n'ime ogbunigwe. HELEN nwere ike ịmepụta plasma nke dị gburugburu 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; K, nke a na-atụle opacity na nnyefe nke radiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1364/AO.41.003497|title=Multipass Reconfiguration of the HELEN Nd:Glass Laser at the Atomic Weapons Establishment|date=2002|journal=Applied Optics|volume=41|pages=3497–505|pmid=12078672|issue=18|author=Norman|first=M. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji Neodymium solid-state lasers  eme ihe na sistemụ ọkụ (terawatt scale), ike dị elu (megajoules) maka njikọta ikuku. inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikarị lasers Nd:glass frequency tripled na third harmonic at 351&amp;nbsp;nm  na ngwaọrụ njikọta laser.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=W.|date=2010-10-01|title=Third harmonic generation of Nd:glass laser with novel composite deuterated KDP crystals|journal=Laser Physics|language=en|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1923–1926|doi=10.1134/S1054660X10190175|issn=1555-6611}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Neodymium nwere ikike okpomọkụ dị oke egwu na okpomọkụ mmiri-helium, yabụ ọ bara uru na cryocoolers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neodymium: Properties and Applications|url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/neodymium-properties-and-applications.html|accessdate=2025-05-13|work=www.stanfordmaterials.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enwere ike iji Neodymium acetate mee ihe dị ka ihe dị iche iche na microscopy electron (ihe na-anọchi anya uranyl acetate na-egbu egbu na nke na-egbu mgbu). &lt;ref name=&quot;uranyl acetate&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kuipers|first=Jeroen|date=2020-04-01|title=Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy|journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology|language=en|volume=153|issue=4|pages=271–277|doi=10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0|issn=1432-119X|pmid=32008069}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eleghị anya n'ihi myirịta ya na Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, a kọọrọ Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;  iji kwalite uto osisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wei, Y. and Zhou, X.|title=The Effect of Neodymium (Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;) on Some Physiological Activities in Oilseed Rape during Calcium (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;) Starvation|url=http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/2/399.htm|journal=10th International Rapeseed Congress|volume=2|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n'ala dị ụkọ eme ihe na China dị ka [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tommasi|first=Franca|date=2021-11-01|title=Review of Rare Earth Elements as Fertilizers and Feed Additives: A Knowledge Gap Analysis|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|language=en|volume=81|issue=4|pages=531–540|doi=10.1007/s00244-020-00773-4|issn=1432-0703|pmid=33141264}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samarium-neodymium dating bara uru maka ịchọpụta mmekọrịta afọ nke nkume  na meteorites. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7639024.stm|title=Team finds Earth's 'oldest rocks'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2009-06-06|date=2008-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A na-eji isotopes nke Neodymium edere na mmiri iji wughachi mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké osimiri gara aga.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tachikawa|first=K.|date=2003|title=Neodymium budget in the modern ocean and paleo-oceanographic implications|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=108|issue=C8|doi=10.1029/1999JC000285}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=van de Flierdt|first=Tina|date=2016-11-28|title=Neodymium in the oceans: a global database, a regional comparison and implications for palaeoceanographic research|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=374|issue=2081|doi=10.1098/rsta.2015.0293|pmid=29035258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na nchebe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==
   
A chọpụtala na lanthanides mbụ, gụnyere neodymium, yana lanthanum, cerium na praseodymium dị mkpa maka ụfọdụ nje methanotrophic na-ebi na mudpots nke ugwu mgbawa, dị ka ''Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1462-2920.12249|pmid=24034209|title=Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots|date=2013|author=Pol|first=Arjan|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=255–64|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/128108/128108.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kang|first=Lin|date=2000-04-01|title=Neodymium cations Nd3+ were transported to the interior ofEuglena gracilis 277|journal=Chinese Science Bulletin|language=en|volume=45|issue=7|pages=585–592|doi=10.1007/BF02886032|issn=1861-9541}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maghị Neodymium ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vais|first=Vladimir|date=2003-09-01|title=Condensation reaction in the bandpass reaction cell improves sensitivity for uranium, thorium, neodymium and praseodymium measurements|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|language=en|volume=377|issue=1|pages=85–88|doi=10.1007/s00216-003-2084-x|pmid=12856100|issn=1618-2650}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uzuzu ígwè Neodymium na-ere ọkụ ma yabụ ihe ize ndụ mgbawa. Neodymium compounds, dị ka ọ dị na ọla niile dị ụkọ, nwere obere na nke dị nro; Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtabeghị nsị ya nke ọma. A na-ewere nnu neodymium a na-eri dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-agbaze karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha anaghị agbaze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/nd.htm|title=Neodymium (Nd) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uzuzu na nnu nke neodymium na-akpasu anya na mucous membranes iwe nke ukwuu, ma na-akcasu Akpụkpọ ahụ iwe. Ịṅụ ume n'ájá nwere ike ịkpata embolism nke akpa ume, na ikpughe ihe na-emebi imeju. Neodymium na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ọbara ịkpụkọ, ọkachasị mgbe a na-enye ya na intravenously.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;/&gt;

A nwalere magnet Neodymium maka iji ọgwụ mee ihe dị ka magnetic braces na mmezi ọkpụkpụ, mana nsogbu Biocompatibility egbochiwo itinye ya n'ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Donohue|first=V. E.|date=Mar 1995|title=In vitro cytotoxicity testing of neodymium-iron-boron magnets|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jab.770060110|journal=Journal of Applied Biomaterials|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=69–74|doi=10.1002/jab.770060110|pmid=7703540|issn=1045-4861}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magnet ndị a na-ere ahịa nke e ji neodymium mee siri ike nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịdọta ibe ha site n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nlezianya, ha na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa na ike, na-akpata mmerụ ahụ. Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ihe edere ede banyere onye na-efunahụ mkpịsị aka mgbe magnet abụọ ọ na-eji na-agbakọta ọnụ site na 50 cm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swain|first=Frank|title=How to remove a finger with two super magnets|publisher=Seed Media Group LLC|date=March 6, 2009|url=http://scienceblogs.com/sciencepunk/2009/03/06/how-to-remove-a-finger-with-tw/|accessdate=2013-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ nke magnet ndị a dị ike bụ na ọ bụrụ na a na-eri ihe karịrị otu magnet, ha nwere ike ịpị anụ ahụ dị nro na eriri afọ. Nke a emeela ka e mee atụmatụ na 1,700 nleta n'ime ụlọ mberede  ma mee ka ọ dị mkpa icheta usoro ihe eji egwuri egwu nke Buckyballs, nke bụ usoro iwu obere magnet neodymium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Neodymium Magnets: Too Attractive?|date=2014|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/821835|journal=Medscape Gastroenterology|author=Balistreri, William F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Lanthanides
* Oge 6 ihe
* Mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị ụkọ
* Magnet
* [[Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ]] 

== Ebensibịa ==

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}
*  
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* {{Cite journal|author=Lodders|first=K.|title=Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements|year=2003|pages=1220–47|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=591|issue=2|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1086/375492|url=http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/2003/Lodders%202003%20ApJ%20Elemental%20abundances.pdf}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Gọvanọ nke Texas</title>
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      <text bytes="1761" sha1="gf06ip91p2uids0z5m90ybfdyj3sx5l" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg|thumb|'''Ọkọlọtọ nke Gọvanọ Texas''']]
'''Gọvanọ''' '''Texas''' ('''Governor of Texas''') bụ onyeisi steeti na onyeisi gọọmentị Texas. Gọvanọ bụ onyeisi ngalaba ndị isi nke gọọmentị Texas ma bụrụkwa onyeisi ndị agha Texas. Gọvanọ Texas na-arụ ọrụ n'usoro ọchịchị dị iche iche, nke na-ekewa ikike ndị isi n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ahọpụtara ma na-ebelata ike nke onye isi nchịkwa. Dịka iwu Texas siri dị, ọrụ gọvanọ gụnyere ịhụ na e mezuchara iwu steeti, ikike ịkwado ma ọ bụ ịjụ iwu ndị omeiwu Texas kwadoro, ilekọta ụlọ ọrụ steeti, inye iwu ndị isi, ịtụ aro na ilekọta mmefu ego steeti, na ịme nhọpụta dị mkpa n'ọfịs steeti. Gọvanọ nwekwara ike ịkpọ nnọkọ pụrụ iche nke ndị omeiwu, site na ndụmọdụ nke ndị otu Texas nke mgbaghara na parole, inye mgbaghara.[[Faịlụ:Texas_governors_mansion.jpg|thumb|'''Ụlọ Gọvanọ''' Texas dị na Austin, Texas.]]
Gidan gwamnan Texas yana Austin ne a hukumance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Association|first=Texas State Historical|title=History of the Texas Governor's Mansion|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/governors-mansion|accessdate=2025-04-28|work=Texas State Historical Association|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Texas Governor's Mansion|url=https://gov.texas.gov/first-lady/governors-mansion|accessdate=2025-04-28|work=gov.texas.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== '''Weebụsaịtị''' ==
'''[https://gov.texas.gov gov.texas.gov] (Ụlọọrụ Gọvanọ Texas)'''

[https://www.ltgov.state.tx.us// '''ltgov.state.tx.us//'''] '''(Ọfịs Gọvanọ Lieutenant)'''

== Ntụaka ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1759" sha1="b4lbflfm3oezb5qtb26ukd7t4lwjs5r" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Texas.svg|thumb|'''Ọkọlọtọ nke Gọvanọ Texas''']]
'''Gọvanọ nke Texas''' ('''Governor of Texas''') bụ onyeisi steeti na onyeisi gọọmentị Texas. Gọvanọ bụ onyeisi ngalaba ndị isi nke gọọmentị Texas ma bụrụkwa onyeisi ndị agha Texas. Gọvanọ Texas na-arụ ọrụ n'usoro ọchịchị dị iche iche, nke na-ekewa ikike ndị isi n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ahọpụtara ma na-ebelata ike nke onye isi nchịkwa. Dịka iwu Texas siri dị, ọrụ gọvanọ gụnyere ịhụ na e mezuchara iwu steeti, ikike ịkwado ma ọ bụ ịjụ iwu ndị omeiwu Texas kwadoro, ilekọta ụlọ ọrụ steeti, inye iwu ndị isi, ịtụ aro na ilekọta mmefu ego steeti, na ịme nhọpụta dị mkpa n'ọfịs steeti. Gọvanọ nwekwara ike ịkpọ nnọkọ pụrụ iche nke ndị omeiwu, site na ndụmọdụ nke ndị otu Texas nke mgbaghara na parole, inye mgbaghara.[[Faịlụ:Texas_governors_mansion.jpg|thumb|'''Ụlọ Gọvanọ''' Texas dị na Austin, Texas.]]
Gidan gwamnan Texas yana Austin ne a hukumance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Association|first=Texas State Historical|title=History of the Texas Governor's Mansion|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/governors-mansion|accessdate=2025-04-28|work=Texas State Historical Association|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Texas Governor's Mansion|url=https://gov.texas.gov/first-lady/governors-mansion|accessdate=2025-04-28|work=gov.texas.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== '''Weebụsaịtị''' ==
'''[https://gov.texas.gov gov.texas.gov] (Ụlọọrụ Gọvanọ Texas)'''

[https://www.ltgov.state.tx.us// '''ltgov.state.tx.us//'''] '''(Ọfịs Gọvanọ Lieutenant)'''

== Ntụaka ==</text>
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{{Nnọọ|username=Chukwuziterem|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 12:00, 11 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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    <title>Mary O'Brien, Countess nke atọ nke Orkney</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339576533|Mary O'Brien, 3rd Countess of Orkney]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Mary O'Brien, 3rd Countess of Orkney (c. 1721 - 1790) Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị mbụ Anne O'Brien, Countess nke abụọ nke Orkney, na William O'Brien, Earl nke anọ nke Inchiquin, mụrụ; ma o mechara bụrụ Countess nke Orkney n'onwe ya.

Ọ bụ onye ntị chiri. N'afọ 1753, ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne nne ya, Murrough O'Brien, Earl nke ise nke Inchiquin, Marquess mbụ nke Thomond, na Baron mbụ nke Thomond nke Taplow, England, K.P. Ya na di ya biri n'oche ha dị na Rostellan, nke dị nso na Cork Harbour. Ọ nọchiri Earldom na 6 Disemba 1756,  mgbe nne ya nwụrụ n'enweghị nwa nwoke. Site na Lordship ya, o nwere naanị nwa nwanyị dị ndụ, Mary, Countess nke anọ. Marquis nke Thomond Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ihe mberede mgbe ịnyịnya ọ nọ n'elu ya dara na Grosvenor Square na 10 Febrụwarị 1808, mgbe ọ dị afọ 85. Countess nke Orkney nwụrụ na 10 Mee 1790.

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Philip nke Medici</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310287687|Philip de' Medici]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Giovanni_Bizzelli_-_Giovanna_d'Austria_e_suo_figlio_don_Filippino_de'_Medici_-_1586.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Philip na nne ya]]
Philip de 'Medici (20 Mee 1577 - 29 Machị 1582) Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ Francesco I de' Medici na Joanna nke Austria mụrụ. Ọ bụ onye nketa nke ocheeze Tuscan.

== Ndụ ya ==
A kpọrọ ya Philip iji sọpụrụ Philip nke Abụọ nke Spain. Ndị niile nọ n'obí eze ji nnukwu ọṅụ mee emume ọmụmụ ya, n'ihi na ọmụmụ ya mere ka e nwee onye ga-anọchi Grand Duchy n'ọgbọ ọzọ, ma mebie olileanya [[Bianca Cappello]], nwanyị nna ya lụrụ, nke na-achọ ka nwa ya nwoke, [[Antonio]], bụrụ onye nketa ocheeze Tuscany. Philip ghọrọ Eze Ukwu nke Tuscany.

Mgbe ọ ka erubeghị ọnwa iri na otu, nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dara n'elu steepụ n'ụlọ eze n'oge ọ dị ime. Philip bụ otu n'ime ụmụ asaa, ma naanị mmadụ abụọ n'ime ụmụ ahụ dịrị ndụ ruo mgbe ha toro: Eleonora de' Medici na Marie de' Medici (onye mechara bụrụ Eze Nwanyị [[France]]). O nwere nwanne nwanyị ọzọ Anna onye nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. Philip nwụrụ na 29 Maachị 1582 mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. Ọ na-arịa ọrịa hydrocephalus. Mgbe e meghere okpokoro isi ya, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmiri ruru ihe dị ka otu iko n'ime ya. Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere ozu ya emeela ka nchọpụta ahụ pụta ìhè.{{Reflist}}{{tuscan princes}}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Authority control}}{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Prince Oddone, Duke nke Montferrat</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358602261|Prince Oddone, Duke of Montferrat]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Prince Oddone nke Savoy, Duke nke Montferrat''' (Oddone Eugenio Maria; 11 Julaị 1846 - 22 Jenụwarị 1866) bụ onye Ịtali na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ na onye otu Royal House of Savoy . A mụrụ ya dịka nwa nke anọ na nwa nwoke nke atọ nke Eze Victor Emmanuel nke Abụọ nke Ịtali na nwunye mbụ ya, Adelaide nke Austria.

== Ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Oddone_with_his_brother_Amadeo.png|thumb|Oddone na nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya Amadeo (nke ga-abụ Eze nke Spain n'ọdịnihu), 1850]]
A mụrụ ya na Ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa siri ike, Mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ, ọ malitere igosi mgbaàmà nke ọrịa ahụ, nke butere mkpụmkpụ ahụ́(dwarfism na nkwarụ mmepe); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=GENOVA RICORDA ODONE DI SAVOIA|url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1997/01/13/genova-ricorda-odone-di-savoia.html?refresh_ce|accessdate=17 June 2020|date=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya mere, e debere ya na ndụ ụlọ ikpe nke Ụlọ Savoy n'ihi ahụike na-adịghị mma. N'agbanyeghị nkwarụ ya, e nyere ya ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, ebe nchekwa siri ike, na nghọta miri emi. O tinyere onwe ya n'ịmụ ihe, na-enwe mmasị n'ọtụtụ isiokwu dị iche iche, ma nke sayensị ma nke nka.

N'oge ndụ ya dị mkpụmkpụ, Oddone tinyere oge ya n'ịmụ nka na n'ịchịkọta ihe mgbe ochie sitere na Gris na Rom oge ochie maka obodo Genoa. A ka na-edebe ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ahụ n'Ụlọ Nchekwa Ihe Ochie nke Liguria (Museo di Archeologia Ligure). Ihe ndị ọzọ Oddone chịkọtara ma nye dị ka onyinye nọkwa na Ụlọ Ngosi Nka Ọgbara Ọhụrụ nke Genoa, nke e nyere aha ya n'otu akụkụ iji sọpụrụ nwa eze ahụ. Oddone biri afọ anọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya na Genoa. Nwa eze ahụ họọrọ ibi na Genoa n'ihi na ihu igwe dị jụụ nke obodo ahụ nyere aka n'ịkwalite ọnọdụ ahụ ike ya.

Dịka ọkà mmụta, onyeisi ahụ zutere ndị ama ama n'ọdịbendị, gụnyere onye na-akpụ ihe bụ́ Santo Varni, onye jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na enyi ya, Tammar Luxoro, na [[Pasquale Domenico Cambiaso]] . Oddone nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu n'Obí Eze nke Genoa, obere oge tupu chi abọọ n'ụbọchị 22 Jenụwarị 1866. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ntụaka ==

== Ndepụta Akwụkwọ ==

* &quot;Odone nke Savoy 1846-1866. Nchịkọta nke nwa eze maka Genoa&quot;, Mazzotta, Milan, 1996.
{{Princes of Savoy}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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{{Nnọọ|username=Apostel8|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 11 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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    <title>Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Ebuka247</title>
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      <comment>Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot)</comment>
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{{Nnọọ|username=Ebuka247|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 11 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yuri nke Uglich</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361429616|Yuri of Uglich]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Faịlụ:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22,_p._334.gif|thumb|Obere ihe osise a sitere na Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible na-egosi Yuri na nwanne ya nwoke Ivan ka ha na-arịọ onye a na-asọpụrụ ka o nye ha ngọzi tupu ha apụ.]]
(Russian; 30 October 1532 - 24 June 1563) bụ nwa eze Russia ma bụrụ naanị nwanne nwoke Ivan the Terrible. A mụrụ ya ntị chiri, n'ihi nke ya, a naghị ele ya anya dị ka onye ga-anọchi ya n'ocheeze Russia. Ọ chịrị ọchịchị appanage nke Uglich n'akụkụ Osimiri Volga.

== Ndụ ==
Yuri bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Vasily nke Atọ nke Russia na nwunye ya, Elena Glinskaya. Yuri dị ihe dị ka otu afọ na ọkara mgbe nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa ogbu ụkwụ, ma ọ dị afọ isii mgbe o doro anya na e jiri nsí gbuo nne ya. degaara nwa eze Russia ọzọ, [[Andrey]] [[Andrey Kurbsky|Kurbsky]], si kwuo, ụmụaka abụọ ahụ na-eche na ndị Boyars dị ike sitere n'ezinụlọ Shuisky na [[Belsky]] leghaara ha anya ma kpasuo ha iwe. Otu akụkụ sitere n’akwụkwọ ozi ha, nke na-akọwa mmeso ọjọọ e mesoro ha, na-agụ sị: “Nwanne m nwoke Yuri, onye ncheta ya dị nsọ, na mụ ka ha zụlitere dị ka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na ụmụ ndị ogbenye... Gịnị ka m tara ahụhụ maka enweghị uwe na nri!&quot; N'adịghị ka nwanne ya nwoke nke na-eji oge ezumike ya na-amụta nkà mmụta okpukpe, o doro anya na-enwe mmasị na nri na egwuregwu gụnyere ịgba ice. Yuri sonyeere nwanne ya nwoke n'oge okpueze nke ikpeazụ dị ka eze, e mesịkwara nye ya ebe obibi onwe onye na ndị na-ejere ya ozi. Na 16 June 1552, n'oge [[Kazan]]_Wars#Wars_of_Ivan_IV&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Russo-Kazan Wars&quot;&gt;Agha Russia na Kazakhstan, e nyere Yuri ọrụ zuru oke nke okwu steeti mgbe nwanne ya nwoke sooro ndị agha gaa Kazan. Yuri lụrụ na 3 Nọvemba 1547 na Princess Ulyana nke Palekh (Paletskaya) ma mụọ nwa nwoke, Vasili, na 1559. Nwatakịrị ahụ nwụrụ ọnwa iri na otu ka e mesịrị.

Yuri nwụrụ afọ atọ ka e mesịrị site na ihe ndị sitere n'okike. E zigara nwunye ya n'Ụlọ Nsọ Ndị Nọn nke Novodevichy. Ọ bụ nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye ketara ihe onwunwe Yuri.

== Ntụaka ==

* &lt;nowiki&gt; .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;'&quot;&quot;'&quot;}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}&quot;Georgius Vasilyevich, Prince Inglitsky&quot;. Brockhaus na Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (n'asụsụ Russian). 1906.&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Troyat, Henry Ivan the Terrible Flammarion, Paris, 1982
* nke Madariaga, Isabel Ivan the Terrible. Giulio Einaudi editọ, 2005</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Faịlụ:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22,_p._334.gif|thumb|Obere ihe osise a sitere na Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible na-egosi Yuri na nwanne ya nwoke Ivan ka ha na-arịọ onye a na-asọpụrụ ka o nye ha ngọzi tupu ha apụ.]]
(Russian; 30 October 1532 - 24 June 1563) bụ nwa eze Russia ma bụrụ naanị otu nwanne nwoke Ivan the Terrible. A mụrụ ya na ntị chiri, n'ihi nke ya, a naghị ele ya anya dị ka onye ga-anọchi ya n'ocheeze Russia. Ọ chịrị ọchịchị appanage nke Uglich n'akụkụ Osimiri Volga.

== Ndụ ==
Yuri bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Vasily nke Atọ nke Russia na nwunye ya, Elena Glinskaya. Yuri dị ihe dị ka otu afọ na ọkara mgbe nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa ogbu ụkwụ, ma ọ dị afọ isii mgbe o doro anya na e jiri nsí gbuo nne ya. degaara nwa eze Russia ọzọ, [[Andrey]] [[Andrey Kurbsky|Kurbsky]], si kwuo, ụmụaka abụọ ahụ na-eche na ndị Boyars dị ike sitere n'ezinụlọ Shuisky na [[Belsky]] leghaara ha anya ma kpasuo ha iwe. Otu akụkụ sitere n’akwụkwọ ozi ha, nke na-akọwa mmeso ọjọọ e mesoro ha, na-agụ sị: “Nwanne m nwoke Yuri, onye ncheta ya dị nsọ, na mụ ka ha zụlitere dị ka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na ụmụ ndị ogbenye... Gịnị ka m tara ahụhụ maka enweghị uwe na nri!&quot; N'adịghị ka nwanne ya nwoke nke na-eji oge ezumike ya na-amụta nkà mmụta okpukpe, o doro anya na-enwe mmasị na nri na egwuregwu gụnyere ịgba ice. Yuri sonyeere nwanne ya nwoke n'oge okpueze nke ikpeazụ dị ka eze, e mesịkwara nye ya ebe obibi onwe onye na ndị na-ejere ya ozi. Na 16 June 1552, n'oge [[Kazan]]_Wars#Wars_of_Ivan_IV&quot; id=&quot;mwHw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Russo-Kazan Wars&quot;&gt;Agha Russia na Kazakhstan, e nyere Yuri ọrụ zuru oke nke okwu steeti mgbe nwanne ya nwoke sooro ndị agha gaa Kazan. Yuri lụrụ na 3 Nọvemba 1547 na Princess Ulyana nke Palekh (Paletskaya) ma mụọ nwa nwoke, Vasili, na 1559. Nwatakịrị ahụ nwụrụ ọnwa iri na otu ka e mesịrị.

Yuri nwụrụ afọ atọ ka e mesịrị site na ihe ndị sitere n'okike. E zigara nwunye ya n'Ụlọ Nsọ Ndị Nọn nke Novodevichy. Ọ bụ nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye ketara ihe onwunwe Yuri.

== Ntụaka ==

* &lt;nowiki&gt; .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;'&quot;&quot;'&quot;}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}&quot;Georgius Vasilyevich, Prince Inglitsky&quot;. Brockhaus na Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (n'asụsụ Russian). 1906.&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Troyat, Henry Ivan the Terrible Flammarion, Paris, 1982
* nke Madariaga, Isabel Ivan the Terrible. Giulio Einaudi editọ, 2005</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Infante Gonzalo nke Spain</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358588014|Infante Gonzalo of Spain]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Infante Gonzalo nke Spain (Gonzalo Manuel Maria Bernardo Narciso Alfonso Mauricio de Borbón y Battenberg; 24 Ọktoba 1914 – 13 Ọgọstụ 1934) bụ nwa nwoke nke anọ dị ndụ na nwa ikpeazụ nke Eze Alfonso XIII nke Spain na nwunye ya, bụ́ Princess Victoria Eugenie nke Battenberg. Ọ bụ nwa nwa kacha nta nke Princess Beatrice nke United Kingdom.'''

== Ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Infante_Gonzalo_by_Laszlo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Infante Gonzalo na ejiji nke Guardia Real nke Philip nke László, 1927]]
A mụrụ Gonzalo na Madrid. E mere ya baptism na aha Gonzalo Manuel María Bernardo Narciso Alfonso Mauricio. O nwetara aha ikpeazụ ya iji sọpụrụ nwanne nna ya nwoke, Prince Maurice nke Battenberg, onye e gburu n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ obere oge tupu e mee Gonzalo baptism. A kụziiri nwa ọhụrụ ahụ ihe n'onwe ya. N'ihi na o ketara ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa hemophilia site n'aka ezinụlọ nne ya (ihe a na-amaghị nke ọma na Spen n'oge ndụ ya), o nwere ụfọdụ ọrịa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye egwuregwu na-arụsi ọrụ ike. O nwere ọkwa nkeonwe na Engineering Corps nke Spanish Army. Na 1927, e mere ya onye Knight nke 1,166 nke alaka Spanish nke Order of the Golden Fleece.

Na Mee 1924, Gonzalo dị afọ itoolu meghere Estadio Chamartín, ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ ọhụrụ nke Real Madrid, na-agba bọọlụ nsọpụrụ ma na-eti mkpu &quot;{{Lang|es|¡Hala Madrid!}}.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Burns|first=Jimmy|title=La Roja: How Soccer Conquered Spain and How Spanish Soccer Conquered the World|url=https://archive.org/details/larojahowsoccerc0000burn|year=2012|publisher=Nation Books|chapter=11|isbn=9781568587189}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1931, Gonzalo so nne ya gaa biri na mba ọzọ. Ọ gụrụ maka injinịa na Mahadum Katọlik nke Leuven, kama ịga Mahadum Madrid dịka e bu ụzọ hazie maka ya.

N'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1934, Gonzalo nọ na-eme ezumike oge okpomọkụ ya na ezinụlọ ya n'ụlọ obibi Count Ladislaus de Hoyos dị na Pörtschach am Wörthersee dị na Austria. N'uhuruchi nke ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọgọst, Gonzalo na nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Infanta Beatriz na-anya ụgbọala site na Klagenfurt gaa Pörtschach. N'akụkụ Krumpendorf, Beatriz, onye na-anya ụgbọala, manyere ịgba ọsọ iji zere onye na-agba ígwè (onye na-anya ịnyịnya lara ezumike nká bụ Baron Neimans). Ụgbọala ahụ dara n'ime mgbidi. Gonzalo ma Beatriz adịghị ka ọ merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu, ya mere ha laghachiri n'ụlọ ha. Awa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, o doro anya na Gonzalo nwere ọbara ọgbụgba afọ dị oke njọ. N'ihi na obi adịghị ya ike, a machibidoro ịwa ahụ. Ọ nwụrụ ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị. Nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, Alfonso, ga-anwụ ihe karịrị afọ anọ ka e mesịrị site n'ọnọdụ ndị yiri ya—ebe ọ ketakwara hemophilia, o metụtara ihe mberede mgbe ụgbọala ọ nọ n'ime ya gbapụrụ iji zere gwongworo. Ihe mberede ahụ kpatara ọbara ọgbụgba dị ukwuu n'ime, nke mechara mee ka ọ nwụọ..

E liri Gonzalo n'ebe ili ozu dị na Pörtschach. Mgbe e mesịrị, e bugara ozu ya na Pantheon nke ndị isi na El Escorial.

== Ndị nna nna ==
  

== Heraldry ==
&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;160&quot; heights=&quot;275&quot; caption=&quot;Heraldry of Infante Gonzalo of Spain&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Coat_of_Arms_of_Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain.svg|Arms of Infante Gonzalo of Spain&lt;br /&gt;(1927–1931/''1934'')
&lt;/gallery&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Princess Amalia nke Sweden</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358670740|Princess Amalia of Sweden]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Princess Amalia nke Sweden''' (Amalia Maria Charlotta; 22 Febụwarị 1805 - 31 Ọgọst 1853) bụ nwa eze Sweden, nwa nwanyị nke Eze Gustav nke Anọ Adolf nke Sweden na Frederica nke Baden.  

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Amalia na Stockholm ma zụlite ya n'okpuru nlekọta nke onye na-achị eze Charlotte Stierneld. Amalia hapụrụ Sweden na ezinụlọ ya mgbe nna ya nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị mgbe ọchịchị 1809 gasịrị, nne na nne nne ha zụlitere ya na ụmụnne ya n'Obí Bruchsal dị na obodo Baden nke nne ya. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-arịa ọrịa rickets ma nọgide na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Amalia Charlotta i Wilhelmina Stålberg|title=Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor|year=1864}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1830, ọ kwagara Hacking, nke dị nso na Vienna, ka ya na nwanne ya nwoke, bụ́ Prince Gustav nke Sweden, biri; nwanne ya nwoke a zụtara ụlọ a na-akpọ Hackinger Schlösschen n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1832. Ọ malitere iji aha bụ́ &quot;Amalia von Vasa&quot; akpọ onwe ya, ma na-esokarị onye na-ejere ya ozi bụ́ Sophie von Scharnhorst na-akpakọrịta. O nwere mmasị n'egwu, ọ bụkwa enyi Jenny Lind.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=[[Ulf Sundberg]]|title=Kungliga släktband|year=2004|isbn=91-85057-48-7|publisher=Historiska Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 48, n'abalị iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1853, n'elekere iri na otu na ọkara nke abalị (11:30 p.m.) na Hacking Castle, n'ihi nkụchi obi.&quot; E buuru ozu ya gaa Oldenburg, lie ya n'ebe a na-eli ndị ezinụlọ ndị ọchịchị (ducal mausoleum) n'ebe ahụ.

== Ndị nna nna ==
  

== Edensibịa ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Usman Haruna</title>
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        <username>Yandaman</username>
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      <comment>Jiri '{{Infobox person | name          = Usman Haruna | image         = usman_haruna.jpg | caption       = Usman Haruna (communicator) | birth_name    = Usman Haruna | nickname      = Communicator | birth_date    =   | birth_place   = Lafiagi, [[Kwara State|Dịka Kwara]], [[Naịjịrịa]] | citizenship   = [[Naịjịrịa]] | education     = Kwara State College of Arabic and Islamic Legal Studies (CAILS)&lt;br&gt;[[Bayero University Kano]] (BUK) | occupation    = Onye nsonye mgbasa...' kere ihü</comment>
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| name          = Usman Haruna
| image         = usman_haruna.jpg
| caption       = Usman Haruna (communicator)
| birth_name    = Usman Haruna
| nickname      = Communicator
| birth_date    = 

| birth_place   = Lafiagi, [[Kwara State|Dịka Kwara]], [[Naịjịrịa]]
| citizenship   = [[Naịjịrịa]]
| education     = Kwara State College of Arabic and Islamic Legal Studies (CAILS)&lt;br&gt;[[Bayero University Kano]] (BUK)
| occupation    = Onye nsonye mgbasa ozi, Onye nta akụkọ teknụzụ, Onye nkwado obodo
| employer      = NupekoTV, [[Naija News]]
| known_for     = Ihe gbasara teknụzụ ego (fintech), Usoro njirimara dijitalụ, Nchekwa na Kwara North
}}

'''Usman Haruna''' (onye amara nke ọma dịka '''Communicator''') bụ onye nta akụkọ teknụzụ nke mba [[Naịjịrịa]], onye edemede gbasara ihe na-eme n'obodo, na onye nkwado mmekọrịta ọha na eze si na [[Kwara State|Steeti Kwara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;naija-author&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://naijanews.com |title=Usman Haruna author profile |publisher=Naija News |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ya bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ (Editor-in-Chief) nke NupekoTV, ma bụrụkwa onye na-ede akụkọ na [[Naija News]].&lt;ref name=&quot;muckrack-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://muckrack.com |title=Author profile: communicator |publisher=Muck Rack |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ Mbụ na Agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Usman Haruna na Lafiagi, nke dị na Edu Local Government Area n'ime Steeti Kwara. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Kwara State College of Arabic and Islamic Legal Studies (CAILS) nke dị na Ilorin, tupu ọ gaba n'ihu na [[Bayero University Kano]] (BUK) ebe o nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;yo-wiki&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Haruna |title=Usman Haruna Profile |publisher=Yoruba Wikipedia |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Dịka onye nta akụkọ, Haruna lekwasịrị anya n'ide edemede gbasara usoro njirimara dijitalụ nke ụmụ amaala, ụdị nkwukọrịta, na mmepe teknụzụ ego (fintech). Ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya na-apụta ugboro ugboro na NupekoTV na Naija News.&lt;ref name=&quot;naija-author&quot;/&gt;

== Nkwado na Ndọrọ Ndọrọ Ọha ==
Haruna bụ onye na-ekwu okwu siri ike megide nsogbu nchekwa, gụnyere ịtọrọ mmadụ na ogbugbu ndị na-eme na mpaghara Kwara North na Kwara South.&lt;ref name=&quot;dailytrust&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com |title=Kwara Residents Demand Decisive Action Against Bandits |publisher=Daily Trust |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mbido afọ 2026, o sonyere na ngagharị iwe ndị ntorobịa n'ihu Government House dị na Ilorin.&lt;ref name=&quot;saharareporters&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://saharareporters.com |title=Kwara youths march to Government House over killings, kidnappings |publisher=Sahara Reporters |date=2026-02-26 |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngagharị iwe a megidere atụmatụ ịtụgharị ogige ndị ntorobịa NYSC ka ọ bụrụ ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ (IDP camp),&lt;ref name=&quot;legit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://legit.ng |title=Kwara Insecurity: Residents Reject Conversion Of NYSC Camp To IDP Camp |publisher=Legit.ng |date=2026-02-26 |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma chọọ ka gọọmentị mee ihe ngwa ngwa maka nchekwa na mpaghara Edu, Patigi, na Kaiama.&lt;ref name=&quot;punch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://punchng.com |title=Insecurity: Youths demand end to incessant killings in Kwara |publisher=The Punch |date=2026-02-26 |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;leadership&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://leadership.ng |title=Security Crisis: Kwara North Youths Stage Peaceful Protest In Ilorin |publisher=Leadership |date=2026-02-26 |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eji usoro mgbasa ozi na redio dịka Emirates FM 98.5 na TheInformant247 TV akpali ndị mmadụ maka nchekwa obodo ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;nupekotv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nupekotv.com |title=Communicator To Feature Live On TheInformant247 TV Today Over Politics, Insecurity In Kwara North |publisher=NupekoTV |accessdate=2026-06-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ndị nta akụkọ Naịjịrịa]]
[[Category:Ndị mgbasa ozi Naịjịrịa]]
[[Category:Ndị si Kwara State]]
[[Category:Ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bayero University Kano]]</text>
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    <title>Naịjịrịa</title>
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      <comment>Jiri '{{Infobox country | convention_name = Federal Republic of Nigeria | common_name     = Naịjịrịa | image_flag      = Flag of Nigeria.svg | image_coat      = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg | symbol_type     = Ọta akara mba | national_anthem = &quot;Nigeria, We Hail Thee&quot; | image_map       = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg | capital         = [[Abuja]] | official_languages = [[Bekee]] (English)  | regional_languages = [[Asụsụ Igbo|Igbo]], [[Asụsụ Yoruba|Yoruba]],...' kere ihü</comment>
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      <text bytes="3956" sha1="rsk2w13rdwiz4sk8sx5zsxd4b8gdyzs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
| convention_name = Federal Republic of Nigeria
| common_name     = Naịjịrịa
| image_flag      = Flag of Nigeria.svg
| image_coat      = Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg
| symbol_type     = Ọta akara mba
| national_anthem = &quot;Nigeria, We Hail Thee&quot;
| image_map       = Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg
| capital         = [[Abuja]]
| official_languages = [[Bekee]] (English)

| regional_languages = [[Asụsụ Igbo|Igbo]], [[Asụsụ Yoruba|Yoruba]], [[Asụsụ Hausa|Hausa]]
| demonym         = Onye Naịjịrịa
| government_type = Federal presidential republic

| leader_title1   = Onye isi ala Nigeria|Onye isi ala
| leader_name1    = Bola Tinubu
| independence_date = 1 Ọktoba, 1960
| area_km2        = 923768
| population_estimate = 230,000,000
| currency        = Naịra (₦) (NGN)
| time_zone       = WAT (UTC+1)
| drive_side      = aka nri
| calling_code    = +234
}}

'''Naịjịrịa''' (nke a na-akpọ gọọmentị dị ka '''Federal Republic of Nigeria''') bụ mba nwere onwe ya nke dị na [[Ebe Odịda Anyanwụ Afrịka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;un-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://un.org |title=Nigeria Country Profile |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=2026-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara gburugburu na Niger na mgbago ugwu, Chad na mgbago ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, Cameroon n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, na Benin na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ. N'akụkụ ndịda, ọ nwere oke osimiri na Gulf of Guinea na Atlantic Ocean. Abuja bụ isi obodo mba ahụ, mana Lagos bụ obodo kacha nwee nnukwu mmadụ na mmepe akụ na ụba.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bbc.com |title=Nigeria country profile |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2026-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị Mmadụ Ma Ama (Notable People) ==
Naịjịrịa nwere ọtụtụ ndị ama ama n'ụwa niile n'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, edemede, nka, na mgbasa ozi:

* '''[[Nnamdi Azikiwe]]''' (Zik): Ọ bụ onye ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ukwu na dọkịta nke nyere aka mee ka Naịjịrịa nweta nnwere onwe. Ọ ghọrọ Onye isi ala mbụ nke mba Naịjịrịa n'afọ 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;britannica-zik&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://britannica.com |title=Nnamdi Azikiwe biography |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |accessdate=2026-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Wole Soyinka]]''': Ọ bụ onye edemede ama ama na onye nwetara onyinye Nobel Prize in Literature n'afọ 1986. Ọ bụ onye mbụ sitere na kọntinent Afrịka nwetara onyinye a.&lt;ref name=&quot;nobel-soyinka&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://nobelprize.org |title=Wole Soyinka - Facts |publisher=Nobel Prize |accessdate=2026-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Chinua Achebe]]''': Onye edemede ama ama n'ụwa niile nke dere akwụkwọ ''&quot;Things Fall Apart&quot;'' (Ihe Aghasịala), nke bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ edemede kacha nwee mmetụta na kọntinent Afrịka.
* '''[[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]]''': Onye nlekọta akụ na ụba mba ụwa, onye bụ Director-General nke World Trade Organization (WTO) ugbu a.
* '''[[Usman Haruna]]''' (Communicator): Onye nta akụkọ teknụzụ, onye edemede gbasara usoro njirimara dijitalụ, na onye nkwado obodo si na Steeti Kwara, amarakwa dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke NupekoTV.&lt;ref name=&quot;ha-wiki&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://wikipedia.org |title=Usman Haruna Profile |publisher=Hausa Wikipedia |accessdate=2026-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụ na Ụba ==
Naịjịrịa bụ otu n'ime mba kacha nwee akụ na ụba na Afrịka. Mba ahụ nwere nnukwu mmanụ ala (crude oil) na gas, nke na-eweta nnukwu ego na gọọmentị. E wezụga mmanụ ala, ọrụ ugbo, teknụzụ ego (fintech), na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri (Nollywood) na-eto nke ọma ma na-enye ọtụtụ ndị ntorobịa ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbank-nig&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://worldbank.org |title=The World Bank in Nigeria |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2026-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Naịjịrịa]]
[[Category:Mba dị na Afrịka]]</text>
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